The Bucket of My Life

Learning The Green Openspaces Management from Singapore

2011-12-04T22:14:00.002+07:00

Oftenly we heard, that world development focussed on sustainable development with environmentally vision. Sustainable development of a city , nowdays well - known as eco city where city designed with consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by people dedicated to minimization of required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air and water pollution.

One concept that support the goal is to hold Green Openspaces movement proportionally. Definitivelly the concept of Green Openspaces is a region or area of the land that dominated by plants which built for specific function as habitat protection in a city, the network infrastructure, safeguards and agricultural cultivation in addition to improve the quality of the atmosphere, water and land to support sustainability of development. Green Openspaces in the midst of the urban ecosystem also serves to improve the quality of city landscape.

A number of acreage in urban areas in recent decades, where public spaces have been eliminated due to building developments which are likely to be pattern as container ( container development) which development entirelly accomodate a wide range of socioeconomic activity such as Malls, Offices, Hotels etc that potentially creating a gap between different walks of life. Only certain people on middle class category supported by those places.

The ideal Green Openspaces is about 30% of the total area. But unfortunately most of large cities in Indonesia only reached 10% of city area. In fact Green Openspaces necessary for health, child's play ground, sport area and public communication. The design has to be fit with national standard or existing standards.

Tha Land Policy in urban areas which is in line with the environmental aspecst, is the continuity of the Green Openspaces. It has function as hidro-orologis where esthetics value should be functioned as interact media among the people of the city. The gardens in the city became a vehicle for communication activities for families, leisure, sporsts and more. Thus, how important the function of Green Openspaces is, every aspects including government and all citizen should concern to keep it's existance from the contra desires to change it's existance.

One of the neighbour country whic already apply the construciton concept of eco city with proportional green openspaces is Singapore. Singapore is very serious , proffesional and consistent in implementing sustainable development with environmental vision. Through The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) and The Singapore National Parks (NPArks) develop masterplan of Green Openspaces (The Parks and Waterbodies Plan). The composition consists of 19% for Green Openspaces, 17% for Offoces, 15% for infrastructure, 12% for housing, and 37% for others (pastures ).

The Singapore Government also requires standar 0,4 hectares of Green Openspaces for every 1.000 people in the housing/area. A Park should cover an area of 1,5 hectares each block apartments/hotels, or cover 10 hectares in every distric level. The coefficients of basic green should 60% in every apartments/condo complexes/hotels/housing.

Dhoby Ghaut Green OpenSpaces, Singapore

The Area for Green Openspaces reach 9.053,7 hectares consist of : 1.763 hectares for city parks, 2.979 hectares for city forest, 2.390 hectares for green line, 1.871 hectares for reserves area, 42 hectares for park in parliamentarybbuilding and government building reach 8,7 hectares. (NParks Board Annual Report, 2002/2003).

In order to ensure legal certainty, the implementation of the green openspaces master plan supported by The National Parks Act and The Park and Trees Act that concern the planning of the green openspaces, tree planting, maintenance the green openspaces, mature tree protection, processing and utilization of organic waste to trees, the progress report on the construction of green openspaces masterplan and improved the quality green openspaces.

Transparency and accountability are keys to the success of the green openspaces management of Singapore. On its annual report which made with very interesting concept , full of photos, charts, and communicative tables , as well as public can freely access, open, and free. We also can figure out a plan of green openspaces development program in long-term, intermediate, and short term. Shortcomings and successes which already achieved per year, the composition and current component of green openspaces progress, was reported in detail. In fact, since September 2002, the stakeholders have formed The Park Watch which aims at empowering communities in development and management of the green openspaces together and equally.

Actually most of all local authorities in Indonesia have a Spatial Plan Area (read : RTRW) a strategic plan (read :Renstra), and Government Agencies Performance Accountability Report (read :LAKIP) that reported yearly. But unfortunatelly it is still in formality concept. There is no sinergy bounding between planning and implementation of green openspaces development activities program. It also oftently contra to the mission and vision of green openspaces concept. Of course it opens up opportunities for action in corruption in this country.

Esplanade Park, Marina Bay Singapore

Green Botanical Garden Singapore

To ensure transparency and accountability of green openspaces management, the Government of Indonesia both Center Government or Local Government should design a form of Green Openspaces Masterplan, Regional Regulation of Green Openspaces Management, and Green Openspaces Management Guidelines. If it is necessary involve the independent institutions and stakeholders.

Telok Anyer, Green Garden Singapore

National Park Singapore

Awareness of the limited available land make Singapore citizens willing to stay in the Government's localization home in order to have wider Park to play or exercise. The housing was designed very comfortable and equipped with advance technology, easy public transportation. The existence of tax that paid by the community encourage normal demands in comfortable life and social well-being.

Park concept become an important matter because it is placed as selling power not only as cosmetic. Locating The Green Openspaces Development in the city as top priorityon behalf of environment preservation is not a no risk thing. Singapore Government smartly located Green Openspaces as a part of selling value of their city, it makes all parties involved in it. No wonder if all the citizens will as two questions in searching place for living, that is : where the location and how about the sorounding garden?

Singapore government own simple mission : "When you are out of home, then you will be in a garden ". This mission interpreted in planning and execution of Green Openspaces Masterplan consistenly. That is why many gardens were built everywhere. Because of simply mission, it make people easily to follow up. The very important concept we can learn from them is how to make the simply mission or slogan. Not necessary making the beautiful one or even pompous one. The simpliest the better, as long as it is easier to be understood by the citizen and easy to execute.

There are various reasons come from Singapore government in building the flats as their philosophy. The limited land area force them to carry out the efficiency in any concept of development. Developing the vertical building impact to the land use efficiency and providing reserve land for future and allotment for Green Openspaces.

Flats Developing saves people's living cost such as cost for cleanliness maintenance, waste processing, sanitation in public toilet, saving on consumption of water and electricity, as well as utilization of alternative energy innovation renewable ( wind and solar). Flats development also related to Defence Concept and security of the state. The existence of the flats cluster and the avaiability of suffecient park area is intended to simplify the evacuation process of citizens if the cityhit by natural disasters such as floods and fires or more extreme was attacked by another country.

Healthy flat scenery, energy-efficient, eco-friendly, providing sanitation, circulation paths, and a clean environment as it looked in the Bedok Estate, Bishan Estate, Kampung Melayu (Malay Village), village of Netherlands (Holland Village), or the area of Toa Payoh. It's no wonder if 86% people chose living in flats, where 90% of its own.

For example in the area of Bedok Estate, the gardens are provided for children's playground, sports facilities, space to interact socially, and footpaths, with interesting, innovative, and creative concept. The Park is dominated by large trees and a well-preserved stretch of grass. The Park is equipped with a fire hydrant pump to clean water as well as the fulfilment of the need to reserve a fire in the dry season. In the rainy season, the Park serves to absorb and hold the rain . The Park is also integrated with the underground MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) station and bus stop.

The flat existences also supported by public transport system (MRT) network very easily, cheaply, safely and very comfortably . Range of flats to the bus stop or underground stations are integrated within the Park are more than 100 meters. Layout of bus stop clinging to the side of the Park. Out goes to/from the underground station is also located in the middle of the park so that citizens can enjoy the beauty of the Park every time. The availability of the shady space encourages the majority of citizens willing to walk from flats to various destination comfortably and safely, in really beautiful, cool and fresh city environment. The pedestrian lines also connect each other.

After the City Hall formed shaded areas that connect each other , in 1980s increased making colorfull-area, such as along the road to Changi Airport to downtown. Now, entering the 21st century, Singapore Government developed the concept of vertical landscapes (skyrise greenery) initiated directly by Goh Chok Tong (2002), with a hanging Garden development oblige (roof garden) on the roofs of government buildings, hotels, apartments, up to flats.

Swirling Green Roof Tops at Nanyang Technology University, Singapore

Commitment and consistency of the implementation of physical city development should be balanced with green openspaces conservation strictly and disciplines in organize the city spaces. The success of mutualism symbiosist of ecological and economic values with greens openspaces' ecological value proved successful making Singapore as garden city. And also as commercial center services and tourist destination of the world.

We still have to learn from other countries to develope the state in advance. One thing that was felt difficult to apply in the country is realizing the sustainable development with environmentally orientation. Generally the new government is reluctant to continue what has been implemented by the earlier government so that the construction be no synergy. And due to the various interest of the various parties, government manage the development with very minimal environmental insight portion. Therefore we should leave the old paterns because the key to success lies in the development of healthy city. With a belief that build a healthy city will result a healthy community. Hopefully we will able to reach the better condition in no longer time. And all of us realize how important creating a healthy, clean and comfortable city to create good generation in future. Hopefully..

The Story of Orang Utans ( A Summary)

2011-11-24T22:52:00.003+07:00

Maybe for some people, the article I write this time is not so attractive than what I did before. But in the proccess of writing it, I feel some different things that I meet from my previous note. It because this article reflect the love and admiration from my deepest heart. Yeah.... a love and devotion from a mother to her daughter. Where I try to answer the questions of interest and curiosity of the life of orangutans and their ecosystem from a little girl aged seven years old who almost everyday asked me for this matter. She is only seven years old, but her heart has been touched by the love and passion to learn more about orangutans. As her mother, I can feel the enthusiasm that reflect from her face everytime we make a discussion about this primates.

Frankly, I never know any information about this mammals further. But because of her, I strive hardly to find the answer to all questions that oftenly comes from her tiny mouth and for the enthusiasme that shine along her face. It finally encourage me to make this article from a summary of the various information I already noted and some discussion with a friend who involve to orangutans conservation works. May this article will help people who needs the same information.

Orangutan (also well-known as Mawas ) is a kind of great ape with long arms and reddish or brown fur, which live in tropical forests of Indonesia and Malaysia, especially on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. The term "orangutan" is taken from the Malay language, which means human beings (orang) of forest. Including two species of orangutans, Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) and the orangutans of Borneo (Borneo) (Pongo pygmaeus). What is unique is an orangutan has a close kinship to humans at the level of the kingdom Animalia, where orang-utans have a level of 96.4% DNA similarity. Because of its similarity with human being orang utans found as intelligent mammals , that they have been known to use found objects as tools; for example, they use leaves as umbrellas to keep the rain from getting them wet. They also use leaves as cups to help them drink water.

The Eye of Baby Orangutan

Usually the Orangutan mother teaches the babies how to get food, how to get a drink, and a variety of tree species in different seasons. Due to this action, we can see that orangutans have a complex map of the forest areas of their brains, so they are not spent energy losses when searching for food. The children can also find different kinds of trees and plants that are eatable and how to handle food, which is protected by a shell and sharp spikes

Orangutans are omnivores (they eat both plants and animals) but are mostly herbivorous (plants comprise most of their diet). They eat fruit (their favorite food), leaves, seeds, tree bark, plant bulbs, tender plant shoots, and flowers. They also eat insects and small animals (like birds and small mammals).

Orangutans are shy, solitary animals that are active during the day (they are diurnal). They live alone in large territories. This is probably due to their eating habits; they need a large area in order to get enough food and too many orangutans in one area might lead to starvation.

The only long-lasting orangutan social group is the mother and offspring, who live together for about 7 years. When mating, the male and female orangutan stay together for only a few days.

Each evening, orangutans construct a "nest" in the tree branches for the night in which they will curl up and sleep. These nests are made out of leaves and branches. Nests are shared by a mother and her nursing offspring. Sometimes, the orangutan will use a leaf as a "roof" to protect itself from the rain. Orangutans often nap in the afternoon after a morning spent obtaining food.

Way of Life

Male orangutans are capable of very long, loud calls (called "long calls") that carry through forests for up to 0.6 mile (1 km). The "long call" is made up of a series of sounds followed by a bellow. These calls help the male claim his territory, call to females, and keep out intruding male orangutans. Males have a large throat sac that lets them make these loud calls. It usually move by swinging from one branch to another; this is called brachiating. Orangutans can also walk using their legs (but rarely do). Orangutans do not swim.

Orangutans live about 50 years in captivity; their life span in the wild is only 30-45 years (like most animals, they live longer in captivity). Orangutans are mature and capable of reproducing beginning when they are 7 to 10 years old. Females are pregnant for 8.5 to 9 months and give birth to a single baby. Young orangutans are weaned from their mothers at about 6-7 years of age. The animal that poses the biggest threat to the orangutan is man (who uses its habitat and sells young orangutans as pets).

CLASSIFICATION

Orangutans belong to the:

Kingdom Animalia (all animals)

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Vertebrata (animals with backbones)

Class Mammalia (warm-blooded animals with fur and mammary glands)

Order Primates (which includes 11 families, which include lemurs, monkeys, marmosets, lesser apes, great apes, and humans)

Family Pongidae (the great apes, including gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans)

Genus Pongo (gorillas and orangutans)

Species pygmaeus

Subspecies P. p. pygmaeus (with a round face and dark red hair; found in Borneo)
Subspecies P. p. abelii (with a narrow face and paler hair; found in Sumatra)

Phisycal Characteristics

Orangutans have a large, bulky body, a thick neck, very long, strong arms, short, bowed legs, and no tail. Orangutans are about 2/3 the size of the gorila. They are mostly covered with long reddish-brown hair. The orangutan has a large head with a prominent mouth area. Adult males have large cheek flaps (which get larger as the ape ages). Orangutan hands are very much like ours; they have four long fingers plus an opposable thumb. Their feet have four long toes plus an opposable big toe. Orangutans can grasp things with both their hands and their feet. The largest males have an arm span of about 7.5 feet (2.3 m).

Social Life

Orangutans live a more solitary lifestyle than the other great apes. Most social bonds occur between adult females and their dependent and weaned offspring. Adult males and independent adolescents of both sexes tend to live alone. The society of the orangutan is made up of resident and transient individuals of both sexes. Resident females live with their offspring in defined home ranges that overlap with those of other adult females, who may be their relatives like mothers and sisters. One to several resident female home ranges are encompassed within the home range of a resident male, who is their primary breeder. Transient males and females range broadly. They usually travel alone, but as sub-adults they may travel in small groups. However this behavior does not extend to adulthood.

The social structure of the orangutan can be best described as solitary but social. As the ranges of males and females overlap, they commonly encounter each other while traveling and feeding and brief social interactions may occur. Interactions between adult females range from friendly, to avoidance to antagonistic. Resident males may have overlapping ranges and interactions between them tend to be hostile.

Mom & the babbies

During dispersal, females tend to settle in home ranges that overlap with their mothers. However, they do not interact with them any more than the other females and they do not seem to form social bonds. Males disperse much farther from their mothers and enter into a transient phase. This phase lasts until a male can challenge and displace a dominant, resident male from his home range.

There are dominance hierarchies between adult males that regularly encounter each other with the most dominant males being the largest and having the best body conditions. Adult males dominate sub-adult males. Both resident and transient orangutans aggregate on large fruiting trees to feed. The fruits tend to be abundant, so competition is low and individuals may benefit from social contacts. Orangutans will also form travelling groups in which members coordinate travel between food sources for a few days at a time. These groups tend to be made of only a few individuals. They also tend to be mating consortships, each made of an adult male and female traveling and mating.

Reproducting and Parenting

Male orangutans exhibit arrested development. They mature at around 15 years of age by which they have fully descended testicles and can reproduce. However they do not develop the cheek pads, pronounced throat pouches, long fur or long-calls of more mature males until they gain a home range, which occurs when they are between 15 and 20 years old. These sub-adult males are known as unflanged males in contrast to the more developed flanged males. The transformation from unflanged to flanged can occur very quickly. Unflanged and flanged males have two different mating strategies. Flanged males use long calls to advertise their location which attract estrous females. Unflanged males wander widely in search of estrous females and upon finding one, will force copulation on her. Both strategies are successful, however females prefer to mate with flanged males and will seek them out for protection from unflanged males. Resident males may form consortships with females that can last days, weeks or months after copulation.

Female orangutans experience their first ovulatory cycle between 5.8 and 11.1 years. These occur earlier in larger females with more body fat than in thinner females. Like other great apes, female orangutans have a period of adolescent infertility which may last for 1–4 years. Female orangutans also have a 22-30 day menstrual cycle. Gestation lasts for nine months with females giving birth to their first offspring between 14 and 15 years old. Female orangutans have the longest interbirth intervals of the great apes, having eight years between births.

Male orangutans play almost no role in raising the young. Females are the primary caregivers for the young and are also instruments of socialization for them. A female often has more than one offspring with her, usually an adolescent and an infant, and the older of them can also help in socializing their younger sibling. Infant orangutans are completely dependent on their mothers for the first two years of their lives. The mother will carry the infant during traveling, as well as feed it and sleep with it in the same night nest. The infant doesn’t even break physical contact with its mother for the first four months and is carried on her belly. The amount of physical contact soon wanes in the following months. When an orangutan reaches the age of two, its climbing skills are more developed and will hold the hand of another orangutan while moving through the canopy, a behavior known as "buddy travel". Orangutans are juveniles from about two to five years of age and start to exploratory trips from their mothers. Juveniles are usually weaned at about four years of age. Adolescent orangutans seek peers and play and travel with peer groups while still having contact with their mothers. Infanticide has not been recorded in the two orangutan species like it has in other primate species. Paternity uncertainty, the range patterns of female dispersals and the fact that the ovulation of females depends on food availability may make infanticide by males ineffective.

Status

Current population estimated at less than 30,000 people spread across two distribution area (Sumatra and Kalimantan). It is estimated that the number of wild orangutang in the forests of Sumatra contained only around 6500-7500. In Borneo was recorded about 12000-13000 species. The reduction in the last of 10 years about 30%-50% . When the State remains, after 10-20 years into the future orangutans will extinct. In addition to the threat comes also from the activities of animals hunting, either to be sold as pets or meat.

Orang Utans' Contribution to Ecosystem

To get a baby of orangutan, then had to kill its mother, and if the baby survived falling from a tree, then the baby was taken by the hunters. If the decline in the orangutan population will pose new problems for the balance of the ecosystem that is the declining number of biodiversity . It because orang utans is very helpful in spreading the seeds of plants that maintain the balance of the forest through which it distributes seeds.

Orangutans are species for conservation. Orangutans play an important role for forest regeneration through the fruits and seeds they eat. The loss of orangutans reflects the loss of hundreds of species of plants and animals in the rainforest ecosystem .

Organisations, Rescue and Rehabilitation Center

Some organisations are working for the rescue, rehabilitation and reintroduction of orangutans. One of them is The Borneo Orangutan Survival (BOS) Foundation founded by Dr Willie Smits in 1991 and dedicated to the conservation of the endangered Bornean Orangutan and its habitat through the involvement of local people. It is audited by a multinational auditor companyand operates under the formal agreement with the Indonesian Ministry of Forest to conserve and rehabilitate orangutans. BOS manages orangutan rescue, rehabilitation and re-introduction programmes in East and Central Kalimantan. With almost 1000 orangutans in its care and employing between six hundred and a thousand people at a hundred siteBOS is the biggest primate conservation NGO worldwide.

BOS already built some rehabilitation and rescue center for orangutans, they are Wanariset that begans as tropical forest research station near Balikpapan in the Indonesian Province of East Borneo and Nyaru Menteng located in Palangkaraya, Central Borneo founded by Lone Drøscher Nielsen. In Nyaru Menteng the sanctuary was designed to hold up to 100 orphaned orangutans while they go through rehabilitation. In addition to quarantine cages, medical clinic, and nursery, the sanctuary had a large area of forest in which orangutans could learn the skills needed to live in the wild.Nyaru Menteng quickly became the largest primate rescue project in the world, with nearly 700 orphaned and displaced orangutans in its care at the present. Many of these orangutans are only weeks old when they arrive, and all of them are psychologically traumatized. The sanctuary not only saves the mostly orphaned baby orangutans from the local farmers and illegal pet-traders, but has developed a process for their gradual re-introduction to the remaining Borneo rainforest.

At the end of this summary, I could feel that same spirit which is transmitted by my little girl. How delightful knowing something new. I very well understand to have smart kids with the high sense of conscience must begin with good support by the parents. From her I learn many things including orangutan itself. Thank you dear, for teaching me many things in life especially for the spirit and the huge emphaty that grows in you in your very young age. May the positive atmosphere you have inside will support you to achieve success in the future.

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With so much love I dedicate this article to my children to support them more knowledge about the life of orang utan. And to all activists who concern about urangutans conservation. So much thankful to a friend, Kisar Odom who support me with complete information about orangutan and its conservation. Terima kasih sudah membantu untuk menyempurnakan kasih sayang seorang ibu kepada putrinya.

Rain Harvesting, A Strategy for Water Saving

2011-10-14T11:56:00.000+07:00

Hydrology Cycle

Indonesia is a tropical country that has only two seasons climate, making it very dependent on the monsoon as a source of water to run the activities of its inhabitants. As a predominantly agricultural country, livelihoods as farmers, the idea of using rain harvesting strategy strongly supports such circumstances.

Rain harvesting is the accumulating and storing of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer It has been used to provide drinking water, water for livestock, water for irrigation, as well as other typical uses. The techniques usually found in Asia and Africa arise from practices employed by ancient civilizations within these regions and still serve as a major source of drinking water supply in rural areas. Commonly used systems are constructed of three principal components; namely, the catchment area, the collection device, and the conveyance system. Rain collected from the roofs of houses and local institutions can make an important contribution to the availability of drinking water. It can supplement the subsoil water level and increase urban greenery. Water collected from the ground, sometimes from areas which are especially prepared for this purpose, is called stormwater harvesting. In some cases, rainwater may be the only available, or economical, water source. Rainwater harvesting systems can be simple to construct from inexpensive local materials, and are potentially successful in most habitable locations. Roof rainwater can't be of good quality and may require treatment before consumption. As rainwater rushes from your roof it may carry pollutants, such as mercury from coal burning buildings, or bird feces. Although some rooftop materials may produce rainwater that would be harmful to human health as drinking water, it can be useful in flushing toilets, washing clothes, watering the garden and washing cars; these uses alone halve the amount of water used by a typical home.

Rain Harvesting Logically System

Basic Configuration

A) Catchment Areas

Rooftop catchments: In the most basic form of this technology, rainwater is collected in simple vessels at the edge of the roof. Variations on this basic approach include collection of rainwater in gutters which drain to the collection vessel through down-pipes constructed for this purpose, and/or the diversion of rainwater from the gutters to containers for settling particulates before being conveyed to the storage container for the domestic use. As the rooftop is the main catchment area, the amount and quality of rainwater collected depends on the area and type of roofing material. Reasonably pure rainwater can be collected from roofs constructed with galvanized corrugated iron, aluminium or asbestos cement sheets, tiles and slates, although thatched roofs tied with bamboo gutters and laid in proper slopes can produce almost the same amount of runoff less expensively (Gould, 1992). However, the bamboo roofs are least suitable because of possible health hazards. Similarly, roofs with metallic paint or other coatings are not recommended as they may impart tastes or colour to the collected water. Roof catchments should also be cleaned regularly to remove dust, leaves and bird droppings so as to maintain the quality of the product water .

Land surface catchments: Rainwater harvesting using ground or land surface catchment areas is less complex way of collecting rainwater. It involves improving runoff capacity of the land surface through various techniques including collection of runoff with drain pipes and storage of collected water. Compared to rooftop catchment techniques, ground catchment techniques provide more opportunity for collecting water from a larger surface area. By retaining the flows (including flood flows) of small creeks and streams in small storage reservoirs (on surface or underground) created by low cost (e.g., earthen) dams, this technology can meet water demands during dry periods. There is a possibility of high rates of water loss due to infiltration into the ground, and, because of the often marginal quality of the water collected, this technique is mainly suitable for storing water for agricultural purposes. Various techniques available for increasing the runoff within ground catchment areas involve: i) clearing or altering vegetation cover, ii) increasing the land slope with artificial ground cover, and iii) reducing soil permeability by the soil compaction and application of chemicals.

Clearing or altering vegetation cover: Clearing vegetation from the ground can increase surface runoff but also can induce more soil erosion. Use of dense vegetation cover such as grass is usually suggested as it helps to both maintain an high rate of runoff and minimize soil erosion.

Increasing slope: Steeper slopes can allow rapid runoff of rainfall to the collector. However, the rate of runoff has to be controlled to minimise soil erosion from the catchment field. Use of plastic sheets, asphalt or tiles along with slope can further increase efficiency by reducing both evaporative losses and soil erosion. The use of flat sheets of galvanized iron with timber frames to prevent corrosion was recommended and constructed in the State of Victoria, Australia, about 65 years ago (Kenyon, 1929; cited in UNEP, 1982).

Soil compaction by physical means: This involves smoothing and compacting of soil surface using equipment such as graders and rollers. To increase the surface runoff and minimize soil erosion rates, conservation bench terraces are constructed along a slope perpendicular to runoff flow. The bench terraces are separated by the sloping collectors and provision is made for distributing the runoff evenly across the field strips as sheet flow. Excess flows are routed to a lower collector and stored (UNEP, 1982).

Soil compaction by chemical treatments: In addition to clearing, shaping and compacting a catchment area, chemical applications with such soil treatments as sodium can significantly reduce the soil permeability. Use of aqueous solutions of a silicone-water repellent is another technique for enhancing soil compaction technologies. Though soil permeability can be reduced through chemical treatments, soil compaction can induce greater rates of soil erosion and may be expensive. Use of sodium-based chemicals may increase the salt content in the collected water, which may not be suitable both for drinking and irrigation purposes.

B) Collection Devices

Storage tanks: Storage tanks for collecting rainwater harvested using guttering may be either above or below the ground. Precautions required in the use of storage tanks include provision of an adequate enclosure to minimise contamination from human, animal or other environmental contaminants, and a tight cover to prevent algal growth and the breeding of mosquitos. Open containers are not recommended for collecting water for drinking purposes. Various types of rainwater storage facilities can be found in practice. Among them are cylindrical ferrocement tanks and mortar jars. The ferrocement tank consists of a lightly reinforced concrete base on which is erected a circular vertical cylinder with a 10 mm steel base. This cylinder is further wrapped in two layers of light wire mesh to form the frame of the tank. Mortar jars are large jar shaped vessels constructed from wire reinforced mortar. The storage capacity needed should be calculated to take into consideration the length of any dry spells, the amount of rainfall, and the per capita water consumption rate. In most of the Asian countries, the winter months are dry, sometimes for weeks on end, and the annual average rainfall can occur within just a few days. In such circumstances, the storage capacity should be large enough to cover the demands of two to three weeks. For example, a three person household should have a minimum capacity of 3 (Persons) x 90 (l) x 20 (days) = 5 400 l.

Rainfall water containers: As an alternative to storage tanks, battery tanks (i.e., interconnected tanks) made of pottery, ferrocement, or polyethylene may be suitable. The polyethylene tanks are compact but have a large storage capacity (ca. 1 000 to 2 000 l), are easy to clean and have many openings which can be fitted with fittings for connecting pipes. In Asia, jars made of earthen materials or ferrocement tanks are commonly used. During the 1980s, the use of rainwater catchment technologies, especially roof catchment systems, expanded rapidly in a number of regions, including Thailand where more than ten million 2 m3 ferrocement rainwater jars were built and many tens of thousands of larger ferrocement tanks were constructed between 1991 and 1993. Early problems with the jar design were quickly addressed by including a metal cover using readily available, standard brass fixtures. The immense success of the jar programme springs from the fact that the technology met a real need, was affordable, and invited community participation. The programme also captured the imagination and support of not only the citizens, but also of government at both local and national levels as well as community based organizations, small-scale enterprises and donor agencies. The introduction and rapid promotion of Bamboo reinforced tanks, however, was less successful because the bamboo was attacked by termites, bacteria and fungus. More than 50 000 tanks were built between 1986 and 1993 (mainly in Thailand and Indonesia) before a number started to fail, and, by the late 1980s, the bamboo reinforced tank design, which had promised to provide an excellent low-cost alternative to ferrocement tanks, had to be abandoned.

C) Conveyance Systems

Conveyance systems are required to transfer the rainwater collected on the rooftops to the storage tanks. This is usually accomplished by making connections to one or more down-pipes connected to the rooftop gutters. When selecting a conveyance system, consideration should be given to the fact that, when it first starts to rain, dirt and debris from the rooftop and gutters will be washed into the down-pipe. Thus, the relatively clean water will only be available some time later in the storm. There are several possible choices to selectively collect clean water for the storage tanks. The most common is the down-pipe flap. With this flap it is possible to direct the first flush of water flow through the down-pipe, while later rainfall is diverted into a storage tank. When it starts to rain, the flap is left in the closed position, directing water to the down-pipe, and, later, opened when relatively clean water can be collected. A great disadvantage of using this type of conveyance control system is the necessity to observe the runoff quality and manually operate the flap. An alternative approach would be to automate the opening of the flap as described below.

A funnel-shaped insert is integrated into the down-pipe system. Because the upper edge of the funnel is not in direct contact with the sides of the down-pipe, and a small gap exists between the down-pipe walls and the funnel, water is free to flow both around the funnel and through the funnel. When it first starts to rain, the volume of water passing down the pipe is small, and the *dirty* water runs down the walls of the pipe, around the funnel and is discharged to the ground as is normally the case with rainwater guttering. However, as the rainfall continues, the volume of water increases and *clean* water fills the down-pipe. At this higher volume, the funnel collects the clean water and redirects it to a storage tank. The pipes used for the collection of rainwater, wherever possible, should be made of plastic, PVC or other inert substance, as the pH of rainwater can be low (acidic) and could cause corrosion, and mobilization of metals, in metal pipes.

In order to safely fill a rainwater storage tank, it is necessary to make sure that excess water can overflow, and that blockages in the pipes or dirt in the water do not cause damage or contamination of the water supply. The design of the funnel system, with the drain-pipe being larger than the rainwater tank feed-pipe, helps to ensure that the water supply is protected by allowing excess water to bypass the storage tank. A modification of this design is shown in Figure 5, which illustrates a simple overflow/bypass system. In this system, it also is possible to fill the tank from a municipal drinking water source, so that even during a prolonged drought the tank can be kept full. Care should be taken, however, to ensure that rainwater does not enter the drinking water distribution system.

Advantages in Urban Area

Rain harvesting can assure an independent water supply during water restrictions that is, though somewhat dependent on end use and maintenance, usually of acceptable quality for household needs and renewable at acceptable volumes, despite forecasted climate change It produces beneficial externalities by reducing peak storm water runoff and processing costs. In municipalities with combined sewer systems, reducing storm runoff is especially important, because excess runoff during heavy storms leads to the discharge of raw sewage from outfalls when treatment plant capacity cannot handle the combined flow.

Rain Harvesting in Urban Area

Rain harvesting systems are simple to install and operate. Running costs are negligible, and they provide water at the point of consumption. Rainwater harvesting in urban communities has been made possible by various companies. Their tanks provide an attractive yet effective solution to rainwater catchment.

Water Quality

As rainwater may be contaminated due to pollutants like microscopic germs etc., it is often not considered suitable for drinking without treatment. However, there are many examples of rainwater being used for all purposes — including drinking — following suitable treatment.
Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and bird faeces,mosses and lichens, windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic icons from the sea ( Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl. SO4), and dissolved gases (CO2, NOx, SOx). High levels of pesticide have been found in rainwater in Europe with the highest concentrations occurring in the first rain immediately after a dry spell;the concentration of these and other contaminants are reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of water to waste as described above. The water may need to be analysed properly, and used in a way appropriate to its safety. Harvested rainwater is boiled in parabolic solar cooker before being used for drinking.In Brazil alum and chlorine is added to disinfect water before consumption.So-called "appropiate technology" methods, such as solar water disinfection, provide low-cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking.

Do's and Don'ts

Harvested rainwater is used for direct usage or for recharging aquifers. It is most important to ensure that the rainwater caught is free from pollutants. Following precautionary measures should be taken while harvesting rainwater:-

Roof or terraces uses for harvesting should be clean, free from dust, algal plants etc.
Roof should not be painted since most paints contain toxic substances and may peel off.
Do not store chemicals, rusting iron, manure or detergent on the roof.
Nesting of birds on the roof should be prevented.
Terraces should not be used for toilets either by human beings or by pets.
Provide gratings at mouth of each drainpipe on terraces to trap leaves debris and floating materials.
Provision of first rain separator should be made to flush off first rains.
Do not use polluted water to recharge ground water.
Ground water should only be recharged by rainwater.
Before recharging, suitable arrangements of filtering should be provided.
Filter media should be cleaned before every monsoon season.
During rainy season, the whole system (roof catchment, pipes, screens, first flush, filters, tanks) should be checked before and after each rain and preferably cleaned after every dry period exceeding a month.
At the end of the dry season and just before the first shower of rain is anticipated, the storage tank should be scrubbed and flushed off all sediments and debris.

It is important that the system is sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season. Generally speaking, the size of the storage tank should be big enough to meet the daily water requirement throughout the dry season. In addition, the size of the catchment area or roof should be large enough to fill the tank.

Rain harvesting system has not been popularly used in Indonesia, although the technology is actually very simple and not so expensive. This should need the government's role in socializing the system so that people can be optimally utilized in an attempt to address the needs of water in dry season. The only thing that it should be noted that this tenologi can be used as an alternative to the use of rainwater for support needs for water for the inhabitants. However, it would be advisable to use this system in the community approach first and the acquaintance the system to the community. It will help the people be able to maintain this technology correctly , keep clean the water stored in the tank, so it can be safely to use

Hence, hopefully this article would be very useful for readers, practitioners and proffesionals in the field of water resource development. May we all have an insight in preserving the existing of limited water resources so we can be located it for the next generation's life.

Build The Indonesian Future with Good Sanitation

2011-10-08T11:34:00.000+07:00

Ones that made Indonesia famous in the eyes of the world is a about sanitary system. It might seem a bit cynical because of the popularity is well-known in how bad sanitary conditions in Indonesia. The world record that Indonesia remains in ranked fifth worst sanitation worldwide. What a poor portrait of Indonesia's sanitation is.

Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia is characterized by poor levels of access and service quality. Over 100 million people in Indonesia lack access to safe water and more than 70 percent of the country’s 220 million population relies on water obtained from potentially contaminated sources. With only 2% access to sewerage in urban areas is one of the lowest in the world among middle-income countries. Pollution is widespread on Bali and Java. Women in Jakarta report spending US$ 11 per month on boiling water, implying a significant burden for the poor.

Direct Impact of decayed sanitary to Indonesia is :

Unreliable facilities and poor hygiene behaviors have made an impact on infant mortality, morbidity, and malnutrition in children that a major threat to the human resource potential of Indonesia. About 100 thousand children die every year in Indonesia.
Poor sanitary conditions have prevented the national productivity. Indonesian economic potential loss of 2.4 per cent of Barto domestic product due to poor sanitary conditions. Every family has lost about 120 thousand monthly income.
With proper sanitation increases the rate of potential economic growth WHO studies show that investments in sanitation of us $ 1 will achive the rate of economic return (profit) between USD 8 - USD 21 for developing countries, including Indonesia.

Pooping Habit

This is related to the productivity of its inhabitants that are often troubled by disease due to the poor sanitation in the Community system. Good sanitation system can not only boost the economy through better preserved of the nation's public health, the improvement of the quality of the environment through good and fair waste management , as well as the management of wastewater.

Nevertheless, a small amount of town in Indonesia, which has good sewage system. Sanitation in the form of a centralized system of water purification or disable sanitaion site only in 11 cities across Indonesia, and only could served until 2.33% . While the local management of wastewater or on-site sanitation sanitation in Indonesia still dominate achievements 71.06% that normally only in the form of septic tanks that do not meet all standards.

Water and Sanitation Needs

A total of 76.2 per cent of 52 rivers in Java, Sumatra, Bali and Sulawesi is heavily contaminated by organic pollutants. Most rivers are located in densely populated cities, as in Java tend to be infected with bacteria Escherichia coli and faecal coli, the bacteria that causes diarrhea. Unrarely the dirty river , mixed with various waste is still used by the people as toilets needs for people who live in such complex areas with limitted water supply . The proplem become more complex while the information received by the people oftenly did not attach importance to the issue of sanitation, causes diarrhoea accident so that public knowledge of sanitation remains low. These conditions led to low public awareness about the importance of sanitation in support their health.

The fact the eyes of the world has focused on global development through courses MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) in which one issue is concerned about Ensure Environmental Sustainability, where a program of sanitation and clean water issues become the focal point of which eludes attention around the world. This shows how important sanitation problems for the future development of the world. Formally , Indonesia has stated its commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In order to do so, an estimated 78 million more people will require improved water supply and 73 million improved sanitation services between 2000 and 2015, not to mention necessary improvements in service quality for those already shown as having access. Current levels of investment of only US$2 per capita and year are insufficient to attain the MDGs. Furthermore, policy responsibilities are fragmented between different Ministries and local utilities that operate and maintain urban water systems remain weak.

Data on access to water and sanitation in Indonesia vary significantly depending on the source consulted and the definition of access. According to the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation by WHO and UNICEF access to an improved water source stood at 80% and access to improved sanitation at 52% in 2008. However, according to Indonesia's 2004 socio-economic survey (SUSENAS) only about 47% of the population has access to water from improved sources considered relatively safe. That includes 42% of the urban and 51% of the rural population. In the 8 years from 1994 to 2002, this figure increased by only 10% in rural areas and 9% in urban areas. At this rate, by 2015, only about 56% of the rural population can be expected to gain access to an improved water sources, when the MDG target for the whole country is 73%.

More than 40% of rural households use unsanitary open pits or defecate in fields, beaches and water bodies. According to the World Bank, urban sanitation is the least well addressed of major policy issues in Indonesia. Poor sanitation in cities and small towns is posing health hazards through pollution of both ground and surface water sources used by urban populations for a variety of purposes. Disposal and treatment of sewage is available for less than 2% of the population

Furthermore, in order to enhance the understanding and the acceleration of advances in sanitation we need to give special attention to issues concerning:

Healthy Behaviors.
Sanitation Facilities.
Water Quality.
Waste Management.
Urban Drainage System.
Policy and Institutional Framework.
National Sanitary Information System

Hopefully, this program will prevent as a warning or a wake up call for Indonesia to prepare the people's awareness and concern in preserving the environment through good sanitation system. Remind them understanding that hygine culture is not detrimental to their lives but instead will born the healthy and intelligent next generation in the future.

Indeed, it takes time and hard work of all parties to resolve the issue. The Indonesian government must actively to campaign on the use of clean water efficiently and effectivelly, teaching people to preserve and appreciate the use of large amounts of clean water increasingly out of balance with population growth. Urging people to involve in waste management and hygiene sanitation system. Changing the mindset and lifestyle of the community is fundamental to start fixing this situation, not only to build clean water and other sanitation facilities. Hopefully in a community-based sanitation systems are able to improve future grim portrait of sanitation systems in Indonesia.

Keep Your Hands Writing

2011-09-03T21:49:00.001+07:00

Great authors usually try to vent the expression to be able to find its distinctive strengths. Himself willing to compromise on a common standard the world of writing, considering the interest of readers to produce work that is clear, explorative, and strong.

( Anwar Holid, from books "Keep Your Hand Moving")

Have you ever felt that seemed your hands don't want to stop writing? When the ideas comes across your head, seem it doesn't want to be stopped. It flow like a river. But sometimes it locked when you need the open mind to spread out the ideas. That is what mostly writters do. When desire of writing come, you can not handle it, can not stop it.

How to keep the idea?

Great writers usually try to vent the expression to be able to find its distinctive strengths. Himself willing to compromise on a common standard the world of writing, considering the interest of readers to produce work that is clear, explorative, strong.The other half of writing is reading. If you want to write, then read alot of books but lately tell your own story. All readers wants is to know the author better. No one cares that much wheter you write it or not , just write because you want to. Hemingway said that you have to willing to give it as long as it takes. You fit into it. It doesn't fit neatly into your life. But it makes you wild.

Our "silly mind" says we can't write, we 're no good, we're failures , fools for even picking up the pen. And the worse things is we listen to it. We drift and get tossed it away. Meanwhile the wild mind surrounds us, sink into the big sky and write from there. Let everything trough us and grab as much as we can of it with a pen, papper of computer. This is all about of loosing control. "Silly Mind" scrambles for territory : " You are a bad writer, boring, stupid and incompetent". You don't know what you wrote until a few weeks later when you have some distance. Just turn around and catch the goodness in yourself.

Just keep your hand moving, Be lost control, Be specific, Don't ever - get below discurcive thought to the place where your mind is original and fresh. Dont worry about grammar , puctuation. Just write what you want to write. Go for the jugular.

A way to develop your writing skills and free your self up is to engaged in 10 minutes "writing practice"session using the above guidlines. Some examples of starter thoughts for these 10 minutes sessions : I am thinking of.. I am not thinking of... I know .. I don't know ...I am.. I am not..I want..I don't want... I feel .. I don't feel.

Find a sentences that you like comes from you. Feel it integrity. Just lay down the next line and the next one line at a time. Let the structure unfold. Do it slowly and carefully. Take a subject that's hard for you to write about, then write it slowly, evenly and in measure way. Continue work on it everyday until it finished.

Write everyday for ten day in a row. Do not reread it until 2 weeks later. Then read with the soft heart. Underline the sentence that stand out and use them as first lines for the future practice. Develop not by editing but by re-entering the writing practice. Be brave, let some good writing go. Writing is the crack trough which u crawl into your wild mind.

Make a writing schedule for a weak and stick to it. Let anybody read your writing. Writing is an democratic act. Let another give their opinion about your writing.

If you find yourself killing an inspiration by reworking , give it up because another will come. When you get a flash abandon the idea and let it flow. Do not ever try to control it.

Be honest on your writing but not sentimental. Try to write from different angel such as a dog 's view, your uncle's view . Apply what you know to your writing. Do that dicipline first, then launch into writing. After that try the opposite. When you woke up and before you go to sleep, saya " I am a writer".

Sit down with a plan to write something you have always want to write and write it troug, no matter how long it takes . You also need to make a contact to a writer even doesn't have to be published . Attending a writer workshop also helps you to improve your skills. Seek out the people who loves writing and gathering them.

List five abstract statements. Back each one up with at least a pharagraph of solid, concrete details. Now switch , start with details and then leap into a cosmic statement. Always note that the essential ingrediants of writing is laziness. Just stop. Don't go anyplace else. Lie around for the rest of the day. After you're cleared , your desire will up. Remember that you will not be trying to prove yourself . Put a side a day a month to do nothing. At the end of the day sidle over your note book but only if you feel like it , then write.

Finally, may all tips I resume for you from some experts will be benefit to support your writing desire. Just write what you like to write, and stop whenever you get bored about it. Do not ever try to controle the desire. Let it runs naturally, so you can write honestly but non sentimental.

So Let's keep our hands writing !!

The Gift Named Nasywa Khoirunnisa

2011-04-20T22:25:00.001+07:00

Hari ini, saat pagi meretas menyambut datangnya hari

Tak pernah henti syukur itu tertutur dari mulutku

Seolah esok tak pernah ada hari lainnya menghampiri

Masih terasa sejuknya tetes embun di ujung jari

Membantuku melewati hari

Dalam putaran waktu yang tak pernah akan terganti

Meski mungkin kau pun bisa rasakannya suatu saat nanti

Saat ini, pun seperti hari yang telah kulewati 7 tahun hari bersamamu

Dalam celoteh dan tingkah polahmu yang selalu harus aku maklumi

Mungkin itulah gambaran masa kecilku yang ada di dirimu

Dan selalu harus buatku untuk pahami

Maha Karya Yang Agung dalam dirimu adalah kesempurnaan

Yang buatku seringkali termanggu kagum akan karunia itu,

Ajariku begitu banyak jalan menuju kedewasaan

Yang menandakan bahwa aku masih banyak harus belajar

Jemari mungilmu tak pernah letih menghapus peluhku

Membawa kesejukan kala diri dalam dahaga

Bagai oase sejuk bagi peristirahatan jiwaku

Kau selalu tau kapan jiwa ini membutuhkanmu

Kaulah keseimbangan itu

Yang mampu mensinergikan antara otak, jiwa dan batinku..

Mampu buat jiwaku tak lagi kosong

Tapi mengisinya dengan cahaya cintamu

Si Tukang Protes / Korektor atau sebutan sama lainnya

Yang kadang buat aku malu,sekaligus kagum

Di usiamu yang begitu muda kau mampu menganalisa diriku begitu dalam

Begitulah dirimu apa adanya

Yang selalu mampu membuatku mampu merasakan kerinduan

Meski kita cuma berpisah dalam segelintir putaran waktu

Yang mampu menyimpan ingatan di memory ku tentang wangi minyak kayu putih dan bedak baby yang sering kau gunakan

Doakan aku, untuk selalu bisa jadi ibu yang baik untukmu

Selalu ada saat kau butuhkan, meski aku tau tak semua waktuku mampu ku persembahkan

Kupahami bahwa waktu yang terlewat tak akan mungkin pernah lagi terganti
Tapi cinta dan kasih sayang ini adalah milikmu

Hingga nanti, saat kau mampu ntuk pahami...

With all my devotion,

I dedicated to Nasywa Khoirunnisa as her 7th B'day Present.

Sanitary Landfill, Waste Management System with Environmentally Orientation

2011-04-15T10:14:00.001+07:00

The interpretation of sanitary landfill is currently a popular word in the waste management system with sustainable and environmentally orientation. What is Sanitary Landfill? Before exploring the answer, I'd like to say that this article will discuss about the definition of sanitary landfills, what connection with the waste management system, and appropriate instructions for the build / design of Sanitary Landfill both based ulititas and site selection.


Site Preparation for Sanitary Landfill

Sanitary Landfill

Sanitary Landfill sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe. It is considered when it has completely degraded biologically, chemically and physically. In high-income countries, the level of isolation achieved may be high. However, such an expensive high level of isolation may not be technically necessary to protect public health. Four basic conditions should be met before a site can be regarded as a sanitary landfill (see following.) The ways of doing this should be adapted to local conditions. The immediate goal is to meet, to the best extent possible, the four stated basic sanitary landfill conditions, with a longer term goal to meet them eventually in full. That is why Sanitary Landfill known as reliable waste management system and environmentally orientation.

Small incremental improvements in landfill design and operation over several years are more likely to succeed than attempts to make a single, large leap in engineering expectations.

Large landfills will require more investment to improve standards than smaller sites. However, the unit cost of these improvements (measured per tonne of waste landfilled or per head of population served) will decrease with increasing site size. There are financial and other benefits to sites with long operating lifetimes (ten years or more). Large regional sites serving two or more cities could be economically beneficial, providing waste transport costs are not too high.

Modern Sanitary Landfill in Cross

Sanitary Landfill in cross

Basic requirements

As a minimum, four basic conditions should be met by any site design and operation before it can be regarded as a sanitary landfill:

• Full or partial hydrogeological isolation: if a site cannot be located on land which naturally contains leachate security, additional lining materials should be brought to the site to reduce leakage from the base of the site (leachate) and help reduce contamination of groundwater and surrounding soil. If a liner - soil or synthetic - is provided without a system of leachate collection, all leachate will eventually reach the surrounding environment. Leachate collection and treatment must be stressed as a basic requirement.

• Formal engineering preparations: designs should be developed from local geological and hydrogeological investigations. A waste disposal plan and a final restoration plan should also be developed.

• Permanent control: trained staff should be based at the landfill to supervise site preparation and construction, the depositing of waste and the regular operation and maintenance.

• Planned waste emplacement and covering: waste should be spread in layers and compacted. A small working area which is covered daily helps make the waste less accessible to pests and vermin.

This system should have applied 3R methode (Reduce, Reuse, Recycyling), using Sanitary Landfill Technology. This technology integrates the integrated waste management. Waste is recycled and used in compost, and residue / residual waste disposed to destruction. Sanitary Landfill is a high technology, investing only about USD 100-200 perton. While operating costs reach USD 100-300 per ton. The technology found in Indonesia are still scarce, attention because of the waste problem has not become a government priority.

The main components of any secured, permitted landfill are:

Another Sanitary Landfill Method

Bottom liner — The bottom liner separates and prevents the buried waste from coming in contact with underlying natural soils and groundwater. In Municipal Solid Waste landfills, the bottom liners are generally constructed using some type of durable, puncture-resistant synthetic plastic HDPE (High Density

Polyethylene) ranging from 30 to 100 mils thick. The plastic liners may also be designed with a combination of compacted clay soils, along with synthetic plastic.

Cells (old and new) — This is the area in a landfill that has been constructed and approve for disposal of waste. These cells range in size (depending upon total tons of waste received each day at the landfill) from a few acres to as large as 20+ acres. Inside these larger cells are smaller cells known as the daily workface, or sometimes referred to as cells. This is where the waste coming into the landfill for disposal that day is prepared by placing the material in layers or lifts where the waste is then compacted and shredded by heavy landfill compaction machinery.

Leachate collection system — The bottom of each landfill is typically designed so that the bottom surface of the landfill is sloped to a low point, called a sump. This is where any liquids that are trapped inside the landfill — known in the waste industry as leachate — are collected and removed from the landfill. The leachate collection system typically consists of a series of perforated pipes, gravel packs and a layer of sand or gravel placed in the bottom of the landfill. Once the leachate is removed from the sump, it is typically pumped or gravity-flowed to a holding tank or pond, where it is either treated on site or hauled off site to a public or private wastewater treatment facility.

Storm water drainage — This is an engineered system designed to control water runoff during rain or storm events. This is done by directing the runoff through a series of berms or ditches to holding areas known as sed ponds. In these ponds the runoff water flow is slowed down or held long enough to allow the suspended soil particles to settle out before the water is discharged off site.

Methane collection system — Bacteria in the landfill break down the trash in the absence of oxygen. This process produces landfill gas, which is approximately 50 percent methane. Since methane gas has the potential to burn or explode, it has to be removed from the landfill. To do this, a series of pipes are embedded within the landfill to collect the methane gas. This gas, once collected, can be either naturally vented or control-burned.

Cover (or cap) — Waste that is placed in a cell is required to be covered daily with either six inches of compacted soil or an alternative daily cover. Some examples of alternative daily covers are the application of spray-on cover material, such as foam or a flame-retardant fiber material. Another type of alternative daily cover is large panels of tarpaulin-type material that is laid over the waste at the end of each day and removed the next day before waste is placed. Other areas within the cells that are not to final grade and will not receive placement of additional waste for a period of time may require additional cover. This is known as intermediate cover — generally 12 to 18 inches of soil. Covering (or capping) is performed in order to isolate the waste from exposure to the air, pests (such as birds, rats and mice) and to control odors. When a section of the landfill is finished or filled to capacity, it is permanently covered with a combination of a layer of polyethylene plastic, compacted soil and a layer of topsoil that will support growth of vegetation to prevent erosion.

Groundwater monitoring stations — Stations are set up to directly access and test the groundwater around the landfill for presence of leachate chemicals. Typically a groundwater monitoring system will have a series of wells that are located up-gradient of the landfill disposal area and a series of wells down-gradient. The up-gradient wells test the water quality before it moves under the disposal area in order to get a background analysis of the water. The down-gradient wells then allow testing of the water after it has passed under the disposal area so it can be compared to the quality of the up-gradient wells to make sure there has been no impact or contamination of the groundwater.

Landfill can now be designed with a geosynthetic liner to replace or back up a soil liner someone might feel that a landfill could be sited anywhere. While new technologies can increase the technical acceptability of some potential landfill sites, there are a variety of factors that must be assessed when determining site acceptability. Sound technology alone will be an insufficient basis on which to evaluate and compare alI potential sites.

There are many other factors to consider, including public opinion, health and safety, hauling distance, accessibility, climate, drainage, zoning and hand use, and economics. No matter how technically sound a facility design appears to be, there will no doubt be public interest and even hostility that must be addressed in the site evaluation process. This lesson will provide a procedure for evaluating potential sites and seeking public input. Possibilities for potential sanitary landfill sites are:

A site in an area zoned for industry.
A site that serves a region of several communities and is located some distance from residential development;
A site that would have economic or aesthetic value if filled with solid wastes and then landscaped (e.g., an area previously excavated):
A site that, after construction of an above-ground landfill, can be put to recreational use (such as a ski hill)

Modern Sanitary Landfill Work System in Cross

An ideal l sanitary landfill will have the following properties: Conforms with land use planning of the area:

Is easily accessible iii any weather to vehicles expected during the operation of the landfill
Has safeguards against potential surface and groundwater pollution;
Has safeguards against uncontrolled gas movement originating from the disposed solid waste;
Has an adequate quantity of earth cover material that is easily handled and compacted:
Will be located in an area where the landfill's operation will not detrimentally impact environmentally sensitive resources;
Will be large enough to accommodate the community wastes for a reasonable time interval
Will be the most economic site available commensurate with the ultimate requirements for solid waste disposal.

Regulations

In Indonesia the latest regulation to maintain waste management system is UU No. 18 , 2008. That nowdays the responsibility to maintain waste management system beside government, society and private sectore are involved. This laws also declared that The Sanitary Landfill system is the most waste management system that has both environmentally orientation and sustainable and should apply by 2012.

Government in charge of ensuring the implementation of a sound waste management and environmentally sound in accordance with this regulation. Waste reduction referred to this regulation covers the following activities: a) restrictions on waste generation; b) recycling of waste and / or c) reuse of waste.

Waste handling activities includes: a) separation in the form of grouping and separation of waste in accordance with the number, type, and / or nature of the waste; b)collection in the form of garbage collection and disposal of garbage into the source of temporary shelters or places of integrated waste management; c.)transportation in the form of carrying waste from the source and / or from the temporary shelters or waste from waste treatment are integrated into the final processing site; d) processing in the form of changing the characteristics, composition, and the amount of waste and / or e) final waste treatment in the form of waste recovery and / or residue from processed prior to the media in a safe environment.

Prohibitation

inserting garbage into the territory of the Republic of Indonesia;
import of waste;
mix the waste with hazardous and toxic wastes;
manage the waste that causes pollution and / or destruction of the environment;
do not throw trash in places that have been determined and provided;
handling of waste by open dumping at the final processing and / or
burn garbage that does not comply with technical requirements for waste management.

Public involvement in the process

As a landfill developer begins the process of searching for a new landfill site, the question arises as to when to make the search process public. Since public knowledge invites public interest and often public opposition, many developers try to keep decisions secret until a final choice is made, In addition to the fear of public opposition, prices for land and soils, as well as other economic factors, can be affected if the public knows a site is being sought.

While it may be basic human nature to avoid controversy as long as possible, many now feel that waiting until a final site is chosen, known as a "decide-announce-defend" policy, leads to maximum public opposition. The opposition is generated because neighbors and others feel a decision affecting their interests has been made without their input, leaving them frustrated and angry. Hiring lawyers to fight is often the result.

Others recommend getting the public involved early in the process. This approach uses the search process to educate the public about the difficult choices that must be made and about the degree of effort and expertise that the developer is applying to make a reasonable decision. The policy forces the involved public to help make decisions from among available alternatives. A description of this approach, called the issue evolution/educational intervention model.

Obviously, this approach is not trouble free. Working with the public during the search process is time-consuming and difficult. Some interested participants in the process may be totally negative or may attempt to play neighbors near one site against neighbors at another. Since some public involvement in siting is usually mandated by state or local regulations, the developer must devise an approach that results in increased public support for the landfill project. This will be a formidable task.

Site Selection
Proper landfill site selection is the fundamental step in sound waste disposal and the protection
of the environment, public health and quality of life. Proper landfill site selection determines many of the subsequent steps in the landfill process, which, if properly implemented, should ensure against nuisances and adverse long-term effects. For example, a well-selected landfill site will generally facilitate an uncomplicated design and provide ample cover material, which would facilitate an environmentally and publicly acceptable
operation at a reasonable cost.

The criteria involved in landfill site selection include environmental, economic and sociopolitical criteria, some of which may conflict. With increased environmental awareness, new legislation and certain other developments over time, the landfill site selection process has become much more sophisticated, as new procedures and tools have been developed.

Early considerations in the technical process are the size (land area) and the strategic location of the proposed site, to ensure that the facility meets the disposal need. While the size depends on the waste stream over the predicted site life and provision for sufficient buffer zones, strategic location is determined by the waste generation areas to be served and transport routes. It is economically sound practice to establish the proposed facility as close to the generation areas as possible, with a view to minimising transport costs. Often an “economic radius” is determined, based on the existing or proposed mode of waste transport. This will define the initial area of investigation.

Once all the candidate sites have been identified, they must all be compared and technically evaluated. Unsuitable sites must be eliminated and the best sites must be short listed for further consideration. The short listed sites are then ranked in order of suitability. The ranking process is, however, controversial and is often open to criticism because it may be seen as subjective, which in some instances is the case.

The top-ranking site is then subjected to a more detailed investigation by means of a Feasibility Study, to confirm that it has no Fatal Flaws and is environmentally and publicly acceptable. The Feasibility Study may comprise many administrative and technical aspects, which depend on local legislation. It should, however, include a preliminary Geohydrological Investigation, as well as a preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). If Fatal Flaws emerge in the investigations the site is discarded and the next best site is investigated. Otherwise, a conceptual design is drawn up, which addresses any critical factors associated with the site, and this, together with the investigation results, is submitted to the authorities and usually to the
public.

Fulfilling land use goals

Potential sites must be la areas that are suitable for landfill. development. operation and end use of a landfill site should also conform to long-term land use goals. Most areas have projected land-use plans for 10 to 20 years. la the absence of land-use maps, air photographs can be used to assess current land-use patterns.
Industrial areas may seem suitable for a landfill site, since heavy equipment is required and significant traffic is generated. However, the landfill may not be compatible with industrial operations when completed.

Differential settlement within the finished site may limit its use as support for buildings years after completion.
If properly designed and operated, a completed landfill could be used as an industrial site, but most often, completed landfills are used as open space or recreational areas.

Areas with habitats of endangered plant or animal species, virgin timber land, wildlife corridors, unique physical features, and historical and are archaeologic sites should be avoided in locating a landfill facility. The development of a landfill in one of these areas may result in a detrimental impact which from an overall viewpoint outweighs the benefits of a successfully operated landfill.

Thus, The article I am submitting base on the sum of my knowledge and a variety of sources that I have collected. Hopefully our efforts and good intentions we have in order to protect the environment through effective waste management that environmentally orientation can be perceived benefits for next generations.

The Angel of The Heart

2011-04-04T12:09:00.001+07:00

You offer me wings, when mine is broken

You give me hands , when others is hidding theirs

You give me sweetest smile, when others are angry

You give me hug, when others ignore me

You show me the rainbow over my head,

You show me the beauty that I never know before

In every step you make, you oftenly amaze me

You sing the most melodious song for me

Remind me how beautiful my life is

You give me beliefs that I can do anything as long as you are around

You never asked me the love that I would give to you

You never expect that I have to understand your sincere smile and heart

You just enter my heart when I need it

You know when the right time to touch my deepest soul

You give me protection wheter I am right or wrong

Trough your little finger that likes touch my hair, my nose, and my cheek

My tears are falling... How means to me ur touching is

If all words in this words are exist

I believe it never substitute to the greatest love you present me

I do belive that I am one of the lucky person in the world

That I have you in my life, the powerfull strenght for me to stand

Voices the honesty at the right time

Be your proudness

The last but not least,

I am so thankful to God , That make me the choosen one

To let me live with you, and raise you up

And grows as the blossoms in spring time

I always proud saying this to the world...

That I am proud being your mom....

Me, Chocolate and Its History

2011-03-14T20:35:00.003+07:00

I am one of big fan of chocolate. My laddict tochocolate began when I had severe peptic ulcer while in junior high school ended. When doctors recommend to bring chocolate in bags and serves as a practical and useful alternative for meals, except biscuits. and lately chocolate proved be able to help me to maintain this attack when i have to meet irregular eating patern.

This time I wanna share about chocolate and a little information about it. Chocolate name for food that is processed from cocoa beans. Chocolate is usually given as a gift or gifts for the holidays. With form, style and unique taste, chocolate is often used as an expression of gratitude, affection or attention or Even love.

Chocolate also has been one of the most popular flavor in the world, and chocolate bars are most commonly eaten, chocolate is also a subject of hot and cold drinks.

HISTORY OF CHOCOLATE
Chocolate is produced from cocoa (Theobroma cacao), which is expected to grow initially in the northern Amazon region to Central America. Maybe down to Chiapas, the southernmost part of Mexico. Olmec people take advantage of the tree and, perhaps, make a "chocolate" along the Gulf coast in southern Mexico. The earliest documentation of chocolate found in its use at a site in Puerto Escondido chocolate manufacturing, Honduras around 1100 -1400 BC . Residues from the processing tank showed that the initial use of cacao was not destined to make a drink, but white selput contained in cocoa beans are more likely to be used as a source of sugar to alcohol.

Brown residue found on the pottery used by the ancient Mayans in Río Azul, northern Guatemala, suggests that Mayans drank chocolate around the year 400 BC. The first civilizations inhabiting the area known as the Meso-American tree "kakawa" whose fruits are consumed as a beverage xocolātl which means a bitter drink. According to them, these drinks should be consumed every day, for several reasons.

However, it seems that chocolate is also a symbol of prosperity. How to serve it is not arbitrary. By holding a liquid container is as high as his chest and poured into another container on the ground, an expert presenter who can make a thick foam, part of what makes it so precious beverage. This foam is actually produced by the cocoa fat (cocoa butter), but sometimes also added extra foam. Meso-American people seem to have a critical habit of drinking and eating porridge containing chocolate. The seeds of the cacao tree itself is very bitter and must be fermented to taste can be obtained. Following are the results of roast and chocolate or cocoa powdered. It is estimated that drinking chocolate to the Maya began about the year 450 BC - 500 BC. It is said that chocolate consumption is considered as an important status symbol in those days. Maya eating chocolate in the form of frothy fluid sprinkled with red pepper, vanilla, or other spices. Drinks are also believed to be a deterrent Xocoatl fatigue, a belief which may be caused from theobromin content therein.

When the classic Maya civilization collapsed (about 900) and was replaced by the Toltec, cocoa beans became the main commodity Meso-America. During the Aztec Empire in power (until about 1500 BC) region which includes the City of Mexico is now known as the Meso-American region most rich in cocoa beans. For cocoa the Aztec is the "food of the gods" (Theobroma, from the Greek). Usually the cocoa beans used in religious ceremonies and as gifts.

Chocolate is also a luxury during the Meso-American Colombia, in their culture of cocoa beans Maya, Toltec, and Aztec (cocoa beans) are often used as currency . As an example of Aztec Indians using this system to calculate where the turkey chicken for one hundred cacao beans and one avocado for three cocoa beans .While the year 1544 AD, the delegation which visited the Maya Kekchi Guatemala palace Spain bearing gifts, including chocolate drinks.

At the beginning of the 17th century, chocolate became popular refreshing drink in the palace of Spain. Throughout the century, chocolate spread among the European elite, then through a democratic process for the price cheap enough, and at the end of the century it became a drink enjoyed by the merchant class. About 100 years after his arrival in Europe, the chocolate is so famous in London, to establish a "chocolate houses" to store supplies chocolate, starting at coffee houses. The first chocolate house opened in 1657.

In 1689 a physician and collector named Hans Sloane, developed a type of milk chocolate drink in Jamaica and was originally drunk by tribal apothekari, but the drink is then sold by the Cadbury brothers . All European chocolate was originally consumed as a beverage. New in 1847 found a brown solid. Europe discard almost all the spices are added by the Meso-American, but often retain vanilla. Also replaced a lot of material to fit their own taste from a special recipe that requires amber, wax purple dye extracted from whale intestines, to more common materials such as cinnamon or cloves. However, the most frequently added to the sugar. In contrast, the Meso-American chocolate did not appear to be sweet.

European Chocolate was originally mixed in the same manner as that used Maya and Aztecs. Even now, the ancient Meso-American way is still maintained, but in the machinery industry. Still a little fermented cocoa beans, dried, roasted, and ground. However, a series of more complicated techniques that are played. Brown powder emulsified with potassium or sodium carbonation for easy mixing with water (dutched, emulsification method found in the Netherlands), fat reduced by removing a lot of cocoa butter (fat), ground as a liquid in a special vat (conched), or mixed with milk so that chocolate milk (chocolate milk).

THE PASSION OF CHOCOLATE

sychological effects that occur when enjoying the chocolate due to melting point of cacao fat is located slightly below normal human body temperature. As an illustration, if you eat a piece of chocolate, brown fat will melt in the mouth. Lumernya cocoa fat causes a soft mouth feel typical, recent research by the BBC indicated that melting chocolate in the mouth increases brain activity and heart rate is stronger than the activity resulting from kissing mouth to mouth, and also will feel four times as long even after this activity stopped

THE PASSION OF CHOCOLATE

Psychological effects that occur when enjoying the chocolate due to melting point of cacao fat is located slightly below normal human body temperature. As an illustration, if you eat a piece of chocolate, brown fat will melt in the mouth. Lumernya cocoa fat causes a soft mouth feel typical, recent research by the BBC indicated that melting chocolate in the mouth increases brain activity and heart rate is stronger than the activity resulting from kissing mouth to mouth, and also will feel four times as long even after this activity stopped

COCOA CONTENT

Chocolate contains alkaloids, alkaloids such as theobromine, fenetilamina, and anandamida, which have physiological effects to the body. Much content related to the level of serotonin in the brain. According to scientists chocolate is eaten in normal amounts regularly can reduce blood pressure . Dark chocolate a lot lately to get a promotion because of health benefits when consumed in moderation, including its anti ocsidant content that may reduce the formation of free radicals in the body.

CHOCOLATE FOR HEALTH BENEFITS

By controlling the physical activity undertaken, smoking, and eating habits found that those who love to eat candy / chocolate older than the age of one year without food. Allegedly phenol antioxidants contained in chocolate is the reason why they can outlive. Phenol is also found in red wine, known as the drink is good for heart health. Brown has the ability to inhibit oxidation of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) and improve immune function, which can prevent the risk of coronary heart disease and cancer.

So far, there is the notion that chocolate causes dental caries and may also be responsible for the problem of obesity. Denying that obesity is one risk factor for degenerative diseases. But a study at Harvard University shows that if you balance the consumption of chocolate candy with enough physical activity and eat a balanced diet, then the negative effects of chocolate candy does not need to worry.

Chocolate consumption in the United States contributes only 1% of total fat intake as stated by the National Food Consumption Survey (1987-1998). This amount is relatively small, especially when compared with the contribution of meat (30%), cereals (22%), and milk (20%). Fat in chocolate, cocoa butter is often called, consists mainly of saturated fat (60%), especially stearic. But the brown fat is a vegetable fat that do not contain cholesterol. To keep pressing the saturated fat that is not too high, it is better to controlle eating chocolate just one cigarette per day and consume supplements or other food containing catechins such as apple and tea.

In research involving human subjects, found that consumption of brown fat to produce total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol lower than the consumption of butter or beef fat. So even though they contain saturated fat but the effect was produced different cholesterol. High stearate content of chocolate is suppose to be the reason why brown fat is not as bad as animal fat. It has long been known that stearic acid is a neutral fat that will not trigger blood cholesterol. Why? Stearate slowly digested by our bodies and also absorbed less.

One third of fat contained in chocolate is oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is also predominantly found in olive oil. Epidemiological studies in Mediterranean populations who consume lots of olive oil is oleic acid oleic concluded positive effects on heart health.

Often the question arises how much we can consume chocolate? There are no definitive recommendations for these nutrients, however, 2-3 times a week, eating chocolate or drinking chocolate milk every day will still be accepted. Principles of nutrition that is actually easy to eat all kinds of food are moderate. Nutritional problems generally arise when we eat too much or too little.

Eating chocolate will not cause addiction, but for some delicious chocolate taste that may cause the desire to consume more. This is called a chocolate craving. The impact of chocolate on behavior and mood (mood) is closely associated with chocolate craving. Brown could miss because, aroma texture, sweet-bitter and so forth. It is also often associated with the content of phenylethylamine which is a substance similar amphetanine which can increase absorption of tryptophan into the brain which then in turn produce dopamine. Impact of dopamine is to show happy feelings and mood repair. Phenylethylamine is also considered to have aphrodisiac properties that gave rise to a feeling like someone in love .

Catechins are powerful antioxidants contained in chocolate. One of the functions of antioxidants is to prevent premature aging that can occur due to pollution or radiation. Catechin is also found in tea even though the amount is not high on chocolate. Parents often ancient practice of washing the face with water to make tea for facial skin glowing and youthful. If they know that chocolate contains catechins is higher than the tea, maybe they'll suggest a shower with a chocolate scrub.

Chocolate also contains theobromine and caffeine. Both substances have been known to give effect to those who consume them awake. Therefore when we are dozing off at the airport or waiting for long queues, eating chocolate potent enough to make us excited again.

It's just chocolate should really pay attention, especially for vulnerable groups affected by kidney . More than 100 g chocolate consumption will increase excretion of calcium oxalate and tripled. Therefore, healthy tips that can be recommended so drink plenty of water after eating chocolate.

And for those of you who feel as one big fan of chocolate, what benefits must be considered and the recommendations contained in safe consumption. Eat with the right portion will give effect to your health but on the contrary, if excessive amounts of chocolate can also cause effects to the body such as kidney disease. Hopefully this article useful for all fans of chocolate in the world .

Gedung Sate, The Mark of Kota Bandung

2011-03-01T12:03:00.000+07:00

The experience I got from often time visit Bandung had already admire me to write about Gedung Sate in my blog. Often times I pass the Diponegoro Street , Bandung I was so wonder about the glorious of this building. Very firmly stands along the ages but still keep its architechture.

Gedung Webside, with his trademark form the ornament on a central tower, jacks long marker or benchmark Bandung, which is not only available to the public in West Java, but also throughout Indonesia and even model was used as a signal to several buildings and urban characters in West Java. For example, building forms the Tasikmalaya train station. Built in 1920, the White House was still strong but graceful and now serves as the central building of the Government of West Java.

Gedung Sate, which in the Netherlands Indies called Gouvernements Bedrijven (GB), laying the first stone by Johanna Catherina Coops, eldest daughter of the mayor of Bandung, B. Coops and Petronella Roelofsen, representing the Governor-General in Batavia, JP Graaf van Limburg Stirum on July 27, 1920, is the result of a planning team consisting of Ir.J.Gerber, famous young architect graduate from the Faculty of Engineering Nederland Delft, Ir. Eh. De Roo and Ir. G. Hendriks and van Gemeente Bandoeng party, led by Col.. Ret. VL. Slors by involving 2000 workers, 150 people including sculptors, or a tombstone carver bongpay experts and wood carver of Chinese nationality who came from Konghu or Cantonese, assisted by masons, coolies stir and servers that come from residents Sekeloa Kampung, Kampung small hole Dago, Gandok and Cibarengkok village, which they had previously worked in shingles Gedong (Kampus ITB) and flat Gedong (Bandung City Hall).

During the period of 4 years in September 1924 it successfully completed the construction of the main building parents gouvernments Bedrijven, including the headquarters of the key PTT (post, telephones and telegraphs and library.)

State Gedung architecture is designed by the architect go. J. Gerber and his group are not independent of the master Dr.Hendrik entry Dutch architect Petrus Berlage, facing the Islands traditional architecture bernuansakan.

Many architects and building experts expressed Gedung Sate is a stunning elegant monumental buildings with unique architectural style which leads to the form of Indo-European architectural style, (Indo Europeeschen architectuur Stijl), so it is not impossible if the Borobudur Temple also add to the elegance of Gedung Sate.

Some opinions about big Sate Building including Cor Pashier and Jan Wittenberg two Dutch architect, who said "style of architecture is a style of architect Gedung Sate experimental results that lead to forms of Indo-European architectural style."

Some opinions on building a large SateIr. HPBerlage, during a visit to Gedung Sate, April 1923 stated, "Gedung Sate is a great architectural masterpiece, which managed to combine eastern and western styles in harmony". As with any style of Italian architecture in renaiscance mainly in the west wing building. While story tower in the middle of the building or Meru as pagoda roof. There is another opinion that says a lot of architects Indonesia Slamet Wirasonjaya grandeur as Gedung Sate, and Ir. Harnyoto Kunto. including Cor Pashier and Jan Wittenberg two Dutch architect, who said "Gedung Sate architectural style is a style of experimental results that lead architect on the form of Indo-European architectural style."

Ir. HPBerlage, during a visit to Gedung Sate, April 1923 stated, "Gedung Sate is a great architectural masterpiece, which managed to combine eastern and western styles in harmony". As with any style of Italian architecture in renaiscance mainly in the west wing building. While story tower in the middle of the building or Meru as pagoda roof. There is another opinion that says a lot of architects Indonesia Slamet Wirasonjaya grandeur as Gedung Sate, and Ir. Harnyoto Kunto.

Gedung Sate stands strong and up to now, can not be separated from materials and construction techniques used. Gedung Sate wall made of large stone pieces (1 × 1 × 2 m) taken from the hills surrounding rocks in the East and Mount Arcamanik Bandung Manglayang. Gedung Sate building construction using conventional professional manner with due regard to technical standards.

Gerber itself combines multiple streams of architecture into the design. For windows, Gerber takes the theme of Moorish Spain, while for buildings dalah Italian Renaissance. Especially for the tower, Gerber entered the flow of Asia, namely style roof Balinese temple or pagoda in Thailand. At its peak there is a "skewer" with 6 fruit skewers ornaments (other versions say pink water or jasmine), which represents 6 million guilders - the amount of fees that are used to build Gedung Sate.

Facade (front side) Gedung Sate very calculated. By following the north-south axis axis (which is also applied in Pakuan Building, which overlooks Mount Malabar in the south), Gedung Sate is not deliberately built facing Mount Tangkuban Perahu in the north.

In the course initially provided to the Department of Traffic and Public Works, even become the center of the Dutch East Indies after Batavia will not qualify as a center of government since its development, which is used by the Public Works Department. Dated December 3, 1945 there was an incident which claimed the lives of seven young men who defend Gedung Sate of Gurkha troops attack. To commemorate the seven young men, made stone monument that is placed behind the Sate House lawn. By order of the Minister of Public Works on December 3, 1970 The monument was moved to the front page of Gedung Sate.

State building since 1980, known as the Office of the Governor, because as the Centre of West Java provincial government, which previously held the Office of West Java province Mukti Kerta-Jalan Braga Bandung.

Governor workspace on the second floor along with workspace Vice Governor, Provincial Secretary, Assistant and the Bureau. Currently, the Governor is assisted by three Deputy Governor in charge of Administration, Economics and Development, and Social Welfare, a Regional Assistant Secretary and Assistant Four namely public administration, Administrative Assistant for Development, Social Welfare Assistant and Administrative Assistant.

But not all Governour's Assistant works at Gedung State. Welfare Social Assistant and administrative assistant with the staff occupied the new building.

In the East and West, there are two big rooms, which are reminiscent of the Ballroom (the Ballroom), that is often found in the building of the European Community. This number is often known as the West and East Hall rooms, often used in official business. In the second round of this room, rooms, which are located some of Bureau staff.

Perfection comes with these large State new building construction that took a bit of style architecture, but stylish work Gedung architect State contextual Ir.Sudibyo built in 1977 dedicated area Presidents and members of the Legislative Assembly of the province of West Java in the performance of their duties and obligations as the legislature.

Gedung Sate has become one of the attractions in the city of Bandung. Especially many of them strangers who accidentally visited because it has an emotional relationship and history in this building. Linking emotion and history will probably feel more complete if you climb a ladder at one time available for the tower Gedung Sate. There are 6 steps that must be passed by each of 10 steps that must be climbed.

The beauty of Gedung Sate is equipped with its surrounding gardens are well maintained, do not be surprised if the demand by city public park and tourists, both domestic and foreign. The beauty of this park is often used as a location bernuansakan family activities, music video filming locations both local artists and national artists, the location of family photos or photos of yourself and even photograph the bridal couple.

Especially on Sundays environment Sate House lawn into an option where the majority of the people to relax, just sit around enjoying the fresh air or light exercise Bandung. Comparing Gedung Sate with central government buildings (Parliament building) in many capitals does not seem excessive. This equation is all built in the middle of a green complex with a magnificent central tower. Especially in terms of location of buildings and landscapes are relatively similar to sate the White House in Washington, DC, USA. It can be said Gedung Sate is the "White House" of the city.

It is open for public or groups out of office hours. You also can meet the Governour and the Vice Governour for the tourist visit, as long as they have free time they will openly welcome you. So don't hesitate to come and visit it, and meet the history of Kota Bandung inside.

The History of Chinesse New Year Celebration

2011-02-03T23:38:00.002+07:00

Chinesse New Year in Hokkien means calendar month (lunar) or yinli in mandarin language. Lunar New Year in China is better known as Chunjie or celebration of spring, whose activities are often referred to as the activity of Guo Nian, "enters the new year ', which in Indonesia is better known as Konyen. In Indonesia, Chinese people celebrate the Lunar New Year as a celebration of the birth Kong Hu Chu, who was born in the year 551 BC (BCE) So, distinction with the lunar calendar Lunar year AD 551. The Lunar New Year celebration begins the first day of the first month (Chinese: 政月, pinyin: Zheng Yue) in Chinese callender and ends with Cap go Meh 十五冥元宵节 in date 15 (at the time of full moon).

History of the Lunar calendar starting with , the proponent is Huang Di or Yellow Emperor who ruled (2698-2598 BC), he i, n addition to the High King was also a Prophet and is now known as Mr. Science, because most of his time creating new inventions and world civilization started in those days.

Huang Di dating system works, and later adopted by the founder of the Xia Dynasty (2205-2197 BC) by Emperor called Da Yu, who also is one of the Prophet in the religion of Confucius, but when the office falls replaced Xia Shang Dynasty (1766-1122 BC), the calender system in Shang Shang Dynasty replaced by a system of dating. When the Shang Dynasty collapsed and was replaced by the Zhou Dynasty (1122-475 BC) dating system was also replaced by Zhou dating system. Since the Zhou Dynasty fell, and a time of war lasted about 254 years.

After that just starting the Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC) by Emperor Qin Shi Huang and penanggalannya system named changed again. So it can be said that in mainland China previously used 4 kinds of systems dating to the Qin Dynasty Xia Dynasty.

Chine people believe that Confucius who lived during the year (551-479 BC), lived in the Zhou Dynasty (1122-475 BC). At that time he saw the majority of the population live from agriculture, the Xia Dynasty, dating system is the best and most suitable, since the beginning of new year falls in early spring, so it can be used as guidance in agriculture.

Confucious suggested The State to return using calendar, Xia dynasty, however, wise counsel was ignored by the Government at that time. So the Prophet told the Holy Word XV: 11 rings. Xia dynasty " Be dating. " and the word was distributed by his disciples.

After the end of the Qin Dynasty, stand the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) by Emperor Han Wu Di (140-86 BC), exactly the year 104 BC, Xia calendar system was inaugurated as the calendar of State and remains in use today. To respect the Prophet Confucius, the determination of the calculation of his first year since the birth of Confucius and Confucianism was calculated defined as a state religion .

Legend of Fireworks, Barongsai and Lentern in Lunar Celebration

Chinesse Lentern

According to legend, long ago, Nian (年) is a man-eating giant from the mountains (or in many other stories, from beneath the sea), which appears in late winter to eat crops, livestock and even villages. To protect themselves they see themselves, the people put food on their doorstep early in the year.

It is believed that the Nian will eat food that has been prepared and they will not attack people or stealing livestock and crops. At one time, residents noticed that Nian fled in fear after meeting with small children dressed in red. Residents then believing that Nian was afraid would be the color red, so that every time a new year is coming, the villagers will hang red lanterns and scrolls Kerta in windows and doors. They also use fireworks to scare Nian. Nian habit then grows into the New Year celebration.

Guo Nian (Traditional Hanzi: 过年; Chinese: 过年), which means "welcome the new year", which literally means "drive out Nian". [1] [2] Since then, Nian never returned to the village. Nian was eventually arrested by 鸿钧老祖 or 鸿钧天尊 Laozu Hongjun, a Taoist priest and then became the vehicle Honjun Laozu Nian.Therefore, everyone should be able to resist bad weather, with a prayer and put the antidote in the form of red cloth, put fireworks and red dress.

Ready for Barongsai Attraction

Barongsai in Action

Keranjang Cake

Other property during the Chinesse New Year Celebration beside Fireworks and Lenterns is Keranjang Cake or Dodol Tutun (in Indonesia). Keranjang Cake alias lunkhead China became one of the menu should be available during the celebration of the Lunar New Year arrives. And, it turns out, sweet food made of glutinous rice flour and white sugar yet another meaning of the sublime. This cake called Nian Gao also got a basket-shaped container printing. Keranjang Cake began to be used as offerings to ancestor worship ceremony, six days before the Lunar New Year (Sie Jie Siang Ang), and peak at night Chinese New Year. As an offering, this cake is usually not eaten until Cap Go Meh (15th night after the Lunar New Year) arrived.

Keranjang Cake

The word Nian means "year" and Gao means "cake" which also means "high". Because of that cake baskets are often composed of high or rising. More to the decrease in the composition of this cake. Significant improvement in fortune or prosperity. In ancient times, a cake basket or higher indicates a lot of family welfare homeowners. Usually this cake are prepared to top with red bowl cake on top. It is a symbol of life sweet an increasingly uphill and blossom like a cup cake.

Trusted for this cake was originally conceived as a dish to please the gods furnace fun to bring the report to the King of heaven, Yu Huang Da Di. Furthermore, the spherical form means that families who celebrate Lunar New year is a continuation of a United, harmonious, and the unanimous determination in the face of the coming year.

In China there is a tendency for the Lunar to eat first before you eat rice cake baskets as one can always hope for good luck in his work throughout the year. In Indonesia alone, many cakes are produced in Bogor and Yogyakarta.

Angpao

Angpao itself is the Hokkien dialect, its literal meaning is a bundle / red envelopes. Since long, red color symbolizes the goodness and prosperity in Chinese culture. The red color shows the excitement, the spirit that will ultimately bring good fortune. Actually, the tradition of giving angpao itself is not the monopoly of the Chinese New Year, but in any event that symbolizes the joy such as weddings, birthdays, new house entrance and lain2, angpao also be found.

Angpao Envelope

Angpao for Imlek

Angpao on Chinese New Year has a special term that is "Yes Sui", meaning a gift given to children associated with age / turn of the year. In ancient times, these gifts are usually in the form of candy, candy and snacks. In the future, because of times, parents find it easier to give money and let children decide what gift they would buy.

The tradition of giving money as gifts Ya Sui appeared around the time of the Ming and Qing. In the literature on Ya Sui Qian children written that use the money to buy fireworks and sweets. This action also increases the velocity of money circulation and economic development in China at that time.

Angpao usually given an older family member with the young. In older people who are considered well established, it is reasonable to give angpau to their parents who are old. Therefore, angpao symbolizes love, from old to young, from a child who has managed to elderly parents. One more in the tradition of angpauo usually provide angpao compulsory for those who are married.

Chinesse New Year Celebration in Indonesia

In Indonesia, during 1965-1998, a celebration of Chinese new year is celebrated in public areas is prohibited. With the Presidential Decree No. 14 of 1967, the regime of President Suharto's New Order, prohibiting everything that smells like Chinese, including the Chinese new year.

Society of Chinese descent in Indonesia regain its freedom to celebrate Chinese new year in 2000, when President Abdurrahman Wahid repealed Executive Decree No. 14/1967. Then, run it with President Abdurrahman Wahid issued Presidential Decree No. 19/2001 of 9 April 2001, who opened the lunar new year, as additional leave (applies only to those celebrating it). New in 2002 (February 12, 2002), Lunar officially declared a national holiday of President Megawati Soekarno Putri.

Imlek 2011 - Rabbit Gold Glory

Chinese Astrology zodiac recognize 12 species iconya are animals with specific characteristics. This is the year 2011, gold bunny. Rabbit in Chinese mythology (Fengshui) is a symbol of longevity and is said Moon down. Rabbits also symbolizes elegance, decency, good advice, kindness and sensitivity to all forms of beauty. His words were soft, and the graceful but swift movements actually form the type of character needed for a successful diplomat or a skilled politician.

So this year is the year of Rabbit Gold friendly. However, I personally do not believe in things like this. Because in fact, began in Golden Rabbit, the middle eastern countries such as Tunisia, Egypt and possibly Indonesia are trouble by the problem.

Hopefully this year a lot gives a lot of changes and the glory of Indonesia, people are more advanced and prosperous as well as economic and political conditions are stable. Gong Xi Fa Cai... Good Luck to All Indonesian People...

Bau Nyale Festival (The Story Behind Traditional Heritage)

2011-02-02T23:58:00.000+07:00

If you ever been gone to Lombok Island, you must know what is Bau Nyale Festival. Nyale is a kind of sea worm (anelida) and only can be found in Southern of Lombok Island (Sekaroh, Awang Bay, Terasak, Belowam , Aan, Seger, Belongas, Mawun, Ebuak and Dundang). Nyale is categorized into kelabang worm for it small dotted feet resembling kelabang creature. But meaning of Bau Nyale in Sasak Language means can be lit. Bau Nyale Festival is a traditional festival that celebrate once in a year , where every people can joint it looks for Nyale .

People attend to the Festival look for Nyale

Nyale only exist in February - March at Seger, Kuta Beach, Central Lombok that is why the festival celebrate during that mounths. The worm sill come up when the moon, wind and tide are comming together. This warm can be eaten, sasaknesse usually collect it and cook it together when Nyale Season is come. worms will come out now from midnight until morning when the sea began to recede. colorful worms and will look like when exposed to light rays bouncing off the moon and worms.

Bau Nyale Festival are events and traditions of the legendary and has a high sacred value for Sasak tribe, the tribe native to the island of Lombok. The tribe descendents that celebrate this tradition include several village in East and Central Lombok.

Bau Nyale (Catching Nyale)

The existence of the party Nyale smell is closely related to a folklore that developed in the southern part of Central Lombok district, precisely at the community Pujut, a district that covers an area of Central Lombok district.

Seger Beach, Kec. Pujut, Central Lombok

Among the several places where people cathcing Nyale, Seger Beach is most well known places and flooded by many visitor especially those who are non Sasak (Iqa-Iku) tribe. Seger is located in the eastern part of Kuta bay, a very beautiful bay and an interesting side for recreation. The beautiful view of this beach is an unvaluable miracle for them. As tourist destionation in Central Lombok, Seger Beach not only highly potential for its costal beauty but it also complemented by the traditional ritual festival like Bau Nyale Festival.

Bau Nyale derived from those people based on the ancient mythology regarding Princess Mandalika. The mythology become the underlying phylosphy of sasak people.According to belief of Sasak People in Central Lombok This Festival is celebrated in the hope to neutralize the two opposing power of Princess Mandalika. In one side this character is believed to bring benevolence, prosperity, safety, fertility, plenty of crop and social compassion. On the other hand , especially when character is mad , she can be detrimenal to the need of local people. These two opposing power could be neutralized and become harmonya with the ritual celebration of Bau Nyale as people believe that nyale is the reincarnation of Princess Mandalika. Bau Nyale lies in the middle between the two oppposing power, therefore, it symbolyze balance and harmony.

Nyale Worm

She is the daughter of a king who ever reigned in the land of Lombok. Her fascinating beauty deeply attrack every viewer. Even many princes who have seen her fall in love with her. This myth is a folk tradition and transmitted orally from generation to generation. Socio-culturally , this myth is perceived not as a mere fiction, but rather as philosophical reality that deeply occupies the sub - conscious of the people and plays as a special role in the socio cultural practice.There are two version of Putri Mandalika myth.

First Version , Putri Mandalika is a daughter of King Raja Tonjeng Beru and the Queen Dewi Seruntung, who Rule the Sekar Kuning Kingdom in Eberu. Her beauty, charm, ability an talent in various profession widely known and fascinated many princes from different kingdom. Too many wedding proposals for Putri Mandalika prompt , the king fully authorized his daughter to select the best choice. The princess faced extreme dilemma. It took long enough time until the princess chose the best for her. Prompted by mysterious guidence , she decided to plunge herself into the sea. This is down with intention to give a fair treatment to all of them who wants her. She really wanted to cut her life despite her wish to live for several more decades to enjoy life that she never experiences. In time, she visited belangon , southern costal area in Terasak, Bumbang, where she wanted to announce her choice. She said that she cant choose a single prince out of many princes for her. She chose to reincarnated as nyale to make all people can enjoy herself. Suddenly, heavy raining, tide up and roaring thunderbolt simultaneously complement the people grieves to rescue the princess. On the stone there is still a form of woman sexual organ that is thought to derive from the body of the princess before plugging hersel down to the sea.

Second Version, the myth narrates about the princes who wants to make love with Putri Mandalika are requested to plunge themselves on the 20th of ten month. In the next year , on the said date , a massive number of Eberu people go to the sea to prove the princess promise. All they discovered is only a short of a nyale worm back and forth on the air, which is thought as the reincarnation of the princess.The people began to catch the nyale as much as they can. That is the origin of catching nyale that eventually develop as a tradition inherited from generation to generation until now. Lately this tradition is concected to a happy season going to the beach after plating rice or working on the rice field and farm, for teenagers' meeting and taking nyale as delicious food. This second version is the most popular tale until present time well known by the local people.

Catching Nyale has distinctive meaning. In a thankful celebration, after conclusion of catching nyale , all family members go to graveyard with food. The prupose is to visit the spirit of dead relatives and to conduct a ceremonial rendezvous of eating together. Before the ceremony of collective eating , they burn incense and sprinkle a pitcher of water three times over a given burial places from the head to the feet.

This short story is still remind in my mind. I really interest to the traditional culture in any place in Indonesia, but Lombok is the most interesting for me. I write it to you based on the knowledge I know from visiting Lombok Island. Hopefully we are conscious and loving Indonesian traditional culture and always intend to continue to pass them on to our descendants in a way that we can afford. And I try to do it by telling to all readers about The Indonesian Culture that I know.

Ketegaran Hati

2011-01-29T12:53:00.000+07:00

Pendar itu masih teronggok disana
Merah, nanar
Layaknya sebuah luka

Miris.. menggigit di dinginnya malam
Selalu hadir terasa ketika mata ingin terpejam

Kala buaian tak lagi mampu menampung pecahnya isak tangis
Kembali hadir
Di malam-malam sunyi kesendirianku

Selalu ingin kujalani ini
Tanpa penat tak berkesudahan terasa di hati
Tertatih.. menapaki jalan menuju senja hingga nanti

Biarlah nak,

ku tanggungkan beban itu sendiri

Biarlah aku dengan caraku

meski tertatih

Biarlah waktu yang akan mendidiku

Biarlah waktu yang bisa ajariku kebijaksanaan dalam hidup

Hingga saatnya nanti
Ku tau, aku masih punya cukup cinta
yang masih mampu menaungimu
dalam peluh kasih sayangku
kini, esok dan nanti....

Lampung, January 28, 2011

Dedicated to my beloved : Nasywa Khoirunnisa & M Syauqi Hafizh

Aku Tentang Cinta

2011-01-29T10:11:00.000+07:00

Jangan kau beri aku cinta mati,

Rindu setengah mati, dan sayang sepenuh hati

Berilah aku cinta, sayang dan rindu dengan cara yang sederhana

Sebagaimana yang kau lihat tampak pada keseharianku

Jangan kau beri aku cinta mati,

Rindu setengah mati, dan sayang sepenuh hati

Tapi berilah aku cinta, rindu dan sayang

yang tulus dari dasar hati

Karena ketulusan selalu akan mampu melampaui pusaran waktu

Tak akan pupus oleh indah dan gemerlapnya dunia

Jangan kau beri aku cinta mati,

Rindu setengah mati, dan sayang sepenuh hati

Berilah aku cinta , rindu dan sayang

yang mampu membawaku kepada kebaikan

Membawaku pada kedewasaan dan kebijaksanaan

Jangan kau beri aku cinta mati,

Rindu setengah mati, dan sayang sepenuh hati

Tapi berilah aku sekedar cinta, rindu dan sayang yang paling bersahaja

Karena itulah aku apa adanya

yang selalu berusaha mencintaimu dalam kebersahajaan

Apa adanya

Itulah caraku mencintaimu

dengan kesederhanaan dan kebersahajaan

karena sesungguhnya itulah yang melekat pada diriku,

dan hanya dengan caraku mencintaimu..

Aku Bicara Perihal Cinta

2011-01-27T11:19:00.000+07:00

Apabila cinta memberi isyarat kepadaku, ikutilah dia

Walau jalannya sukar dan curam

Dan apabila sayapnya memelukmu menyerahlah kepadanya

Walau pedang tersembunyi diantara ujung-ujung sayapnya bisa melukaimu

Dan kalau dia berbicara kepadamu, percayalah kepadanya

Walau suaranya mampu membuyarkan mimpi-mimpimu bagai angin utara

mengobrak abrik taman

Karena sebagaimana cinta memahkotaimu demikian pula dia akan menyalibmu

Sebagaimana dia ada di pertumbuhanmu

Demikian ia ada untuk memangkasmu

Dia menebah engkau hingga engkau telanjang

Dia mengetam engkau demi membebaskan engkau dari kulit arimu

Dia menggosok gosokkan engkau hingga putih bersih

Dia meremas engkau hingga menjadi liar

Dan dia mengangkat engkau ke api sucinya

Sehingga engkau bisa menjadi roti suci untuk pesta kudus Tuhan

Dan apabila dalam ketakutanmu kau hanya akan mencari kedamaian dan kenikmatan cinta

Maka lebih baiklah bagimu kalau kau tutupi ketelanjanganmu dan menyingkir dari lantai lantai penebah cinta

Memasuki dunia tanpa musim tempat kau dapat tertawa, dan menangis

tapi tak sehabis semua air matamu

Cinta tak memberikan apa apa kecuali dirinya sendiri dan tiada mengambil apapun kecuali dari dirinya sendiri.

Cinta tiada memiliki, pun tiada ingin dimiliki

Karena cinta telah cukup bagi cinta

Apabila kau mencintai kau tak akan berkata "Tuhan ada di dalam hatiku"

tetapi sebaliknya "aku berada di dalam hati Tuhan"

Apabila dia menilaimu dengan pantas, mengarahkan jalanmu

Cinta tak menginginkan yang lain kecuali memenuhi dirinya

Namun apabila kau mencintai dan terpaksa memiliki berbagai keinginan

biarlah ia menjadi aneka keinginanmu

Meluluhkan diri dan mengalir bagaikan kali

yang menyanyikan melodinya bagai sang malam

Mengenali penderitaan dan dan kelembutannya yang begitu jauh

Merasa dilukai akibat pemanahanmu sendiri tenung cinta;

Dan meneteskan darah dengan ikhlas dan gembira

Terjaga di kala fajar, dengan hati seringan awan dan mensyukuri hari haru penuh cahaya awan

Istirah di kala siang dan merenungkan kegembiraan cinta yang meluap luap

Kembali kerumah kala senja dengan rasa syukur

Dan lalu tertidur dengan penuh doa kasih di dalam hatimu dan sebuah gita puji pada bibirmu

Optimization of Policy and Waste Management Strategy with Environtmentally Conception

2011-01-26T11:57:00.000+07:00

Nowdays we are often confronted with various issues surrounding the environment that directly or indirectly will influence and implications on the pattern and way of life of modern society today. One environmental issue that is often in the public spotlight today about a less than optimal government and other stakeholders in implementing any policies and strategies relating to the management and environmentally sound waste management in this country.

This paradigm is realized currently associated with the handling of waste is still limited to conventional waste management put in place open to the left to rot by itself. Although it has been cultivated that the landfill is concentrated in one particular area with sanitary landfill method. But in reality the problem is still not un-end garbage, trash is still a source of air pollution because of the smell, and water pollution due to lindinya handling of water (leachate) is less good that seeps into the various places that are not supposed to, and has caused outbreaks of disease and as well as one of the causes of flooding. This is one of the problems caused when dealing lately and not systematic.

TPA Piyungan, Bantul Jogjakarta
Foto by Zahirul Alwan

from :http://zahirulalwanphotography.blogspot.com

UU No. 18 year 2008 about waste management and a clear mandate to the government of any other related parties who will be proactive and more responsive to the problems of waste management with strategic policies and participatory for the community. However, the reality of what happens when it shows the contradiction between the actions taken by the government with a passion that is contained in Law no. 18 year 2008, is an indication of low awareness of government officials and other stakeholders to play a role in the handling of waste in an effort to achieve good environmental quality and environmentally friendly, no effective legal instrument in guiding people's behavior patterns to coordinate with the government in the handling of waste, as well as decline in the quality of end disposal management (TPA), which is marked by changes in landfill management system of the sanitary landfill to be open dumping. Government and stakeholders in this regard is expected to synergize and optimize the return policy and waste management strategy to be a stimulus for the community in developing environmentally friendly behavior patterns, in the sense that every action taken by the government and society is always based on the principles of maintenance and environmental protection.

Optimality build waste management policies and strategies

Based on the above descriptions indicate the level of complexity of the problems faced by governments, stakeholders, and society in dealing explicitly garbage lies in the application of the paradigm that is no longer associated accommodative and responsive handling of waste and implementation (enforcement) is not maximized with regulations concerning the handling of waste. In this case there should be a strong commitment and innovation in a creative, innovative of all parties to optimize the set of rules regarding the handling and environmentally sound waste pembagunan and change the paradigm that is unaware membagun relavansi in the context of government, stakeholders, and society in facing the problem of garbage in this country.

There are some general principles that can be used as a basis in order to optimize waste management policy and the development of a healthy environment as described below:

Based on the ilustration above can be explained that the basis of seven principal in order to optimize every government policy in terms of waste can be realized optimally capable berharmonisasi and integrated together with each other. Conceptual scheme above shows that the basic policy of garbage and Participation Pro-Poor Total can open as wide as possible the role and participation of the community, especially those living below the poverty line through a more responsive service that will create a climate of public awareness as a whole (comprehensive). This certainly must be supported by the Pro form the policy environment in which every process of making and policy implementation should not be separated from their impact on the environment so as to create policies that can maintain a balance between the need for implementation of waste management and environmental capacity. Furthermore basis based on the concept of regionalization whereby each region to help build a pattern of strategic cooperation between the sector by formulating mekainisme waste management and integrated development.

Next is the effort to reform human resources and government officials associated with the management and waste pembagunan embodied in the concept of good corporate governance and the Real Demand Survey that requires the optimization of pemeritnah apparatus in applying the principles of good entrepreneurship and the principle of cost recovery in implementation and development of waste and ceoat response in terms of identifying the problem of waste based on the real needs of the field. The whole concept is, of course, will memeberikan fairness, certainty, and the benefits to all parties if it is supported by the Law Enforcement consistent and credible in maintenance problems and development of waste in this country.

Some strategic steps in optimize policy and change management paradigm and pembagunan waste can be done through the following steps:

Revitalizing the concept of decentralization as a means of waste disposal service approach to the implementation of public services by reducing waste as much as possible starting from the source and megedepankan role and active participation of all community members as partners in waste management.
Elaborated a strategic partnership with the private sector through the simplification of bureaucracy for private parties who are interested to invest in waste management.
Improve coaching and intensive public awareness and sustainable (sustainable) will try 5R (reduce, reuse, recycling, recovery, change) associated with the management and development of waste and develop and implement a system of incentives and disincentives in the implementation of 5R.
Improved service coverage and quality management systems to maximize the utilization of solid waste facilities and infrastructure.
Institutional development, regulation and legislation by upgrading the status and capacity of the institutions of governance, productivity, solid waste management Institute that delimit the functions/offices of regulators and operators, as well as to encourage the implementation of surveillance systems and the consistent application of legal sanctions in order to develop officials, communities and other stakeholders.

The consequence of applying the principles of policy and strategy in a program that is consistent, integrated and comprehensive will give positive pegaruh to the role and performance of government, stakeholders, and communities in overcoming the various problems associated with waste management today. With the concept and mechanism are expected to be a catalyst for every component of society to maximize its role in maintaining and preserving the environment through the management and development of environmentally sound waste.

Puisi Cinta Chapter III

2011-01-26T11:30:00.001+07:00

Apabila kilat cinta telah menyambar hati yang ini

Ketahuilah ada cinta dalam hati yang lain

Apabila cinta Allah bertambah besar dalam hatimu
Pastilah Allah menaruh cinta atasmu

Kebijaksanaan Illahi adalah taqdir

Yang membuat kita cinta satu sama lain

Karena taqdir itu, setiap bagian dunia ini
Dipertemukan dengan jodohnya.

Dalam pandangan orang bijak :

Langit adalah laki-laki dan bumi adalah wanita

Bumi memupuk apa yang telah dijatuhkan oleh langit.
Apabila bumi kekurangan panas, maka langit mengirimkannya
Apabila ia kekurangan kesegaran dan embun, langit memperbaharuinya
Tanpa bumi bagaimana bunga dan pohon bisa mulai berkembang

Kalau begitu apa yang dihasilkan oleh air dan kehangatan langit

Sebagaimana Allah memberikan keinginan kepada laki-laki dan wanita sampai akhir

Sehingga dunia akan terpelihara oleh kesatuan mereka.

Puisi Cinta Chapter II

2011-01-23T02:14:00.000+07:00

Aku ingin mencintaimu dengan sederhana,

Seperti kata yang tak sempat

Diucapkan kayu kepada api,

Yang menjadikannya abu..

Aku ingin mencintaimu dengan sederhana,

Seperti isyarat yang tak sempat

Dikirimkan awan kepada hujan,

Yang menjadikannya tiada

PUISI CINTA chapter I

2011-01-23T02:01:00.001+07:00

CINTA yang AGUNG
Adalah ketika kamu menitikkan air mata
dan MASIH peduli terhadapnya..
Adalah ketika dia tidak mempedulikanmu dan kamu MASIH
menunggunya dengan setia..
Adalah ketika dia mulai mencintai orang lain
dan kamu MASIH bisa tersenyum sembari berkata ‘Aku
turut berbahagia untukmu’

Apabila cinta tidak berhasil…BEBASKAN dirimu…
Biarkan hatimu kembali melebarkan sayapnya
dan terbang ke alam bebas LAGI ..
Ingatlah…bahwa kamu mungkin menemukan cinta dan
kehilangannya..
tapi..ketika cinta itu mati..kamu TIDAK perlu mati
bersamanya…

Orang terkuat BUKAN mereka yang selalu
menang..MELAINKAN mereka yang tetap tegar ketika
mereka jatuh

Hydrologic Cycle and Floods Theory

2011-01-23T01:37:00.001+07:00

Hydrologic cycle water circulation, which never stops from the atmosphere to the Earth and back into the atmosphere by condensation, precipitation, evaporation and transpiration.

The hydrologic cycle is a phenomenon that occurs primarily in the atmosphere and is managed by the heat from the Sun, which evaporates water from the oceans and land surface. A pair of water rises in the atmosphere, then go with the flow of air. On the road with airflow, some condensation of water vapour is then experience rainfall or snow and get back into the ocean or land.

Precipitation that falls to the ground to flow into the river, soak into the soil, or evaporates back into the air to move back in cycles. Most of the water in the soil are absorbed by plants, and then return the water to the atmosphere through the leaves with the transpiration process. Snow can remain in soil for a season or two and may take longer to melt and flow of water leaving the snow.

The Ocean by solar water heating is the key process in the hydrological cycle can be run continuously. Water will evaporate, then they fall in the form of precipitation in the form of rain, snow, hail, sleet and snow (hail), light rain or fog.

Hydrology Cycle

On the way to land some rainfall can evaporate back up or down, which is then intercepted the plant before it reaches the Earth. After reaching the Earth's hydrologic cycle continues to move continuously in three different ways:

Evaporation/transpiration of water from the sea, on land, in rivers, plants, etc. then evaporate into the air (atmosphere), and a cloud. In a saturated water vapour state (cloud) will go to the spots, which in turn decreases the water (precipitation) as rain, snow and ice.

Infiltration / percolation into the soil - water moves into the soil through cracks and pores of soil and rock into groundwater. Water can move due to capillary action or water can move vertically or horizontally below the soil surface until the water re-entering the surface water system.

Surface Water - Water moving across the ground surface close to main stream and lake; more sloping land and fewer and fewer of the pores of the soil, the greater the surface flow. The flow of the soil surface can be seen usually in urban areas. The rivers join each other and form a major river that carries all the water surface around the watershed to the sea.

Surface waters, either flowing or stagnation (Lakes, reservoirs, wetlands) and partly under the water surface will be collected and thread forming rivers and ended in the sea. Process water traveling inland in the hydrological cycle components that make up the watershed system (DAS). The amount of water on Earth as a whole is relatively fixed, change the shape and location.

As can be seen from the picture and a brief explanation of the hydrologic cycle over, catch basin precipitation is the output of the joint action of all these processes. Runoff appears on a very complex system after crossing through several stages of rainfall storage and transfer. increase the complexity of this with regional diversity of vegetation, geological formations, soil conditions and in addition also the time diversity-diversity climate factors.

Precipitation in all its forms (snow, hail, rain, etc.), fell into the vegetation, bare rock, surface soil, surface water and river channel (channel deposition). Water that falls on vegetation can be stopped (which later berevaporasi and / or achieve the same ground with drip and stem flow) during the time of or immediately fell on the ground (water penetration through the fall =) especially in terms of rainfall with high intensity and length. berevaporasi during the trip from the atmosphere and partly on the ground Most precipitation. Most of the wet rainfall infiltration into the soil surface and move down as percolation into the zone (zone) below the ground saturated. This water slowly moves through the aquifer into the river channel. Some of the moving water seeping into the bottom of the river without reaching the soil as subsurface flow. Infiltration of water also gives life to vegetation soil moisture. Some of the moisture captured by vegetation and leaf transpiration lasted from stomata.

After the first deposition of wet and infiltrate into the soil surface, a thin membrane formed on the surface of water called the detention of surface soil (water layer). Furthermore, the detention of the surface becomes thicker (deeper) and the flow of water began in the form of laminar. With increasing flow velocity, water flow becomes turbulent (rapids). Water flow is called runoff. During the journey toward the bottom of the river, part of the surface flow is stored on the surface of depression and depression is called backup. Finally, the flow reaches the surface of the river channel and river discharge increases.

The flow of the river evaporate directly into the atmosphere or flowing back into the sea . Then, this water appear on the surface of the earth as rain. As can be seen from the picture and a brief explanation of the hydrologic cycle over, catch basin precipitation is the output of the joint action of all these processes. Runoff appears on a very complex system after crossing through several stages of rainfall storage and transfer. increase the complexity of this with regional diversity of vegetation, geological formations, soil conditions and in addition also the time diversity of climate factors.

Hydrologic cycle disorder caused by floods and drought because rain water tincture in ground water surface should be .The burden that must be accepted or downstream river channel becomes larger. The disorder can be viewed on the characteristics of river flow fluctuations that have a large enough.

During the rainy season the river water discharge is very large even too large, but the level of dry season river water flow is very small even completely dry. Ideally fluctuations in river flow is not too big or nearly uniform. Flow of water in the River during the dry season comes from the water in the soil, which came out of the spring. " the greatest contribution in dry river flow season in fact since the spring. Flooding allegedly caused by falls or river channel capacity due to sedimentation processes, waste disposal or structures that impede water flow.

Floods that occurred in the rainy season, because most of the rainwater that falls to the ground running as a "water larian" is wasted into the sea. The advantages that cause a decrease in water soak into the ground which means that the water stored in the soil will also decrease. Although the water savings that contribute to water flow in springs and rivers in the dry season.

Floods and droughts which frequently occur almost every year, especially in Central Java, has demonstrated the existence of environmental damage on a large scale. Flood and oysters along with the pollution in some parts of the river is a picture of the water crisis that is being and will be facing in the future. Efforts to overcome the problem of flooding and drought are increasing the amount of water infiltration into the ground, among others, could do with a forest preserve and inhibit the rate of "surface water" through absorption wells.

Before entering the channel , Rain will be run into recharge well in order to the opportunity for water to seep into the soil increase.

According to the hydrological cycle, water content in the earth is still and continues to travel the earth in the form of cycles. Although the hydrologic cycle continues, but the circulation of this water is not evenly distributed (influenced by time). Floods caused by the interruption of water circulation in the form of excessive water circulation. If there are more circulation (floods), it must be held flood control efforts to reduce their impact on society. Hydrological analysis of flood problem is one method that is widely used in analyzing the flood. Hydrological analysis methods used are: comparison discharge hydrographs, flood search, rational methods, empirical methods, statistical methods, and mathematical models.

First Year Being Blogger

2011-01-09T17:44:00.000+07:00

It started last year, when I thought I really need a place for spread out the things that I want, writing the idea, express the totally me. I never expect people want to pass by, never thought they will leave a note, a comment or an attention to what I wrote, but more things I just want to fill it with the idea that originally comes from my head.

And it is a year now, since this space of mine was created. Still there is no special things I wrote in the first year. But it is more than enough for me. At least I got what I really want since years.

I have a wish in the next time , I really want that what I wrote will inspire , add more knowledge and take many advantages as readers can from reading my blog. That is a little simple hope and expectation from me trough the simple way...

Hopefully...

End Of Year Reflection

2011-01-01T00:23:00.002+07:00

Life is always not a simple things for anyone of us. But what of that? Because in our life, we no need people to make you feel inferior without your concern. Being a master to your own life, even it is not so simple as we say it trough our tounge.

In this life, I learn how important we recognize ourself. That is become a starting point to explore what we like to do or we don't. We have to learn how to be our own best friends , that is the correct words. Knowing ourself furhter , because if we dont, we will fall too easily in to the trap of being our own worst enemies.

Self Confidence, we need as an inside power that most of powerful strength for us to keep alive against the difficulties. If you have no confidence in self, you are twice defeated in the race of life. With confidence, you have won even before you have started.

Love what we have. Even it is a dissability, unbeauty, and other things that make people frowned while discovered our lack. Properly unfitness provide a valuable lesson in our lives. That perfection only own by the creator of the world. But often times we did the contrary things. We never like stay in the border, own flecklessness, shortcoming, poor or even ugly. We are really so human and controlled by our hormon that always feel hungry of glory, happiness, easiness.

Sometimes, desire and strong longing have blinded our heart. Always feel hunger for ambition. But if at the moment we want to follow it, it open our eyes if this is kind of never ending road. Like The Game , we will continue to rase chasing false dream.

I meet all above case in life. I know I still can do much in this life, but at least knowing that reaching the upon stars need sacrifation in life. Following the proccess. And believe that every step we make create by the drops of our sweat and tears . What a wonderful life, God, Alloh SWT builds a way for every dreams that should be reached.

Be thankfull for every bless, difficulties, problems and the collour of our life. It is really not bad being a mother, a worker, a citizen in the same time. Just like the flow of the rivers, follow every scence that runs in the life.

2010 is already left behind. Prepare ourselve for the resolution of the new year. Doing The Best at every moment that will be passed is a great expectation in my heart. Being better person each day is a simple little thing that need sincere intention.

Good bye 2010, and Welcome 2011. May Alloh SWT always bless me the easy way in reaching the dream that has not been able to achieved in past time. Hopefully...

The Moment I Step My Feeth in Singapore

2010-11-27T11:07:00.004+07:00

Travelling is one of my hobby. And writting my story after meet new experience also some pleasure for me. This time I wanna share to all readers about my experience while I got chance to visit Singapore.

There are two ways to reach Singapore from Lampung. First, enter Singapore by Changi Airport and Second way is reach trough Batam. If I choose the first trip then I have to take the flight to Jakarta first by local airline and continue International Flight to Singapore. In Jakarta as you know that we have to meet imigration process such as apply for free fiscal (by showing our tax card . read : NPWP card) and passpor before we are allowed to board. The easier is on the second way, because by Batavia Air we could meet the direct flight to Batam, then we have to move from Hang Nadim Airport, Batam to some port like Hourbour Bay in Batam to continue the trip by Ferry to Harbourfront in Singapore.

Harbourfront Centre, Singapore

Harbourfront, Singapore

Changi Airport

Immigration Service at Changi

Many hostels, hotel, apartment rental you may find in Singapore. It depends on your itinerary. For those who like backpacker travelling , usually they use hostel to stay. Hostel rate could only charge from S$17,depend on the fasility they serve.

Transportation technology advances can also be seen in this country. Mass transport become the main mode that is used almost the whole of the people there. Various modes of public transport is provided to facilitate tourist enjoying their country. They offer taxis, buses, a modern fast train: MRT (Mass Rapid Transit).

Contactless Smart Card for Entering MRT

Card Reader while entering the Bus

at Ticket Counter , Dhoby Ghout MRT Station

If you want to go alone, without the guidance, you can do it safely in Singapore. Every bus stop insert the bus route and MRT route/station.So it is easy to reach our destination without lossing time to ask people.

Marina Bay

The first tourism place I visit is Marina Bay, The favourite place of Indonesian while they visit Singapore , where Merlion Statue lies there. As an integrated resort zone must equip themselves with various interesting entertainment MBS. Watch the Lion King musical offerings from Walt Disney. Is the first in the South-East Asia, will open in the Marina Bay Sands ® Theatre in October 2010. There is also a museum building with unique architecture and futuristic. There will be plenty of international exhibitions of art in a place where world-class exhibitions exhibitions will be held in the Museum.

Near Merlion, around Marina Bay

Marina Bay is a region in the south of Singapore, on the east side of the mouth of the Singapore River, next to an artificial bay created by land reclamation. Now proud as a large conference center, several hotels and major retail and office areas. Suntec City is interesting buildings in Marina Bay as a building designed to look like a human hand with fingers and thumbs are visible from the ground. Tower has 4 long (finger) and 1 short (thumb) by spinning and a big fountain in the middle (the palm of the hand).

Little India

My favourite place runs to Little India. Little India is an ethnic neighborhood has been found in Singapore That element of Tamil culture. Little India is located on the east side of Singapore River, across from Chinatown, located west of the river, and north of Kampong Glam. Both areas are part of the urban planning area Rochor. Little India is different from Chulia Kampong area, which, under the Raffles Plan of Singapore, the beginning is a division of Singapore's colonial Nowhere Is Tamil immigrants under the British policy of ethnic segregation. However, as Chulia Kampong Become more Winners and competition for land increases, many ethnic Tamil Moved into what is now known as Little India. (Chulia Kampong District no longer exists as a distinct area.) You may also find the cheap hostel for backpacker in this area.

Deepavali Celebration

During Deepavali (usually between Oct / Nov), the Indian Festival of Lights, Little India turned into a fairyland full of festive decorations, and the streets are brightly lit crowded with shoppers. Witness also the faith of the Hindu ritual of Thaipusam as a full-color, every January / February. Temples were full of the colors side by side in peace with the churches and mosques, parrot fortune teller to open his stall at the junkman, and the aroma of spices coming from restaurant and home eating. Do not leave Little India without a temporary Henna tattoo or try "Teh Tarik", namely a hand pulled cup of tea .

Flowers and Sweet for Deepavali

Mustafa Shopping Centre also lies in Little India. This place also known as Mustafa Singapore to many tourists, is not only the best known shopping centre in Singapore's Little India but also with tourists from Inida, Middle East and Africa.Mustafa Center is one of the first shopping center to open 24 hours a day. Mustafa Centre has a certain allure given its history, especially its rags to riches story. It had its earliest origins as a humble pavement garment stall, which was run by its current CEO Mr. Mushtaq Ahmed at a tender age of 12, whose family migrated from a village in North India many years ago. Over the years, this pavement stall grew in size and profits so much so that today it is one of Singapore’s top dollar tourist and shopping attractions.

National Museum of Singapore

The next visiting is National Museum of Singapore. If you want to know the history of a country just visit their national museum where it told the history of the country. National Museums such as the Crown Jewel of the Architecture Museum in Singapore. It was built in 1887, the building of neoclassical style rises majestically in the heart of the city as the largest museum in the country. This museum is a repository of 11 national Singapore heritage, including the stone, which is believed to come from 13 century. In addition to functioning as a gallery of the Museum is also a remarkable history, such as the analysis of various stories of children from different regions of Asia, including Indonesia, puppet, food and film.

National Museum of Singapore

Museum at Night

China Town

Do not miss this cultural heritage while you visit Singapore. Chinatown in Singapore is the ideal place to see the culture of china .In this place you can enjoy a combination of many cultural heritage, convenience stores and a wide variety of products that can make you satisfied and happy .

The heart of Chinatown is a crowded place, a vibrant blend of new and old, ranging from gold shops, drug store family business, until the fabric store, to restaurants Dimsum. In addition, the street food that you can find there. Unique hotel to stay lies there.The Scarlet also available is one of the unique hotel located on Erskine Road.

Visit the Centre of Chinatown Heritage, which is impressive to meet the impressive histroy of the culture of this area. Located in three shophouses restored in Pagoda Streetvbeautifully, you can learn from social history and the development of Chinatown on pictures, recording oral interviews and exposures, which allows you to walk the path that has been done to commemorate Chinese immigrants at the beginning of Singapore.

There is also an important religious sites in this area, and maybe you will be surprised of the Hindu temple and shrine. Sri Mariamman Temple Both Temple mosque Jamae mosque towards the South Bridge Road is the oldest place of worship in Singapore. A little further, you can find the Buddha Temple of the tooth of the Buddha (Temple of the tooth of the Buddha), which is famous for it's awesome to preserve tooth of the Buddha.

Food Stall around Chinatown


The Crowd in Chinatown

Arab Street

I really feel the moslem environment at Arab Street. Arab Street was a spine for transportation in the "Arab Kampong" or "Muslim Quarter" drawn up in Sir Stamford Raffles' Town Plan of 1822. By 1824, Arab Street was laid. The area saw residents who were Malays or other Muslims comprising Arabs, Indians, Bugis, Boyanese and Javanese. Arab Street served as the "town centre" and became the main shopping street and trading centre of activities in this Muslim quarter. Several fires have gutted Arab Street since the early days, and a great fire of 14 January 1889, caused much damage.

Arab Street Mosque

Arab Street today is still a key Muslim centre in Singapore. All walks of life gather here to savour the culture, colour and cuisine. Many of Singapore's "first generation" shophouses of squat two-storey buildings, with one or two windows on the upper floor facade, are found here on Arab Street. Each block of these shophouses are 135 m (35 shophouses) long and 8 m deep. Here amidst the heady smells of Arab Street, were import-export businesses, wholesale and retail textile merchants, all catering to the needs of the various ethnic Muslim communities settled here although it became popular with other Singaporeans and even foreigners. Today, the shops sell jewellery, sweet perfumes, carpets, curio, rattan and other basketware, preserved food and other delicacies; spices, flower-shops, Muslim restaurants, and money-changers too. Travel agents here specialise in the travel needs of Muslim pilgrims heading for Mecca.

On 7 July 1989, Kampong Glam was gazetted a conservation area by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA). Arab Street comes under this conservation area. In 1993/1994 the Arab Street/Baghdad Street/Bussorah Street area came under the URA's conservation pilot project.

@Warung Jawa Timur, Plaza Singapura

Three days will never be enough to explore the Singapore. But knowing this place only in three days , really feel there is one thing that really inspires me. The regularity of the State-owned, Good Governance has created regularity and compliance with applicable regulations. Every person obey and recognize when they violate the rules will get punishment. And, more to impress the lives of various ethnic groups coexist peacefully as we know that ethnicity in Singapore consists of Arabic Chinese, Malay, Indian, and other ethnicity. And every ethnic peculiarities themselves, but they can live in an orderly and peaceful. What needs to be replicated when Indonesia has begun to fade with these values.

Hopefully within the next time our beloved country Indonesia will be the best country. With regularity, unity and friendliness that is almost extinct due to a shift in time. Hopefully, if all of us intend to build this country with fields and respective capabilities. Indonesia will never be less attractive country among The whole Southeast Asian countries.

When I desire to write

2010-11-26T19:07:00.000+07:00

The time passed so quickly. Seem I leave my little world for a century. The World that give me so much space, freedom and honesty to put all from my brain. I really miss the moment. I feel the spirit anytime I start to write.

This little room let me express anything. Not necesarilly limited by space and time. What I can see very clearly. About my life, about the happiness I found, about the sorrow that I always it will end sooner about anything I want to write.

What I call as soul finer. The place where I can honed intuition that I never revealed to others. At the time I feel that this is the place I belong. Yelling what I could shout and tell the honesty when others dont wanna listen. I could whisper to the things that people think it is very unreal.

Yes, I love writting. Write anything if people said it's just a trash. I love my world. The smallest space in the world.

This is my home. Where there is my love life, the moment I feel ups and down. The place that only recognize me as the host. And I always miss the moment when I can express the idea and the imagination I have inside my head.

Great Khafilah Ummar bin Khattab and His Role Model Stories

2010-10-16T09:07:00.003+07:00

Full name Umar bin Abdul Uzza bin Nafiel, born in Mecca, the Banu Adi, one of the family of Quraish tribe. His father named Khaththab bin Nufail Al Shimh Al Quraisyi and his mother Hantamah binti Hashim.

Omar was a nickname given by Muhammad, Al-Faruq, which means people who can distinguish between truth and false. Umar's family-owned middle-class family, he could read and write at the time was something rare. Umar, also known as a strong physical where he was a champion wrestler in Mecca.

Before embracing Islam, as is the tradition of mecca stupid at the time, Omar buried her daughter alive. As he says himself, "I cried when digging the grave for my daughter He developed. And then comb the beard". Drunkenness is also common among the Quraysh. Some accounts say that the pre-Islam, Umar liked to drink wine. After becoming a Muslim, he's not happy.

When the invitation to Islam was declared by the Prophet Muhammad, Umar took up positions to defend the traditional religion of the Quraysh (idol worship). At that time Omar was one of a very loud message of Islam and its adherents are often tortured. It is said that at one point, Umar decided to kill Muhammad. When searching, he met a Muslim (Nu'aim bin Abdullah), who later told me that her sister also had embraced Islam. Umar was shocked upon notification and return to his home. In Omar's house to find that his sister read the verses of the Holy Qur'an (Thoha letter), he became angry about it and hit his brother. When he saw his brother bled by the blows he became a darling, and then requested that the reading is can he seen. He then became very shocked by the contents of the Qur'an and then immediately embraced Islam on the same day
.

Omar was the one who took part in the event migrated to Yathrib (Madinah) in 622 AD. He was involved in the battle of Badr, Uhud, Khaybar, and the attack on Syria. He is one very close friend of the Prophet Muhammad SAW In the year 625, his daughter (Hafsah) married to the Prophet Muhammad.

Umar and The Death of Prophet Muhammad

After the pain within a few weeks, the Prophet Muhammad died on Monday, June 8 632 (12 Rabi `Early, 10 Hijri), in Medina. Funeral preparations inhibited by Umar who forbade anyone bathing or preparing her body for burial. He asserted that the Prophet did not die but not in the gross body, and will be back any time. (Hayatu Muhammad, M Husain Haikal) Abu Bakr who happened to be outside the Medina, to hear the news and then hurried back. Omar was arrested, he found a Muslim and then say. "Gentlemen! If anyone wants to worship Muhammad, Muhammad is dead, but anyone want to worship God, God is always alive never die .." Abu Bakr then recited the verses from the Qur'an:

"Muhammad is a messenger, had passed before some of the apostles What if he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heels (as disbelievers).? Those who returned, then he can not bring harm to Allah at all, and God will reward those who grateful "(Surah Ali Imran ayah 144) .

Umar then gave up and let the burial preparations undertaken.

Being Khalifah

During the reign of Umar, the rule of Islam is growing very rapidly. Islam took over Mesopotamia and Persia from the hands of some Persian Sassanid dynasty (which ended the Sassanid empire) and took over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium).
History records many great battle that became the beginning of this conquest. In the battle of Yarmuk, which took place near Damascus in 636, 20 thousand Muslim troops defeated the Roman troops who reached 70 thousand and an end to Roman rule in southern Asia Minor.

Other Islamic forces in small amounts to get the victory over Persian forces in greater numbers in the battle Qadisiyyah (636 th), near the river Euphrates. In that battle, namely the Islamic army generals Sa `ad ibn Abi Waqqas defeated Sassanid troops and managed to kill the famous Persian general, Rustam Farrukhzad.

In the year 637, after a long siege of Jerusalem, the Muslims finally take over the city. Omar is given a key to enter the city by the pastor Sophronius and invited to pray at the church (Church of the Holy Sepulchre). Umar chose to worship elsewhere so as not to endanger the church. 55 years later, the Mosque of Omar to establish where he prayed.

Omar did a lot of administrative reform and the control of the close of public policy, including building an administrative system for the newly conquered areas. He also ordered the convening of the census throughout the Islamic region. Year 638, he was ordered to expand and renovate the Grand Mosque in Makkah and Prophet Mosque in Medina. He also began the process of codification of Islamic law.

Omar is known from simple lifestyle, rather than adopting the lifestyle and appearance of the rulers at that time, he remained very simple life. In about the year to 17 Hijri, in the fourth year kekhalifahannya, Omar decided that the Islamic calendar should begin to be calculated when the show moved.

The Death of Ummar bin Khattab

Umar ibn Khattab was killed by Abu Lukluk (Fairuz), a slave at the time he will lead the Fajr prayer. Fairuz is one citizen who converted to Islam after the conquest of Persia Persian Omar. The murder was allegedly a personal vendetta against the background of Abu Lukluk (Fairuz) against Omar. Fairuz felt hurt over the defeat of Persia, who was then state Digdaya, by Umar. This incident occurred on Wednesday, 25 Dhu al-Hijjah 23 H/644 AD After his death the position held by the caliph Uthman ibn Affan in. Omar is still alive for Omar left a will that is:

If you find a spot to someone and you want rebuked him, rebuked yourself. Because your word more of it.
If you are against somebody, then against your stomach first. Since there is no more dangerous enemy to you than the stomach.
If you want to praise someone, thank God Almighty. Because no one is more than giving you a more polite and tender to you but to God Almighty.
If you want to leave something to leave the joys of the world. Because if you leave it, then you are worthy of praise.
When you are ready to something bersiplah die. Because if you're not ready to die, you will suffer loss and repentance.
If you want to claim the claim afterlife. Because you don't get it, looking at it

The Role Model History of Ummar bin Khattab

One day the Caliph Umar ibn sent Jutsamah ra Musahiq Al-Kinani to deliver a letter to the Emperor Romanic Helaclius, when Jutsamah will depart, Umm Kulthum bint Ali bin Abi Talib Caliph Umar ibn Al-wife with his brother Ali Hussain ra entrust a letter to the emperor empress named Martina, in addition to the letter Umm Kulsum also entrust a cup of glass which contains the perfume as a gift to the empress.

Jutsaimah Konstantiniyah goes to town, after arriving there he met the emperor Heraclius and convey the Caliph Omar and was also handed a letter containing glass perfume from the Caliph's wife to the empress, as requested by the wife of the Caliph, Jutsamah translate the contents of a letter to the empress as follows:

From Umm Kulsum, wife of Amir al-Mu `Umar Minin For Martina,

the Roman emperor Heraclius permasuri Peace to you ..

I invite you to achieve happiness in the world and the hereafter, my sister, you go to Islam,

if you convert to Islam, your husband will follow you and your people will also be converted to Islam because of the rewards you will get prizes of thousands of people who receive guidance. .

Hearing the contents of the letter, the empress was impressed. He said: "I received a gift of a glass of this perfume, but I refused the invitation to Islam, I stick to my religion." Last Martina entrusting a very expensive diamond necklace as a gift to Umm Kulthum. Jutsamah back to Medina, the necklace he gave to Al-Husayn jewel to give to her sister Umm Kulthum, Umm Kulthum how they will be pleased with the gift of the emperor's consort. But then the Caliph 'Umar saw diamond necklace and asked where he acquired it. Umm Kulthum, also explain the origin of the necklace.

Hearing the explanation from his wife, the Caliph Umar said: "necklace is the right of the Muslims, because the necklace to be submitted to the Baitul Maal" Caliph Umar Umm Kulthum Speech angered, he said: "I do not want to talk anymore with you forever" Caliph went to the mosque told the muezzin to call Muslims, after they gathered the Caliph rose to the pulpit and told his wife's affair necklace Accepted for the Muslims, the Caliph said: "necklace must be returned to the Baitul Maal, Umm Kulthum was not entitled to receive it, he obtained it because he is wife `Amir al-Mu Minin" Those Muslims who were present said: "We are very pleased to Umm Kulthum necklace, necklaces let into his Mu` Yes Amiral Minin "

Khalifah went home, he asked his wife: "Are you still mad at me, I have consulted to` Muslims in mosques on this necklace, they agree and accept the necklace be yours, but if you memyerahkannya to the Baitul Maal, all the better "story about the necklace until well as to the Imam Ali bin Abi Talib ra father Umm Kulthum. After returning from a trip permit meminnta Imam Ali to meet with the Caliph Umar, the Caliph who greeted him and said: "Ahlan ya Abal Hasan, please sign .." Imam Ali's greeting to his daughter, Umm Kulthum, also kissed the hand of his father. Imam Ali said: "Where is the necklace, my daughter?" And Umm Kulthum to show it, saying: "here, it is, father.."

Imam Ali said: "Hi, my daughter did not deserve this necklace worn by the family of the Prophet and the family was also the Caliph Umar, the necklace was worth only worn by royal families or Kisra, you do not like other women, you were my daughter Fatima` Prophet's grandson, you is my son, the wife of Caliph Omar, the leader of the Muslims, better for you when people say, "her husband has menzaliminya for the Muslims of them said:" menzalimi husband of the Muslims for the sake of "his wife, please consider what would you choose, if you will choosing God and afterlife of pleasure or choose this necklace, my daughter? "

Umm Kulthum said: " I would choose God and the afterlife, please take this necklace father and submit to Baitul Maal " .... Subhanallaah Imam Ali said: Allah " bless you, my daughter ... " witnessed the incident Khalifah Umar RA said loudly : " really , The Good Offspring derived from The Good Families too… "

Here's one story of Role Model from Ummar bin Khattab. Hopefully, this paper provides many benefits for the reader and may Allah Almighty always gives us many blessings which to practice their religion properly and correctly.

If we love Islam, then love The Prophet Muhammad and his companions and give much for their intercession. Hopefully God will forgive our sins. Amin Ya Rabbal Alamin..

source :

wikipedia.com

tarbiyahislamiyah.com

and others related sources