I Human Network

Oracle Database Stages

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Mon, 19 Jun 2017 18:08:00 -0700

1)Instance Started
2)Database Mounted
3)Database Opened
4)Database Started.
Pick up a book on Oracle Concepts/Architecture and Admin/Backup and Recovery for a more complete answer.

Startup Nomount : -

Read the parameter file and start the instance.
Instance name identified by ORACLE_SID env parameter.
The parameter file controls such things as SGA size, database name that can connect to this instance.
Database not associated with instance yet. <br/>
As an example, you may need to do this if you will mount a standby database.<br/><br/>

Mount : -

Associates database with the instance.
Open and read control files
Establish physical files associated with database. i.e location, size, amount of redo log files. Physical database file names and locations.

DBA may need to be in mount state for all kinds of DBA activity.
examples :
rename/move system datafile.
put database in archivelog mode.

Database not yet available for user connections.

Opened/started

Ensure physical files exist.
make available for normal operations.
open online datafiles, redo logs.
acquire rollback segments.

These states are useful in many situations to a DBA, main areas where these are useful are

Architecture/Admin
Backup/Recovery.

Basics to configure a CISCO router to connect to internet.

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Thu, 9 May 2013 07:36:00 -0700

Any Cisco router you have around you say Cisco 1000, 1600, 2500, 2600, And 3600 Series Routers. Any cisco router you have the below configurations will be able to workout. These configurations will help you connect your LAN onto internet, Provide basic security to your Local Area Network (LAN) so that no other network connects if not defined in the configs.
I will go straight to what I have around me to have this configuration done successfully.

1. Router: Cisco 1600 series.
2. ISP Addresses: [IP Address: 192.168.23.11 SubMask: 255.255.255.0Gateway: 192.168.23.1].
3. LAN Addresses: [IP Address: 10.100.10.1 SubnetMask: 255.255.255.0]
4. Console Cable.

Step 1:
-    Connect your router into power and connect your console cable (will need an RJ-45 to DB-25 adapter). Power up that router without wasting a lot of time.
-    Open up your HyperTerminal: Start -> All Programs -> Accessories ->Communications -> HyperTerminal.
-    You can name anything your “Connection Description” mine is “ictmagazine” and choose 2nd icon.

- Press OK , Then on the next interface choose a “COM” port your console is connecting to from the router. Mine was COM3 then press OK.
- On the next screen restore to defaults “Restore Defaults” and you should be having something similar to that below.

Then press OK. You should be in your router now.
Well I will avoid you all the boring talk and just dive straight into the really thing “configuring a router to internet”, so let us go straight to step 2.
Please note that the names and password have used those are as per on my router. You can use anything you prefer to make sure your configurations are secure and matching to your standards.

..............Step 2: Configure Basics
Router>en
Router# config t
Router(config)# hostname ICT
ICT(config)# enable password joinict
ICT(config)# enable secret m@g@z1n3
ICT(config)# ip name-server 208.67.222.222

...............Step 3: Configuring the Line console and vty 0 4
ICT(config)# line console 0
ICT(config-line)# password g3t1n
ICT(config-line)# login
ICT(config-line)# exit

ICT(config)# line vty 0 4
ICT(config-line)# password b0b0ut
ICT(config-line)# login
ICT(config-line)# exit

................Step 4: setting up the LAN interface
ICT(config)# interface Ethernet1/0
ICT(config-if)# Description ICTMAGAZINE LAN
ICT(config-if)# ip address 10.100.10.1 255.255.255.0
ICT(config-if)# ip nat inside
ICT(config-if)# no shutdown
ICT(config-if)# exit

....................Step 5: setting up the INTERNET interface (this interface has IP Addresses provided by Internet provider –ISP)
ICT(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0
ICT(config-if)# Description Broadband Internet
ICT(config-if)# ip address 192.168.23.11 255.255.255.0
ICT(config-if)# ip nat outside
ICT(config-if)# no shutdown
ICT(config-if)# exit

....................Step 6: Configuring NAT and Routing statements.
ICT(config)# ip nat inside source list 1 interface FastEthernet0/0 overload
ICT(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.23.1

...................Step 7: Configuring the Access-list 1 (This allows the LAN to get connection to the internet).
ICT(config)# access-list 1 permit 10.100.10.0 0.0.0.255

..................Step 8: Run show commands to confirm your configurations
ICT(config)# show interface ethernet1/0 (verify the LAN IP configuration)
ICT(config)# show interface fastethernet 0/0 (verify External/ISP IP configuration and status)
ICT(config)# Show ip route (show your routing statement if its correct)
ICT(config)# show ip nat translations (This is to confirm if your nat statements are right)
ICT(config)# show access-lists (configured access lists)

.................Step 9: Save your router configurations
ICT(config)#wr

Router Configuration 101: Connecting the router to the Internet

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Thu, 9 May 2013 07:34:00 -0700

To answer a recent question from a member, I decided to address the basics of Cisco router configuration in a three-part series. In part 1 of this series, "Router Configuration 101: Setting up the router," I walked you through the process of connecting a new Cisco router, configuring it through the console, and familiarizing yourself with the different IOS administrative modes the router offers. In part 2, "Router Configuration 101: Configuring and securing the router," we secured the router with passwords, applied IP addresses to interfaces, and enabled those interfaces for use.

We'll wrap up this series by connecting the router to the Internet. This process is comparable to connecting a home network to the Internet with a Linksys, Netgear, or D-Link router. These routers use Network Address Translation (NAT), which allows you to use a single IP address for several computers. We'll do the same thing with the Cisco router.

Before we get started, take a look at Figure A, which you'll recognize from our last article. This offers an illustration of what our example network looks like.

Figure A

If you're wondering why using NAT is necessary, it's because we choose the IP address scheme for the LAN from the blocks of RFC 1918 private IP addresses. Because these IP addresses aren't usable on the Internet, we must translate these IP addresses into a real Internet IP address, such as one provided by an ISP.

Depending on how you want to use your network, a number of ways are available to accomplish this. However, for the purposes of this article, we just want to connect the router to the Internet. (To learn more about NAT and related topics, check out these articles: "Set up NAT using the Cisco IOS" and "Set up Port Address Translation (PAT) in the Cisco IOS.")

So, we'll use NAT to provide the IP address translation from our LAN to our WAN. While most consumer-based routers refer to NAT as a ubiquitous term, there are a few different kinds of NAT, including static NAT, pooled NAT, and NAT overload (also called port address translation, or PAT).

Consumer-based routers typically use NAT overload, which is what we'll use for this example. NAT overload involves using a single Internet IP address and multiple inside IP addresses.

Let's look at the step-by-step process for configuring NAT overload. The router needs to be in Global Configuration Mode, and the prompt should look like this: Internet-Router(config)#.

Create a pool of Internet IP addresses

For this example, we're going to overload a single Internet IP address. Since this is the only IP address we have, we'll create a pool with only one IP address in it. Listing A shows an example.

Create an access list

Next, we must determine who the router allows to use NAT to access the Internet using our NAT pool, which we can accomplish by creating an access list. For this example, we'll allow the entire internal network to use NAT to access the Internet. Listing B shows an example.

Create the NAT source list

Now, we must connect the pool and the list of users. We can accomplish this by telling the router that we want to use NAT from the inside (using the access list to define our possible source IP addresses) and go to the outside using the pool that contains our single Internet IP address. In addition, we want to overload this single Internet IP address using PAT. Listing C shows an example.

Define the inside and the outside NAT interfaces

Next, we need to tell the router which interface is the inside and which is the outside. Here's an example:

Internet-Router(config)# interface ethernet 0/0 Internet-Router(config-if)# ip nat inside Internet-Router(config-if)# exit Internet-Router(config)#  Internet-Router(config)# interface serial 0/0 Internet-Router(config-if)# ip nat outside Internet-Router(config-if)# exit Internet-Router(config)#

Figure B offers a graphic representation of this process.

Figure B

Configure a default route

Last time, we configured IP addresses on the router's two interfaces, letting it know which two networks it connects to. However, it doesn't know what to do with traffic that isn't on these two networks—such as the Web-browsing traffic you'll forward to it.

So, we need to tell the router to send any traffic it doesn't know what to do with to the ISP (i.e., the Internet). In other words, we need to configure a default route to the ISP. Here's an example:

Internet-Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 1.1.1.2

Configure a static IP address, subnet mask, and more

Since we haven't configured Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) on the router, we must statically configure the PC's IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers. Of course, the IP address should be in the 192.168.1.2 to 254 range, and the subnet mask should be 255.255.255.0. The default gateway should match the router's LAN IP address—in this case, 192.168.1.1. You can get the DNS server IP addresses from your ISP.

After you've configured this on your PC, you should be able to browse the Internet using the router. Listing D shows a sample router's configuration.

Don't forget that this series details the basics of router configuration and takes a rather simplistic view of the process. Using a Cisco router to connect a LAN to the Internet can be quite complex and easily become frustrating, but hopefully this article will help you start off on the right foot.

David Davis has worked in the IT industry for 12 years and holds several certifications, including CCIE, MCSE+I, CISSP, CCNA, CCDA, and CCNP. He currently manages a group of systems/network administrators for a privately owned retail company and performs networking/systems consulting on a part-time basis.

Configuring a router to act as an ISP

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Thu, 9 May 2013 03:42:00 -0700

PACKET TRACER ISP

Overview: Configure a Router to act as an ISP

Difficulty: Easy
Objective: To have a router acting like an ISP for upcoming Lab Setup

I. ISP CONFIGURATION STAGE

First we will assign a hostname to our ISP Router

hostname ISP

Then we will create a loopback addresses to simulate the Public IP Address of the site were going to access

interface Loopback 1
description Global DNS
ip address 4.2.2.2 255.255.255.255

interface Loopback 2
description Google DNS
ip address 8.8.8.8 255.255.255.255

interface Loopback 3
description google.com
ip address 8.8.8.1 255.255.255.255

interface Loopback 4
description yahoo.com
ip address 98.139.183.24 255.255.255.255

We will then Assign IP Addresses to our interfaces

interface FastEthernet0/0
description ***Link to R1***
ip address 77.77.77.1 255.255.255.252
duplex auto
speed auto

interface FastEthernet0/1
ip address 2.2.2.1 255.255.255.252
duplex auto
speed auto

Then we will route it via EIGRP

router eigrp 1
network 77.77.77.0 0.0.0.3
network 2.2.2.0 0.0.0.3
network 8.8.8.8 0.0.0.0
network 8.8.8.1 0.0.0.0
network 98.139.183.24 0.0.0.0

Now were going to create an access-list to prevent entry of Private Addresses to our ISP Router

ip access-list standard BLOCKED
deny 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
deny 172.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
deny 192.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
permit any

Put this command under interface fastehernet 0/0 to filter those addresses

ip access-group BLOCKED in

II. Configuring a DNS Server for the ISP

Assign this IP Address to your Server.

Then Configure the Server as follow.

Perform a Ping test to verify connectivity.

PINGPING

Connecting GNS3 to Real Networks

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Tue, 12 Mar 2013 11:31:00 -0700

One of the interesting things about GNS3 is that you can connect your topology to the real world. For some of your CCNA and CCNP studies you may need to run an actual Web browser or Cisco’s Security Device Manager (SDM) among others. Just connect your topology to your real PC.

You could even connect to virtual machines running on your computer inside VMware or Virtual PC. I’ve even set up two copies of Windows XP Professional running inside VMware virtual machines. Then, I ran Cisco soft IP Phones that could talk to each other. You could connect your virtual network to a real network as well. Connecting a virtual topology running within GNS3 to real devices is very exciting, but again, your throughput is going to be limited compared to using real equipment for the entire topology. It only makes sense to use GNS3 in a lab environment and for learning purposes.

Drag a Cloud into your workspace. Right-click the Cloud and chooseConfigure. Click on C1 under Clouds, but choose the NIO Ethernet tab.Administrator rights are required (root account under Linux).

For Windows users, click on the box directly beneath Generic Ethernet NIO, and choose the network adapter you wish to use. For Linux users, click on the drop-down box to choose your network adapter (either your real adapter or a loopback adapter). Click the Add button and OK. You will need to configure the IP settings for your computer’s adapter, and then use theAdd a link toolbar button to create your connection.

You may use your regular network adapter, but I usually create an MS Loopback adapter to connect to. In Windows, use the Add Hardwarewizard in Control Panel. Choose “Yes, I have already connected the hardware.” On the next screen, choose Add a new hardware device at the end of the list and click Next. Choose to “Install the hardware manually…”and click Next. Choose Network Adapters in the list and click Next. ChooseMicrosoft as the manufacturer and then Microsoft Loopback Adapter as the network adapter. Finish the wizard. Then right-click My Network Places and choose Properties. You may wish to rename the new Local Area Connectionas MS Loopback Adapter. Also, assign the proper IP settings to the adapter in order to connect to your topology. Linux has a built-in loopback adapter already installed.

Now start your router and assign an IP address to the interface that is connected to the Cloud. You should be able to ping from the router to your PC (loopback interface) and the other way around. Don’t forget to deactivate any firewall that could block pings on your computer.

Configuration of Routers to two Linux VMWare

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Tue, 12 Mar 2013 11:30:00 -0700

Configuration of R1:

interface FastEthernet1/0

ip address 192.168.254.253 255.255.255.0

no shutdown

duplex auto

speed auto

interface Serial2/0

bandwidth 1024

ip address 10.10.10.5 255.255.255.0

no shutdown

serial restart-delay 0

clock rate 64000

ip route 172.25.254.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.6

Configuration of R2:

hostname R2

interface FastEthernet0/0

ip address 172.25.254.253 255.255.255.0

no shutdown

duplex auto

speed auto

interface Serial1/1

bandwidth 1024

ip address 10.10.10.6 255.255.255.0

no shutdown

serial restart-delay 0

clock rate 64000

ip route 192.168.254.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.5

Note:

Copy script of configuration R1 and R2 to GNS3 Terminals.

Example: select script of configuration R1 (Cltr + C) -> GNS3 Terminal -> R1(config)# -> Right click

Ping testing:

From (R1) 192.168.254.253 to (C1) 192.168.254.254 and (R2) 172.25.254.253 and (C2) 172.25.254.254

From (R2) 172.25.254.253 to (C2) 172.25.254.254 and (R1) 192.168.254.253 and (C1) 192.168.254.254

from (C1) 192.168.254.254 to (R1) 192.168.254.253 and (R2) 172.25.254.253 and (C2) 172.25.254.254

from (C2) 172.25.254.254 to (R2) 172.25.254.253 and (R1) 192.168.254.253 and (C1) 192.168.254.254

Router DHCP IP to PC

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Tue, 12 Mar 2013 11:27:00 -0700

Router Configuration Script:

hostname Router
!
!
ip dhcp excluded-address 172.25.21.254
!
ip dhcp pool LAN_172
network 172.25.21.0 255.255.255.0
default-router 172.25.21.1
dns-server 172.25.20.2
!
!
spanning-tree mode pvst
!
!

interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 172.25.21.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface FastEthernet0/1
ip address 172.25.20.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface Vlan1
no ip address
shutdown
!
ip classless
!
!

line con 0
line vty 0 4
login
!

end

DHCP Server from Router

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Tue, 12 Mar 2013 11:24:00 -0700

Configuration Script:

Router>enable

Router#conf terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.9

Router(config)#ip dhcp pool LAN_192

Router(dhcp-config)#network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0

Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 192.168.1.1

Router(dhcp-config)#dns-server 192.168.1.4
Router(dhcp-config)#end
Router#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

Router#write
Building configuration...
[OK]

Router#
Router#
Router#

2- ENetwork Basic Configuration PT Practice SBA 2012

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Tue, 12 Mar 2013 11:20:00 -0700

A few things to keep in mind while completing this activity:

1- Do not use the browser Back button or close or reload any Exam windows during the exam.

2- Do not close Packet Tracer when you are done. It will close automatically.

3- Click the Submit Assessment button to submit your work.

Introduction

In this practice Packet Tracer Skills Exam, you will:

design and implement an addressing scheme to meet stated requirements
configure, verify, and troubleshoot connectivity between all devices in the network

Addressing Table

Device	Interface	Address	Subnet Mask	Default Gateway
HQ	Fa0/0	10.10.10.1	255.255.255.192	n/a
HQ	Fa0/1	10.10.10.65	255.255.255.248	n/a
S2	VLAN1	10.10.10.2	255.255.255.192	10.10.10.1
NetAdmin	NIC	10.10.10.62	255.255.255.192	10.10.10.1
H1	NIC	Preconfigured (10.10.10.67)	Preconfigured (255.255.255.248)	Preconfigured (10.10.10.65)

NOTE: The initial network has some errors. To aid in configuring and verifying the devices as well as troubleshooting the existing errors, use a printed version of these instructions to fill in the missing address information in the table during Step 1.

Step 1: Determine the IP Addressing Scheme.

Design an addressing scheme and fill in the Addressing Table based on the following requirements:

a. Subnet the address space 10.10.10.0/24 to provide 40 host addresses for LAN 1 while wasting the least amount of address space.

b. Assign the first available subnet to LAN 1.

c. Assign the lowest (first) host address in this subnet to the Fa0/0 interface on HQ.

d. Assign the second address in this subnet to the VLAN 1 interface on S2.

e. Assign the highest (last) host IP address in this subnet to NetAdmin.

Step 2: Configure HQ.

a. Configure HQ with these basic parameters:

· Use HQ as the router name.

· Use class as the encrypted password for privileged EXEC mode.

· Require password-protected logins for the console line. Use cisco as the password.

· Require password-protected logins for the vty lines. Use cisco as the password.

· Configure the banner message-of-the-day as Unauthorized access is prohibited.

b. Configure the two Fast Ethernet interfaces:

· Configure the router interfaces according to your completed Addressing Table.

· Configure each interface with a description.

c. Close the terminal window after completing the router configuration.

Step 3: Configure S2 and Verify Connectivity.

a. Remove the console connection between NetAdmin and HQ.

b. Connect NetAdmin to the S2 console port.

c. Configure S2 with these basic parameters:

· Use S2 for the switch name.

· Use class as the encrypted password for privileged EXEC mode.

· Require password-protected logins for the console line. Use cisco as the password.

· Require password-protected logins for the vty lines. Use cisco as the password.

· Configure the banner message-of-the-day as Unauthorized access is prohibited.

d. Configure interface VLAN 1.

e. Configure the default gateway.

f. Test that S2 is able to ping the default gateway.

Step 4: Configure and Verify NetAdmin Addressing.

a. Use the IP addressing you determined in Step 1 and configure NetAdmin with the correct addressing.

b. Test that NetAdmin is able to ping the default gateway.

Step 5: Verify and Troubleshoot End-to-End Connectivity.

Verify that NetAdmin is able to ping H1. If the ping fails, locate and correct any errors. For example, make sure H1 is configured correctly with appropriate addressing for the subnet it belongs to.

Packet Tracer image:

Step 2: Configure HQ.

Press RETURN to get started!

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#hostname HQ

HQ(config)#enable secret class

HQ(config)#line console 0

HQ(config-line)#password cisco

HQ(config-line)#login

HQ(config-line)#exit

HQ(config)#line vty 0 4

HQ(config-line)#password cisco

HQ(config-line)#login

HQ(config-line)#exit

HQ(config)#banner motd #Unauthorized access is prohibited.#

HQ(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0

HQ(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.192

HQ(config-if)#description LAN1

HQ(config-if)#no shutdown

HQ(config-if)#

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

HQ(config-if)#exit

HQ(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1

HQ(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.65 255.255.255.248

HQ(config-if)#description LAN2

HQ(config-if)#no shutdown

HQ(config-if)#

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

HQ(config)#

Step 3: Configure S2 and Verify Connectivity.

Switch>enable

Switch#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Switch(config)#hostname S2

S2(config)#enable secret class

S2(config)#line console 0

S2(config-line)#password cisco

S2(config-line)#login

S2(config-line)#exit

S2(config)#line vty 0 4

S2(config-line)#password cisco

S2(config-line)#login

S2(config-line)#exit

S2(config)#banner motd #Unauthorized access is prohibited.#

S2(config)#interface vlan 1

S2(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.192

S2(config-if)#no shutdown

S2(config-if)#

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to up

S2(config-if)#exit

S2(config)#ip default-gateway 10.10.10.1

S2(config)#exit

S2#

%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

S2#ping 10.10.10.1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.10.10.1, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 31/34/47 ms

S2#write

Building configuration...

[OK]

S2#

1- ENetwork Basic Configuration PT Practice SBA 2012

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Tue, 5 Mar 2013 02:48:00 -0800

A few things to keep in mind while completing this activity:

Do not use the browser Back button or close or reload any exam windows during the exam.
Do not close Packet Tracer when you are done. It will close automatically.
Click the Submit Assessment button to submit your work.

Introduction

In this practice Packet Tracer Skills Exam, you will:

design and implement an addressing scheme to meet stated requirements
configure, verify, and troubleshoot connectivity between all devices in the network

Addressing Table

Device	Interface	Address	Subnet Mask	Default Gateway
Router1	Fa0/0	172.16.1.1	255.255.255.224	n/a
Router1	Fa0/1	172.16.1.33	255.255.255.240	n/a
Switch1	VLAN1	172.16.1.2	255.255.255.224	172.16.1.1
PC1	NIC	172.16.1.30	255.255.255.224	172.16.1.1
PC2	NIC	Preconfigured (172.16.1.35)	Preconfigured (255.255.255.240)	Preconfigured (172.16.1.33)

NOTE: The initial network has some errors. To aid in configuring and verifying the devices, as well as in troubleshooting the existing errors, use a printed version of these instructions to fill in the missing address information in the table during Step 1.

Step 1: Determine the IP Addressing Scheme.

Design an addressing scheme and fill in the Addressing Table based on the following requirements:

a. Subnet the address space 172.16.1.0/24 to provide 30 host addresses for LAN 1 while wasting the least amount of address space.

b. Assign the first available subnet to LAN 1.

c. Assign the lowest (first) host address in this subnet to the Fa0/0 interface on Router1.

d. Assign the second address in this subnet to the VLAN 1 interface on Switch1.

e. Assign the highest (last) host IP address in this subnet to PC1.

Step 2: Configure Router1.

a. Configure Router1 with these basic parameters:

· Use Router1 as the router name.

· Use class as the encrypted password for privileged EXEC mode.

· Require password-protected logins for the console line. Use cisco as the password.

· Require password-protected logins for the vty lines. Use cisco as the password.

· Configure the banner message-of-the-day as Authorized access only!

b. Configure the two Fast Ethernet interfaces.

· Configure the router interfaces according to your completed addressing table.

· Configure each interface with a description.

c. Close the terminal window after completing the router configuration.

Step 3: Configure Switch1 and Verify Connectivity.

a. Remove the console connection between PC1 and Router1.

b. Connect PC1 to the Switch1 console port.

c. Configure Switch1 with these basic parameters:

· Use Switch1 for the switch name.

· Use class as the encrypted password for privileged EXEC mode.

· Require password-protected logins for the console line. Use cisco as the password.

· Require password-protected logins for the vty lines. Use cisco as the password.

· Configure the banner message-of-the-day asAuthorized access only!

d. Configure interface VLAN 1.

e. Configure the default gateway.

f. Test that Switch1 is able to ping the default gateway.

Step 4: Configure and Verify PC1 Addressing.

a. Use the IP addressing you determined in Step 1 and configure PC1 with the correct addressing.

b. Test that PC1 is able to ping the default gateway.

Step 5: Verify and Troubleshoot End-to-End Connectivity.

Verify that PC1 is able to ping PC2. If the ping fails, locate and correct any errors. For example, make sure PC2 is configured correctly with appropriate addressing for the subnet it belongs to.

Packet Tracer Image:

Step 2: Configure Router1.

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#hostname Router1

Router1(config)#enable secret class

Router1(config)#line console 0

Router1(config-line)#password cisco

Router1(config-line)#login

Router1(config-line)#exit

Router1(config)#line vty 0 4

Router1(config-line)#password cisco

Router1(config-line)#login

Router1(config-line)#exit

Router1(config)#banner motd #Authorized access only!#

Router1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0

Router1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.224

Router1(config-if)#description LAN1

Router1(config-if)#no shutdown

Router1(config-if)#

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

Router1(config-if)#exit

Router1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1

Router1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.33 255.255.255.240

Router1(config-if)#description LAN2

Router1(config-if)#no shutdown

Router1(config-if)#

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

Router1(config-if)#do show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

FastEthernet0/0 172.16.1.1 YES manual up up

FastEthernet0/1 172.16.1.33 YES manual up up

Vlan1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Router1(config-if)#do write

Building configuration...

[OK]

Router1(config-if)#

Step 3: Configure Switch1 and Verify Connectivity.

Switch>enable

Switch#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Switch(config)#hostname Switch1

Switch1(config)#enable secret class

Switch1(config)#line console 0

Switch1(config-line)#password cisco

Switch1(config-line)#login

Switch1(config-line)#exit

Switch1(config)#line vty 0 4

Switch1(config-line)#password cisco

Switch1(config-line)#login

Switch1(config-line)#exit

Switch1(config)#banner motd #Authorized acccess only!#

Switch1(config)#interface vlan 1

Switch1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.224

Switch1(config-if)#no shutdown

Switch1(config-if)#

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to up

Switch1(config-if)#exit

Switch1(config)#ip default-gateway 172.16.1.1

Switch1(config)#^Z

Switch1#

%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

Switch1#show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES manual up up

............

...........

Vlan1 172.16.1.2 YES manual up up

Switch1#write

Building configuration...

[OK]

Switch1#ping 172.16.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 2/17/38 ms

Switch1#

Step 4: Configure and Verify PC1 Addressing.

Bandwidth (computing)

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Mon, 21 Jan 2013 01:34:00 -0800

In computer networking and computer science, the words bandwidth, network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth are terms used to refer to various bit-rate measures, representing the available or consumed data communication resources expressed in bits per second or multiples of it (bit/s, kbit/s, Mbit/s, Gbit/s, etc.).

Note that in textbooks on signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission, digital communications, electronics, etc., the word 'bandwidth' is used to refer to analog signal bandwidth measured in hertz. The connection is that according to Hartley's law, the digital data rate limit (or channel capacity) of a physical communication link is proportional to its bandwidth in hertz.

Bandwidth sometimes defines the net bit rate (aka. peak bit rate, information rate or physical layer useful bit rate), channel capacity, or the maximum throughput of a logical or physical communication path in a digital communication system. For example, bandwidth tests measure the maximum throughput of a computer network. The reason for this usage is that according to Hartley's law, the maximum data rate of a physical communication link is proportional to its bandwidth in hertz, which is sometimes called frequency bandwidth,spectral bandwidth, RF bandwidth, signal bandwidth or analog bandwidth.Network bandwidth capacity

Network bandwidth consumption

Bandwidth in bit/s may also refer to consumed bandwidth, corresponding to achieved throughput or goodput, i.e., the average rate of successful data transfer through a communication path. This sense applies to concepts and technologies such as bandwidth shaping, bandwidth management, bandwidth throttling, bandwidth cap, bandwidth allocation(for example bandwidth allocation protocol and dynamic bandwidth allocation), etc. A bit stream's bandwidth is proportional to the average consumed signal bandwidth in Hertz (the average spectral bandwidth of the analog signal representing the bit stream) during a studied time interval.

Channel bandwidth may be confused with data throughput. A channel with x bps may not necessarily transmit data at x rate, since protocols, encryption, and other factors can add appreciable overhead. For instance, a lot of internet traffic uses the transmission control protocol (TCP) which requires a three-way handshake for each transaction, which, though in many modern implementations is efficient, does add significant overhead compared to simpler protocols. In general, for any effective digital communication, a framing protocol is needed; overhead and effective throughput depends on implementation. Actual throughput is less than or equal to the actual channel capacity plus implementation overhead.

Asymptotic bandwidth

The asymptotic bandwidth for a network is the measure of useful throughput, when the packet size approaches infinity.

Asymptotic bandwidths are usually estimated by sending a number of very large messages through the network, measuring the end-to-end throughput. As other bandwidths, the asymptotic bandwidth is measured in multiples of bits per second.

Multimedia bandwidth

Digital bandwidth may also refer to: multimedia bit rate or average bitrate after multimedia data compression (source coding), defined as the total amount of data divided by the playback time.

Bandwidth in web hosting

In website hosting, the term "bandwidth" is often incorrectly used to describe the amount of data transferred to or from the website or server within a prescribed period of time, for example bandwidth consumption accumulated over a month measured in gigabytes per month. The more accurate phrase used for this meaning of a maximum amount of data transfer each month or given period is monthly data transfer.

Internet connection bandwidths

This table shows the maximum bandwidth (the physical layer net bitrate) of common Internet access technologies. For more detailed lists see

56 kbit/s	Modem / Dialup
1.5 Mbit/s	ADSL Lite
1.544 Mbit/s	T1/DS1
2.048 Mbit/s	E1 / E-carrier
10 Mbit/s	Ethernet
11 Mbit/s	Wireless 802.11b
44.736 Mbit/s	T3/DS3
54 Mbit/s	Wireless 802.11g
100 Mbit/s	Fast Ethernet
155 Mbit/s	OC3
600 Mbit/s	Wireless 802.11n
622 Mbit/s	OC12
1 Gbit/s	Gigabit Ethernet
2.5 Gbit/s	OC48
9.6 Gbit/s	OC192
10 Gbit/s	10 Gigabit Ethernet
100 Gbit/s	100 Gigabit Ethernet

What is Bandwidth?

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Mon, 21 Jan 2013 01:29:00 -0800

The Internet consists of tens of millions of computers throughout the world, all connected by cables. Your ISP (Internet Service Provider) is a company that has a very high-speed (and very expensive) connection to the Internet. Your ISP makes its money by renting little "chunks" of that high-speed connection to consumers who don't want to spend thousands of dollars each month for an Internet connection.

If you've ever wondered why it takes so long to download certain Web pages or other files to your computer, it's all determined by the bandwidth of the connection between your computer and your Internet Service Provider. Which is to say, it all hinges on that wire connecting your computer to your modem to your ISP. That connection is often referred to as the last mile, as illustrated in Figure 1.

When you open a Web page or download a file, it travels very quickly from wherever it happens to be on the planet Earth to your ISP. It then travels from the ISP's computers to your computer. The actual speed at which information moves through a wire is always the same, no matter what your bandwidth might be. That is, electrons run through the wires at close to the speed of light, about 670,000,000 MPH (six hundred and seventy million miles per hour). At that speed, you could circle the globe 7 times a second, or 420 times a minute. So why does it take so long for every Web page you visit to appear on your screen? That's where bandwidth comes in.

Bandwidth is easy to understand if we use an analogy from everyday life. Imagine that instead of trying to get a Web page or file from your ISP through wires, you're trying to drain a swimming pool. The water in the pool is the Web page or file. If you stick a skinny hose to drain the water from the pool, as in Figure 2, it will take quite a while to drain all the water.

Figure 2

Now let's say that instead of sticking a skinny pipe onto the pool we put on a big fat pipe, as in Figure 3. I don’t think it takes a physics major to realize that it’s going to take less time to drain the pool in Figure 3 than it is to drain the pool in Figure 2.

Figure 3

We can say that the fat drain pipe in Figure 3 is "wider" than the pipe in Figure 2. Or, we could take it another step and say that the fat pipe in Figure 3 has more bandwidth than the skinny pipe. And ultimately, that's what bandwidth is all about. How much stuff can pass through the pipe (or wire) at a time.
Dial-up Internet accounts, which use a standard telephone line to connect to an ISP, have a very narrow bandwidth (about 50 Kbps or 50,000 bits per second). Thus, things are slow in the sense that it takes a long time to download things.
A broadband Internet account can move data at anywhere from 128 Kbps to 2,000 Kbps or more. That's like the fat drain pipe. It takes a lot less time to get a Web page or file from your ISP's computer to your computer using the broadband account than it does the dial-up account.
So the whole bandwidth thing (like many things "computerish") boils down to a time vs. money decision. You can either spend the extra amount per month for a faster connection, and spend less time waiting for things to download. Or, you spend less money on a dial-up account, but spend more time waiting for things to appear on your screen.

What is 4G?

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Mon, 21 Jan 2013 01:13:00 -0800

4G is the fourth generation of wireless network technology and sets a new standard in wireless technology .

Faster transfer speeds
5 to 12 Mbps from network to device
2 to 5 Mbps from device to network.
Increased bandwidth and throughput to handle large data loads.
Consistent wireless environment across the network
Service compatibility across various networks, including global wire, wireless, fiber and private networks.
Reliable, consistent data connection between 4G and 3G networks

How Can 4G Help Me?

4G will change the way you interact in the digital world
4G will deliver optimized performance, advanced applications and innovative devices.
4G mobile will be widely used for Internet access on computers in addition to mobile phone communications.
Customers in 4G coverage areas will be able to access broadband connection without requiring cabling to their home.
4G can access the Internet when moving without needing a wireless hotspot as offered in coffee shops, restaurants and airports.
4G will offer superfast downloads and high-quality connections for streaming movies, live video chats and other data-heavy activities.

How Can 4G Help My Business?

4G will allow users to:

Download multi-media presentations in seconds.
Stream HD video while using 4G Mobile Broadband.
Conduct live video conferencing.
Support machine-to-machine data exchange and access data- intensive business applications while mobile. Direct business benefits include.
Improve field sales management with instant feedback and advice.
Increase sales by reducing inquiry and proposal response time.
Improve customer service with instant inquiry response and complaint resolution
Secure and monitor assets by Multi-Cast and Uni-Cast Video Surveillance.
Sell goods and services over the Internet anywhere in the world.
Ensure business back-up protection with access to data center.
Automate and streamline business processes.

Cisco CCNA Exploration1 Chapter1: Q&A

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Fri, 6 Apr 2012 20:20:00 -0700

1. Which form of communication is a real-tem text-based communication type used between two or more people who use mostly text to communicate with each other?

- Weblogs

- Wikis

- Instant messaging

- Podcasting

- Collaboration tools

2. Which type of network provides customer’s limited access to corporate data such as inventory, parts list and orders?

- Intranet

- Extranet

- Internetwork

- Internet

3. What balances the importance of traffic and its characteristics in order to manage data?

- Network administration

- Network traffic

- QoS strategy

- Network evaluation

4. Which processes occur to network traffic so that quality of service strategies work correctly? (choose two.)

- Traffic is classified based on quality of service requirements.

- Priorities are assigned to each classification of application data.

- Web traffic is always assigned to a high priority queue for processing

- Digital movies are always assigned to the high priority queue processing

- E-mail traffic is always assigned to the low priority queue

5. What are two components of network architecture? (Choose two.)

- People that comprise the human network

- Programmed services and protocols that move the messages across the network

- Data transferred across the network

- Technologies that support network communications

- Corporation that operate and maintain the data network

6. For which three reasons were circuit-switched, connection-oriented technologies rejected when the internet was being developed? (Choose three.)

- Circuit-switched technologies required that a single message be broken up into multiple message blocks that contain addressing information

- Early circuit-switched networks did not automatically establish alternative circuits in the event of circuit failure.

- Circuit-switched technologies required that an open circuit between network endpoints be established, even if data was not actively being transferred being transferred between locations.

- The quality and consistency of messages transmitted across a connection-oriented, circuit-switched network cannot be guaranteed.

- The establishment of multiple, simultaneous open circuits for fault tolerance is costly.

7. For which three reasons was a packet-switched connectionless data communications technology used when developing the Internet? (Choose three.)

- It can rapidly adapt to the loss of data transmission facilities.

- It efficiently utilizes the network infrastructure to transfer data.

- Data packets can travel multiple paths through the network simultaneously.

- It allows for billing of network use by the amount of time a connection is established.

- It requires that a data circuit between the source and destination be established before data can be transferred.

8. What is the role of QoS in a converged network?

- ensures that all traffic above available bandwidth levels is dropped

- establishes delivery priorities for different communication in a network

- determines precise priorities for all network communication

- allows unused bandwidth to be shared by other organizations within the network

10.

CCNA Assessment

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Fri, 30 Mar 2012 02:47:00 -0700

1. How large are IPv4 address?

- 8 bits

- 16 bits

- 32 bits

- 34 bits

- 128 bits

2. What is a reason for disabling file sharing?

- It enables the user to map a remote resource with a local drive.

- It enables the use to share all file with all uses and groups.

- It enables the use to share printers.

- It enables the use to set more specific security access levels.

3. How many values are possible using a single binary digit?

- 1

- 2

- 4

- 8

- 9

- 16

4. Which layer defines how the cable is connected to Network Adapter?

- Application

- Network

- Data Link

- Physical

5. Which two steps should be performed when installing a peripheral device?

- Download and install the most current driver.

- Connect the peripheral using any cable and any available port on the computer.

- Connect the peripheral using an appropriate cable or wireless connection.

- Test the peripheral on another machine before installing it on the one where it will be used

- Check the computer documentation to see if the peripheral vendor is compatible with the PC vendor.

6. What are two ways that a user can interact with an operating system shell? (Choose two.)

- CLI

- OS

- GUI

- NIC

- Kernel

7. Which layer 1 devices can be used to enlarge the area covered by a single LAN segment?

- Switch

- Hub

- NIC

- Repeater

8. Bits are converted to frames at which layer of the OSI model? (Choose all the apply)

- Physical

- Data Link

- Layer 2

- Layer 3

9. What protocol does PPP user to identity the Network layer protocol?

- NCP

- ISDN

- HDLC

- LCP

10. Which adapter card enables a computer system to exchange information with other systems on a local network?

- modem card

- controller card

- video card

- sound card

- Network Interface card

11. Why does the cable from the power supply to the motherboard have different control wires?

- A single wire could not carry enough current

- There is one wire for each motherboard

- Each wire carries a different voltage

- The motherboard slot requires the number of wires that are represented by the different colors.

12. Fast Ethernet operates at?

- 10 mb

- 10 x 10 mb

- 200mb at half duplex

- 100bps

13. ______________ are capable not only of dividing the collision domain into separate segments, but also of segmenting the broadcast domain.

- Repeaters

- Bridges

- LAN switches

- Routers

14. What is the maximum length of a 100Mbps Ethernet segment when using category 5 UTP?

- 10 meters

- 100 meters

- 105 meters

- 205 meters

15. What is default subnet marks for a class A Network?

- 0.0.0.255

- 0.0.255.255

- 0.255.255.255

- 255.0.0.0

- 255.255.0.0

- 255.255.255.0

16. An industry-Standard data link address is also known as a?

- IP Address

- MAC Address

- Cable Number

- CAM Table

17. Which of the following services use TCP? (Choose three.)

- DHCP

- SMTP

- SNMP

- FTP

- HTTP

- TFTP

18. How many unique values are possible using a single binary digit?

- 1

- 2

- 4

- 8

- 9

- 16

19. What do VLANs provide?

- Easier routing

- Easier management

- A method to segment LANs at layer2

- A method of logically grouping resources without concern as to geographic location

20. What is the purpose of the ASCII code?

- translates bits into byes

- interprets graphics digitally

- translated digital computer language into binary language

- represents letters, characters, and number with bits

21. What are the decimal and hexadecimal equivalents of the binary number 10011101? (Choose two.)

- 159

- 157

- 185

- 0x9D

- 0xD9

- 0x159

22. What is the class of address, the subnet address, and the host address of the following IP address: 172.16.10.5 255.255.248.0?

- Class A, 172.16, and 10.5

- Class B, 172.16.8.0, and 10.5

- Class B, 172.16.10.0, and 5

- Class B, 172.16.10.5, and 5

- This is not a legal host address

23. Which network device uses a Mac address table to segment the network?

- Concentrator

- Hub

- PBX

- Router

- Switch

24. A use reports that a peripheral device that was installed correctly last week has not been functioning since the PC was booted today. All other PC functions are working properly. What are three things a service technician should do to solve the problem? (Chose three.)

- Use the testing functionally on the peripheral itself, if available.

- Verify that all cables are connected properly.

- Disconnect all cables connected to the computer except those connected to the peripheral.

- Ensure that the peripheral is powered on.

- Disconnect the peripheral and verify that the computer is operating normally.

- Reload the computer operating system.

25. All but one of the following is an OSI layer, which is NOT?

- Application

- System

- Network

- Physical

26. Which computer component is considered the nerve center of the computer system and is responsible for processing all of the data within the machine?

- RAM

- CPU

- Video Card

- sound Card

- Operating system

27. Which two of the following are private IP addresses?

- 12.0.0.1

- 168.172.19.39

- 172.20.14.36

- 172.33.194.30

- 192.168.24.43

28. What is a word processor?

- It is physical computer component.

- It is a program designed to perform a specific function.

- It is a program that controls the computer resources.

- It is a functional part an operating system.

29. If you had a switch with eight ports, how many collision domains and how many broadcast domains do you have?

- Eight collision and four broadcast

- Four collision and eight broadcast

- One collision and eight broadcast

- Eight collision and one broadcast

30. What is the maximum distance of Fast Ethernet?

- 10 m

- 100 m

- 200 m

- 1000 m with fiber

MSC to BSC data configuration (TDM)

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Wed, 1 Feb 2012 07:16:00 -0800

Network with BSC

DDF Rack Connect

Semi-permanent connecting Mode

Protocol Stack

Configuration Procedure
Which broad can process these protocols?

Data Configuration Based on Protocol Stack

Configuration steps
1. Data prepare (negotiated data)

Configuration Steps
The MTP3 layer data Configuration has been introduced In the HLR configuration lecture. so we’ll learn about sccp layer and upper layers.

Next Step
1

A interface circuit configuration
A interface:

How to configure a circuit?

About number analysis
Procedure
After configure HLR and BSC data, If you wanna make a call, you must do a number analysis.
1. 117 report time.

2. Local office calling.

Debugging Command
Command

Onnet Network Flow

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Fri, 20 Jan 2012 00:03:00 -0800

Mobile originates a call

Figure no.1 below shows the trace of the messages that have been sent while the mobile originating a call to another mobile registered in the same MSC. These images will be described in details.

Mobile Orignates a call Trace Message

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Thu, 19 Jan 2012 05:31:00 -0800

Mobile originates a call

Figure no.1 below shows the trace of the messages that have been sent while the mobile originating a call to another mobile registered in the same MSC. These messages will be described in details.

Figure no.1: Mobile originating a call (Part 1)

1- CM- Service Request message (MS -> MSC):

This message is sent by the mobile equipment to the MSC through the BSC (Using the A-interface). CM means Call Management; this message is sent when the Mobile equipment requires making a call. This message contains the following data:

o Identification for the mobile which can be the IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) or TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity), also it contains the type of the number of digits of this identification number (it can be even or odd number of digits that consist the identification number).

o Another Important information that is contained in this message is the type of service requested by the mobile station.

o The SPC (Signaling Point Code) and the SSN (Sub System Number) of the MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) is contained in this message, also there may be the GT (Goble Title) of the MSC contained in this message.

o The available encryption algorithm that the mobile station can use, which can be A5.1, A5.2 and A5.3.

o The global cell identification that the mobile is in its coverage area while doing this call.

2- Class mark request message(MSC -> MS):

This message is sent by the MSC to the MS requesting MS to send some information such that: the RF (Radio Frequency) power class used, the supported encryption algorithms….etc.

3- CM-service accept (MSC -> MS):

As the mobile station has been already registered in this MSC and a location update process has been taken place before the subscriber request a service, so the MSC check the subscriber data and if the subscriber is not barred from doing the required service; the MSC will send this message to the MS informs it that the service it requested is allowed.

4- Class mark update (MS -> MSC):

This message is sent by the MS as a response of the MSC’s class mark request message. Some of the information contained in this message is as following:

o The RF power Capability.

o The encryption algorithms that are allowed or not allowed.

o If the mobile can support or not the SMS (Short Message Service) service.

5- Setup(BSS -> MSC):

This message is sent from the BSS (Base Station Sub-System) side to the MSC informing it with the requested traffic channel, the dialed number and some other information. The data contained in this message is as following:

o CM Message type: here it is setup

o GSM bearer capability: speech, Transfer mode and coding standard.

o Radio channel required: in this field MS specified the preferred channel and the supported one. For example: full rate speech version 1 preferred, half rate speech version 1 is also supported.

o Speech version octet: The speech versions supported and the coding techniques used in sending this speech. For example: GSM half rate speech version 1.

o The called subscriber information: the type of the dialed number and the dialed number itself. For example: the number attribute is the ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) telephony number plan, number: 2012100006.

6- MAP open request(MSC -> HLR): MAP (Mobile Application Part)

The MSC sends the HLR this message to start a new session. The data contained in this message is as following:

o The sender MSC number.

o The type of the address attached in this message, for example: MSISDN.

o The number of the called subscriber.

7- MAP send routing information request (MSC -> HLR):

The MSC sends this message to the HLR requesting the routing information (MSRN: Mobile Station Roaming Number) for the called subscriber. The data contained in this message is as following:

o The MAP service request type: the type of service requested from HLR, for example: send routing information.

o Send routing information argument: if the service requested from the HLR is to send routing information, the MSC should specify the arguments of this service. Simply, the arguments may be represented in the MSISDN of the called subscriber. Also, the nature of the address should be specified.

8- Call proceeding(MSC -> BSS):

This message is sent by the MSC to the BSS. This message is the response of the message setup, it is sent to confirm the setting of the connection sent by the MS. This message is sent after the MSC sends the “SRI: Send Routing Information” message to the HLR

9- MAP provide roaming information request(HLR-> MSC):

This message is sent by the HLR to the MSC requesting MSRN for the called mobile entity. As the called mobile is registered in the same MSC, the HLR requests the MSRN from the MSC of the calling MS. The data contained in this message is as following:

o The called MS data, which includes the IMSI and MSISDN of the called party.

o The called mobile MSC data, which is the MSC number.

10- MAP provide Roaming Number Response (MSC -> HLR):

This message sent by the MSC to the HLR as a response on the message named as provide roaming information request. The content of this message is the MSRN requested by the HLR for the called subscriber.

11- MAP close request (MSC -> HLR):

This message sent by the MSC to HLR informs it to close the map session. Included in this message is the reason of the closing of the session. If the close of session is not a result of any error occurring in the session, the reason would be “Normal Release”.

12- Map send Route information(HLR -> MSC):

This message is sent by the HLR to the MSC of the calling subscriber. This message contains the MSRN allocated for the called subscriber.

13- Send route information response(HLR -> MSC):

This message is sent by HLR to the MSC, it contains the IMSI and MSRN of the called subscriber.

14- Paging(MSC -> MS):

As the MSC received the MSRN for the called MS, MSC start searching for the called MS. The data contained in this message is as following:

o The MSC data: The signaling point of the MSC of the called mobile. Also, the subsystem number of the MSC. Also, it may contain the global title in this message (GT).

o The BSC data: The signaling point of the BSC where the MS is registered, also its SSN. Also, it may contain the global title for the BSC.

o The Cell identification of the cell where the mobile is registered.

15- ADD REQ(MSOFT -> UMG):

This message is sent by the MSOFT to UMG, asking it to allocate circuit resources for the call.

16- Assignment REQ(MSC -> BSS):

This message is sent by the MSC to the BSS requesting it to assign traffic channel for the call. The data included in this message is as following:

o The channel type: in this field the MSC specifies the type of data that would be transferred along this link, for example this could be “speech”. Also, we specified the channel rate (the preferred and the allowed), so that if the preferred is not available it can use the allowed. For example: half or full rate TCH, full rate preferred.

o The actual Circuit identity code that are going to be used.

17- ADD Reply(UMG -> MSOFT):

This message is sent by the UMG as a response for the ADD REQ message. This is message to inform the MSOFT that the resource reservation is done. Also, the UMG specifies the TID allocated.

18- Assignment complete (BSS -> MSOFT):

This message is sent from BSS side to the MSOFT to inform the MSOFT that the requested channel has been allocated. The TCH type is specified in this message, also the circuit pool number and the message type which would be BSSMAP assignment complete message.

19- Paging response(BSS -> MSC):

This message is sent form BSS side to the MSC as a response for the paging message sent by the MSC. This message contains the location area identification of the called mobile, also the cell identification of the called mobile.

20- Setup(MSC -> BSS):

This message is sent for this time by MSC not from BSS, this is because the message is generated from the side that originates the transactions and in this case it is the MSC side. This message is used to inform the called party with the characteristics of the connection. For example: the radio channel required field that is supported.

21- Call confirmed(BSS -> MSC):

This message is sent by the BSS side, this message is similar to the message “Call proceeding” sent by the MSC in response to the message setup sent by the BSS.

22- ADD REQ (MSOFT -> UMG):

This message is used to allocate resources for the called party in the UMG, as UMG resources have already been allocated to the calling party.

23- ADD Reply(UMG -> MSOFT):

This message is sent by the UMG to confirm the allocation of the resources and give the allocated TID.

24- Assignment REQ(MSC -> BSS):

This message is used to allocate radio resources for the called party, as radio resources have already been allocated to the calling party.

25- Assignment complete (BSS -> MSC):

This message is sent by the BSS side to confirm the allocation of the RF resources. In this message we will find the type of the channel allocated to this connection, as the MSC when requesting RF resources specifies the allowed and the preferred channel rather than specifying a certain channel.

26- Alert (MS -> MSC):

This message is sent from the MS to the MSC side. The message is sent to inform the MSC that the called mobile is now ringing; I know that the called mobile is the one mentioned here form two things:

o First, the user connected id in the message is for the called mobile.

o Second, the transaction flag of the message indicates that the message is sent to the side that originates the transaction which is the MSC in case of the called mobile.

27- Alert (MSC -> MS):

This time the “Alert” message is sent from the MSC to the MS, this message is used to make the caller hearing alerting tone. I know that this message is sent to the calling mobile from the transaction flag as it indicates that the message is sent to the side that start the transaction which is BSS in case of the calling mobile.

28- MOD REQ (MSOFT -> UMG):

This message is sent to the UMG to send the ringing tone to the calling mobile. I know that this message is for the calling mobile not the called from the TID specified in this message is for the calling not the called, and from the signal type I know that this message is to send ring tone signaling to the called mobile, because these tones are stored in the UMG.

29- Connect(BSS -> MSC):

This message is sent from the BSS side to the MSC informing the MSC that the called mobile answers the call.

30- Connect (MSC -> BSS):

This message is sent by the MSC to the BSS informing the calling mobile that the called party is connected.

31- Connect ACK (MSC -> BSS):

This message is sent by the MSC to the BSS to acknowledge the connect message.

32- MOD REQ(MSOFT -> UMG):

This message is sent from the MSC to UMG to stop the ringing tone that is sent to the calling mobile, as the signal field in this message is empty.

33- MOD Reply (UMG -> MSOFT):

This message is just an acknowledgment to the “MOD REQ” message.

34- Connect ACK (BSS -> MSOFT):

This message is sent by the BSS to the MSC to acknowledge the connect message.

35- Disconnect (BSS -> MSC):

This message is sent by the BSS side to inform the MSC that mobile disconnects the call. The ID of the mobile subscriber can be found in the user ID filed in this message. An important field in this message is the cause of the disconnection which in normal disconnecting cases should be “Normal Clear”. Note that this message is from the BSS side because the called subscriber is the one who disconnects first.

36- Release (MSC -> BSS):

This message comes as a response for the message “Disconnect”, to release the traffic channel used.

37- Disconnect (MSC -> BSS):

This message is sent by the MSC to the BSS to inform the calling mobile station the disconnecting of the call.

38- Release (BSS -> MSC):

This message is sent by the BSS as an acknowledgment for the Disconnect message sent by the MSC. This is to inform the MSC that the calling mobile signaling resources are now released.

39- Release complete (MSC -> BSS):

This message is sent by the MSC to BSS to inform it that the calling mobile signaling resources are now released from its side.

40- Release complete (BSS -> MSC):

This message is sent by the BSS to MSC to inform it that the calling mobile resources are now released from its side.

41- Clear command(MSC -> BSS):

This message is sent by the MSC to the BSS side to ask it to release the RF resources allocated to a mobile station. The mobile is defined by its SCCP ID.

42- Clear complete(BSS -> MSC):

This message is sent by the BSS to confirm the release of the mobile station RF resources. The mobile is identified by its “User connected ID” filed in the message.

43- SUB REQ(MSOFT -> UMG):

This message is sent by the MSOFT to the UMG to release the resources of UMG allocated to a certain mobile. The resource is identified in the TID field.

44- SUB Reply(UMG -> MSOFT):

This is a reply for the request from MSOFT to clear the UMG resources.

Note 1: the Alert for the calling mobile is originating form the MSC side, this alert is sent by the UMG to the mobile through the BSS part.
Note 2: the above situation is for a MS calling a MS in the same BSC and registered in the same MSC.

Change of Numbers in CDRs

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Sun, 15 Jan 2012 07:28:00 -0800

When generating a CDR, the MSC fills the fields in CDRs, such as callingNumber, calledNumber, connectedNumber, roamingNumber, or servedMSISDN, with the original numbers collected during an MOC or trunk incoming call. If a number should be filled in to a CDR in a special format, you can configure the Bill Number Processing table to implement the number change.
For example, through the data configuration on the Bill Number Processing table, the system can normalize all the calling numbers to the international number format or national number format and then fill the normalized numbers to the corresponding CDRs.

Figure 1 shows the flowchart of change of numbers in CDRs.

Figure 1 Flowchart

NOTE:

The Bill Number Processing table is mandatory. It is queried when the MSC fills the charging information to the billing center after call release.
The change of numbers in CDRs has no impact on the numbers involved in the number analysis procedure.

Table Description

Table	Command	Input Parameter	Output Parameter	Function Description
Bill Number Processing table	ADD BILLPROC	Ticket type Number prefix Number type Number address nature	Number change name	Based on the number prefix, number type, and ticket type, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Bill Number Processing table for the number change name, which is used to associate with the Number Change table. The Bill Number Processing table is mandatory. It is queried when the MSC fills the charging information to the billing center after call release.

Number Processing in the Outgoing Trunk Call Flow

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Sun, 15 Jan 2012 05:17:00 -0800

Number processing in the outgoing trunk call flow refers to a process of number change or number normalization for the calling number, called number, original called number, and redirecting number in the outgoing messages based on the call source and trunk group. Figure 1 shows the flowchart of number processing in the outgoing trunk call.

Figure 1 Flowchart

NOTE:

The mandatory tables for querying are highlighted by solid-line frames and the optional tables are highlighted by dotted-line frames.

Pay attention to the following items:

For details about auxiliary number processing, see Number Analysis Procedures.
For details about calling number normalization, see Calling Number Normalization in the Outgoing Trunk Call Flow.

Table Description

Table	Command	Input Parameter	Output Parameter	Function Description
International Roaming Call Processing table	ADD IRCP	DN set Call prefix Office direction name Service key	Number change name Dummy number usage Dummy number	Based on the DN set, call prefix, office direction name, and service key, the MSOFTX3000 queries the International Roaming Call Processing table to perform calling and called number change. Based on the value of Dummy number usage, the MSOFTX3000 determines how to fill the calling and called number in the outgoing messages.
Outgoing Number Pre-Processing table	ADD OUTNUMPREPRO	Call source name Outgoing trunk group name DN set Call prefix Call originator Called number address nature	Caller number change name, called number change name, original called number change name, redirecting number change name, and generic number change name Caller number correlation processing name Original called number correlation processing name Designated caller number format, designated called number format, designated original called number format, designated redirecting number format, and designated generic number format	Based on the call source name, outgoing trunk group name, and call prefix, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Outgoing Number Pre-Processing table to perform number change on the calling and called numbers, original called number, redirecting number, and generic number in the specified office direction and normalize the calling and called number format, original called number format, redirecting number format, and generic number format.
Outgoing Caller Number Associated Processing table	ADD OUTCLRIDX	Caller number correlation processing name Caller Number Caller category	Caller number change name, called number change name, original called number change name, redirecting number change name, and generic number change name Designated caller number format, designated called number format, designated original called number format, designated redirecting number format, and designated generic number format	Based on the caller number and its related attributes, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Outgoing Caller Number Associated Processing table to perform number change on the calling and called numbers, original called number, redirecting number, and generic number in the specified office direction and normalize the calling and called number format, original called number format, redirecting number format, and generic number format.
Outgoing Original Called Number Associated Processing table	ADD OUTORICLDIDX	Original called number correlation processing name Original called number	Caller number change name, called number change name, original called number change name, redirecting number change name, and generic number change name Designated caller number format, designated called number format, designated original called number format, designated redirecting number format, and designated generic number format	Based on the original called number and its related attributes, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Outgoing Original Called Number Associated Processing table to perform number change on the calling and called numbers, original called number, redirecting number, and generic number in the specified office direction and normalize the calling and called number format, original called number format, redirecting number format, and generic number format.

Outgoing Route Selection

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Sun, 15 Jan 2012 05:08:00 -0800

If the local MSC determines that the called subscriber is served by another MSC through the core procedure of number analysis, it needs to select an available circuit for routing the call to another MSC. Outgoing route selection refers to a process of routing the call out of the local MSC and obtaining the outgoing office direction and DPC. Figure 1 shows the flowchart of outgoing route selection.

Figure 1 Flowchart

NOTE:

The mandatory tables for querying are highlighted by solid-line frames and the optional tables are highlighted by dotted-line frames.

In the table querying procedure, pay attention to the following items:

Identifying the call as incoming trunk call or MOC does not occur in parallel with querying the Call Prefix table. In practice, the call type is not known until after the MSC server queries the Trunk Group table (Office Direction table) and the 2G LAI or GCI Information table (3G LAI or SAI Information table) to obtain the call source name. In the flowchart above, the sequence of actions is altered to increase your understanding of which inputs are required for outgoing route selection.
For a BICC incoming call, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Office Direction table for the call source name. For the incoming calls of other types, such as ISUP, TUP, PRA, and SIP, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Trunk Group table for the call source name.
For a SIP call, the trunk circuit is not involved and thus the MSOFTX3000 need not query the Trunk Circuit table in the outgoing procedure.
The Trunk Group table or Office Direction table is queried twice during the outgoing route selection procedure. For the first time, the Trunk Group table or Office Direction table is queried to obtain the call source name; for the second time, the Trunk Group table is queried to obtain the trunk circuit and the Office Direction table is queried to obtain the DSP.
The BICC SCTP Link table is queried only when the trunk office direction is BICC.

Table Description

Table	Command	Input Parameter	Output Parameter	Function Description
Trunk Group table (involved in the incoming call procedure)	ADD N7TG ADD BICCTG ADD SIPTG ADD PRATG	Trunk group name	Call source name	This table is used to configure trunk groups. For a BICC incoming call, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Trunk Group table and then the Office Direction table for the call source name, which is used for querying the Call Source table subsequently. Based on the trunk group name, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Trunk Group table for the call source name, which is used for querying the Call Source table subsequently. NOTE: ADD N7TG is used to configure SS7 trunk groups. ADD BICCTG is used to configure BICC trunk groups. ADD PRATG is used to configure PRA trunk groups. ADD SIPTG is used to configure SIP trunk groups.
2G LAI or GCI Information table (3G LAI or SAI Information table)	ADD LAIGCI ADD LAISAI	Global cell ID	Call source name	This table is used to configure the location area or cell where the subscriber resides. ADD LAIGCI is applicable to the 2G network. ADD LAIGCI is applicable to the 3G network. Based on the global cell ID, the MSOFTX3000 queries the 2G LAI or GCI Information table or 3G LAI or SAI Information table for the call source name, which is used for querying the Call Source table subsequently.
Call Source table	ADD CALLSRC	Call source name	Route selection source name DN set	Based on the call source name, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Call Source table for the route selection source name and DN set, which are used for the subsequent number analysis and outgoing route selection.
Call Prefix table	ADD CNACLD	Call prefix DN set	Route selection source name Service attribute Called number type	Based on the call prefix and DN set, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Call Prefix table for the route selection source name, service attribute, and called number type, which are used for the subsequent outgoing route selection.
Route Analysis table	ADD RTANA	Route selection name Route selection source name	Route name	Based on the route selection name and route selection source name, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Route Analysis table for the route name, which is used for querying the Route table subsequently.
Route table	ADD RT	Route name	Sub-route name	Based on the route name, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Route table for the subroute name, which is used for querying the Sub-route table and Trunk Group table subsequently.
Sub-route table	ADD SRT	Sub-route name	Office direction name Trunk group selection mode	Based on the sub-route name, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Sub-route table for the office direction name and the trunk group selection mode, which is used for querying the Office Direction table subsequently. You can configure multiple subroute names for route reselection. For a BICC call, the office direction name is also used to query the BICC SCTP Link table (ADD BICCSCTPLNK) to determine an SCTP link and the corresponding IP address and port number of the peer office. For a SIP call, the office direction name is also used to query the SIP Office Media Gateway table (ADD OFCMGW) for the MGW name.
Trunk Group table (involved in the outgoing call procedure)	ADD N7TG ADD BICCTG ADD SIPTG ADD PRATG	Sub-route name	Trunk group name Circuit type MGW name Circuit selection mode	Based on the subroute name, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Trunk Group table for the trunk group name and MGW name, which are used for querying the Trunk Circuit table subsequently. The MSOFTX3000 queries the SIP Trunk Group table to obtain the local IP address, SIP_URL, and local port number, which are used for outgoing route selection. The MSOFTX3000 queries the BICC Trunk Group table to obtain the bearer setup direction, tunnel mode, and MGW name, which are used for outgoing route selection. The MSOFTX3000 queries the PRA Trunk Group table to obtain the MGW name, PRA link name, and default calling number, which are used for outgoing route selection. NOTE: ADD N7TG is used to configure SS7 trunk groups. ADD BICCTG is used to configure BICC trunk groups. ADD PRATG is used to configure PRA trunk groups. ADD SIPTG is used to configure SIP trunk groups.
Trunk Circuit table	ADD N7TKC ADD PRATKC ADD BICCCICMDU	Trunk group name Office direction name	Start CIC End CIC Start circuit termination ID End circuit termination ID	For an ISUP, TUP, or PRA call, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Trunk Circuit table based on the trunk group name for the CICs and circuit termination IDs. For a BICC call, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Trunk Circuit table based on the trunk group name for the CICs.
Office Direction table	ADD OFC	Office direction name	DSP	Based on the office direction name, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Office Direction table for the DSP, peer office level, and signaling category, which are used for subsequent outgoing route selection.
BICC SCTP Link table	ADD BICCSCTPLNK	Office direction name	Link name Peer IP address Peer port number	Based on the office direction name, the MSOFTX3000 queries the BICC SCTP Link table for the BICC SCTP link name, peer IP address, and peer port number.

Number Processing in the MTC Flow

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Sun, 15 Jan 2012 05:01:00 -0800

Number processing in the MTC flow applies to both 2G and 3G MTCs. It enables the MSC server to perform number change on the calling numbers to be displayed on the terminals of callees. Figure 1 shows the flowchart of number processing in the MTC flow.

Figure 1 Flowchart

NOTE:

The mandatory tables for querying are highlighted by solid-line frames and the optional tables are highlighted by dotted-line frames.

Pay attention to the following items:

For an incoming roaming call, the MSC server obtains the MSISDN of the callee when receiving the called subscriber data. In this case, if bit 12 of P144 is set to 1, the MSC server performs UNBUILD normalization on the MSISDN (see UNBUILD Normalization for details) and then records the normalized number for the called number in MTC CDRs.
If displaying calling numbers on the terminals of callees is allowed, the MSC server queries the CLIP Processing table and CLIP Called Number Correlation Processing table to perform number change on the calling numbers in the Setup message sent to the callees.

Table Description

Table Name	Command	Input Parameter	Output Parameter	Function Description
CLIP Processing table	ADD CLIPRO	Call source name Caller prefix Caller number address nature Caller number maximum length	Called number correlation name Caller number change name Designated caller number format	Based on the call source and caller prefix, the MSOFTX3000 performs number change on the calling number in the Setup message sent to the callee.
CLIP Called Number Correlation Processing table	ADD CLCRPRO	Called number correlation name DN set Called prefix Called number address nature	Caller number change name Designated caller number format	Based on the called number correlation name obtained in the CLIP Processing table and the called prefix, the MSOFTX3000 performs number change on the calling number in the Setup message sent to the callee.

Number Processing in the CAMEL Event Receiving Flow

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Sun, 15 Jan 2012 04:54:00 -0800

Number processing in the CAMEL event receiving flow refers to a process of number change and number normalization for the numbers carried in the Connect message that is sent from the SCP to the SSP. The numbers carried in the Connect message include the called number, redirecting number, and original called number. Figure 1 shows the flowchart of number processing in the CAMEL event receiving flow.

Figure 1 Flowchart

NOTE:

In the preceding figure, the optional tables are highlighted by dotted-line frames.

Pay attention to the following items:

The Bill Subscriber Type Control table is queried only when the OCSI is triggered.
The normalization flow of the original called number, called number, and redirecting number is similar. For details, see Number Normalization in the Connect Flow.
A redirecting number refers to the redirecting_partyid information element carried in the Connect message sent by the SCP when an IN subscriber registers with a special service.
Number processing in the CAMEL event receiving flow is applicable to both the OCSI and TCSI services.

Detail:

Table Description

Table	Command	Input Parameter	Output Parameter	Function Description
Bill Subscriber Type Control table	ADD BLLUTCTL	Function type Service key SCP address Call prefix DP number	User type Cover dialed number flag Cover caller number flag	Based on the function type, service key, SCP address, and call prefix, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Bill Subscriber Type Control table to determine whether to replace the calling number or called number in CDRs with the new number in the Connect message sent by the SCP.

Number Processing in the CAMEL Event Reporting Flow

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Sun, 15 Jan 2012 03:45:00 -0800

Number processing in the CAMEL event reporting flow is classified into number processing in the OCSI reporting flow and number processing in the TCSI reporting flow.
Number processing in the CAMEL event reporting flow refers to a process of normalizing numbers in the messages reporting the CAMEL events, which ensures that the subsequent CAMEL services can be normally triggered. Figure 1 shows the flowchart of the number processing in the OCSI and TCSI reporting flows.

Figure 1 Flowchart

Number processing in the CAMEL event reporting flow is applicable to all the CAMEL services triggered based on the information registered in the HLR and number segment configured on the MSC.
For details about IDP number normalization, see IDP Number Normalization.
Detail:

Table Description

Table	Command	Input Parameter	Output Parameter	Function Description
Special Service Number table	ADD SPCLDN	Special service number Minimum number length Maximum number length	Trigger IN as toll	Based on the number dialed by the calling IN subscriber, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Special Service Number table to determine whether to trigger the OCSI service.
CSI Criteria Match Number Change Data table	ADD CSIDNC	Called number address nature Called prefix DP number	Called number change name	Based on the called number address nature, called prefix, and DP number, the MSOFTX3000 queries the CSI Criteria Match Number Change Data table to determine whether to perform called number change.
IN Service Number table	ADD SRVNUM	Service key IN service number DP number	Operator Send ANM when PA flag	Based on the service key and IN service number, the MSOFTX3000 queries the IN Service Number table to adapt the DP number between the MSC and the SCP. In addition, the MSOFTX3000 determines whether to send the ANM message to the previous-hop office upon PA announcement playing based on the query result.

Number Processing in the SRI-ACK Flow

noreply@blogger.com (Chey Vorathun) — Sat, 7 Jan 2012 08:46:00 -0800

Number processing in the SRI-ACK flow refers to a process of number change or number normalization on the numbers carried in the SRI-ACK message that is sent from the HLR to the MSC.

Figure 1 Flowchart

NOTE:

The mandatory tables for querying are highlighted by solid-line frames and the optional tables are highlighted by dotted-line frames.detail:

In the table querying flow, pay attention to the following items:

DN set modification of international MSRN: If a number is an international MSRN, the system modifies its DN set based on the value of bits 0-7 of P97. Thus, different number analysis data can be configured for the international MSRN based on the modified DN set.
MSRN normalization: For details, see MSRN Normalization.

Table Description

Table Name	Command	Input Parameter	Output Parameter	Function Description
Subscriber Integrated Services Information table	ADD USRVPROC	Function Call originator Call prefix Service check type Enhanced category Supplementary service code	Caller number change name Called number change name Failure source name Processing type	Based on the function type, call originator and call prefix, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Subscriber Integrated Services Information table to perform calling or called number change or failure processing. This table is queried twice in the SRI-ACK flow: This table is queried for the first time when an SRI-ACK message carries the enhanced category registered by the callee. This table is queried for the second time when an SRI-ACK message carries the supplementary service code registered by the callee.
Call Prefix Processing table	ADD PFXPRO	Call source name Call originator DN set Call prefix	New DN set Called number change name Caller number change name Tone playing mode Processing type	This table is used to perform special processing on certain call prefixes, including calling and called number change, tone playing, failure processing, number re-analysis after number change, and N-CSI DP2 triggering. If the callee does not register the TCSI, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Call Prefix Processing table in the SRI-ACK flow to trigger the N-CSI DP2. In the core procedure of number analysis, the MSOFTX3000 queries the Call Prefix Processing table to trigger function except the N-CSI DP2.

I Human Network

Oracle Database Stages

Basics to configure a CISCO router to connect to internet.

Router Configuration 101: Connecting the router to the Internet

Create a pool of Internet IP addresses

Create an access list

Create the NAT source list

Define the inside and the outside NAT interfaces

Configure a default route

Configure a static IP address, subnet mask, and more

Configuring a router to act as an ISP

Connecting GNS3 to Real Networks

Configuration of Routers to two Linux VMWare

Router DHCP IP to PC

DHCP Server from Router

2- ENetwork Basic Configuration PT Practice SBA 2012

1- ENetwork Basic Configuration PT Practice SBA 2012

Bandwidth (computing)

Network bandwidth consumption

Asymptotic bandwidth

Multimedia bandwidth

Bandwidth in web hosting

Internet connection bandwidths

What is Bandwidth?

What is 4G?

How Can 4G Help Me?

How Can 4G Help My Business?

Cisco CCNA Exploration1 Chapter1: Q&A

CCNA Assessment

MSC to BSC data configuration (TDM)

Onnet Network Flow

Mobile Orignates a call Trace Message

Change of Numbers in CDRs

Table Description

Number Processing in the Outgoing Trunk Call Flow

Table Description

Outgoing Route Selection

Table Description

Number Processing in the MTC Flow

Table Description

Number Processing in the CAMEL Event Receiving Flow

Detail:

Table Description

Number Processing in the CAMEL Event Reporting Flow

Table Description

Number Processing in the SRI-ACK Flow

Table Description

Detail: