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Dangerous than proprietary software

2012-06-20T13:41:00.000-07:00

Wondering whether to use the software with closed source, it is necessary to assess this step in terms of ethical implications. Eric Raymond (Eric S. Raymond), a well-known theorist of the movement for open source software and one of the founders of the Open Source Initiative, published in his blog a new essay, which presented a number of objective reasons why proprietary software is harmful.

The author of the famous "Cathedral and the Bazaar" proposed five criteria by which the user can assess the potential damage that can bring the use of a proprietary software product. Based on these criteria, users can decide whether to purchase proprietary software or open alternatives to turn to in order to minimize the negative consequences.

A. "Damage from insecurity." The most fundamental damage, which can be expected from proprietary software - that it is much worse than projected and far less reliable than the open. The weight of the injury depends on the complexity of the program - the program is more complicated, the more there can be errors, which makes the damage from indoor sources is much more serious. Thus it is necessary to consider the possible harm from each error - the stronger it is, the higher the benefit of open source over proprietary software.

Two. "The harm from the inability to change the code." Another source of harm from proprietary software - the inability to modify the code to fit their needs, individually or in hands of experts. The amount of damage is dependent on the value of modifications: for the software with respect to the general purpose of the consequences will be more severe than for highly specialized applications that exist in one installation and perform strictly limited tasks.

Three. "Harm-house." Closed code puts the user in an asymmetric position with the developer. People who have the privilege to view and modify the code of the Software may use their facilities for unlawful purposes: limiting user choice, be compelled to cash payments, or control over the transferred information. Any proprietary software that is used for communication between people is a concern that its authors may use their privileged position to spy on, or censorship.

4. "Harm to bind the vendor." Proprietary code makes it difficult to migrate to other software, greatly increasing the cost of its implementation. A striking example is the text editors that use proprietary formats that are not supported in alternative programs. A separate category of binding to the vendor - the so-called "positive network externalities" of the program, that is, its popularity among users. The more people use certain software, the higher its value for each individual, which also makes it difficult to move. The damage from the "positive network externalities" is similar to damage from binding to the vendor and is measured in the amount of the costs of migration.

Five. "Harm forgotten." The last factor is malicious proprietary software - the risk of data loss with the disappearance of the software that can handle them. Thus, at the dawn of the computerization of magnetic media remained important historical data stored within the program of space research in the U.S. 60 years. Despite the fact that the media is in excellent condition, the data can not be read because they were recorded using proprietary formats that are implemented in hardware, and specifications to them for a long time lost. With the spread of communications through the computer software, the harm from proprietary software, more and more increasing.

Based on these criteria, we can conclude that the firmware is safe appliances are available with closed-source, and operating systems and office suites - no. Damage to the vendor-binding and positive network externalities in the case of a toaster or no elevator at all. Firmware is a small harm of insecurity - in case of error in the code of the device will simply cease to work, and little harm from the inability to change the code - even having the opportunity to change the firmware, the user is unlikely to add new functionality to the device. It is hard to imagine how the appliances can be turned against the user, so the harm from the house is also low. On the other hand, more complex devices such as home routers, already at risk: recorded cases manipulation of the DNS or the introduction of advertising into the browser.

In contrast, for a closed operating system code indicates the level of harm caused by the unreliability of moderate to very high, depending on the installed applications and the costs associated with failures of the system. The harm from the inability to change the code is extremely high, even for inexperienced users: fixes and updates to the OS come only when the provider deems it necessary. The scale of damage can be estimated from the house, just remembering how much unwanted applications is standard with Windows; bound to the same vendor and "harm to

forgotten "the user is facing, using, for example, proprietary file formats or streaming video. High damage, and on the "network of positive factors."

For the same reasons, suffer from a closed source software, and office users of smartphones, says the author. The user should avoid private desktop and mobile software: it comes from them the most serious harm, and that they are most strongly tied to itself and to the supplier. In the event that proprietary software does not open alternatives, Raymond advises the user to decide on their own.

"In the end, in the world, there is another injury, and he is much stronger than the strongest damage, which can cause closed software - says the author. - Remember that the goal of all ethical rules is to reduce the harm itself, and act accordingly. "

Чим небезпечне закрите ПЗ

2012-06-20T13:39:00.002-07:00

Переймаючись питанням, чи слід використовувати ПЗ з закритим вихідним кодом, необхідно оцінити цей крок з точки зору етики наслідків. Ерік Реймонд (Eric S. Raymond), відомий теоретик руху за відкрите програмне забезпечення і один із засновників Open Source Initiative, опублікував у своєму блозі нове есе, в якому представив ряд об'єктивних причин, чому закрите ПО приносить шкоду.

Автор знаменитого «Собору і Базару» запропонував п'ять критеріїв, за якими користувач може оцінити потенційний збиток, який здатний принести використання того чи іншого закритого програмного продукту. На підставі даних критеріїв користувачі зможуть вирішити, чи варто купувати пропрієтарне ПЗ або ж звернутися до відкритих альтернатив, щоб мінімізувати негативні наслідки.

1. «Шкода від ненадійності». Найбільш фундаментальний шкоду, якого можна очікувати від закритого ПЗ - те, що воно набагато гірше спроектовано і набагато менш надійно, ніж відкрите. Вагомість даного шкоди залежить від складності програми - ніж програма складніше, тим більше в ній може бути помилок, що робить шкоду від закритих исходников набагато серйозніше. При цьому потрібно враховувати можливу шкоду від кожної помилки - чим він сильніший, тим вище стає перевага відкритих початкових кодів над закритим ПЗ.

2. «Шкода від неможливості змінити код». Інше джерело шкоди від закритого ПЗ - відсутність можливості змінити код під свої потреби, самостійно або руками фахівців. Розмір збитку тут залежить від цінності модифікації: для ПО з відносно загальним призначенням наслідки будуть більш серйозними, ніж для вузькоспеціалізованих програм, які існують в одній інсталяції і виконують жорстко обмежені завдання.

3. «Шкода посередництва». Закритий код ставить користувача в асиметричне положення з розробником. Люди, що володіють привілеєм переглянути та змінити код ПО, можуть використовувати свої можливості для неправомірних цілей: обмеження для користувача вибору, примусу до грошових відрахувань або контролю за інформацією, що передається. Будь-яке закрите ПЗ, яке використовується для спілкування між людьми, викликає занепокоєння, що його автори можуть використовувати своє привілейоване становище для шпигунства або введення цензури.

4. «Шкода прив'язки до постачальника». Закритий код ускладнює міграцію на інше програмне забезпечення значно збільшуючи витрати на її проведення. Яскравим прикладом є текстові редактори, які використовують пропрієтарні формати, які не підтримуються в альтернативних програмах. Окрема категорія прив'язки до постачальника - так звані «позитивні мережеві зовнішні чинники» програми, тобто, її популярність серед користувачів. Чим більше людей використовують певний ПЗ, тим вище його цінність для кожного індивідуума, що також ускладнює перехід. Шкода від «позитивних мережевих зовнішніх чинників» аналогічний шкоді від прив'язки до вендору і вимірюється в обсязі витрат на міграцію.

5. «Шкода забуття». Останній шкідливий фактор закритого ПЗ - ризик втрати даних із зникненням програмного забезпечення, здатного їх обробляти. Так, на магнітних носіях зорі комп'ютеризації збереглися важливі історичні дані, записані в рамках програми космічних досліджень США в 60-х роках. Незважаючи на те, що носії у відмінному стані, дані неможливо прочитати, оскільки вони були записані з використанням закритих форматів, реалізованих на апаратному рівні, і специфікації до них давно втрачені. У міру поширення комунікацій за допомогою комп'ютерного програмного забезпечення, даний шкода від закритого ПЗ все більше і більше зростає.

На основі даних критеріїв можна зробити висновок, що прошивки побутових пристроїв цілком безпечно можуть поставлятися з закритим кодом, а операційні системи та офісні пакети - ні. Шкода прив'язки до вендору і позитивні мережеві зовнішні чинники в разі тостера або ліфта відсутні в принципі. Прошивка має невеликий шкода від ненадійності - в разі помилки в коді пристрій просто перестане працювати, і невеликий шкоду від неможливості змінити код - навіть маючи можливість змінити прошивку, користувач навряд чи зможе додати в пристрій нову функціональність. Важко уявити, яким чином побутову техніку можна звернути проти користувача, тому шкода від посередництва також невисокий. З іншого боку, більш складні пристрої, такі як домашні маршрутизатори, вже схильні до ризику: зафіксовані випадки маніпуляцій з DNS або впровадження реклами в браузер.

Навпаки, для операційної системи закритий код означає рівень шкоди від ненадійності від помірного до дуже високого, в залежності від встановлених додатків і витрат, пов'язаних зі збоями системи. Шкода від неможливості змінити код вкрай високий навіть для недосвідченого користувача: виправлення та оновлення для ОС приходять тільки тоді, коли постачальник вважатиме це за потрібне. Масштаби шкоди від посередництва можна оцінити, просто згадавши, скільки непотрібних додатків входить в стандартну поставку Windows; з прив'язкою ж до вендору і «шкодою від

забуття »користувач стикається, використовуючи, наприклад, пропрієтарні формати файлів або потокового відео. Високий збиток і від «позитивних мережевих чинників».

З тих же самих причин страждають від закритого коду користувачі офісного ПЗ і смартфонів, стверджує автор. Користувачеві слід уникати закритого десктопного та мобільного ПЗ: саме від них виходить найбільш серйозної шкоди, і саме вони найсильніше прив'язують до себе і до постачальника. У тому випадку, якщо закрите ПЗ не має відкритих альтернатив, Реймонд радить користувачеві прийняти рішення самостійно.

«Врешті-решт, у світі існує й інший шкоду, і він набагато сильніше, ніж найсильніший шкоду, яку може нанести закрите ПЗ, - заявляє автор. - Згадайте, що метою всіх етичних правил є зменшення шкоди як такого, і чиніть відповідно ».

How did forced abortion in China

2012-06-20T13:35:00.002-07:00

The City of Ankang in Shaanxi Province in China apologized to the woman, which was produced by forced abortion. Three officials involved in this, suspended from work. On the eve of the Internet have pictures of this woman, whose name is Feng Tszyanmey, and the aborted fetus.

She was forced to have an abortion at seven months pregnant, said the local administration, which conducted the investigation.

In China, abortion is prohibited after the sixth month of pregnancy.

As reported by Xinhua, the government took the decision to remove from the work of the three officials in the district Chzhenpin on the results of the preliminary investigation. They also urged the district authorities to review existing measures of family planning.

Feng Tszyanmey, whose 27 years, was forcibly taken to a city hospital on June 2, where she underwent surgery. According to Chinese press reports, she suffered a trauma and is in serious condition.

The county Chzhenpin argued that the woman consented to have an abortion because the law she had no right to the birth of her second child. She has a daughter, born in 2007.

However, the Chinese human rights activists argue that women have an abortion because she was not able to pay the penalty for a second child.

Human rights groups have long argued that the official policy is to limit the birth rate in China, known as the "one family, one child," has led to numerous cases of forced abortion. Authorities in Beijing have always rejected the accusation.

"The Case of Feng Tszyanmey shows how the one-child policy is used to violence against women every day" - said Chai Ling, a member of China's human rights organization All Girls Allowed, based in the United States.

This group has already talked with Feng and her husband Dan Tsziyuanem after surgery. According to Dan, his wife was forcibly taken to the hospital before surgery and it made it impossible to move.

Correspondent BBC BBC in Shanghai Saduort John says that these accusations are not new in China, but in this case attracted the attention of the public photos of the injured woman lying near the body of an aborted baby. These pictures have caused outrage among Internet users.

As reported by Agence France-Presse, one of the comments on the Chinese website netease.com says: "We are told that this made the Japanese devils and the Nazis. But it's really going on, and it is not the only case. These officials should be put to death."

In May this year a prominent Chinese human rights activist Chen Guangcheng, who was placed under house arrest for speaking out against forced abortion, he emigrated to the United States.

Як робили примусовий аборт в Китаї

2012-06-20T13:33:00.000-07:00

Влада міста Анькан в провінції Шеньсі в Китаї вибачилися перед жінкою, якій було зроблено насильницький аборт. Троє чиновників, причетних до цього, відсторонені від роботи. Напередодні в інтернеті з'явилися фотографії цієї жінки, яку звуть Фен Цзянмей, і абортовану зародка.

Її змусили зробити аборт на сьомому місяці вагітності, говориться в повідомленні місцевої адміністрації, яка провела розслідування.

У Китаї заборонені аборти після закінчення шостого місяця вагітності.

Як повідомляє агентство Сіньхуа, влада прийняла рішення про відсторонення від роботи трьох чиновників в окрузі Чженьпіна за результатами попереднього розслідування. Вони також закликали окружні влади переглянути прийняті заходи з планування сім'ї.

Фен Цзянмей, якій 27 років, була насильно доставлена в міську лікарню 2 червня, де їй була зроблена операція. За повідомлення китайської преси, вона перенесла психічну травму і перебуває у важкому стані.

Влада округу Чженьпіна стверджували, що жінка дала згоду на аборт, тому що за законом вона не мала права на народження другої дитини. У неї є дочка, яка народилася в 2007 році.

Однак китайські правозахисники стверджують, що жінці зробили аборт тому, що вона була не в змозі заплатити штраф за другу дитину.

Правозахисні організації вже давно стверджують, що офіційна політика з обмеження народжуваності в Китаї, відома під назвою "одна сім'я-одна дитина", призводить до численних випадків насильницьких абортів. Влада в Пекіні завжди відкидали це звинувачення.

"Випадок Фен Цзянмей показує, як політика однієї дитини використовується в цілях насильства над жінками повсякденно", - заявила Чай Лін, член китайської правозахисної організації All Girls Allowed, що базується в США.

Представники цієї групи вже говорили з Фен і її чоловіком Ден Цзіюанем після операції. Як заявив Ден, його дружина була насильно доставлена в лікарню, а перед операцією її позбавили можливості рухатися.

Кореспондент Бі-бі-сі в Шанхаї Джон Садуорт повідомляє, що подібні звинувачення не є чимось новим в Китаї, проте в даному випадку увага громадськості привернули фотографії постраждалої жінки, що лежить поруч з тілом абортовану дитини. Ці фотографії викликали обурення серед користувачів інтернету.

Як повідомляє агентство Франс-прес, один з коментарів на китайському сайті netease.com говорить: "Нам кажуть, що таке робили японські дияволи і нацисти. Але це відбувається насправді, і це не єдиний випадок. Цих чиновників треба стратити".

У травні цього року відомий китайський правозахисник Чень Гуанчен, який був поміщений під домашній арешт за виступи проти насильницьких абортів, емігрував до США.

Why God allows suffering and death?

2012-06-20T13:16:00.000-07:00

Over the last month I buried six children from the hospital, where every Saturday liturgy. Five boys: Eugene, Anton, Sasha, Alyosha, and Igor. And one girl - Eugene Zhmyrko, seventeen year old beauty from which stayed in the hospital church iconostasis icon of the Holy Great Martyr Panteleimon. She died of leukemia. She was dying slowly and painfully, to no avail nothing. And this month is not some kind of special. Five children's graves in a month - it is a statistic. Inexorable and devastating, but the statistics. And in each coffin dear, beloved, clean, bright and beautiful. Maxim, Xenia, Nastya, Natasha, Serge ...

In the last day I visited the three patients: Clara (Mary), Andrew and Valentina. All three of them die - hard and painful. Clara nearly grandmother was baptized recently, but one would think that life lived in the Church - so bright, wise and transparent. Andryusha - 25 years old, and his son only a year. Dozens pray for him, even, perhaps, hundreds of people take out the drugs, and bringing the car to the hospital and home to collect money for treatment - and metastases elsewhere. And that day is not a peculiar, so every day.

It took half a day. Clara died. Valentine died. In Chechnya, killing six Russian soldiers - as well as Chechens, do not tell Kate ... died (from the Department of Oncology) - a girl with huge blue eyes. This told me right at the time of service.

It is easy to believe in God when you walk through the field in the summer. The sun is shining and the flowers smell sweet, and the air trembles, filled with their fragrance. "And in the sky I see God" - as in Lermontov. But here? God? Where is he? If he is good, omniscient and omnipotent, why silent? If He punishes them for their sins or the sins of their fathers and mothers, as many believe, then he really does not "slow to anger, and plenteous," then he is ruthless.

God allows evil for our own good, or when we teach, or when he wants to have happened to us something even worse - so taught since the days of medieval and Byzantine theologians of the past, and we affirm because behind them. The dead children - the school of God? Or weakness will the lesser evil to avoid a greater?

If God gave it all, at least for our admonition, it is not God, it is an evil demon, why worship him, he should just drive out of life. If God so that we senses, it was necessary to kill Antosha, Sasha, Zhenya, Alyosha, Katya, and so I do not want to believe in a God. I recall that the word "believe" does not mean "to recognize that he is", "believe" - a "trusted embark in all confidence, trust, or give yourself." Then it turns out that those were right who in 30 years destroyed the temples and burned at the stake of the icon, who turned the temples into the palaces of culture. It's sad. Worse than sad. It is terrible.

Maybe not to think about it, just to console? Giving to those who really bad, the "opium of the people," and they did not even true, but it will be easier. To comfort, soothe, to pity. But opium is no cure, but only at the time of lulls, relieves pain for three or four hours, and then it is necessary to give again and again. In general, afraid to tell a lie - especially about God. I can not.

Lord, what do you do? I look at your cross and I see how painful it you die. I look at thy plagues, and I see you dead, naked, unburied ... You're in this world, shared with us our grief. You're like one of us cries, dying on his cross: "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" You're like one of us, like Jack, like Anton, as Alyosha, as, after all, every one of us asked God is a terrible question, and "gave up the ghost."

If the Apostles state that Jesus died on the cross for our sins, and redeemed them with His blood, we are redeemed (see 1 Cor 6.20, and 1 Peter 1,18-19), it means that we suffer not for something that is not for sin - their own, parents, someone. For them, Christ has already suffered - so taught the apostles, and on this rests the foundation of their theology. Then it turns out it is not known for what we suffer.

Meanwhile, Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law fair with His blood, goes to the ground, not as a winner, but as the loser. He will be arrested, crucified and die an agonizing death, saying: "Oh, my God, why have you forsaken me?". His throw everything, even the closest disciples. His witnesses will also be missed, and kill, imprison, and camps. Since the time of the apostles, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer until the mother of Mary and Maximilian Kolbe, up to thousands of martyrs of the Soviet gulag.

t Why all this? I do not know. But I know that Christ is joined with us in trouble, in pain, abandonment by God - in the coffin of the deceased child, I feel his presence. Christ comes into our lives to join us in the face of pain and misery in one whole, to gather us together, so we did not stay in the moment of misfortune alone with this trouble, as he once was.

Joining us in the face of the whole trouble, he does what no one else can not do. Thus was born the Church.

What do we know about God? Only the fact that Christ has revealed to us (John 1:18). And he showed us, among other things, and his abandonment by God and man - it is in this abandonment It is more connected to all of us.

Greeks, and after them the Romans, and have always wanted to know everything. Based on this entire ancient civilization. It is at this irrepressible, bubbling and indefatigable thirst for knowledge. And about God, when they became Christians, they also wanted to know - He may or not. Hence the word "Almighty" or Omnirotents, one of the epithets of Jupiter in Roman poetry, which likes to use in his "Aeneid" Virgil. And God "neizrechen, nedovedom, invisible, incomprehensible" (we know not of theology, often falls under the influence of ancient philosophy, and experience of the prayer of the Church, from the experience of the Eucharist - not by chance that every priest will certainly repeat these words in every liturgy) , so we are unable to question "Does God still?" - answer either "yes" or "no." So who is to blame for the pain, I do not know, but I know who suffers with us - Jesus.

How can understand
while creating in the world evil? Do not need to understand it - have to fight with him. Overcome evil with good, as the Apostle Paul calls us: treat patients, to dress and feed the poor, stop the war, etc. Tirelessly. And if not, if the force is not enough, then bow down before thy cross, then the clutch at his foot as the only hope.

"God is not one has ever seen." Only one thread connects us with Him - a man named Jesus, in whom all the fullness of God dwells bodily. Only one thread connects us with Jesus - the name of this thread love.

He died on the cross as a criminal. Painful. Shroud of Turin with terrible signs of bruising, with traces of the ulcer, for which modern pathologists to detail restores the clinical picture of the last hours of Jesus' life - that's really true sanctuary for the twentieth century. All the horror of death, no one and did not covered! Looking at the picture of Holbein's "Dead Christ", the hero of Dostoevsky said that from this picture you can lose faith. And what would he say if he saw the Shroud of Turin, or the Nazi concentration camps, or Stalinism, or just a morgue in the children's hospital in 1995?

What happened next? At the beginning of the 20th chapter of John's Gospel we see Mary Magdalene, then Peter and John, and feel the piercing pain that permeated everything in the spring morning of Easter. Pain, anguish, despair, fatigue and back pain. But this is a piercing pain, the same piercing despair, which so vividly tells the Gospel of John, I feel like every time at the grave of a child ... and I feel pain, tears and despair, I believe - you truly risen, my Lord.

While writing this essay, Clara died, then Valentina, died last Andrew - three coffins. One boy told me the other day, he does not believe in an afterlife, and so afraid that he is a bad Christian. I told him this, that the difficulty with perception, with regard to life beyond the grave, show exactly the opposite - the integrity of his faith.

And here's why. One, not very young, a priest once told me that it is very difficult to judge and teach about the death of his parishioners not to fear it, because he had never of the people are really close to never lose. Honestly. Very honest. And it's very true. I was always afraid to look at yesterday's seminary, which is important, and gently, but a little cram down the mother who has lost a child, that in fact it is good that God has so blessed, so too do not have to grieve.

"God is not dead, but alive. For all live to him "- yes, this tells us Christ in his Gospel (Luke 20.38). But to this news came to the heart, each of us needs some personal experience of poverty, grief and loss experience, plunging us into the abyss of this despair, anguish and tears, we need not days or weeks, and years of piercing pain. This message is part of our heart - only without anesthesia, and only through their own losses. As a school it is not a lesson learned. I would argue, the one who thinks that believes, without having gone through this experience of pain, is mistaken. This is not faith, it is touching the faith of others, to whom we would like to emulate in life. And more: the one who claims to believe in immortality and in this case refers to the relevant page of the catechism, do not believe in God and an idol, whose name - his own selfishness.

The belief that God all are alive, is given to us only if we are doing everything possible to save the lives of those around us, but if we do not camouflage etoyu faith in a purely selfish purposes, not to grieve too much to fight over whose- s life, or just not to hurt.

But where did evil in the world? Why do kids get sick and die? I'll try to make a guess. God gave us the world ("Here I have given you" - Genesis 1:29). We're all together, fuck up his fault, if not all, in so many troubles. If we talk about the war, our wines are always visible, the disease - it is visible is not always, but often (ecology, environment and poisoned, etc.). Peace in the biblical sense of the word, the world lies in evil, that is society, or we're all together, that's who to blame.

In our temples of the holy icons is quite an important place belongs to "Descent into Hell" - Jesus on the icon shows going down somewhere in the depths of the earth, and at the same time and in the depths of human misery, despair and hopelessness. In the New Testament of the event did not say, only in the Apostles' Creed is about is two words - descendit ad inferos («descended into Hell"), and quite a lot in our church hymns.

Jesus not only suffers himself but also descends into hell, there to share the pain of others. He always calls us to him, telling us: "For me, come quickly." Often we try to really go after him. But then ...

Here we try not to see another's pain, zazhmurivaem eyes, stop up their ears. In Soviet times, we have hidden disabilities on reserves (such as on Valaam), so that no one has seen them, as if regretting the psyche of his countrymen. Mortuaries in hospitals are often hidden in the back yard so no one would ever guess that there are sometimes die. And so on., And so on. We now consider ourselves non-believers, if we try to play with death in a "cat and mouse", pretending that it does not, as taught by Epicurus, retreating from it, etc. In other words, not to fear death, we use a kind of analgesic.

If we think of ourselves as believers, we do not better say that it is not terrible, that it is the will of God that we should not grieve for the deceased, because thereby we murmur against God, and so on. One way or another, but like an unbeliever and fenced off from the pain she hides itself from instinctively, as if from a blow on our hands upraised, that is, too, if you do not use drugs, then at least an analgesic.

This is for you. But for others we are doing even worse. A person who hurts, trying to convince that he is mistaken, and it seems, because he does not love God, etc. etc. As a result, a man who is bad, hard and painful, we leave him alone with the pain, throw one on the most difficult place in life of the road.

And we ought to just go down with him to hell after Jesus - feel the pain of those around, in its entirety, and the bareness of authenticity, split it, go through it together.

When my cousin died octogenarian sister, with whom they are together in one room lived all his life, about a year later she told me: "Thank you that you have comforted me, and just always been close." I think that this is the Christian to be close together, as you can to comfort someone who has lost money or put grease stain on the new suit, or a broken leg. Console - it means to show that what happened to someone, not much trouble. By the death of a close relationship is no consolation. Here it is more than immoral.

We - the people of Holy Saturday. Jesus

is removed from the cross. He has probably risen since this tells the story read during the Mass the Gospel, but no one knows about it. Angel has not yet said: "He is not here. He is risen, "this no one knows until it just felt, and only those who have not forgotten how to feel ...

In 1995.

The priest Georgy Chistyakov (August 4, 1953 - June 22, 2007): The philologist, historian, theologian. The priest of the Temple of St. Cosmas and Damian in Moscow and the rector of the church of Our Lady in the Children's Republican Clinical Hospital, a member of the Board of the Russian Bible Society and the International Association for the Study of Fathers of the Church, the rector of the Orthodox public University based protoireem A. Menem, head of the cultural history of MIPT. I read in the MIPT lectures on the history of Christianity and the history of theological thought.

Source: "Orthodoxy and the World"

Чому Бог допускає страждання і смерть?

2012-06-20T13:13:00.002-07:00

За останній місяць я поховав шість дітей з лікарні, де щосуботи служу літургію. П'ять хлопчиків: Женю, Антона, Сашу, Альошу та Ігоря. І одну дівчинку - Женю Жмирко, сімнадцятирічну красуню, від якої залишилася в іконостасі лікарняного храму ікона святого великомученика Пантелеймона. Померла вона від лейкозу. Вмирала довго і болісно, не допомагало ніщо. І цей місяць не якийсь особливий. П'ять дитячих трун на місяць - це статистика. Невблаганна і убивча, але статистика. І в кожному труні рідний, гаряче улюблений, чистий, світлий, дивний. Максимка, Ксюша, Настя, Наташа, Сергій ...

За останній день я відвідав трьох хворих: Клару (Марію), Андрійка і Валентину. Всі троє гинуть - важко і болісно. Клара вже майже бабуся, хрестилася недавно, але можна подумати, що все життя прожила в Церкві - так світла, мудра і прозора. Андрійкові - 25 років, а синові його всього лише рік. За нього моляться десятки, навіть, напевно, сотні людей, дістають ліки, возять на машині в лікарню і додому, збирають гроші на лікування - а метастази всюди. І цей день не якийсь особливий, так кожен день.

Минуло півдня. Померла Клара. Померла Валентина. У Чечні загинуло шість російських солдат - а скільки чеченців, не повідомляють ... Померла Катя (з відділення онкології) - дівчинка з величезними блакитними очима. Про це мені сказали прямо під час служби.

Легко вірити в Бога, коли йдеш влітку через поле. Сяє сонце, і квіти пахнуть, і повітря тремтить, напоєне їх ароматом. «І в небесах я бачу Бога» - як у Лермонтова. А тут? Бог? Де Він? Якщо Він благ, всеведущ і всемогутній, то чому мовчить? Якщо ж Він так карає їх за їхні гріхи або за гріхи їхніх тат і мам, як вважають багато хто, то Він вже ніяк не «довготерпеливий і многомилостивий», тоді Він безжалісний.

Бог допускає зло для нашої ж користі або коли вчить нас, або коли хоче, щоб з нами не трапилося чогось ще гіршого - так вчили ще з часів середньовіччя і Візантії богослови минулого, і ми так стверджуємо слідом за ними. Мертві діти - школа Бога? Або потурання меншого зла, щоб уникнути більшого?

Якщо Бог все це влаштував, хоча б для нашого напоумлення, то це не Бог, це злий демон, навіщо йому поклонятися, його треба просто вигнати з життя. Якщо Богу, для того щоб ми схаменулися, треба було убити Антошу, Сашу, Женю, Альошу, Катю і т.д., я не хочу вірити в такого Бога. Нагадую, що слово «вірити» не означає «визнавати, що Він є», «вірити» - це «довіряти, вверятись, довіряти чи віддавати себе». Тоді виходить, що мали рацію ті, хто в 30-і роки руйнував храми і палив на вогнищах ікони, ті, хто храми перетворював на палаци культури. Сумно. Гірше, ніж сумно. Страшно.

Може бути, не думати про це, а просто втішати? Давати тим, кому зовсім погано, цей «опіум для народу», і їм все-таки хоча б не так, але буде легше. Втішати, заспокоювати, жаліти. Але опіум не лікує, а лише на час присипляє, знімає біль на три або 4:00, а потім його потрібно давати знову і знову. І взагалі страшно говорити неправду - особливо про Бога. Не можу.

Господи, що ж робити? Я дивлюся на твій хрест і бачу, як болісно Ти на ньому вмираєш. Дивлюся на Твої виразки і бачу Тебе мертва, нага, непохованим ... Ти в цьому світі розділив з нами нашу біль. Ти як один з нас вигукує, помираючи на своєму хресті: «Боже, Боже мій, чому Ти мене покинув?" Ти як один з нас, як Женя, як Антон, як Альоша, як, зрештою, кожен з нас, задав Богу страшний це питання і «віддав духа».

Якщо апостоли стверджують, що Ісус помер на хресті за наші гріхи і викупив їх Своєю кров'ю, то ми викуплені (див. 1Кор 6,20; а також 1Петр 1,18-19), значить, ми страждаємо не за щось, не за гріхи - свої, батьківські, чиїсь. За них вже постраждав Христос - так вчать апостоли, і на цьому грунтується основа всього їх богослов'я. Тоді виходить, що невідомо, за що страждаємо ми.

Тим часом Христос, відкупив нас від прокляття закону чесною Своєю кров'ю, йде по землі не як переможець, а саме як переможений. Він буде схоплений, розп'ятий і помре болісною смертю зі словами: «Боже, Боже мій, чому Ти мене покинув?». Його кинуть все, навіть найближчі учні. Його свідків теж будуть хапати і вбивати, саджати в тюрми і табори. З часів апостолів і аж до Дітріха Бонхоффера, матері Марії та Максиміліана Кольбе, аж до тисяч мучеників радянського ГУЛАГу.

t Навіщо все це? Не знаю. Але знаю, що Христос з'єднується з нами у біді, в болю, в богооставленності - біля труни померлого дитини я відчуваю його присутність. Христос входить в наше життя, щоб з'єднати нас перед обличчям болю і біди в одне ціле, зібрати нас разом, щоб ми не залишилися в момент біди один на один з цією бідою, як колись залишився Він.

Поєднуючи нас в єдине ціле перед лицем біди, Він робить те, що ніхто інший зробити не в силах. Так народжується Церква.

Що ми знаємо про Бога? Лише те, що явив нам Христос (Ів. 1,18). А він явив нам, крім всього іншого, і свою оставленности Богом і людьми - саме в цій оставленности Він найбільше з'єднується з нами.

Грекам, а слідом за ними і римлянам завжди хотілося все знати. На цьому заснована вся антична цивілізація. Саме на цій невгамовної, що вирує і невтомною жадобі знання. І про Бога, коли вони стали християнами, їм теж захотілося знати - може Він все чи ні. Звідси слово «Всемогутній» або Omniрotents, один з епітетів Юпітера у римській поезії, яким дуже любить користуватися у своїй «Енеїді» Вергілій. А Бог «неізречен, недоведом, невидимий, незбагненний» (це ми знаємо не з богослов'я, нерідко потрапляв під вплив античної філософії, а з молитовного досвіду Церкви, з досвіду Євхаристії - не випадково ж кожен священик неодмінно повторює ці слова під час кожної літургії) , тому ми просто не в змозі на запитання «Чи може Бог все?» - відповісти ні «так», ні «ні». Тому, хто винен в болю, я не знаю, але знаю, хто страждає разом з нами - Ісус.

Як же зрозуміти
тоді діється в світі зло? Та не треба його розуміти - з ним треба боротися. Перемагати зло добром, як кличе нас апостол Павло: хворих лікувати, жебраків одягати і годувати, війну зупиняти і т.д. Невпинно. А якщо не виходить, якщо сил не вистачає, тоді схилятися перед Твоїм хрестом, тоді хапатися за його підніжжя як за єдину надію.

«Бога не бачив ніхто ніколи». І тільки одна нитка з'єднує нас з Ним - чоловік на ім'я Ісус, що Його вся повнота Божого перебуває тілесно. І тільки одна нитка з'єднує нас з Ісусом - ім'я цієї нитки любов.

Він помер на хресті як злочинець. Болісно. Туринська плащаниця зі страшними слідами синців, зі слідами від виразок, за якими сучасні патологоанатоми в деталях відновлюють клінічну картину останніх годин життя Ісуса - ось дійсно справжня святиня для ХХ століття. Весь жах смерті, ніким і ніяк не прикритий! Подивившись на картину Гольбейна "Мертвий Христос», герой Достоєвського вигукнув, що від такої картини можна віру втратити. А що б він сказав, якби побачив Туринську плащаницю, або гітлерівські концтабори, або сталинщину, або просто морг в дитячій лікарні в 1995 році?

Що було далі? На початку 20-го розділу Євангелія від Івана ми бачимо Марію Магдалину, потім апостолів Петра та Івана і відчуваємо пронизливу біль, якої пронизане все в весняний ранок Великодня. Біль, тугу, відчай, втома і знову біль. Але цю ж пронизливу біль, цю ж пронизливу безнадійність, про які так яскраво розповідає Євангеліє від Івана, я відчуваю всякий раз біля труни дитини ... Відчуваю і з болем, крізь сльози і розпач, вірю - Ти воістину воскрес, мій Господь.

Поки писався цей нарис, померла Клара, потім Валентина Іванівна, останнім помер Андрій - ще три труни. Один хлопчик зізнався мені на днях, що не вірить в загробне життя і тому боїться, що він поганий християнин. Я заперечив йому на це, що труднощі зі сприйняттям того, що стосується життя за гробом, свідчать якраз про зворотне - про чесність його віри.

І ось чому. Один, причому не дуже молодий, священик якось сказав мені, що йому дуже важко судити про смерть і вчити своїх парафіян не боятися її, оскільки він сам ніколи з людей по-справжньому близьких ніколи не втрачав. Чесно. Дуже чесно. І дуже вірно. Мені завжди страшно дивитися на вчорашнього семінариста, який важливо і м'яко, але трохи зверхньо втовкмачує матері, яка втратила дитину, що насправді це добре, що Бог так благословив, і тому дуже вже побиватися не треба.

«Бог не є Бог мертвих, але живих. Бо в Нього всі живі », - так, про це говорить нам Христос у своєму Євангелії (Лк 20,38). Але для того, щоб ця звістка увійшла в серце, кожному з нас необхідний особистий досвід бід, горя і втрат, досвід, ввергає нас в безодню цього відчаю, туги і сліз, потрібні не дні або тижні, а роки пронизливої болю. Ця звістка входить в наше серце - тільки без наркозу і тільки через власні втрати. Як шкільний урок її не зрозумієш. Смію стверджувати: той, хто думає, що вірить, не переживши цього досвіду болю, помиляється. Це ще не віра, це дотик до віри інших, кому б нам хотілося наслідувати в житті. І більше: той, хто стверджує, що вірить у безсмертя і посилається при цьому на відповідну сторінку катехізису, взагалі вірить не в Бога, а в ідола, ім'я якому - його власний егоїзм.

Віра в те, що у Бога всі живі, дається нам, тільки якщо ми робимо все можливе для порятунку життя тих, хто нас оточує, лише якщо ми не прикриваємо цією вірою в чисто егоїстичних цілях, щоб не дуже засмучуватися, щоб битися за чию- то життя або просто щоб не було боляче.

Але звідки все-таки в світі зло? Чому хворіють і помирають діти? Спробую висловити одну гіпотезу. Бог вручив нам світ («Ось я дав вам» - Побут 1,29). Ми самі все разом, споганити його, винні якщо не у всіх, то в дуже багатьох бідах. Якщо говорити про війну, то наша вина тут видно завжди, про хвороби - її видно не завжди, але часто (екологія, отруєна середу і т.п.). Світ у біблійному розумінні цього слова, світ, який лежить у злі, тобто суспільство або ми всі разом, ось хто винен.

У наших храмах серед святих ікон досить помітне місце займає «Сходження в пекло» - Ісус на цій іконі зображений спускається кудись в глибини землі, а разом з тим і в глибини людського горя, відчаю та безнадії. У Новому Завіті про цю подію взагалі не йдеться, лише в Апостольському символі віри є про це два слова - descendit ad inferos («спустився у пекло»), і досить багато в наших церковних співах.

Ісус не тільки страждає сам, але і спускається в пекло, щоб там розділити біль інших. Він завжди кличе нас з собою, кажучи нам: «Як на мене гряди». Часто ми намагаємося, дійсно, йти слідом за ним. Але тут ...

Тут ми намагаємося не бачити чужого болю, заплющує очі, затикаємо вуха. За радянських часів ми ховали інвалідів в резерваціях (як, наприклад, на Валаамі), щоб ніхто їх не бачив, як би жаліючи психіку своїх співвітчизників. Морги в лікарнях часто ховали на задньому дворі, щоб ніхто ніколи не здогадався, що тут іноді вмирають. І ін., Та ін. Ми й тепер, якщо вважаємо себе невіруючими, намагаємося грати зі смертю в «кішки-мишки», робити вигляд, ніби її немає, як вчив Епікур, відгороджуватися від неї і т.д. Іншими словами, щоб не боятися смерті, використовуємо щось подібне анальгетика.

Якщо ж ми вважаємо себе віруючими, то чинимо не краще: говоримо, що вона не страшна, що на те воля Божа, що не треба сумувати за покійним, тому що тим самим ми нарікаємо на Бога та ін. Так чи інакше, але подібно невіруючим також відгороджуємося від болю, заступає себе від неї інстинктивно, наче від удару занесеної над нами руки, тобто теж використовуємо якщо не наркотик, то у всякому разі анальгетик.

Це для себе. А для інших ми чинимо ще гірше. Людині, якій боляче, намагаємося переконати, що це йому тільки здається, причому здається, бо він Бога не любить і т.д. і т.п. А в результаті людини, якій погано, важко і боляче, ми залишаємо наодинці з його болем, кидаємо одного на самому скрутному місці життєвої дороги.

А треба б просто спуститися з ним разом в пекло слідом за Ісусом - відчути біль того, хто поруч, у всій її повноті, неприкритою і справжності, розділити її, пережити її разом.

Коли у моєї вісімдесятирічної родички померла сестра, з якою вони разом в одній кімнаті прожили все життя, приблизно через рік вона мені сказала: «Спасибі вам, що ви мене не втішали, а просто весь час були поруч». Думаю, що в цьому і полягає християнство, щоб бути поруч, разом, бо втішати можна людину, яка втратила гроші або посадив масну пляму на новий костюм, або зламав ногу. Втішати - це означає показувати, що те, що з кимось сталося, не така вже й велика біда. До смерті близького таке розраду відношення не має. Тут воно більше ніж аморально.

Ми - люди Страсного Суботи. Ісус

вже знято з хреста. Він вже, напевно, воскрес, бо про це оповідає прочитане під час Служби Божої Євангеліє, але ніхто ще не знає про це. Ангел ще не сказав: «Його тут немає. Він воскрес », про це не знає ніхто, поки це тільки відчувається, і лише тими, хто не розучився відчувати ...

1995 рік.

Священик Георгій Чистяков (4 серпня 1953 - 22 червня 2007): Філолог, історик, богослов. Священик Храму Св. Косми і Даміана в Москві і настоятель храму Покрова Богородиці в Дитячій республіканській клінічній лікарні, член Правління Російського Біблійного Товариства та Міжнародної Асоціації з вивчення отців церкви, ректор Загальнодоступного Православного Університету, заснованого протоієреєм А. Менем, завідувач кафедрою історії культури МФТІ. Читав в МФТІ лекції з історії християнства та історії богословської думки.

Джерело "Православ'я і світ"

When will the sale of

2012-06-19T07:18:00.002-07:00

Just over a month before the start of the summer sales in Europe. Sales, some are waiting for the winter and it is no coincidence - when discounts can really benefit from discounts of up to 80-90% update your wardrobe.

When will the sale of the summer 2012 in Italy, France and England? What can be bought? What will not be on sale? What are the prices and discounts on sales - all this we will explain in more detail.

Summer sales in 2012

Italy

This year's summer sales in Italy will begin July 7 at the same time in all cities in Italy. The duration of sales is about 60 days, ie to early September (before September 1-4). Before this time, discount stores can only offer its customers and is by invitation only. Officially banned before discount start date specified by the state.

In our experience - the best time to visit the sale of the summer - this is the second week of sales. Fewer people than in the first days of sales at the same time, a wide range of things. In late July, are usually heavily discounted than at the beginning of July. In general, the whole of July is quite a wide range of anywhere.

It should be noted that in August, during the period 6-20 August a large number of small shops, factories, warehouses and spatchey closed for summer holidays.

However, all Outlets, central shops in Italy are working normally. In resort areas (such as Rimini, for example) can even be opened, some factories, warehouses and spatchi.

France

This year's summer sales will start from June 27 to July 31. Usually, the date of the sales are strictly fixed and shops can not begin to discount ahead of time, but due to the economic crisis, the government eased the rules a little shopping to do and allowed informal discounts between the seasonal sales.

On sale in France, it is best to go to Paris - a city where is concentrated the maximum number of known and middle grades.

England

Traditionally, in England there is no fixed time sales. Typically, discount stores begin in June and ends in August. But as I have repeatedly noticed in some stores discount pass for the entire season.

Unlike Italy and France to England rates (50-70%) is placed at the beginning. The quantity discount is determined by the popularity of the brand. The more well-known brands, the lower the discount, and vice versa.

This year should be taken into account, which will be held in London Olympic Games. So on the one hand, all will cost 2-3 times more expensive than usual, but on the other side will be a huge number of tourists. This is reflected both in the range of items available on sale in stores and on the prices

What are the prices and discounts on sales?

During a Sale All Outlets, boutiques, shops and discount spatchi make things 30-70%. Even if it's an outlet that sells stuff all year long discount, still it will make more sales. Prices of things come out really really cheap. It is also associated more with the fact that all spring and summer clothes are cheaper than the autumn-winter.

However, it should be understood that such as handbags and shoes in the boutiques of famous designers (such as Gucci, Prada) discount to the current collection is usually not so big - 30-40 and a maximum of 50%. In the clothing is usually made higher discounts.

Discount rule about this: the fewer tourists in the city or district, than the less well-known shop, the more discounts and more range. In this regard, the central store, which contains all the tourists who end up running faster all sizes and discounts do not so high.

Examples of prices for items on sale:

To find out how much things will cost in the sales, you can visit the official website of the brand in the online shop section. There will be a price to the current collection. From this subtract the price of 30-70% - this will be the price on sale.

* For example, Armani jeans are 160-200 euro, means the period of discounts in the store they will cost 80-100 euros. At the outlet, these jeans can be viewed for 40-60 euros

* Dress MaxMara is in stores outside sales 180-300 euros. During the period of sales in the boutique, it will cost 100-150 euros. In spatche MaxMara it will cost 60-120 euros in sales in the period spatche can cost 25-60 euros

* Shoes LoriBlu sales in the period from spatchah Farik can cost from 40 euros (sandals), Fabi Shoes can cost from 80 euros

Some of the findings of our shopper with clients during sales: long coat Armani for 150 euros, a complete wardrobe for a woman for 700 euros, MaxMara coats for 100 euros, Cerutti shirt for 25 euros, etc.

As you can see, the price is really very, very profitable.

What can and can not be bought on sale summer 2012?

The range of shops, outlets and spatchey during sales include items collection spring-summer. Will: knitwear, suits, jeans, shirts, sweaters, boots, shoes, sandals, dresses, leather items, trench coats, raincoats, etc. There will be no warm winter jackets, woolen sweaters and zapogov and especially winter boots with fur.

This does not apply to fur coats, sheepskin coats and fur products, which can be purchased year round in the showrooms of the fur factories. Do not particularly expect that the summer will make any sales on fur coats, as Fur is quite expensive. While some factories make special promotions, where they sell coats discount of 20-30% (this year in Milan in the winter sales, fur-known brand of Simonetta Ravizza doing discounts on coats as much as 50%).

Wholesale purchases and sales of summer 2012

Are there any sales to wholesale customers in the factories and warehouses? The question is not unequivocal, since there is no mandatory rules for factories and warehouses that sell things in bulk, making discounts.

However, during the changing seasons are changing the collection, and then the remains need somewhere to sell. Usually about a month (July-August) in the showrooms of the garment factories segment Pronto Fashion make-Discounts on within the range of 30-50%. What is not sold within a month, will be then sent to retailers atulety or warehouses. At the wholesale stores of famous designers seldom make any special sales, prices typically remain as in the year.

However, keep in mind that almost all the places intended for wholesale customers in Italy are closed in the period roughly from the 6th to the 20th of August.

Collection autumn-winter in the showrooms, factories Pronto Fashion middle segment and the wholesalers will only appear in early September.

In spatchah from factories making shoes and bags collections of sales. Such sales often begin even before official time - mid-June, and offer a range of discounts of 30-70%.

You have not yet decided to go on sale in Europe this summer?

I advise you, because it will be time when you can very favorably to update your entire wardrobe, that our country is quite difficult to do.

Style Hunters - shopping assistance in Italy, France and England

Коли почнуться розпродажі

2012-06-19T07:15:00.000-07:00

Залишився всього місяць до початку літніх розпродажів у Європі. Розпродажів деякі чекають з зими і це невипадково - під час знижок є можливість дуже вигідно зі знижками до 80-90% оновити свій гардероб.

Коли почнуться розпродажі літо 2012 року в Італії, Франції та Англії? Що можна буде купити? Чого не буде на розпродажах? Які будуть ціни та знижки на розпродажах - про все це ми розповімо докладніше.

Час літніх розпродажів в 2012 році

Італія

В цьому році літні розпродажі в Італії почнуться одночасно з 7 липня у всіх містах Італії. Тривалість розпродажів становить близько 60 днів, тобто до початку вересня (до 1-4 вересня). Раніше цього часу знижки в магазинах можуть пропонувати тільки своїм клієнтам і то, тільки за запрошеннями. Офіційно заборонено починати знижки раніше визначеного державою терміну.

З нашого досвіду - кращий час поїздки на розпродажі влітку - це другий тиждень розпродажів. Менше людей, ніж у перші дні розпродажів і в той же час великий асортимент речей. В кінці липня зазвичай представляють більші знижки, ніж на початку липня. Взагалі, весь липень досить великий асортимент скрізь.

Варто мати на увазі, що в серпні в період 6-20 серпня більше кількість маленьких магазинів, фабрик, спатчей і складів закриті через літніх відпусток.

Однак все аутлети, центральні бутіки по Італії працюють в звичайному режимі. У курортних районах (типу Ріміні наприклад) навіть можуть бути відкриті деякі фабрики, склади і спатчі.

Франція

В цьому році літні розпродажі стартують з 27 червня до 31 липня. Зазвичай дати розпродажів строго фіксовані і магазини не можуть почати знижки раніше терміну, але у зв'язку з економічною кризою уряд трохи ослабило правила й дозволило магазинам робити неофіційні знижки між сезонних розпродажів.

На розпродажі у Франції найкраще їхати в Париж - місто, де сконцентровано максимальну кількість відомих і середніх марок.

Англія

Традиційно в Англії немає фіксованого часу розпродажів. Зазвичай магазини починають знижки з червня і закінчують в серпні. Але як я неодноразово помічала, в деяких магазинах знижки проходять протягом усього сезону.

На відміну від Італії та Франції в Англії високі знижки (50-70%) ставлять уже з самого початку. Величина знижок визначається популярністю марки. Чим більш відомі марки, тим нижче знижка і навпаки.

Цього року потрібно прийняти до уваги, що в Лондоні будуть проходити Олімпійські ігри. А значить з одного боку все буде коштувати в 2-3 рази дорожче, ніж зазвичай, а з іншого боку буде величезна кількість туристів. Це відбитися як на доступному асортименті речей на розпродажі в магазинах, так і на цінах

Які ціни та знижки на розпродажах?

Під час розпродажів ВСЕ аутлети, бутіки, магазини та спатчі роблять знижки на речі 30-70%. Навіть якщо це аутлет, який весь рік продає речі зі знижками, все одно він буде робити додаткові розпродажі. Ціни на речі виходять дійсно дуже дешевими. Це також пов'язано ще з тим, що взагалі весняно-літні речі коштують дешевше, ніж осінньо-зимові.

Проте, потрібно розуміти, що наприклад на сумки та взуття в бутиках відомих дизайнерів (напр. Gucci, Prada) знижки на поточні колекції зазвичай не такі великі - 30-40 і максимум 50%. На одяг зазвичай роблять більш високі знижки.

Правило знижок приблизно таке: чим менше туристів в місті чи районі, чим менш відомий магазин, тим вище знижки і більше асортимент. В цьому плані в центральних магазинах, куди потрапляють всі туристи, швидше за все закінчуються ходові розміри та знижки роблять не такі високі.

Приклади цін на речі на розпродажах:

Щоб дізнатися, скільки речі будуть коштувати на розпродажах, ви можете зайти на офіційний сайт марки в розділ електронного магазину. Там будуть ціни на поточні колекції. З цієї ціни віднімайте 30-70% - це і буде ціна на розпродажі.

* Наприклад, джинси Armani стоять 160-200 євро, значить в період знижок в магазині вони коштуватимуть 80-100 євро. В аутлеті ці джинси можна буде подивитися за 40-60 євро

* Сукня MaxMara стоїть у звичайному магазині поза розпродажів 180-300 євро. У період розпродажів в бутику воно буде коштувати 100-150 євро. В спатче MaxMara воно буде коштувати 60-120 євро, в період розпродажів в спатче може коштувати 25-60 євро

* Взуття LoriBlu в період розпродажів в спатчах від фарік може коштувати від 40 євро (сандалі), взуття Fabi може коштувати від 80 євро

Одні з знахідок наших шопперов з клієнтами в період розпродажів: довге пальто Armani за 150 євро, повний гардероб для жінки за 700 євро, пальто MaxMara за 100 євро, блузка Cerutti за 25 євро і т. п.

Як бачите, ціни дійсно дуже і дуже вигідні.

Що можна і що не можна купити на розпродажі літо 2012?

Асортимент магазинів, аутлетов і спатчей під час розпродажів включає речі колекцій весна-літо. Будуть: трикотаж, костюми, джинси, сорочки, кофти, черевики, туфлі, босоніжки, сукні, шкіряні речі, тренчи, плащі і т.п. Не буде теплих зимових курток, вовняних светрів і запогов і тим більше зимових чобіт з хутром.

Це не стосується шуб, дублянок та хутряних виробів, які можна придбати цілий рік в шоурумах від хутряних фабрик. Не варто особливо розраховувати, що влітку будуть робити якісь розпродажі на шуби, тому що хутро коштує досить дорого. Хоча деякі фабрики роблять спеціальні промо-акції, де продають шуби зі знижками 20-30% (цього року в Мілані на зимових розпродажах відома хутряна марка Simonetta Ravizza робила знижки на шуби аж до 50%).

Оптові закупівлі та літні розпродажі 2012

Чи існують розпродажу для оптових клієнтів на фабриках і складах? Питання не однозначний, тому немає обов'язкового правила для фабрик і складів, які продають речі оптом, робити знижки.

Однак під час зміни сезонів змінюються колекції, а значить залишки потрібно кудись розпродавати. Зазвичай близько місяця (липень-серпень) в шоурумах від фабрик одягу сегмента Пронто-мода роблять знижки на асортимент в межах 30-50%. Те, що не розпродано протягом місяця, буде потім відправлений у роздрібні атулети або на оптові склади. На оптових складах відомих дизайнерів рідко роблять якісь спеціальні розпродажі, зазвичай ціни залишаються такими, як протягом року.

Однак майте на увазі, що майже всі місця, призначені для оптових клієнтів в Італії закриті в період орієнтовно з 6го до 20го серпня.

Колекції сезону осінь-зима в шоурумах фабрик Пронто-мода середнього сегмента і в оптових складах з'являться лише на початку вересня.

В спатчах від фабрик взуття та сумок роблять розпродажу колекцій. Такі розпродажі часто починаються навіть раніше офіційно часу - з середини червня-і пропонують свій асортимент зі знижками 30-70%.

Ви ще не зважилися їхати на розпродажі в Європу цього літа?

Дуже раджу, адже це буде час, коли можна дуже вигідно оновити весь свій гардероб, що в нашій країні зробити досить складно.

Style Hunters - шопінг-супровід в Італії, Франції та Англії

Як застосовувати мед

2012-06-18T07:46:00.000-07:00

Мед є унікальним натуральним їстівним речовиною, яка ніколи не псуватися. Археологи виявили мед в закритих гробницях фараонів, при цьому він був до цих пір абсолютно їстівний. Цей факт змусив учених провести дослідження, результати якого показали, що мед має властивості, властивими антибіотиків. Особливу природна речовина, що міститься в меді, здатне запобігати зростання бактерій. При попаданні в організм, мед діє таким чином, щоб позбавити його від шкідливих мікробів. Приміром, зупинити розлад шлунку можна, з'ївши ложку меду. Це не тільки заспокоїть ваш шлунок, але й призведе до усунення бактерій, що викликали розлад.

Однак не всі види меду мають рівні антибіотичними властивостями. Чим темніше мед, тим вище його здатність до дії в якості антибіотика. Тополиний і гречаний види цього продукту є особливо гарним вибором. Ще більше корисних властивостей має мед Манука. Виготовляється з нектару чайного дерева Манука, що росте в Австралії. Застосовується для лікування як внутрішніх, так і зовнішніх інфекцій. Населення Австралії часто використовує мед Манука в якості антибіотиків. Якщо ви захворіли або хочете запобігти розвитку захворювання, спробуйте цей мед. Столова ложка двічі на день швидко допоможе вам відчувати себе краще.

За останні кілька років, лікарі та вчені все частіше і частіше звертають нашу увагу на необхідність проведення профілактичних заходів по боротьбі з раком. Результати досліджень показують, що наявність вільних

радикалів в організмі, значно збільшує рівень ризику розвитку раку. Крім того, вільні радикали сприяють більш швидкого старіння організму і скорочують тривалість життя. Мед містить в собі рослинні флавоноїди, які перешкоджають дії вільних радикалів. Рослинні флавоноїди (біофлавоноїди), відомі також як антиоксиданти. До складу меду входять потужні антиоксиданти, які здатні стримувати вільні радикали від подальшого розповсюдження.

Останнім часом, багато людей вважають за краще приймати традиційні лікарські препарати, замість використання натуральних засобів, таких як мед, не має побічних ефектів і абсолютно безпечний для організму. Незважаючи на те, що мед не зможе самостійно усунути наслідки раку, він, безумовно, може сприяти запобіганню його розвитку. Введіть в свій щоденний харчовий раціон порцію меду для того, щоб зміцнити ваше здоров'я і продовжити життя.

How to Use med

2012-06-18T07:42:00.000-07:00

Honey is a unique natural edible substance that never spoil. Archaeologists have found the honey in the tombs of the Pharaohs closed, while he was still completely edible. This led scientists to conduct a study which showed that honey has properties inherent to antibiotics. The special natural substance found in honey, can prevent growth of bacteria. When ingested, the honey acts in such a way as to save him from harmful germs. For example, you can stop the upset stomach after eating a spoonful of honey. This will not only soothe your stomach, but also lead to the elimination of bacteria that caused the disorder.

However, not all types of honey have equal antibiotic properties. The darker the honey, the higher its ability to act as an antibiotic. Poplar and buckwheat species of this product are especially good choice. Even more useful properties of Manuka honey has. Produced from the nectar of Manuka tea tree, which grows in Australia. It is used to treat both internal and external infections. The population of Australia, Manuka honey is often used as antibiotics. If you are sick or want to prevent the development of the disease, try this honey. A tablespoon twice a day to quickly help you feel better.

Over the past few years, doctors and scientists are increasingly turning our attention to the need for preventive measures against cancer. The results show that the availability

radicals in the body, increases the risk of cancer. In addition, free radicals contribute to more rapid aging of the body and shorten life expectancy. Honey contains a plant flavonoids that prevent free radical damage. Plant flavonoids (bioflavonoids), also known as antioxidants. The composition of honey are powerful antioxidants that can inhibit the free radicals from further spreading.

In recent years, many people prefer to take traditional medicines, instead of using natural products such as honey, which has no side effects and is absolutely safe for the body. Despite the fact that honey not be able to recover from cancer, it can certainly help to prevent its development. Enter in your daily diet portion of honey to enhance your health and prolong life.

Как применять мед

2012-06-18T07:39:00.000-07:00

Мед является уникальным натуральным съедобным веществом, которое никогда не портиться. Археологи обнаружили мед в закрытых гробницах фараонов, при этом он был до сих пор абсолютно съедобен. Этот факт заставил ученых провести исследование, результаты которого показали, что мед обладает свойствами, присущими антибиотикам. Особое природное вещество, содержащееся в меде, способно предотвращать рост бактерий. При попадании в организм, мед действует таким образом, чтобы избавить его от вредных микробов. К примеру, остановить расстройство желудка можно, съев ложку меда. Это не только успокоит ваш желудок, но и приведет к устранению бактерий, вызвавших расстройство.

Однако не все виды меда обладают равными антибиотическими свойствами. Чем темнее мед, тем выше его способность к действию в качестве антибиотика. Тополиный и гречишный виды этого продукта являются особенно хорошим выбором. Ещё больше полезных свойств имеет мед Манука. Производится из нектара чайного дерева Манука, произрастающего в Австралии. Применяется для лечения как внутренних, так и наружных инфекций. Население Австралии часто использует мед Манука в качестве антибиотиков. Если вы заболели или хотите предотвратить развитие заболевания, попробуйте этот мед. Столовая ложка дважды в день быстро поможет вам чувствовать себя лучше.

За последние несколько лет, врачи и ученые все чаще и чаще обращают наше внимание на необходимость проведения профилактических мер по борьбе с раком. Результаты исследований показывают, что наличие свободных

радикалов в организме, значительно увеличивает уровень риска развития рака. Кроме того, свободные радикалы способствуют более быстрому старению организма и сокращают продолжительность жизни. Мед содержит в себе растительные флавоноиды, которые препятствуют воздействию свободных радикалов. Растительные флавоноиды (биофлавоноиды), известны также как антиоксиданты. В состав меда входят мощные антиоксиданты, которые способны сдерживать свободные радикалы от дальнейшего распространения.

В последнее время, многие люди предпочитают принимать традиционные лекарственные препараты, вместо использования натуральных средств, таких как мед, не имеющий побочных эффектов и абсолютно безопасный для организма. Несмотря на то, что мед не сможет самостоятельно устранить последствия рака, он, безусловно, может способствовать предотвращению его развития. Введите в свой ежедневный пищевой рацион порцию меда для того, чтобы укрепить ваше здоровье и продлить жизнь.

Myths about China's economy

2012-06-17T09:02:00.000-07:00

5 popular misconceptions about the Chinese economy.

Number 1. China has become a world economic power, while the U.S. and Europe will be the "periphery."

Myth!

Even if the Chinese economy will overtake the U.S., by such indicators as "per capita GDP," China will still be much poorer than America. Besides, China can not grow forever. With increasing wealth the economy slows. Everybody remembers a fast-growing Japan, which stopped and stagnated all the 1990s.

No. 2. U.S. Federal Reserve can print as many dollars as they wish, while the Chinese yuan is much more reliable than the U.S. currency.

Popular, but incorrect assertion.

In today's world the value of the currency is determined by supply and demand for it. And demand is determined by the amount of goods that can be purchased for that currency. In a world where there is no "gold standard" is incorrect to speak of "insecurity" of a currency.

As for China, there has been growth in money supply by one of the fastest in the world. And the ratio of the monetization ratio to GDP reaches nearly 2 to 1. For comparison, the United States the figure is 65%.

The rate of growth of money supply in the United States, including all of the quantitative easing program, well below the growth in China. And in the Middle Kingdom money supply is growing at 30% for the fourth consecutive year.

No. 3. Economy of the U.S. and Europe are doomed, as mired in huge debts. Against this backdrop, China has gone far ahead.

That's not true!

This is another striking example of illogical judgment. The same problem (in both developed and developing countries) due to a boon for China, and also a disaster for the West.

The solution of debt problems in developed economies is usually associated with austerity measures. However, if we look at China, it turns out that the country is also borrows and spends well as all the rest of the country.

In addition, China has large cash resources of $ 1 trillion, which he can throw at sustaining economic growth. At the same time, mind you, nobody comes up with apocalyptic scenarios for the Chinese economy, as do the "gravediggers" of America and Europe.

The solution to the debt crisis lies not only in the austerity measures, but also in the correct monetary policy.

No. 4. China can stimulate economic growth in a way that will be released from any slowdown, while monetary incentives in the U.S. and Europe are working inefficiently.

Again, not true!

Many believe that all that bad for the West - is good for China. It is believed that the U.S. and Europe are on the way the Japanese, who with endless rounds of quantitative easing, and can not restore sustained economic growth.

By the way, it is worth noting that China, too, is free to print money. If Celestial includes "printing press", then, of course, it helps to avoid a long recession. But the fact that a similar act of the United States, when the Fed prints dollars, is seen by many as the printing process of "empty green pieces of paper."

Unfortunately, not everyone is saying that China is now Japan is very similar to the late 1980s. (Or the U.S. in the late 1920s.), Who had a trade surplus, inflated real estate market, an aging population and huge reserves of foreign

currency.

No. 5. The presence of China's foreign exchange reserves of $ 3.18 trillion suggests that the citizens of the Middle Kingdom is incredibly rich.

Delusion!

People who say that such a stock of reserves indicates the wealth of the country, did not specify many details. Namely, the fact that these stocks do not citizens of the country.

Huge stock of foreign exchange reserves due to the fact that the Chinese monetary authorities to intervene in the foreign exchange market, by encouraging domestic exports. To artificially low yuan is needed foreign currency. To purchase the Chinese central bank releases additional funds. That's it.

So the amount of foreign exchange reserves says absolutely nothing about the welfare of its citizens, not to mention the fact that this issue is "ill-conceived run the printing press."

Like the Greeks before the elections, the money is removed

2012-06-17T08:51:00.000-07:00

As previously reported, the banks take up to 800 million euros a day, and this process continues for several weeks. But people tend to spend their savings on long-term storage products such as cereals, pasta. This desire is associated with fear, and for the very currency.

Recall that on Sunday, June 17 elections will be held, where a victory could win a Democratic Party SYRIZA, which rejects all kinds of austerity measures.

The victory of the party can turn back the release of the euro area of Greece. In this case, the calculations in the country will be held in drachma, and what may be its value, now no one knows. Recent opinion polls conducted among various strata of Greek society, have shown that the conservatives of the party "New Democracy", acting in support of the rescue plan approved by the state of the economy, going head to head with the coalition of leftists SYRIZA who intend to give up its implementation.

According to RBC, after the adoption of amendments to the legislation published the results of polls officially banned, but it does not prevent the parties themselves to hold them. According to one member of the sociological center, the reality is not changed since the end of the last election, and if you appear in the press

data to increase the support of a force, it is a "surge", which is carried out to mislead the voter.

Recall, for Greece the prospects of default and exit from the euro regained real form after the parliamentary elections on May 6 this year Then, by the election results Conservative Party of "New Democracy" won 108 seats (18.85% of votes), radical left coalition SYRIZA - 52 seats (16.78% of the vote), and the Socialist Party PASOK - 41 seats (13.18%) in 300-seat parliament in Greece. However, came to power political forces were unable to form a government.

It should be noted that for investors against capital flight from Europe, wondering whether the SNB to keep its currency at the established level of 1.20. Shopping franc continues. Whether in case of Greece from the monetary union Swiss regulator to keep the defense, that's another affair.

How to save my Euro?

2012-06-17T06:53:00.000-07:00

The Russian Central Bank has gradually reduces the dollar on the foreign exchange market intervention. This means that support for the ruble exchange rate will be over soon and the prices of foreign currencies will be used again at a gallop

Despite attempts to curb the Central Bank exchange rate fluctuations in the "acceptable corridor", the value of the currency basket is chosen more confident to the upper boundary of the price set by the Central Bank. Experts believe that in the next month and a half dollar and the euro can easily pierce the ceiling, and the ruble, respectively, roll down - to the delight of the Ministry of Finance, and unfortunately for the Russians.

- We must understand that because of the oil desheveyuschey Russian budget for a long time loses money. And so the weaker ruble - benefit from the economy and government - says Anna Bodrov, the analyst "Investkafe." - So then in the plans of the Central Bank - after release of national currencies in the "free floating", ie to stop measures to contain rates.

And let them roll ...

Judging by the actions of the Central Bank in the currency market, the Russian regulator is really losing interest in supporting the ruble. So, on Tuesday, June 5 The Central Bank bought up as much as 6.76 billion rubles., Thus creating artificial demand and by the environment, allowing the ruble to add almost 74 kopecks against the euro and 83 kopecks. dollar. But on Wednesday, the volume of interventions amounted to 5.97 billion rubles. - Almost a billion rubles less - and by Thursday the dollar lost 41 kopecks., Euro - almost 56 kopecks. And finally, on Thursday, the Central Bank bought the entire 2.28 billion rubles., Then on Friday the ruble has grown slightly, and on Saturday the 9th again began to fall. Recent auctions have closed on the values of 40.79 rubles. for the euro and 32.58 rubles. the U.S. dollar.

The "delight" at the exchange rates of this and next week, do not take anyone's guess, even by experts.

- Foreign exchange and stock markets in the short term has long been divorced from the real economy, and trends in those markets create large speculators, rather than macro-economic processes, - analyst IK "TRADE PORTAL" Alexey Rybakov.

Therefore, waiting for news from Greece (which has traditionally been accused of currency fluctuations, both Russian and Western politicians), or follow the U.S. election campaign - is useless and even dangerous, warn economists.

- I want to warn all natural persons from spontaneous trips to the exchange offices and banks: the spontaneous actions are most often based on emotions and bring only losses - Managing Director, said "TRADE PORTAL" Paul Filippenkov. - The Russian ruble is highly dependent on oil prices, and this is one factor that we are unable to control - it's sort of an external variable. Although logic and is extremely simple: high oil prices - expensive ruble, and vice versa, cheap oil - a cheap ruble.

- At the moment, if we take into account fluctuations in the ruble exchange rate, no serious "perekroek" principle should not take the savings, the recommendation is relevant to the majority of Russians, whose savings rate is not the hundreds of thousands of rubles - agrees Bodrov. In the metal, rather than in paper

For large purchases that you have planned for late summer or early fall (auto, furniture, household appliances), it may be worth Prestressing and make them now - in fact already in mid-July, the ruble could continue to fall sharply, which means that all the goods of foreign production or with foreign components considerably more expensive.

- But unplanned purchases - in order to "invest" in something tangible Dollars - should not do, for example, buy washing machines, or quickly take out a loan on the car, which until then was you do not need - said Filippenko. - Happiness does not bring such purchases, cash prize - even more so.

As noted by Bodrov, in the middle or end of the summer season there are always deals from tour operators, special promotions, sales and other one-time offers from retailers. That they should pay attention to - within reason - but in any case not to throw everything out of considerations of "if only to grab until you become more expensive."

- If there is a desire to invest in something, you should pay attention to the OMC - unallocated metal accounts - or ruble deposits for which the rates so far look attractive - recommends Bodrov.

According Filippenkova, one of the most attractive way to save the ruble savings is "a very long mortgage, 20 years old and above."

- Payments for it in 5-7 years will be substantially eaten by inflation, ie, you get a loan with a very noticeable discount, - says Filippenko. - But this option is unfortunately not available to all. It requires quite a large savings. A majority of Russians will approach the breakdown of savings into three parts: one - ruble (it's spending money), one - dollar, and one - in euros. This is a standard strategy for all situations. Do not get, kill

If you want to "beat" inflation, says expert here can help only invest in securities.

- But there are already very different risks, and to go without professional training and robust monetary base is not necessary. In general, it is absolutely safe savings strategies simply do not - that's a modern financial system - concludes Filippenkov.

- If you are afraid of sharp fluctuations in exchange rate, do not make any hasty "sudden movements" - adds Bodrov. - The conversion of a particular currency, you can lose more than save money.

A similar view is held by well-known economist and journalist, Mikhail Khazin, in his words, "value for money - but still such that they can not lose - it's great art. This is an issue that requires careful analysis of the identity of the investor and the long discussions. "

- If you decide to engage in investment, you need not just any book for "Dummies" and an investment adviser. He - as a family doctor. Because you have to look for ways to invest money, the most comfortable and understandable for you personally - said Hazin during an online conference on AIF.RU.

The only more or less affordable and, most importantly, reliable way to invest your Dollars Economist says invest in precious metals, specifically - in gold.

- If you want to make an investment for 20 years and nothing to worry about, it is better to buy gold, although some time ago we saw a sharp rise and then an equally sharp fall in gold prices, my opinion is that it is still historically will rise - said Khazin. - In 2002, the year it was obvious that gold will replace the dollar on the positions of the measure of value in the world - and this is the main factor of its stable growth. Look 10 years ago, the price of gold was very low, but has since grown to 7-8 times.

But this investment should be long-term,

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less than 3-4 years does not make sense to hide their money in gold bullion, he said.

The main thing now - do not indulge in the "apartment" and did not venture to buy the first available living space in the hope of saving savings from inflation and devaluation.

- Yes, real estate investments - one more way to "invest the money and not think about them 20 years", - says Khazin - but first, you will need to rent this apartment - and it is not an easy job, and secondly , it is unknown whether as a result of this benefit, because for those 20 years, the situation in the market can change dramatically. For example, in some European cities for certain types of real estate taxes are imposed, and fees for housing services, the costs of maintaining the apartment begin to exceed the rental income. In Russia, too, can fall into this trap.

Where to invest?

2012-06-17T06:50:00.000-07:00

The uncertainty in financial markets, tightening the noose around the neck of the European economy, a hard landing in Asia - all this is a very negative effect on investors around the world.

However, the Bank of America Merrill Lynch assured - there is no one way to not only protect their savings, but also a good idea to cash in the current turmoil in world markets. The experts of the company, not hiding, they say that this summer will be some very real opportunities for investment. The main thing - do not miss the sight of them, and properly dispose of this knowledge.

A. U.S. housing market may return

Analysts said Bank of America, mortgage-backed securities in recent years become an increasingly popular investment vehicle for investors. It is hoped that in the fall of the U.S. Federal Reserve could start another round of monetary stimulus, which will have an additional incentive for the development of the market. Thus, we can expect similar growth in the value of investment assets.

Two. Stocks with the growing size of dividend

Another marketing tool, which is worth paying attention - it shares with the growing size of dividends paid. They are, by and large, can be ranked as yet undervalued assets. Such primary financial instruments are cheaper in comparison with stocks that pay high dividends is established. Experts BofA is not without reason, indicate that as soon as the payment may increase, and after them will be pulled and the income of the investor. It is also noted that such shares is less responsive to rising interest rates.

Three. Follow desheveyuschy assets in Europe

At Bank of America warned traders from being able to invest in European securities, albeit fairly depreciating under the pressure of the crisis erupted. As experts of the financial corporation, the recession in Europe has not ended, which means that financial assets will continue to be adjusted.

However, in this situation it is important not to miss the beginning of a growing trend. At BofA sure that when the markets will rally, will be particularly attractive to use paper banks, showing the strongest growth rates.

4. Do not be afraid to bet on gold

Not any commodity, especially among the metals, demonstrated over the past 12 months, more volatile than gold. Last year, he literally hammered investors from around the world in the hope of the protective properties of the yellow metal. Price per ounce reached for up to $ 1920, but the subsequent crash left no stone unturned in the status of the asset-seekers. At the beginning of the year again saw an increase was reversed. In mid-June gold traded at $ 1620, and many are wondering - what will happen next?

At Bank of America to answer this question clearly - will continue to grow. Monetary easing by the central bank will increase gold prices. According to statistics, over periods of QE1 and QE2 prices increased on average by 20%. So there is now reason to expect a return on investment.

Five. Do not be afraid to invest in U.S. technology sector

Papers of high-tech U.S. companies are currently traded at a discount relative to the broad market index S & P 500. This situation is not typical for the exchange and, in fact, observed for the first time since 1996, Against this background, there is room for dividend growth, a wave of share repurchases and increased investments by industry representatives, which will have a stimulating effect on the quotes of companies. In addition, BofA indicate that the financial results this year are smoother than in previous periods.

6. Corporate debt will be the price

Recently, credit spreads on debt securities increased significantly, creating a point to enter the market. Yields on corporate bonds around the world demonstrates the growing trend and exceeds the corresponding figure of sovereign bonds by 99 percentage points In addition, high-quality bonds had now been clearly overweight.

7. Pay attention to the emerging markets of Asia

Analysts at Bank of America believes that emerging markets in Asia and Latin America will be able to survive the European debt crisis. However, according to BofA, the growth of the Asian market this year amounted to about 6.8%, which could double the corresponding figure of Latin American market. In Asia, according to American bankers, there are a healthy banking system, as well as lower inflation pressures in the economy. And in conjunction with the projected stimulus programs in China, the growth may be even stronger.

Eight. Look for developed companies in emerging markets

According to experts BofA, growth companies in emerging markets is currently very overpriced. On the other hand, companies in developed economies, hosted in emerging markets, by contrast, show growth of quotations. And the bet is to do more and that

real consumption growth in emerging markets grew on average by 7% from 2007

9. By investing in the retail stores choose a fixed-price

As experts believe, the category of retail stores offering goods at a fixed price will rise regardless of the pace of U.S. economic recovery. We can expect business growth by 6-7% on an annualized basis, and of particular importance when choosing an investment objective is to give a growing share of sales of tobacco products and alcoholic beverages.

10. Insure their deposits with the mind

Now there is a situation in which the correlation between different asset classes has reached its maximum value over the years. Growing uncertainty and fears of large-scale crisis should encourage investors to diversify their asset portfolio.

Who united to rule the world?

2012-06-17T05:59:00.000-07:00

Two of the world's most legendary family of financiers has officially merged part of their capital.

Proponents of "conspiracy theory" has long been demonized in this family. Assuming that they secretly rule the world, organize war and conflict. Like, even the global financial crisis in 2008 - they are doing.

"They are hidden behind thousands of names"

Seniors in the souped alliance - the Rothschilds. Some conspiracy theorists call their descendants "unreasonable Khazars" who have a prophetic Oleg revenge. Like, they fled to Europe in the tenth century after the defeat of Prince Svyatoslav powerful Khazar Empire.

Officially, the founder of the dynasty Amschel Mayer Rothschild is considered. Born in Germany in 1744. The family of the Jewish money-changers. Created his own bank. Sons sent to branch the family business in London, Paris, Vienna and Naples.

The Rothschilds were the largest lenders of European governments. Later, their interests and moved overseas. In fact, a wise Mayer Amschel and created a global, as one would say today, the financial system, independent of the governors of certain states. No wonder he said, "Give me the right to issue and control the money of the country, and I would be totally do not care who make the laws!" (This covenant fulfilled his heirs.)

In the 19th century, the Rothschilds were considered the richest family of the planet. In order to not leave money on the side, the patriarch of organized marriages between cousins and second cousins relatives. That later led to accusations of incest. In the late 19th century, the Rothschilds, a new feature - a marriage of convenience. So they intermarried with other major bankers, in fact, put them under the control families. Strengthen its position in the global financial system. Another important fad Families - not to boast of wealth. Big money like silence. This gives rise to some analysts argue that the influence of the Rothschilds in the modern world have long lost their branches degenerated. Certainly not!

"The Rothschilds have spent hundreds of years to hide the true extent of his network of global control - says Jerusalem Rabbi Aaron Cohen, a researcher at the history of the famous Jewish dynasty. - When I say "The Rothschilds", I mean not only the immediate members of this family, or even people wearing this name. In the Rothschild family is a lot of people, it has many branches, which do not imply a hierarchy. And there are a lot of the Rothschilds, who do not call themselves that. As I painted in my books, they have long been a breeding program to produce offspring under different names. When these people come to power, they carry the genes of the Rothschilds and are subject to their system, but officially, the Rothschilds are not. That's the difficulty of assessing their penetration into the government, the financial sector - they are hidden for thousands of different names. House of Rothschild and their agents to leading positions in government, banking, business, pharmacy, biotechnology, media, etc., act as a whole to make a reality of the world Orwell described have control over the population, including the Jews " .

Rockefeller dynasty against this background - very "green."

Founder - John D. Rockefeller - born in the United States in 1839. Became a successful banker, mogul. Controlled the entire oil production the United States. The first official world's billionaires. And the rich man who lived on the earth. "Forbes" magazine estimated his fortune in the then $ 318 billion to the dollar at the end of 2007. Slim, Gates and other leaders of the list of "Forbes" HH1 century, compared with John - the poor! Patriarch lived 97 years. His grandson, the present head of the clan David June 12, too, banging 97!

In addition to assets in the world's largest banks, the oil industry and other sectors of the economy, the Rockefellers have much political capital. Nelson was Vice President of the United States under Nixon. David - one of the founders and honorary director of the famous Bilderberg highest western elites.

"Bilderberg" stubbornly believe affiliate secret world government. Meetings are held once a year. If in Europe - only in hotels Rothschilds in the United States, Rockefeller hotels. David founded an authority in world politics "Trilateral Commission", meets and other influential international organizations. It is called the principal globalist world.

In his memoirs,

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Veteran admits that more than a century ideological extremists' attack the Rockefeller family for the extraordinary influence which, they claim we have on the American political and economic institutions. Some even believe we are part of a secret group of conspirators who are working against the interests of the United States, characterizing my family and me as "internationalists", involved in a plot to build a more integrated political and economic structure - one world, if you want. If this accusation - that I admit guilt, and proud of it. "

A hundred years ago, the famous dynasty has joined together to perform a covenant Meyer Rothschild - to produce and control the money of the country. And not just any, and the United States.

The group of bankers (Rothschilds and their relatives, as well as American financiers, led by Rockefeller) then developed a secret plan by a private organization the U.S. printing money. Federal Reserve - Fed. In fact, privatized in 1913, the dollar printing press. At the state level, the project unpopular Fed by hook or by crook managed to push through Senator Aldrich, father-in ... John D. Rockefeller, Jr.. That's where the legs grow unchallenged dominance (yet!) the dollar in the world.

Later, the interests of the powerful clans seem to be dispersed. In particular, because Russia. Rothschild's first season back in the royal, came to us. But the communists to Otterlo Rockefellers. David met with Khrushchev, Kosygin, Gorbachev.

In the post-Soviet period, according to Western scholars, Rockefeller allegedly wanted to seize Yukos. But Khodorkovsky seems to have chosen the Rothschilds. And even wrote to them a large portion of the shares. Well, got burned.

But if it was cool between financiers, then long forgotten. Rothschild returned to Russia, the leader of the younger generation of the dynasty, Baron Nathaniel. A friend of the oligarch Deripaska, Rusal board member.

And now - the new official association of powerful dynasties. Unexpected. What is this?

Just trying to survive together in the coming second wave of the global crisis, as interpreted by the official financial analysts? But these families alone will be enough resources, money and influence through a new wave. It is only to the Rothschilds unofficially credited with 10-20 trillion dollars of capital.

Rather, we can talk about the desire of two dynasties to ride this wave and continue to dominate in the new, post-crisis world. Indeed, the global economy is really on the verge of major new shocks. The only question, she shakes it, or someone unknown to organize shaking.

Important and the fact that Rockefellers to the Rothschilds is not just the big players on the world economy, and politics. They trust in the management of their money other super rich. There is a union of a whole group of powerful financiers of the world.

The official announcement of the same alliance, which was initiated by David Rockefeller, the head of families, and 76-year-old Jacob Rothschild - a sign? Who?

However, it is more strategy. In tactical terms the alliance as may be directed against Germany. She managed to peacefully do what arms and tried to create a lot of blood, Hitler. To become a leader in Europe.

This confuses England, the eternal enemy of Germany. In London, the Rothschilds settled. Let's not forget that England is, though geographically in Europe but not run it pan-European currency - the euro, and the good old pound sterling!

Do not like the rise of Germany and the Rockefellers. Euro - rival the dollar. So the guys together to work together to vdarit Mrs. Merkel, desperately trying to save the eurozone and Leadership native country on the continent.

However, it is all the versions. The true purpose of the alliance of financiers are unlikely to open. Too clever is its people. Can only be judged by circumstantial evidence.

A week passed after the announcement of an alliance Rothschilds and the Rockefellers. Let's see what happened during this period.

"British Petroleum" (BR - the brainchild of the Rothschilds) suddenly announced that she was ready to sell its 50 percent stake in the joint Russian - British Petroleum holding company TNK-BP. The company's shares have fallen sharply, from a Russian partner, the problems began.

It would seem that we, ordinary citizens of Russia, what to do with this? Petrol filling stations after the fall of TNC stock price is certainly not cheaper. Rather, we take it out on oil multinationals. People are more concerned about the sharp weakening of the ruble in recent days. What should I do? Flee to the exchangers, immediately change the wood on the greens?

Authorities tell us that in the fall of the ruble to blame only external causes - falling oil prices, the crisis in the eurozone. (The fact that the country was completely hooked on the needle oil, hence the fever of the ruble - silent, though!) Oil just by itself is not getting cheaper. In the fresh sample of fallen stock, TNK-BP can see how and who does it.

As for the crisis, the eurozone, a curious fact reported at the weekend Tass, citing the officer City of London. "The largest companies and banks in the U.S. and UK to urgently withdraw their money from the eurozone countries." The Rothschilds and the Rockefellers in these major banks and companies - not the last people. Quite the contrary. Shake old Europe?

Cheaper, not only oil but gold. For him, the last month, they say, was the worst in 13 years. I called a specialist in global mining. Rothschild continues to set the daily price of the precious metal, or it is left in the 19th century? Establish, and how, said the expert.

And another interesting fact. Last Thursday at the Marriott on the outskirts of Washington opened the annual meeting of the Bilderbergers, David Rockefeller's favorite child. "Secret Meeting with pretensions to world domination emerges from the shadows," - commented on the event influential The Times. As discussed behind closed doors, the world's elite, the press has not leaked.

Who rules the oil?

2012-06-17T05:50:00.000-07:00

6 factors that affect the energotseny

The rapid fall of the ruble, what happened in the last few days, usually at least explain the rapid reduction in price of oil. And it's true. Although the weakening of the national currency, of course, influenced by other factors. For example, capital flight and the desire of the authorities to plug holes in the budget of depreciating rubles. Therefore it is necessary to understand how long will fall neftetseny. As found "EV", four factors are working on cheap oil. And only two - on the road.

"Oil" bears

More recently - in February and March - oil brand Brent, which is considered by the Russian Urals, at times off scale at $ 126/barrel. Now the question is, at best, about $ 96-97. That is, the drop was more than 20%. What will happen next? Unfortunately, in the foreseeable future, oil prices will likely continue to fall in price. Why not? In this direction, operates at least four factors.

The first is well known: the debt crisis on the southern flank of the eurozone. The situation is exacerbated by the recession. And once production falls, then decreases, and energy consumption. So, oil will inevitably fall in price. According to the calculations of various kinds of experts, the almost unavoidable way out of Greece, the eurozone will lead to a drop in its GDP for at least 3-5%. Accordingly, the oil is once again cheaper.

Moreover, the competitiveness of European economy, with the exception of German, is reduced. What do the data on the external deficit. Again this is against the increase in oil consumption.

The second factor that plays against the oil is less known but no less dangerous. In recent years has been steadily slowing rate of growth of developing economies, especially China. In May, the industrial index of this country (just over 50%) suggests that the Celestial Empire is on the verge of stopping the growth of its GDP. So, there will be less to consume oil.

There is, according to many analysts, and a third, purely political factor - the U.S. presidential election in November this year. Barack Obama would be beneficial to come to this date with the most low domestic prices for gasoline. And the opportunities for the U.S. government to manipulate them quite a lot. First of all, through the completion of the strategic or expenditure nefterezervov. However, political factors will never lie on the surface. And they can not always play properly. Then how would do no harm.

But the U.S. has long been brewing fourth factor, which plays a strategic level against the increase in oil prices. In America, brought up to industrial scale technology for extracting oil from shale formations. Gas there has already been successfully produced for several years. Due to this back in 2009, the U.S. came in first place in the world gas production (as a matter asserted "Gazprom" otherwise). Now it's shale oil, which is a dime a dozen overseas. Of course, it is still "dirty" technology often leads to contamination of groundwater by hydrogen sulfide. But the technology in place is not worth it.

"Oil" bulls

Hope still springs eternal. July 1 to fully enter into force an embargo on oil supplies from Iran to the EU. It is approximately 15% of the world's supply. All other things being equal, this should, in principle, to stop the decline in oil prices due to the lack of energy.

Is still another factor in favor of the return neftetsen to at least $ 100 a barrel - to overcome the crisis, or at least blunt the crisis in the eurozone. Which inevitably

increase the demand for all types of energy.

But both of these factors, especially the latter, is in serious doubt. The embargo does not cover all consumers of Iranian oil. So the result will be a stabilizing obviously not very noticeable.

In these circumstances, the "health" of the ruble ever will depend on the correct actions of the authorities. In particular, the sound fiscal policy. However, until the government runs the risk of counting in May on the initiative of the Ministry of Finance Budget 2012 to the base of the average price of $ 100 per barrel to $ 115. The latter is clearly this year will be gone. However, the Finance Ministry proposed to the government since the 2013 budget dramatically reduce the average price of oil. For a variety of formulas that differ from year to year, the budget will be laid approximately $ 82 per barrel. Accordingly, it is necessary to cut costs. Then the ruble will not be so hard to dive down.

Thinking out loud

2012-06-16T12:09:00.001-07:00

Лучшее - это не то что было,а то что будет!!!
The best - this is not what it was, and what will!

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2012-06-16T09:29:00.001-07:00

ПриватБанк PrivatBank: Mobile banking: ALL cards are connected to the Privat FREE service MobileBanking. Now you can manage your account via SMS-messages. To get the balance on...

Treatment of acne and acne folk medicine

2012-06-16T09:08:00.000-07:00

Acne, especially on the face, causing much concern to many, and get rid of them is usually quite difficult and expensive. Only a careful care and nutrition to help cope with this plague.
Acne - an inflammation of the sebaceous glands, hair follicles with the formation of sebum plugs (black dots) and nodules, often festering - acne.
Causes of Acne: irrational, irregular diet, excessive consumption of alcohol, coffee, sugar, starch, fried and fatty foods, chronic constipation, nervous and endocrine disorders rastroystva.
Localization of acne. The most "favorite" places of acne - the forehead, chin, nose wings, temples, upper back. The most common form - the acne with a black head, beneath which lies a thick sebaceous as a "worm."
In folk medicine, there are many very effective ways of getting rid of this disease.
Folk remedies against acne and pimples:

    In a glass of warm boiled water, add 1 teaspoon of calendula tincture of pharmacy and 1 teaspoon of honey. The solution is well mixed. Impose soaked in a solution swabs to the affected skin for 20-30 minutes.
    For lotions and rubbing can use this broth 1 tablespoon of dried leaves and flowers of St. John's wort, pour a glass of boiling water, boil for 10-15 minutes on low heat and immediately drain. In this broth contains vitamins F, C, provitamin A (it has a disinfectant and astringent), tannins.
    For oily oily face and acne treatment effect has alcoholate St. John's wort. To prepare herb St. John's wort insist on 40% alcohol in a ratio of 1:5. This tincture soothes irritations.
    Very useful for acne and oily skin, wipe face with a slice of raw pumpkin.
    Burn the plate clean sheet of uncoated paper and shake off the ashes. The result will be a dark spot (wood oil). This oil lubricated localization of acne.
    When will the next acne lotion 2 tablespoons of calendula flowers pour 1/4 cup 40% alcohol, 1/5 cups water and 1/3 cup of cologne. Infuse in a warm place, then add 5 g of 5% alcoholic solution of boric acid and 3 ml of glycerol. The resulting lotion to lubricate the face twice a day.
    If the spots appear due to a lack of nutrients in the body, should make such a product: 400 g of crushed garlic, pour rubbing alcohol or vodka and infuse in the sun, until the liquid will turn yellow. Take tincture with water, starting with 5 drops daily, and adding 1 drop. Reaching up to 25 drops should be reduced to a reception in the same manner. Two weeks later, dry up pimples, inflammation of the pass.
    When the porous skin, gently clean the face of alcohol tincture of wormwood, hops, or St. John's wort. For the independent preparation of a liqueur 1 tablespoon of dried or fresh herbs to make a glass of boiled water as tea. Cool, drain and add the same amount of alcohol and 1 tablespoon of apple cider vinegar. If you have dry skin, the alcohol is added to 3 times less. From this tincture can make compresses to put on the porous areas of the skin for 10-15 minutes.
    A good remedy for acne - wiping and compresses of broth birch buds. To make it a tablespoon of birch buds boiled water and boil for 15-20 minutes. Insist to cool and drain.
    A tablespoon of chopped dandelion roots Pour 1 cup hot water, simmer on low heat for 15 minutes, cool, strain. Take the form of heat for 1/3-1/2 cup 3 times a day for 15 minutes before eating.
    A good remedy for acne is viburnum juice, which lubricate the skin uchaski patients.
    If the scars left from acne and blemishes, calendula tincture will help. Buy it at any drugstore. Wipe the affected area 3-4 times a day.
    Use 1-2 teaspoons of brewer's yeast before eating or during meals rid of teenage acne.
    2 tablespoons of nettle leaves, pour 400 ml boiling water, leave for 2 hours. Nettle is especially useful for the treatment of acne, because it has krovoochistitelnym action. Apply 100 ml of infusion (or decoction) of nettle three times daily before meals. The course of treatment-1 month.
    2 tbsp of celandine grass pour 0.5 liters of boiling water for 2 hours and drain. Apply as a lotion for acne, pustular skin diseases.
    The leaves are cut from the aloe vera plant, wash and leave for 10 days in a dark cool place, and then grind them to a mushy state, cover with cold boiled water (1 part pulp to 5 parts water). Infuse the mixture for one hour, then boil for 2-3 minutes, drain. Wipe face with oily skin, skin irritations, acne.
    A tablespoon of sage leaves, pour a glass of boiling water, infuse for 20-30 minutes and strain. Apply for lotions for acne.
    Mix in equal parts sage leaves and chamomile flowers. Spoon collection make 200 ml of boiling water, let stand. Infusion used as a lotion for a porous skin with acne, seborrheic dermatitis.
    Grate cucumber and ripe to impose as a mask on your face for 15-20 minutes. Regular use of such means to prevent acne.
    The leaves of sage, nettle and birch mix evenly. Two tablespoons of mixture pour 2 cups boiling water, boil for 15-20 minutes on low heat and strain. Take a glass of 2 times a day, morning and evening.
    Wiping the oily, acne prone skin is an effective mixture of infusion of chamomile, calendula and camphor spirit.
    Mix equal proportions of grass, horsetail, and linden flowers. Tablespoon of the mixture, pour a glass of boiling water, infuse 30 minutes, drain. Thus infusion wipe face with oily skin and acne.
Diet. During the three days is recommended to use a fruit diet, with an interval of one month. In the transition to a balanced diet, avoid smoked meats, fatty meats and fish, eggs, sugar, strong tea and coffee, spices, canned food. The basis of the diet should be milk products, fruits and vegetables. You also need to consume enough vitamins, especially vitamin A. It is very useful on an empty stomach to drink carrot juice. Eat foods rich in fiber, which helps prevent constipation. Bread is recommended rye flour.

Get Rid of Snoring easy!

2012-06-16T09:01:00.002-07:00

People who violate the peace of the night these sounds, very rarely do notice their own snoring. As a rule, those who snore and this interferes with, felt by all the "charms" of a night of singing. And not for the simple reason that snoring is not a pleasant combination of sounds to our ears, because of what another person does not get to sleep for a long time. In addition, extraneous sounds just interfere with the normal sleep, they are awake at night, sometimes several times. Often, people want to get rid of snoring, so as not to disturb others sleep, because of their own kind, and he is not worried. However, sometimes snoring may indicate a more serious health deviations.
Traditional treatment for snoring can always be combined with traditional treatment. In folk medicine, there are many proven ways. Here are the most effective methods of treatment of snoring in people's homes.
In alternative medicine is a simple folk remedy for treatment of snoring. You should get the 3.2 cabbage leaves and finely chop them, or mince. Then, add back one tablespoon of honey. How you can use a similar version of the cabbage juice. Drink a glass before bedtime fresh cabbage juice with the addition of one tablespoon of honey. Do this every time you want to go to sleep. The course of treatment a month.
In addition to the cabbage juice helps get rid of snoring following herbal. Mix one tablespoon of black elder berries, a teaspoon of the root of cinquefoil, 2 tablespoons of burdock ordinary and one teaspoon of horsetail. All this in a coffee grinder to grind and pour one tablespoon of the mixture boiled water. For an hour. Take a spoonful of 5 times a day until complete recovery.
It should also regularly train the muscles of the pharynx. Pronounce the sound "I", which will be described below, and straining the base of the tongue, pull it to the throat. It also trains the muscles. The second exercise is repeated 2-3 times a day, 10-15 times.
The letter "I" will help stop snoring
To do this, it is only 20-30 times daily to pronounce the sound "And and and." And this should be done with effort, as if singing. After a month of such treatment in the home, the effect becomes evident. And it all is that the cause of snoring is the weakening of the muscle wall of the pharynx. Therefore, training these muscle groups, snoring stops. This is the letter "I" and strengthens the muscles.
There is a very simple and yet effective folk remedy for treatment of snoring in the home. Stop snoring by using distilled water. To do this, you just need to drink daily distilled water and slowly from the body begins to secrete mucus in the form of mucus from the nose. The effect of this treatment significantly increased if still at least once a week to starve. And after a while snoring can be defeated! You just need to withdraw from the entire body slime.
Another effective way of getting rid of snoring is the sea buckthorn oil. Just drip one drop of sea buckthorn oil in each nostril for 4 hours before bedtime. The course of treatment - 2-3 weeks.

Remove warts. Traditional medicine

2012-06-16T08:58:00.002-07:00

Warts and HPV - tumors is very bad form to appear on human skin. Not only is the look unaesthetic, they still cause discomfort, forming at the most inappropriate places - on the hands, face, soles of the feet and even on the genitals. Why do these tumors and how to get rid of them? Today it is known that papillomas are viral in nature. HPV (human papilloma virus) triggers an uncontrolled growth of cells of the upper layers of the skin and mucous membranes. It can be transmitted through casual (for example, by shaking hands), as a result of scratching the skin, as well as during sexual intercourse.Papillomas, as well as warts and warts - these are different manifestations of human papilloma virus. The main danger of such structures is that some of their species (eg, warts) tend to degenerate into malignant tumors. So it must be examined in the case if the wart is suspected: increase in size or change shape. Warts is desirable to withdraw as soon as possible.Apart from the traditional modern medicine in addressing such problems remain popular folk methods of getting rid of warts. In the topical treatment applied substances with bitterness and the ability to bind.* The place where first of all, there was a wart, carefully burn a hot rod, then immediately make a hot tub.* Get rid of the warts will garlic cream. Preparing this ointment on lard (pounded garlic mixed in equal proportions with lard) or vinegar (1 part garlic vinegar to 4 parts). This mixture can also be used for chronic suppurating ulcers.* In cases not running quite regularly rubbing the wart wheat broth, infused over 3 days, or leek juice.* To get rid of warts, it is advisable to make a sore spot for a cold compress of garlic and keep it for as long as it does not warm up body heat, then replace it with a new, cold compress.* An effective means are tears of the vine, and buttercup. The latter may cause the falling away of warts.* In the fight against warts help the following composition: take a fresh nutshell, quicklime - on one side, pound, sift and put on the wart.* Recommended Daily 2 - 3 times a day, rub the wart with raw garlic. Continue treatment until the disappearance of warts, but not more than three weeks.* Infuse in vinegar zest of two lemons for eight days. The resulting tincture is used for lubrication of warts.* Apply to warts as a dressing mashed fresh leaves of Kalanchoe.* A good tool is a strong infusion of wormwood, which every day several times to wet the warts.* It is recommended to put on the wart mashed berries of mountain ash.* A small potato cut in half, one half throw (throw back across his head) and the second half of the grate all warts (cut side) and this part of the potatoes immediately dig into the ground in a dry place to dry it out there, but did not start to grow . A few days later, when the potato is dry, the warts will disappear.* To root stems of cut (beveled) ear of corn. Edge of the straw a few times to pin the wart and now buried in the straw damp place in the ground, root upwards. A few days later, when the straw rots, the warts will disappear without a trace.* Apply to the warts 2-3 times a day a mixture of willow wood ashes, mixed with vinegar, as an ointment. As a result, the warts fall off and dried.* You can also grease the warts of fresh juice of sour apples. The course of treatment - 10 days.* Cook the onion in the vinegar with the husk, to stand and rub this infusion warts.* Wetting and rub the wart with ammonia. The procedure is carried out daily until their complete disappearance.* Grind the herb celandine, mix it with Vaseline. Lubricate the wart every day.* A day to rub the warts with fresh juice of celandine.* Regularly, at night before bed, pipette one drop to the wart with acetic acid, being careful. More drops are not consumed. Warts will soon begin to descend.

How to keep youth? Eat healthy foods

2012-06-16T08:55:00.000-07:00

Every year we quietly rises to old age. And everyone wants to save all the forces of youth and beauty. This is especially true for women. So are there any real ways to stay young?It turns out there is. To keep youth and beauty, as well as slow the aging process, women of all ages need to be regularly administered in the diet of five superfoods.TangerinesOne of the major products. that can protect women from the vessels of atherosclerotic plaques, as well as the development of many types of cardiovascular disease is Mandarin. But only with the regular use of it. If you have a great mandarins kollichesta vitamins, tangerines contain a special enzyme (a flavonoid nobiletin), which is responsible for the destruction of low-density lipoprotein - the main carriers of cholesterol in the blood. A component of nobiletin with a woman's body will be protected from the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The daily rate for women - a pound of juicy tangerines.ChiliThis product izveten many women, but few ispolzueyut it when cooking meat dishes. They probably do not realize that the chili pepper, in addition to sharp taste, give your dishes a very useful properties. The main value of chili - the substance capsaicin, because this enzyme, and there is a peculiar pungent taste of pepper. Once in the body, the capsaicin in the stomach begins to stimulate release of a special substance that signals the brain that you are full. Hot chili peppers not only helps reduce the appetite, but also has a beneficial effect on metabolic processes in the body. Recommended daily dose: 30 to 120 milligrams of pepper-chili.MushroomsNo mushroom is not dispense more than one holiday feast. Prepare the mushrooms is easy, moreover, they are good scavengers of vessels from cholesterol. In the mushrooms have Omega-3 fatty acids: linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and linoleic acid. Through the process of adsorption in the gut, acid does not allow you to create cholesterol plaques and accelerates the body's metabolism. Every day is recommended to eat no less than 125 grams of mushrooms.Green teaIn green tea there is a group of bioactive substances, which are called "catechins." It's antioxidants, which prevent harmful oxidation processes in the body. Research scientists have proven that green tea prevents the development of diabetes, strengthens the immune system, helps to lose weight, but also prolongs the youthful skin. The rate of green tea is 0.5 liters per day.AlmondsThis product has been known since ancient times, and no wonder he was considered an invaluable tool for healing. In kernels of almonds, scientists have found useful for the body and trace elements: riboflavin, pyridoxine, thiamine, biotin, folic and pantothenic acid. The use of fruits prevents the occurrence of sweet almond gastritis and stomach ulcers. Women of almonds is useful in helping the body recover quickly after heavy exercise. Every day, the ladies is recommended to eat at least 200 grams of nuts.LambThe most useful product for a woman who wants to be sexual, nutritionists say lamb. It is rich in zinc and manganese, minerals that contribute to the active production of testosterone - the hormone of the main sex life. By the way, has been particularly active this hormone in sports, fitness, dancing, so it is not by chance that the mobile, active women look in men's eyes the most attractive.

How to make a man a real man?

2012-06-16T08:52:00.000-07:00

So, dear readers, let's talk about men. By the way, if you wish, you can show them this story: will talk about the evening with a cup of tea. What are these kind of people, which brings us women, the happiness, the sorrow, the joy, the sadness? Why do not we sometimes feel, walking beside them, a strong arm and legs? Let's try to find answers to these questions. What if the reason us women?
Secret One: tell him compliments
Have you ever done to her husband is quite an innocent remark, which he suddenly reacted and, perhaps, for a while closed? You ask yourself surprised: "What have I said?" Very often the wife inadvertently make tough remarks about their husbands, causing them pain. Replicas of the type: "This is a man?", "Where is your man's pride?", "And where did you get your hands just grow?" And others like them not only to humiliate the man, but also alienated him from his wife. King Solomon, the great sage and a great psychologist, in his Proverbs offers his vision of the secrets of marital happiness: "The wise wife ustaivayte house." The role of women, the wives in creating a happy home and trusting relationships within the family is extremely high. That is the wisdom of the man's wife will take place as the head of the family.
If a man feels that he lacks any significant male qualities, he is trying to hide that fact from everyone, as well as his wife. He may resort to sarcasm, irony, sharpness in the conversation, even to despotism. And no one, including his relatives, not even guess that this is only a trick by which he seeks to protect the vulnerable. And if the wife will always tell him on the missing money, and even compared her husband's awkward with a skilful neighbor, it will do only one thing - my husband turn into a sluggish snail, and she - in a pulsating, ever-cranky magpie.
In one of the family counseling a woman told me that her husband did not like working in the garden. In their small area of great need men's hands, because she herself is weak health. Her husband does not react to her constant complaints and requests for help. On the contrary, under any pretext, trying to hurry to get away from home, while his wife did not have time "to harness" him in the garden. Their relationship became strained, so that it is in the hearts of even stated that such a man she did not want only one name that my husband is. It turned out that she often abused her husband. After our conversation, the woman decided to change his attitude towards her husband and try to see something good in it, even though it "sees no prospect of this."
Some time later a woman came to me again and told about the changes occurred: "Once I did manage to persuade her husband to help. He took a shovel and started digging up the garden. I was standing nearby, tuning in to "a new vision of old," and suddenly could not help admiring him, his muscles in her arms, lightly. I could not resist, and scattered in compliments at him! You say this man! I do not imagine that my words for it are so important. It is, of course, once the form has not shown that he was glad the recognition, but problems with the garden I have no more! "
Wives need to know what is important is the recognition of the need to husband its importance in the family, his best qualities, skills, credibility and merit. The wise wife will satisfy this need by men. She will try to support his self-confidence, even when no one else does.
Secret Two: keep it in the successes and failures
Wives sometimes do not fully understand what efforts are required from a man to earn, to ensure that feed his family. Men seldom talk about it. They do not talk about that with greater understanding to react to the needs of its halves, if achieved greater success at work. If a man does not get satisfaction from their work, it is sure to affect his relationship with his wife. Here also need the wisdom of his wife. It can either contribute to the success of her husband, or prevent, and thus contribute to the destruction of their marriage.
"My husband had a prestigious higher education, but due to certain circumstances was forced to go to work by the seller on the market - tells its own sad experience Valentine's Day. - I could not accept this position. It seemed to me that my husband just does not look for opportunities to change things, he just grow lazy. When he came out of the market, I was trying to provoke him, pin up, it woke up to a man. "Well, what's up with our genius to run errands? - I asked. - Do you even pay the rent this month naskrebesh? "My husband silently endured insults and humiliation, but one day he came home. He divorced me and married another woman. Today he is - a successful businessman, confident person, and I'll be a long time to disentangle his irony and sarcasm. "
It is a sad experience. But it is useful for those who practice a similar relationship in the family. Solomon says about such wives: "Grumpy's wife, that drops" or "Better to live in the wilderness, than with a brawling woman and angry." Woman's ability to express a lot of uncontrolled negative emotions can make family life bitter. Typically, children who live in such a situation, seek quicker to fly from the nest.
Secret Three: let him go on a fishing trip
Wives should be remembered that the husband needs friends outside his home. This is not the neglect of his wife. Not nuyte Revolution. There is a category of men who, rejoicing in his success or good luck, have a great desire to show off to friends, get approval and recognition of colleagues. They want to go on a fishing trip, invite friends home or to arrange a holiday in the countryside. Since women tend to store the family home, she wants to share the joy of the very happiest moments with her husband, waiting for them again and again, and the desire to celebrate the success of her husband outside the family circle it is perceived with hostility, and her anxiety, frustration, bewilderment and outrage for the cause of quarrels and misunderstanding. Wife should treat this particular man with a great understanding to meet friends outside the home did not evoke the feeling of guilt. Typically, the satisfaction of this need can be attentive to her husband's wife, raises self-esteem.
Secret Four: not to give him advice
Experiencing stressful situations every day, husbands need not a man who willingly gives advice and a careful listener. If the wife knows all the answers, the man is experiencing anxiety and inferiority complex. In a short time, and her husband no longer trusted his wife, his nerdy experiences closes in itself, and his wife sadly observed: "When he was courting me, he was not so silent."
Men prefer not to talk about their problems or failures. They are trying to solve them alone. Sometimes a man does not recognize a friend even if you do not believe that he will help. This is the essence of men - not to shift their problems on the shoulders of others, and solve them yourself. If a man prefers not to talk to you about your problems, do not force it. Give him as much time as needed, so he coped with the problem and he decided to tell you about it. At such moments, better help him regain his composure encouragement, kindness and faith in his strength.

The principle of the mechanism of coupling (how it works)

2012-06-16T03:41:00.000-07:00

The principle of the coupling mechanism is as follows. When nevyzhatoy clutch pedal pressure plate, which is called the clutch cover, pushes through the diaphragm spring clutch disc to the flywheel, thus ensuring the transfer of force from the engine to the gearbox. When clutch pedal is depressed the pedal through a cable actuator acts on the release bearing, which moves along the shaft of the gear box and presses the clutch levers. Levers turn back the lead disc springs are compressed, the clutch disc is no longer cling to the flywheel and transmit torque from the engine to the drive shaft of the box. Smooth clutch is ensured by sliding drives until the full pressing them together.
Coupling with two driven wheels is different from the single-disk friction clutch mechanism for the presence of medium pressure plate, which is located between the two driven wheels.
In the majority of Russian trucks use mechanical drive clutch, which consists of a pedal, return spring, thrust roller with lever arm clutch fork, forks, snatch spring clutch with thrust ball bearing.
Turn off the clutch pedal by. In this case, all the drive components come into interaction, resulting in the bearing sleeve presses the inner ends of the levers off, given to the pressure plate and clutch disc is released from the gripping force of springs. When the pedal is released, the clutch includes: a clutch thrust bearing takes its original position, releasing arms off, and the leading drive under the influence of spring presses the clutch disc to the flywheel.
Transmission. Transmission to change the traction on the drive wheels by altering the torque which is transmitted from the crankshaft to the drive wheels when pulling away, traffic on the rise, acceleration and the vehicle is reversing. This occurs through the engagement of gears with different numbers of teeth.
In addition, the gearbox allows the engine and clutch isolation from other mechanisms of transmission switching box in the neutral position, such as when driving at idle or during a prolonged stay. Depending on the vehicle transmission may be four-and five-step.
In general, the gearbox consists of a casing, a pinion shaft, output shaft, intermediate shaft, the axis of reverse gear, power sliding gear mechanism gear.
Master, slave and intermediate shafts are made of steel and mounted on roller bearings, housing has a top and side covers. At the bottom wall of the casing has a hole to drain the used oil, and in the end cap has an opening for filling the boxes with fresh oil. Carter is cast iron.
At present, some models of cars set speed transmission with automatic switching based on microprocessors, as well as continuously variable transmission friction type. Heavy-duty vehicles (75 tonnes and above) used electromechanical transmission.
Transfer Case. On-road vehicles with front and rear drive axles are used transfer cases. Transfer case serves to transmit torque to the drive axle, as well as on and off the front axle. It is generally set for the transmission and connected with her propeller shaft. Depending on the purpose of the transfer case can be performed with an additional reduction gear or without it. It may consist of housing, axle and intermediate shaft, output shaft and front axle drive shaft.
In the simple type of transfer case without the downshift shaft rear axle is constantly connected to the drive mechanisms. To turn the front axle there notched collar. With this enabled the torque on the drive wheels front and rear axles is determined in accordance with the forces of adhesion to the road wheels of the vehicle.
Center differential, which is set in a more complex transfer cases, makes it possible to rotate the drive shafts front and rear axles with different angular velocities. This rotation eliminates slippage of the front wheels when turning, to avoid power losses and saves fuel. Side of the transfer case is placed the gearshift. It consists of two sliders and forks, which are driven by levers located in the cockpit of the car.
Propshaft. For a torque transmission mechanism, shafts are not coaxial, or at an angle, and their relative position may change during the motion due to the unevenness of the road, apply cardan transmission. Apply them also to connect the steering wheel to the steering mechanism and drive some of the support mechanisms.
Propshaft is composed of cardan joints, the main drive shaft, an intermediate drive shaft, the intermediate support. In automobiles, where the main gear is installed in the back ("Volvo-600"), communications gear and main gear is torsion shaft and universal joints are absent. On the cars produced in Russia using rigid fork joints unequal angular velocities, asynchronous on needle bearings. The drive to the front drive wheels, which are managed, used constant velocity joints - synchronous. They rotate on the plug leading to the response is transmitted through the balls that are rolled in circular troughs forks. To center the forks is the central ball.
Propshaft on-road vehicles transmits torque from the gearbox to the transfer case and already from it to the axle. The use of an automatic transmission provides reduced fuel consumption, higher quality gear and a large selection of modes away.
In cardan transmissions of passenger cars are usually installed polukardannye elastic hinges. To compensate for inaccuracies in the assembly of connected mechanisms in case of installation is not rigidly applied under strict polukardannye hinges.
The main gear. To increase the torque and changes its direction at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle as well as to transmit rotary motion from the driveshaft to the drive wheels is the main channel. The main transmission can be single or double bevel. The single main transmission consists of one pair of gears, double - from a pair of cylindrical gears and a pair of bevel gears. Double major transmission mounted on heavy-duty vehicles to increase the transmitted torque.
Simple single-bevel final drives used in passenger cars and small trucks and medium duty vehicles. When using single hypoid gears meshing with the pinion shaft is located below the response that makes it possible to drop below the driveline, removing from the car driveline channel location, and shape of the thickened base of hypoid gear teeth transfer increases their wear resistance and load carrying capacity. In addition, the hypoid pinion gearing lowers center of gravity of the vehicle. Leading a small bevel gear mounted on one of the two conical and cylindrical bearings. It is made with the shaft. Driven by a large bevel gear mounted on a differential box and with it mounted on two tapered bearings in the crankcase rear axle. Gears with spiral teeth used for silent and smooth operation.
To transmit torque from the main transmission to the semiaxes of the car is the differential. It allows the wheels to rotate at different speed when cornering, bumps on the road or at varying degrees of grip, such as slippage, when one wheel is on the soft, loose ground, and another - on the solid.
Bevel gear differentials applied in automobiles, are composed of poluosevyh gears satellites with crosses, boxes differential driven gear final drive. When driving off-road terrain vehicle when used with forced locking differentials or limited slip differential. The case of the differential lock when you turn rigidly connected to pinion gear coupling poluosevoy, which provides the rotation of the wheels with the same angular velocity, regardless of traction. To transmit torque from the differential to the drive wheels are half that, depending on the bending stress can be polunagruzhennymi or polurazgruzhennymi. Fully floating axle shafts are set free in the bridge, and the wheel hub rigidly connected to the flange axis. These half-used in buses and cars on the medium and heavy duty. Polurazgruzhennye axis supported by bearings located inside the girders of the bridge, and the wheel hub rigidly connected to the flange axis. They are used in passenger cars and rear axles of trucks and medium duty vehicles.
Drive axles. Bridges serve as a vehicle axle, the wheels are installed. Bridges may be the leading car, driven steer, leading to steer support. Drive in one unit integrates the main transmission, differential, axle, which are arranged in a single axle casing. When transferring torque mechanisms driving axle housing is experiencing its efforts, which tend to crank the bridge against the rotation of the wheels. From such a turning axle suspension and kept her guide elements, which transmits to the sump of the bridge axial forces that occur when driving a car.
In off-road vehicles with two axles are both top of the bridge, a three-axle vehicles may be three major bridge or two back.
The drive is the drive wheels. To transmit torque from the differential output shafts leading to the front wheels is controlled drive the drive wheels. In addition, it provides the ability to control movement of the vehicle. On the cars drive consists of two shafts: the left and right wheels. Each of the shaft has inner and outer constant velocity joints. The use of two joints due to the use of independent front wheel suspension. Internal hinges provide vertical movement of the wheels when the suspension moves, depending on the pavement, and provide outdoor wheels move when they turn about a vertical axis to change the direction of the vehicle.Chassis
In the car chassis includes frame, front axle (front axle), rear axle (rear axle), front suspension, rear suspension, wheel hubs, wheels and tires. The main bearing element is a car frame or body.
Vehicles, trucks typically consist of a driver's cab and the body of the cargo. Depending on the layout of the car bonnet, and there beskapotnye cabin. The frame of the cabin is fixed so that the frame did not cause distortions of its destruction. In today's truck cab mount done with springs and dampers. The body of the truck has a base connected to the floor. It forms a platform, folding sides and rigidly mounted front side.
Vans have a base frame and cladding, which is used for plywood, plastic, anodized aluminum and other materials.
For the manufacture of car body and frame are used frameless design. Frame design provides better isolation of the body vibrations, frameless design - the lowest weight of the vehicle. Type of car bodies is determined by the amount of functional compartments and structural performance. By the number of volumes of the body perform three-volume, two-volume, and one-volume.
In the three-volume box includes the engine compartment, interior and trunk, in a two-volume - the engine compartment and interior, in Monovolume combined all three functions of volume. Car bodies can be the following types: closed, fully open and the passenger.
To install the steering wheels for trucks is the front axle (front axle). It passes through the suspension to the frame of the wheel longitudinal and lateral forces that occur when driving a car. The front axle is a steel I-section beam with a curved top ends.
At the ends of the axis pin fastened to the uprights swivel pin. On their axes in two taper roller bearing set wheel hubs, which are fastened with locking nut cotter pin. To facilitate the control of the car pivots pivots are the longitudinal and transverse slopes, which allow the wheels to take the vehicle position corresponding to the motion in a straight line. To unload the outer wheel bearing wheel angled ends of the axis of the pins down (camber).
To the motion of the wheels do not slip, they are placed with some converging, ie, the distance between the front wheels must be less than the distance to the rear rims. On cars with a classic layout of transmission with independent suspension front axle beam is formed short, attached to the body. This beam is used for mounting the engine.
The rear axle housing consists of a main transmission housings and axle shafts. He takes over and transmits through the suspension to the frame or body of the car pushing force from the driving wheels in the mode of movement and braking forces during braking. In vehicles with three axles housings middle and rear axles are welded from steel forged components, which are welded to the cover housings, flange mount calipers and the main gear brake, pin wheel hubs, bearings springs and mounting brackets jet rods.
At half after two tapered roller bearing hub wheel set.
Front and rear suspension. Suspension Wheel connects with the body, softens and absorbs shocks wheels on rough roads, ensures smooth operation and dampens vibrations of the body. Suspension is the dependent and independent. When the dependent movement of the suspension of a wheel depends on the movement of the other wheels. With independent suspension, each wheel is connected to the body separately. As an elastic element, which softens the connection of body and wheels, you can use the leaf springs, torsion bars and coil springs.
Shock absorbers. When the wheels of the car bump on the road surface roughness, there are fluctuations in the body. For the suppression of vibrations in liquid suspension design provides shock absorbers of telescopic type or another.