Mechanical Engineering

Kinematic pair and their types.

2019-12-14T15:19:00.004+05:30

Pair:-

When two links or element join each other is called a pair.

What is kinematic pair

Kinematic pair:-

When the link of a machine connected to each other is said to form a pair. If the relative motion between them and the motion is only one direction is called completely or successfully constrained the pair is called kinematic pair.

Types of kinematic pairs

The kinematic pairs are classified according to the following considerations.

Nature of relative motion between two links.

1. Sliding pair:-

If two link has a slide relative to each other they form a sliding pair.

sliding pair

2. Turning pair:-

When one link has a turning or revolving motion relative to each other that is known as turning pair.

Example:- Circular shaft revolving around a bearing.

Turning pair

3. Rolling Pair:-

When the links of a pair have a rolling motion relative to each other they form a rolling pair.

Example:- Ball and bearing.

Rolling pair

4. Screw pair ( Helical):-

If two matting links have a turning as well as sliding motion between them is known as screw pair.

Example:- Lead screw, Nut of a lathe

5. Spherical Pair:-

When one link on the form of spherical turns inside a fixed link is called a Spherical pair.

Example:- The ball and socket joint

Spherical Pair

According to Nature Of Contact.

1. Lower pair:-

When the two kinematic links are connected such that they have a surface contact between the two links it is called Lower pair.

Example:- Piston and cylinder etc

2. Higher Pair:-

When the two kinematic links are connected such that they have a line contact or point contact between the two so that is known as Higher pair.

Example:- Belt and pulley, Cam and Follower, etc.

According to nature of mechanical connection (Position).

1. Closed Pair:-

When the two kinematic links are connected mechanically that is called the closed pair. ( The lower pairs are also closed pair)

2. Open pair (unclosed):-

When the two kinematic links are not connected mechanically that is called as the open pair.

What is Scheduling and routing?

2019-11-28T11:48:00.002+05:30

Scheduling:-

Scheduling determines the program for the operations. It is the fixation of time and date for each operation as well as it determines the sequences of operations to be followed. This program is prepared by the planning department.

What is Scheduling?

Scheduling is presenting many different ways such as:-

1. Plane schedule management.

2. Define project activities.

3. Sequence activities.

4. Estimate resources.

5. Estimate duration.

6. Develop project activities.

The fundamentals of project scheduling.

1. What needs to be done?

2. When it will be done?

3. Who will do it?

Advantages of Scheduling:-

1. Tight deadlines keep you on track.

2. Scheduling in segments makes a large project more manageable.

Disadvantages of Scheduling:-

1. Tight deadlines add pressure.

2. Tight deadlines can lead to conflict.

Scheduling and routine.

Routing:-

Routine may be defined as the selection of path which each part of the product will follow while being transformed from raw material to finished products.

Define Routing

The routing procedure consists of six dimensions.

1. Make decisions.

2. Bill of material.

3. Preparation of route sheet.

4. Lot size determination.

5. Determination of scrap factor.

6. To provide important and information and forms.

Advantages of Routing:-

1. Effective utilization of available resources.

2. Reduction and production costs.

3. Quality improvement occurs.

4. The productivity of the system improves.

5. provides a basis for loading and scheduling.

What is Quality of work life?

2019-11-28T11:10:00.001+05:30

Quality of work-life:-

Quality of work life is to be defined as the quality of a relationship between man and task at the workplace.

Birendra Kumar mahato

The degree to which members of a work organization are able to safety important personal needs through their experience in the organization.
Quality of work-life is very important because a good work-life also motivates an employee the most to perform well at his job. A good time management schedule helps to balance their work and personal life, So the work-life is very important for any type of employee to maintain their time.

fig:-1 Quality of work-life

Their seven way to achieve the quality of work-life:-

1. Providing job security,
2. Open communication,
3. Flexible work timings,
4. Career growth plans,
5. Rewards and recognition,
6. job enrichment,
7.Increased employee participation.

What is Waste elimination process?

2019-11-28T11:06:00.000+05:30

Waste Elimination Process:-

Any activity in your process that does not add value is called Waste elimination process.

The waste elimination process is one of the most effective ways to increase the profitability of any business. Inventory is a waste that you see in many companies.

fig:1 waste elimination process

There are many types of waste which are the most common waste in an organization:-

1. Motion:-

Any type of movements of people and machines without any adding value.

2. waste of transportation:-

Transportation materials are around the plant without adding value.

3. Waiting time:-

Idle time created when waiting for???

4. Overproduction:-

If you overproduction than you have more product so your product materials are waste.

5. Processing time:-

If your production time is very long then obviously your processing time is more.

6. Defects:-

Inspection and repair of materials because of weak process control, poor product and design misunderstand customer needs.

7. Inventory:-

Any type of supply in excess of any one-piece flow through your manufacturing process.

8. Non-usage of human skills:-

None using people's abilities (mental, physical, skill).

9. Excess processing:-

efforts you have that adds no value to the product or service from the customer viewpoints.

fig:2 waste elimination process

What is Store management?

2019-11-28T10:58:00.000+05:30

Store management:-

Store department receiving materials, storing them and issuing these to workshops and departments in order to maintain demand and supply. The store department is under the control of person known as storekeeper.

Fig:1 Store management

Function of store management:-

1. Receiving, inspecting and recording of raw materials.

2. Arranging for QC of raw materials.

3. Positioning and storage.

4. Issuing and recording.

5. Receiving and dispatching of finished goods.

Result of store management:-

1. Easy identification of all material stored.

2. Receipt of incoming goods.

3. Inspection of all receipts.

4. Easy to handle materials.

5. Easy for stock tracking.

Fig:2 store management advantage

Advantages of Store management:-

1. Optimum level of service to user department.

2. Best internal control.

3. Tracking of raw materials consumption.

4. Avoids duplication of efforts.

5. Provides opportunities for standardization.

What is Inventory management?

2019-11-28T10:50:00.000+05:30

Inventory management:-

Inventory management may be defined as a scientific method of finding out now much stock should be maintains in order to meet the production demands and be able to provide right type of material at right time in right quantity.

Inventory management

Inventory management process:-

The Inventory management is very complex process for larger organization. In inventory management goods are delivered into the receiving area of a warehouse in the form of row materials or components are put into stock areas.

Importance of inventory management:-

The value of Inventory management cannot be overstated for any goods-based business. Because inventory management benefits your operational efficiency longevity.

Inventory management

Inventory management types:-

VED Analysis,

ABC Analysis,

FSN Analysis,

HML Analysis,

SDE Analysis

Work measurement I Definition I Diploma solution

2019-11-27T16:02:00.000+05:30

Work measurement:-

Work measurement is the process of establishing the time that a given task would take when performed by a qualified workers working at a designed level of performance.

Objective:-

1. To estimate the cost of product accurately.

2. Planning and product control.

3. To train new employees.

4. To identify the standard workers.

5. To determine the standard time for various operations.

work management

Work management procedure:-

1. Select

2. Record

3. Examine

4. Measure

5. Compile

6. Define

Work management features:-

1. Resource management.

2. Budgeting

3. Time management

4. Task management

5. Project management

6. CRM

7. Invoicing

8. Reporting

work management tools

Res

What is Process planning?

2019-11-27T15:50:00.001+05:30

Process planning:-

Process planning is defined as the systematic determination of methods by which a product is to be manufactured economically and competitively.

It can also be defined as “The systematic determination of the processes by which a product is to be manufactured economically & competitively”.

Process planning

Principle of process planning:-

Concept of process planning:-

i) Selection of machines.

ii) Combining operations wherever possible.

iii) Specifying inspection stages.

iv) Specifying tools, Jigs, Fixtures required for process.

Defining Process Planning is the:-

1. In general, the inputs to Process Planning are:

2. Design data

3. Raw material data

4. Facilities data (machining data, tooling data, fixture data etc)

5. Quality requirements data

6. Production type data

The output of process planning is the process plan:-

1. Process Plan Sheet

2. Process Sheet

3. Operation Sheet

4. Planning Sheet

5. Route Sheet

6. Route Plan

7. Part Program

Process Planning has many following important functions:-

1. To determine the basic manufacturing process.

2. To determine the sequence of operations.

3. To determine the equipment's and tooling required.

Who does Process Planning ?

1. Traditionally, Process Planning is done by manufacturing engineers who are familiar with the particular processes in the factory and are able to read engineering drawings.

2. Based on their Knowledge, skill and experience, they develop the processing steps in the most logical sequence required to make each part.

3. Some details are often delegated to specialists, such as tools designers.

The following information is needed to develop a process plan:-

1. Knowledge of Various manufacturing processes.

2. Engineering drawing of the component.

3. Knowledge of various tooling and fixtures.

4. Relative costs of various processes, tooling and raw materials.

5. Resources available in the factory.

6. Ability to do computations on machining time and cost.

7. Knowledge to use reference books, such as maintainability data handbook.

Process planning

Advantages of Process planning:-

1. Improved accuracy,

2. Reduced labor cost,

3. Reduced plant fixed cost,

4. Less tooling required,

5. Less handling required,

6. Fewer setups,

7. Smaller in process inventory,

8. Less scrap,

9. Fewer inspection points required.

Disadvantages of process planning:-

1. Maintaining tool accuracy,

2. Possible higher tool costs,

3. Maintaining dimensions for several baselines,

4. More costly setups,

5. Sometimes scrap is increased,

6. Compromises on operational speed,

7. Chip disposal.

What is Group technology?

2019-11-27T15:42:00.001+05:30

Group technology:-

Group technology is an approach in which similar parts are identified and grouped together in order to take advantage of the similarities in design and production, manufacturing, process planning.

Advantages of group technology:-

i) Reduction of time and labor requirements.

ii) Labor from other members.

iii) Better marketing and introduction of new technology.

iv) Better access to information or loans.

Disadvantages of group technology:-

i) Management needed.

ii) Mismanagement and corruption.

iii) Lack of motivation and contribution.

iv) Financial issue.

Definition I Clutch, Coil spring clutch I Diploma solution

2019-11-15T23:42:00.000+05:30

What is Clutch?

A clutch is a mechanical device that is used in the transmission system of a vehicle to engage and disengage the transmission system from the engine.

Fig.1 What is Clutch?

Principle:

Thus the clutch is located between the engine and transmission system. When the clutch is engaged to power flows from the engine to the driving wheel through the transmission system and the vehicle moves. When the clutch is disengaged power is not transmitted to the driving wheel and the vehicles stop while the engine is still running.

In a vehicle, the clutch is always in an engaged position. The clutch is disengaged when starting the engine when shifting gears when stopping the vehicle and when idling the engine. It is disengaged by pressing the clutch pedal towards the floor of the vehicle. The clutch is engaged when the vehicle has to move and is kept in the engaged position when the vehicle is moving. The properly operated it prevents the jerky motion of the vehicle during engagement and thus avoids putting undue strain on the remaining parts of the power transmission.

Advantages of Clutch:

1. They do not slip.

2. They can transmit large torque.

3. Develop no heat during engagement and disengagement because of rigid interlocking (no friction).

What is Coil Spring Clutch?

The driving member consists of a flywheel mounted on the engine crankshaft. On flywheel is bolted a pressure plate asst or clutch cover assy, which contains a pressure plate pressure spring and releasing lever. Thus the entire assembly of the flywheel and the cover assy rotate as a unit all the time. The coil spring arranged circumstantially, provide the axial force to keep the clutch in the engaged position.

Principle:

The driven member, the clutch plate which is placed between flywheel and pressure plate is mounted on a hub that is splinted internally and therefore can slide lengthwise on the splined of the clutch shaft. It caries friction materials on both of its surfaces. When it is gripped between the flywheel and the pressure plate, it rotates the clutch shaft through the splines. The operating members consist of a foot pedal, linkage, release or throughout the bearing, release levers that are necessary to ensure the proper operation of the clutch.

When the clutch pedal is pressed, the pressure plate is moved to the right against the force of the spring. This is achieved by means of the operating linkage and a thrust bearing. With the movement of the pressure plate, the friction plate is released and the clutch is disengaged.

fig.2 Coil spring clutch.

Surface Tension I Definition I Diploma notes

2019-11-04T19:51:00.001+05:30

Surface tension.

Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with gas or on the surface between two miscible liquid such that the contact surface behaves like a membrane under tension.

It is denoted by the Greek letter 'σ' Sigma.

Define Surface tension

The phenomenon of Surface tension.

Due to molecular attraction, liquid possesses certain properties such as cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion means inter-molecular attraction between molecules of the same liquid. That means it is tensile stress. Thus cohesion between liquid particular at the surface gives rise to surface tension.

Example of surface tension

1. Walking on water.
2. Surface tension disinfectants.
3. Don't touch the tent.
4. Floating a needle.
5. Surface tension and droplets.
6. why bubbles are round.
7. Washing with cold water.
8. Soaps and detergents.

Define Accuracy, Precision, Reliability, Calibration,Hysteresis?

2019-11-03T11:15:00.002+05:30

What is Accuracy?

Accuracy is the closeness with which an instrument reading approaches the true value of the variable being measured. The accuracy of a complete system is depended upon the individual accuracy of the primary sensing element, secondary element and the manipulation device. It is influenced by static error, dynamic error, drift, reproducible and non-linearity.

Accuracy of a measurement means conformity to true value.

define the Accuracy

What is Precision?

The difference between two successive or consecutive readings measured by instrumentation system is known as precision. High precision means a tight cluster of repeated results while low precision indicates a board scattering of results.

define precision

What is Reliability?

It is defined as the probability that an instrument will perform its assigned function for a given specific period of time under given condition is Known as Reliability.

Reliability

What is Calibration?

Calibration is an essential part of industrial measurement and control. All the static performance characteristic are obtained in one form or other by a process called statics calibration.

Considerations at the time of instrument calibration:

1. Calibration of the instrument is carried out with the instrument in the same position (upright, horizontal etc. ) and is subjected to same temperature and other environmental condition under it is to operate.

2. The instrument is calibrated with values of the measurand impressed in both increasing and decreasing order.

Calibration depends upon following factors:

1. Accuracy desired.

2. Range of instrument.

3. Sensitivity desired.

4. Application of instrument.

5. Environmental conditions.

Advantages of calibration

1. faster and easier to use.
2. Usually no measurement correction.
3. Generally less expensive.

Disadvantages of calibration

1. Must be periodically re calibrated by a standard traceable to nation standard traceable to nation standard.
2. Pressure measurements cannot be reduced to measurements of mass, length or temperature.

Calibration

What is Hysteresis?

Hysteresis is a phenomenon which gives different output effects when loading and unloading weather it is mechanical system is known as Hysteresis.

Hysteresis

What is Measurement?

2019-11-02T07:53:00.002+05:30

Measurement:-

Measurement is the process that determining the value of the magnitude of an unknown quantity with some predetermined standards of references.

In order that the result of the measurement is meaningful, there are two basic requirements:

1. Standard used for comparison must be accurately defined and should be commonly accepted.

2. The apparatus used for measurement and procedure of measurement must be proven.

define Measurement

There are two major functions of all branches of engineering:

1. Design of equipment and process.

2. Proper operation and main trance of equipment and process.

Measurement is useful and important for:

1. Controlling some variables in the process within its specified limits.

2. To monitor some certain quantity that is the Diameter rod.

3. To study and analyze different elements of machine structure.

4. To check the validity of the design and different laws of physics, mechanics, etc.

5. Testing the quantity of product.

Common function/applications of instrument systems are :

• Measurement of system parameters.

• Control of the process of operation.

• To Simulation of system conditions.

• Experimental design studies.

• To perform various manipulation.

• Testing of material, maintenance, and specification of product.

• Verification of physical phenomenon or scientific theories.

what is measurement

Classification of mechanical measurement :

1. Mechanics type measurement:

• Empirical method:

The empirical method is based on intuition and good engineering judgments. The designer max judgments based on his past experience. design data available in the form of ‘Thumb rule’ helps the designer to develop his design. The method of design is based on the judgment which, may prove to be wrong.

• Rational design method:

It is based on well-established scientific laws and relationships. These laws and relations are mainly available in the area of thermodynamics, mechanics. This area has a limited scope of design.

• Experimental method:

This method is based on co-related measurements of all physical quantity involved. The results are scientifically analyzed and errors are calculated. Then by trial and error method, all the parameters are adjusted till the product gives the desired performance or result.

2. Power type measurement.

i) Application:

a) Mechanical instruments.
b) Electrical instruments.

c) Electronic instruments.

ii) Mode of operation:

a) Manual operated: Null type potentiometer.

b) Automatic operated: Mercury in glass thermometer.

iii) Method of energy conversion:

a) Self-operated: Dial thermometer

b) Power-operated : Wheatstone bridge

iv) Nature of output signal:

a) Null type: Weighing balance.

b) Deflection type: Bourdon pressure gauge.

mechanics type measurement

Methods of measurement

1. Direct method :

This type of method is the quantity yo be measured is directly compared with known as standard. The direct method of measurement is very common for the measurement of physical quantities such as time, length, mass.

Example :

a) To measure the length of steel bar by comparing it with a steel rule.

b) Determination of weight by balance.

c) Measuring the speed of the shaft by the tachometer.

Advantages of measurement by the direct method:

1. Measurement can be done quickly.

2. The complicated mechanism and processes is eliminated.

3. It is the simplest method of measurement.

Disadvantages of measurement by direct methods:

1. This method all quantities can not be measure.

2. The result of the measurement may not be accurate.

3. The method is limited within human capabilities and the chance of error is more.

method measurement

2. Indirect method :

Measurements by the direct method are always not possible. In indirect method of measurement, measurand is converted into some effect which can be measured. The method makes comparison with standard through the use of a calibrated system that is an Empirical relation is established between the measurement actually made and the results that are desired.

i) Primary measurement:

Primary measurement is one that can be made by direct observation without involving any conversion or translation of measure quantity.

Examples,

a) Measurement of length by meter rod.
b) Matching of two colors when judging the temperature of red hot steel.

c) Measurement of time by counting the number of strokes of the clock.

primary measurement

ii) Secondary measurement:-

The indirect measurement involving one translation is called secondary measurement.

Example,

(a) The conversation of pressure into displacement by means of bellows, and conversion of force into displacement buy means of springs are examples of secondary measurements.

(b) Temperature measurement by mercury in glass thermometer: In this, the temperature sensed by the bulb is converted into the displacement of mercury in capillary and its height indicates temperature.

(c) Force measurement by using spring balance: forced gives Deflection of spring and defalcation of spring gives the value of force to be measured.

(iii) Tertiary measurement :

Those measurements involving two conversions are allied Tertiary measurement.

Example,
(a) Measurement of pressure by Bourdon pressure gauge.

(b) Measurement of speed by the electric tachometer.

indirect type of measurement

What is Hydraulic Power plant?

2019-10-01T01:28:00.000+05:30

Hydraulic power Plant?

In hydraulic power plant the potential energy of water at higher level is converted to kinetic energy of the water by letting its flow at faster rate. The faster falling water rotates the turbine of the generator. Thus Kinetic energy of the water is converted into mechanical energy of the turbine. The axle of the turbine is connected to the armature of the electric generator. The mechanical energy of the rotating system of the generator is converted into electrical energy of the generator thus we have electrical energy as a output from the hydroelectric power plant.

Hydraulic Power plant

Working principle of Hydraulic power plant.

Most hydraulic power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height deference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. A large pipe delivers water to the turbine.

Fundamental parts of Hydraulic power plant.

1. Area

2. Dam

3. Reservoir

4. pen stock

5. storage tank

6. Turbines and generator

7. Switch gear and protection

hydraulic power plant

Advantages of hydraulic power plant.

1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate.

2. Hydro power is a fueled by water so its a clean fuel source.

3. Hydro electric power is not that expansive.

4. Neat and clean source of energy.

Disadvantages of hydraulic power plant.

1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be build to a very high standard.

2. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded must move out.

3. Fish populations can be impacted if fish live in the dam.

4. High capital cost due to contraction dam.

What are the Classification of Automobiles?

2019-08-29T23:23:00.001+05:30

Classification of automobiles

1. With respect to use

a) Scooter

b) Motor cycle

c) Three wheeler

d) Four wheeler (car, jeep, etc)

e) Transport vehicle (Bus)

f) Good carrier (Truck, Train)

2. With respect to capacity

a) Heavy transport vehicle (Truck, Bus, Dumper)

b) Light transport vehicle (Car, Jeep, Tempo, etc)

3. With respect to fuel used

a) Petrol vehicle (Car, Scooter, Motor cycle)

b) Diesel vehicle (Truck, Bus, Tractor)

c) CNG vehicle (Bus, Auto rickshaws)

d) LPG vehicle (car, etc)

e) Solar vehicle (Car, etc)

4. With respect to make and manufacture

a) Truck (Lay-land, Tata)

b) Station Wagon (Matador, Dodge, Standard)

c) Car (Fial, Ambassador, maruti)

d) Motorcycle (Hero Honda, Bajaj, Rajdut etc)

e) Scooter (Bajaj, L.M.L, Kinetic Honda)

5. With respect to wheel and Excel

a) Two wheeler (Auto cycle, Moped, Scooter)

b) Three wheeler (Auto rickshaw, Tempo)

c) Four wheeler (Car, Jeep)

d) Six wheeler (Having two rear axle)

e) Multi wheeler (Traitors)

classification of automobile

6. With respect to drive

1. According to sitting position of driver:-

a) Right hand drive (All Indian vehicles)

b) Left hand drive (All American vehicles)

2. According to driving axle:-

a) Front wheel drive (Front wheels are driving wheels)

b) Rear wheel drive ( Rear wheels are driving wheels)

c) Four wheel drive (All wheels are driving wheels)

7. With respect to suspension system

a) Conventional suspension (Leaf spring)

b) Independent suspension (Coil spring, torsion bar, pneumatic)

8. With respect to transmission

a) Conventional

b) Semi-automatic automatic

9. With respect to fitting of engine

a) Engine at front

b) Engine at back

c) Engine fitting in front but crosswise

d) Bus chaises

e) Engine fitted at center of chaises

Classification of Automobiles

What is power steering

2019-08-29T17:54:00.001+05:30

Power steering :-

When load of vehicle increases the steering effort required for turning the vehicle also increases. In case of heavy duty vehicles steering effort or beyond human limits. In such case or in sophisticated cross string is used. The power string takes the hydraulic power to reduce steering efforts. The power steering is operated by oil under the pressure.

Up milling and Down milling

2019-08-28T13:33:00.002+05:30

Up Milling:-

Also called conventional milling.

v Wheel rotation opposite of the feed.

v The chip formed by each cutter tooth starts out very thin and increases its thickness.

v The length of the chip is relatively longer.

v Tool life is relatively shorter.
v Need more clamping force to hold the work part still.

Down milling:-

Also called climb milling.

v Wheel rotation is parallel to the feed.

v The chip formed by each cutter tooth starts out thick and leaves out thin.

v The length of the chip is relatively short.

v Tool life is relatively longer.

v Need less clamping force to hold the work part still.

What are CNC Part Programmings?

2019-08-28T13:22:00.000+05:30

Method of CNC part programming

I. Manual programming:-

Manual programming tends to be somewhat tedious admittedly the words and commands involved with manual programming can be somewhat cryptic however all CNC programmers should have a good understanding of manual programming techniques regardless of whether or not they are used.

CNC part programming

II. Conversational (shop floor) programming:-

This type of programming has become quite popular in recent years with conversational programming, the program is created at the CNC machine. Generally speaking the conversational program is created using graphic and driven functions. The programmer will be able to visually check whether various input are correct as program is created.

iii. Came system programming:-

Cam system programming allover CNC programming to be accomplished at a much higher level than the manual programming and becoming very programmer level then the manual programming and becoming very popular. Generally speaking that CAM systems helps the programmer in three major axis. It keeps the programmer from having to do math calculation make it easy to program difference kind of mechanics with the same basic language and helps with certain basic machinery particle function.

iv.Programming format:-

A part of program for simple components can be carried features out manually however. If the component has complex features which required too many repetitive and tedious calculations for preparing its program for cutter path description then it is recommended that computer-aided part programming be restored to.

CNC part programming 2

The following are the steps to be followed which developing CNC part programs.

Process planning Access selection Tool selection Cutting process parameters planning Job and tool set of planning Machine learning path planning Part program writing Part program for proving.

What do you mean by cutting tool nomenclature?

2019-08-27T23:10:00.006+05:30

Cutting tool nomenclatures

i. Shank:-

It is main body of tool or that part on which cutting edge is formed. It is the part of the tool which is gripped in tool holder.

ii. Face:-

It is the top surface of the tool between the shank and point of the tool. In cutting action the chip flows along this direction only. Face angle is provided due to face.

iii. Point or nose:-

It is wedge shape portion where the face and both the flanks of tool meets. It is cutting part of tool. It is also called as nose.

iv. Flank:-

It is end surface adjacent to the cutting edge and below if when the tool is horizontal position. If protects the finished surface against rubbing with tool clearance angle is provided due to flank.

What are cutting tool nomenclature

v. Base:-

It is actually the beginning surface of the tool on which it is held in a tool holder or directly in the tool post.

vi. Heel:-

It is the curved portion at the bottom of the tool where base and flank of tool meet.

vii. Nose radius:-

It cutting tip of single point tool carries a sharp cutting point the cutting tip is week. It is therefore highly stressed during the operation. May fail or lose its cutting ability and produces a mark on machine surfaces to avoid this nose is provided with a radius called nose radius.

What Types of steams (Dry,Wet,superheated)

2019-08-25T22:25:00.004+05:30

1. Dry steam:-

Dry steam is steam that is at the temperature of saturation but does not contain water particles in suspension it has a very high dryness fraction with almost no moisture.

2. Wet steam:-

When steam is contains some water particles in suspended from it is known as wet steam. The suspended water particles are known as moisture.

3. Superheated steam:-

If dry saturated steam at a saturation temperature is heated its temperature will start increasing. This higher temperature of steam is known as super heated steam.

What is Cochran Boiler?

2019-08-25T22:19:00.003+05:30

Cochran boiler:-

The Cochran boiler is a multi multi-tubular vertical fire tube boiler has a number of horizontal fire tubes.

It is the modification of a simple vertical boiler where the heating surface has been increased by means number of fire tubes.

Define Cochran boiler

There are Fourteen parts of a fire tube (Cochran boiler)

i. Shell:-

It has a vertical axis cylindrical drum with a hemispherical dome-type shell at the top.

ii. Grate:-

It is the platform on which the solid fuel is burnt.

iii. Combustion:-

The burning of fuel takes place in the combustion chamber.

iv. Fire tubes:-

Cochran boiler has multi-tubular fire tubes. The hot fuel gases from the combustion chamber travel to the smokebox through these fire tubes. The fire tubes help in the exchange of heat from the hot fuel gases to the water.

v. Fire hole:-

It is the hole provided to fire the fuel inside the furnace.

vi. Chimney:-

The Chimney is attached to the smokebox. It transfers smoke to the environment. The size of Chimney in small as compared with other boilers.

vii. Fire bricks lining:-

The fire brick the lining is present in the combustion chamber and helps in the combustion of the fuel.

Cochran boiler parts

viii. Main hole:-

The main hole is provided for the cleaning and inspecting of the boiler from inside.

ix. Fuel pipe:-

It is a small passage connecting the firebox and combustion chamber. The hot gases enter into the combustion chamber through the fuel pipe.

x. Pressure gauge:-

It means the pressure of steam inside the boiler.

xi. Safety valve:-

It blows off the extra steam when the steam pressure inside the boiler reaches above safety level.

xii. Water level indicator:-

The position of the water into the Cochran boiler is indicated by the water level indicator.

xiii. Stop valve:-

The stop valve is used to transfer steam to the desired location when it is required. Otherwise, it stops the steam in the boiler.

xiv. Boiler off cock:-

It is used to blow off the settle down impurities mud and sediments present in the boiler water.

Cochran boiler

Advantages of Cochran boiler:-

i. It takes a comparatively small floor space.

ii. It is self-contained and stronger from the Sign point of view.

iii. No joints in furnace hence no trouble.

iv. Any type of fuel can be used with this boiler.

v. It is well suited for small capacity requirements.

Cochran boiler advantage and disadvantages

Disadvantages of Cochran boiler:-

i. Low rate of steam generation.

ii. Inspection and maintenance are difficult.

iii. A high room head is required for its installation due to the vertical design.

iv. It has a limited pressure range.

What is Motion machine?

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1. Motion machine:-

The machine which violates the law of thermodynamics is called perceptual motion machine.

2. Perpetual motion machine:-

i. A perpetual motion machine of first kind produces work without the input of energy. It violates the first law of thermodynamics the law of conservation of energy.

ii. A perpetual motion machine of the second kind of a machine which spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work. When the thermal energy is equivalent to the work done. This does not violate the law of conservation of energy.

What is Charles Law?

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Charles law:-

Charles law state that if unit mass of gas is maintained at constant pressure the volume of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature of the gas.

Charles law can also stated as that the if unit mass of gas is maintained mathematically,

What is Boyles Law?

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Boyle’s law:-

Boyle’s law Boyle’s gas law states that if unit mass of gas is maintained at constant temperature the volume of gas is inversely proportional with the absolute pressure during change of state of gas.

What is Generator?

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Generator:-

A generator is mounted in the power house and it is mechanical coupled to the turbine shaft. When the turbine blades are rooted it drive the generator and electricity is generated which is then Stepped up with the help of a transformer for the transmission purpose.