My Solaris

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 09 Jul 2012 05:08:00 +0000

11. NIS (Network Information Systems)

NIS: Centralizing the users, passwords, hosts & networks.

Issue 1: How to update the newly added users (or mapping information)

A: cd var/yp/usr/ccs/bin/make

Issue 2: When NIS user unable to login?

A: simply I check out the user, pwds

Issue 3: disable the NIS services?

A: simply start and stop the services which are related to NIS (or)

Simply update the maps.

NOTE: In my organization LDAP configuration used so very less to get the problems

- NIS information stored in ‘nis maps’

- All maps located in ‘/var/yp/domain name’ file

- Configure the maps on server

#ypint -m

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 09 Jul 2012 05:08:00 +0000

11. NIS (Network Information Systems)

NIS: Centralizing the users, passwords, hosts & networks.

Issue 1: How to update the newly added users (or mapping information)

A: cd var/yp/usr/ccs/bin/make

Issue 2: When NIS user unable to login?

A: simply I check out the user, pwds

Issue 3: disable the NIS services?

A: simply start and stop the services which are related to NIS (or)

Simply update the maps.

NOTE: In my organization LDAP configuration used so very less to get the problems

- NIS information stored in ‘nis maps’

- All maps located in ‘/var/yp/domain name’ file

- Configure the maps on server

#ypint -m

11. NIS (Network Information Systems) - Real Time

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 09 Jul 2012 05:08:00 +0000

11. NIS (Network Information Systems)

NIS: Centralizing the users, passwords, hosts & networks.

Issue 1: How to update the newly added users (or mapping information)

A: cd var/yp/usr/ccs/bin/make

Issue 2: When NIS user unable to login?

A: simply I check out the user, pwds

Issue 3: disable the NIS services?

A: simply start and stop the services which are related to NIS (or)

Simply update the maps.

NOTE: In my organization LDAP configuration used so very less to get the problems

- NIS information stored in ‘nis maps’

- All maps located in ‘/var/yp/domain name’ file

- Configure the maps on server

#ypint -m

11. NIS (Network Information Systems) - Real Time

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 17:07:00 +0000

11. NIS (Network Information Systems)

NIS: Centralizing the users, passwords, hosts & networks.

Issue 1: How to update the newly added users (or mapping information)

A: cd var/yp/usr/ccs/bin/make

Issue 2: When NIS user unable to login?

A: simply I check out the user, pwds

Issue 3: disable the NIS services?

A: simply start and stop the services which are related to NIS (or)

Simply update the maps.

NOTE: In my organization LDAP configuration used so very less to get the problems

- NIS information stored in ‘nis maps’

- All maps located in ‘/var/yp/domain name’ file

- Configure the maps on server

#ypint -m

10. Zones (Real Time)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 17:04:00 +0000

10. Zones

Note: till now I did not get any issues on zones.

Two commands

# zoneadm

# zonecfg (create/delete the zone)

- we can create upto 8192 zones bt editing the file

- # cat /kernel/drv/md.conf

nmd = 8192 ( by default nmd=128)

two types of zones

1. global zones

2. non global zones

- global zone id always zero ‘0’

- # zoneadm list –vc

- Id =0

Two types of non global zones

whole root zone (morethan 300MB)
sparse root zone (100MB)

zone stages:

configuration – incomplete
install
ready – running
shutdown (halt)

for config 4 command

create
install
ready
boot

for unconfig

halt
uninstalled
delete

Issue 1:

Reboot the zone when patches are applied to non – global zone

Container: adding the hard ware resources to the zone

Branded zone: we can install other OS to zone also instead of one OS

Zone config file:

# cd /etc/zones

# ls

Zone login console:

# zlogin –C orazone (C : console

# zonename ( to find out which zone)

From global rebooting non-global

# zoneadm –z orazone reboot

# arp –a (to see the IP address of global from non global)

# arp –a | grep –i SP

Passwd breaking for non-global zone:

# cd /zoneconfig FS name

# cd /root

# vi etc/shadow

And remove the passwd fields

To see what ever config in zone till now:

# zonecfg –z arazone info

Adding ‘FS’ to zone:

To remove the FS resource

# zonecfg –z orazone remove fs dir=/zz

# zonecfg –z orazone info

# zonecfg –z orazone

LOFS: loop back file system:

Giving the multiple mount points to a single file system

How to add:

# zonecfg –z orazone

Zone: orazone> add

Add attr add copped-memory add net add fs

Client system (NFS)

# mkdir /nn

# mount –F nfs 192.168.1.10: /sai /nn

# showmount –e 192.168.1.10

# df –F nfs

Issue 1:

ü Deamons

ü Versions -4

ü How to share the resources (or) files (or) directories

ü How to permanent the share files & directories in server

Client side:

How to mount the shared files & directories in client

How to permanent

Issue 2: already shared files & directories, if we unshared it will throw

Client side: RPC timed out, can’t stat error

That time we can’t share

Cant statvfs: /nn: no such file /directory

And some times there may be a chance to hang the output of df –h (or) df –k.

A: simply I checked out the NFS shared file information

(or)

Simply I checkedout etc/vfstab

If NFS shared file

# shareall on client & server side

# svcs –a | grep nfs/client

# svcadm enable nfs/client

Restart the deamon nfs4cbd

From # cd /usr/lib/nfs

# ./nfs4cbd (it will run for communicate server to client

# ./nfs4cbd start

To see mount points of client from server side

# dfmounts

#rmmounts

9. NFS (Network File System) - Real Time

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 17:04:00 +0000

9. NFS (network file system)

1. # cat /etc/dfs/fstype

2. # cat /etc/dfs/sharetab (like mnttab)

3. # cat /etc/dfs/dfstab (like vfstab)

To see deamons of nfs:

# ps –ef | grep nfs

# share // read the entries from /sharetab

# shareall // read the entries from /dfstab

When we apply #share, then /sharetab automatically updates.

To make read only:

# share –F nfs –o ro /sai

# share

Issue 1:

If service is disable, it will not share

A: check out the services of NFS &

#svcs –a |grep nfs

If network pbm:

# svcadm enable network/nfs/server

#share

If deamon pbm:

Just start the deamon

# cd /usr/lib/nfs

# file mountd

#./mountd

To see port num

# netstat –a | grep –i nfs

8. Patch Management (Real Time)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 17:03:00 +0000

8. Patch management

# showrev –p

To know NIC speed

# dladm show-dev

#ndd –get /dev/e1000g0 link-speed

#ndd –get /dev/e1000g0 link-status

#ndd –get /dev/e1000g0 \? //to see all options \?

Assigning the IP:

To findout the nic information

# cat /etc/path_to_inst | grep –i net

# dladm show-dev

Assigning the IP & plumb:

# ifconfig e1000g0 plumb

#ifconfig –a

# ifconfig e1000g0 192.168.1.10

# ifconfig e1000g0 192.168.1.10 up

Unplumbed IP

# ifconfig –a

# ifconfig e1000g0 192.168.1.10 down

# ifconfig e1000g0 unplumb

To permanent the IP address

We need to edit 4 files

#cat /etc/hosts
# cat /etc/inet/ipnodes
# cat /etc/nodename
# cat /etc/hostname.nicname

# cat /etc/hostname.e1000g0

To see all ports:

# netstat -a

7. Package Management ( Real Time)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 17:02:00 +0000

7. Package mangement

# pkginfo

# which format

# pkgchk –l –p /usr/bin/format (bin: shows which pkg required

# cd /var/sadm/pkg

#cd /var/spool/pkg

# cat /etc/release

6. Swap Management ( Real Time)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 17:01:00 +0000

6. Swap management

Issue 1: the server went down or hangs.

A: go to console, check the error messages, and reboot

Issue 2: why the server slower down?

# vmstat

It checks the page in & page out size.

Page in should be more size than page out.

If page out size is more, then it means page out didn’t release memory to swap.

Then

# ps –ef | grep 1255

If root

# kill -9 1255

# kill –HUP 1255 (HUP for refresh)

Note: In root mostly java or oracle process runs, so kill that.

Note : if other applications inform them

# top (or) # prstat –a

It shows max memory occupied application. Then submit/inform report to the desired applications. Mostly /oracle, /java applications

If it is ‘root’ issue then delete the old files & compress the unuse files

To display volume table of content (vtoc)

# prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0d0s2

To display only CPU utilization:

# prstat –s CPU –n 10

5. CPU Management (Real Time)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 16:53:00 +0000

5. CPU management

Show process of CPU, memory, and swap utilization

#top

#prstat -a

Note: only ‘root’ issues we take care & other applications issues we will transfer /inform to them only.

(# ftp <file name>: sending to oracle/other applications)

To display volume table of content (vtoc)

# prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0d0s2

To display only CPU utilization:

# prstat –s CPU –n 10

4. User Management ( Real Time)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 16:52:00 +0000

4. User Management

# id (find out the user id information)

# dispuid

# dispgid

# logins

# cat /etc/default/fs

Local = ufs

#listusers (show no.of users)

Note: for user, there should be ‘home directory’.

Issues in user management:

ü User permission

ü User home directory missing

ü Change the ownership (chown)

ü Assign the permission (chmod)

ü User missing in shadow file (pwconv)

User environment variable:

local.cshrc
local.login
local.profile

All file exists in /etc/skel file

# logins –l raj

How to assign groupid to user?

# groupadd unix

#usermod –g unix raj (-g : primary group name)

# logins –l raj

#id –a raj

# usermod –G dba,dwh raj

Note: if not specifying anything to create user, it means it stored in /home

To find defadduser:

# find / -name defadduser -print

# login –xl pra

$ ls –ltr

raj

$exit

Changing the owner ship: before it was raj, now I am changing as root

#chown root:other /sai/raj/aa

# ls –l /sai/raj/aa

#chown root:dba /sai/raj/aa

# groups

# dispgid

# cat /etc/group

Sol:143:----- (3^rd one,if secondary group (-G) only it shows)

‘#userdel’ is a command to del the user but it cant delete the user home directories

#userdel –r: command delete the home directory

To change the user name;

#usermod –l roja raj

To change the group name:

#groupmod –n java sol

# man groupadd

# groupadd ---

Above two, it show the options

#lf –F

#useradd –D (if it fire then only defadduser updates)

#cat /usr/sadm/defadduser

Issue1:

User entry missing in shadow

A: sync from passwd to shadow (pwconv)

# pwconv

Note: we can not sync from shadow to password.

Issue 2:

Password break

A: go to filesafe mode

# cd /a

#vi etc/shadow

root/x/ (remove 2^nd part i.e x)

in system1:

# dtrace /it trace all the system calls

In system2:

# rm // rm commands not working

Now in system 1 it shows error message, it trace why ‘rm’ not working

#passwd –n 2 –w 3 –x 10 raj

User id creation: LDAP – secure – advance of NIS+

Configuration: implementation team take care

Note :

Once ticket comes for production server till 5 days no need to do anything.
Application & DBA both should be shutdown for rebooting the server

Issue 3: home directory missing

# useradd –u 144 –g dba –d /sai/ram –m ram

# usermod –d /opt/ram –m ram (b4 ram was in sai)

# cd /opt

# ls

ram (now in /opt from /sai, in /sai not there)

issue 4: chage the ownership

# ls –ld /opt/ram

I want to change the owner ship from ram to raj

#ls –ltr

Ram dba

I want raj to access ram

#chown raj:dba /opt/ram/aa

#ls –ld /opt/ram/aa

Issue 5: only one user not loging in

ü Check the permissions

ü Check out the password, user

ü Check password status, grep | username

Issue 6: one user not accessing other file

ü Check user permissions

ü File level permissions

Note: its not day to day activity depends on requirement

Issue 7:not a single user login to server

Then it is a server problem

Issue 8: if shadow file missing

A: sync

#pwconv

Issue 9: if passwd/opasswd file missing

A: Reconstruct

3. SMF (Service Managment Facility) - Real Time

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 16:50:00 +0000

3. SMF (Service Management Facility)

SMF:

ü It is a advanced feature in Solaris10

ü Which will control services under SMF

ü We can start and stop the services

- All the services stored in ‘/etc/init.d’

- We can’t stop services dependency/ dependent

#svcs (display online & offline and legacy)

#svcs –a (display online, offline, and disable)

#svcs |more

How to find out dependency?

#svcs –d svc:/network/nfs/server:default

How to find out dependent?

#svcs –D svc:/network/nfs/server:default

Note: if any one of these services in disable then NFS will not get into online

Issue 1: service (NFS) is in disable, but it is not getting ‘online’ why?

A: check out the dependency & dependent and make it online. Then make the service online. If it is in maintenance mode means configuration problem. Configuration problem means implementation team take care.

Issue 2: why the service group not running? What is the reason?

#svcs –xv svc:/network/rpc/keyserv: default

Same above reason find out dependency and dependent, if any in disable mode make it online.

Issue 3: If service group lost

# cd /etc/svc

Repository.db

Service ‘repository.db’ file store in /etc/svc

Restoring ‘repository.db’

# cd /lib/svc/bin

# ./restore_repository (execute)

To see execute or text

# file restore_repository

# cd /var/svc/profile

All SMF scripts are store under /var/svc/profile

Service categories:

#cd manifest

#ls

Application
milestone –runlevel information
platform
system
device
network
site

2. Booting Procedure (Real Time)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 16:48:00 +0000

2. Boot Procedure

1. Boot prom:

ü Prom runs the POST

ü Search for the bootable devices

ü Read the boot block

ü Load the boot block

2. Boot program:

ü Load the ufs boot block

ü Try to load the secondary boot block

ü If boot block corrupted

# cd /usr/platform/’uname –i ‘/lib/fs/ufs

3. Kernel :

ü Read the etc/system file, where etc/sytem has total kernel information

ü It initializes all the modules itself

4. Init :

ü Read the etc/init file

ü Total run level information]

ü Svcstatd deamons runs

Issue 1: If boot block corrupted what you do?

A: run the following command and restore boot

# cd /usr/platform/’uname –i ‘/lib/fs/ufs

1. File System Management (Real Time)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 30 Jul 2011 16:46:00 +0000

1. File System Management

File System issues are not a regular task.

Basic commands:

# uname –a To display the OS name, version, kernel version

# isainfo –b Display the kernel bit

# format To find the available disk

# newfs –N Display the super block & primary block

Last + found consist of inode, data block information

# ls –s * List all the details of files & directories

(for touch 0Mb, for cat 2 blocks)

Q: How to check which file occupying more memory in File system?

# cd /sai /sai is the mount point

# du –sh * | sort –nr // displays the files occupying more memory

Q: Can we increase the file system in Solaris?

A: Generally we cannot increase the File System, but we can increase the File system if continuous cylinders available.

# growfs –M /sai /dev/rdsk/c0d0s6

# df –h /sai

Q: Can we decrease the File System?

A: No way, not possible

Note: to over come this problem SVM (Solaris Volume Manager) use.

How many are using the File System?

# cd /sai

# fuser –u /sai // to display how many users using File System

To check the minfree:

#fstyp –v /dev/rdsk/c0d0s0 | grep –i minfree

We can write the script for repeated loop of status:

# while true

> do

> fstyp –v /dev/rdsk/c0d0s0 |grep –i minfree

> done

To increase the minfree:

# tunefs –m 20 /dev/rdsk/c0d0s0

To decrease the minfree:

# tunefs –m 10 /dev/rdsk/c0d0s0

Issue 1:

If file system exceeds the threshold value then ticket will generate automatically.

A:To resolve this

Check out more size files in File System

Compress the files or delete the old files, if it is so important consult the clients then delete.

Copy /keep the data:

# cp –r /usr/* .

To see old files;

# ls –ltr

To gip:

# gzip aa

To unzip:

# gunzip aa.gz

^***To find top 10 files occupied more size:

# find . –xdev –type f –ls | sort –nr +6|head -10

^***To find top 20 files occupied more size:

# find . –xdev –type f –ls | sort –nr +6|head -20

To move the data:

# mv /etc/aa /opt move /aa to /opt

Issue 2:

If inodes are corrupted (some times file system also will not work)

A: To resolve:

I will ask the backup team to take backup of file system, & restore it freshly.

Issue 3:

Suppose my File System is 2 GB, its usage is 1GB, but it is showing 100%. Actually it has to show 50%.

A:To resolve:

Simply I unmount & mount the filesystem

If it is not release the space, I will reboot. Then it will show 50%.

Issue 4:

User can not accessing the file system

A: To resolve:

Check out the file permissions, and give the proper permissions to that file.

# mount: mount file system from mnttab

# mountall: mount all file system from vfstab

BASIC UNIX COMMANDS

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 23 May 2011 16:28:00 +0000

Basic Unix Commands:
1. Getting Started to UNIX
- Different Versions and Flavors of UNIX Operating System with their features
2. Comparison between Windows & Unix
3. Unix Structures
- Operating System
- File System
- Unix Directories files and inodes
4. Shell
- Types of Shell's in Unix
- Features of Shell
5. Basic Unix Commands
i. Creation and Deletion of Files with different options
ii. Working with Directories
- Making / Deleting/ Renaming of Directories
iii. Copying Files & Directories
iv. Special Directory Names

6. Listing of Files & Directories
i. Searching of Files & Directories using find command.
ii. Wild Card Characters
iii. Investigation of the system
iv. File Access Permissions
- Absolute / Numeric Method
- Symbolic Method ( both at file level and directory level)
7. Vi - Editor
- Introduction
- Different Modes in Vi (Command mode, insert mode, escape mode)
- Vi command reference
8. Linking Files
- Soft link
- Hard link
- Removing link
9. Creating/Deleting of User accounts
- Contents of User Account
- Password Tips
- Changing Password
10. Types of Filters
- Simple Filters (more, less, head, tail, sort, paste, wc, tr, diff, cut, comm)
- Advanced Filters (sed, grep, find & awk)
11. Process Scheduling
- System Process
- Killing the Process
- Background Process
- Foreground Process
12. Communication Options (write, talk, mesg, wall & mail)
13. Other Useful Commands.

SVM (Solaris Volume Manager)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 22 May 2011 03:41:00 +0000

SVM:
The main point of the SVM is to eliminate physical disk restrictions which can be done by enabling RAID (Redundant Array of Independent or Inexpensive Disk)

Types of RAID
1. Hard Ware RAID: It is basically a setup with a device called 'Disk Array' where multiple disks are connected and it doesn't depend on the software.
2. Software RAID: A software RAID can be done with a package called ODS which is also called as SVM.
- A software RAID is OS dependent
- In software RAID if the OS is crashed the entire RAID setup is disturbed.

Different kinds of RAID levels:
1. RAID - 0
   i. Concatenation (sequential)
   ii. Stripping ( alternatively & evenly)

2. RAID - 1: mirroring (simultaneously)
3. RAID - 5: stripping + parity

Meta Device:
A meta device is a logical device which is created by clubbing two or more physical disk.
State data base: It is a database that maintain RAID configuration and meta device information.
with out a STATE Data Base that RAID can't be configured.

1. RAID - 0:
i. concatenation:
1. min disk required = 2
   max disk required = 32
2. Data will be written " sequentially" into '2' or more disk.
   i.e. It first fills the 1st disk and then it will go automatically to 2nd disk and fill it.
3. read / write speed is normal
4. no fault tolerance
5. spanning is available
  ( the ability to write the data into multiple disk )

ii. RAID - 0 ( Stripping):
1. min disk required = 2 disk
   max disk required = 32 disk
2. The Data is written alternatively and evenly into two or more disk
3. RW speed is faster
4. No fault tolerance
5. spanning is available.

2. RAID - 1 ( mirroring):
1. min disk required = 2
   max disk (recommended) = 3
2. Data is written simultaneously into more disk
3. Read speed is faster, write speed is slower
4. Fault tolerance is available
5. Spanning is available

dis adv:
If data deleted in one disk the same data is deleted in other disk also.

How to take backup:
1. Detach & take online backup
2. If you write as any data in d2, e,f,g,h it will written in c0d0, but not in c0d1 because it is detached.
3. If i attach c0d1 resync occur, same data e,f,g,h, stored in c0d1 automatically.
4. If detached c0d1 take online backup, now c0d0 got crashed then no use of c0d1, so no resync, at this time we take 'mirror' (d3)..

3. RAID - 5 ( Stripping with parity):
1. min disk required = 3
   max disk required = 32
2. Data is written alternately and evenly and the parity is written in other disk.
   ( in real time parity is included in A & B)
3. rw speed is faster
4. Fault tolerance is available.
5. Spanning available.
6. all the disk should be of equal size.

RAID - 5 (Striping with parity):
parity size = Total size of the disks / No. of disk = 90/3=30
   = 30 /3 = 10 gb
(A+B+C) - parity size =90 - 30 = 60 gb

1. order to write the data alternate & evenly into two (or) more disks we need a Interlace value.
- By default the interlace value is 32 blocks (16kbs)

Back up of a File System in mounted state: snapshot

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 21 May 2011 03:44:00 +0000

Back up of a File System in mounted state:

task:

-if suppose my boss said, it should be mounted only /jumbo and i want back up & don't want any updates.

ans: fssnap // snap shot

- user can't accessible until snap shot.

Back up of a File System in mounted state:

- To take a backup of a File System in mounted state the option used is 'snap shot'

- while taking a 'snap shot' all the users will face a 'pause mode'. i.e they can view the File System, but they can't update the data to the File System.

- To create a File System, Format it, mount it & write the data into the mount point.

# Format // take slice s6, 100m size

# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6

# mkdir /joy

# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /joy

# cd /joy

# touch j1 j2 j3 j4 j5

# ls

# df -h

s6 (mounted state)

To create a snap shot:

# fssnap -F ufs -o bs=/var/tmp /joy // F- file

/dev/fssnap/0 : snap shot is a image of slice only ( it's not a backup, it is only a image, whatever file in s6 that will be in snap shot)

to verify a snapshot:

# mkdir /toy

# mount -F ufs -o -ro /dev/fssnap/0 /toy

# df -h

/s6 - /joy

/dev/fssnap/0 - /toy

# cd /joy

# ls

# cd /toy

# ls

//both have same data in joy & toy, so successfully taken of snap shot

to take a backup of a snapshot:

# umount /toy

backup:

# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/fssnap/0

till now 3 copies done

1. s6

2. /dev/fssnap/0

3. /dev/rmt/0

verify:

# cat /etc/dumpdates

to verify the backup & recover:

# fssnap -i

0 /joy

to date the snapshot:

# fssnap -d /joy

// deleted snapshot 0

# fssnap -i

//no snap shots

# umount /joy

# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6

// data lost

# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /joy

# cd /joy

# ls

// nothing, bcoz its formated

to recover the data:

# ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0

check:

# df -h

# cd /joy

# ls

(yes, all recovered)

Note: when we recover the data by using 'ufsrestore' bydefault we are setting one directory

File System Backup

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 16 May 2011 05:31:00 +0000

File System Backup:
- It is used to take a backup of the file system
- File system backup can be taken in two modes
1. mounted state
2. unmounted state

- command used for backup & restore
1. ufsdump: It is used to take a backup of File System
2. ufsrestore: It is used to recover the backup.

types of backups
1. full backup: It will take a backup of all the files & directories
2. incremental backup: it is used to take a backup of user created (or) newly modified file.

Note: To identify the backups we use numbers from 0-9
where '0' represents full backup
and '1-9' represents incremental backup

1. to take a backup of the File System which is in unmounted state:
step1: create a File System, Format it, and mount it, and write some data into the mount point
s4 having - 100mb
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s4
# mkdir /jumbo
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s4 /jumbo
# df -h
# cd /jumbo
# touch j1 j2 j3 j4 j5 j6
# ls

to take a backup:
1. unmount the FileSystem:
# umount /jumbo

2. take a backup:
# ufsdump Ouf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s4
//dump is done, level 0 dumped on wed apr 7:40 pm

Note: while taking a backup in option we can use 'u' option for update a file called /etc/dumpdates
# cat /etc/dumpdates
/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s4 0 wed apr13 7:40pm

after this what ever file you updated comes under I.B (suppose if you delete s4, we can recover from /dev/rmt/0

to verify the backup & recovery format the slice:
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s4
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s4 /jumbo
# df -h
(s4 slice visible now)
# cd /jumbo
# ls
(no file bcoz we format it)
to recover: ufs restore:
to view files (check)
# ufsrestore tvf /dev/rmt/0

to restore:
# ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0
# ls
# pwd
/jumbo

note: backup mean Filesystem should be unmounted

Back up of a File System in mounted state:
task:
-if suppose my boss said, it should be mounted only /jumbo and i want back up & don't want any updates.
ans: fssnap // snap shot
- user can't accessible until snap shot.

Back up of a File System in mounted state:
- To take a backup of a File System in mounted state the option used is 'snap shot'
- while taking a 'snap shot' all the users will face a 'pause mode'. i.e they can view the File System, but they can't update the data to the File System.
- To create a File System, Format it, mount it & write the data into the mount point.

# Format // take slice s6, 100m size
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6
# mkdir /joy
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /joy
# cd /joy
# touch j1 j2 j3 j4 j5
# ls
# df -h
s6 (mounted state)

To create a snap shot:
# fssnap -F ufs -o bs=/var/tmp /joy // F- file

/dev/fssnap/0 : snap shot is a image of slice only ( it's not a backup, it is only a image, whatever file in s6 that will be in snap shot)

to verify a snapshot:
# mkdir /toy
# mount -F ufs -o -ro /dev/fssnap/0 /toy
# df -h
/s6 - /joy
/dev/fssnap/0 - /toy
# cd /joy
# ls
# cd /toy
# ls

//both have same data in joy & toy, so successfully taken of snap shot

to take a backup of a snapshot:
# umount /toy

backup:
# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/fssnap/0

till now 3 copies done
1. s6
2. /dev/fssnap/0
3. /dev/rmt/0

verify:
# cat /etc/dumpdates

to verify the backup & recover:
# fssnap -i
0 /joy

to date the snapshot:
# fssnap -d /joy
// deleted snapshot 0

# fssnap -i
//no snap shots

# umount /joy
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6
// data lost

# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /joy
# cd /joy
# ls
// nothing, bcoz its formated

to recover the data:
# ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0

check:
# df -h
# cd /joy
# ls
(yes, all recovered)

Note: when we recover the data by using 'ufsrestore' bydefault we are setting one directory
i.e. restorsymtable.
# cat

CPIO

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 16 May 2011 05:12:00 +0000

CPIO: (Copy Input Output):
TAR: There is no Filter
o = It reads the files from system to output library
O= It is used to redirect the data to the required location. i.e. /dev/rmt/0
i = It reads the data from backup tapes to input libray
I = It reads the data from standard output instead of input libray
ex: data transfer rate: 512 Bytes
B = it is a blocking factor which reads 5120 bytes instead of 512 bytes.

CPIO supports only relative backup:
Advantage of CPIO:
1. It supports multiple tapes
2. If any bad sector is found on the tape it will try to eliminates the bad sector.
ex:
# mkdir /jogi
# cd /jogi
# touch j1 j2 j3
# ls
j1 j2 j3
# pwd
/jogi
backup: (directory for relative should in present working)
# ls | cpio -ocvf -O /dev/rmt/0

check the backup:
# cpio -itvf -I /dev/rmt/0

# mkdir /sita
# cd /sita

to restore the backup:
# cpio -icvf -I /dev/rmt/0

note: for backup o,O
for recover: i, I
Some discrete symbols for cpio:
'O' replace with '>'
'I' replace with '<'

to take a backup & restore by using re discrete symbols:
# mkdir /john
# cd /john
# touch l1 l2 l3
# ls
l1 l2 l3
# pwd

# find .| cpio -ocB>/dev/rmt/0

now two copies create & /john

To recover the data:
# mkdir /david
# cd /david
# cpio -icvdB</dev/rmt/0 // d- directory
as of now we have taken whole files of directory

Interactive backup:
It is used to take a backup of a specified files in the directory

ex: # mkdir /ahmed
# cd /ahmed
# touch a1 a2 a4 a5 a3

now i want to take the backup of only two files:
# cpio -oB>/dev/rmt/0
-- type here--
a1
a2
ctrl+D

# mkdir /johny
# cd /johny

to recover (only two files recover now)

# cpio -iB</dev/rmt/0
# ls
a1 a2

assignment:
how to recover a single file from a tape drive, where the tape drive have 10 files?
to copy or back of limited files of 5
l1 l2 l3 l4 l5
# cpio -ocvf -O /dev/rmt/0
l1
l2
ctrl+D

# cpio -iB -I /dev/rmt/0 l1
only l1 file extracted

Backup & Restore

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 14 May 2011 16:25:00 +0000

Backup: It is an option in which we can store the data in any removal devices.
Restore: Restore is an option in which we can restore the data when some one has accidentally deleted the data.
Types of TAPES user for backup:
QIC: Quarter Inch catrage
DAT: Digital Analog Tape
DLT: Digital Linear Tape
SDLT: Silicon Digital Linear Tape

Types of backup:
1. File Backup
2. File System backup

1. File Backup:
We used to take a backup of files & directories in the system. then a different switches which are used to take file backup.
1. TAR
2. CPIO
types:
1. Absolute backup: It is used to take a backup of file and directories that can be restored to the same location.
2. Relative backup: It is used to take a backup of file and directories that can be restored to any other location.

1. TAR (TAPE Archive):
1. It supports both absolute and relative backups.
2. It doesn't support multiple tape, the backup can be taken to the single tape.
3. If any bad sectors are found in a tape the backup stops there itself. It doesn't move forward.

Syntax for TAR:
tar <options> <destination> <source>
ex: tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 /data

Options:
c- create or copy
v- verbose
f- files
t- tables
x- extract or restore
r- replace
u- update

check the backup:
# tar tvf /dev/rmt/0

extract backup:
# tar xvf /dev/rmt/0

1. Absolute backup:
1. mkdir /sun
2. cd /sun
3. touch s1 s2 s3 s4 s5
4. cd
taking the backup from root (/) of /sun is absolute backup
taking the backup from /sun of /sun is relative backup

Note: to take an absolute backup your present working directory that is other than the directory which your taking a backup.

to recover: same location
for backup: should be root (/)

2. Relative backup: should be present working directory only.
#pwd
/sun

ex: of absolute:
# tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 /sun/*
now data in two drive it stores in /sun, /dev/rmt/0
to check the backup:
# tar tvf /dev/rmt/0

now remove /sun:
# rm -r /sun
# ls
no /sun

now can you recover data?
yes, from /dev/rmt/0

to recover the data:
# tar xvf /dev/rmt/0

note: not giving any source but it save in /sun only because absolute.
# ls
(sun is there)

relative backup:
# mkdir /data
# cd /data
# pwd
/data
# touch d1 d2 d3 d4
# ls
d1 d2 d3 d4
# tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 .

check the backup:
# tar tvf /dev/rmt/0
# cd /mnt
# tar xvf /dev/rmt/0
now 3 copes /data, /dev/rmt/0, /mnt

CPIO: (Copy Input Output):

TAR: There is no Filter

o = It reads the files from system to output library

O= It is used to redirect the data to the required location. i.e. /dev/rmt/0

i = It reads the data from backup tapes to input libray

I = It reads the data from standard output instead of input libray

ex: data transfer rate: 512 Bytes

B = it is a blocking factor which reads 5120 bytes instead of 512 bytes.

CPIO supports only relative backup:

Advantage of CPIO:

1. It supports multiple tapes

2. If any bad sector is found on the tape it will try to eliminates the bad sector.

ex:

# mkdir /jogi

# cd /jogi

# touch j1 j2 j3

# ls

j1 j2 j3

# pwd

/jogi

backup: (directory for relative should in present working)

# ls | cpio -ocvf -O /dev/rmt/0

check the backup:

# cpio -itvf -I /dev/rmt/0

# mkdir /sita

# cd /sita

to restore the backup:

# cpio -icvf -I /dev/rmt/0

note: for backup o,O

for recover: i, I

Some discrete symbols for cpio:

'O' replace with '>'

'I' replace with '<'

to take a backup & restore by using re discrete symbols:

# mkdir /john

# cd /john

# touch l1 l2 l3

# ls

l1 l2 l3

# pwd

# find .| cpio -ocB>/dev/rmt/0

now two copies create & /john

To recover the data:

# mkdir /david

# cd /david

# cpio -icvdB</dev/rmt/0 // d- directory

as of now we have taken whole files of directory

Interactive backup:

It is used to take a backup of a specified files in the directory

ex: # mkdir /ahmed

# cd /ahmed

# touch a1 a2 a4 a5 a3

now i want to take the backup of only two files:

# cpio -oB>/dev/rmt/0

-- type here--

ctrl+D

# mkdir /johny

# cd /johny

to recover (only two files recover now)

# cpio -iB</dev/rmt/0

# ls

a1 a2

assignment:

how to recover a single file from a tape drive, where the tape drive have 10 files?

to copy or back of limited files of 5

l1 l2 l3 l4 l5

# cpio -ocvf -O /dev/rmt/0

ctrl+D

# cpio -iB -I /dev/rmt/0 l1

only l1 file extracted

Volume Management : vold

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 12 May 2011 18:18:00 +0000

- when u insert CD, it mounted automatically
# df -h
cd monted now

#vold (volume daemon)
# /usr/sbin/vold (location

vold (volume daemon): when you insert a CD, it get mounted automatically so that, it uses a daemon called vold

to check the 'vold' daemon
# ps -ef | grep vold

to see all the path of connected devices
# cfgadm -al

disable service:
if service is disable cd will not mount automatically
1. cd /etc/inti.d
2. sh volmgt stop
3. shvolmgt start
(now cd mounted automatically again)

File System:To increase the SWAP capacity by using File System Method

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 12 May 2011 18:14:00 +0000

To increase the SWAP capacity by using File System Method

1. select any partition and allocate some space to the partition i.e. the amount of space that has to allocate to increase the swap.

- S4 selected with '100MB' space

2. Edit the file

# vi /etc/vfstab

/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 - - swap - no

/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s4 - - swap 1 yes

:wq!

now still 1.2Gb only we need to update some commands

# swap -l

(only one file S1)

# df -h

(swap 1.2G)

# /sbin/swapadd

# swap -l

(now two files)

# df -h

1.3G

to delete swap:

# swap -d /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s4

# swap -l

# df -h

now vi /etc/vfstab and remove the entry of s4

note: recommended is file method.. because only file created thats it.

- in FS method whole slice S4, we need to allocate memory it is difficult and wastage.

File Method: Increase the SWAP capacity by using file method

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 12 May 2011 18:01:00 +0000

now i want to increase swap 1.2G to 1.3G:

to see the swap location / status

# swap -l // location

# swap -s // status

1. to increase the SWAP capacity by using File Method

1. # mkfile 100m /usr/swapfile

2. # swap -a /usr/swapfile

now see the locaton;

# swap -l //now there are two files s1 + swapfile

swapfile

# df -h (100mb added)

now it is 1.3G

swap 1.3G

Note: if you reboot it again, it will be 1.2 Gb(default) only. because it is temporary. to make it permanent we need to write a script

- when you create a file to increase file capacity it is only temporary but not permanent.

in order to make it permanent, we need to create a run control script for the default run level.

to permanent the swap file:

# cd /etc/rc2.d

# vi S100 swapfile

mkfile 100m /usr/swapfile

swap -a /usr/swapfile (:wq! = save & exit)

# pwd

/etc/rc2.d

# ls

S100 // every time when you execture S100 file execute

To delete the swap file:

# swap -d /usr/swapfile

# rm /usr/swapfile

# df -h (now it will be swap 1.2G)

# swap -l

only one file s1

SWAP Management

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 12 May 2011 16:46:00 +0000

Swap Management: SWAP which is also called as virtual memory (or) PAGE file
- which is created by taking some memory from hard disk
- the SWAP comes into existence when the physical memory is fully busy. that is it acts as a physical memory for a instance of a time, when physical memory is fully busy.
- the SWAP capacity by default 1.5 times of a RAM. but we can increase it to double the size of a RAM.
- if we increase more than double it will not take, it will work only double.

We can increase the SWAP memory by two methods
1. File
2. Creating a dedicated SWAP partition (File System)

to see the physical memory:
# prtconf |grep "Mem"
#df -F ufs
#df -h
swap 1.2G (now)

now i want to increase swap 1.2G to 1.3G:
two methods
1. file method
2. file system method

to see the swap location / status
# swap -l // location
s1
# swap -s // status

1. to increase the SWAP capacity by using File Method
1. # mkfile 100m /usr/swapfile
2. # swap -a /usr/swapfile

now see the locaton;
# swap -l //now there are two files s1 + swapfile
s1
swapfile

# df -h (100mb added)
now it is 1.3G
swap 1.3G

Note: if you reboot it again, it will be 1.2 Gb(default) only. because it is temporary. to make it permanent we need to write a script

- when you create a file to increase file capacity it is only temporary but not permanent.
in order to make it permanent, we need to create a run control script for the default run level.

to permanent the swap file:
# cd /etc/rc2.d
# vi S100 swapfile
mkfile 100m /usr/swapfile
swap -a /usr/swapfile (:wq! = save & exit)

# pwd
/etc/rc2.d
# ls
S100 // every time when you execture S100 file execute

To delete the swap file:
# swap -d /usr/swapfile
# rm /usr/swapfile
# df -h (now it will be swap 1.2G)
# swap -l
only one file s1

2. To increase the SWAP capacity by using File System Method

1. select any partition and allocate some space to the partition i.e. the amount of space that has to allocate to increase the swap.
- S4 selected with '100MB' space

2. Edit the file
# vi /etc/vfstab
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 - - swap - no
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s4 - - swap 1 yes

:wq!

now still 1.2Gb only we need to update some commands

# swap -l
(only one file S1)

# df -h
(swap 1.2G)

# /sbin/swapadd
# swap -l
(now two files)
# df -h
1.3G

to delete swap:
# swap -d /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s4
# swap -l
# df -h
now vi /etc/vfstab and remove the entry of s4

note: recommended is file method.. because only file created thats it.
- in FS method whole slice S4, we need to allocate memory it is difficult and wastage.

Patch Administration

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 12 May 2011 16:27:00 +0000

Patch:
A patch is a collection of specified package which especially used to upgrade the system and establish a communication link between the existing application & the new application.
- we can download the patch from the internet and it will be always in 'zip' format.
- we need to unzip it and extract it.
- every patch comes along with batch ID
ex: 118893 -14 //it is called batch id, 118893 is a patch id and 14 is a version
- where the 1st part of the batch id is patch id & 2nd part is version
- by default, if want to add a patch, the patch should be kept at the location called
/var/spool/patch
- but the patch directory doesn't exist, we need to create it
# cd /var/spool

1. # cd /var/spool
2. # mkdir patch
3. # cd patch
4. insert patch cd
# df -h // it displays the cd mounted
# cd /cdrom/cdrom0
# ls
# cd patch_
# ls
(118833_3.zip, 119963_1.zip) // 3- 3 files, 1-1 file

to copy the patch from 'cdrom' to required location
#cp -r 119963_1.zip /var/spool/patch

check:
# cd /var/spool/patch
# ls
119963_1.zip (it should be there)

unzip the file:
# unzip 119963_1.zip
# ls
119963-14 119963-1.zip

Add a patch:
1. #pwd
/var/spool/patch (go to the file where the patch file)

2. # cd 119963-14
3. # pwd
/var/spool/patch/119963-14
4. # patchadd /var/spool/patch/119963-14

to remove the path:
# patchrm 119963-14