Let'sDo Business in India

Top 10 curropted countries in the world

2013-02-18T00:25:00.002-08:00

#1 Somalia has been a proxy battleground for nations for years

Somalia ranks 182 out of 182 countries and earned a score of 1 out of 10.

Foreign countries such as the US and USSR who used the country as a battleground for political ideologies helped drive corruption by backing particular clans or groups.

U.S. funding really helped the Siad Barre regime, which really took government corruption to the next level. After the regime fled in 1991, the country is essentially lawless and ruled by clans, warlords, and militia groups.

Even some NGOs giving Somalia millions are actually splitting the money between the NGOs and the the signing government officials.

#2 North Korea's officials drink imported Coke while its citizens die from starvation

North Korea ranks 182out of 182 countries and earned a score of 1 out of 10.

North Korea is little transparency, but just getting there usuallyrequires large bribes. Most of the testimonies come from refugees from the country, most of whom paid bribes to escape.

A Chinese national who snuck in and out of the country told RFA, "In some places in North Korea people are starving to death, but railway security agents wear Seiko watches and smoke [Craven A] cigarettes."

#3 Myanmar's corruption stems from its logs, gold, and drugs

Myanmar ranks 180 out of 182 countries and earned a score of 1.5 out of 10.

Its rich natural resources and drug rings have led widespread corruption in all of Southeast Asia. It is often seen as the root of problems in the Golden Triangle.

The country is full of internal ethnic violence and has been isolated most of the developed world because of human rights issues. But it still engages in illegal resource deals with nearby nations like China.

Clinton's visit there this week is the first one in over 50 years.

#4 Afghanistan's citizens consider government kickbacks normal

Afghanistan ranks 180out of 182 countries and earned a score of 1.9 out of 10.

In 2010, people from Afghanistan paid $2.5 billion in bribes, and nearly half the population has paid the government kickbacks.

Kickbacks are so common that 38 percent of citizens think its normal. Even meeting with a politician implies giving a kickback 40 percent of the time.

#5 Uzbekistan's top officials reap all the benefits from rich resources

Uzbekistan ranks 177out of 182 countries and earned a score of 1.6 out of 10.

The government is rich in resources, but doesn't allow for independent private sector growth, keeping control of everything.

A WikiLeak letter condemns former Prince Michael for "rampant corruption" and "organized crime." The authoritarian government is often cited as the root of the corruption problems.

Part of its anti-corruption drive shut down 100 supermarkets and manufacturing businesses. But according a local businessman, there's been "no progress in the battle against corruption. The country and its society are corrupted through and through."

#6 The 69 years Turkmenistan spent in the Soviet Union has led to totalitarian control

Turkmenistan ranks 177out of 182 countries and earned a score of 1.6 out of 10.

Though Turkmenistan declared its independence in 1991, the country just made moves to open up the country in 2006.

The country also labors under immense human rights abuses and residents face severe restrictions anytime they try leaving the country.

Turkmenistan has the 3rd worse freedom of the press, and is the 10th most censored country in the world.

#7 Money for Sudan's development ends in private hands and in foreign banks

Sudan ranks 177 out of 182 countries and earned a score of 1.6 out of 10.

Sudan's new president Salva Kir is being pushed to stop the mass pilfering of development money that comes into the Sudan meant to help rebuild the war ravaged country.

Since gaining self-rule in 2005 not one official has been prosecuted for corruption, despite there being a commission assigned specifically to the task.

#8 Iraq goes out of its way to silence whistleblowers

Iraq ranks 175 out of 182 countries and earned ascore of 1.8 out of 10.

The Iraq government is so entrenched in its rampant pattern of corruption since the fall of Saddam Hussein that it removes officials who try to prosecute racketeers.

Members of the government also intimidate politicians and journalists who support whistleblowers.

As recently as September 2011 a renown Iraqi journalist was murdered in his home for leading anti-government protests.

#9 Haiti is plagued by impenetrable bureaucracy

Haiti ranks 175 out of 182 countries and earned a score of 1.8 out of 10.

The immobilizing amount of "red tape" in the Haitian legal system enables local politicians and bureaucrats to gain influence and and direct public outcomes for financial gain.

The result has debilitated Haitian society and placed the country consistently at the top of the corruption list.

The $2 billion that came into the country following the 2010 earthquake did little to alleviate corruption and meandering bureaucracy.

#10 Venezuela's corruption began with the discovery of oil

Venezuela ranks 172 out of 182 countries and earned a score of 1.9 out of 10.

The discovery of mass amounts of oil in Venezuela hastened its slide into corruption and by the 1970s the petroleum sucked from the ground was called "the Devil's excrement" by Venezuelans.

Hugo Chavez's election to president in 1999 did nothing to slow the corruption. His Fifth Republic Movement is accused of cronyism, political patronage, and corruption just like the movement his party promised to replace.

Even the Venezuelan police force is recognized for its drastic levels of corruption.

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Description of the company Let'sDo

2013-01-27T05:05:00.000-08:00

Let'sDo is an Hyderabad based company providing Expert Lectures, Entrepreneurship Mentoring and Internships to undergraduates in Hyderabad operating under the name "Let'sDo".

Let'sDo is owned by Mohan Venkat Divvela. Let'sDo is in the seed company stage and it is going to operate from 1st November 2013.

Let'sDo offers one expert lecture every month by the industry leaders. The company also provides the mentoring for student startups withe name " power to an idea " and also provides the internships for the members. To take full advantage of the expert lectures, the lectures for the students are taught on first Sunday of every month in the seminar halls.

Let'sDo is going to well positioned to take advantage of the significant opportunities resented by the rapidly growth of under graduation students. From 2006-2012 the engineering colleges grew in 200% compared to past.

Thank & Regards

CEO & Founder of Let'sDo

Divvela Mohan venkat,

Call: 8886880111

Mail: venkatd.nani@gmail.com

Website: www.letsdo.co.in
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Every Indian have to read... Happy republic day

2013-01-26T06:32:00.002-08:00

Today we all are celebrating our republic day. Let me tell you the importance of this day. As we all know on 15th of August 1947 India became Independent however at that time we were not capable enough to run the whole nation so a constituent assembly was formed, which included Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar. This constituent assembly prepared our constitution which came into existence on 26th January 1950 i.e. 2 1/2 years after independence. So one can say that, on this day we became truly self dependent.

Every year we all celebrate Republic day to pay our tribute to our brave freedom fighters & to show our love for our motherland, that is a very good thing. But does it end there? Now this is a question to the Youngistan. Are you proud of your country? Do you love your country? Only during cricket match isn't it? Unfortunately our patriotism comes out only during matches, and all other times we are busy fighting amongst ourselves in the name of religion, region etc. If you ask this question to today's young generation, you'll find many of them complaining that India is a poor country, dirty country with corruption everywhere. But why is it so? A country is made up of its people. If people make it dirty the country is bound to be dirty; if people are corrupt, country is corrupt. So who is responsible? We are responsible. If we are responsible then shouldn't we do something? We should all go and join army, isn't it? NO. We don't have to go anywhere. We can stay right here and do a lot of service for our country. If every citizen of India observes his/her duties properly no one can stop our country from progressing. As students what are your duties? To take care of public property (when you travel in trains & buses, or you go to parks , you must keep these places clean) , you should help senior citizen & those younger than you.

Dear friends, Tell me one thing? If suppose your house is not as big as, as clean as your neighbour's house? What do you do? Do you run away from your house and go to stay at your neighbour's house? No, you try to do something about it! Then why do you run away from your country, your motherland? We say very proudly that more than 50% NASA scientists are Indians but do they really care about India? With so many scientists of Indian origin why don't they think of starting a NASA standard centre in India itself? I really don't think any of those Green-Card holders cares at all about India. This is what is called as "Brain- Drain". Every year India produces batches of Top class Doctors, Engineers & other highly qualified intellectuals. Of these most run abroad & settle there. That is why India has suffered in the past. Now its time to put a stop to this. And it is for you to decide whether you want to stay here and serve your people or you want to run behind money? Salute to Abdul Kalam, the mission man for contributing his services to the mother India.

Website: www.letsdo.co.in
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Let'Do

2013-01-20T08:52:00.001-08:00

About Let'sDo

In India gaining any industry experience as a student is more or less nonexistence. Let’sDo is the first offline organized & dedicated internship & entrepreneur development firm in India. It brings the students to do intern and gain explore across functions and industries of their interest.

Let’sDo started with the vision to provide work opportunity during college for every engineering graduate & to add power to their ideas.

Why Intern?

We guess we are going to addressing two categories of people one- who are still in college and confused about what they have to do in life. Two- who have completed college and still wondering what they are doing with their life! It’s sad that our youngistaan is utterly confused and wandering here and there without any direction. If you ask them “dude! You’re a mechanical guy, why are you sitting in Infosys campus drive?” He’ll reply – “yaar, I just need a job. I want to earn money”. He’ll join that company, will be fascinated by the amazing glass building and stellar hostels of the MNC and when he’ll be asked to do Java training, things would change into a nightmare for him. The moral of the story is that there’s no point in blindly following others, you MUST identify what your passion is the point is that I am not against MNC’s. There are people who love telecom and like the idea of a stable job with Ericsson. It’s great!.

Most enter their respective industries with varying expectations and the ground reality is always variant and mostly not in a positive manner. Let’sDo offers a solution for them by providing internship to the graduation students it helps to identify their passion weather we fit for this job or not, it add significant value to the youth and increases the ability to unlock the deadlock.

Power to an idea:

Our surroundings are affecting us to minimize our ideas and thoughts because if the people dare to think different, they say that you are mad!. Every one used to call Einstein mad. Everyone who dares to think different will called mad in the initial stages. When Siddhartha want to establish CCD every one said “pagal he kya” who will buy a coffee with that much cost, but today the CCD chain has 302 outlets in 65 cities and towns all over India. Just a cup of coffee makes him to become a high performance entrepreneur. Let’sDo collaborated with NEN & TiE which provided the mentors and experts to evaluate your idea as a business opportunity. We believe that dreams will not work unless you do. Let’sDo add power to an idea, we will encourage young entrepreneurs.

The future of India is depends on the young generation, increase in entrepreneurs raises the employment and economy of the country.

Check the website: www.letsdo.co.in

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Thanks &Regards

Mohan Venkat Divvela

A interesting journey to SPJIMR, Mumbai

2012-12-09T02:50:00.001-08:00

Mr X secures seat in SPJIMR which is one of the leading B-School in India placed in Mumbai. He decided to go to Mumbai alone. His parents also accepted his decision. There is only week left to go. He don't know any one in Mumbai but the only confidence is three years ago he went to Mumbai with his friends. He came to know the place of the college by the college website and he searched in the net which is the nearest station to the college. Now the problem is with the accommodation, one fine day when he was visiting the college website in the alumni list he find the company called "Bridge Accommodations" which will provide the PG's in Mumbai. He opened the official website of the company and called to him they said they are not providing the Accommodation in andheri, but there is a alternative, we can provide the accommodation in goregam which is near to the college by train there is only one stop between andheri and goregam he replied k then book the accommodation and said the date when he will come to Mumbai. So every thing is fine now the problem is with train reservation he is going alone with two heavy loaded bags to minimise the risk he decided to go in three tire AC compartment he went to near village to get the Tatkal ticket on one day before the journey he get the ticket every thing is fine till now.

The departure of the train is at early morning 5.30 from the place he live it takes one and half hour to reach the railway station by bus so they decided to go in car. They felt by car we can reach by half an hour in early morning. He woke up late in the morning and he get ready and started journey with his parents by 4.40 they felt no problem we can reach in 30 min but due to winter season the roads are fully covered with fog the driver unable to drive the car fast so all are in tense weather they reach in time or not luckily after some time the fog is cleared then the driver drives the car fast they went to platform by 5.20 by chance the train is 20 min late. The train will stop for 20 min in that station they stepped in and sit in their compartment by the time train start mom and dad was given the send off and stepped out from the train. He was slept when the train started the compartment is cold and berths are separated by the curtains the journey is for 22 hrs and he will arrive to Mumbai at 3 am he was not thinking about that and slept happily at 10am he woke up and had his breakfast at that time only two berths are filled out of six they both are not from his region he don't know Hindi much just he can manage with the few words he hope at least one in rest of the three will be from his region but rest of the three are also not from his region so no one is there to speak a regional language with him so he stared reading the "Turning Points" book written by Abdul Kalam. Later boy brought the lunch after lunch all started to sleep he chooses the upper berth this time, the compartment is very dark even in the mid day. At night boy came and woke up them and provided the dinner after eating he was waiting for the boy to pay the bill the boy came in 10 min and said INR 160 each meal INR60 and tiffin INR40 so he paid the bill and slept again he had a long sleep from afternoon to next day morning he know only three places names in Mumbai one where he has to step out the train Dadar , second the place where the accommodation is provide Goregam and the third where the college is placed Andheri. The lights in the compartment is switched on by the passengers by that he woke up and asked

" Agala station Kya hey"

Replied "Dadar"

So he came from the upper berth and get alert to step down from the train. The train is stopped but the station is Thane so he waited next stop is Dadar unfortunately the train is one and half hour late it favours him the train stoped in Dadar.

He stepped down with two heavy loaded bags it is very difficult to carry those bags he is not believing the kuli so he want to carry the bags even though they are heavy loaded he asked one person in the platform

" local train ke Jane keliye platform number Kya he"

Replied "chaar"

It is opposite end to the station so he need to fly the flyover while walking in the platform so many taxi drivers asked for taxi but he was not believing them so he refused to take taxi and started flying flyover to catch the local train and asked one person

" local train ka ticket counter kidar hey"

Replied " samne javo"

He found the ticket counter with long queue even though he stranded in the queue with language

He asked " Goregam Jane keliye ak ticket"

Replied " a counter nay opposite counter chalo"

He was irritated and helpless he is feeling very difficult to move with the language he stand there for a minute and decided to go in taxi he was searching for taxi no one is there so he came out from the station so many taxi's are there he get into one taxi

He asked " Goregam Jane keliye kitana rupee "

Replied 300

He barged for 220 and then he put the bags in taxi and step into taxi after sitting in the taxi he asked the change or INR 1000 I said I have only five 100 notes he said to give and he gave INR 1000 note. Due to some reasons he shifted me to another taxi which is in running so with in seconds he gave back my notes and he was taken his note back the taxi drive was moving fast I said to driver I will pay 220 he replied in Hindi I came to understand by his words that I need to pay per meter I was irritated and I said the address to him "Goregam, gokuldham, Aarey bhasker garden, daya sagar complex" he replied " garden malum nie gokuldham malum" He was fully irritated but helpless gokuldham came he said "bas bas" and came out from taxi driver said 300 by meter he find only three 100 notes in his valet and he came to know the previous taxi driver manipulated and stolen two notes he paid to him and from that time he was very alert for every situation he catcher the auto and said the address driver asked INR 50 he have only 50 rupees with him at last he reaches his destination in auto he call the kul preth the MD of Bridge accommodation he replied the office will be open at 10 am now it is 7 am so he need to wait for 3 hrs so he decided to stay in the garden and started walking with bags he got a call from kul preth he said that I will message you one number he will guide you he said. He felt happy and called to that number he replied wait there only I will come in 5 min his name swalin. Swalin came in few minutes and opened the office and finished the formalities swalin said he need to pay 6500 first month rent 3000 for registration and 15000 advance he said I will pay 10k now and afternoon I will pay rest of the money he accepted swalin take him to apartments on his bike it is one km away from the office in a few minutes they reached to apartment. He observed so many apartments in the way with the average height 25 stares it feels strange to him. His apartment is only 7 stares and his flat is in 7th floor in the lift they went to 7th floor and entered in to the flat. He felt very happy by seeing the flat it is triple bed room flat and six members are going to stay in that flat so in each bed room going to stay two members there is a TV in each bed room and fridge, Stove, cylinder, heater etc every thing is available after showing the room swalin went away. His room mate went to office and rest of the rooms are locked inside and they are sleeping all are employes. He was hungry so fresh up quickly and stepped out from the apartment.

The place he was living is called Riddhi gardens and around ten plus apartments are there in Riddhi gardens and entire place is filled with full of trees and it is completely residential and decent place. So he came out from Riddhi gardens and started searching for hotel to have breakfast there are so many hotels but all are looking small in size and the roads are full of crud and looks like entire population in India are seams to be in Mumbai all shops are conjusted and adjacent to each other after some time he find one decent hotel. In Mumbai if the food court is furnished then the closed room with tables is called as restarent there are only two options to eat weathered to eat in the footpath or in restarent. Generally in his region only lower middle class and poor people only will eat in the footpath stops with that assumption he entered into a decent restarent he saw the menu vada INR 50 and idly INR 20 all dosa items are more than INR 80 so he ordered vada idly he felt very expensive and expected he will deliver two vada and two idly but he delivered only one vada one idly by seeing that he was shocked and no words to him at least one forth part of the stomach is also not filled with that stuff he was taken couple of sambar cups extra with that half of the stomach is filled and rest of the stomach is filled with water, the idly and vada is very tasty but small in size he paid the bill and came out and he felt this is the first and last time to come to this restarent later he started searching for hair dressing saloon every saloon is looking like expensive he found one small saloon and get trimmed his hair he charged INR 100 at. That time he realised that why there are still hair cutting stops are in footpath like in a village generally he used to see the road side hair dressing stops in villages. He felt every thing is expensive in Mumbai and went back to room and finished his bath, after that he want to buy a mobile and sim card to maintain both romping sim and local sim so he went to mobile shop and buy a mobile generally mobile prices will be same at any place later he asked for the sim card he said that not there after stepping o four mobile shops he came to know that sim cards will available only in the stores like Vodafone store etc.

He asked " Vodafone store kidar hey"

Replied " station ke pass"

So he catches the share auto and went to the Vodafone store he came to know that he need to pay INR 550 to get the new prepaid connection and 520 rupees balance will come when it activated he finished the formalities and they said that it takes one week time to get activate the sim card. He was surprised because in his region the sim card will get activated in a few minutes, he finished the formalities and return back to the Riddhi gardens and stared searching for restarent which will suit for his budget this time he went to the small restarent and saw the menu all items are expensive the didn't find the meals in the menu so he ordered the sambar rice later he saw one member neighbour to him ordered the meals so he called the waiter and said cancel the sambar rice and order meals waiter asked puri or chapatti or roti he said no need waiter said need to choose one so he ordered puri the order is delivered quickly he found five small puris and small cup of rice and two curries samar and dal food is very delicious but rice is in small quantity after lunch he paid the bill of INR90 he came to realise that getting a rice in mumbai is very expensive and tuned his mind to have chapati daily and came back to room still two bed rooms are locked and they were sleeping inside he was very tired so he was also slept and he woke up at 7.30 pm he observed that the two bed rooms are unlocked and they were not there so he was alone in the room. Swalin came to the room to collect the rest of the amount he paid the amount and he planned to see the college which makes easy to go to college tomorrow. He catches the city bus at Riddhi gardens to go to railway station he collected the ticket in the counter and catches the train and went to andheri he came to know that there is only one stop between andheri he went to andheri bus stop and waiting for the bus to go to SPJIMR he waited for 10 min bus didn't came he felt that it is getting late and he want to go back to room any way he can go by auto to college he felt and he went to ticket counter and given INR 10 and said one ticket Goregam he was given ticket and instead of going change he was given the token he don't know what it is any way he was taken the token and cathed the train and reached andheri he had the puri on footpath stop he felt that on footpath also food is very tasty and have good quality and came back to room back to room. He felt that there is no one in the flat after 10 min his room mate saurab who is working in the HDFC came from the office he was a nice guy he feel comfortable with saurab and he came to know rest of the four guys have the night shifts every day he was sleepy and slept after having a general conversation because he need to go to college by 9am.

It is Saturday for his room mate Saturday and unsay is holiday as usually rest of the four members rooms are looked inside and sleeping so quickly he get ready and without breakfast he went to station he found that there is a three types of upma's selling in the footpath stop he asked one type of upma he served in the small disposal cup generally those cups are used in the temples to serve the prasadam in the temple he treated this as a prasadam and had two cups o upma and paid INR 20 it is also very tastes and had a good quality he realised that in Mumbai every where we will find with a good taste and good quality. Due to lack of time he ran to station and he don't know how to convey the token as the ticket so he stood in the queue and taken a ticket for andheri and reached andheri there a less time so he called the auto and said to go to SPJIMR in it is just 2 Km from the college with in 5 min he reached to college

He stepped into the college and he came to know that his class is going to conduct in the 5 th floor so he went to 5 th floor in lift the class is looking great and seating arrangement is also very nice it look like a board meeting room seating arrangement is in the U shape all 28 students will sit in that seating arrangement. The room is very cold because all four air conditioners are switched on. After that the course organiser was entered into the room she addressed her self as the benal and guided us on each and every desk half litre water bottle is placed. Benal said to collect the name boards which are placed in the shelf we have to place the name boards on our desk. Later benal said to we need to choose two course coordinators coco voluntarily one girl neha raised hand to be as coco for the second coco he raised the hand so these two are the coco's for the course they need to take the responsibilities while providing materials, partitioning groups, collecting ppt's etc. After few minutes chairperson Mr M.S.Rao entered into the room to address us and he said students in the class need to choose the coco at the end of the day we need to choose the coco. In a few minutes prof Radhika Narayanan was entered who is going to handle the morning session the session is from 9.30 to 1 pm the session is great and very interactively she said that in SPJIMR claps are not permitted we have to beat the desk instead of claps for appreciation he felt its interesting the time runs very faulty and between lunch there is a tea break they will provide the cookies and tea and lunch also provided by them afternoon session is started at 2 pm and ended at 6 pm session is really very interesting by the end of the day every one become very close and with in a day every one became very close they was chosen neha and his as a coco he found two of them in the class are from his region one in them dropped him in Riddhi garden and in the journey he guided how to live in Mumbai and how systematic the Mumbai will be finally he is very happy because the course and college is very nice and good place he came to know that life in Mumbai is very systematic and peace but it is expensive comparatively with in two days how was habituated with that life and leading the life exciting systematic and happily. By the by I didn't address the person in the journey he is none other than the admin of the blog.

- Divvela

Website: www.letsdo.co.in

Facebook page: www.facebook.com/letsdo.co.in

How to Get People to Listen to You on Social Media

2012-11-25T20:40:00.004-08:00

It's unlikely your social media posts will enjoy the level of popularity as these public figures, but you certainly don't need to be a White House resident or have a trendy chili-bowl haircut to make your voice known. It just takes a few key strategies to put your company out there.

Make it count.

Whether it's a 140-character tweet or a blog post, be clever with your words. Consumers don't have the time or attention span to read through several paragraphs. Make your posts short, sweet, and to the point.

Don't overdo it.

On social media, there is such a thing as over-doing it. Feel free to share pictures of company events, post about new product launches, and share any upcoming news, but don't clog your audiences' feeds with unnecessary information. Consumers will start ignoring you if they feel bombarded with information, and you might end up losing advocates.

Listen to your audience.

Have you ever been on a bad date in which the person wouldn't stop talking about himself or herself? It's a huge turnoff. The same "it's not all about me" etiquette applies to social media interactions.

A key part of business-to-business and business-to-consumer communication is two-way engagement. If somebody asks you a question or tweets at you on a social media channel, respond in a timely manner. If something negative or inaccurate is posted, apologize, offer a solution, or clarify the discrepancy. Listening pays off, and you might end up actually learning something.

Analyze your results.

There is a plethora of social media analysis software out there--programs that analyze sentiment, activity, top influencers, engagement patterns, and more, so you can watch your progress and learn what it takes to get the better results in the future. By observing what works and what doesn't work over time, you can make your outreach better suited for your audience.

Patience, especially in the case of social media, is a virtue. Growing a following takes time, and you need to build trust and nurture relationships that you want to keep.

Source: Rachel Krasnow article

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The man who can create "YASH CHOPRA"

2012-11-17T03:59:00.001-08:00

Yash Chopra was born in the year September 27, 1932. He was an Indian film director, script writer and film producer, predominantly working in Hindi cinema. Chopra began his career as an assistant director to I.S. Johar and his elder brother, B.R. Chopra. He made his directorial debut with Dhool Ka Phool in 1959, a melodrama about illegitimacy and followed it with the social drama Dharmputra (1961). Encouraged by the success of both films, the Chopra brothers made several more movies together during the late fifties and sixties. Chopra then rose to prominence after the commercially and critically successful drama, Waqt (1965), which pioneered the concept of ensemble casts in Bollywood.

In 1973, Chopra founded his own production company, Yash Raj Films and launched it with Daag: A Poem of Love (1973), a successful melodrama about a polygamous man. His success continued in the seventies, with some of Indian cinema's most successful and iconic films, including the action thriller Deewar (1975) which established Amitabh Bachchan as the leading actor in Bollywood, the romantic drama Kabhie Kabhie (1976) and Trishul (1978). From the late seventies till 1989 marked a professional setback in Chopra's career as several films he produced or directed in that period failed to leave a mark at the Indian box office, notably Doosra Aadmi, Kaala Pathar, Silsila (1981), Mashaal (1984), Faasle (1985) and Vijay (1988) were his productions. However, in 1989, Chopra directed the commercially and critically successful cult film Chandni which became instrumental in ending the era of violent films in Bollywood and returning musicals.

Chopra then directed and produced the cult classic Lamhe in 1991. Considered by critics and Chopra himself as his best work to date, the film became one of the biggest Bollywood hits in the overseas market. In 1992 he directed Parampara which was critically panned. Chopra followed it with the box-office hit and trend setter Darr (1993). Starring Shahrukh Khan in his debut, it showed a sympathetic look at obsessive love and defied the image of the conventional hero. Since then, Chopra directed three more romantic films, all starring Khan; Dil To Pagal Hai (1997), Veer-Zaara (2004) and Jab Tak Hai Jaan (2012) before he announced his retirement from directing in 2012.

Chopra founded and was chairman of the motion picture production and distribution company Yash Raj Films, which ranks as India's biggest production company as of 2006, as well as the founder of Yash Raj Studios.

Chopra's career has spanned over five decades and over 50 films and is considered one of the leading filmmakers in the history of Hindi cinema. He came to be known as the "King of romance" of the Indian cinema. Chopra has won several film awards, including six National Film Awards, eleven Filmfare awards and four Filmfare Award for Best Director. The Government of India honoured him with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2001 and the Padma Bhushan in 2005 for his contributions towards Indian cinema. BAFTA presented him with a lifetime membership for his contribution to the films, making him the first Indian to receive the honour.

Producer:

Daag (1973)

Kabhi Kabhie (1976)

Doosra Aadmi (1977)

Trishul (1978)

Noorie (1979)

Kaala Pathar (1979)

Silsila (1981)

Nakhuda (1981)

Sawaal (1982)

Mashaal (1984)

Faasle (1985)

Vijay (1988)

Chandni (1989)

Lamhe (1991)

Darr (1993)

Aaina (1993)

Yeh Dillagi (1994)

Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995)

Humko Ishq Ne Maara (Telefilm) (1997)

Dil To Pagal Hai (1997)

Mohabbatein (2000)

Mujhse Dosti Karoge! (2002)

Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai (2002)

Saathiya (2002)

Hum Tum (2004)

Dhoom (2004)

Veer-Zaara (2004)

Bunty Aur Babli (2005)

Salaam Namaste (2005)

Neal N Nikki (2005)

Fanaa (2006)

Dhoom 2 (2006)

Kabul Express (2006)

Ta Ra Rum Pum (2007)

Jhoom Barabar Jhoom (2007)

Chak De India (2007)

Laaga Chunari Mein Daag (2007)

Aaja Nachle (2007)

Tashan (2008)

Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic (2008)

Bachna Ae Haseeno (2008)

Roadside Romeo (2008)

Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008)

New York (2009)

Dil Bole Hadippa (2009)

Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year (2009)

Pyaar Impossible (2010)

Band Baaja Baaraat (2010)

Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge (2011)

Mere Brother Ki Dulhan (2011)

Ladies vs Ricky Bahl (2011)

Ishaqzaade (2012)

Ek Tha Tiger (2012)

Jab Tak Hai Jaan (2012)

Director

Movie Name Year of Release

1 Dhool Ka Phool. 1959

2 Dharmputra 1961

3 Waqt 1965

4 Aadmi Aur Insaan 1969

5 Ittefaq 1969

6 Daag 1973

7 Joshila 1973

8 Deewaar 1975

9 Kabhi Kabhie 1976

10 Trishul 1978

11 Kaala Patthar 1979

12 Silsila 1981

13 Mashaal 1984

14 Faasle 1985

15 Vijay 1988

16 Chandni 1989

17 Lamhe 1991

18 Parampara 1991

19 Darr 1993

20 Dil To Pagal Hai 1997

21 Veer-Zaara 2004

22 Jab Tak Hai Jaan 2012

National Film Awards:

1990, National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment, Chandni

1994, National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment, Darr

1996, National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge

1998, National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment, Dil To Pagal Hai

2005, National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment, Veer-Zaara

Film fare Awards:

1965, Filmfare Best Director Award, Waqt

1969, Filmfare Best Director Award, Ittefaq

1973, Filmfare Best Director Award, Daag

1975, Filmfare Best Director Award, Deewar

1991, Filmfare Best Movie Award, Lamhe

1995, Filmfare Best Movie Award, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge

1997, Filmfare Best Movie Award, Dil To Pagal Hai

2004, Filmfare Best Movie Award, Veer-Zaara

2006, Filmfare Power Award

2007, Filmfare Power Award

2008, Filmfare Power Award

Honours and recognitions:

1. 2005: Padma Bhushan, one of the country's highest civilian honours.

France's highest civilian honour, Legion of Honour,

2. Vice President of the Film Producers’ Guild of India for the last 10 years.

Handpicked by the British Film Institute for a book written by Rachel Dwyer in their ‘World Directors Series’. This book showcases the glorious five-decade career of Yash Chopra.

3. Pusan International Film Festival – Asian Filmmaker of the Year, 2009

Honoured along with the Egyptian comedy superstar Adel Imam and the Oscar-winning actor Morgan Freeman as the Asian, Arab and Hollywood honorees in the Dubai International Film Festival "In the Spotlight", which honours the work of eminent actors, producers and directors from around the world for their distinguished service to the film industry.

4. Honoured by the Swiss Government for rediscovering Switzerland and recently, he was presented a Special Award by Ursula Andress on behalf of the Swiss Government.

5. Currently on the Advisory Board of the Information & Broadcasting Ministry of the Government of India.

6. Founder Trustee of Film Industry Welfare Trust established in the year 1996.

7. Received the BBC Asia Awards twice – in 1998 and 2001 for his outstanding contribution in films.

8. Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Millennium Lifetime Achievement award in 2001.

9. Certificate of Recognition from the British Tourist Authority and British Film Commission for promoting tourism in the UK through his films.

10. Vocational Excellence Award by the Rotary Club

Outstanding Achievement Awards by the apex bodies of Indian Industry – like the CII (Confederation of Indian Industry).

11. He was honoured by the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA) at Malaysia for his outstanding contribution to Indian cinema.

12. Honoured by NAASCOM (National Association of Software and Service Companies) and AIAI (All India Association of Industries) for his outstanding achievements.

13. He has also been awarded the Priyadarshini Award for his outstanding contribution to Indian cinema.

14. Phalke Award for 2001, the topmost and the highest honour given in the Indian film industry.

15. He had been given the Maharastra state government’s Raj Kapoor and V. Shantaram’ Awards, in recognition of his impressive contributions to the Hindi film industry.

16. Lifetime Achievement Award at the 4th Pune International Film Festival 2006 [P.I.F.F.]

17. A lifetime membership to BAFTA for his contribution to the Indian film industry. He is the first Indian to be honoured at BAFTA in 59-year history of the academy.

18. On 13 November 2007, Chopra was conferred the Zenith Asia Honour for his contribution to Indian cinema.

19. FIAPF Award for Outstanding Achievement in Film at the 2008 Asia Pacific Screen Awards.

20. National Kishore Kumar Award by the Government of Madhya Pradesh.

Swiss Ambassador's Award 2010 for his contribution in promoting 'Brand Switzerland' through his movies.

21. In October 2010 he was given the Outstanding Achievement in Cinema award at The Asian Awards.

22. In 2011 Chopra was honoured with the title of Ambassador of Interlaken.

Honorary Doctorate degrees:

2004: by the Guru Nanak University, Amritsar, India in recognition of his stature as a leading luminary of India.

2007: by the Leeds Metropolitan University in Yorkshire

2008: by the Punjab University, Chandigarh, India for his contribution to Indian cinema.

2010: from the School of Oriental and African Studies.

2012 Honorary Professorship from Trinity College Dublin.

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Darkness of lightning Diwali

2012-11-13T21:57:00.003-08:00

The diyas lit on the moonless Diwali night signifies the end of darkness of ignorance and the beginning of light that enlightens all.

Our traditional use firecrackers in Diwali cause of reasons, possible reason and a more scientific one for lightning firecrackers Is that the fumes produced by them kill insects and Mosquitos found after the rain.

But now people use firecrackers in am amount that it harming the mankind, environment, increasing the pollution.

"Say 'No' to Fire crackers and 'Yes' to life!"

For most people lighting of firecrackers is the highlight of Diwali. Brighter the sparkles, louder the noise the greater the thrill!! In fact to many of us, these aesthetic forms of light seem so appropriate and most essential when celebrating the 'Festival of Lights'.

But little do people realize that in our increasingly populated and polluted cities, the temporary joy of watching the firecrackers is soon replaced by the intense air pollution caused by these. The toxic substances used in the firecrackers release toxic gases that are harmful to the health of all living beings. The high level of noise generated by the crackers cause immense suffering to birds and animals. Besides, Diwali crackers are dreaded by the sick and the ailing.

Sadly, few of us realise that the firecrackers used on Diwali are mostly made by very young children. Since the substances being handled are extremely toxic many of these child labourers get sick and die in their early teenage years.

Chemical. Impact

Copper Irritation of respiratory tract

Cadmium Anemia and damage to kidney

Lead Affects the nervous system

Magnesium Its dust and fumes cause metal fume fever

Sodium. Reacts violently with moisture and can attack the skin

Zinc Leads to vomiting

Nitrate Could lead to mental impairment

Nitrite. Could lead to coma

From the Financial view it is wrong to spread smoke of crackers costing millions of rupees, in the atmosphere crackers worth Rs. 50 crores are burst only in the State of Andhra Pradesh and this is a figure taken from the date of 2012. The present turnover of crackers has gone up to more than Rs. 1000 crores and must have crossed thousands of crores in whole of the country. Is it right to spread smoke of millions of rupees in the atmosphere for celebrating Diwali festival?

From the phycological point perversion created among small children due to crackers : Today’s children enjoy frightening a beggar by bursting ‘atom bomb’ near him to scare him rather than giving him some food. This is a mental perversion created by crackers.

Make children take oath in schools that they would not burst crackers. Students from few schools in Mumbai had taken such oath before start of Diwali vacation that they would not burst crackers during Diwali.

Parents! Tell your children that child labour is used in manufacturing of crackers and explain to them why crackers should not be burst !: In the city of crackers in India, i.e. in Shivkashi in the State of Tamil Nadu, child labour is mainly employed in manufacture of crackers. The continuous hard work in factories and pollution due to poisonous gas affects these children’s life very badly hampering their growth. Considering the above, parents should motivate their children for boycotting crackers in Diwali.

America : In a developed country like USA, there is a ban on crackers that make noise. Only sparkling noiseless crackers are allowed to be burst but for that also, permission is required to be taken. If crackers are to be burst on a special occasion, special permission is required. Permission is granted only after ensuring that crackers would be burst at a place away from residential area and would not pose any kind of danger to anyone. It is also seen whether fire-brigade’s service is available at such place. Do we take such safety measures?

Only major citizens are allowed to purchase crackers in countries like New Zealand, Italy, France, Belgium etc. It is necessary that in India too, such law is passed.

This articles endeavours to sensitise the readers towards celebrating an environmentally safe Diwali by pointing out the major impacts that Diwali has on our environment. It is hoped that this articles will encourage you to celebrate a green Diwali, where there will be an explosion of joy without crackers! Please don't invest the money to pollute the environment. I completely avoided the firecrackers from two years, to motivate to the people first I need to change myself. I hope at least one person will realise the effects of firecrackers and celebrate the green Diwali for next year by seeing this post.

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My voice, Why i want to become Entrepreneur...?

2012-11-09T03:41:00.001-08:00

I guess I am addressing two categories of people through this post. One – who are still in college and confused about what they have to do in life and two – who have completed college and are still wondering what they are doing with their life!

It’s sad that our youngistaan is utterly confused and wandering here and there without any direction. If you ask them “dude! You’re a mechanical guy, why are you sitting in Infosys campus drive?” He’ll reply – “yaar, I just need a job. I want to earn money”. He’ll join that company, will be fascinated by the amazing glass building and stellar hostels of the MNC and when he’ll be asked to do Java training, things would change into a nightmare for him. The moral of the story is that there’s no point in blindly following others, you MUST identify what your passion is.

The point is that I am not against MNC’s. There are people who love telecom and like the idea of a stable job with Ericsson. It’s great! Go Join. But if you love being your boss and are willing to chase your dreams with extreme passion, you’re bound to become an Entrepreneur. It is said that if you are an Entrepreneur, you’re the CEO, the HR Manager and the peon too. You’re no more the “babu” sitting on the chair all day.

What does it take to become a successful Entrepreneur?

It is passion, passion and passion! You got to have big dreams and the ability to chase them with passion.

“Passion is the most potent fuel for your dreams”

That’s it – you ought to keep yourself fueled up all the time.

I want to learn, each and every moment! Grow, each and every moment! That’s what makes an entrepreneur. You MUST be willing and eager to learn.

As Steve Jobs says “STAY HUNGRY, STAY FOOLISH”.

What is the first step?

Have you ever ridden a bicycle? The first move is the most difficult, isn’t it? The first step towards Entrepreneurship requires the maximum courage. First of all, be ready to be scrutinized by your parents, family and neighbors. When you announce that you don’t want to work for a company, you want to own a company! They’ll say that you’re mad! It’s alright. Everyone used to call Einstein mad. Everyone who dares to be different is called mad in the initial days.

Therefore, in the initial stage, COURAGE is on the essentials. You MUST be driven towards your goal, no matter what! You will have to face new challenges every day. And you have to face them with a smile.

Don’t stop BELIEVING! You just have to BELIEVE in yourself and the thing is done.

I deserve something big and I WILL achieve it, no matter what! I took the first step, the second and I am still on the struggling stage. Still, I am happier, richer and better. And, I will NEVER stop trying, no matter what!

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The 6 important factors that effect the Gold price

2012-11-07T21:56:00.001-08:00

The price of gold is considered as a major indicator of the status of global economy.gold prices depend on demand and supply in the gold market which is dominated by future market and speculation. Central banks can be the biggest player both as a seller and buyer. Gold prices increased because people ran to gold to help them hold on to the value of their savings.

There are 6 main factors that affect the price of gold.

1. Value of US dollar

The foremost factor that governs the price of gold is the value of US Dollar. A stronger US dollar will keep the price of gold controlled and low. A weak dollar will set the price of gold spiralling to a very high price. US economy plays a major role in shaping the macroeconomics of the world. When the dollar is strong, people invest, buy and trade in dollars.

However, in recent times, the US economy has suffered a lot. Dollar has not remained as powerful and promising as ever; this is the reason why people and nations start investing and hoarding in bullion. The high gold reserves strengthen the national economies and act as a hedge against inflation.

2. Production of gold

Due to the rising cost of production in gold mining, strikes by gold-miners, worsening political situation, the sharp increase in the oil prices after the Iraq war, and terrorist attacks, a decline in the gold-mining production has been recorded for the past 5 years. The world population is constantly rising, and so is the demand of investment in bullion. Man has always believed in investing in bullion since ages. So, the prices of gold are also affected by the natural desire of man to hoard gold.

3. Demand for jewellery by the China and India markets

China and India are the biggest buyers of bullion for their jewellery market. In the year 2004, Chinese citizens were granted the ownership of ignot for the first time in history. This triggered a very high demand of bullion, which subsequently affected the price of bullion worldwide. In 2009, a record 32% decrease in the demand for gold-jewellery was recorded, due to the global economic crisis, which resulted in a slight decline in the gold-price.

4. Central Banks

Central banks and mining companies, with a large amount of gold reserve, can and do affect the gold price. By massively selling or buying gold (or reducing the output, in case of mines), these market players can change the gold rate.

But the power of central banks should not be overestimated. First, they hold only 16% of the produced gold. Additionally, the Washington Agreement on Gold (WAG) from 1999 puts a cap on the sales of gold by its members (United States, Japan, Europe, Australia, Bank of International Settlements and the International Monetary Fund). This agreement limits the sale to less than 500 tonnes annually.

Besides huge gold stocks, central banks have another way of directing the gold rate. If central banks increase the interest rate, they make gold investments less favourable, as gold does not produce interests. Therefore, investors would realign their portfolio in favour of national currencies or bonds.

5. Speculation and Investing

Surely, gold is not only bought and sold to govern national economies, but investors also appreciate gold. It can be used as a hedge against inflation (inflation reduces the value of currencies). The gold price is negatively correlated with the US dollar. If the dollar becomes weaker, gold will become more valuable. Speculators can also choose futures and options to even benefit from falling gold rates, and to profit disproportionally from gold price movements.

6. Supply and Demand

This is true of any commodity. If the demand for gold increases (particularly in the Asian markets of India & China) suddenly and the supply cannot meet the demand, the prices will increase. Similarly, if production of gold is hit because of a miners' strike and the supply falls, this will also lead to an increase in prices.Although there are many hidden factors that are said to influence price of gold, broadly speaking, there are only a few factors that certainly do. The remaining factors are generally speculative and not mutually agreed upon.

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Complete list of Cabinet ministries and portfolios

2012-11-06T23:19:00.000-08:00

There are three categories of ministers, in descending order of rank:

Union Cabinet Minister: Senior minister in-charge of a ministry. ACabinet minister may also hold additional charges of other Ministries, where no other Cabinet minister is appointed

Minister of State (Independent Charge): With no overseeing Union Cabinet Minister for that portfolio

Minister of State (MoS): Junior minister with an overseeing Cabinet Minister, usually tasked with a specific responsibility in that ministry. For instance, an MoS in the Finance Ministry may only handle Taxation

Union council of ministers

CABINET

1. Prime Minister

2. Finance

3. Agriculture, Food and Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs and Public 4.Distribution

5. Defence

6. Home Affairs

7. Railways

8. External Affairs

9. Health and Family Welfare

10. Human Resource Development

11. Law and Justice

12. Information and Broadcasting

13. Commerce and Industry

14. Urban Development

15. Petroleum and Natural Gas

16. Housing, Urban and Poverty Alleviation, Tourism

17. Power

18. Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises.

19. Surface Transport and Highways

20. Steel

21. IT and Communication

22. Textiles

23. Water Resources

24. Rural Development and Panchayati Raj

25. Youth Affairs and Sports

26. Chemicals and Fertilisers

27. Labour and Employment

28. New and Renewable Energy.

29. Food Processing Industries

30. Shipping

31. Parliamentary Affairs

32. Overseas Indian Affairs

33. Mines, Development of North-Eastern Region

34. Social Justice and Empowerment

35. Tribal Affairs

MINISTERS OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE)

1. Civil Aviation

2. Science and Technology; Earth Sciences and MoS in the PMO; Personnel, 3. Public Grievances and Pensions and Parliamentary Affairs.

4. Coal; Statistics and Programme Implementation

5. Corporate Affairs; Minority Affairs

6. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

7. Women and Child Development

8. Environment and Forests

MINISTERS OF STATE

1. Road Transport and Highways

2. Health and Family Welfare

3. Rural Development

4. Tourism

5. Shipping

6. Information and Broadcasting

7. Social Justice and Empowerment

8. Information and Broadcasting

9. Health and Family Welfare

10. Tribal Affairs

11. Communications and IT

12. Youth Affairs and Sports

13. Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises

14. Road Transport and Highways

15. External Affairs

16. Water Resources

17. Rural Development

18. Home Affairs

19. Petroleum and Natural Gas

20. Railways

21. Chemicals and Fertilisers

22. Planning, Parliamentary Affairs

23. Commerce and Industry

24. Human Resource Development

25. Textiles

26. Finance

27. Defence

28. Urban Development

29. Steel

30. External Affairs

31. IT and Communications

32. Labour and Employment

33. Agriculture, Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution

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Top paid Executives in India

2012-11-05T23:20:00.002-08:00

1) Naveen Jindal, the Chairman and Managing Director of Jindal Steel: His annual income is Rs 672051008

2) Kalanithi Maran, the Chairman & Managing Director of Sun TV Network: His annual income is Rs 644000000

3) Kavery Kalanithi, the Joint Managing Director of Sun TV Network: Her annual income is Rs 644000000.

4) Sunil Bharti Mittal, the Chairman & Managing Director of Bharti Airtel: His annual income is Rs 275065408.

5) Brijmohan Lall Munjal, the Chairman of Hero Motocorp: His annual income is Rs 267517728

6) Pawan Munjal, the Managing Director & CEO of Hero Motocorp: His annual income is Rs 264730816

7) BG Raghupathy, the Chairman & Managing Director of BGR Energy Sys: His annual income is Rs 259235008.

8) Pankaj R Patel, the Chairman & Managing Director of Cadila Health: His annual income is Rs 250000000

9) Sajjan Jindal, the Chairman & Managing Director of JSW Steel: His annual income is Rs 208000000

10) Debnarayan Bhattacharya, the Managing Director of Hindalco Inds: His annual income is Rs 173122800

11) Murali K Divi, the Chairman & Managing Director of Divi's Lab: His annual income is Rs 162900000

12) PR Ramasubrahmaneya Rajha, the Chairman & Managing Director of Madras Cement: His annual income is Rs 156263760

13) Jayadev Galla, the Managing Director of Amara Raja Batt: His annual income is Rs 151000000

14) Mukesh D Ambani, the Chairman & Managing Director of Reliance Industries: His annual income is Rs 150000000

15) AM Naik, the Chairman, MD & CEO of Larsen & Toubro: His annual income is Rs Rs 141846000

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List of billionaires in India

2012-11-04T23:38:00.003-08:00

@@@ NAME @@@ @@@ OCCUPATION @@@

1. Mukesh Ambani. Petrochemical, oil&gas

2. Lakshmi Mittal. Steel

3. Azim premji. Software

4. Savitri Jindal. Steel

5. Sunil Mittal. Telecom

6. Kumar Birla. Commodities

7. Anil Ambani. Diversified

8. Dilip Shanghvi. Pharmaceutical

9. Shashi & Ravi. Diversified

10. Kushal pal singh. Real estate

11. Gautham. Commodities , Infrastructure

12. Shiv Nadar. IT

13. Uday kotak. Banking

14. Micky Jagtiani. Retail

15. Anil Agarwal. Mining, metals

16. Malvindar,Shivindar. Health care

17. Brijmohan lal. Motorcycle

18. Cyrus poonawalla. Biotech

19. Kalanithi maran. Media

20. Adi Godrej. Diversified

21. Rishad Naoroji. Diversified

22. Indus Jain. Media

23. Pankaj Patel. Pharmaceutical

24. Désh Bandhu Gupta. Pharmaceutical

25. Ajay Kalsi. Oil

26. Rajan Raheja. Diversified

27. G. M. Rao. Infrastructure

28. Rahul Bajaj. Motorcycle

29. Subhash Chandra. Media

30. N. R Narayana Murthy. Software

31. Chandru Raheja. Real estate

32. Senapathi Gopalakrishna. Software

33. Vikas Oberoi. Real estate

34. Nandan Nelakani. Software

35. Ajay Peramala. Pharmaceutical

36. K. Anji Reddy. Pharmaceutical

37. Gautham Tapar. Paper

38. Venugopal Dhot. Electronics

39. Brij Bhushan Singal. Steel

40. Benu Gopal Bangur. Cement

41. Ashwin Dani. Paints

42. Yusuf Hamied. Pharmaceutical

43. Rakesh Jhunjhunwala. Investment

44. K. Dinesh. Software

46. Mangal Prabhat. Real estate

47. Vijay Mallya. Liquor

48. Bhupendra Kumar. Telecom

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Factors that influence the exchange rate of the currency

2012-10-26T23:02:00.001-07:00

Aside from factors such as interest rates and inflation, the exchange rate is one of the most important determinants of a country's relative level of economic health. Exchange rates play a vital role in a country's level of trade, which is critical to most every free market economy in the world. For this reason, exchange rates are among the most watched, analyzed and governmentally manipulated economic measures. But exchange rates matter on a smaller scale as well: they impact the real return of an investor's portfolio. Here we look at some of the major forces behind exchange rate movements.

Overview

Before we look at these forces, we should sketch out how exchange rate movements affect a nation's trading relationships with other nations. A higher currency makes a country's exports more expensive and imports cheaper in foreign markets; a lower currency makes a country's exports cheaper and its imports more expensive in foreign markets. A higher exchange rate can be expected to lower the country's balance of trade, while a lower exchange rate would increase it.

Determinants of Exchange Rates

Numerous factors determine exchange rates, and all are related to the trading relationship between two countries. Remember, exchange rates are relative, and are expressed as a comparison of the currencies of two countries. The following are some of the principal determinants of the exchange rate between two countries. Note that these factors are in no particular order; like many aspects of economics, the relative importance of these factors is subject to much debate.

1. Differentials in Inflation

As a general rule, a country with a consistently lower inflation rate exhibits a rising currency value, as its purchasing power increases relative to other currencies. During the last half of the twentieth century, the countries with low inflation included Japan, Germany and Switzerland, while the U.S. and Canada achieved low inflation only later. Those countries with higher inflation typically see depreciation in their currency in relation to the currencies of their trading partners. This is also usually accompanied by higher interest rates. (To learn more, see Cost-Push Inflation Versus Demand-Pull Inflation.)

2. Differentials in Interest Rates

Interest rates, inflation and exchange rates are all highly correlated. By manipulating interest rates, central banks exert influence over both inflation and exchange rates, and changing interest rates impact inflation and currency values. Higher interest rates offer lenders in an economy a higher return relative to other countries. Therefore, higher interest rates attract foreign capital and cause the exchange rate to rise. The impact of higher interest rates is mitigated, however, if inflation in the country is much higher than in others, or if additional factors serve to drive the currency down. The opposite relationship exists for decreasing interest rates - that is, lower interest rates tend to decrease exchange rates. (For further reading, see What Is Fiscal Policy?)

3. Current-Account Deficits

The current account is the balance of trade between a country and its trading partners, reflecting all payments between countries for goods, services, interest and dividends. A deficit in the current account shows the country is spending more on foreign trade than it is earning, and that it is borrowing capital from foreign sources to make up the deficit. In other words, the country requires more foreign currency than it receives through sales of exports, and it supplies more of its own currency than foreigners demand for its products. The excess demand for foreign currency lowers the country's exchange rate until domestic goods and services are cheap enough for foreigners, and foreign assets are too expensive to generate sales for domestic interests. (For more, see Understanding The Current Account In The Balance Of Payments.)

4. Public Debt

Countries will engage in large-scale deficit financing to pay for public sector projects and governmental funding. While such activity stimulates the domestic economy, nations with large public deficits and debts are less attractive to foreign investors. The reason? A large debt encourages inflation, and if inflation is high, the debt will be serviced and ultimately paid off with cheaper real dollars in the future. In the worst case scenario, a government may print money to pay part of a large debt, but increasing the money supply inevitably causes inflation. Moreover, if a government is not able to service its deficit through domestic means (selling domestic bonds, increasing the money supply), then it must increase the supply of securities for sale to foreigners, thereby lowering their prices. Finally, a large debt may prove worrisome to foreigners if they believe the country risks defaulting on its obligations. Foreigners will be less willing to own securities denominated in that currency if the risk of default is great. For this reason, the country's debt rating (as determined by Moody's or Standard & Poor's, for example) is a crucial determinant of its exchange rate.

5. Terms of Trade

A ratio comparing export prices to import prices, the terms of trade is related to current accounts and the balance of payments. If the price of a country's exports rises by a greater rate than that of its imports, its terms of trade have favorably improved. Increasing terms of trade shows greater demand for the country's exports. This, in turn, results in rising revenues from exports, which provides increased demand for the country's currency (and an increase in the currency's value). If the price of exports rises by a smaller rate than that of its imports, the currency's value will decrease in relation to its trading partners.

6. Political Stability and Economic Performance

Foreign investors inevitably seek out stable countries with strong economic performance in which to invest their capital. A country with such positive attributes will draw investment funds away from other countries perceived to have more political and economic risk. Political turmoil, for example, can cause a loss of confidence in a currency and a movement of capital to the currencies of more stable countries.

7. Activities of foreign exchange markets and speculative currency transactions

If the rate of a currency tends to decline firms and banks sell it for a more stable currency and it worsens the position of weakened currency. Currency markets react quickly to changes in the economy and politics, fluctuations in exchange ratios. In doing so, they increase opportunities of currency speculations and spontaneous movement of "hot" money.

8. The degree of confidence in the national and world currency markets

It depends on the economy and political situation in the country as well as the factors indicated above which affect the exchange rate. Dealers take into account not only the rate of economic growth, inflation, the purchasing power of currencies, the balance of demand and supply of currency, but the prospects of their dynamics. Sometimes, even the expectation of the publication of official data on the trade balance and the balance of payments or election results affects the ratio of supply and demand and currency rate. Sometimes, in the currency market there is a change of priorities in favor of political news, rumors of resignations of ministers, etc.

9. The monetary policy. The ratio of market and state regulation of the exchange rate affects its dynamics

The formation of the exchange rate on foreign exchange markets through the mechanism of demand and supply of currency is usually accompanied by sharp fluctuations in exchange relations. Real exchange rate forms in the market which is an indicator of the economy, money, finance, credit and confidence in a certain currency. State regulation of the exchange rate is aimed at its raising or lowering on the basis of the purposes of monetary and economic policy.

10. National income is not an independent component that can change itself

However, in general, the factors which lead to changes in the national income have a great impact on the exchange rate. Thus, an increase in the supply of products enhances the exchange rate, while increases in domestic demand reduce its rate. In the long run, a higher national income means higher value of the currency of the country.

11. Market factors

These factors can significantly change the value of currency at short intervals. Thus, the overall expectations for future economic growth, changes in fiscal and foreign trade deficits directly affect the exchange rate. In addition, the foreign exchange market participants' expectations have a significant impact on the value of the exchange rate. Seasonal peaks and downs of business activity in the country have a significant impact on the rate of national currency.

Conclusion

The exchange rate of the currency in which a portfolio holds the bulk of its investments determines that portfolio's real return. A declining exchange rate obviously decreases the purchasing power of income and capital gains derived from any returns. Moreover, the exchange rate influences other income factors such as interest rates, inflation and even capital gains from domestic securities. While exchange rates are determined by numerous complex factors that often leave even the most experienced economists flummoxed, investors should still have some understanding of how currency values and exchange rates play an important role in the rate of return on their investments.

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How is a share price of the company calculated?

Exchange rate of Indian currency with rest of 165 countries currency

2012-10-26T05:10:00.000-07:00

Country. Currency name. /low rate/high rate

Afghanistan / Afghanis / 0.93/0.98

Albania / Leka. / 1.97/2.08

Algeria. / Dinars. /1.46/1.54

Angola / Kwanza. /1.76/1.85

Argentina. / pesos. /0.08/0.09

Armenia / Drams. /7.14/7.93

Aruba. / Guilders. / 0.033/ 0.034

Australia. / Dollars. / 0.017/0.019

Azerbaijan. / New Manats / 0.0145/0.0153

Bahamas / Dollars. /0.0185/0.0194

Bahrain / Dinars. /0.006/0.007

Barbados / Dollars. /0.035/0.041

Bangladesh / Taka. /1.43/1.73

Belarus / Rubles. /116/178

Belize / Dollars. /0.033/0.043

Bermuda / Dollars. /0.017/0.02

Bhutan / Ngultrum. / 1

Bolivia / Bolivianos. / 0.12/0.14

Bosnia & Herzegovina / C.Marka. /0.027/0.03

Botswana / Pulas. /0.13/0.15

Brazil / Reais. /0.034/0.039

Brunei / Dollars. /0.022/0.026

Bulgaria / Leva. /0.02/0.03

Burundi / Francs. /23.46/28.78

Cambodia / Riels. /70.52/84.13

Canada / Dollars. /0.017/0.020

Cape verde / Escudos. /1.53/1.72

Cayam islands / Dollars. /0.014/0.018

CFA BCEAO / Francs. /9.11/10.26

CFA BEAC / Francs. /9.11/10.26

CFP / Francs. /1.65/1.86

Chile / Pesos. /8.5/10.22

China / Yuan Renminbi. /0.11/0.13

Colombia / Pesos. /31.33/39.08

Comoros / Francs. /6.83/7.69

Congo/Kinshasa / Francs. /15.85/18.74

Coast Rica / Colones. /8.6/10.5

Croatia / Kuna. /0.1/0.11

Cuba / Pesos. /0.46/0.54

Cuba Convertible / Pesos. /0.017/0.02

Czech Republic / Koruny /0.33/0.39

Denmark / Kroner. /0.1/0.11

Djibouti / Francs. /3.08/3.65

Dominican Republic / Pesos. /0.6/0.7

East Caribbean / Dollars. /0.04/0.05

Ei Salvador / Colones. /0.15/0.18

Egypt / Pounds. /0.1/0.12

Eritrea / Nakfa. /0.26/0.3

Estonia / Krooni. /0.21/0.24

Ethiopia / Birr. /0.3/0.35

EUR / Euro. /0.013/0.015

Falkland islands / Pounds. /0.011/0.013

Fiji / Dollars. /0.031/0.036

Gambia / Dalasi. /0.51/0.64

Georgia / Lari. /0.02/0.03

Ghana / Cedis. /0.02/0.03

Gibraltar / Pounds. /0.0112/0.013

Guatemala / Quetzales. /0.13/0.16

Guernsey / Pounds. /0.0112/0.013

Guinea / Francs. /121/142

Guyana / Dollars. /3.5/4.1

Haiti / Gourde. /0.73/0.83

Honduras / Lempira. /0.33/0.39

Hong Kong / Dollars. /0.13/0.15

Hungary / Forint. /3.9/4.8

Ice Land. / Kronur. /2.13/2.55

IMF Special. / Drawing Rights. /0.011/0.013

Indonesia / Rupiahs. /165/186

Iran. / Rials. /203/238

Iraq. / Dinars. /20/24

Isle of Man. / Pounds. /0.06/0.07

Jamaica. / Dollars. /1.5/1.7

Japan. / Yen. /1.3/1.6

Jersey. / Pounds /0.012/0.014

Jordan. / Dinars. /0.012/0.014

Kazakhstan. / Tenge. /2.6/3.0

Kenya. / Shillings. /1.46/2

Kuwait. / Dinars. /0.004/0.005

Kyrgyzstan / Sums. /0.82/0.96

Laos. / Kips. /139/164

Latvia. / Lati. /0.009/0.11

Lebanon. / Pounds. /26/30

Lesotho. / Maloti. /0.14/0.17

Liberia. / Dollars. /1.28/1.52

Libya. / Dinars. /0.021/0.026

Lithuania. / Litai. /0.04/0.05

Macau. / Patacas. /0.13/0.16

Macedonia. / Denars. /0.84/0.95

Madagascar. / Ariary. /37/44

Malawi. / Kwachas. /2.6/6

Malaysia. / Ringgits. /0.05/0.06

Maldives. / Rufiyaa. /0.26/0.31

Mauritana / Ouguiyas. /5/5.9

Mauritius. / Rupees. /0.5/0.6

Mexico. / Pesos. /0.23/0.27

Moldova. / Lei /0.21/0.24

Mongolia / Tugriks /23/28

Morocco. / Dirhams. /0.15/0.17

Mozambique. / Meticais. /0.48/0.55

Myanmar. / Kyats. /0.11/16

Namibia. / Dollars. /0.14/0.17

Nepal. / Rupees. /1.5/1.6

Netherlands. / Antilles Guiliders. /0.031/0.036

New Zealand. / Dollars. /0.021/0.025

Nicaragua. / Cordobas. /0.4/0.47

Nigeria / Nairas. /2.8/3.2

North Korea. / Won. /2.28/2.86

Norway. / Kroner. /0.1/0.11

Oman. / Rials. /0.006/0.007

Pakistan. / Rupees. /1.6/1.8

Panama. / Balboas. /0.017/0.02

Papua New Guinea. / Kina. /0.03/0.04

Paraguay. / Guarani. /77/95

Peru nuevos. / Soles. /0.04/0.05

Philippine. / Pesos. /0.74/0.87

Poland. / Zlotych. /0.05/0.06

Qatar. / Riyals. /0.06/0.07

Romania. / New Lei. /0.061/0.068

Russia. / Rubbles. /0.55/0.62

Rwanda. / Frances. /10.47/12.24

Saint Helena. / Pounds. /0.011/0.013

Samoa. / Tala. /0.041/0.048

Sa£o Tome & Principle / Dobras. /329/384

Saudi Arabia. / Riyals. /0.06/0.07

Seborga. / Luigini. /0.002/0.003

Serbia. / Dinars. /1.44/1.75

Seychelles. / Rupees. /0.22/0.29

Sierra leone. / Leones. /75/91

Singapore. / Dollars /0.022/0.026

Solomon island. / Dollars. /0.12/0.16

Somalia. / Shillings. /27/33

South Korea. / Won. /20/23

Sri Lanka. / Rupees. /2/2.6

Sudan. / Pounds. /0.04/0.08

Suriname. / Dollars. /0.05/0.06

Swaziland. / Emalangeni /0.14/0.17

Sweden. / Kronor. /0.11/0.13

Switzerland. / Francs. /0.016/0.018

Syria. / Pounds. /0.9/1.3

Taiwan. / New Dollars. /0.52/0.6

Tajikistan. / Somoni. /0.08/0.09

Tanzania. / Shillings. /27/37

Thailand. / Baht. /0.55/0.63

Tonga. / Paanga. /0.03/0.035

Trinidad & Tobaga. / Dollars. /0.1/0.13

Tunisia. / Dinars. /0.02/0.03

Turkey. / Lira. /0.031/0.036

Turkmenistan. / New Mantas. /0.049/0.058

Tuvalu. / Dollars. /0.017/0.019

Ukraine. / Hryunia. /0.14/0.16

United Arab Emirates. / Dirhams. /0.06/0.07

USA. / Dollars. /0.017/0.02

Uruguay. / Pesos. /0.34/0.4

Uzbekistan. / Sums. /33/37

Vanuatu. / Vatu. /1.5/1.9

Venezuela. / Bolivares /75/88

Venezuela Bolivares. / Fuertes /0.07/0.08

Vietnam. / Dong. /364/431

Yemen. / Rials. /3.7/4.5

Zambia. / Kwacha. /82/107

Zimbabwe. / Dollars. /6.3/7.4

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Establishing a school in India

2012-10-25T05:32:00.002-07:00

Opening a school is a herculean task in India. Despite this, more and more people are coming forward to start a venture because the demand for schools seems to be unending

A school is a unique business. Unique because it cannot even be called a ‘business’.

Running a school is considered a not-for-profit venture, but you just need to look around to see that the business opportunity is huge. According to an estimate by an NGO active in the field of education, there are more than 14 lakh children in Delhi alone who seek admission every year in various classes.

Schools cannot be set up by private entities. They have to be run by a society formed under the Societies Act of 1860, or a trust under Public Trust Act as existent in different states, or by forming a company under Section 25 of the Companies Act 1956. In other words, a school has to be set up strictly as a non-profit business. At least that is the theory.

Setting up a school is not just about constructing physical infrastructure in the form of building classrooms and setting up libraries and laboratories. It does involve obtaining permissions and licenses from concerned authorities at various stages. It starts with the setting up of a trust or a society, with a governing board of five or six members, with a president, chairperson, and a secretary duly identified, as specified under the law. This article will focus primarily on identifying the various steps involved in opening a school, providing facility for the study for students from Class 1 to Class 10.

The next step

Once the governing entity, whether a company, trust, or society, comes into existence, it will have to look for land. There are two possibilities—one, if the society or trust has a land of its own, or, second, when the governing entity decides to buy a land for the proposed school. Buying land from the government requires permission in the form of a no-objection certificate from the Department of Education of the concerned state. The no-objection certificate, called Essentiality Certificate (EC), certifies the requirement of a school in a particular area. The logic behind the practice is to make sure no two schools compete with each other and one becomes redundant. The EC comes with a rider that construction must commence within three years, failing which the society will have to reapply for the same.

One can apply to the concerned municipal corporation for land for the school with the EC. Land is supposed to be allotted to the governing entity at subsidized rates is usually allotted through auction.

Which laws?

Originally, education was a state subject under the Constitution. In 1976, by a constitutional amendment, education came in the concurrent list, the joint responsibility of the central and state governments.

Even if a member on the board of a governing entity has land that the entity wants to use for setting up a school, a no-objection from the Department of Education stating the requirement of a school in that area is required. The major education boards of the country, namely, the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), and state government boards, have clearly laid down norms for land requirements for schools. This, in most cases, is 2 acres, except for hilly regions and metropolitan cities, where the requirement is less. Construction can take place only on a part of the land, and a playground has to be created in the rest.

From the time of forming a governing entity to a school actually starting up, one normally requires about a year, though taking more than two years is also not unheard of. Normally the infrastructure required to start up can be constructed within a period of six to seven months. Once the construction is over, school authorities need to apply for recognition. Up to Class 5 recognition from municipality is all that is required. For Classes 6 to 8 recognition comes from the Department of Education. Recognition for anything above this also comes from the Education Department, but after a minimum gap of two years. School authorities are free to seek affiliation to CBSE or CISCE. In that case, the school will have to follow the guidelines of the board it is seeking affiliation to. The school will need to follow the syllabus, books prescribed by the affiliating board, and pay specified salaries to the teachers.

If it is not a government school, affiliation for schools normally comes in stages. Initially, for Classes 1 to 6 a temporary affiliation is given and guidelines are laid down for schools by the concerned education board. Once things are in place according to the guidelines, an inspection is conducted. If things are to the satisfaction of the board authorities, permanent affiliation is bestowed on the school. Adityodaya says inspections are not so rigorous after permanent affiliation is granted, but a school has to be run according to the rules of the board.

Licenses and documents

Setting up a school involves a lot of legal processes from the very beginning. While forming a society, trust, or company, one has to have a Memorandum of Association, a document needed almost at every stage later. Like for any other business, a detailed project report for the school is also needed.. In addition, details of land and building, auditor’s statement, bank statements of the governing entity and their members and auditor’s statements are needed at some point or the other.

Once the school building is ready for initial use, a certificate of recognition has to come from the state government, issued by the municipality for the junior classes, and by the Department of Education for middle school. If high school is to be added subsequently, certificate of up gradation is required which is again issued by the Education Department. Affiliation from either the CBSE or CISCE is also done through a set process. Things do not stop here, as schools need certificates for hygiene, water, and completion of the building from the municipality.

Investment and expenditure

Investments required for a school depend on two vital components—cost of land, which depends on where you want to start your school, and whether it will be residential or non-residential. Thus, setting up a non-residential school in Delhi with over 1,000 students spread over 5 acres can easily cost around Rs 25 to 30 crore , while the costs would be lower in tier II and III cities.

Open School

An open school is a mode of catering to the needs of those who, for some reason or another, cannot continue in the regular schooling system. National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS), formerly called National Open School, was established as an autonomus institute in 1989 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development. According to the website of the NIOS, it focuses on not just elementary education, but also on courses at the pre-degree level, both academic and vocational. It has shown a steady growth in student enrollment, number of courses, and study centers. According to the website, over 14 lakh students are enrolled with the NIOS, making it the largest open school in the world. The degrees provided by the NIOS are as much valid as those provided by any other board in India. NIOS is now cooperating with state governments to start state open schools. So far 11 states have started it, and eight more are in the process of doing so.

For residential schools, which are normally spread over 15 to 20 acres of land, costs can go quite high, as it will require hostels. A Kolkata-based school consultant who has worked with the renowned Doon School, says that the operational cost on teachers in normal non-residential schools is 70 percent, while in residential schools it is 50 percent.. Catering makes up another 30 to 40 percent of the operational cost.

The teacher-student ratio in non-residential schools, according to the consultant, should not be more than 1:20, and for residential schools it should be 1:12. However, this is hardly the case in real life and many schools run with 40 to 70 students in a classroom. Adityodaya says, “Teacher-student ratio is 1:40 in most of the schools here [Bangalore] and is 1:60 or even 1:70 in many other schools.”

There is no general law governing school fee, though different state governments have tried to regulate this from time to time. Generally, if the only source of income is the amount collected under the head ‘fees’, then it will leave a huge hole in the school’s finances. Adityodaya says, ‘Schools make most of the money from donations, if it is not exclusively for rich class where very high fees are charged. Another source of income is development fees. The amount amassed through this route is quite high compared to the actual expenditure on development.”

However, usually schools do set up separate laboratories for physics, chemistry and biology..

“While expanding to other states, a no-objection certificate from the state where one is running a school is required. This proves helpful as the concerned Education Department takes recognition of you as an established player,” Adityodaya says.

It is important to mention here a Supreme Court ruling that disallows schools from diverting the money earned to start another school.

International programs in India

International education boards in the form of the International Baccalaureate Organization (IB) and the Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) have slowly penetrated the Indian schooling system. About 50 schools already have IB affiliation or are authorized to follow the IB curriculum, and over 150 schools follow the CIE, which offers International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) and A-levels in India. According to the regional director of IB Asia Pacific, India will have more authorized IB diploma programs than Australia by the year end.

The IB program was founded in 1968 by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO), a non-profit educational organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. According to information on IBO website, three kinds of IB programs are: Primary Years (Kindergarten to Class 5), Middle Years (Classes 6 to 10), and Diploma (Classes 11 and 12).

The Cambridge International Examinations (CIE), on the other hand, is a part of the University of Cambridge. It is a non-profit organization providing international qualifications, as its website claims. It offers the IGCSE, a two-year curriculum for students of Classes 9 and 10. This is considered equivalent to the British General Certificate of Secondary Education. It also offers Cambridge O-level, equivalent to the British General Certificate of Education, and the Advanced Subsidiary for Class 11. A-level program is for Class 12 students.

For schools CIE affiliation normally takes six weeks to get, but if the schools are not ready it can take two to three years, as regional director of CIE, Rakesh Singh says.. The case with IBO is more or less the same. Today, schools have the option of seeking dual affiliation—to an Indian board and to a foreign one. This has apparently made the Ministry of Human Resources consider the need to bring in some kind of legislation to regulate this.

Like in the case of the CBSE or ICSE boards, schools willing to offer a curriculum of a foreign board should obtain a no-objection certificate from the Department of Education in the state concerned. In a few states like Andhra Pradesh there is currently no requirement to get a no-objection certificate to run an ‘international’ school. According to a school authority, schools do not always follow the procedure of getting a no-objection certificate even if such regulations exist.

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How is a share price of the company calculated?

List of top 100 IT companies in India

2012-10-24T02:56:00.001-07:00

Rank	Company
1	Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)
2	Infosys Technologies Ltd
3	Wipro Limited
4	Hewlett-Packard India Pvt. Ltd
5	IBM India Limited
6	Satyam Computer Services Ltd.
7	HCL Technologies Ltd.
8	Intel Technology India Pvt. Ltd.
9	CISCO Systems India Pvt. Ltd.
10	Patni Computer Systems Ltd.
11	Cognizant Technology Solutions India
12	HCL Infosystems Ltd.
13	Mahindra-British Telecom
14	Redington (India) Limited
15	i-Flex Solutions Ltd.
16	Oracle India Pvt. Ltd.
17	Moser Baer India Ltd.
18	Microsoft Corporation (India) Pvt. Ltd.
19	NIIT Limited
20	TATA Infotech Ltd.
21	iGATE Global Solutions Ltd.
22	Ingram Micro India (P) Ltd
23	Sun Microsystems India Pvt Ltd
24	Polaris Software Lab Ltd.
25	Samsung India Electronics Ltd.
26	Perot Systems TSI (India) Limited
27	SAP India Pvt. Ltd.
28	American Power Conversion
29	Celetronix India Pvt. Ltd.
30	Computer Associates India Pvt. Ltd
31	Dell Computer India Pvt. Ltd.
32	Hexaware Technologies
33	Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd.
34	Siemens Information Systems Ltd.
35	Mastek Ltd.
36	CMS Computers Ltd.
37	Texas Instruments India Pvt. Ltd
38	Honeywell Technology Solutions Lab
39	Acer India (Pvt) Ltd.
40	MphasiS BFL Ltd.
41	Datacraft India Limited
42	Nortel Networks (I) Pvt Ltd
43	Syntel (India) Ltd.
44	Flextronics Software Systems Ltd
45	Kanbay Software India Pvt. Ltd.
46	Rolta India Ltd.
47	Infinite Computer Solutions (I) Pvt Ltd
48	GTL Limited
49	Covansys (I) Pvt. Ltd.
50	Sify Limited
51	Zensar Technologies Ltd.
52	Tulip IT Services Ltd
53	Zenith Computers Limited
54	Sonata Software Ltd
55	D-Link (India) Ltd.
56	Mascon Global Limited
57	3i Infotech Limited
58	WeP Peripherals Ltd.
59	Computer Sciences Corporation India
60	Philips Innovation Campus
61	Xansa India
62	Canon India Pvt. Ltd.
63	TVS Electronics Ltd.
64	Infotech Enterprises Ltd.
65	KPIT Cummins Infosystems Limited
66	ITC Infotech India
67	MindTree Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
68	PCS Technology Ltd.
69	Sasken Communication Technologies
70	Tally Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
71	Ramco Systems Ltd.
72	Epson India Pvt. Ltd.
73	Numeric Power Systems Ltd.
74	Rashi Peripherals Pvt. Ltd
75	Network Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
76	TATA Elxsi Ltd.
77	Aftek Infosys Limited
78	EMC Data Storage Systems India
79	Tata Technologies Ltd.
80	Geometric Software Solutions Co.
81	Cranes Software International Limited
82	Accel Frontline Limited
83	Mediaman Infotech Pvt. Ltd.
84	Priya Limited - IT Products Division
85	Keane India Ltd.
86	Persistent Systems Pvt. Ltd.
87	Aptech Limited
88	Lipi Data Systems Ltd.
89	Cadence Design Systems (India)
90	Intex Technologies (India) Ltd
91	Aditi Technologies Pvt Ltd
92	MRO-TEK Limited
93	Subex Systems Limited
94	Blue Star Infotech Limited
95	Aztec Software & Technology Services
96	Pentamedia Graphics Ltd.
97	TATA Interactive Systems
98	Birlasoft Limited
99	DB Power Electronics (P) Ltd
100	Atlanta IT Solutions Pvt. Ltd Website: www.letsdo.co.in Facebook page: www.facebook.com/letsdo.co.in

Procedure involved to start a private limited company in India

2012-10-18T23:35:00.003-07:00

This information will be useful for those who are looking in a nutshell the steps involved to start a Private Limited company in India

1. First and foremost identify the Directors of the Company. Minimum of two directors need to present and Maximum of 8 is allowed.
2. All Directors should have DIN (Directors Identification Number). If you do not have one you can apply DIN online
at www.mca.gov.in. FAQ on DINhttp://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryWebsite/dca/faq/faq1.html
Documents required for DIN

A. Identity Proof (Any one of the following)
PAN Card
Driving License
Passport
Voter ID Card
Others (to be specified)
B. Residence Proof (Any one of the following)
Driving License
Passport
Voter ID Card
Telephone Bill
Ration Card
Electricity Bill
Bank Statement
Others (to be specified)

3. Once you have got your DIN then you need to apply for Company name. You need to go with 5-6 names in the order which you prefer.If the name is not available then they go to the next one in the order you have provided.

4. You need to apply online for the name availability . You need to Fill in Form 1A. Forms are avilable at this
location.http://www2.mca.gov.in/MinistryWebsite/dca/downloadeforms/eformTemplates/1030-Form1A_help.zip

5. Once you have got your name approved you have to apply for the Incorporation of Company. For this you
will have to prepare Memorandum of Association which will detail what the company;s operations the first list of directors
who are going the be in the board need to be defined in this document. This should be applied along with Form 1
http://www2.mca.gov.in/MinistryWebsite/dca/downloadeforms/eformTemplates/1022-Form1_help.zip. Ocne this has been approved make atleast 10-15 copies of your Certificate of Incorporation and Memorandum of Association and have it in a booklet form.

6. Once your company has been incorporated you can open a Current account in any of the leading banks
for carrying out your operations. You will need to submit a copy of Certificate of Incorporation and Memorandum of Association along with Borad resolution to open the bank account.

7. Thenyou need to apply for TAN and PAN for the Company
https://tin.tin.nsdl.com/pan/form49A.html
https://tin.tin.nsdl.com/tan/form49B.html

8. If your services are in Software related area you can apply for STPI license which will give you certain benefits
like Company need not pay tax for 5 years, there will be no import or expurty duty levied on software/hardware,
You will get office spaces at lower rates at STPI units. These are few of the benefits of becoming an STPI member.

All this you can do on your own or you can outsource these to professional auditor. If you want to do it through Auditor and it took almost three weeks (Upto Step 7 excluding STPI) and all charges(excluding sTPI) would approximately cost you Rs.25,000.

I am not sure how much it would cost if you do it on your own. I read in one of the blogs that in Delhi the whole
process was completed in 30 minutes after the e-Governance was launched.

Good luck if you Need more information or any guidence drop in a mail.

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Top 10 most expensive works of Art

2012-10-18T01:11:00.002-07:00

1. Edvard Munch's The Scream (1895), auctioned at Sotheby's Sales of Impressionist, Modern and Contemporary Art on 2 May 2012 in New York City. The masterpiece is one of four versions created by Munch and the only one that is privately owned. The painting sold for $119,922,500

2. A visitor looks at Picasso's Nude, Green Leaves and Bust (1932), during a preview at Christie's in New York, 30 April 30 2010. The painting sold for $106,482,500

3. A man walks behind L'homme qui Marche I (1961), by Alberto Giacometti at Sotheby's in London 12 January 2010. The sculpture sold for £65,001,250 ($105,182,398)

4.Picasso's Boy With a Pipe (1905) on display at Sotheby's New York, 5 May 2004, prior to its auction. The painting sold for $104,168,000

5. Gustav Klimt's Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II (1912), goes under the hammer at Christie's New York, 8 November 2006. The painting sold for $87,936,000

6. A Sotheby's employee makes a final adjustment to Francis Bacon's Triptych (1976), on 14 April 2008 in London, England. The artwork sold for $85.9m to oligarch Roman Abramovich

7. This Chinese 18th century Qianlong dynasty porcelain vase, sold for £53,100,000 ($85,921,461) at Bainbridges auction house in London, 12 November 2010

8. Dora Maar au Chat (1941) by Pablo Picasso, held by employees at Sotheby's in London on 22 March 2006. The painting sold for £51,560,080 ($83,429,503)

9. Portrait of Dr Paul Gachet (1890) by Vincent van Gogh. This painting sold for $82,500,000 (£50,985,692) at Christie's in New York on 15 May 1990

10. A woman stands in front of Claude Monet's Le Bassin aux Nymphéas (1919), at Christie's in London, 24 June 2008. The painting sold for £40,921,250 ($66,212,514)

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How is a share price of the company calculated?

FDI IN INDIAN RETAIL SECTOR

2012-10-17T01:05:00.001-07:00

Retailing in India

Retailing in India is one of the pillars of its economy and accounts for 14 to 15% of its GDP. The Indian retail market is estimated to be US$ 450 billion and one of the top five retail markets in the world by economic value. India is one of the fastest growing retail markets in the world, with 1.2 billion people. India's retailing industry is essentially owner manned small shops. In 2010, larger format convenience stores and supermarkets accounted for about 4% of the industry, and these were present only in large urban centers. India's retail and logistics industry employs about 40 million Indians (3.3% of Indian population). Until 2011, Indian central government denied foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail, forbidding foreign groups from any ownership in supermarkets, convenience stores or any retail outlets. Even single-brand retail was limited to 51% ownership and a bureaucratic process. In November 2011, India's central government announced retail reforms for both multi-brand stores and single-brand stores. These market reforms paved the way for retail innovation and competition with multi-brand retailers such as Walmart, Carrefour and Tesco, as well single brand majors such as IKEA, Nike, and Apple. The announcement sparked intense activism, both in opposition and in support of the reforms. In December 2011, under pressure from the opposition, Indian government placed the retail reforms on hold till it reaches a consensus. In January 2012, India approved reforms for single-brand stores welcoming anyone in the world to innovate in Indian retail market with 100% ownership, but imposed the requirement that the single brand retailer source 30% of its goods from India. Indian government continues the hold on retail reforms for multi-brand stores. IKEA announced in January that it is putting on hold its plan to open stores in India because of the 30% requirement. Fitch believes that the 30% requirement is likely to significantly delay if not prevent most single brand majors from Europe, USA and Japan from opening stores and creating associated jobs in India.

FDI Policy in India
FDI as defined as investment in a foreign country through the acquisition of a local company or the establishment there of an operation on a new site. To put in simple words, FDI refers to capital inflows from abroad that is invested in or to enhance the production capacity of the economy. Foreign Investment in India is governed by the FDI policy announced by the Government of India and the provision of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1999. The Reserve Bank of India in this regard had issued a notification, which contains the Foreign Exchange Management Regulations. This notification has been amended from time to time. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India is the nodal agency for motoring and reviewing the FDI policy on continued basis and changes in sectoral policy/ sectoral equity cap. The FDI policy is notified through Press Notes by the Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA), Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). The foreign investors are free to invest in India, except few sectors/activities, where prior approval from the RBI or Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) would be required.

FDI Policy with Regard to Retailing in India
It will be prudent to look into Press Note 4 of 2006 issued by DIPP and consolidated FDI Policy issued in October 2010[11] which provide the sector specific guidelines for FDI with regard to the conduct of trading activities.

1. FDI up to 100% for cash and carry wholesale trading and export trading allowed under the automatic route.

2. FDI up to 51 % with prior Government approval for retail trade of Single Brand‘ products.
3. FDI is not permitted in Multi Brand Retailing in India.

Prospected Changes in FDI Policy for Retail Sector in India

The government (led by Dr.Manmohan Singh, announced following prospective reforms in Indian Retail Sector
1. India will allow FDI of up to 51% in ―multi-brand‖ sector.
2. Single brand retailers such as Apple and Ikea, can own 100% of their Indian stores, up from previous cap of 51%.
3. The retailers (both single and multi-brand) will have to source at least 30% of their goods from small and medium sized Indian suppliers.
4. All retail stores can open up their operations in population having over 1million.Out of approximately 7935 towns and cities in India, 55 suffice such criteria.

5. Multi-brand retailers must bring minimum investment of US$ 100 million. Half of this must be invested in back-end infrastructure facilities such as cold chains, refrigeration, transportation, packaging etc. to reduce post-harvest losses and provide remunerative prices to farmers.
6. The opening of retail competition (policy) will be within parameters of state laws and regulations.

FDI in Single-Brand Retail

FDI in ‗Single brand‘ retail implies that a retail store with foreign investment can only sell one brand. For example, if Adidas were to obtain permission to retail its flagship brand in India, those retail outlets could only sell products under the Adidas brand and not the Reebok brand, for which separate permission is required. If granted permission, Adidas could sell products under the Reebok brand in separate outlets.

FDI in Multi-Brand Retail
The government has also not defined the term Multi Brand. FDI in Multi Brand retail implies that a retail store with a foreign investment can sell multiple brands under one roof. In July 2010, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce circulated a discussion paper on allowing FDI in multi-brand retail. The paper doesn‘t suggest any upper limit on FDI in multi-brand retail. If implemented, it would open the doors for global retail giants to enter and establish their footprints on the retail landscape of India. Opening up FDI in multi-brand retail will mean that global retailers including Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Tesco can open stores offering a range of household items and grocery directly to consumers in the same way as the ubiquitous ‘kirana’ store.

Effects of FDI on various Stakeholders

1. Impact on Farming Communities

A supermarket revolution has been underway in developing countries since the early 1990s. Supermarkets (here referring to all modern retail, which includes chain stores of various formats such as supermarkets, hypermarkets, and convenience and neighbourhood stores) have now gone well beyond the initial upper- and middle-class clientele in many countries to reach the mass market. Within the food system, the effects of this trend touch not only traditional retailers, but also the wholesale, processing, and farm sectors. When supermarkets modernize their procurement systems, they require more from suppliers with respect to volume, consistency, quality, costs, and commercial practices. Supermarkets‘ impact on suppliers is biggest and earliest for food processing and food-manufacturing enterprises, given that some 80% of what supermarkets sell consists of processed, staple, or semi-processed products. But by affecting processors, supermarkets indirectly affect farmers, because processors tend to pass on the demands placed on them by their retail clients. Supermarket chains prefer, if they are able, to source from medium and large processing enterprises, which are usually better positioned than small enterprises to meet supermarkets‘ requirements. The rise of supermarkets thus poses an early challenge to processed food microenterprises in urban areas.
By contrast, as supermarkets modernize the procurement of fresh produce, they increasing source from farmers through ―specialized and dedicated wholesalers and occasionally throughtheir own collection centers.

When farmers enter supermarket channels, they tend to earn from 20 to 50% more in net terms. Among tomato farmers in Indonesia, for example, net profit is 33–39% higher among supermarket channel participants than among participants in traditional markets. Farm labour also gains. But supplying supermarket chains requires farmers to

2. Impact on Traditional Mom and Pop Stores
The main question being raised is whether the traditional mom and pop stores will survive and co-exist or leave the field for major organized retail players? The answer could be a co-existence. The major advantage for the smaller players is the size, complexity and diversity of our Indian Markets. If we look at the organized retail players, most of them have opened shop in the Metros, Tier 1 and Tier 2 towns. Very rarely do we find organized players in the rural areas and we have more than 70% of the population living in the rural areas. There are a multitude of reasons being floated around to prevent the liberalization of the FDI norms for Indian retail: Primary among these is the concern regarding the kirana stores as well other locally operated Mom and Pop stores being adversely affected by the entry of global retail giants such as Walmart, Carrefour and Tesco. As these brands would come with advanced capabilities of scale and infrastructure in addition to having deep pockets, it is argued that this would result in the loss of jobs for lakhs of people absorbed in the unorganized sector. Fears have also been raised over the lowering of prices of products owing to better operational efficiencies of the organized players that would affect the profit margins of the unorganized players. Instability surrounding the political arena with a number of scams of varying magnitudes doing the rounds has also led to a sense of uncertainty among foreign investors. Many Industry experts though, feel that the reservations against the introduction of Multi-Brand retail are mostly misplaced. The successful deployment of 100% FDI in China is a case in point. Partial FDI in retail was introduced in 1992 in China. Subsequently, in December 2004, the Chinese retail market was fully opened up to utilise the enormous manpower and wide customer base available that has led to a rapid growth of the sector. Today, its retail sector is the second largest (in value) in the world with global retailers such as Walmart, 7-Eleven and Carrefour comprising 10% of the total merchandise.

Multi-brand retail, if allowed, is expected to transform the retail landscape in a significant way:
1. Firstly, the organised players would bring in the much needed investment that would spur the further growth of the sector. This would be particularly important for sustenance of some of the domestic retailers that don‘t have the resources to ride out the storm during an economic slump such as the case with Vishal, Subhiksha and Koutons, which couldn‘t arrange for funds to sustain their growth.
2. The technical know-how, global best practices, quality standards and cost competitiveness brought forth through FDI would augur well for the domestic players to garner the necessary support to sustain their growth.
3. Indian has also been crippled by rising inflation rates that have refused to come within accepted levels. A key reason for this has been attributed to the vastly avoidable supply chain costs in the Indian food and grocery sales which has been estimated to be a whopping US$ 24 Bn. The infrastructure support extended to improve the backend processes of the supply chain would enable to eliminate such wastages and enhance the operational efficiency.
4. FDI in multi-brand retail would in no way endanger the jobs of people employed in the unorganised retail sector. On the contrary, it would lead to the creation of millions of jobs as massive infrastructure capabilities would be needed to cater to the changing lifestyle needs of the urban Indian who is keen on allocating the disposable income towards organised retailing in addition to the local kirana stores. These stores would be able to retain their importance owing to their unique characteristics of convenience, proximity and skills in retaining customers. Also, these would be more prominent in the Tier-II and Tier-III cities where the organised supermarkets would find it harder to establish themselves.

Contrary to the above view
Traditional retailing has been established in India for many centuries, and is characterized by small, family-owned operations. Because of this, such businesses are usually very low-margin, are owneroperated,
and have mostly negligible real estate and labour costs. Moreover, they also pay little by way of taxes. Consumer familiarity that runs from generation to generation is one big advantage for the traditional retailing sector. It is often said that the mom-and-pop store in India is more like a father-and-son enterprise. Such small shops develop strong networks with local neighbourhoods. The informal system of credit adds to their attractiveness, with many houses running up a tab‘ with their neighbourhood kirana store, paying it off every fortnight or month. Moreover, low labour costs also allow shops to employ delivery boys, such that consumers may order their grocery list directly on the phone. These advantages are significant, though hard to quantify. In contrast, players in the organized sector have to cover big fixed costs, and yet have to keep prices low enough to be able to compete with the traditional sector. Getting customers to switch their purchasing away from small neighbourhood shops and towards large scale retailers may be a major challenge. The experience of large Indian retailers such as Big Bazaar shows that it is indeed possible. Anecdotal evidence of consumers who return from such shops suggests that the wholesale model provides for major bargains – something Indian consumers are always on the lookout for.
The other major challenge for retailers in India, as opposed to the US, is the storage setup of households. For the large-scale retail model to work, consumers visit such large stores and return with supplies likely to last them for a few weeks. Having such easy access to neighborhood stores with whom, as discussed above, it is possible to have a line of credit and easy delivery service, congested urban living conditions imply that few Indian households might be equipped with adequate storage facilities. In urban settings, real estate rents are also very high. Thus opportunities in this sector are limited to those retailers with deep pockets, and puts pressure on their margins. Conversely for retailers looking to set up large stores at a distance from residential neighborhoods may struggle to attract consumers away from their traditional sources of groceries and other products.

3. Impact on Consumers and existing Supermarkets
Supermarkets tend to charge consumers lower prices and offer more diverse products and higher quality than traditional retailers—these competitive advantages allow them to spread quickly, winning consumer market share. In most countries supermarkets offer lower prices first in the processed and semiprocessed
food segments. Only recently, mainly in the first- and second-wave countries have supermarket prices for fresh fruits and vegetables been lower than traditional retailers‘ (except in India). The food price savings accrue first to the middle class, but as supermarkets spread into the food markets of the urban poor and into rural towns, they have positive food security impacts on poor consumers. For example, in Delhi, India, the basic foods of the urban poor are cheaper in supermarkets than in traditional retail shops: rice and wheat are 15% cheaper and vegetables are 33% cheaper.

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How is a share price of the company calculated?

Radio opportunities in India

2012-10-16T01:40:00.003-07:00

If you want to start a radio station business, you will need to pick the ideal location, secure the requirements for the permits and licenses, shop for the equipment, and attend to other matters of the business.While Indian radio is shifting from a government monopoly to a highly-commercialized broadcasting network, citizens' groups are also demanding that the media be democratised.

Imagine a country which has 18 officially-recognized languages and a total of 1652 mother tongues in a country nearly a billion strong and spread over an area of 3.2 million square kilometers that's India Call it by any name community radio, rural radio, cooperative radio, or development radio -- its proponents feel that radio holds the key that will unite India's linguistic and ethnic diversity and improve the economic disparity and the huge rural urban divide. "Imagine having your own radio station where you can walk in any time to ask for your favorite music, share some important local event or chat with your neighbor who's now become celebrity".In India, radio is shifting from being a government monopoly to a highly-commercialized broadcasting service. Media advocacy groups say the media needs to be "democratized" simultaneously as it moves away from official control.

Privatization and total deregulation is not enough if the media becomes irrelevant to the vast majority of Indians. Now, while the policies are being developed, is the time for non-profit groups, educational and research institutions, cooperatives, women's groups, and development organizations to seize the available opportunities created by liberalizing the electronic media.

This is an excellent business opportunity for those who have the passion for radio service. Even if you don't have much experience with radio jobs and tasks, you can easily gather the needed info on the web so that you can also familiarise yourself with the different equipment and tasks . Your very first task is to get the license. You can inquire at the federal communication commission for the application requirements.

Starting your own radio station is a great way to have creative control over what you want to broadcast. While you may have a great idea to start a FM radio station but you are unsure how to establish your radio station, there is certainly professional help and advice available. If you are serious about wanting to get your content on air, experience is not essential! What is required is your determination and dedication to your radio concept. There are a number of reasons why you may be interested to start a FM radio station. In a number of smaller communities it may be because they have no local radio for informing the community. A number of other community groups wish to create a community based radio station that may be educational, religion based or a station for ethnic groups. Another reason that you may want to establish a radio station in your area is to provide an alternative listening format that is not presently covered. What ever your reason for wanting to establish a radio station, a professional in the radio industry can assist you in turning your ideas into a functioning radio station. If a FM station or Low Power FM station is the format that best suits your radio station, you will need to go through the process of obtaining a radio frequency. Once you have all this in place and have brought the relevant equipment required such as a Transmitter, computer system and mixing board and you have an understanding of the radio industry, then you are ready to run your own radio station. In future there is a more scope to develop in the radio stations there is a chance to issue more than 900 licenses by 2015. This is good oppurtunity for the people who are passionate in the radio services.

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Mukesh Ambani the chairman of Reliance industries

2012-10-12T04:10:00.002-07:00

Dhirubhai Ambani has not only been a great leader but also an inspirational story for several youngsters hailing from small towns to make it big in their respective fields. the giant Reliance Empire was taken ahead by his two sons, Mukesh & Anil Ambani. Though both are extremely different in their approach, Reliance has spread its wings all over the world because of them.

Mukesh Ambani (born on 19 April 1957) is an Indian business magnate and the chairman and managing director of Reliance Industries, the largest private sector enterprise in India, and one of the largest private sector group in the world. His personal stake in Reliance Industries is 48%. Mukesh Ambani attended the Hill Grange High School on Peddar Road, Mumbai, along with his brother Anil Ambani and where Anand Jain, his close associate, was his classmate. He completed his graduation with a bachelor`s degree in chemical engineering from the UDCT, now Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai. He stood sixth in the University exams. Mukesh later joined in Stanford University for MBA but completed only one year of the two year program and dropped out in the year 1980. Indira Gandhi administration threw open the doors of PFY (polyester filament yarn) manufacturing to the private sector in early 1980. Dhirubhai Ambani had applied for a license to set up PFY manufacturing plant, at that time there is a stiff competition from Tatas, Birlas and others, Dhirubhai was awarded the license. To help him build the PFY plant, Dhirubhai pulled Mukesh out of Stanford where he was studying for his MBA. Mukesh Ambani, then dropped out to help his father and initiated. Mukesh Ambani has not only taken over the reins and responsibilities of Reliance Industries Limited but has also been maintaining perfect quality in making the company a global entity.

In order to gain so much respect from the public, we really have to do something unique and this is the true essence of being an entrepreneur. Originality, talent and dedication are key factors and the correct mentality towards success. The secret to his success was the constant need to challenge existing situations. A true leader always believes in investing the company’s capital on good talent. As a learner, he believe K K Malhotra, who was with them for 15 years, as his guru & had absorb most of his current leadership abilities & best practices from him.

His initiative to build India’s largest & strongest communication network was known as Reliance Infocomm Limited (now Reliance Communications Limited). His business interests expanded to Petrochemicals, Petroleum Refining and Marketing, Textiles, Retail and SEZs. And his latest venture in the organized retail sector with Reliance Retail by opening hundreds of stores across several states to serve diverse consumer needs and operate under various names such as Reliance Fresh, Reliance Mart, Reliance Footwear, Reliance Trends and Reliance Digital.

While Dhirubhai Ambani has been referred to as the most enterprising Indian entrepreneur, Mukesh Ambani has been ranked as one of the world’s most respected business leaders and conferred various awards for his leadership skills. Many natives of India would describe Mukesh as the man who allowed their country to develop as a nation and become increasingly competitive on a global scale. It is because of this that he was awarded the award of Economic Times Business Leader of the Year in 2006, as well as coming up top in a Business Man of the Year competition held in 2007 by India's NDTV & CNBC-TV18 India Business Leader Awards 2007. Mukesh Ambani too has been bestowed by a Dean’s medal by the University of Pennsylvania for his visionary leadership in the application of engineering and technological advancements for the betterment of mankind. Mukesh Ambani ranked fifth amongst the top performing CEOs in the world according to the Harvard Business review conducted for January-February 2010.In 2010, Mukesh Ambani was given a 'Degree of Doctor of Science Honoris Causa' by M.S University, Baroda, Gujarat. In 2012, Forbes named Mukesh Ambani the richest sports owner in the world.

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How is a share price of the company calculated?

Stock Exchange in India

2012-10-10T23:25:00.001-07:00

Stock Exchanges are structured marketplace where affiliates of the union gather to sell firm's shares and other securities. India Stock Exchanges can either be a conglomerate/ firm or mutual group. The affiliates act as intermediaries to their patrons or as key players for their own accounts.

Stock Exchanges in India also assist the issue and release of securities and other monetary tools incorporating the fortification of revenues and dividends. The book keeping of the trade is centralized but the buying and selling is associated to a particular place as advanced marketplaces are mechanized. The buying and selling on an exchange is only open to its affiliates and brokers.

The List of Stock Exchanges in India

Ahmedabad Stock Exchange (ASE)
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
Bangalore Stock Exchange
Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE)
Cochin Stock Exchange (CSE)
Delhi Stock Exchange (DSE)
Indian Commodity Exchange (ICEX)
Inter-connected Stock Exchange of India (ISE)
Jaipur Stock Exchange (JSE)
Ludhiana Stock Exchange Ltd (LSE)
Madras Stock Exchange (MSE)
Madhya Pradesh Stock Exchange, Indore
Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX)
National Stock Exchange of India (NSE)
Pune stock exchange ltd (PSE)
UP Stock Exchange (UPSE)
United Stock Exchange of India (USE)
Vadodara Stock Exchange,Vadodara (VSE)

List of Stock Exchange which are closed

Bhubaneshwar Stock Exchange (BhSE)

Gauhati Stock Exchange Ltd. (GSE)
Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE)

Mangalore stock exchange ltd

Magadh Stock Exchange, Patna

Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI)

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How is a share price of the company calculated?

2012-10-10T01:10:00.004-07:00

The stock market is a glorious demonstration of the laws of supply and demand. In classical economics, prices rise where there are more buyers than sellers, and vice versa. On a basic level a share price change indicates an imbalance between buyers and sellers. The company's management, services, products, financial situation, prices, and popularity all play a role in the outcome of its stock. Determining the prices of stock is not an easy thing and is calculated via a number of different calculations.

Professional investors, the financial analysts, employ clever mathematical techniques to arrive at an estimate of the future price of company shares. Since the value is based on the analysts' assumptions, the outcome can be different from that expected. When an assumption turns out to be wrong, the analyst will have to re-evaluate the price he has placed on the company, as the effect of the change will ripple through the model.

Stocks have two types of valuations. One is a value created using some type of cash flow, sales or fundamental earnings analysis. The other value is dictated by how much an investor is willing to pay for a particular share of stock and by how much other investors are willing to sell a stock for (in other words, by supply and demand). Both of these values change over time as investors change the way they analyze stocks and as they become more or less confident in the future of stocks.

The fundamental valuation is the valuation that people use to justify stock prices. The most common example of this type of valuation methodology is P/E ratio, which stands for Price to Earnings Ratio. This form of valuation is based on historic ratios and statistics and aims to assign value to a stock based on measurable attributes. This form of valuation is typically what drives long-term stock prices.

'Price-Earnings Ratio - P/E Ratio'
In general, a high P/E suggests that investors are expecting higher earnings growth in the future compared to companies with a lower P/E. However, the P/E ratio doesn't tell us the whole story by itself. It's usually more useful to compare the P/E ratios of one company to other companies in the same industry, to the market in general or against the company's own historical P/E. It would not be useful for investors using the P/E ratio as a basis for their investment to compare the P/E of a technology company (high P/E) to a utility company (low P/E) as each industry has much different growth prospects.

Example :
PE ratio is the main thing for calculating the value of a stock among a single industry.. if the PE ratio is 50. that means for 50 rupees investment u r getting 1 rupee profit as a share holder.. and if another company stock PE ratio is 60 with in the same industry (say INFOSYS PE is 50 and WIPRO PE is 60) that means INFOSYS is giving u 1 rupee profit for 50 investment and WIPRO is giving 1 rupee profit for 60 investment.. so u will choose INFOSYS.

There are a couple of other factors in determining the EPS, one of which is preferred dividends. This is the distribution of a portion of the company's earnings, and the figure shown is generally the dollar amount that each share receives once it is sold or traded.

The other way stocks are valued is based on supply and demand. The more people that want to buy the stock, the higher its price will be. And conversely, the more people that want to sell the stock, the lower the price will be. This form of valuation is very hard to understand or predict, and it often drives the short-term stock market trends.

When deciding whether to purchase or sell stocks, investors consider the general business climate and outlook, the financial condition and prospects of the individual companies in which they are considering investing, and whether stock prices relative to earnings already are above or below traditional norms. Interest rate trends also influence stock prices significantly. Rising interest rates tend to depress stock prices -- partly because they can foreshadow a general slowdown in economic activity and corporate profits, and partly because they lure investors out of the stock market and into new issues of interest-bearing investments. Falling rates, conversely, often lead to higher stock prices, both because they suggest easier borrowing and faster growth, and because they make new interest-paying investments less attractive to investors. For instance, gas prices have a large impact on the share prices of electricity generators.

Calculating stock prices is done at the close and open of the market each day. However, it is important to note that this price is not always the same as the company's closing price the night before; after-hours trading as well as the time company news is released can affect the opening price of the stock the next day. After-market trading occurs when investors trade stocks and bonds on the market after the normal business hours of 9:00 am to 3:30 pm . Oftentimes, the activity of buying and selling during after hours trading can either lower or raise the stock's opening price the next day. These price fluctuations are especially true for stocks that have limited trading activities. In addition, the prices of certain stocks during after-market trading are generally not reflective of the stocks' regular prices for a number of reasons. This results in having to calculate and update the stocks' prices.

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