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Cultural Heritage of India | Handicraft | Art of Weaving, Embroidery and Leather Industry

2021-02-08T16:35:00.001+05:30

Art of Weaving and Embroidery

Ancient India had a unique place in the fields of hand weaving, embroidery and knitting. It was said that the whole piece of cloth of a particular size (Taka) of fine muslin of Dhaka could easily pass through a ring and could be adjusted in a matchbox. Moreover 'Galicha' (carpet of several regions), knitting work on attires and artistry etc. occupied a prominent place. Amongst them are Patola of Patan (Gujarat), Bandhani of Rajasthan, kanjivaram saree and kashmiri cloth having 'Kasab' work.

During the golden period of Solanki era, Gujarat had progressed in this field. During the reign of Siddhraj Jaisingh many artisans (weavers) came and settled in Patan and made the town world famous, especially for its Patola. Some weavers of Patan were the best artists particularly of Patola of Patan. This art of Patan is more than 850 years old. Only a handful people have the skill for such a complicated and time consuming art of dyeing. The Silkware (Beval Ikt) produced in Patan is called Patola of patan. 'Ikt' means weaving. This type of saree is designed in such a manner that it can be worn on either side.

This type of Patola variety has a good durability and its original colours remain intact.

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Bandhani of Jamnagar, Jetpur, Bhuj and Mandvi are very popular. The traditional style of Bandhani with all its luster is very popular even today. It is due to the beautiful designs of elephant, puppet and dice of which Indian handicraft industry can be proud of.

Apart from cloth printing, cloth knitting has become a small-scale industry for Gujarati women. Embroidery has subdivisions of silk-work, Ari-bharat thread work. Women were skilled enough in various types of embroidery, decorating their homes etc. 'Torans' (used to hang on the door for decoration), 'Chakla' (wall-pieces), 'Shakh', 'Todaliya' and bed sheets. Clothes were decorated with various pictures of birds. Moreover knitting works of 'Jat' Community of Banni area of Kachchh is a wonderful achievement of Gujarat.

Art of Leather Industry

Leather had a particular place in India in ancient time (golden, silver, thread work) Leather was prominently used for making 'Mashak (a leather bag for fetching water)', the bellows used by blacksmiths, shoes, purses, and leather strips to the pets were used widely. Leather was tanned traditionally in those days. Later on, things were produced according to the daily needs.

Leather industry had a prominent and specific place of its own in India. Well knitted 'Mojadi' of Rajasthan, shoes, leather knitted purses, belts and other things made out of the leather for horses and camels like saaj, palan, lagaam were very much in use.

Cultural Heritage of India | Handicraft | Art of Ancient Clay Work

2021-02-04T12:57:00.002+05:30

Material Heritage

What is called Material Heritage?

Physical and mental characteristics that a child inherits from the parents by birth is known as 'genetic inheritance'. Whereas estates, land, properties, assets are called 'material heritage'. Similarly whatever man obtains or creates with his intellect and skills is called Cultural heritage.

Different people have their own individual religious traditions, customs and living styles. A child inherits all these from his or her parents. Along With this, every country has its own specific heritage. As we all know, the impact of western culture has been increasing tremendously day by day. If we do not preserve our precious cultural heritage, we might lose our unique cultural identity. Once upon a time, India was called 'Sone ki Chidiya' (a golden bird). In comparison to the currency existing today, the ancient currency was more valuable.

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In such circumstances, time demands preservation and revival of our valuable heritage, which can only be done by us.

There are references to 64 arts in ancient Indian literature. Since time immemorial, India has been considered to be a land with rich cultural heritage having traces of different cultures in music, dance, architecture, skills, handicrafts, paintings and literary arts.

In this article, we will discuss some of them. India is highly prosperous in various handicrafts and artistic works like weaving, embroidery, bead - work, clay work, engraving and mirror work, with all its diversities. Thus India is a land of varied arts and crafts. Let us discuss this post in brief.

Art of Ancient Clay Work

Write short note on Ancient Clay Work

Man and clay have been closely associated since ancient time. In that sense his whole life revolves around it from the cradle to the grave. Before the invention of metal, clay things were used abundantly. Toys, pots, pitchers, earthen lamps, clays wares were made by the potter to store grains, milk, ghee, curd and buttermilk. The walls of the houses, kubas (clay hut) and streets were made of clay itself. We get the idea of the same from the remains of play-toys and other things found from ancient places like Kalibangan (Rajasthan).

India was famous for producing the utensils of baked clay as well as unbaked clay (terracotta). This clay-work tradition has been sustained and more or less preserved from the ancient age to medieval period till modern time.

Preservation and Importance of Indian Cultural Heritage

2021-01-31T17:16:00.001+05:30

Importance of Culture Heritage

As we have seen earlier, culture means whatever we possess and civilization means 'What we are'. The different aspects of this culture are handed down by one generation to the next generation to the next. They add to whatever they have learnt and at the same time teach it to the next generation.

What is meant by Heritage?

Thus, whatever is inherited from generation to generation is called heritage.

The existence of human society is also indebted to cultural heritage. On the other side the existence and continuity of this culture is mutual. At the same time it is supplementary and nourishing. The culture had greatly influenced social, economical, religious and cultural aspects of human life.

Person's food, clothes, dwelling, social life, ways of expression, means of entertainment, style of communication, style of earning all are decided by the culture only. Thus, it teaches the art of living. Along With teaching the style of human behaviour and attitude, it also lay necessary social restrictions.

In short every generation preserves and cultivates heritage. On account of this only the continuity of culture is maintained.

Thus, the glorious heritage covers both the natural and cultural heritage. The natural heritage covers the mountains, seas, rivers, tanks, lakes, ponds, forests etc. whereas the cultural heritage covers the places, structures, stone inscriptions, stupas, chaityas, vihara, temples, mosques, domes, forts, gates, mythological and excavated places, historical monuments, historical places of our freedom movement etc. It all made India a beautiful, charming, pleasing culture, simultaneously, India has attained a prestigious place by preserving the glorious heritage and has attained a prominent place among all the cultures of the world.

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Maintenance, Preservation and Conservation of Heritage

In Indian Constitution, the fundamental duties of Indian citizens are mentioned in Article 51(C). In that (6), (7) and (9) describe the following duties for preservation of Indian cultural heritage. They are given as below:

To understand the importance of Indian harmonious culture, prosperity and to preserve it.
Maintaining the forests, tanks, rivers, ponds and the wild animals and birds along with maintaining the natural environment and to show compassion for all the living creatures.
The protection of public property/estate and giving up violence are also included in it.

Thus, it is the primary and pious duty of every citizen of India to see that nobody harms the ancient memorials and also to preserve places having historical importance and values. Nature has created a beautiful landscape. We should maintain the purity, sanctity and beauty of these places considering it to be our moral duty.

The Indian heritage is a result of the development of the people of India in the social, economical, political and cultural fields over a period of thousands of years. You have learnt about this heritage previously. Nature has generously donated prosperity to India. The gradual development of this heritage is due to India's peculiar natural structure. These natural resources have specially provided opportunity to make progress in all the fields.

Which ancient tribes have been included in India? Explain

2021-01-27T18:50:00.001+05:30

Cultural Heritage

Cultural Heritage that India has gifted to the world is also prosperous, rich and varied. Cultural heritage is man-made heritage. Whatever man obtains or creates with his intellect, skills is called cultural heritage.

The people of India, from the prehistoric period, have contributed to the people of the world. For e.g., sculpture is a 5000 years old ancient art. The remains of Indus Valley civilization is evidence of this. The remains of the figures of Gods and Goddesses, human figures, animals and several toys as well as sculptures of a man with a beard and the statue of a dancer are the examples of rich cultural heritage and their contribution to the world.

Further when we look at the bullock or lion on an inverted lotus of Mauryan Era, the statue of Gautam Buddha in a meditative mood, or the statues of Jain saints and the caves of Ajanta Ellora etc. (prepared by kings), we feel gladdened and proud and we show a great respect and reverence for our cultural heritage.

Explain the Natural Heritage included in India.

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Palaces, buildings, sculptures, stupas, 'Viharas' 'Chaitya', temples, mosques, tombs, domes, forts, gates, etc. all these architectural monuments are a part of our cultural heritage. Even the historical places of our freedom movement can also be considered as a part of our cultural heritage.

This cultural heritage should not only be conserved and preserved but also developed by the people of India age after age. As a result, the continuity of our cultural heritage has been maintained. This has made Indian culture beautiful, charming and pleasing. Simultaneously, it has also bestowed India a prestigious place.

India - Land and People

The speciality of India is that traces of the different races are found in India. The Dravidians were considered to be the most ancient people of India but the modern researchers of linguistics and anthropology have proved that even before the Dravidians came and settled in India, six more tribes were also found from different lands. They also contributed to our cultural diversity.

Show how the different tribes in ancient India were 'Indianized'.

These people can be described as under:

Negroid (Habsi People): Some historians believe that Negrate or Negros (Habsi) are the most ancient inhabitants of India. They came from Africa and via Balochistan to India. They are black, having the height of 4 to 5 feet and curly hair.

Australoid (Nishad People): This tribe of people came from South-East Asia. Their physical characteristics were: black skin, with broad head, flat nose, short in height etc. The Aryans who came later on to India call them 'Nishad'. The origins of the tribes like 'Kol' and 'Munda', 'Khashi' tribe of Assam, the tribes of Nicobar and Myanmar have similarities to the Australoids. Their contribution in the development of Indian culture and civilization is immense.

They made clay utensils, wove cotton cloth and knew many other skills. They had great religious beliefs too.

The Dravidians: Beforethe Aryans, the Dravidians used to live in India and they used to speak Dravidian-language. The Dravidians were the direct descendants of Stone Age civilization and the creator of Mohen-jo-Daro culture. The Indian culture is greatly indebted to the Dravidians just like the Aryans in many respects. The Dravidians gave the thought of mother as a 'Goddess' and father as a 'God'; So the thought of Parvati and Shiva or mother and father developed.

Moreover the tradition of worshipping nature is the gift of the Dravidians. The tradition of worshipping with 'Dhup' (incense stick), Deep (lamp) and 'Aarti' (worship with Aarti) are considered to be the gifts of the Dravidians. The Dravidians developed urban civilization by constructing houses with bricks. They had Matriarchal system of family. They progressed a lot in different crafts like boat and raft, weaving, spinning, dyeing, arts etc.

Arrows, spears and swords etc were their weapons. They were well-versed in the art of weaving cotton cloth and making tools for agriculture. Due to the dominance of the Aryans in the north of India, the Drvaidians shifted to South India and settled there. As a result, today we can find the people speaking Dravidian-family languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam etc, in South India.

Other tribes: Apart from this Alpine, Dinarik and Armenoid tribes are the tribes who migrated from central Asia. All those three tribes have some similarities. The origins (genes) of those tribes are found in a large number in Gujarat, Saurashtra, Maharashtra, Bengal and in Orissa.

Mongoloid (Kirat): People possessed the physical characteristics like yellow complexion, flat face, chubby cheeks, almost shaped eyes etc. They came to India from North-East China Via Tibet and settled down at north Assam, East Bengal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and they gradually Indianized themselves.

The Aryans: The Aryans were more developed people than any other contemporary tribes. They loved, prayed and worshipped the trees, rivers, mountains, the Sun, wind and rain. They had composed hymns (mantras) for praying various natural elements.

In due course of time, some religious ceremonies originated out of them, the Yagnaya Gaadi (related to Yajna) which observe the influence of the Aryans on Indian culture.

The Nordic - Aryans were the makers of Aryan culture in India. Excepting the distinguishing features of different tribes which came earlier in India and created a harmonious culture in India with the passage of time, all these tribes which came to India and settled there were amalgamated through inter-tribal marriages. This process helped in the merging of all those tribes into one.

There was merging of those tribes with their specific style of living, different languages and thoughts into one. So right from the beginning, there was a creation of harmonious culture which gave India a glorious and prosperous heritage. This great heritage of India is a glorious and prosperous heritage. This great heritage of India attracted the attention amongst the people of the world in such a way that during the ancient period, many foreigners came down in big numbers.

In the beginning of the second century a new era began with the advent of the foreigners. This is because of Alexander's invasion, the Greeks came to India later. The 'Shakas', 'Kushans', 'Pallavas' and 'Hunas' etc. came and settled in different parts of India over a long period of time. India became their native land. They all then became Indians. Greek emperor Menander was recognized as Milind. After his conversion to Buddhism. Thus, the cultured structure of India was strengthened in many ways. This made Indian culture variegated. These tribes migrated in such a way that they lost their individual identity.

These foreigners and the Indian tribes were greatly influenced by languages, scripts, names, religions and beliefs etc. Religion played a vital role in Indianizing these foreigners. Some of them accepted Buddhism and some accepted Hinduism. The Kushan emperor Kanishka I adopted Buddhism and contributed notably in propagating Buddhism. Some pillar inscriptions, coins, cave inscriptions, stone inscriptions etc. are a witness to all these.

These foreign tribes adopted not only the religion but they also adopted language, script, social, traditions etc. They also adopted Indian names and titles. In short, in ancient India the amalgamation of various cultures enriched Indian culture by making it variegated and prosperous.

Features Included in Natural Heritage of India | Explain in detail

2021-01-23T13:06:00.000+05:30

Rich Heritage of India

India has a varied natural and cultural heritage. The main reason for this is that India is a vast nation with different geographical and physical conditions. The history of India is thousands of years old. This culture has remained a witness, to the change due to exchange of ideologies.

Many foreigners invaded India and were victorious. They settled down here and merged in the ocean of Indian culture. In this context, heritage is a precious gift from our ancestors. Heritage is natural as well as man-made. Its development has taken place along with the historic eras. On one hand, heritage is associated with place, province or region; on the other hand, it is associated with family and community. It is a special feature of the people and their identity.

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To make it simpler, we divide our heritage as natural and cultural.

Natural Heritage

Natural heritage includes features like mountains, forests, deserts, rivers, streams, seas, trees, plants, creepers, flowers, leaves and insects etc. India is a land of geographical and environmental extremities. It includes high mountains, big and small rivers, wide fertile lands, river valley regions, dense forests, long seashores and deserts. In this varied landscape a wide range of minerals, vegetation, plants and animals are abundant. Irregularities in weather or climate can even affect our heritage. The result of a close relationship between nature, environment and human-life is natural heritage.

Worshipping animals, rivers and mountains has been a part of Indian tradition. Similarly we consider pipal, banyan and tulsi as holy and reverential. Some birds and animals are accepted as the vehicles of gods and goddesses. It is only because of this that we treat them with respect and faith. Due to this, Indian culture has made a unique impression in the entire world. Some examples of these can be found in 'Jataka Katha's' of Buddhism.

We can also see a close relation between nature and classical and folk music. Several classical ragas are based on 'Prahar' (period of a day) and on 'ritu' (seasons). Nature and the seasons of the year have been the central themes for our songs, poems, festivals and paintings. Similarly, Ayurveda, Unani and Nature cure are also based on nature. Therefore, we can say that natural and cultural heritage have a very deep relationship.

Nature has endowed India generously. In the course of Indian history nature has played a prominent part.

Which are the Features included in Indian Natural Heritage of India

Landscapes

Beautiful landscapes are generally formed due to varied topography of land. For example, the Himalayas is a land-shape. But it has endowed Indians abundantly with brimming rivers, streams, forests of Terai and its pilgrimage places, which can be considered landscapes. The landscapes have greatly influenced the occupation of the people, their lifestyle and customs. Since the time of the Aryans, the mountains have been considered to be adorable and holy amongst various elements of nature. From ancient times, the Himalayan range has remained a part of Indian heritage.

Rivers

Indian culture is known as river culture.

The rivers of India have remained 'reverential' as 'Lokmata' from ancient times till today. Our Indian culture has flourished on the river bank of Ganga, the Yamuna, the Ravi and other rivers. The rivers like the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Saraswati, the sindhu, the Kaveri, the Narmada and the Godavari, etc. have profoundly influenced the people of India. Rivers are the source for drinking water, household use, irrigation, floor-plastering as well as making utensils from clay etc. Landscape scenes at dawn and dusk are very fascinating on the side of the river; these are inspiration for artists and have enriched the lives of the people by developing their aesthetic sense.

Vegetation

From ancient times people of India have remained lovers of nature. In India, the trees like banyan, pipal, neem, shrubs and tulsi etc. are considered as holy and treated with great reverence. Since ancient times, the green fields, prosperous forest and medicinal plants have enriched Indian culture. Grains and cereals, plants of oilseeds, myrobalan, tulsi, ardusi, aloe vera etc prove to be very useful. Flowers like rose, michelia, daisy, lotus, sunflower etc have made human life beautiful, useful and prosperous. It has a deep impact on our social, economic and religious life. Worshipping of Tulsi plants every morning and observing Vad-Savitri vrat, show the religious significance of plant-life.

Wildlife

The people of India have loved nature and animals (flora and fauna) since ancient times. Indians have realized the importance of wildlife - elephants, rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, wolf, deer, bear, lion, stag etc. They have contributed greatly in making Indian culture varied. It is a well-known fact that the value of the tusk of a dead elephant and the leather of a dead tiger and lion are immense. But we have realized their values. So the preservation of wildlife, laws are framed and sanctuaries are established. This is ended by the fact that the National emblem of India has the figure of lion in it.

Features Included In Indian Cultural Heritage of India | Explain in detail

2021-01-19T19:15:00.046+05:30

Cultural Heritage of India

Asia is the largest continent of the world in terms of area and population. And India is a large country in Asia in terms of area and population. It has a prominent place in South Asia.

India is a land of 'Sujalam' (Full of sweet water) and 'Suflam' (Full of sweet fruit and crops), and a land that has been endowed with varied heritage.

People, right from the beginning of Indus-Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization) till today, have made our country rich and wealthy with their intellect, ability, talents and skills. Innumerable Scholars, thinkers, artists, artisans, sages, saints, scientists and historians have contributed to the growth and development of our culture.

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What differentiates mankind from other living beings is culture. Culture and Civilization are the distinguishing features of mankind. Man has made great progress right from the primitive era to the modern day sky scrapes, jet planes and Satellite. All these can be included in our 'Culture'.

Meaning of Culture

What is 'Culture'?

Culture is the sum total of habits, values, customs, fine arts, drawings, architecture, traditions and conduct of life- style of man. It also means achieving the highest ideas of mankind, at a particular period or time in human history. Culture is the journey of man from cave (darkness) to home (light). The word 'Culture' is used with a specific meaning and includes ideology, intellect, skill, art and noble values. The development of different branches of philosophical thinking, fine arts, religious customs and traditional paintings, sculptures and economic development are also a part of culture.

Culture means a way of life of a particular group of people, at a particular period.

After having followed the broader meaning of Indian culture, let us proceed further.

Which are the Features included in Indian cultural heritage of India

Historians and thinkers believe that India is the country from where the ray of culture emerged and great thoughts are propagated. It is the only culture in the world which spreads realization of 'sat' (truth), 'chit' (concentration) and 'anand' (pleasure). It also glorifies one and all, since it visualizes life with a rare vision and something auspicious.

Indian culture is proud of its natural inheritance like: the Himalayas, the river Ganga, the Yamuna, the Saraswati, the Sindhu and the Kaveri. It also means a variety and rare emotions, feelings, knowledge, devotion and death. It also includes justice and morals, mercy and compassion, love and non-violence, mutual understanding and harmony. All these have prominent places in the Indian culture.

Indian culture aims at achieving the goal of 'Dharma' (righteousness) 'Artha' (material possession), 'Kama' (physical pleasure) and 'Moksha' (Salvation).

India is a country of peace and tolerance. There is no place for war, battle or strife in Indian culture. The emphasis has been laid on achieving peace all around. The words 'Om Shanti … Shanti' uttered at the end of any prayer, supporting it.

Characteristics of Indian Culture

Many things can be included while describing the distinguishing characteristics of Indian culture. But it is a fact that India is an amalgamation of various thoughts and ideologies. It is a very vast and varied culture rich in knowledge, devotion, deeds, emotion and feelings. It is the broad mindedness of Indian culture that it assimilated all those characteristic features without any hesitation to which it was exposed from various other cultures and moulded them in its own way.

India did not believe in invasion or war to propagate its culture, religion, ideology or any other thing. It treated all living creatures with the same equality and compassion.

Features of Indian Culture

Longevity and continuity
Unity in diversity
Tolerance
Amalgamation of Spirituality and Materialism

What is mean by Human Development? Clarify the difference between Economic and Human development.

2021-01-15T19:27:00.000+05:30

Economic and Human Development

Human development is achievable, whereas economic development is one of its important tools. Human power that is educated, trained, civilized, healthy, disciplined, dedicated, duty-bound, feeling of cooperation and partnership in development programs, awareness and consciousness as a citizen, political freedom, and self-respect are the most important property of any nation.

Any nation that has ample natural resources and materialistic wealth, but lacks high quality human wealth can never achieve a high growth rate. In a developing country, economic development cannot be achieved due to dislike for modernization, low expectation, illiteracy, lack of spirit of adventure, superstition, old beliefs, rituals and traditions, and insufficient use of natural and materialistic resources, etc. Human development is in the root of social development. Earlier human development was evaluated on the basis of economic development only. Per capita income was considered as the only measure for human development. All the nations of the world concentrated on increasing their Gross National Product (GNP). However, despite achieving economic success, there was no change in lifestyle and quality of life of the people. Thus, it would be incorrect to believe that human development can only be achieved by economic development.

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In the concept of human development, matters relating to human peace and comfort also have been included along with economic matters. Income is not the only important aspect here. Rather how one uses it becomes an important matter. The idea of human development is broadly observed as the point of view to remove poverty, income disparity, and unemployment.

Presently, human development is on the main agenda of the United Nations Development Programme. There are attempts at strengthening democracy all over the world through economic development. It is believed that human development is possible along with economic and political development. This is altogether a new concept.

What is meant by Anti-Social Activities and Corruption? Explain in detail

2021-01-11T18:54:00.021+05:30

Anti-Social Activities

The illegal act or behavior of a person or a group is known as antisocial activity. Antisocial act is harmful to the society in many ways. Therefore, the society and the government make special attempts to curb it. However, we find certain antisocial activities like corruption, smuggling, hoarding, black marketing, drug trafficking and smuggling of weapons done on a large scale.

Now, we will try to understand in brief, corruption as an antisocial activity.

Explain the term corruption?

Corruption is a global phenomenon. It is such a wide-spread evil that it is found everywhere. It hinders the progress of the State and weakens democracy. Corruption has reached its peak and it has become a world wide sensitive issue.

Corruption is the result of people's dishonesty and their illegal dealing. People misuse their status and power and hence corruption results. According to the definition given by the world Bank, Corruption means the misuse of the public position for personal benefits. Corruption includes gifts, cheating and biased attitude. Corruption affects us in daily life in one form or the other. It is not to the corrupt politicians, corrupt government officials, trade or industry but it has spread in all the fields of the society. Corruption enhances criminal mentality.

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In India also the level of corruption has reached up to the dangerous level. An international organization named "Transparency International" has published a report on the corruption at public level in the world, with data's after a close scrutiny. In the year 2001 India was 69th most corrupt nation among the 90 countries. The least corrupt country of Asia is Singapore, followed by Hong Kong and Japan. There are five countries in the world where corruption is found the least. These countries are Finland, Denmark, New Zealand, Sweden and Canada. Hiding one's income and wealth for the fear of tax gives birth to black money, which hinders the national progress. Black money adversely affects our social and moral values. It leads to the loss of faith in the state laws and the authority. This is an anti-national act. A corrupt person should be declared as a traitor. Corruption gives birth to injustice by doing away with human rights. If India wishes to be a superpower, it has to eradicate the evil of corruption at once.

Which laws have been framed to curb the anti-social activities?

Indian government has made efforts to stop corruption at different levels. The objective of the anti-corruption act of 1988 is to make administration clean. For this purpose the misuse of power and accumulating more wealth than one's income are considered as punishable acts. This rule applies to all government employees. The central Anti-Corruption Bureau was established in 1964. Its chief function was to investigate the allegation of corruption against the government employees, and to punish them if they are found guilty. In this context, the government has issued a handbook of guidelines for the citizens. It provides hints to the citizens about the dos and don'ts. This effort is made to create awareness among the citizens about corrupt practices and to create social awareness for abolishing corruption. If we follow these handbooks we shall succeed in curbing corruption.

What is colonialism? Which nations of Europe were involved in the colonial competition?

2021-01-07T20:38:00.000+05:30

Rise and Growth of Colonialism

This period is also known for the important scientific inventions that led to the Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) in the whole of Europe. Major changes took place in the field of transportation. England became the pioneer of industrial revolution. England and other European nations required raw materials for the newly established industries. Markets were required for the sale of abundant production on account of Industrial Revolution. The competition that started among European nations to acquire new territories for this purpose is called colonialism. The Europeans tried to establish their supremacy over these newly conquered territories. India was also a victim of the colonization drive and became the most important colony of England.

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Many nations of Asia like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore and many African countries became victims of colonization like India. England's greed for colonization made her occupy even her neighboring countries like Belgium, Netherland and Luxemburg. When the European powers were tightening their grip over the Asian and African nations, many of the European nations which had become free, following the footsteps of England made many of the Afro-Asian nations their colonies. The condition of another Asian country-China was also similar. Taking advantage of the weakness of China, England as well as Germany, France, Belgium, Russia and Japan divided China into small region and exploited it to the maximum. After the Opium wars and Boxer wars and many other small mutinies, finally the Sin-hai revolution (1911), under the leadership of Dr Sun-yat-Sen, was successful and led to the decline of the week Manchu empire in China. The European powers like England, Germany and Russia were tempted to reach Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia due to their enormous oil resources.

Most African provinces were soon occupied by European powers. The Dutch had already established the colonies in South Africa by the end of the 15th century. England and France established their colonies in Cape Province and Algeria in North Africa respectively. The king of Belgium, Leopold has seized the vast provinces of eastern Africa, the provinces of South Africa and establish his rule. France established her rule over Tunisia, Morocco and Western Africa. Germany established her rule over east-west Africa, and Italy has established her rule over the Red Sea Coast.

Due to such competition, Spain and Portugal also managed to get regional advantages. As the competition increased, a conference of European nations was held at Berlin. At the end of the conference different territories of Africa were divided among the nations of Europe. Thus, the colonial dominance of the European nations was established in the enter Africa and most of the nations of Asia.

Which Europeans came to India after the Portuguese? | Emergence of England In India

2021-01-03T17:59:00.001+05:30

Emergence of England as a Super Power

During this period, major changes were taking place in Europe and America. The American colonists with the active cooperation of the French became free from the dominance of the British. The American war of independence (1776) was followed by the French Revolution (1978). The revolution in France against the French Royalty followed the principles of Liberty and Equality and was influenced by two earlier revolution - The Bloodless Revolution of England (1688) and the American War of Independence. French Revolution gave the world the famous slogan 'Liberty, Equality and Fraternity'. Later on, Napoleon Bonaparte established dictatorship in France, bringing to an end the previously established democracy. His army seized Egypt. However, the allied forces of England and European Army defeated Napoleon (1815) after he committed the military blunder of invading Russia during severe winter. With the fall of Napoleon, England became a super power in Europe. As a result and with the fall of its traditional rivals (French), the British Empire in India also became powerful.

Having defeated the French and reducing their powerbase in India, the British also saw the end of Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan in Mysore Wars (1767-1799). By now, Maratha power was the only hurdle in the British attempts at expanding their territory. The British succeeded in their determination to eliminate the Marathas in the Anglo-Maratha wars (1776-1818). Early 19th Century saw the British become the unrivalled super power in India as well as Europe. In due course of time, the British increased their territory by defeating Afghanistan, Sindh, Burma (now Myanmar) and Punjab.

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The Arrival of Other Communities to India

The early success of the Portuguese inspired Holland (Netherlands) to establish the Dutch East India Company (1602) which made efforts to carry out trade with India. The people of Holland allied with the British and destroyed 'the Armada' of Spain and also plundered the Portuguese ships. During this period, 'British East India Company' (originally named Society of Adventurous) was established (31 December, 1600) in England. India was becoming a premier trading destination for the sea faring nations of Europe.

Sir Thomas Roe was sent to India as the first ambassador by the British King to trade with India. The British established trading centres at Surat. Within a short period, the British established trading centers at Surat. Within a short period, the British had established their trading centres at Bharuch, Agra and Madras. The French had also established 'French East India Company' in 1664 and after taking permission from the Mughals established trading centres at Surat, Machilipatnam, Pondicherry and Chandernagore.

The British had more success in trading and acquisition of territory compared to French and other European powers. They started expanding their territory by winning the Battle of Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764). Over a period, other European powers had been restricted to small pockets (Such as the Portuguese in Goa, Daman and Diu and the French in Pondicherry and Chandernagore). Using a mix of force and tactful negotiations and helped by the weakening power of the Indian kingdoms, The British were successful in establishing their political supremacy over India.

Twentieth Century : The World And India

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During the twentieth century the world has witnessed long term results of the research and progress made in various fields of human life. Activities of Colonialism that spread in Asia and Africa created enmity among the European powers interested in acquiring Colonies and that resulted in World War I, Russian Bolshevik revolution in Russia, and the rise of 'dictatorship' in Germany, Italy, Spain etc. and World War II, step by step, in world politics. The desire for colonialism and imperialism had shaken the entire world by use of atomic and other destructive weapons. Of course, the desire, for peace and safety manifested in hearts of mankind, gave birth to the United Nations (UN). The race of expanding spheres of influence that continued between United States of America and Soviet Russia resulted in the Cold War. There were two centers of the Cold War: Washington DC and Moscow.

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At the end of the twentieth century, the spirit of nationalism that arose from people's pride, divided powerful Russia, the Wall of Berlin was demolished and achieved the unification of Germany. These were unexpected and thrilling events. However the sudden flush of communism could not be prevented; European and Asian countries including China came under its influence. Oh! Some part of the world was coloured in 'Red'. Yes, this is only one side of world politics.

The second side of world politics is also much strong and powerful and it is evident in the movements of 'liberalism' that has spread in Asia, Africa and other parts of the world. This movement gave rise to flight for nationalism and freedom in many countries including India. It created and developed such a systematic and spirit of newer aspects of all round sacrifice for achieving national independence that inspired and encouraged Asian and African countries.

The national struggle of India raised such a picture wherein the young and old, men & women, North-South, East-West were made enthusiastic participants. It created honoured history. Moreover, firm determination of people raised a great challenge; inter alia wonderful strength emerged, not only to voluntarily endure any kind of difficulties and agonies/anguishes, but also the power of sufferings against barbarous actions taken by the British rulers. Consequently, capability and competency has been achieved to provide an able leadership by undertaking the responsibility of maintaining internal and emotional unity and the independence achieved with great difficulty along with achieving the all round development of the nation.

What efforts were made in exploring a new sea-route to India and who succeeded?

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Contemporary Streams Of World History

Historians call the period between 1757 (Onset of the British Empire in India) and 1947 (Departure of the British from India) as the 'British Era'. These two events, separated by nearly two hundred years are crucial to understanding the Contemporary History of India.

The Effort to find out a New Sea route to India

Established of trade relations with India was always important to the nations of Europe as India was well known for many commodities, which they needed. The land route used for this purpose was under the sole dominance of the Arabs. There was a great demand for the Indian commodities like spices, cloth and indigo throughout Europe. The seizure of Constantinople (Istanbul), which connected Europe and Asia through the land route, in 1453 A.D, changed the situation. The Europeans were now compelled to find a new sea route to the Eastern countries in place of the land route. Explorers from Portugal and Spain often took leadership in these adventures. Christopher Columbus, originally a resident of Italy, set out to find a new sea route with financial help of the king of Spain. His adventurous journey stopped at a group of islands, presently knowns as West Indies (1942). Afterwards, an Italian sailor named Amerigo Vespucci discovered the mainland near West Indies and named it 'America'.

The Arrival of the Portuguese to India

Vasco-da-Gama, a Portuguese sailor, was finally successful in finding the sea route to India (1498). Sailing around the tip of South Africa, he reached Calicut (Kozhikode) on the western coast of India. The Hindu King (Samudrika) Zamorin warmly welcomed these foreign traders. He also permitted them (the Portuguese) to establish a trade Centre at Calicut (1500). Thereafter they erected fortified trade centers at Cochin and Goa (1506). Later on, they established their Headquarter at Goa and appointed a Governor. The Governor Albuquerque allowed the Portuguese to plunder the natives; to convert and to enslave people. They became very unpopular among the local people. However, their increasing economic prosperity became the Centre of attraction for other nations of Europe. This encouraged the people of other nations of Europe to come to India.

Fundamental Rights which helps to Uplift the Status of Women in a Society

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Top 11 Fundamental Rights to Uplift the Status of Women

The Articles under Part III of the constitution of India, relating to the Fundamental Rights which try to improve the status of women and provide equal opportunities for them are stated as follows:

1. Article 14

According to Article 14 of the Constitution of India - All individuals, including women are equal in the eyes of the law and they are also entitled to enjoy equal protection of laws within the territorial jurisdiction of India. It signifies that all persons irrespective of gender, should be treated equally in similar circumstances. The State should not make any discrimination between one person and another, and the law should be administered equally.

2. Article 15

Article 15 of the Constitution of India deals with prohibition against discrimination - It prohibits the state to make any types of discrimination against any citizen including women on grounds of race, caste, gender, ethnicity, religion, place of birth and socio-economic background. It states that all citizens are entitled to enjoy equal rights regarding access to shops, hotels, restaurants, banks, infrastructure, public places etc. But the state has the right to make any special provisions for women and children and also for, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes.

3. Article 16

According to Article 16 of the Constitution of India - All citizens including, women will enjoy equality of opportunity in matters of public employment, irrespective of their gender, races, castes, ethnicity, religions and socio-economic backgrounds. There are certain exceptions, i.e. Parliament may prescribe by law that residence within the state is required for a particular employment. The State is empowered to reserve certain posts for backward classes and also for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and appointment in connection with a religious organization may be reserved for persons belonging to that religion.

4. Article 17

As per Article 17 of the Constitution of India - The System of untouchability is eliminated and Untouchability (offence) Act of 1955 was enacted by the parliament. This Act was amended by Untouchability (offence) Amendment Act 1976, to make the law more stringent to remove untouchability from the society.

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5. Article 19

According to Article 19 of the Constitution of India, every citizen including women have the right to freedom of speech and expression, to assemble peacefully and without arms, to form unions or associations, to move freely throughout the country, to reside or settle down in any part of the country and to practice any profession or to carry on any lawful trade or business in accordance to one’s own aspirations.

6. Article 21

As per Article 21 of the Constitution of India - No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty, except according to the procedure established by law. This right to life, includes right to live with dignity, right to privacy etc. Domestic violence against women is also derogatory to Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, because it weakens the self-respect and dignity of women, who are victims.

7. Article 21A

According to Article 21A of the Constitution of India - The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children, who are between the ages of six to fourteen years in a manner, as the state may determine by law.

8. Article 20

To provide facility to the women accused - As per Article 20 of the Constitution of India, no person including women shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law and any person shall not be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. Any person should not be accused of any offence, he or she shall be compelled to be a witness against himself or herself.

9. Article 23

To prevent immoral trafficking in women and girl child Article 23 of the Constitution of India - Prohibits the traffic in human beings and forced labour. In pursuance of this Article, Parliament has passed the Suppression of Immoral Trafficking in women and Girls Act, 1956, which is now renamed as the immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act 1956, for punishing the actions, which result in trafficking in human beings.

10. Article 24

To prohibit child labour, especially girl child as per Article 24 of the Constitution of India - Employment of children, below the age of fourteen years in factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment is prohibited.

11. Article 25

Under Article 25 of the Constitution of India - All persons including women are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right of freedom to profess, practice, and propagate religion.

Which are the factors to improve and increase the Empowerment of Women?

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Empowerment of Women

Empowerment in the present existence has become one of the most comprehensively used terms that indicates progress and development of women. Women’s groups, non-governmental development organizations, activists, politicians, governments and international agencies refer to empowerment as one of their main objectives. Empowerment leads to generation of awareness and understanding amongst women regarding programs, schemes, measures, strategies, policies, and rules. It is considered as a project, which normally individuals undergo, which eventually leads to changes and transformations. Empowerment is referred to as a process to change the distribution of power, both in interpersonal relations and in institutions throughout the society. Another meaning signifies, the process of acquiring, providing, bestowing the resources and the means or enabling access to a control over such means and resources. Given the above, the term is therefore, more relevant to the marginalized groups, the poor, the illiterates, the indigenous communities, and those women, who are struggling to acquire their rights within the society.

Diagrammatic of Violations of Women’s Rights

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Empowerment is a complex issue, with varying interpretations in social, economic, cultural, and political frameworks. With empowerment of women, they began to acquire understanding of number of areas, these are participation in the decision making processes; domestic work should be carried out by both males and females and not just females by themselves; women should take control of the reproductive functions and decide on the size of the family; women should be allowed to spend the income, she has earned, according to her own needs and desires; working women should value and take pleasure in the performance of their job duties; they should be self-confident and learn to speak for their rights and should possess the ability to prevent criminal and violent acts.

The measures that have been formulated to promote empowerment at the community or the organizational levels are, existence of women’s organizations, allocation of funds to women and women projects, increase in the number of women leaders in village, district, provincial and national levels, involvement of women in the design, strategy, development and application of technology, participation in the community programs, productive enterprises, politics and arts, involvement of women in non-traditional tasks, increase in the training programs for women and exercising the legal rights, where required. At the national level, these are, awareness of the social and political rights, incorporation of women in the general national development plan, existence of women’s networks and publications, extent to which women are publicly noticeable and acknowledged and the extent to which women’s issues can be addressed to the media.

There are many factors that facilitate empowerment of women and these are, formations of women’s organizations, availability of support systems for women, availability of women specific data and other pertinent information, availability of funds, feminist leadership, networking, positive media coverage, constructive policy climate, promotion of education and skill development amongst them, helping them to stand for themselves, encouraging them towards attainment of employment opportunities and generating awareness amongst them regarding all important areas, so that they are able to live their lives in an efficient way. On the other hand, factors that constrain the empowerment of women include, work pressure, isolation of women from each other as well as from the community, low education or lack of literacy skills, traditional viewpoints that limit the participation of women in various functions and events, shortage of finances, occurrence of conflicts, disputes, wars, internal strife and militarization, unstructured policies and disagreements, policy environment that promotes discriminatory treatment against women, negative coverage of media and inability to raise their voice against violent and criminal acts.

Diagrammatic of Violations of Women’s Rights

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Female Foeticide and Female Infanticide – Female foeticide is referred to the killing of the girl child, before she is born and female infanticide is killing of the girl child, after she is born. These practices, deny the basic right from the girl child, i.e. the right to live. There have been communities of individuals, who have a strong preference for the male children. They possessed this viewpoint that families with male children were seen with pride, when they have control over the larger part of land. They regarded females as liabilities, who would not generate any wealth for their families.

Education – Education is regarded as one of the most imperative aspects that would lead to empowerment of women. The right to education under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution have made it obligatory for the government to provide free education to all the individuals. In rural areas, the retention rate of girls in schools is lower as compared to males and there are number of reasons that lead to drop-out of girls, as they move to higher classes. In higher education, the primary reason that lead to their drop-out is, parents are unable to afford education, due to financial problems. Parents expect their girls to take care of their younger siblings, as they go to work, they train them regarding the performance of the household chores, increasing cost of education and parents feel that girls would be married off, hence, they will not be able to utilize their learning.

Forced Evictions and Exclusions – In India, widows are evicted from their marital homes and they are meant to look after their needs and requirements on their own, after the death of their husbands. Their children too get evicted along with them. Women headed households and women in general are less secure as compared to men. When a woman loses her spouse, there are various types of detrimental consequences that they are supposed to go through. When they are evicted from homes, they are required to face all hardships and difficulties in order to provide for their sustenance. A single woman, with no land or family to take care of, often ends up in an urban slum.

Top 11 Fundamental Rights which helps to Uplift the Status of Women in a Society

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Sexual Harassment at the Workplace – The occurrence of sexual harassment at the workplace is considered as the most detrimental problem that impose barriers within the course of their progression. In India, women are discriminated against in terms of pay and remuneration for their jobs. This is a fact for both urban and rural areas, they are mistreated in concerns of promotion and advancement within the employment setting. Women entrepreneurs often have to deal with more problems in obtaining finances and resources to commence any kind of business. Sexual harassment at the workplace hampers the psychological approach of a woman. She even gets compelled to leave her job, even though she is not financially strong and is in need of a job.

Rape - In India, there has been a significant increase in the numbers of rape cases in the past 10 years. Rape normally takes place out of animosity, enmity, resentment or any other reason. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, in 2012, 25000 rape cases were reported. In India, within the rural areas, particularly in Northern India, the upper caste people use mass rapes as a strategy to exercise power over the members of the lower caste groups. The vicious gang rape case in Delhi in December, 2012 had led to the passage of a stricter Law i.e. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 to deal with the rape cases within the country.

Societal Violence against Women - The communities and the societies in India in most of the places are bound up with the patriarchal normative structure. In these types of societies, it becomes difficult for women to establish their position and obtain justice. The religious communities, village communities or the artificial communities like professional bodies are barely epitome of equality between men and women. Quite often the religious communities have made the life of women miserable by forcing them to adopt conservative practices that would lead to negative effects. With the prevalence of societal violence, women usually get confined within their homes and become isolated from the outside world. They are required to curb their communications with the members of the society.

Which are the Areas where most of Women Rights violations happens?

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The areas that violate the rights of women in India have been stated as follows:

Missing of Women and Girls – In many developing countries, the idiom of “missing women” has been used, when it was found, the proportion of women as compared to men is low in population. In many states of India, women and girls go missing. One of the primary reasons that lead to their missing is trafficking. When girls are trafficked, they are severely exploited and are deprived of food and other basic necessities. The girls belonging to the poverty-stricken families are sold by the brokers to men in northern India, where the problem of imbalanced gender ratio is much apparent. Besides, there have been cases of women, who go missing from their marital homes. The occurrence of violent and criminal acts against women within the house and outside, primarily lead to their absence.

Dowry Deaths – In India, there has been an increase in the dowry deaths of women in their matrimonial homes. Disputes relating to dowry have become a serious problem. The National Crime Records Bureau reported, in 2012, around 8233 newly wed women were killed for dowry. The taking and giving of dowry is observed as a crime within the country. The Dowry Prohibition Act’ has not been put into operation in India in an appropriate manner. It has been discovered that mostly number of states neither have a Dowry Prohibition Officers nor do they made it mandatory to keep the record of things given and received.

Domestic Violence – There has been prevalence of domestic violence in India, in spite of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. Domestic violence is, when a woman experiences violent and criminal acts at the hands of their husbands, in-laws, fathers, brothers or other family members. These include, verbal abuse, physical abuse, and inflicting various forms of mistreatment. There are numerous reasons for women experiencing domestic violence within their marital homes, these are inability to carry out the household tasks in an appropriate manner, financial problems, desire for a male child, unawareness and illiteracy on the part of women, experiencing problems in meeting essential needs and requirements, health problems and feelings of antagonism and resentment.

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Sati – Sati is a practice, when the widows were placed in the funeral pyres of their husbands. This practice was abolished by the social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy. It continues to prevail in the post-colonial India. The Sati Prevention Act was passed which declared the practice of Sati as a crime for which death penalty can also be given to the perpetrators. The act also declared that the veneration of Sati by erecting a temple and worshipping of the deceased women as a God is also prohibited. However, certain sections of individuals perceive this law as intervention in their right to practice the dictates of their religion.

Child Marriage – Child marriage is when the marriage of girls takes place, when they are below 18 years of age and when boys are below 21 years of age. Child marriage is regarded as a practice that deprives the girls of their childhood. They experience problems in the acquisition of education, getting enrolled in school, taking pleasure in other childhood activities and in enhancing their skills and abilities. It also effects the social, psychological and emotional development of the child in a negative way. When girl children experience domestic violence within their marital homes, they feel vulnerable and apprehensive. Child Marriage Act 2006, prohibits child marriage and declares 18 as the marriageable age for girls and 21 for boys.

Preference for a Male Child – The individuals, who belong to rural communities and socio-economically backward sections of the society, normally give preference to the male child. They regard males to be the assets of the family and possess the viewpoint that they will contribute in generating welfare and enhancing reputation of their families. The preference for the male child is a phenomenon, which is historically rooted in the patriarchal system of the Indian society. The strong preference for having a son, took place with the transformation of the Indian society from the primitive stage, which used to be mainly a matrilineal to feudal stage, where agriculture emerged as the primary recognized occupation of the people to be controlled by males.

Women’s Rights in India

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Achieving equality between women and men and eliminating all forms of discrimination against women are fundamental human rights and United Nations values. Women all over the world, however, commonly experience violations of their human rights throughout their lives, and human rights of women has not always been a priority. Achieving equality between women and men requires a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which women experience discrimination and are deprived of equality so as to develop appropriate strategies and norms to eliminate such discrimination. Some groups of women experience additional forms of discrimination, based on their age, ethnicity, nationality, religion, health status, marital status, education, disability and socio-economic status. These interconnecting forms of discrimination must be taken into account when formulating measures and responses to combat discrimination against women (Women’s Rights are Human Rights, 2014). Combating against discriminatory treatments is essential for the progress of women. Besides these, one should give priority to the rights of women and promote their effective implementation.

Which are the Areas where most of Women Rights violations happens?

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Women have an important role to play in the society. They are regarded as primary sources that raises and nurtures the family. In spite the fact that the women’s contribution to the progress of the country is equal to that of their male counterpart, still they experience a number of limitations that restrict them from realizing their potential for growth. It was against this perspective that the governments all over the world, felt the need to prioritize the needs and interests of women and recognize their contribution in various stages and overcoming impediments that would take place within the course of their empowerment. The term, women’s empowerment implies the capacity of the women in taking all the important decisions on an independent basis that are related to her, throughout her life span that will lead to her success in all phases of life.

In the past, human rights had been conceptualized in a way that did not take account of women’s lives and the fact that they experienced violence, crime, discrimination and coercion. In the past, women followed certain norms and traditions that put many restraints upon them, primarily in the male dominated society. The work of activists, human rights mechanisms and States has been critical in ensuring that the human rights framework has developed and adjusted to summarize the gender specific dimensions of human rights violations to safeguard women in a better way. Efficiently ensuring women’s human rights requires a wide-ranging understanding of the fundamental societal structures and power relations that define and stimulate the ability of the women to enjoy human rights. These power structures have an impact on all aspects of life, from law and politics, to economic and social policy, family and community life, education, training, skill development and attainment of employment opportunities.

What are Emotional Issue of adolescents And what are the solutions?

2020-12-11T15:20:00.055+05:30

Emotional Issues of Adolescence

Volatile Emotions: (Anxiety and depression)

Adolescence is the period of high emotions. Rapid and frequent fluctuations of emotions are observed during this period. This is the formative age for social, education and career progress, if emotions are not tackled properly, it may affect negatively on the overall development of adolescent.

To prevent the adverse effects of volatile emotions, family members have to play important - role. The home environment and behavior of other family members should be conducive so that the positive emotions develop. When adolescent is passing through the stress and anxiety, the family members should try to understand his mental conditions and respond accordingly so that he can cope up with them adequately and can come out of any stress, anxiety or depression quickly.

Adolescent should learn to develop positive emotions and cope up with negative emotions. He/she must realize the fact that every situation is temporary in life and there are lots of opportunities ahead in long life.

Acne

Acnes on face are the biggest concern of adolescents because during this period they are very conscious about their appearance.

Acne can appear at any age but because of changes in the hormonal levels frequent and numerous acnes is the problem in adolescence. Skin is having pores. Because of increase oil secretion during adolescence dust and other particles or biological waste are easily trapped in and close these pores. This results into infection and leads to acnes formation. A few adolescent, complaint of appearance of acne in abundance following consumption of oily foods like eggs or butter.

To prevent the acne formation, frequent and regular face washing with soap and water should be done. This will remove the excess of oil, dust and other particles from the face. If required skin specialist doctor should be consulted instead of resorting to any ointments.

Nutritional requirements for different stages of growth and development

Sexuality

Attraction to opposite sex as well as sexual feelings and desires develop under the hormonal effects during this age. Because of the lack of correct information on sexuality through right channels false, incomplete or partly correct information is received through the friends or cheap books. That generates wrong beliefs and myths pertaining sexuality in young minds. Adolescents should never resort to cheap, unscientific books. He/she should try to learn from scientific books or doctors.

Conception

Also, lots of myths and wrongs about conception are there in their mind. After the sexual intercourse between male and female the sperm of male and ovum of female combine to form new life. This is known as conception. It develops into baby during nine months inside the womb of mother.

Characteristics of Adulthood

18 years is the legal age for adulthood. Physical growth and development are also completed between 18 to 20 years of age. Thus, adolescent moves to adulthood. Adulthood is the stage where person attain the level of physical and mental growth and development so that he/she can take up individual, familiar and social responsibilities. Height of average adult Indian male is around 1.65 metres while that of average Indian female is 1.55 metres.

Average Indian male weights around 60 kilograms while average Indian female weights around 50 kilograms.

Family Responsibilities on Youngsters

Human being differs from animals because he lives in the society. Human is known as ‘social animal’. Family is the unit of society.

By the process of socialization child undergoes mental and social development. Family contributes the most in socialization. Family gives name, recognition and position to a child in the society. With the help of family only, child reaches the stage where he becomes a ‘responsible citizen’ of the society.

Youngsters should feel obliged to the family for rearing, nutrition, education and protection extended to them. They should return these obligations with great devotion and commitment. They should take up responsible behaviour to carry forward the vision and wisdom of their elders towards happy family and better society.

Youngster and Marriage

The word marriage generates sweet dreams and emotions in the hearts of youngsters. Marriage is universal in India. Every youth dream about marriage. Marriage is considered a sacred relationship but it is much more than it.

Marriage is a commitment for lifetime. It means loyalty to someone, caring other than the self, to be tied up by tying other. Marriage gives rights, as well as responsibilities. One should step in this relationship only after understanding the his/her rights and responsibilities. One must tie the knot of marriage after attaining the complete physical, mental and social growth and development. Legally a man can marry after the age of 21 years and woman after the age of 18 years. Violations of this law is punishable. After understanding the responsibility and attaining the complete development youngsters should step in the heavenly life of marriage.

What are the physical changes seen in boys and girls during adolescence? | Development | Emotions

2020-12-09T09:54:00.007+05:30

Physical (General body) Growth and Development

Adolescence is the most rapid growth and development period after the fatal life more period. First two years of adolescence witness more rapid growth and development than some the rest of adolescence period. Some differences in growth and development between boys and girls are observed. By and large one fourth of the total height are attained during adolescence period. The physical growth and development of boys and girls are shown below.

Sr.	Girls	Boys
1.	Starts two years earlier in comparison of boys i.e., 10 to 12 years.	Start two years later in comparison of girls i.e., 12 to 14 years.
2.	Rapid increase in height and weight	Rapid increase in height and weight
3.	High fat deposition especially on things and buttocks, gives a typical female shape	Body becomes more muscular because of high proteins deposition. Very low fat deposition so, buttocks are small in comparison.
4.	Shoulder bones remain small and pelvic bone widen.	Shoulder bones widen and pelvic one remains small.
5.	Voice remain high pitched i.e., shrill feminine voice	Voice becomes low pitched e.g., heavy male voice
6.	Hair growth in armpits, around private region and inside the thighs. On rest of the place of body comparatively light hair.	Hair growth in armpits, around private region, inside the thighs, face, chest, arms and legs
7.	Skin remains thin and smooth.	Skin becomes thick and rough, Stronger in comparison to female.
8.	Acnes may appear.	Acnes may appear.

Growth and Development of Reproductive Organs

Till adolescence age, reproductive organs remain dormant. But during six to eight years of adolescence period they attain development from ten percent to total growth. The growth and development of reproductive organs are described below.

Sr.	Girls	Boys
1.	Breast bud’s appearance and they gradually develop into full size breast.	No similar change.
2.	Reproductive organs increase in shape and size.	Reproductive organs increase in shape and size.
3.	Skin around the reproductive organs becomes dark. (pigmented)	Skin around the reproductive organs becomes dark. (pigmented)
4.	Ova mature in the ovaries and one ovum is released every month.	Sperm production starts in the testes. Crores of sperms are produced daily.
5.	Menstruation sets in. i.e., menarche	No similar change.

Emotional Changes

Emotion has no sex difference. Boys and girls experience same emotional changes during adolescence period. Under the influence of hormones emotions during this age period are very volatile. Emotions like anger, love, affection, shyness, worry, anxiety, depression, eagerness appear very quickly and disappear with the same place. Frequent fluctuations in emotions are seen.

Development of Sexuality

Along with the growth and development of reproductive organs, because of the release of hormones sexual feelings and desires are also developed during adolescence. Adolescent boys or girls become conscious of the presence of opposite sex. He or she feels shy of her/his presence and try to escape away though attracted by her/him. He/she is attracted by the opposite sex. He/she is very curious to know their details about matters related to sex.

What are the Objectives and Factors Influencing Growth and Development?

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Overview of Human Body

2/3 of the body weight is because of the fluid.
Half of the total bones of body are located in the upper and lower limbs.
Muscles contribute 40% of the total body weight.
Brain contributes 2% of total body weight but it receives 20% of the total blood supply.
Total length of all blood vessels is around 30000 km.

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The digestive system from mouth to end of the system i.e., anus is 9 meters.
Adult human body contains five litres of blood.
Heart and respiration rate of child are higher than that of adult.
Adult heart beats 70 to 80 times in a minute.
Adult human takes 15 to 20 breaths per minute.
Every minute 12 core red blood cells are produced in side the body and equal number die.

Meaning of Growth and Development

Life starts with one cell and reached to trillions of cells. From tiny size it attains 50 cm of length and around three-kilogram weight at the time of birth. These keep on increasing till the baby becomes adult. The increase in size (i.e., height and weight) is called growth.

At the time of birth baby is completely dependent. He can not speak, walk, hold object or even keep his head straight. But with physical growth he develops such skills. Acquiring such skill is known as physical development. Learning language, growing memory, acquiring capacity to concentrate and ability to calculate, etc. are psychological development. Learning, how to communicate with others, how to behave with others are social development.

Thus, growth is mainly physical in terms of increase in height and weight. But development is of three types.

Physical,
Psychological and
Social.

In the short definition of health, you have learnt importance of these three dimensions. In sort, increase in size of child is growth while increase in capacity is known as development.

Objective of growth and development

Growth and development are having two objectives.

To move towards the maximum available from the present position.
To survive against odds of the environment.

Factors influencing growth and development

Following are the factors influencing human growth and development

Nutrition (From womb to tomb)
Diseases and protection against them.
Environment Health (Proportional of harmful factors in environment)
Genetic composition (Hereditary)
Opportunities for education, learning etc.
Familiar stability (separated parent, parent’s divorce, one parent, quarrels between parent.)
Harmonious social atmosphere.
Health and medical care opportunities.

Age and growth

At the time of birth baby’s weight is around 2.5 kg to 3 kg and height is around 45 cm to 50 cm. Baby grows till the age of around twenty years, after that the situation becomes relativity static. From birth to twenty years, after that the situation becomes relatively static. From birth to twenty years of age is our growth period. But during this period the rates of growth are not the same.

Age and development

At the time of birth all organs and human body systems are differentiated but still they are not completely matured. With increase in age, they are mature. Almost all human body systems mature by five to seven years of age except human brain and reproductive organs. With maturation of brain, we develop mental, physical and social skills. The growth and development of reproductive organs are very slow till the age of 10 to 14 years of age. But at age of 10 to 12 years in girls and 12 to 14 years of age in boy’s development spurt is seen. This continues till around 20 years of age.

Adolescence and its Characteristics

The period between childhood and adulthood is called adolescence period. It is also commonly known as teenage. This period is peculiar in terms of growth and development.

In boy’s adolescence period starts around 13 years of age and continues up to 19 years. In girls it starts around two years earlier than boy.

How Adolescence Starts?

When child reaches 10 to 12 years of age, by some unidentified mechanism, an axis between hypothalamus, pituitary gland and reproductive glands is established. This results into release of hormones from these glands, which initiates physical and psychological change in the body.

Change During Adolescence:

Physical (General body) growth and development.
Reproductive growth and development.
Emotional changes.
Development of Sexuality

Human Body | Formation of Human Body

2020-12-05T15:42:00.002+05:30

You are aware of the activities like reading, writing, learning, or walking that you are carrying out. But there are a number of activities that you are carrying out but are not aware of them. They are happening inside the body. These activities are carried out by body to keep us healthy and active. In this post you will learn some of them.

Human Body

Let’s know the human body structure before learning the internal activities of human body.

Formation of Human Body

Our body is made up of numerous cells but our journey of life has started with a single cell. We have grown in numerous cells by division of this single cell during fatal life. During fatal life along with division of cells, they are differentiated to different types of cells with specific characteristics and objectives. Collection of cells of same size, types and working for same objective are called “tissues”. Collection of tissues forms ‘organ’. By collection of organs with same characteristics and objective ‘system’ is formed.

Thus, Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> systems -> Human body is formed.

Our body has transformed into trillions of cells from single cell and almost all organs and body systems are differentiated and developed before birth takes place. There after baby matures to its full within a short period of life time.

Major Systems of Body and their Functions

Sr.	Name of the system	Major Organs	Main Functions
1.	Respiratory System	Nose Pharynx Trachea Larynx Lungs	To absorb oxygen from air. To release carbon dioxide into environment.
2.	Cardio Vascular	Heart Arteries Veins Blood	To keep blood circulated System throughout the body. Transports the nutrients and oxygen to all cells/ oxy-tissues/ organs of the body, through blood. Transports the waste products and carbon dioxide generated in the cells, tissues/ organs to kidneys, lungs for execution, through blood. To transport immunity cells and substance from their place of production
3.	Nervous System	Brain Spinal cords Nerves	To take messages like touch, temperature, pain, movement etc. from every corner of the body to brain. To control all voluntary activities e.g. movement or involuntary activities e.g. blood pressure, heart beats, digestion, perspiration etc. Thinking, memory, calculation, emotions etc.
4.	Digestive System	Mouth Salivary glands Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small & Large intestine Liver Pancreas	To transport hormones from endocrine from endocrine glands. To digest and nutrients like carbo hydrate, fats, protein, vitamins and mineral through foods so that body can get energy and health.
5.	Skeleton System	232 bones (long bones, small bones)	It gives shape and structure to the body. Provides a protective hard bony (flat bones) coverage to internal organs. In coordination of muscles and joints, helps in movement.
6.	Muscle System	More than 600 small muscles and large muscles (voluntary and involuntary)	In coordination of bones and joints, helps in movement and activities like holding, writing, cooking etc.
7.	Endocrine System	Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenaline gland Testes Ovaries	Hormones are released from these glands and transported through blood to their target organs for their specific functions.
8.	Immunity System	Thymus White blood cells Includes Lymphocytes Lymph nodes Antibodies Spleen	They fight against the harmful agents, which enter in the body. Thus, protects against diseases.
9.	Special Senses	Eyes Ear Nose Tongue Skin	Vision Hearing Smell Taste Touch, Temperature, Pain, and protects us by covering whole body.
10.	Reproductive System	Male Prostate Testes and linked tubes Female Ovaries Ovarian tubes	Sex hormones are released from these glands Reproduction/Procreation Sexual satisfaction Body building
11.	Execratory System	Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Large intestine Lungs	Disposal of the waste and harmful products generated inside the body through various biochemical activities in from of urine, perspiration, faeces, and expiration.

Topics of Life Style for prevention of Diseases | How to Develop the Health?

2020-11-29T12:49:00.000+05:30

How to Control Diseases and Develop the Health?

Human body is a wonderful contraption. It is made up of many many cells. Each cell is so constituted that it can grow, receive nutrition, throw away waste products and maintain internal environment as required and perform the functions allotted to it. Different constituents of each cell perform their functions according to pre-determined rules. During the life of a person, crores of old cells are replaced by new cells. This process is so complex that the work of to-day's supercomputer is a drop in the ocean compared to that.

For thousands of years, man has been dealing with disease based on whatever knowledge he has obtained regarding cells, tissues, organs and constitution of whole body and its functions. In the whole world India was in the forefront in this science. But due to certain reasons its development has remained static here. In the western countries, Anatomy and Therapy developed along with rapid development of science as a whole. This has become more acceptable to the population. Research by modern scientific methods evaluate older therapies. Out of them, therapies proved useful by this research are absorbed in modern medicine. Thus, modern medicine has been accepted all over the world as logical, result oriented science. In spite of such overall situation this system has some drawbacks.

1. There are certain diseases wherein this treatment practically fails. List of incurable diseases is long.

2. In this system there are side effects of different magnitude. It cannot be predicted how seriously individuals are affected by side effects.

3. As it usually happens, this system is also subject to unscientific indulgence. Even though this percentage is low, since modern system of medicine is widely used, a large section of society falls victim to it.

4. The treatment is costly. In a developing nation common man cannot afford its use without help from Government or voluntary service organizations.

Apart from this, treatment is by Ayurveda, Unani and Homeopathy system of medicine in India. People have not easily accepted rationale and logic of these systems. Yet some people have resorted to take advantage of them because of results obtained.

Other systems are utilized specially under the following circumstances:

1. Such diseases for which there is no specific treatment in modern medical system, e.g. eczema.

2. Modern medical system gives relief which is temporary. For long-term relief help is taken from system like Homeopathy. e.g. Repeated at tacks of colds, recurrent malaria.

3. To avoid side effects of medicine to be taken for long periods or life time. e.g. Ayurvedic medicine Garmala Kernel and Isabagol for constipation.

4. Routine food stuffs and easily available vegetables e.g. Neem juice, Ardusi juice, Basil leaves, Ginger juice, turmeric, and honey for cough.

5. Viral warts are cauterized by modern medical system. Corn is removed by operation. Both these conditions are cured by oral medicines in Homeopathy system.

How can we maintain health by Yoga? | Mantra for Remain Healthy

2020-11-25T18:38:00.004+05:30

Mention Effects of Physical Activities on Health

We have discussed above treatment. But society greatly needs prevention of disease. It is certainly necessary for individual also. But steps taken by group are more effective. Individual can take necessary steps to consolidate the results.

The following are some topics of life styles to prevent disease.

Addiction Control:

One should be completely free for addiction of tobacco, alcohol, morphine or any other.

For Part-2 of this series, Please click the below link

>> Part-2

Balanced Nutritious Diet:

We should take proper nutritious balanced diet keeping in mind age, sex, constitution and other aspects of the body.

In short, high quality proteins in enough quantity should be consumed. Immune bodies are manufactured out of them only. Take carbohydrate diet which is prepared by proper method. e.g. bread made from whole wheat, mineral rich jaggery prepared without the use of chemicals should be consumed. Include in diet only appropriate quantity of healthy fat wherein vegetable ghee is excluded and which contains more of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In Gujarat, fat in the form of Ghee and oil is eaten in excess. It results in obesity. Obese person invites various diseases. Include necessary mineral salts and vitamins in the diet, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, spices, dry fruits and paper protects cells of the body, all these are antioxidants. Body can be kept free from disease by consuming green vegetables and plenty of fruits daily. Take diet full of fibres.

Physical Activities:

Contraction of muscles provide high quality defence for the body. It is necessary to perform physical exercise for a minimum of 20 minutes a day on at least five days a week. If is such activities are included in one's own sphere of work. e.g. goods carrier, Labourer, postman, salesman, sportsman or cycle rider. he need not perform exercise. Others should take part in sports. Give priority to games you like. Sports- Swimming, Horse-riding, Cycling, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi, Ata-pata, Tennis, Badminton, Table tennis, Tennikoit (Ring), Football, Volley ball, Hockey, Cricket, Golf etc. Rope jumping, walking, climbing stairs, dancing etc. are equally beneficial if you so prefer. The purpose is fulfilled by regular exercises in Gymnasium. Military march, Mountaineering, Karate are also considered equivalent activity.

Mental Activities:

They are also equally necessary for protection against disease. If the activity is pleasant, it reduces stress of any kind. On top of it the individual progresses. Similar advantage is obtained from sports like Chess and Bridge.

Social Activities:

Every individual is busy in his service or profession. Along with it he has a role to play in society. He is bound to have his circle of relatives and friends. Relations with them has it influence on health. Congenial atmosphere is beneficial. Some friction is common. But if he has to face too many difficulties, it has negative effect on his health. The Individual may himself decide to maintain relations with the relatives he feels comfortable with. Friends have to be selected by self. Thus, he has his social health under his control.

He may join other social activities and get satisfaction of helping others; which is healthy. He may give his services by joining voluntary organisations. By being a member of professional association of the subject he can acquire knowledge in depth.

Yoga:

To-day's life is stressful. It is practically impossible to obtain atmosphere without stress, howsoever you are careful. Under these circumstances a good remedy to reduce the damage due to stress is Yoga. Nowadays knowledge regarding freedom from stress by yoga has spread all over the world. It mainly includes a Pranayama, Dhyana, Asanas etc. Modern science has also accepted that there is change in brain chemistry by Yoga. It brings under control fear complex, thoughtless negative behaviour etc. Consequently, there is change in hormones of the body. There is relief from high blood pressure and its complication. In difficult situation one can keep the mind cool and find proper solution. Thus, proportion of stress induced diseases is reduced considerably.

Controlling Diseases by doing Different Activities | Part - 2

2020-11-23T19:06:00.001+05:30

Environmental:

Those who stay on main roads of a city have to suffer from vehicular exhausts. There is a lot of noise, too. These can be reduced by planting trees around the house.

Insecticide sprays are used for mosquito control. Instead, by using mosquito net, poisonous chemicals are avoided and therefore, adverse effect are prevented. We can also take measures so that mosquitoes breeding is prevented.

Insecticide Sprays:

Insecticide sprays are also used on vegetables and fruits to avoid damage by insects. This product is extremely poisonous. Even if a tiny amount reaches the stomach, the healthy is in danger. We can save ourselves from this by taking vegetables and fruits without insecticide sprays.

There is widespread use of carbide to artificially ripen fruits. It not only spoils taste but also damages the body. We should insist on rejecting such fruits.

For Part - 1, Please click the below link

>> Part-1

We are aware of diseases spread by water. There is all probability of diarrhoea and vomiting due to impure water. We should try and save ourselves from it. Ordinarily, piped water supplied by Municipality is potable. Under special circumstances we can obtain proper purity security of water by chlorine tablets. It is not advisable to use modern gadgets to obtain Ultrapure water. By having a habit of taking water which is absolutely germ free, our immunity is compromised, which is not in our favour.

We observe that water is sold in plastic bottles all over. It is more a fashion than requirement. Instead, if we carry clean household water of water during journey, unnecessary expense is prevented.

It is worthwhile following a new trend of using grains harvest by using organic manure instead of artificial fertilizer for earth. It saves the earth from deterioration; moreover, by establishing Gobar-gas plant we can get extra energy. The great advantage is availability of health providing diet.

Cultural and Religious Activities:

Whatever religion one may be following, he experiences deep tranquillity by religious activities. It is advantageous for health. However, it must be pure religious activity without hypocrisy. There is no place for violence or extortion in the name of religion.

Natural Habits:

It is natural to take water when thirsty, take food when hungry, pass urine, pass stools, sneeze in special circumstances, remove waste by coughing, shed tears, menstruation and breast feeding in women, semen discharge in men and breathing for oxygen. In spite of these being natural habits, an individual can modify them to some extent, in other words it is partly voluntary. We should not suppress natural habits and, as far as possible, we should regulate them to the advantage of bodily health.

Vaccines:

It may not be considered part of life style to take vaccines against diseases. However, since it is very useful for health it is mentioned here. Vaccines should be invariably used so that body's immunity against diseases is upgraded.

Culture And Diversity | M.C.Q. | Part - 5

2020-11-21T18:12:00.001+05:30

Multiple choice question

1. Communalism is a great threat to .. state.

(a) Secular

(b) Communist

(d) Caste

Ans. (a) Secular

For Part-1 of Culture & Diversity MCQs, Please click the below link

>> Text-1

For Part-2 of Culture & Diversity MCQs, Please click the below link

>> Text-2

For Part-3 of Culture & Diversity MCQs, Please click the below link

>> Text-3

For Part-4 of Culture & Diversity MCQs, Please click the below link

>> Text-4

2. Communalism denotes .. between different religious groups.

(a) Disharmony

(b) Antagonism

(d) None

Ans. (b) Antagonism

3. The antagonism practiced by the people of one community against the people of other community and religion can be termed as ..

(a) Communalism

(b) Secularism

(d) Regionalism

Ans. (a) Communalism

4. .. are the main causes of communal tension.

(a) Geographical causes

(b) Historical cases

(d) All the above

Ans. (d) All the above

5. .. refers to a firm dogmatic belief in certain principles that held to basic or fundamental.

(a) Fundamentalism

(b) Regionalism

(d) Ethnocentrism

Ans. (a) Fundamentalism

6. .. refers to the community feeling within a region.

(a) Regionalism

(b) Religionism

(d) None

Ans. (a) Regionalism

7. Ethocentrism may lead to ..

(a) Phobia

(b) Xenophobia

(d) All of these

Ans. (b) Xenophobia

8. .. coined the term Ethnocentrism.

(a) W.G Sumner

(b) W.F Ogburn

(d) F. Tonnies

Ans. (a) W.G Sumner

9. W.G Sumner coined the terms 'ethnocentrism' in his book .. in 1906.

(a) Norms

(b) Culture

(d) Custom

Ans. (a) Norms

10. Sumner classified groups into ..

(a) In group and out group

(b) Primary and Secondary group

(d) Organised and unorganised group

Ans. (a) In group and out group

11. Ethnocentrism is a characteristic of ..

(a) In group

(b) organised group

(d) Primary group

Ans. (a) In group

12. Ethnocentrism is the sentiment of ..

(a) Neglect

(b) Patriotism

(d) None

Ans. (b) Patriotism

13. An attitude of regarding one's own culture or group as inherently superior is known as ..

(a) Ethnocentrism

(b) Xenocentrism

(d) Patriotism

Ans. (a) Ethnocentrism

14. North-Eastern states in India have the .. regionalism.

(a) Supra-state

(b) Inter-state

(d) Intra-state

Ans. (a) Supra-state

15. Kaveri water dispute between Karnataka & Tamil Nadu states may be interpred as ..

(a) Intra-state religion

(b) Inter state regionalism

(d) None

Ans. (b) Inter state regionalism

16. What is regionalism?

(a) We feeling

(b) Community feeling

(d) Close ties between people speaking the same language

Ans. (b) Community feeling

17. Theodore Levitt coined the term ..

(a) Globalization

(b) Modernization

(d) Westernization

Ans. (a) Globalization

18. .. refers to the growing inter-dependence of societies across the world, with the spread of the same culture and economic interests across the globe.

(a) Westernization

(b) Globalization

(d) None

Ans. (b) Globalization

19. Cultural globalization is branded as ..

(a) Cultural invasion

(b) Cultural ethnocentrism

(d) Cultural universals

Ans. (a) Cultural invasion

20. Globalization is regarded as the ..

(a) Gobal city

(b) Global Village

(d) Global Tours

Ans. (b) Global Village

21. Globalization of culture is the result of ..

(a) Rise of mass tourism

(b) Migration

(d) All the above

Ans. (d) All the above

22. The process of Globalization of the local, and the localization of the global is known as ..

(a) Glocalization

(b) Globalization

(d) Modernization

Ans. (a) Glocalization

23. .. is the practice of activity preserving a national culture.

(a) Mono-Culturalism

(b) Multi-Culturalism

(d) None

Ans. (a) Mono-Culturalism

24. Mono-culturalism is the practice of preserving a ..

(a) Tribal culture

(b) National culture

(d) Agarian culture

Ans. (c) City culture

25. .. is an example of branding of society.

(a) McDonaldization

(b) Globalization

(d) Glocalization

Ans. (a) McDonaldization

26. McDonaldization is the principle of ..

(a) Fast Food Restaurant

(b) Bar Restaurant

(d) Veg Restaurant

Ans. (a) Fast Food Restaurant

27. .. is the principle of fast food restaurant

(a) Urbanization

(b) Globalization

(d) McDonaldization

Ans. (d) McDonaldization

28. .. is the author of the book "The McDonaldization".

(a) George Ritzer

(b) David Lerner

(d) Sumner

Ans. (a) George Ritzer

29. The Gurupadswamy committee was formed by Govt (1979) to study the issue of

(a) Child Labour

(b) Corruption

(d) Terrorism

Ans. (a) Child Labour

30. The child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act was enacted in ..

(a) 1980

(b) 1986

(d) 1987

Ans. (b) 1986

31. The National Policy on child Labour was Formulated in ..

(a) 1987

(b) 1986

(d) 1980

Ans. (a) 1987