Anaesthesia

Anaesthesia and the cosmetics industry

2014-02-25T06:14:00.004-08:00

In this world that we live in , sadly beauty and how we look are more important than intelligence, moral decency and work ethic. This has resulted in the massive growth of the cosmetics industry and more recently the rise in the number of people seeking cosmetic surgery.

It is estimated that as many as seven in ten, girls between 18-21 would seriously consider plastic surgery if they could afford it.

The Cosmetic surgery industry has become ruthless in its marketing, highlighting the flaws of every person that they encounter rather than focus on the individuals positive features.

I recently had a patient that was convinced by a surgeon that she needed cosmetic surgery. It was only when she needed an anaesthetic consultation were the true implications of the procedure explained to her. Needless to say i was not a popular person, when the individual in question backed out of the surgery and demanded her deposit back.

The truth of the matter is that many potential patients are "sold" a promise of perfection, that is rarely attainable however the cosmetic surgery industry continues to thrive.

I would say to any young girl, considering plastic surgery, to think long and hard before consulting a "specialist" and remember that the initial consultation is as much of a sales pitch from the doctor as anything else.

So rather than spending £5,000 on cosmetic surgery that may not deliver the results you want. Have a look some new makeup online, buy some black false eyelashes and save yourself a lot of money.

Trans-oesophageal echocardiography

2012-12-16T11:00:00.000-08:00

Concerning trans-oesophageal echocardiography

(a) the Doppler probe employs high-frequency sound waves

(b) the Doppler effect is due to a change in frequency of the ultrasound waves

(d) the speed of medical ultrasound is 1540 m/s

(e) medical ultrasound passes better through air than blood

(a) true (b) true (c) true (d) true (e) false

Strain gauge

2012-12-16T02:00:00.000-08:00

A strain gauge can be used to measure

(a) gas flow

(b) intensity of light

(d) forearm blood flow

(e) force of muscle contraction

(a) true (b) true (c) true (d) true (e) true

Electrical safety

2012-12-15T11:00:00.000-08:00

Regarding electrical safety

(a) an electrical current of 5mA passing through the body will cause a tingle

(b) class II electrical equipment must be double insulated

(d) the leakage current from any equipment that can come in contact with the heart must be less than 50mA

(e) anaesthetic proof (AP) may be used in the zone of risk 5–25cm from an enclosed medical gas system

(a) false (b) true (c) true (d) false (e) true

Student’s t-test

2012-12-15T02:00:00.000-08:00

Student’s t-test

(a) is used to analyse normally distributed data

(b) is used for comparing a single small sample

(d) deals with the problems associated with inference based on ‘small’ samples

(e) is typically used to compare the means of two populations

(a) true (b) true (c) false (d) true (e) true

Haemofiltration

2012-12-14T11:00:00.000-08:00

Regarding the physiological principles underlying haemofiltration

(a) the pore size of the membrane allows molecules up to 50, 000 daltons to pass through

(b) an ultrafiltrate of up to 1000 ml per hour can be formed

(d) the buffer of choice is bicarbonate in very low concentrations

(e) transmembrane potential equals hydrostatic pressure _ oncotic pressure

(a) true (b) true (c) true (d) false (e) true

Medical piped gases

2012-12-14T02:00:00.000-08:00

With regard to medical piped gases

(a) the nitrous oxide pressure is 4 bar (4 · 105 Pa)

(b) after maintenance of O2 pipes the O2 analyser is used to test the integrity of the system

(d) the Schrader probe has a non-return valve (e) the pipeline oxygen supply pressure enters the machine at 420 kPa (60 psi) pressure

(a) true (b) false (c) false (d) false (e) true

Substance conversion

2012-12-13T11:00:00.000-08:00

With regard to a substance

(a) 1 mol equals 0.012 g carbon-12

(b) 1 mol occupies 2.24 l at s.t.p.

(d) mole is the SI unit of volume

(e) one gram molecular weight of any gas occupies the same volume

(a) false (b) false (c) true (d) false (e) true

Pressure conversion

2012-12-13T02:00:00.000-08:00

A pressure of 1 bar is equal to

(a) 1 kg/cm

(b) 14.5 lb/in

(d) 1006.2 cmH2O

(e) 101.01 pascal

(a) false (b) false (c) true (d) true (e) false

Plethysmography

2012-12-12T11:00:00.000-08:00

Plethysmography is used to measure

(a) total lung capacity

(b) functional residual capacity

(d) forearm blood flow

(e) coronary blood flow

(a) true (b) true (c) true (d) false (e) false

Surface tension

2012-12-12T02:00:00.000-08:00

Surface tension

(a) is measured in newtons per metre

(b) in the wall of a sphere, is directly proportional to the diameter of the sphere

(d) leads to a water manometer under-reading

(e) leads to a mercury manometer over-reading

(a) true (b) false (c) true (d) false (e) false

Linear regression analysis

2012-12-11T11:00:00.000-08:00

Linear regression analysis

(a) applies a technique of minimising squared differences

(b) can be used to analyse variables that are not distributed normally

(d) yields an intercept that defines the position of the line

(e) finds the line that best predicts X from Y

(a) true (b) true (c) true (d) true (e) true

Transfer of heat

2012-12-11T02:00:00.000-08:00

The following are true of the transfer of heat

(a) an adiabatic change retains the heat of the reaction within the system

(b) boiling involves transferring heat without a change in temperature

(d) radiation is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature

(e) the response time of a thermometer increases with its heat capacity

(a) true (b) true (c) false (d) true (e) true

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

2012-12-10T11:00:00.000-08:00

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

(a) uses a current up to 90mA

(b) uses a frequency of 0–100 Hz

(d) at low frequency acts by closing the gate

(e) at high frequency acts by releasing endorphin

(a) false (b) true (c) true (d) false (e) false

Agent specific

2012-12-10T02:00:00.000-08:00

The following are agent specific

(a) mass spectrometry

(b) ultraviolet analyser

(d) piezoelectric analysis

(e) refractometer

(a) false (b) true (c) false (d) false (e) false

Measurement of gas volume

2012-12-09T11:00:00.000-08:00

The gas volume can be measured accurately using a

(a) Wright’s respirometer

(b) vitalograph

(d) dry gas meter

(e) pneumotachograph

(a) false (b) true (c) true (d) true (e) true

Serum osmolarity

2012-12-09T02:00:00.000-08:00

Serum osmolarity is

(a) a measure of the number of particles in solution

(b) usually expressed in milliosmoles per litre

(d) proportional to the valency of the particles in solution

(e) dependent on the serum albumin concentration

(a) true (b) true (c) false (d) false (e) false

Nerve stimulators

2012-12-08T11:00:00.000-08:00

The following are true of nerve stimulators

(a) the applied electrical potential can be as high as 150 V

(b) the apparatus uses a square-wave electrical signal

(d) when the resistance increases the current must decrease, at a constant voltage

(e) stimulation at a constant current is preferable to stimulation at constant voltage

(a) true (b) true (c) false (d) true (e) true

Pneumotachograph

2012-12-08T02:00:00.000-08:00

The pneumotachograph

(a) directly measures change across a resistance

(b) must have a resistance of sufficient diameter to ensure laminar gas flow

(d) possesses accuracy affected by temperature change

(e) possesses accuracy unaffected by alterations in gas composition

(a) true (b) true (c) false (d) true (e) false

Oxygen for medical use

2012-12-07T11:00:00.000-08:00

Oxygen for medical use

(a) is prepared by the fractional distillation of air

(b) for pipelines contains 0.3% nitrogen

(d) from concentrators provides an FiO2 of over 80%

(e) has similar magnetic properties to nitrous oxide

(a) true (b) false (c) true (d) true (e) false

Transoesophageal Doppler

2012-12-07T02:00:00.000-08:00

Transoesophageal Doppler

(a) requires a probe of 50–60 cm length

(b) gives information about stoke volume

(d) measures the blood velocity in the ascending aorta

(e) uses acceleration and peak velocity to indicate myocardial performance

(a) true (b) true (c) false (d) true (e) true

Oxygen analysis

2012-12-06T11:00:00.000-08:00

Principles involved in oxygen analysis intraoperatively include

(a) the volumetric method

(b) Graham’s law

(d) paramagnetism

(e) absorption of oxidative energy

(a) false (b) false (c) false (d) true (e) true

Pressure gauges

2012-12-06T02:00:00.000-08:00

Pressure gauges

(a) reduce high pressures to low pressures

(b) regulate flow from a cylinder

(d) form part of a device for measuring gas flow

(e) utilise the principle of the Burdon gauge

(a) false (b) false (c) false (d) true (e) true

Statistical tests

2012-12-05T11:00:00.000-08:00

Regarding statistical tests

(a) the middle observation in an ordered series is the median

(b) the mean is the most frequently occurring observation in a series

(d) 95% of all values lie within ±2 SD

(e) the standard deviation is a measure of the significance of observations

(a) true (b) false (c) true (d) true (e) false

Surgical diathermy

2012-12-05T02:00:00.000-08:00

Regarding surgical diathermy

(a) the degree of burning at the tip of an active electrode is dependent on the current density

(b) bipolar diathermy operates at a higher power output than unipolar diathermy

(d) the current frequency is the same at the active electrode and at the patient’s plate

(e) isolating capacitors are used because they have low impedance to a low-frequency current

(a) true (b) false (c) true (d) true (e) false