IAS ASPIRANTS

2011-04-25T06:21:00.000-07:00

Who is the regulator of capital market in India?

Q. : Who is the regulator of capital market in india?

RBI (it issues Govt-securities)
SEBI (it securities exchange market)
MoF (it decides how much G-sec to be issued) or
all three of them

Ans:

Capital market = Primary market + Secondary market
SEBI controls both primary and secondary market. Means SEBI controls the entire capital market.
RBI is 'controller' only for Banking and not for securities.
MoF (Ministry of Finance) decides how much Government security is to be issued, but it for filling the Government's money requirement. It doesn't regulate the capital market, it merely participates in it to get money.

2011-04-25T06:20:00.000-07:00

Contradiction in GDP (Expenditure) formula?

in the start of definition of gdp.....u r nt counting income of
anil kapoor or garry kirsten.....but in the topic....expenditure
method of calculating gdp....u have used exports-imports.....is this
nt contradictory.....kindly plz....xplain?

Anil kapoor-Garry Kirsten example was for GNP. [GNP= domestic product+income from abroad]

For GDP (expenditure), we've to calculate
consumption (C), Government's expenditure (G), investment(I) and eXport (X).
But what if government imports 5000 special mobile devices to print biometric UID smartcards? That is also counted in Government's expenditure accounts (G).
So, we've to deduct all the iMports (M) to prevent them from being counted into nation's GDP.
That's why

GDP (Expenditure)= C+I+G+(X-M)

Now, GNP (national product)= Domestic product + Income from abroad.
But since foreigners will be sending remittances to their families back home. So if every nation adds(+) foreigner's income (who is residing in their country) into their GNP, then it'll lead to double counting. So we've to deduct(-) the remittances.
Hence
GNP= GDP + Income from abroad - income earned by foreigners.

2011-04-23T22:01:00.001-07:00

[Economy] 3 Methods of calculating GDP

Got this question from mail,

what are these income,production and expenditure methods in calulating GDP?how do terms like NNP, NDP, GNP,GDP,NNPFC,NNPMP DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER. what is difference between gdp at constant prices and current prices. its very confusing

I'll deal with each question in one post.
Earlier I had wrote an article on GDP, GNP,NNP,
anyways lets refresh the concepts again.

GDP (Gross Domestic Product) means,

Money value of everything you produce within your country.
(Domestic=within country).
Everything means products and services.

GNP (Gross National Product) means,

The Money value of everything you produce within your country PLUS your income from abroad. Anil Kapoor goes to America, get 5 million dollar$ to play baddie in Mission Impossible 4, but sends that money to India = counted in India's GNP.
But with same logic, Cricket Coach Gary Kirsten gets 50 lakh rupees from BCCI, and sends it to his family in S.Africa, you've to deduct it from India's GNP. (South Africans will count it in their GNP)
Similarly, Americans will subtract the dollar value of Anil Kapoor's remittance to India while counting their GNP.
So, what'll be the (stupid) formula?
Gross National production=Money value of everything produced within India+Incoming money from outside-Outgoing money to abroad.
Or you can simply say
GNP = GDP + incoming money from abroad - Outgoing money to abroad.

How GDP calculated and what is are these income, production and expenditure methods.

GDP is calculated by three methods.

Theoretically all three of them should give same final number, but in reality there will be slight difference between each of them.

#A: EXPENDITURE METHOD OF COUNTING GDP

Here you count the money spent by everyone.

So How to make a 'technical' formula? Ask yourself, where is the money changing hands? There are five components of that.

#1: CONSUMPTION BY PRIVATE CITIZENS [C]

like you and me buying (overpriced) daal, vegetables and milk (courtesy: Sharad Pawar).
I buy your second-hand bike for 15,000 Rupees, should we including it in the consumer Expenditure (C) ? Nope. Because the bike Is not 'produced again.

Second hand products are not counted

When you had bought that bike for Rs.30000, 10 years ago, we had counted that money in that year's GDP. So second hand-product sale money cannot be counted in this year's GDP.
Now, I buy your second-hand bike from an auto dealer, (who gets Rs.1000 Commission) should we include it in the (C)? Hell Yes, because he sold his 'service' to me uniquely. Every time he sells a second hand product, although no new 'product' is created but new service is delivered by him.
WHAT IF SAME 1000 RUPEE NOTE IS CHANGING HANDS?

Each service or product has separate value even if same currency note is used to purchase it

I gave a note of Rs.1000 to that dealer as part of his brokerage (dalaali) and he gives the same Rs.1000 note to the electricity company for his monthly bill.
Same Rs.1000 note is changing hands so is our GDP =Rs.1000? Nope. GDP is the money value of everything produced within India. So brokerage service is Rs.1000 separately and the electricity produced is also worth Rs.1000 separately. Therefore, Even as same 1000 rupee note is given to both parties.
Total GDP=1000 brokeage+1000 electricity bill=Rs.2000
If electri.co gives that 1000 rupee note to its peon as salary, then again it has to be counted. Because peon sold his unique service separately to the company. So in that case
Total GDP =Brokerge+Electric bill+peon^' salary=Rs.3000

#2: Investment [I]

People investing in sharemarket, putting money in banks etc.

#3: Government spending [G]

Like buying (overpriced) sports equipment from Kalmaadi's associates during Common wealth games. Government paying salary to staff, buying new tanks and missiles..everything.

#4, 5 :Export & Import [X & M]

Money we get from export is added.
You remember that GDP means Money value of everything we produce within India. So if we import something, it has to be subtracted, because it is not produced within India.
So formula (for ease In remembering)
GDP = Consumer+Investor+Governer + (eXporter - iMporter)
Technically correct formula:

GDP(Expenditure)=C+I+G+(X-M)

#B: Income Method of counting gdp

Here you count everyone's income. But some people may be running business in credit (udhaari), sometimes payments are delayed. So may not give the 'full picture' for the given year.

#C: Production method of counting gdp

Total money value of everything produced (value added at each stage)

Farmer produced Wheat and sold 100 kg of it @ 2000 Rs. (Original value)
Flour mill, purchased it, grinded it and sold the flour to baker @ 2500 Rs. (+500 value added to previous purchase)
Baker made breads, cookies and biscuits and sold the total production @3500 Rs to its final customers. (+1000 value added to previous purchase)

what is total 'GDP' here?
2000+2500+3500=8000 Rs? Hell no! You've to see the value added.
So, total money value of this line is: 2000+500+1000=3500.
Not all of the wheat goes into Baker's oven. Some of it will go in making beer, some in a normal household for making roti and so on. You've to track the value added in each different line.

To be continued... GDP at nominal price, Market price, Factor Cost, etc.etc.etc.

2011-04-23T22:00:00.000-07:00

[Economy Q] GDP at Factor cost and Market price (GDPFC & GDPMP), NNPFC,NNPMP

Posted: 21 Apr 2011 02:57 AM PDT

Continuing the previous post,
GDP at Factor cost means, money value of everything produced in India, without counting Government's role in it. i.e. indirect tax and subsidies.

Example#1: Subsidy

1 kg. Urea fertilizer's original-price is 500 Rs.
When it reaches the local supplier, Government is giving 10% subsidy. So farmer purchases it @ (500-50)=Rs. 450

GDP @ Factor cost= 500 [i.e. without Government's involvement]
GDP @ Market price= 450 [with Government's involvement]

Example#2: Tax

Box of 10 Blank DVDs =Rs.100 +10% VAT so final M.R.P.=Rs.110

GDP @ Factor cost=Rs.100 (Real value of those dvds)
GDP@ Market price=Rs.110

How will you calculate GDPMP if GDPFC is given, & vice versa?

GDP@Market price=GDP@ Factor price+Government involvement
Now, Government involvement=+Indirect taxes-subsidies
So finally,

GDP@Market price=GDP@Factor cost+Indirect tax-subsidies

Or doing the reverse,
GDP@Factor cost=GDP@market price-Indirect tax+subsidies
Still doubt (like I always had about everything in college)? Following table should clarify it.

GDP @ Factor Cost and Market Price for same Urea and Blank DVDs

As you can see, Factor cost= Original or real value of something.
So at marketprice, even when Government is giving subsidy, the manufacturer still receives the original price. E.g. although farmer pays Rs.450, still manufacturer gets Rs.500 so we 'add' subsidy when converting MP to FC.
Similarly, even when customer pays MRP of DVD is 110, the DVD-manufacturer is still getting 100 Rs. So we 'deduct' the indirect tax(VAT) while converting MP to FC.

Similarly

NNPFC and NNPMP

GNP = everything produced inside India + Anil Kapoor's income from Hollywood - Gary Kirsten's remittance to S.Africa
So, what is Net National product @ Factor cost, and @Market price.
Net = Gross minus depreciation. (doubt? Click me
So NNP=GNP minus depreciation.
And factor cost, market price, just as explained above..with and without Government intervention.

To be continued.. GDP @ Current Price and Constant Price, GDP deflator

2011-04-23T21:58:00.000-07:00

[Economy Q] GDP DEFLATOR, REAL AND NOMINAL GDP

GDP mean money value of everything* produced inside India.
(*Everything means goods and services.)
100 kg. of onion produced in 2009, market price = 20 Rs/kg.
100 kg of onion produced in 2010, market price =70 Rs/kg (courtesy: Sharad Pawar)
So, India's GDP has increased at the rate of 250% in a year! But the World bank and leading economists say we can hardly reach 9% GDP increase rate per year. So what is this 250%??
It's nothing but inflation. Just because onion prices rose thanks to Government's faulty food policy or black marketers, doesn't mean that real-GDP has increased and that our contry has prospered.
So how do we find real GDP for 2010, when prices of everything have increased due to inflation?
We need to compare 2010's production to some base year.
Let's pick 2003-04 as base year. So whatever price Onion had in that year, will be our base price.
IN 2003-04, average price of 1 kg onion was 30 Rs. A kilo.
2010's GDP= 1 kg onion price of base year (2003-04) *multiply* total onions produced in 2010
=30 x 100
=Rs. 3,000 is our real-GDP for 2010.

So Formula: Real GDP= Price of xyz item in base year x Quantity produced in current year.

GDP Deflator


Image: Formula

In our onion case
Nominal GDP in 2010= 70 Rs/kg x 100 kg=Rs. 7000
Real GDP as we calculated=3000.
So, GDP deflator= [7000/3000]x100= 233

What does it mean?
Here, GDP deflator is >greater than 100. That means there is inflation. (very very heavy inflation)
IF it was near to 100, that'd mean, there is no difference in real and nominal GDP hence there is no inflation in India.
We've WPI and CPI to measure inflation, but they don't include each and every product and service available in India, while with GDP deflator, we can get an inflation-picture of them too.

btw, DONOT CONFUSE ABSOLUTE GDP NUMBER WITH PERCENTAGE RISE.

Newspaper: "Montek Singh said we've got 8% GDP in 2010"
That doesn't mean India's GDP is 8%. It only means whatever was our GDP in 2009, we've increased it by 8%.
IF India produced goods and services worth 100 billion $ in 2009, then in 2010 we've produced goods n services worth 108 billion $. That's why GDP rose by 8%.
Now back in our onion example,

2009's real GDP=3000
2010's real GDP=3000

So real-GDP has rose by 0% in two years.

2011-04-18T20:16:00.000-07:00

[Economy Q] Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) its provisions in DTC

Question from via email

Explain Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) and its provisions under the new Direct tax code (DTC)

Ans
First we need to understand why Government takes MAT?

Zero Tax companies

Example, A company's book-profit is 10 lakh Rupees.
Then they use some creative accounting methods like depreciation, donations etc. to claim deductions and finally their 'taxable' income is reduced to almost zero.

e.g. in 2009 during the recession time, Government of India launched a scheme to give 50% depreciation to commercial vehicles. (with assumption that it'll boost the vehicle demand and help the automobile industry to come out of the recession.)

So the company buys a truck, for 20 lakh rupees on loan.
Their deduction on first year= 50% of 20 lakh rupees= 10 lakh rupees.
Their taxable income = book profit minus deductions =10 minus 10=0.
So they don't have to pay any tax on their profit at all!

Other tricks involve donating 5,000 rupees to some religious institution run by con-man and getting donation-receipt of 5 lakh rupees. And claiming deduction! and so on..

These companies, making profit but having zero taxable income, are known as 'Zero tax companies'

Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT)

Around 1997, Indian Government realized above large-scale problem of creative accounting and tax-deduction. So it came up with MAT (Minimum alternative tax).
So if company's taxable income is less than 30% of its book profit, then it'll have to pay MAT, which is around 15% of the book profit.
Therefore, now even if above zero-tax company escapes the regular taxes, it still has to pay 1.5 lakh rupees in MAT.

2011-04-18T20:12:00.000-07:00

[Q] ENGLISH a big necessity in clearing IAS and State PSC exam

Got question via email

I wanted to ask that is ENGLISH a big necessity in clearing IAS exam and other STATE PSC'S..

Ans:
As per new pattern in IAS exam (known as CSAT), there will be compulsory English grammar/ comprehension questions in the prelim paper-II. [its marks will be counted in the prelim-selection list]

In the mains exam of IAS, there is a compulsory english language paper, but its marks are not counted in the final merit list. However, in some State PSCs such as Gujarat, the marks of compulsory English language paper (mains) are counted in the final merit list.

So yes English has became a big necessity for clearing competitive exams be it IAS and State PSC or Bank.

2011-04-17T10:28:00.000-07:00

IMPORTANT DAYS FOR UPSC PRELIMS

January
27	International Day of Commemoration in memory of the victims of the Holocaust
February
2	world's wetlands day
March
8	International Women's Day and UN Day for Women's Rights and International Peace
21	International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
21 March - 28 March	Week of Solidarity with the Peoples Struggling against Racism and Racial Discrimination
22	World Water Day
23	World Meteorological Day
April
4	International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine Action
7	World Health Day
23	World Book and Copyright Day
May
3	World Press Freedom Day
15	International Day of Families
17	World Information Society Day (formerly World Telecommunication Day)
21	World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
22	International Day for Biological Diversity (formerly December 29, changed in 2001)
25 May - 1 June	Week of Solidarity with the Peoples of Non-Self-Governing Territories
29	International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers
31	World No-Tobacco Day
June
5	World Environment Day
17	World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
20	World Refugee Day
23	United Nations Public Service Day
26	International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking and International Day in Support of Victims of Torture
July
1st Saturday	International Day of Cooperatives
11	World Population Day
August
9	International Day of the World's Indigenous People
12	International Youth Day
23	International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
September
8	International Literacy Day
16	International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer
21	International Day of Peace (formerly the opening day of the UN General Assembly, changed to a set date as of 2002)
During last week	World Maritime Day
October
1	International Day for the Older Person
4 October - 10 October	World Space Week
5	World Teacher's Day
1st Monday	World Habitat Day
2nd Wednesday	International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction
9	World Post Day
10	World Mental Health Day
16	World Food Day
17	International Day for the Eradication of Poverty
24	United Nations Day and World Developemnt Information Day
24 October - 30 October	Disarmament Week
November
6	International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict
14	World Diabetes Day
16	International Day of Tolerance
3rd Sunday	World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims
20	Universal Children's Day, and Africa Industrialization Day
21	World Television Day
25	International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
29	International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
December
1	World AIDS Day
2	International Day for the Abolition of Slavery
3	International Day of Disabled Persons
5	International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development
7	International Civil Aviation Day
9	International Anti-Corruption Day
10	Human Rights Day
11	International Mountain Day
18	International Migrants Day
19	United Nations Day for South-South Cooperation
20	International Human Solidarity Day

2011-04-17T10:25:00.000-07:00

CANCUN AGREEMENT

The official talks of CONFERENCE OF PARITIES (COP-16) ended on December 10 ,2010 at Cancun, Mexico and marked a turning point in the global negotiations to agree a global deal to tackle dangerous climate change.

Key outcomes from the agreements at the Summit are:

· Objective: agreed to peak emissions and an overall 2 degree target to limit temperature rise.

· Emissions: bringing details of what developed and developing countries are doing to tackle climate change, promised in Copenhagen, into the UN system so they can be assessed.

· MRV: agreed a system so we know how countries are living up to their promises to take action on emissions

· Long-term finance: established the Green Climate Fund and will start to get it ready to help developing countries go low carbon and adapt to climate impacts.

· Deforestation: agreed to slow, halt and reverse destruction of trees and agree the rules for delivering it and for monitoring progress.

· Technology/Adaptation: set up the mechanisms to help developing countries access low carbon technology, and adapt to climate change

THTHE COP-17 WILL BE HELD AT DURBAN,SOUTH AFRICA FROM NOV28th TO DEC 9th, 2011.

2011-04-15T11:02:00.000-07:00

Civils General Studies Prelims Question Papers 1997-2009

The following are the prelims General Studies Question papers of the previous years.
Download by clicking on the Respective links.

Please leave a comment if you liked this post and to appreciate our effort.

Manav

2009 Prelims General Studies Download

2008 Prelims General Studies Download

2007 Prelims General Studies Download

2006 Prelims General Studies Download

2005 Prelims General Studies Download

2004 Prelims General Studies Download

2003 Prelims General Studies Download

2002 Prelims General Studies Download

2001 Prelims General Studies Download

2000 Prelims General Studies Download

1999 Prelims General Studies Download

1998 Prelims General Studies Download

1997 Prelims General Studies Download

2011-04-13T22:02:00.000-07:00

Psychology- sample notes

I am uploading some of the notes I prepared for psychology from June 2009 to September 2009. Kindly go through the Psychology mains post for the strategy and sources I referred.
I will explain how I prepared the notes. But I repeat- this is the strategy I followed in 2009 for psychology. If what you are doing is very different, don’t worry. There are n number of ways to score. Just chalk out a plan and try your best to implement it.
MK: Morgan and King/ MP: Mukul Pathak sir’s notes/CK: Chaplin- Krawiec
Paper 1- Chapter 2: Observation
Since I prepared every topic as a 60 marker, for observation I collected 15-20 points which I could later expand in the exam. An easy way to do that is to compare the given topic with other related topics. So if observation alone comes as a 60 marker (most likely it will be in conjunction with some other topic), just link it with case studies, experimental research, interview, etc.

Paper 1- Chapter 3: IRT
Since IRT can be asked as a 60 marker, I prepared the basics in detail. There is no point in collecting 20 pages on it. Sometimes questions asked are very difficult to predict and attempt even when the topic has been prepared. In that case, I attempted some other question. But I didn’t go much beyond the basics. Every thing has to be balanced in the limited amount of time available for preparation.

Paper 1- Chapter 4: Growth and development
It is a topic which has been very well covered in the books. So I didn’t refer any other source. I just noted each and every thing I could find in one place so as to make revision easier. A lot of time can be saved this way.

Paper 1- Chapter 5: Attention
It is well covered in Mukul Pathak sir’s notes and the models are explained very nicely in Morgan and King and other books. So I wrote everything in one place point-wise.

Paper 1- Chapter 12: Stereotypes and prejudices
It is an important topic not only for the psychology paper but even for other optionals such as Sociology, Essay and for GS. Since examples can be included very easily, I concentrated on collecting the keywords and theories that explain the two. This topic should be linked to other topics in both paper 1 and paper 2.

Paper 2- Chapter 7: Rehabilitation of HIV/AIDS victims
I am posting this topic because it is a classic example of those topics where a lot of material is available on the net, yet the time which might be invested in collecting data which is relevant might be much more than what you would invest if you think about the points on your own. I just collected some facts from the net.

Paper 2- Chapter 11: Government policies for promotion of entrepreneurship among youth including women entrepreneurs
Again a topic where we need to use our GS knowledge. I noted some of the schemes and institutes which I could find on the net. I added all the schemes and various bodies which are working in this field that I had come across in the India Yearbook.
I have uploaded only the 1^st page. Details can easily be found on the net.

Paper 2- Chapter 13: Psychology of terrorism
I concentrated on collecting as many theories, key words and points as I could. Enough is available on the net.

2011-04-13T20:26:00.000-07:00

Public Admin- sample notes

I am going to try to explain how I prepared the notes. Examples, etc can either be prepared beforehand or you may come up with something then and there while writing the answer. Also, linking various topics is extremely important as it leads to a complete answer. I don’t mean topics only in Pub Ad paper 1 and Pub Ad paper 2, but also relating topics in Pub Ad paper 1 and Psychology Paper 1 OR Psychology paper 2 and GS.
PA paper 1:
I have posted the notes I prepared for Kautilya from Prasad & Prasad. Through this I attempt to achieve the following:
1. How to reduce what you have to read for the exam, in order to make it manageable to revise.
2. The content remains the same, it’s only the presentation and wording which changes depending on the question asked.
3. How you can look forward to relating the topics once your notes are ready.

So this is everything I did for topic 1 from chapter 1 of paper 2. Similarly, I prepared for Mughal Administration from Fadia and Fadia & tried to revise the 2-3 pages I had again and again so that I would be able to remember the content in the exam.
Next is a topic from paper 1, Chapter 12: Public borrowings and public debt
I covered this topic from Fadia & Fadia and searched on the net for some facts. After I was finished with enough content to write a 60 marker, I did not refer anything else. I emphasised on revising as many times as I could the content I had.
Also, I would like to point out that most of the data I collected even for paper 1 topics was that of India. I never differentiated whether the topic was mentioned in paper 1 or paper 2. Answer had to be based on India. This is what the right orientation and approach is all about, and was taught very well by Pavan sir.

2011-04-13T20:25:00.000-07:00

Public Admin paper 1- sample answers

I have uploaded two of my answers for pub ad paper 1. I have deliberately chosen theoretical questions as I feel in 2009, paper 1 was devoid of questions (except SHG and few others) where much creativity could be exhibited. Hope it helps.

2011-04-13T20:23:00.000-07:00

Newspaper reading

I tried to do it for The Hindu. But couldn’t do it properly at www.thehindu.com. I need either the newspaper or epaper, which isn’t available.
Anyways, it doesn’t matter much as 2 examples (ToI and ET) are enough to get an idea. Just apply the same concept to Hindu as well. I will try to get hold of an issue of the paper in the next few days and let you know.
The Economic Times, Tuesday, 29 June 2010, Delhi edition
(available on www.epaper.timesofindia.com)

Page1: Look up terms such as base rate if you don’t know. Also, the G20 article is worth reading. I wouldn’t have cut it. But it gives an idea about how negotiations involve give & take and what is the talk of the town as far as world economy is concerned.
Page 2: I would have cut the article on India- Canada civil nuclear deal. Facts such as it’s the ninth one for India, other 8 are also given, etc are important.
The article on good Taliban is worth a read as it gives a decent idea about the present situation.
Page 3: The article on Centre defending CRPF is worth a read. It gives a very balanced viewpoint on the whole issue. I wouldn’t have cut it. But certainly would have remembered government’s reply as CRPF action is totally justified and is based on logic and reasoning and not emotions.
Page 4 to 10: irrelevant
Page 11: note terms like TDS and look up on the net if you don’t know.
Smart cards for NREGA workers is worth cutting. It can be used as one of the points in answers involving use of smart cards, ways to improve efficiency and effectiveness of government schemes, etc.
The article on FATF is important…know what FATF is…what is money laundering and PMLA…i would have cut the article…
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development is worth cutting. Government is funding it.
Page 12: A very good article on malnutrition that I would have definitely cut. This is why ET is very good. As most of the edits are written by serving/retired govt servants, it results in a very balanced and fact-based article. NFHS data, correlation between land productivity, women’s education and other factors such as sanitation, safe drinking water, good governance with malnutrition is definitely worth noting. Data on anaemic children and women, protein deficiency among Indians, etc is important.
Other articles which are good but I wouldn’t have cut them: the one on mobile tech, look up terms such as 3G, CDMA, LTE, BWA, Wi-Max, etc on the net.
As I have said many times, my S&T prep was from the newspapers only.
Article on structural reform is worth a read. Look up what structural reforms mean, what is Keynesian economics, stimulus, etc.
Page 13: I would have cut the article ‘Environmental governance & a new authority’ as it gives good info on the proposed NEPA, but noting that nothing concrete has happened as of now.
The article ‘Right climate for energy peg’ is worth a read. It conveys the problem of balancing development and protecting the environment at the same time.
But I wouldn’t have cut it as it is short on facts.
From the article on aggro business, look up FCI, NCDEX, MCX, if you don’t know.
Pages 14 and 15: irrelevant. But look up BIS if you don’t know what it is.
Page 16: Terms like ULIPs, teaser rates, etc should be known.
Even though today’s ET in the classroom on CTS is not that relevant, but it is one of the few columns I always looked forward to reading. Gives very good info most often.
Pages 17 to 23: irrelevant.
Page 24: ‘Abolish death sentence’: it is a typical Hindu-like article. Strongly opinionated. Yet, I would have noted how many countries have abolished death sentence, how many have retained it, number of executions that have taken place in 2008 and 09, etc. No need to remember what Amnesty International says. But yes, cost factor when not abolished and on the other hand using captured terrorists for better understanding of their psyche, etc are good points to write in an answer on capital punishment.
I hope it was helpful in getting an idea of how to read the newspapers. I will look into Hindu in a couple of days.
earlier:
The Times of India- Thursday, 24^th June, Delhi edition
(available on www.epaper.timesofindia.com)
I will point out the relevant articles and reasons why I would/wouldn’t cut some of the articles.
Page 1:
Cabinet decision on rupee…it’s relevant but it hasn’t been decided yet. I would still cut it as it talks about the whole procedure of selecting the symbol which may not be described again later.
For those with pub ad, the matter of absentee cabinet ministers is worth cutting. In the exam, do not take names in this matter. Just write, some ministers have been absent…it’s alarming as political factors are playing more important role than governance…
In the news digest, the only one relevant and to look forward to is the Canadian PM’s apology on Kanishka…you should know what the matter was and who is the Canadian PM.
Honour killing issue not worth cutting as you are not going to write specific names/incidents in the GS paper. It is a wider issue which needs to be known in its entirety.
Page 3: irrelevant
Page 4: irrelevant
Page 5: irrelevant
Page 6: irrelevant
Page 7: irrelevant
Even though city section rarely has news relevant for the exam, yet I glance through it as sometimes it might have some important news.
Page 8: irrelevant.
Page 9: irrelevant
Page 10: irrelevant
So, 10 pages take around 15 minutes. With practice you would be able to decide whether an article is relevant or not by just reading the heading or 2-3 lines at most.
Page 11: irrelevant
Page 12: You should know what super 30 is…also coz this year the PM invited the teacher for a meeting. No need to read the whole article. Also, the only line I found relevant was “the Internet has grown the fastest in this world. It took 38 years for radio to reach the people, 13 years for television and just 4 years for the Internet.”
Finished the page in less than 5 minutes.
Page 13: irrelevant
Page 14:
Loharinag Pala is important. May be asked for 2 marks.
Kanishka is important. If you don’t know what it was, definitely cut the article.
Page 15: irrelevant
Page 16: The article on China’s support to Pakistan on nuclear plants is important if you haven’t cut an article on this before. This can be used in China-Pak r/s. I would have definitely used it in China’s peaceful rise doctrine had it happened last year.
China’s pudina patent also important. Also, remember terms like bio-piracy and TKDL.
Page 17: For those with pub ad, Karnataka’s Lokayukta resigning is important. Do not take names. Just write recently Lokayukta of Karnataka resigned…giving reasons.
Also, CVC request for tackling corruption important. It’s a government body. So CVC recommendation can be written in the exam straightaway.
Page 18: only the article on Tamil conference is important. But it’s not worth cutting. You should cut some article which presents the facts and not what TN CM has to say. Where the conference is being held, what is a classical language? Which all languages in India have been declared as classical languages, etc should be known.
Page 20:
The only relevant article and a very good one is that by Prakash Singh on Maoists. He has presented some new points such as security forces themselves being one of the biggest arms- providers to the Maoists (as they attack and decamp with weapons). The solutions he provides, local police: CPF ratio, etc and also terms such as ‘irregular war’ are important.
Rest of the articles aren’t good. Indo-Pak is the usual blah blah, nothing new. Honour killings one is just opinion based. No tangible info.
Page 21: only relevant one is the article on LHC. I wouldn’t cut it. Only look up LHC, ‘god particle’(Higgs boson), etc on wikipedia. This was my standard preparation for science and tech.
Page 22: Only know 2 lines about who Nikki Haley is. If she wins, it might be asked (even though probability is low). But if she loses, forget about her. But there is definitely no need of cutting the article.
Page 23: irrelevant.
Page 25: just note down terms like HNI, MF, ULIP, etc if you don’t know them. The article on HNI is useless. In fact, the article today (Sunday, 27^th June) on the increasing concentration of wealth in India is very good, which actually uses the same data.
Page 26: irrelevant
Pages 27 to 30: irrelevant
Page 31: Just know why John Isner and Nicolas Mahut were in the news. But I think probability of being asked in the Mains is very low.
Page 32: Just know Clean Sports India movement. But again, very low probability of being asked.
So, with some practice, it would take 30-35 minutes to finish this issue.
Do ask me questions. If you feel some article I left out was relevant or an article I chose was irrelevant, kindly let me know.

Posted in Uncategorized | 109 Comments

Tips on covering the books

Posted on June 22, 2010 by anaydwivedi

I would like to point out a few things before I start. Firstly, as I have always said, it’s better to read one book 5 times rather than reading 5 books once. Whichever book you have selected on a particular subject, keep reading it again and again till you are so thorough that you can point out what is given where.
The tips which I am suggesting here are entirely based on the way I read a particular book. Your style of reading/studying might be very different. So if you have already adopted a strategy, and it is different from mine, kindly ignore what I have to say. The only goal is to complete the book and revise it, whichever method it might be.
The books I am covering here are the ones I have suggested in my earlier posts. They are:

Bipin Chandra’s India’s Struggle for Independence
DD Basu’s Constitutional Law of India
Statistics by Spectrum
India Yearbook, Min of I&B, GoI
Civil Services Chronicle (magazine)
Economic Survey

Bipin Chandra’s India’s Struggle for Independence
The first time I attempted to read this book, I could reach only the 70^th page before I surrendered. In my opinion, those who do not have the HABIT of reading books (and I am one of them), will find it very difficult to cover it in one go. So the method was to concentrate on one chapter at a time and adopt a strategy to not only understand but gain an insight as to why the events described happened.
After reading 1 or 2 pages at a time, I thought of the questions which might be asked if the examiner happened to focus on those 2 pages. I made a notebook in which I covered this book chapter-wise. I wrote all the questions from a particular chapter I could think of. This way on an average I made 7-8 questions from each chapter.
For example, when I was reading the chapter on Non-cooperation movement, few incidents were described which forced the launch of NCM. Then the incidents during the movement were described and why it was finally called off. The reaction of various leaders and parties was also covered in the book. So I made 3-4 questions from it such as:
Q. Describe the events which led to the launch of NCM.
Q. How was the NCM different from earlier movements?
Q. Why was NCM called off and what was the reaction to Mahatma Gandhi’s decision?
Q. What was the impact of NCM on Indian National Movement?
This way I could link all the different aspects of NCM and every other movement/ incident. This helps in not only gaining an insight but also remembering the points to write in the exam so as to present a complete answer.
After I finished all the chapters (left one or two in the middle which I found were too specific and hence not useful), I had with me around 230 questions. I went through the previous 10 years’ question papers and was happy to find that not even a single question was asked on INM which was not there in my notebook.
The other thing which I did was to note the name of the persons I came across while reading the book, on the last page of my notebook. So if Indulal Yagnik was mentioned on, say page x and again 300 pages later on page y, I noted it down as Indulal Yagnik (x,y…). This way I could remember everything about the person mentioned in the book as well as relate the events in which the said person was involved.
Whether you finish the book in one go or read it in between other things entirely depends on you. The aim should be to cover it well before the exams and be able to revise the questions you made.
But keep in mind that you should not concentrate only on making the questions. Question-making is only to help you remember the content and relate the events. Concentrate on the content and when you have finished reading all the things which were related directly to each other, then only think of the questions. As I said, I made only 230 or so questions, which makes it 1 question/ 3 pages approximately.
DD Basu’s Constitutional Law of India
I must have read this book at least 10 times during my 3 attempts. It is one of the best books I have come across and certainly THE base book for the Civil Services exam, especially when you have public administration as an optional.
There is no need to remember each and everything given in the book and neither do we have to remember the Articles verbatim.
Instead, focus on the outline of an Article and only in the case of important Articles do we need to remember the details. Important Articles would be FRs, DPSPs, election of the President, CoM, office of profit, budget, CAG, EC, UPSC, FC, emergencies, etc
There are 2 versions of DD Basu available. I had the detailed one. There is another one which is concise. Either will do. But I covered the Articles Part-wise, i.e. Article 1, 2, 3…and so on.
Firstly, I mugged up the Parts of the Constitution. The Constitution is divided into 22 Parts. Remembering the Parts helps in recalling the Articles quickly. So I remembered that Part III is FRs (Articles 12 to 35), Part V is The Union (Articles 52 to 151), Part XVIII is Emergency Provisions (Articles 352 to 360), etc
Then I started with the Articles. I covered 20 Articles at a time and continued revising them till I was able to recall all 20 without looking in the book. Then went ahead and after I had finished first 50 Articles, tried to recall all 50 in one go. Then first 100 and so on.
As I said, no need to remember the Articles verbatim. You need to know that Article 72 is regarding the power of the President to grant pardons and roughly in what kind of cases, i.e. court-martials, death sentences and cases to which the executive power of the Union extends.
This way I remembered around 400 of the 440 or so Articles in the Constitution and left the ones I considered not important, especially the ones in the end.
Shortcut: One of them is that many Articles of the Union correspond to Articles of the States. So from Article 72 onwards add 89 to get the corresponding Article at the State level. Keep doing it till Article 111. Article 201 is extra which relates to the President’s powers when a Bill has been reserved for his consideration by the Governor under Article 200. So after this, from Article 112 onwards add 90 to get the corresponding Article at the State level.
I concentrated on the Constitution as many of the questions can be answered through the Articles in the Constitution by directly quoting the Articles in the introduction part of the answer.
No need to go too deeply into the explanations provided in the book. Just read them for understanding what the Article is about. Thereafter, you can leave it out when you revise. Also, there’s no need to remember all the cases relating to various Articles. Only very important ones such as Golak Nath, Keshvananda Bharti, Minerva Mills, etc and the recent IR Coelho, TMA Pai, PA Inamdar, etc need to be remembered.
Also, only the important Amendments such as 42^nd, 44^th, 86^th, etc and the recent ones 91^st, 92^nd, 93^rd and 94^th need to be remembered.
For more on the Constitution, refer http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/welcome.html
Statistics by Spectrum
One of the biggest mistakes which many commit is merely “reading” the questions in the book and not practising the statistics questions by attempting them in an exam-like situation.
I remember in XI standard when we had vectors. I just read the questions in R D Sharma and they appeared to be very easy. However, in the test when I attempted the questions, I couldn’t even go beyond the 1^st step. Same is the case with statistics. If you think questions are very easy, most often than not, when you attempt the questions in an exam-like situation, serious doubts are going to emerge.
Keeping the above point in mind, covering the book on statistics by spectrum is more than enough. Statistics was my strength in the 2^nd paper and therefore, first analyze your ability, and then try to execute your plan.
The basic thing to remember is that 80% of the questions asked in a particular year are repeated ones. They might change the numbers, etc but the graph/diagram more or less remains the same.
Statistics in 2009 was the easiest compared to 2007 and 2008 (2008 was the toughest according to me), and the only thing to guard against was the time factor as the graphs and questions were very simple, but at the same time, very lengthy. In such situations, always take a scale such that the bars will be small and shading, etc should be done freehand.
The method which I adopted to cover spectrum was based on the decision that I would practice/ go through statistics thrice-

In July, I would read as well as practice some of the questions
In October, I would mostly read yet, solve few of the questions
On October 23^rd, during the time between the 2 papers, I would revise statistics as I always started GS II with statistics.

July:
I went through the basics given in spectrum, such as the definitions, different types of bar diagrams, area diagrams, ogives, tables, etc. Thereafter, I went through the sample questions and made it a point that I would READ 2 questions and SOLVE the 3^rd question. Always solve the question in an exam-like situation, with pencil, scale, graph paper, etc.
I applied the same rule to all the previous years’ question papers given in the book. Every year, 1 or 2 questions are asked which are different from previous years. I noted such questions on the front page of the book, as page 97- q 6…and so on…
At the end of this exercise, I had a list of around 100 questions which I would again read/solve in October along with revising the basics.
October:
I went through the basics again and went through the 100 questions which I had identified as “different” from previous years’ papers. I again applied the rule of READING 2 questions and SOLVING the 3^rd one. At this point of time, I was comfortable with most of the questions and formulae and ticked the questions which I felt I should revise again just before the exam. So I shortened the revision list to about 30 questions.
October 23^rd:
During the time between the 2 papers, I revised the basics in 10 minutes (I had written all the different types of graphs/diagrams and formulae on a paper) and READ the 30 questions from my list. This way I went into the exam-hall in the statistics “frame of mind” and attempted the questions straightaway.
This is one of the reasons why I said earlier in the importance of mains post that howsoever the earlier papers go: good or bad, always concentrate on the next paper and prepare yourself for it.
India Yearbook, Min of I&B, GoI
Before I begin, I would like to point out that this book should be read thoroughly only for the prelims. For the mains, only government programmes and few chapters need to be covered.
So if you are taking the prelims in 2011, go through the whole book. But if you are going to take the Mains in 2010, no need to cover the whole book at present.
For prelims
GS prelims in 2008 and 2009 had many questions directly asked from the India Yearbook. The only issue was that any line from any page was turned into a question. So a true or false statement such as salt water crocodiles are found in Andaman and Nicobar islands was from the 1^st chapter Land and the People (under Fauna).
Therefore, I covered all the chapters in the book except the one on States and UTs (Chapter 30 in 2010 Yearbook).
I put a lot of emphasis on making notes as it is very difficult to cover a 1000 page book in 3-4 days in the last month or week before the exam. Moreover, 99% (or even more than that) of the India Yearbook remains the same year after year.
So I went through the India Yearbook 2009 and reduced it to 1/10^th of its size by making notes. Special attention needs to be given to the following things:

Government programmes: write on a paper at the end of the book all the government programmes you come across. Mid-day meal scheme may be described on page x and again 400 pages later on page y. So I noted it as Mid-day meal scheme (x, y…)
Agricultural data is presented very nicely. I wrote on a paper all the values. So rice: 97 million tonnes, wheat: 74 million tonnes, eggs: 46 billion, banana:1^st, grapes/area: 1^st, etc can be easily mugged up.
Various government institutes/ bodies are specified such as NSD, ASI, ZSI, National Library, National Museum, NBT, KCCs, etc. I noted the names and page number on a page and their HQ (if any).
Factual data such as India’s land area, EEZ, land frontier, coastline, energy production, major and minor ports, international airports, teledensity, etc need to be noted.

For mains
If you already read the IYB for prelims, just go through what you underlined and revise your notes. But if you did not, then apart from the GOVERNMENT SCHEMES and agricultural data, read the following chapters from IYB 2010:
Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11 (NCES only), 13 (terms like FIPB, FCCB, ECB, ADR/GDR, FDI, etc), 18, 24, 25 and 28.
Note: I have not specified chapters 16, 17, etc as I have assumed that you must have covered all the government schemes such as NRHM, JNNURM, etc irrespective of where they are given in the book.
In Mains 2009 many questions could be answered on the basis of information provided in the IYB, e.g. significance of coastal regions, UMPPs, BSUP, fruit production in India and NNRMS.
But if you don’t have time, newspapers should be preferred over standard books such as the IYB.
Civil Services Chronicle (magazine)
Since I read the Civil Services Chronicle, I am going to give some tips on how to go about it. If you read some other magazine, not a problem. You may apply the same strategy if you want to.
Regarding CSC, it’s important because newspapers are not Civil Services exam oriented. So they are bound to miss a few things which may be important for the exam. Also, it is sometimes possible that you might miss out on an important development, such as an appointment, etc. So reading CSC (or any 1 exam oriented magazine) is beneficial.
I always aimed at finishing the chronicle in a day or two (apart from newspaper reading on that day). If you find it time-consuming, always keep in mind that 3 days is the maximum time you should be spending to go through an issue.
My strategy to go through CSC was as follows:

While reading it, tick mark the articles which are good as many times articles too specific to a given place or even issues with very little probability of being asked in the exam are covered. While reading, underline the important lines then and there. Concentrate only on the facts and not what should be done, what is good, what might happen, if, but, etc.
I used to write on a paper all the important issues (just the heading and page number) and on another paper the names of all the important persons mentioned in the issue which could be asked in the exam. For example, winners of Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan are important, but there’s no need to remember about each and every person who has won the Padma Bhushan or Padma Shri. Similarly, winners of Nobel Prize, Magsaysay Award (only if given to an Indian), Jawaharlal Nehru prize for international understanding, etc are important, but not some obscure science award or social service award or Magsaysay award to someone from Malaysia, Thailand or Philippines.

REVISION of the issues just before the exam is very important. Just one reading wouldn’t do any good. So revise only what you have marked and only the articles which you have written on the page. 3 issues of the magazine should be covered in 1 day while revising (apart from newspaper reading/revision) or it’s going to be unmanageable.
Economic Survey
You should aim at finishing the Economic Survey in 4 days (apart from newspaper reading on those days). Only 10-15% of it is useful for the exam.

If you feel you need to improve your knowledge of economics, take note of the terms you come across. For example, in ES 2009-10, page 2 has terms such as GDP at factor cost, broad money, capital formation, RD, FD, PD, current account balance, etc. If you do not know what they mean, look up on the net. No need to remember their values and advanced estimates etc. for all the years. Just remembering the last year’s actual values would suffice.
Concentrate on the boxes. But do not pay attention to tables such as the one on page 3. No need for such in-depth knowledge.
Pay special attention to the steps recommended by various bodies to the government. Example, 13^th FC on page 18, UID on page 26, boxes on pages 30 and 34, measures to control inflation on page 75, etc.
Terms used in between such as CoP 15 on page 19, Project Arrow on page 57, NHB Residex on page 72, BPLR and FCNR(B) on page 94, etc should not be missed.
Do not even look into the statistical appendix.
Most important chapters: 1, 2, 6, 8 and 11.

Do not forget to REVISE what all you have marked at least twice before the exam. Therefore, whichever book you select for any given subject, keep in mind that it should be read at least 3 times.

2011-04-13T20:16:00.001-07:00

Life @ Mussoorie

A few videos on the life of officer Trainees at LBSNAA, Mussoorie....here is a video made by one of

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_U1mQeIChBg

A video made and screened in Doordarshan on the life of IAS officers trainees at LBSNAA, Mussoorie...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3_EPVjJyxo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFm2LaNF68Q&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPveyLXqxck&feature=related

2011-04-13T20:16:00.000-07:00

Download links for Chemistry Books

Hi friends,

Here is the download links for a few books of Chemistry paper-1 and paper-2....

Chemistry Paper-1:

Physical Chemistry (8^th Ed) by Atkins:

http://ifile.it/v7yfh64/104079.rar

passwd : www.free-ebooks.cc

Solution manual to 8^th Edition: Atkins

http://freakshare.net/files/w4rreujq/Physical-Chemistry-Student-Solutions-Manual-for-8th-Edition.rar.html

Physical Chemistry (3^rd Ed): Castellan

http://rapidshare.com/files/214660714/Physical_Chemistry_3th_Castellan.pdf

Physical Chemistry: Robert G. Mortimer

http://www.4shared.com/get/rXP4ubZr/Robert_G_Mortimer-Physical_Che.html

Physical Chemistry of Surfaces (6^th Ed): Arthur W. Adamson

http://www.4shared.com/file/A6W0E_E1/Physical_Chemistry_of_Surfaces.htm

Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications (2^nd Ed): Bard and Faulkner

http://www.4shared.com/document/9_3lNGjj/Bard_AJ_Faulkner_LR_Electroche.htm

Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis (5^th Ed)

http://www.scribd.com/doc/6065981/Vogels-Textbook-of-Quantitative-Chemical-Analysis-5th-Edition-Longmann

Inorganic Chemistry: Meissler and Tarr

http://www.4shared.com/document/ARiyal4V/Inorganic_Chemistry__Miessler_.htm

Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (3^rd Edition): Cotton and Wilkinson

http://www.4shared.com/document/ifG31Gul/Advanced_Inorganic_Chemistry.htm

Inorganic Chemistry,Principles of Structure & Reactivity(4^th Ed): Huheey

http://www.4shared.com/document/oa6OHhN1/Inorganic_Chemistry_-_Principl.htm

Huheey Part1

http://www.4shared.com/file/UNFlP6uP/Inorganic_Chemistry-Principles.htm

Huheey Part2

http://www.4shared.com/file/G2W59IqU/Inorganic_Chemistry-Principles.htm

Huheey Part3

http://www.4shared.com/file/PU13taWd/Inorganic_Chemistry-Principles.htm

Chemistry Paper-2

1. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A - Structure and Mechanisms, 5th Ed (2007): Carey & Sundberg

http://www.4shared.com/document/Ggo6NcvP/Advanced_Organic_Chemistry_Par.htm

http://rapidshare.com/files/294503076/Carey_Sandberg--Advanced_Organic_Chemistry_A.pdf

2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part B: Reaction and Synthesis, 5th Ed (2007): Carey & Sundberg

http://www.4shared.com/document/xT6AgeDb/Carey_Sandberg--Advanced_Organ.htm

3. Advanced Organic Chemistry (Reaction Mechanisms): Buckner

http://www.4shared.com/document/0X-12Bl9/Advanced_Organic_Chemistry-rea.htm

4. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6^th Ed): Jerry March

http://www.4shared.com/file/V-uFUx06/Marchs_Advanced_Organic_Chemis.htm

5. Solution manual to Organic Chemistry :Clayden

http://www.4shared.com/document/4srxq9ms/Organic_ChemistrySolutions_Man.htm

6. Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry (3rd Edition): Lowry and Richardson

http://www.4shared.com/document/v7DVkwuH/Mechanism_And_Theory_In_Organi.htm

7. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems in Organic Chemistry

http://www.4shared.com/document/it1Tf2SD/Schaums_Outline_of_Theory_and_.htm

8. Organic Chemistry: Hornback

http://www.4shared.com/file/Pbe9NPqw/Organic_Chemistry_2nd_Edition_.htm

9. Student Solutions Manual & Study Guide for Organic Chemistry (2^nd Ed): Hornback

http://www.4shared.com/document/rDeB7jyB/Organic_Chemistry_2nd_Edition_.htm

10. Organic Chemistry: An Intermediate Text, Hoffman

http://www.4shared.com/document/-_rklSA-/RV_Hoffman-_Organic_Chemistry_.htm

11. Organic Chemistry by: Francis A. Carey

http://ifile.it/sy7tab2/carey_f.a._organic_chemistry__5ed.__mgh__2004__t%20__c__1335s_.rar

12. Solutions Manual to Accompany Organic Chemistry by: Robert C. Atkins, Francis A Carey, Robert Atkins, Francis Carey

http://ifile.it/t9eukv7/organic.rar

13. Organic Chemistry: McMurry

http://hotfile.com/dl/48711015/c00f46b/Chemistry_McMurry.rar.html

14. Study Guide with Solutions Manual for Organic Chemistry (7^th Ed): McMurry

for this solution manual the Pdf file is not available in the web but its torrent is available in the web and the torrent file link is as given below:

http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/4140501/Organic_Chemistry_(7th_Edition)

15. Organic Chemistry (4^th Ed): P.Y. Bruice

http://www.4shared.com/document/08jPuBpZ/_chem_paula_yurkanis_bruice_or.htm

http://hotfile.com/dl/48711254/e50cb7a/Bruice__Organic_Chemistry_Fourth_Edition.rar.html

16. Study Guide with Solutions Manual for Organic Chemistry (4^th Ed): P.Y.Bruice

http://www.4shared.com/document/Z53K-RF-/Sol_Organic_Chemistry_-_4th_Ed.htm

17. A Guidebook to Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry: Peter Sykes

http://www.4shared.com/document/a9ssUgqR/_2__A_GUIDEBOOK_TO_MECHANISM_I.htm

18. Organic Chemistry: Morrison and Boyed

http://www.4shared.com/document/esDgPZ35/Organic_Chemistry_by_Morrison_.htm

19. Polymer Chemistry: Odian

http://www.4shared.com/document/FyVEf-zG/Principles_of_Polymerization_-.htm

20. Introduction to Spectroscopy: Pavia

http://www.4shared.com/file/vwWSK0xe/Pavia_-_Introduction_to_Spectr.htm

2011-04-13T20:15:00.000-07:00

interview

interview preparation:

the mains result came on 4 th march 2010....n being general candidate from delhi,i expected my interview date to b on first or second day ,when the interview commences...interviews started on 22 march n mine was on 23 rd....(i got to knw exact date around 14 th march)...
so clearly ,i had around 15 days to go....
basically,we cant call it an interview...in right perspective,it should be called PERSONALITY TEST....actually seeing it this way answers lot of queries about intw ,-
WHEN TO START PREPARATION?
-by the time we write this exam,our basic personality would hav been formed...
-so from prepration we can expect only touch-ups...or fine tuning....
-.also,i feel,while reading gs for pre n mains,we form many self opinions simultaneously....these r also part of preparation,informally...
-formally,one can start after mains exam...(actually,jus after mains ,u can take a break of a month or so...coz by this time u will be mentally exhausted...n this time is safe too as prelims is far n u must hav cracked it atleast once by now....n interview preparation can also wait)....basically,focus should be on mains form's details....every entry by you,should be researched well n expected questions prepared(like d meaning of ur name?ur hobbies? ur extracurriculars?ur home state/education etc....)
- last year,vajiram conducted an orientation class for their students ,free of cost around 20 th jan....the problem here is not everyone gets the information when is the class...so b in touch with their administrative staff ,if u r keen to attend it...
-after mains result,within 3-4 days many coaching starts classes...this is time of confusion,esp. if u r delhi based (caution:-just b careful as what u fill as ur address) because it means u hav least time...
-vajiram is gud n so is samkalp....i got to know from my friends that many from vajiram ,also joins samkalp....(there r some classes n mock interviews in both of them)...the time management again becomes crucial here,so hav ur mains form details,hobbies etc worked out on ur own.before mains result is announced ...n approach mock interviews as if it is the real upsc one...infact do get fully dressed up for atleast one of them...as a practice.
(after mains exams is over,focus should be to prepare for both interview n prelims...coz after intw is over ,very less time is left for prelims preparation...thus initial few months like dec,jan ,n feb..should have both being prepared simultaneously)
WHAT TO PREPARE?
again,since its ur personality test....its about ur opinions,ur thinking,ur biodata etc....(yes,factual questions r asked but ur analysis n opinions matters the most.)
basically it is subject matter n interview skills...
subject matter is ur bio-data,background-educational n residential,national issues n international ones,some practical aspects of ur optionals...
interview skills are about speaking with confidence,being brief n crisp in answers,be polite but still taking a stand,having ability to convince,maintaining eye contact...etc...
HOW TO PREPARE?
take few photocopies of mains form..and mark out areas where questions r likely...after collecting material about it...try predicting expected questions...
some people form groups n discuss issues.....after giving mains exam..(though this in no ways is an absolute necessity).
read newspaper n try forming self opinions....
one should know of problems of one's own district.....n also census data of one's district....
personally,i focussed on INTROSPECTION....meaning after any newspaper article reading-i used to ask myself what is my opinion on this?.....like in mains form,if my hobby was poetry writing or playing chess...used to ask why i write poetry? or why i like chess?-this gives true n innovative answers....the most important question in this can be why u want to join this service?

points to be taken care of-

see,i believe being honest to the board is the best policy...coz they r so experienced that it is almost impossible to out smart them...
-also,interview is about saying what u feel about the question,ur opinions r most important than saying the cooked answers that everyone says...
-intw is about ur personality...
-also,be confident,speak in clear n short sentences...
-listen to question properly,for then only u can answer what has been demanded by interviewer.....
ALL THE BEST...!!

interview preparation:

Add your main content here - text, photos, videos, addons, whatever you want!

2011-04-11T05:25:00.000-07:00

Anna Hazare and his fight for the Lokpal Bill..."IMPORTANT"

Posted by nishi on 7:21 PM

1. Who is Anna Hazare?
An ex-army man. Fought 1965 Indo-Pak War

2. What's so special about him?
He built a village Ralegaon Siddhi in Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra

3. So what?
This village is a self-sustained model village. Energy is produced in the village itself from solar power, biofuel and wind mills. In 1975, it used to be a poverty clad village. Now it is one of the richest villages in India. It has become a model for self-sustained, eco-friendly & harmonic village.

4. Ok,
Anna Hazare was awarded Padma Bhushan and is a known figure for his social activities.

5. Really, what is he fighting for?
He is supporting a cause, the amendment of a law to curb corruption in India.

6. How that can be possible?
He is advocating for a Bil, The Lok Pal Bill (The Citizen Ombudsman Bill) that will form an autonomous authority who will make politicians (ministers), bureaucrats (IAS/IPS) accountable for their deeds.

8. It's an entirely new thing right..?
In 1972, the bill was proposed by then Law minister Mr. Shanti Bhushan. Since then it has been neglected by the politicians and some are trying to change the bill to suit thier theft (corruption).

7. Oh... He is going on a hunger strike for that whole thing of passing a Bill! How can that be possible in such a short span of time?
The first thing he is asking for is: the government should come forward and announce that the bill is going to be passed.
Next, they make a joint committee to DRAFT the LOK PAL BILL. 50% government participation and 50% public participation. Because you cant trust the government entirely for making such a bill which does not suit them.

8. Fine, What will happen when this bill is passed?
A LokPal will be appointed at the centre. He will have an autonomous charge, say like the Election Commission of India. In each and every state, Lokayukta will be appointed. The job is to bring all alleged party to trial in case of corruptions within 1 year. Within 2 years, the guilty will be punished. Not like, Bofors scam or Bhopal Gas Tragedy case that has been going for last 25 years without any result.

9. Is he alone? Who else is there in the fight with Anna Hazare?
Baba Ramdev, Ex. IPS Kiran Bedi, Social Activist Swami Agnivesh, RTI activist Arvind Kejriwal and many more. A prominent personality like Aamir Khan is supporting his cause.

10. Ok, got it. What can I do?
At least we can spread the message. How?

Putting status message, links, video, changing profile pics.
At least we can support Anna Hazare and the cause for uprooting corruption from India.
At least we can hope that his Hunger Strike does not go in vain.
At least we can pray for his good health.

**** What is the Lok Pal Bill….in history?? ****

After 42 years the Lokpal bill is still pending in India. The first Lokpal Bill was passed in the 4th Lok Sabha in 1969 but could not get through in Rajya Sabha, subsequently, Lokpal bills were introduced in 1971, 1977, 1985, 1989, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2005 and in 2008, yet they were never passed and its pending.

The Lokpal Bill provides for filing complaints of corruption against the prime minister, other ministers, and MPs with the ombudsman. The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) while recommending the constitution of Lokpal was convinced that such an institution was justified not only for removing the sense of injustice from the minds of adversely affected citizens but also necessary to instill public confidence in the efficiency of administrative machinery. Following this, the Lokpal Bill was for the first time presented during the fourth Lok Sabha in 1968, and was passed there in 1969.

However, while it was pending in the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha was dissolved, resulting the first death of the bill. The bill was revived in 1971, 1977, 1985, 1989, 1996, 1998, 2001, and 2005 and most recently in 2008. Each time, after the bill was introduced to the house, it was referred to some committee for improvements - a joint committee of parliament, or a departmental standing committee of the Home Ministry - and before the government could take a final stand on the issue the house was dissolved.

Several flaws have been cited in the recent draft of the Lokpal Bill. Meanwhile the activists of India Against Corruption (IAC) have prepared a draft for the bill called Jan Lokpal Bill.

2011-04-09T20:55:00.001-07:00

Reform Movements (Part X)

The Manav Dharma Sabha was a major Socio-cultural reform established by Mehtaji Durgaram Manchharam on 22nd June, 1844. It proved to be a road-map for all other reforms in Surat and especially in the state of Gujarat. Since the Second decade of the seventeenth century, Surat was under British Governance and witnessed a row of tensions especially after the start of western education and missionaries in the state.

The Organization named Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha proved to be an extremely effective step towards propelling the Parsi socio-religious movements in India, to a large extent. The reform especially came at a time when the Parsi Community was going through a bad phase in society.
Even at that time the internal unity of the community was shaken, the reform thus, stood to make a difference and uplift the Parsi Community solving all there social economic problems. Naoroji Furdunji was the founder of the Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha. He first edited a journal named Fam-i-Famsbid, during the 1840s and also wrote many articles and books during the 1850s to prove the superiority of Zoroastrianism over Christianity.

Paramahansa Mandali was founded by Dadoba Panderung in 1849 and was one of the most effective socio-cultural organizations that had its influence across the state of Maharashtra. During the phase of conceptualization most of the leaders of Paramahansa Mandali and Manav Dharma Sabha were common and shares similar ideologies.

Faraizi movement was a religious reform movement founded by Haji Shariatullah during the nineteenth century. After seeing degradation of Muslims Haji Shariatullah called up muslims to give up anti-muslim practices and perform their duties as like a true muslim.The movement was also concerned with the British influence upon Muslims and a call for social justice was raised. The movement continued from 1830 to 1857.

Singh Sabha Movement was started in seventies of the 19th century after the Nirankari and Namdhari movements and proved to be the turning point in the history of the Sikhs. The Singh Sabha intended to reinstate Sikhism to its past purity by promoting Punjabi language to propagate knowledge in the form of historical religious books, magazines and journals. The movement was also aided by the missionaries’ activities of Mohammedans and Christians.Sardar Harbans Singh also believed that Singh Sabha had a deeper influence on the Sikh community as the movement touched the roots of Sikhism and shaped the Sikhs attitude for nearly about a century.

Shuddhi Movement was started by Arya Samaj in earlier part of 20th century to bring back the people who transformed their religion to Islam and Christianity from Hinduism.The literal meaning of shuddhi is purification but Arya Samajis didn’t aim at literal meaning rather they meant reconversion by the term.
There was vast difference in the scriptural authorities of these religions as Islam and Christianity claimed divine authority for their Koran and Bible respectively while Vedas of Hinduism didn’t put up such claims. Founder of Arya Samaj, Dayananda then strived to give the Vedas the similar degree of supernatural authority.This process of reconverting Hindus from Islam and Christianity was accompanied by a Sanghathan movement.

The Namdhari movement was founded by Baba Ram Singh in 1857 as one of the most influential and transitional socio-religious movements in Punjab. At the initial stage of the movement a set of rituals were modeled after Guru Gobind Singh’s founding of Khalsa. He used a recitation of Gurbani (hymns from the Granth Sahib), Ardas (the Sikh prayer), a flag and baptism for entry into the new community.

2011-04-09T20:55:00.000-07:00

The Mughal Chronolgy

Mughal Dynasty

1526 – 1530	Bābur (Tīmūrid ruler of Transoxiana 1497 – 8 and 1500 – 1 ; captured Delhi 1526 )
1530 – 1540	Humāyūn (son; deposed)

Sūrī Dynasty

1540 – 1545	Shīr Shāh Sūr
1545 – 1553	Islām Shāh (son)
1553	Fīrūz IV (son)
1553 – 1555	Muḥammad ‛Ādil (nephew of Shīr Shāh ; deposed, died 1557 )
1555	Ibrāhīm III (first cousin of Shīr Shāh ; deposed, died 1568 )
1555	Sikandar III (first cousin; deposed, died 1559 )

Mughal Dynasty

1555 – 1556	Humāyūn (restored)
1556 – 1605	Akbar I, the Great (son)
1605 – 1627	Jahāngīr (son)
1628 – 1658	Shāh Jahān I (son; deposed, died 1666 )
1658 – 1707	Aurangzīb ‛Ālamgīr I (son)
1707 – 1712	Bahādur Shāh I ( Shāh ‛Ālam I ) (son)
1712 – 1713	Jahāndār Shāh (son)
1713 – 1719	Farrukhsiyar (nephew; deposed, died 1719 )
1719	Rafī‛al-Darajāt (grandson of Bahādur Shāh I )
1719	Shāh Jahān II ( Rafī‛al-Daula ) (brother)
1719 – 1748	Muḥammad Shāh (grandson of Bahādur Shāh I )
1748 – 1754	Aḥmad Shāh (son; deposed, died 1774 )
1754 – 1759	‛Ālamgīr II (son of Jahāndār Shāh )
1759 – 1806	Shāh ‛Ālam II (son)
1806 – 1837	Akbar II (son)
1837 – 1858	Bahādur Shāh II (son; deposed, died 1862 ; direct British rule of India)

2011-04-09T20:54:00.000-07:00

The Story of Chittorgarh

The history of Chittor is one of the most stirring chapters in Indian history for it was there that the flower of Rajput chivalry sprang to life and the immense stretch of its sacred walls and ruined palaces relate the saga of innumerable sieges and heroism which has almost become a myth now.

Chittorgarh was one of the most fiercely contested seats of power in India. With its formidable fortifications, Bappa Rawal, the legendary founder of the Sisodia dynasty, received Chittor in the middle of the eighth century, as part of the last Solanki princess's dowry. It crowns a seven-mile- long hill, covering 700 acres (280 hectares), with its fortifications, temples, towers and palaces.

From the eighth to the 16th century, Bappa Rawal's descendants ruled over an important kingdom called Mewar stretching from Gujarat to Ajmer. But during these eight centuries the seemingly impregnable Chittor was surrounded, overrun, and sacked three times.

In 1303 Allauddin khilji, Sultan of Delhi, intrigued by tales of the matchless beauty of Padmini, Rani of Chittor, of her wit and charm, decided to verify this himself. His armies surrounded Chittor, and the sultan sent a message to Rana Rattan Singh, Padmini's husband, to say that he would spare the city if he could meet its famous queen. The compromise finally reached was that the sultan could look upon Padmini's reflection if he came unarmed into the fort. Accordingly, the sultan went up the hill and glimpsed a reflection of the beautiful Padmini standing by a lotus pool. He thanked his host who courteously escorted Allauddin down to the outer gate-where the sultan's men waited in ambush to take the rana hostage.

There was consternation in Chittor until Padmini devised a plan. A messenger informed the sultan that the rani would come to him. Dozens of curtained palanquins set off down the hill, each carried by six humble bearers. Once inside the Sultan's camp, four well-armed Rajput warriors leaped out of each palanquin and each lowly palanquin bearer drew a sword.In the ensuing battle, Rana Rattan Singh was rescued-but 7,000 Rajput warriors died. The sultan now attacked Chittor with renewed vigor. Having lost 7,000 of its best warriors, Chittor could not hold out. Surrender was unthinkable. The rani and her entire entourage of women, the wives of generals and soldiers, sent their children into hiding with loyal retainers. They then dressed their wedding fine , slid their farewells, and singing ancient hymns, boldly entered the mahal and performed jauhar.

The men, watching with expressionless faces, then donned saffron robes, smeared the holy ashes of their women on their foreheads, flung open the gates of the fort and thundered down the hill into the enemy ranks, to fight to the death.The second sack or shake (sacrifice) of Chittor, by which Rajputs still swear when pledging their word, occurred in 1535, when Sultan Bahadur Shan Of Gujarat attacked the fort.

Rana Kumbha

Rana Kumbha (1433-68) was a versatile man a brilliant, poet and musician. He built mewar upto a position of assailable military strength building a chain of thirty forts that girdled the kingdom But, perhaps more important was a patron of the arts to rival Lorenzo de Medici, and he made Chittorgarh a dazzling cultural center whose fame spread right across Hindustan.

Rana Sanga

Rana Sanga (reigned 1509-27) was a warrior and a man of great chivalry and honor reign was marked by a series of continual battles, in course of which he is said to have lost one arm and had been crippled in one leg and received eighty-four wounds on his body. The last of his battles was again Mughal invader, Babur, in 1527. Deserted by one ofgenerals, Rana Sanga was wounded in the battle and shortly after.

Maharana Pratap

Over the next half-century, most other Rajput rulers allowed themselves to be wooed the Mughals; Mewar alone held out. In 1567 Emperor Akbar decided to teach it a lesson: he attacked Chittorgarh razed it to the ground. Five years later Maharana Pratap (reigned 1572-97) came to rule Mewar - a king without a capital. He continued to defy Akbar, and in 1576, confronted the imperial armies at Haldighati.

The battle ended in a stalemate and Maharana Pratap and his followers withdrew to the craggy hills of Mewar, from where they continued to harrass the Mughals through guerilla warfare for the next twenty years. Maharana Pratap made his descendants vow that they would not sleep on beds, nor live in palaces, nor eat off metal utensils, until Chittorgarh had been regained.In fact, right into the 20th century the maharanas of Mewar continued to place a leaf platter under their regular utensils and a reed mat under their beds in symbolic continuance of this vow.

		Rani Padmini In 1303 Allauddin khilji, Sultan of Delhi, intrigued by tales of the matchless beauty of Padmini, Rani of Chittor, of her wit and charm, decided to verify this himself. His armies surrounded Chittor, and the sultan sent a message to Rana Rattan Singh, Padmini's husband, to say that he would spare the city if he could meet its famous queen. The compromise finally reached was that the sultan could look upon Padmini's reflection if he came unarmed into the fort. Accordingly, the sultan went up the hill and glimpsed a reflection of the beautiful Padmini standing by a lotus pool. He thanked his host who courteously escorted Allauddin down to the outer gate- where the sultan's men waited in ambush to take the rana hostage.
	There was consternation in Chittor until Padmini devised a plan. A messenger informed the sultan that the rani would come to him. Sultan's camp, four well-armed Rajput warriors leaped out of each palanquin and each lowly palanquin bearer drew a sword.In the ensuing battle, Rana Rattan Singh was rescued-but 7,000 Rajput warriors died. The sultan now attacked Chittor with renewed vigor. Having lost 7,000 of its best warriors, Chittor could not hold out. Surrender was unthinkable. The rani and her entire entourage of women, the wives of generals and soldiers, sent their children into hiding with loyal retainers. They then dressed their wedding fine , slid their farewells, and singing ancient hymns, boldly entered the mahal and performed jauhar.

Chittorgarh And Jainism

Chittorgarh is ancient center of Jain tradition. Here are few facts about Chittor:

Chittor is adjacent to the ancient city of Madhyamika. The Jain inscriptions at Mathura from the Kushana period (1-3rd cent) mention a "Majjhimilla" branch of the "Kottiya" gana, indicating that it was a major Jain center.
The famous Acharya Haribhadra Suri (6th cent) was born in Chittor and wrote "Dhurtopakhyana" there.
There was a scholar Elacharya at Chittor from whom Vira-senacharya (9th cent) learned the ancient Shat-khandagama and Kashayapahuda. Vira-senacharya later the famous "Dhavala" and "Jayadhavala" on the basis of these books.
Chittor was the residence of Jinavallabha who propagated the Vidhimarga in the 12th cent. In the 15-17th century, it was the seat of a Bhattaraka.

First Buddhist Council The First Council, as it is known to Buddhist history, took place at Rajgir, the capital of the Magadha kingdom. The Buddha's most important disciples were asked to recite his teachings from memory. The first to recite was Ananda, the Buddha's cousin, attendant and constant companion for more than 30 years. Demonstrating impressive powers of memorization, he recited not only everything he had heard, but the place in which each discourse was given. Other monks were then asked to confirm Ananda's recollection. It was also at this council that the Buddha's teachings were divided into three categories or "baskets" (pitaka): discourses, discipline and higher knowledge. The Tripitaka that was formed at this meeting is the same canon used by Buddhists today.	Held soon after the death of the Buddha around 400 BCE Presided by monk Mahakasyapa Held by Magadha king Ajatasatru in Rajagriha Objective was to preserve the Buddha’s sayings (suttas) and monastic rules (Vinaya) According to some sources, the Abhidhamma Pitaka, or its matika, was also included. Also the Sangha made the unanimous decision to keep all the rules of the Vinaya, even the lesser and minor rules. Tradition holds that the Council was held in a hall erected by Ajatasattu outside the Sattaparnaguha Cave Detailed accounts of the council can be found in the Khandhaka sections of the canonical Vinayas. According to this record the incident which prompted the Elder Mahakassapa to call this meeting was his hearing a disparaging remark about the strict rule of life for monks. The monk Subhadda, who had ordained late in life, upon hearing that the Buddha had expired, voiced his resentment at having to abide by all the rules for monks laid down by the Buddha. Many monks lamented the passing of the Buddha and were deeply grieved but Subhadda spoke up to show happiness and relief that Buddha was gone.

Second Buddhist Council The group who stayed called themselves the Elders (Thera in Pali). They felt they were in keeping with the original spirit of the Buddha's teachings. The other group, the Great Community (Mahasanghika in Sanskrit), interpreted Buddha's teachings more liberally, but in a way that they felt was more true to his intentions. These two groups would eventually evolve into Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism.	(4^th century BCE) Held about 100 years after the Buddha’s demise Held at Vaisali under the presidentship of Sabakami, convened by King Kalasoka Objective was to settle a debate on certain practices of Buddhist monks, esp. in western India Although it is unclear exactly what happened at this council, we do know that it resulted in a split in the Buddhist community. A large group of monks were either expelled or left by choice because they did not agree with the other group's interpretations of the Buddha's teachings. Within 200 years of the Buddha's death, there were 18 schools of Buddhism in India. This is perhaps not surprising, given that the Buddha taught in a slightly different way for each situation, was averse to setting down doctrine and never wrote anything himself. Moreover, Buddhism had now spread to places with different languages and customs, and therefore different perspectives on the dharma.

Third Buddhist Council The reason for convening the Third Buddhist Council is reported to have been to rid the Sangha of corruption and bogus monks who held heretical views. Disputes on points of doctrine lead to further schisms, spawning the Sarvastivadin and Vibhajjavadin sects. The Abhidhamma Pitaka is recited at the Council, along with additional sections of the Khuddaka Nikaya. The modern Pali Tipitaka is now essentially complete, although some scholars have suggested that at least two parts of the extant Canon — the Parivara in the Vinaya, and the Apadana in the Sutta — may date from a later period.	(250 BCE) Held at Pataliputra under the patronage of Asoka Chief monk was Mogaliputta Tissa Sent Buddhist missionaries to other countries Objective was to purify the Buddhist movement from opportunistic factions Origin of Theravada school

Fourth Buddhist Council Fourth Buddhist Council is the name of two separate Buddhist council meetings. The first one was held in the 1st century BC, in Sri Lanka. In this fourth Buddhist council the Theravadin Pali Canon was for the first time committed to writing, on palm leaves. The second one was held by the Sarvastivada school, in Kashmir around the 1st century AD.	(1^st century BCE or CE) Possibly held under Theravada school in Tambapanni (Sri Lanka) in the 1^st century BCE Committed the Pali Canon to writing Another possibly held under Saravastivada tradition, convened by Kanishka around 100 CE in Kashmir under the leadership of monk Vasumitra Kanishka’s council translated Abhidharna texts from Prakrit to Sanskrit

Fifth Buddhist Council	· The Fifth Buddhist council took place in Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar) in 1871 AD in the reign of King Mindon. · The chief objective of this meeting was to recite all the teachings of the Buddha according to the Theravada Pali Canon and examine them in minute detail to see if any of them had been altered, distorted or dropped. . · It was presided over by three Elders, the Venerable Mahathera Jagarabhivamsa, the Venerable Narindabhidhaja, and the Venerable Mahathera Sumangalasami in the company of 2,400 monks. · Their joint Dhamma recitation lasted five months.

Sixth Buddhist Council	· The Sixth Buddhist Council was a general council of Theravada Buddhism, held in a specially built cave and pagoda complex at Kaba Aye Pagoda in Yangon, Burma. · The council was attended by 2,500 monastics from eight Theravada Buddhist countries. · The Council lasted from Vesak 1954 to Vesak 1956, its completion coinciding with the traditional 2,500th anniversary the Buddha's Parinibbāna. In the tradition of past Buddhist councils, a major purpose of the Sixth Council was to preserve the Buddha's teachings and practices as understood in the Theravada tradition. · Over the two-year period, monks (sangīti-kāraka) from different countries recited from their existing redaction of the Pali Canon and the associated post-canonical literature. · As a result, the Council synthesized a new redaction of the Pali texts ultimately transcribed into several native scripts.

IAS ASPIRANTS

GDP (Gross Domestic Product) means,

GNP (Gross National Product) means,

GDP is calculated by three methods.

#A: EXPENDITURE METHOD OF COUNTING GDP

#1: CONSUMPTION BY PRIVATE CITIZENS [C]

#2: Investment [I]

#3: Government spending [G]

#4, 5 :Export & Import [X & M]

#B: Income Method of counting gdp

#C: Production method of counting gdp

Example#1: Subsidy

Example#2: Tax

How will you calculate GDPMP if GDPFC is given, & vice versa?

NNPFC and NNPMP

GDP Deflator

btw, DONOT CONFUSE ABSOLUTE GDP NUMBER WITH PERCENTAGE RISE.

Zero Tax companies

Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT)

IMPORTANT DAYS FOR UPSC PRELIMS

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

CANCUN AGREEMENT

Psychology- sample notes

Public Admin- sample notes

Public Admin paper 1- sample answers

Newspaper reading

Tips on covering the books

interview preparation:

points to be taken care of-

interview preparation:

Anna Hazare and his fight for the Lokpal Bill..."IMPORTANT"

Reform Movements (Part X)

Rana Kumbha

Rana Sanga

Maharana Pratap

Rani Padmini

Chittorgarh And Jainism