技術整理

網路賺錢-ClixSense

2012-10-29T10:16:00.003+08:00

網路賺錢(NeoBux)

2012-10-28T23:57:00.002+08:00

如何看懂地籍謄本

2012-06-04T22:22:00.001+08:00

對購屋人來說，最怕的就是付了屋款、卻拿不到產權，或是拿到有瑕疪的產權。雖然透過有信譽的房仲公司可以幫你做好產權調閱的動作，但市場上仍有不少房屋是由屋主自售，這時候購屋人就必須先做好功課，才能確保權益。

在購屋之前，民眾一定要掌握的文件是權狀(土地及建物)及謄本(土地及建物)，因為它們可說是房子的身分證明，要先看清楚才能安心購買。
◎教你看懂房屋所有權狀

■看土地所有權狀要注意的五個要項：

1.所有權人：核對所有權人的名字及身分證字號，是否與屋主為同一人。如果賣方與屋主不同人，必須確認賣方具有有效之代理權，代理權的認定必須要有屋主印鑑證明、蓋印鑑章之授權書以及身份證明文件三種證明文件，另外在授權書中，也應有以下字樣：委託○○○代理房屋出賣事宜，並代為收授價金及交付標的物之權限。

2.坐落/地號：注意土地所在的地段及地籍編號，一筆土地就會有一張權狀，有些建物坐落的土地不只一筆，屋主有幾筆土地，就應有幾張土地所有權狀。

3.地目：一般住宅用地是「建」，若是「道」就有可能為道路預定地，有被政府徵收的可能。

4.面積：指的是該建物座落土地的總面積。

5.權利範圍：表示該戶所持分的土地面積，土地比房屋值錢，因此土地持分愈多愈好。

■看建物所有權狀要注意的六個要項

1.所有權人：注意所有權人姓名及身分證字號是否與賣方相同，並且也應查明建物與土地權狀是否為同一人。

2.建築完成日期：以此判斷房屋的屋齡，應與使用執照上日期相同。

3.建材：建築物所使用的建材，最常見的是鋼筋混凝土，也有較高級的鋼骨結構，老舊一點則為磚造。通常銀行在貸款時，會視建築物的完成日期及建材決定折舊率，也會影響貸款額度。

4.主要用途：也就是建築物的使用用途，有商業用、住宅用等，這會影響到建築物的使用限制，若是住宅用就不能變更做為商業用途，如果要變更使用用途，則必須配合看土地使用分區，是否可以變更。

5.面積：一般買賣時所謂的坪數，都是指主建物面積（房屋的室內面積）、附屬建物（即陽台或花台，在權狀上會分別標示出來）及公共設施面積的加總。建物的登記分為「面積」是指主建物的面積，「總面積」則是加上其他建物，例如夾層、樓中樓等部分面積，但不包括「附屬建物」、「公共設施」的面積。（詳見備註）

6.權利範圍：可看出所有權人是與他人共同持有，或是個別持有。

◎教你看懂登記謄本

權狀是靜態文件，而且是由屋主提供，有偽造的可能；而謄本是動態的，可以完全的呈現房屋的產權，必須向地政機關調閱，所以買屋只看權狀是不夠的，更重要的是調閱謄本。

錫山土地代書事務所胡錫山表示，在謄本中要特別注意的是，他項權利中的房屋貸款扺押的情況，這部分是權狀中看不見的。永慶房屋產權課課長陳俊宏也認為，由於房屋的買賣流程需要二至三個月，但銀行抵押設定只需二至三天，有些不肖屋主在交易過程中，再將房屋設定抵押，所以購屋人在買屋時，必須從動態變化的謄本中掌握最新的資訊。

◎看土地登記謄本要注意五個要項：

土地登記謄本分成標示部、所有權部及他項權利部，要特別注意的是所有權部及他項權利部。土地所有權部，主要記載土地所有權人的權利範圍、住所及所有權狀；而他項權利部，則可看出土地的權利、權利的種類及狀況等。

1.權狀字號：賣方所持有的權狀字號與土地謄本上的是否相同，若不是很可能就是屋主偽造假謄本，容易產生糾紛。

2.其他登記事項：備考欄是否有查封、限制登記等字眼，否則無法過戶。

3.權利種類：有向銀行貸款的土地，權利人即為金融機構，權利的總類做為抵押權。

4.權利價值：代表抵押銀行擁有的權利總值，若比房屋售價高，表示屋主拿到全部屋款還不夠支付欠銀行的部分，要小心屋主無法完全清償而影響過戶。

5.共同擔保地號/建號：共同擔保地號及建號是否與所有權狀相同，如果不同，可能屋主只拿一塊土地做為出售，並未將其他的土地予以過戶，這就是有瑕疵的產權。

◎看建物登記謄本要注意的二個要項

至於建物登記謄本，在標示部及所有權部中，必須核對是否與建物所有權狀相同。一般而言，他項權利部的設定都包含了土地及建物，因此，應和土地所有權狀一起看。要注意的有：

1.權利人：一般都是向銀行貸款，所以將房屋抵押給銀行，所以在所有權人欄中應該是銀行，若是有其他的所有權人，可能就要注意。

2.權利種類：若有設定地上權或租賃權，表示他項權利部的所有權人具有優先購買權。購屋人應請賣方在契約書中註明負責排除，過戶時應在申請書備註欄註明優先購買權人已放棄其優先購買權，並蓋上賣方印鑑。

◎查閱土地及建物謄本Step by Step

Step1:向賣方索取房屋資料
要申請土地登記謄本，要知道地段及地號；若是申請建物登記謄本，必須要附上地號、建號以及所有權人的身分證字號。

Step2:到地政事務所
目前有部分地區的地政事務所已完成連線，只要向服務台索取地政事務所地籍謄本及閱覽申請書即可。

Step3:填寫申請書
申請項目勾選「電子資料登記謄本」的「個人全部」項，並填上房屋地段、地號、建號及所有權人（即賣方）資料。

Step4:排隊辦理
填寫申請書後抽取號碼牌，等候叫號至指定櫃，再出示身分證及繳付申請費用，每頁20元。

Step5:領取收據及謄本。

◎備註：
在查看面積時要特別留意建築物的公共設施總面積及所持有的權利範圍，也就是公共設施，一般有分大公及小公，通常建商在出售時的坪數都已經包含了公設面積，因此，購屋人要將公設減去，才是真正的使用面積。所謂大公是指全體所有權人共同持有的部分，如一樓門廳、電梯機房、管理室、配電室、屋頂突出物等，而小公則是部分所有權人共同持有的部分，如當層的走道、電梯間、樓梯間等。

0831 Parents Can Help Kids Get Over Their Fears 空中英語教室

2011-08-31T14:43:00.000+08:00

Fear of Server Weather
Why it's common:
Because instances of severe weather are few and far between, children don't have much experience of how to react.

How to overcome it:"Make sure they know what to do if the severe weather happens," Begotka said. Do this by making a map of the house with directions of what to do and where to go.
Dealing with Scared Kids
Pediatric psychologist Andrea Begotka and clinical pyschologist Kathleen Longeway offer tips on how to handle a scared child:
The key to overcomeing a fear is gradual exposure.
This means you shouldn't pressure your child into engaging with their fear immediately, but do so little by little, and at the child's pace. this is the way to help overcome fear of clowns, spiders, dogs, etc.
*Children model their parent's behavior. When a child sees you acting calmlyin a scary situation, he or she will learn to react the same way.
*A security object can be used for multiple fears.
* A fear becomes a phobia when the fear interferes with your child's day-to-day functioning, or if it causes excessive anxiety. If you're concerned, discuss it with your child's pediatrician.

Grannar on the go
The salewomen was trying to pressure me into buying her products.
When a teenager struggles with peer pressure, it means he has friends or classmates who are pressuring him to do things he doesn't want to do.
I'm eager to see my friends.
I'm anxious to see my friends.

This kind of job offer is few and far between. You'd better grap this opportunity.
Early exposure to all kiind of music styles helped this child become a natural musician.
Intense exposure to the sun can severe sunburn.
Miranda has a phobia of mice. she get hysterical when she sees one.
Claustrophobia

0830 Parents Can Help Kids Get Over Their Fears 空中英語教室

2011-08-30T16:20:00.001+08:00

Fear of dogs
Why it's common: this is often because of a bad experience with a dog, but it also happens when children are unfamiliar with dogs. How to overcome it: Begotka said parents should teach their child the proper way to introduce themselves to dogs. Children can turn to the side sightly so if the dog jumps on them, they won't gt hurt. Before petting a dog, the child should hold out his or her hand and allow the dog to sniff it.
Fear of the Dark
Why it's common:" In the dark,they don't know what's in the room with them," Begotka said." Their mind are imaginative at that age, so they can imagine things that are really scary."

How to overcome it: Begotka and Longeway both recommanded a nightlight, a tactic that helped Emily Clearwater when she was afraid of the dark. Begotka and Longeway also recommand giving the child a security object, like a blanket or a teddy bear.
Fear of Needles
Why it's common:"It causes some sort of discomfort," Begotak said. "It's scary to have someone poking something into you." How to overcome it: This is another opportunity for a special security object, which can be given to the child for reassurance. Begotka also suggested distracting a child by talking about something else while the shot is administered, holding the child or telling the child to count how long it takes.

How do you overcome your fear?
to be overcome
overcome with sadness = get choked up
Karen is unfamiliar with our computer operating system. we need to give her a hand.
Howard knows all kinds of tactics to get customers to buy his products.
The coach suddenly changed his tactics and the opponents were completely lost.
Freddy is taking a big exam tomorrow, so don't distract him now.
Don is easily distracted, so he has to study in a quiet environment.

0829 Parents Can Help Kids Get Over Their Fears 空中英語教室

2011-08-30T10:56:00.001+08:00

Emily Clearwater, 7 , says she isn't afraid of anything. her mother, Jennifer Clearwater of Port Washington, Wis., would disagree. " I know something you're scared of that you're not admitting to. Insects," Jennifer said. " You're scared of bugs!" As it turns out, Emily also is afraid of getting shots, the dark (but only "kind of" and getting lost (which is often the subject of her bad dreams). She isn't alone. All children have fears - it's a natural parts of life. Overcoming them is a rite of passage and a sign that we're growing up.

For advice on coping with common childhood fears, we spoke with pediatric psychologist Andrea Begotka and clinical psychologist Kathleen Longway of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin.
Separation Anxiety
Why it's commons: Begotka said this boils down to the attachment a child has to his or her parents. how to overcome it: Begotka's 15-month-old son, Jake, just went through a mild separation anxiety phase. She said the key is to establish trust between you and your child. " We came and left the room frequently when home to show him that we come back when we leave," she said.

Are yiu hungry ?Yes, I'm kind of hungry.
She's kind of weird.

boil down to something (歸結於)
In this tribe, hunting your first bear is considered an important rite of passage.
Getting a part time job in high school is a rite of passage in my family.
All interns are required to have hundreds of clinical training hours before they can become a formal doctor.
Clinical trial of the treatment will take serveral years.
All the problems at school can be boiled down to the child's need for attention.

0827 The World Championships in Athletics 空中英語教室

2011-08-30T10:28:00.000+08:00

Today marks the beginning of the 13th World Championships in Athletics. Hosted by Daegu, Korea, the championships bring together top athletics for nine days of sporting excellence. Sometimes called "track and field," the sport of athletics includes a wide range of well-known events. These include the 100-meter race, the long jump and the discus throw. Athletics event usually don't require a lot of expensive equipment. They also tend to have simple rules.

One just needs to run the fastest, jump the highest or throw the farthest in order to win. Athletic is also the sport many people think of when they think of the Olympics. Many modern athletics events have their root in the ancient Olympics. In fact, until 1983, the Olympics were actually considered the world Athletic Championships. all these things make athletics popular with people all over the world. Its broad appeal also means these World Champioships should feature some terrific competition that's worth watching.

Grammar on the go
The meeting is next week,so don't forget to mark your calendar.
Lantern Festival marks the end of the Chinese Lunar New Year celebration.
Today marks the 100th Anniversary celebration of our university.

athlete's foot
The Athlete's Foot
Lucy got on the athletics team because she's a fast runner.
A good athlete needs to have strong will and self-discipline.
far --> farthest
Tony chose to sit in the chair farthest away from his teacher.
Tai-chung is the farthest south I've ever been.
Sam entered a chess competition.
The swimming competition will take place tomorrow morning.
The fierce competition between the two teams made the headlines new today.

首爾WiFi WEP Key

2011-08-29T17:15:00.000+08:00

HelloWireless) 534f4b4354

KTWLAN : 1234567890

麥當勞: 16005252
(KWI-B2200T-XXXXX) SHOW3382 / password
原文載於: 背包客棧自助旅行論壇 http://www.backpackers.com.tw/forum/showthread.php?p=3055726

SK (tbroad net) : a123456789 ,sktelecom

LG070 - "123456789a", or "987654321a"

7-11: 2127393302
$(hellowireless) 534f4b4354
tbroad net) a123456789

KT (KT_WLAN) 1234567890

myLGnet, myLG070 123456789a , 987654321a ,1234567890 , myLGNetfe07

KT SSID , KT_WLAN 1234567890 , 123456789a , 1234567890c

Tbroadnet a123456789

SK a123456789 , sktelecom

HellowD (헬로우디) 534f4b4354

Hellowireless 534f4b4354

SO070VOIP 534f4b4354

Egg taxi:SHOW3382

星巴克電話號碼 (收據上)

t/obis 1234

kwi-bxxxxt(taxi) show3382,password

kt qook ap 1234567890

0825 Voyager: Exploring the planets and beyond

2011-08-29T14:18:00.002+08:00

On August 25,1981,spacecraft Voyager 2 made its closet approach to Saturn,placing that date in scientific record books. On the same day eight years later, voyager 2 again made history when it made its closet pass by Neptune. It was the first vessel to visit our solar system's mysterious eighth planet.
An ambitious mission
In 1977 NASA launched the unmanned Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft with the goal of exploring Saturn and Jupiter. Voyager 1 would gather information about their atmosphere, interiors, satellites and magnetic fields. The spacecraft reached Jupiter on March 5 1979 ,and then Saturn the following year.

Voyager 1 was able to take approximately 32,000 photos of Jupiter and Saturn, as well as their moons and rings. Voyager 2 had a similar mission, which was later extended to include the exploration of Uranus and Neptune. From the data sent back from the two craft, scientists have discovery ed new moons, active volcanoes and information about the planet's rings. And the Voyager mission continues. What started as an expedition to research the plants past the asteroid belt has grown into a push to explore the edge of the solar system.

Grammar On the Go
When started as a loom factory has grown into the nation's largest car company.
What started as one man's independent work to help the poor and needy in one city has grown into an international organization with social services available in over 100 countries.
Approximately 10,000 pepole went to that concert.
The flight will arrive at approximately 8 pm.
The exploration of outer space has been Carlies's dream since childhood.
Teh exploration for oil field in theNorth Pole still continues.
Margaret went on an expedition to Africa right after she graduated from college.
The expedition to the South Pole consists of people all different age groups.

0826 空中英語教室學習筆記

2011-08-26T10:25:00.003+08:00

VOYAGER: EXPLORING THE PLANETS AND BEYOND

NASA aims for the final frontier
Voyager 1 and 2 are now much further from the sun than Pluto. Voyager 1 speeds away at about 38,000 mph while Voyager 2 cruises along at a more relaxing 35,000 mph. They continue to receive radio signals from Earth, but the transmissions take about 16 hours to arrive traveling at the speed of light. Last December, NASA reached a new milestone when Voyager 1 entered the edge of the solar system. However, it will be another four years or so before it passes into interstellar space.

Scientists hope to collect data from it for five more years after it leaves the solar system before its power source runs out. Although it is traveling in a different direction. Voyager 2 will leave the solar system in a few years as well. Both Spacecraft have far surpassed anything scientists dared speculate regarding their original missions. When they were launched, the space age was still fairly young. NASA had no idea how long Voyager 1 and 2 would last, or how successful they would be. Yet they are continuing strong. making extraordinary discoveries beyond scientists' expectations.

More INFORMATION
Voyager 1 and 2 carry a gold plated record that contains 115 images of life on Earth; various audio clips of nature- like the ocean.birds, whales, and thunder;song from different cultures and eras; printed messages from a former U.S. Predident and UN Secrectary General, and spoken greeting in 55 different languuages. These discs give a glimpse of our life on earth. Will anybody or anything ever find them?

The frontier between these two borders is guarded by armies from both countries.
The trandmission of the show was interrupted by the emergency announcement.
Transmission of the disease can be prevented by vaccine.
Some magazines have been spectulating that the couple will get married this fall.
People are speculating on the reasons why the actor suddelny quit the role.

0824 空中英語教室筆記

2011-08-24T09:50:00.003+08:00

0824
Buy an existing business
Whether you want an independent company or just a franchise, there are several advantages to buy an existing business. For starters, you get a business model that has a proven capacity to make money. You also get a brand name and a pool of existing customers. If you buy a franchise, you should also receive in how to run the business. Be wary,though. The cost of buying an existing business can be high,espacially if the business is profitable.

You should also be ware that past sucess is not necessarily a good indication of long-term grownth potential. If buying a franchise, do som thorough research to make sure you're getting the franchise that is right for you
No matter which entrepreneurial strategy you choose,experts agree that research and planning play an influential role in your success. A good understanding of your business and a sound business plan will greatly improve your chances of success. word hard,be creative,and have fun.

be wary of the due day
He was growing weary of studying
I am weary of his jokes.
The training program is establishing a pool of qualified administrative staff.
Taking car pools not only saves money but also is good to the environment.
The rise of the stock market is a clear indication that economy is on an upswing.
Chloe’s face showed no indication of how she felt.
Susan is working for one of the most influential newspapers in the country.
Cindy was quite influential in persuading the board to vote for a certain proposal.

如何於畫面中訂時顯示不同網頁

2009-07-30T16:50:00.000+08:00

[html]

[/html]

Installing NRPE 2.12 from source as a SMF managed service in Solaris 10

2009-07-27T13:53:00.001+08:00

Installing NRPE on Solaris 10 involves just a bit more than your normal './configure && make && make install' routine. However, all the dependencies are likely present on a freshly installed system, you just have to tell NRPE where to find it. There's one file you need to patch, and then it will install. From there it's easy to plug into SMF!

First, let's make sure some directories are present, and create our Nagios user:

# mkdir /usr/local
# groupadd nagios
# useradd -m -c "nagios system user" -d /usr/local/nagios -g nagios -m nagios
Next, download and extract the source code to NRPE:

$ cd /tmp/
$ /usr/sfw/bin/wget http://superb-east.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagios/nrpe-2.12.tar.gz
$ gzip -dc nrpe-2.12.tar.gz | tar -xvf -
$ cd nrpe-2.12
Now, we need to tell the configure script where to find the openssl libraries, and make sure that GCC is in our path:

$ PATH=$PATH:/usr/sfw/bin:/usr/ccs/bin ./configure --with-ssl=/usr/sfw/ --with-ssl-lib=/usr/sfw/lib/
That should run just fine. Before we build, we need to apply a quick fix to nrpe.c. If you don't do this, you'll get an error from make that says "nrpe.c:617: error: 'LOG_AUTHPRIV' undeclared (first use in this function)".

$ perl -pi -e 's/LOG_AUTHPRIV/LOG_AUTH/; s/LOG_FTP/LOG_DAEMON/' src/nrpe.c
Now, we should be okay to build it:

$ PATH=$PATH:/usr/sfw/bin:/usr/ccs/bin make
Then, install it as root:

# PATH=$PATH:/usr/sfw/bin:/usr/ccs/bin make install
Either copy the nrpe.cfg sample included in the source code, or drop your own into /usr/local/nagios/etc/nrpe.cfg. Now, stay logged in as root for the following, now we'll get NRPE setup to run under SMF.

First, we need to setup the service and present it to inetd:

echo "nrpe 5666/tcp # NRPE" >> /etc/services
echo "nrpe stream tcp nowait nagios /usr/sfw/sbin/tcpd /usr/local/nagios/bin/nrpe \
-c /usr/local/nagios/etc/nrpe.cfg -i" >> /etc/inet/inetd.conf
Now, tell SMF to pull in the inetd config:

inetconv
At this point, the SMF service is available, but we want to use TCP wrappers so that only our Nagios server can talk to NRPE (substitute $NAGIOS_IP with the IP of your Nagios server):

inetadm -m svc:/network/nrpe/tcp:default tcp_wrappers=TRUE
echo "nrpe: LOCAL, $NAGIOS_IP" >> /etc/hosts.allow
echo "nrpe: ALL" >> /etc/hosts.deny
Finally, fire up the service:

svcadm enable nrpe/tcp
That's it! Nagios should be able to monitor your Solaris 10 box now. Someday, I'll make a package for this, but you can pretty well copy and paste the code here to get up and running.

Check_mysql_query 用法

2009-07-17T23:23:00.000+08:00

/usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_mysql_query -q "SELECT free FROM ISPD.dim_ANY_MEMSTAT where sno=2" -u dim -p dimitri -H 10.110.32.120 -P 3306 -w 3333333 -c 55555555

free:Column 名稱
ISPD:Database名稱
dim_ANY_MEMSTAT:Table 名稱
sno: 查詢條件

Solaris 10下安裝nagios

2009-07-17T09:26:00.000+08:00

Solaris 10下nagios监控系统
[日期：2009-01-15] 来源：Linux社区作者：loveunix

Nagios是一个系统和网络监控软件，它可以监测所指定的主机和服务，并在出现问题以及问题恢复后发出报警。Nagios最早是被设计运行于Linux环境下的，但在大多数Unix操作系统下也可以使用。同时它是一个开源软件，我们可以免费获得它的源码，和使用它。Nagios是个不错的系统监控软件，www.britepic.org应用的范围也比较广泛。

本文将介绍Nagios在Solaris10操做系统下的安装过程，其中包括，源码的编译、安装；Apache的安装、Nagios CGI的配置；Nagios监控配置等。

本文参考了Nagios的官方文档和Nagios社区的文章，以及互联网上其他人的相关帖子。

环境、资源准备
gcc-3.4.6-sol10-x86-local.gz
libiconv-1.11-sol10-x86-local.gz
libintl-3.4.0-sol10-x86-local.gz
make-3.81-sol10-x86-local.gz
openssl-0.9.8h-sol10-x86-local.gz
gd-2.0.35-sol10-x86-local.gz
httpd-2.2.4.tar.gz
nagios-3.0.3.tar.gz
nagios-plugins-1.4.11.tar.gz
nrpe-2.12.tar.gz

1.安装Nagios
# groupadd nagios
# useradd -g nagios -d /usr/local/nagios nagios
# gunzip ./nagios-3.0.6.tar.gz
# tar xvf ./nagios-3.0.6.tar.gz
# cd ./nagios-3.0.6.tar.gz
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nagios --with-nagios-user=nagios \
--with-nagios-group=nagios --with-gd-lib=/usr/sfw/lib \
--with-gd-inc=/usr/sfw/include
# make all
# make fullinstall
# make install-config

2.安装openssl
# gunzip ./openssl-0.9.8j-sol10-sparc-local.gz
# pkgadd -d ./openssl-0.9.8j-sol10-sparc-local
# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/ssl/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

3.安装Nagios Plugins
# gunzip ./nagios-plugins-1.4.13.tar.gz
# tar xvf ./nagios-plugins-1.4.13.tar
# cd nagios-plugins-1.4.13
# ./configure --without-mysql --prefix=/usr/local/nagios --with-openssl=/usr/local/ssl
# make
# make install
# make clean
# chown -R nagios:nagios /usr/local/nagios/libexec

4.配置Apache
在/etc/apache2/httpd.conf文件追加如下内容

#setting for nagios
ScriptAlias /nagios/cgi-bin /usr/local/nagios/sbin

AuthType Basic
Options ExecCGI
AllowOverride None
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
AuthName "Nagios Access"
AuthUserFile /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd
Require valid-user

Alias /nagios /usr/local/nagios/share

AuthType Basic
Options None
AllowOverride None
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
AuthName "nagios Access"
AuthUserFile /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd
Require valid-user

5.生成登录用户和验证口令
# /usr/apache2/bin/htpasswd -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd
此处的user_name为登录Nagios Web应用需要输入的用户名www.britepic.org
按照提示输入要设置的口令即可
配置/usr/local/nagios/etc/cgi.cfg，添加用户edison

................. .................
# SYSTEM/PROCESS INFORMATION ACCESS
# This option is a comma-delimited list of all usernames that
# have access to viewing the Nagios process information as
# provided by the Extended Information CGI (extinfo.cgi). By
# default, *no one* has access to this unless you choose to
# not use authorization. You may use an asterisk (*) to
# authorize any user who has authenticated to the web server.

authorized_for_system_information=nagiosadmin,edison

# CONFIGURATION INFORMATION ACCESS
# This option is a comma-delimited list of all usernames that
# can view ALL configuration information (hosts, commands, etc).
# By default, users can only view configuration information
# for the hosts and services they are contacts for. You may use
# an asterisk (*) to authorize any user who has authenticated
# to the web server.

authorized_for_configuration_information=nagiosadmin,edison

# SYSTEM/PROCESS COMMAND ACCESS
# This option is a comma-delimited list of all usernames that
# can issue shutdown and restart commands to Nagios via the
# command CGI (cmd.cgi). Users in this list can also change
# the program mode to active or standby. By default, *no one*
# has access to this unless you choose to not use authorization.
# You may use an asterisk (*) to authorize any user who has
# authenticated to the web server.

authorized_for_system_commands=nagiosadmin,edison

# GLOBAL HOST/SERVICE VIEW ACCESS
# These two options are comma-delimited lists of all usernames that
# can view information for all hosts and services that are being
# monitored. By default, users can only view information
# for hosts or services that they are contacts for (unless you
# you choose to not use authorization). You may use an asterisk (*)
# to authorize any user who has authenticated to the web server.

authorized_for_all_services=nagiosadmin,edison
authorized_for_all_hosts=nagiosadmin,edison

# GLOBAL HOST/SERVICE COMMAND ACCESS
# These two options are comma-delimited lists of all usernames that
# can issue host or service related commands via the command
# CGI (cmd.cgi) for all hosts and services that are being monitored.
# By default, users can only issue commands for hosts or services
# that they are contacts for (unless you you choose to not use
# authorization). You may use an asterisk (*) to authorize any
# user who has authenticated to the web server.

authorized_for_all_service_commands=nagiosadmin,edison
authorized_for_all_host_commands=nagiosadmin,edison
................. .................

6.启动Nagios
Nagios的启动程序是/usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios
# ./nagios --help
Nagios 3.0.3
Copyright (c) 1999-2008 Ethan Galstad (http://www.nagios.org)
Last Modified: 06-25-2008
License: GPL

Usage: ./nagios [options]

Options:

-v, --verify-config Verify all configuration data
-s, --test-scheduling Shows projected/recommended check scheduling and other
diagnostic info based on the current configuration files.
-x, --dont-verify-paths Don't check for circular object paths - USE WITH CAUTION!
-p, --precache-objects Precache object configuration - use with -v or -s options
-u, --use-precached-objects Use precached object config file
-d, --daemon Starts Nagios in daemon mode, instead of as a foreground process

Visit the Nagios website at http://www.nagios.org/ for bug fixes, new
releases, online documentation, FAQs, information on subscribing to
the mailing lists, and commercial support options for Nagios.

首先通过-v选项验证配置文件是否正确
# cd /usr/lcoal/nagios/bin
# ./nagios -v ../etc/nagios.cfg
Nagios 3.0.3
Copyright (c) 1999-2008 Ethan Galstad (http://www.nagios.org)
Last Modified: 06-25-2008
License: GPL

Reading configuration data...

Running pre-flight check on configuration data...

Checking services...
.........................................................

.............................................
Total Warnings: 0
Total Errors: 0

Things look okay - No serious problems were detected during the pre-flight check

如果没有错误，就可以启动它了。
# cd /usr/local/nagios/bin
# ./nagios -d /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg

nagios web界面提示
It appears as though you do not have permission to view information for any of the services you requested...
打开cgi.cfg配置文件，里面有个参数:
use_authentication=1
为了保障系统的安全性，nagios设置了这个参数，默认为1,改为0即可

查看/usr/local/nagios/var/nagios.log日志文件，观察启动是否正常。
在IE浏览器中查看监控情况。
点击左边导航栏的 Host Detail

2009-04-16T13:28:00.001+08:00

Linux 禁止 [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[Delete] 重新啟動

2009-04-10T11:52:00.001+08:00

Linux 禁止 [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[Delete] 重新啟動
要禁止 Linux 按下 [Ctrl]-[Alt]-[Delete] 重新啟動，可以修改 /etc/inittab 設定檔實現。巨體方法如下：

1. 開啟 /etc/inittab

2. 找出以下一行:

ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

3. 將這一行刪除，或者在這一行最開端加上 # 號。

4. 儲存檔案後重新啟動系統便會生效，如果不想重新啟動可以執行以下指令:

# init q

設定Asterisk 於Firewall 後

2009-04-09T23:55:00.001+08:00

方法不難，只要在sip.conf加上幾行字然後再NAT開啟相對應的PORT就可以了。首先進入sip.conf的編輯畫面，
然後在[general]輸入以下字串即可。

externhost = test.ddns.org ; 自己所使用的domani name
externip = 168.39.5.6 ; isp提供的IP位址，或者是自己的聯外IP。如果使用的是撥接式adsl，此行可以省略，但記得申請DDNS，用doman name來作為替代。
localnet = 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 ; 區域網路所使用的IP位址/netmask。
nat = yes

然後在NAT的設定部份需開啟如下的PORT
sip udp port 5002~5082
rtp udp port 10000~20000

設定好之後，在終端模式下輸入

amportal stop
amportal start

[Hack] 修改通話錄音的格式為 MP3

2009-04-09T22:14:00.001+08:00

在 Trixbox 上有個很好用的通話錄音功能，而且是內建就有的，只是預設的語音檔格式是未經壓縮的 WAV 檔，非常耗用硬碟的儲存空間，此篇目的為：將預設的與錄音檔格式修改為 MP3，使其在不失音質條件下又可大量節省硬碟的儲存空間，兩種格式的檔案大小比率約為 7(WAV) : 1(MP3)。

首先說明如何操作系統上的通話錄音功能：
1. 確定分機的錄音功能是開啟的
《Setup》《Extensios》《分機號》《Recording Options》《Recording Incoming=On Demand，Recording Outgoing=On Demand》
2. 使用有開啟錄音功能的分機，撥打電話，對方接通後，要錄音時按下＊1，停止錄音時再按一次＊1 或掛斷時即自動結束錄音。
Tips: 在預設模式下，按下＊1 的間隔時間要迅速，否則無法開啟/關閉錄音功能，不過增加下方這個參數可以解決這問題。

編輯 /etc/asterisk/features_general_custom.conf
==================================================
featuredigittimeout = 1000 ; Max time (ms) between digits for
; feature activation. Default is 500
==================================================

3. 聽取錄音檔有兩種方式：透過網頁-Recording 播放或下載主機上的錄音檔至本地電腦端播放。
- 網頁方式：直接點選《Recording》，登入帳號/密碼預設為 admin/ari_password，為系統安全考量，強烈建議自行修改 /var/www/html/recordings/includes/main.conf.php

#
# Admin only account
#
$ARI_ADMIN_USERNAME = "admin";
$ARI_ADMIN_PASSWORD ="ari_password"; <------ 改這邊

- 主機下載方式：使用軟體 WinScp 或 FTP Client 連上主機，錄音檔位置在 /var/spool/asterisk/monitor。

接下來就是本篇重點，將 WAV 格式變更為容量較小的 MP3：
1. 新增一個轉換語音格式的程式檔，使用 nano 或 vi 編輯器都可以。
以 root 登入主機
#su - asterisk
$cd ~/bin
$vi ari-wav2mp3.sh

==========================================================
#!/bin/bash
#
# file : ari-wav2mp3.sh
# author: A-Lang, alang[dot]hsu[at]gmail[dot]com

# this is for debugging
#RECORD_PATH="/var/lib/asterisk/mytemp"
#
RECORD_PATH="/var/spool/asterisk/monitor"

LAME="/opt/lame-3.97/bin/lame"

cd $RECORD_PATH
#for WAV in $(ls *.wav 2> /dev/null)
#
# Ignore the audio files that are recording.
for WAV in $(ls *.wav | grep -v -e "-out.wav" | grep -v -e "-in.wav" 2> /dev/null)
do
echo "Encoding MP3 file from $WAV ..."
OUT=${WAV%.*}
$LAME --silent -V7 -B24 --tt $OUT.wav --add-id3v2 $OUT.wav $OUT.mp3
test -r $OUT.mp3 && rm -f $OUT.wav
done
#EOF
=============================================================

$chmod 755 ari-wav2mp3.sh
$exit

2. 新增工作排程，使其可自動執行轉檔的程序。

以 root 登入主機
#crontab -e

按下 i 鍵，將以下這行加上

*/5 * * * * su - asterisk -c "~asterisk/bin/ari-wav2mp3.sh"

分別按下 Esc ：
輸入 wq
存檔完成了

3. 錄一段通話，然後在透過網頁 Recording 試聽，及下載語音檔案，驗證是否已經為 MP3 的格式。

補充：
如何手動安裝 LAME MP3 編碼器？
Ans:

以 Root 登入，
#wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/lame/lame-3.97.tar.gz?modtime=1159107882&big_mirror=0
#tar -xzf lame-3.97.tar.gz
#cd lame-3.97
#./configure --prefix=/opt/lame-3.97
#make
#make install
#/opt/lame-3.97/bin/lame -h
--> 如果有出現說明文字，表示安裝成功。

Serial Console 管理 Asterisk 主機

2009-04-09T22:13:00.002+08:00

要使 Asterisk 主機就像一般網路設備一樣，可以在不接螢幕，鍵盤及滑鼠之下，直接透過 serial console 的連接方式來管理內部系統。當然囉!! 若你和我一樣使用超小型主機來安裝，這技巧更是不可或缺。

首先看一下，這個超小型主機。要充分發揮它的迷你的特性，當然是不能接上螢幕/鍵盤/滑鼠，不然就遜掉。那系統管理該如何作呢？

作過網管的人都知道，一般網路設備都只是透過一條 serial console line 連接筆記型電腦和網路設備，以終端機軟體來管理內部的系統。此篇將告訴你如何在 Asterisk 系統上實現，而且步驟實在很簡單。

要實現這樣的應用，事實上，與 Asterisk 無任何關係，而關鍵在於 Linux 作業系統，所以此法也可套用在非 Asterisk 應用的 Linux 系統。

首先，請先完成 Asterisk 的所有設定，入門者可選擇 Trixbox 或 Elastix 這類的套件，安裝時較容易。

步驟一：編輯 /boot/grub/menu.lst

在 title ..... 上方，加上

## Enable serial console
serial --unit=0 --speed=9600 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1
terminal --timeout=10 serial console
這行前面加上註解

#splashimage=(hd0,1)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
找到實際開機所需的那一行，例如是

title CentOS-4 i386-up (2.6.9-34.0.2.EL)
root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.9-34.0.2.EL ro root=LABEL=/1
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.9-34.0.2.EL.img
在 kernel 後方加上 console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600n8

kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.9-34.0.2.EL ro root=LABEL=/1 console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600n8
步驟二：編輯 /etc/inittab

最下方加上這行

# Enable serial console
sc:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty ttyS0 115200,9600 xterm
步驟三：系統預設是不予許 root 直接從 serial console 登入，這樣造成管理不是很方便，所以修改一下設定。

編輯 /etc/securetty，最底下加上

ttyS0

步驟四：完成了，到這兒，主機已經可以用 serial console 登入管理。

接著，準備一台筆記型電腦，還有自己習慣用的終端機軟體，如沒有，就用 Windows 內建的超級終端機也可，再一條 USB 轉 COM 的 console 線。設定終端機連接埠的參數為

資料傳輸率：9600
資料位

要使 Asterisk 主機就像一般網路設備一樣，可以在不接螢幕，鍵盤及滑鼠之下，直接透過 serial console 的連接方式來管理內部系統。當然囉!! 若你和我一樣使用超小型主機來安裝，這技巧更是不可或缺。

首先看一下，這個超小型主機。要充分發揮它的迷你的特性，當然是不能接上螢幕/鍵盤/滑鼠，不然就遜掉。那系統管理該如何作呢？

作過網管的人都知道，一般網路設備都只是透過一條 serial console line 連接筆記型電腦和網路設備，以終端機軟體來管理內部的系統。此篇將告訴你如何在 Asterisk 系統上實現，而且步驟實在很簡單。

要實現這樣的應用，事實上，與 Asterisk 無任何關係，而關鍵在於 Linux 作業系統，所以此法也可套用在非 Asterisk 應用的 Linux 系統。

首先，請先完成 Asterisk 的所有設定，入門者可選擇 Trixbox 或 Elastix 這類的套件，安裝時較容易。

步驟一：編輯 /boot/grub/menu.lst

在 title ..... 上方，加上

## Enable serial console
serial --unit=0 --speed=9600 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1
terminal --timeout=10 serial console
這行前面加上註解

#splashimage=(hd0,1)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
找到實際開機所需的那一行，例如是

title CentOS-4 i386-up (2.6.9-34.0.2.EL)
root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.9-34.0.2.EL ro root=LABEL=/1
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.9-34.0.2.EL.img
在 kernel 後方加上 console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600n8

kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.9-34.0.2.EL ro root=LABEL=/1 console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600n8
步驟二：編輯 /etc/inittab

最下方加上這行

# Enable serial console
sc:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty ttyS0 115200,9600 xterm
步驟三：系統預設是不予許 root 直接從 serial console 登入，這樣造成管理不是很方便，所以修改一下設定。

編輯 /etc/securetty，最底下加上

ttyS0

步驟四：完成了，到這兒，主機已經可以用 serial console 登入管理。

接著，準備一台筆記型電腦，還有自己習慣用的終端機軟體，如沒有，就用 Windows 內建的超級終端機也可，再一條 USB 轉 COM 的 console 線。設定終端機連接埠的參數為

資料傳輸率：9600
資料位元：8
同位檢查：無
停止位元：1
流量控制：硬體

以 serial console 方式的管理介面與 telnet 是一樣的，只是若使用 Windows 內建的超級終端機軟體，會有畫面被截掉情形，筆者推薦使用 Putty 這工具。

元：8
同位檢查：無
停止位元：1
流量控制：硬體

以 serial console 方式的管理介面與 telnet 是一樣的，只是若使用 Windows 內建的超級終端機軟體，會有畫面被截掉情形，筆者推薦使用 Putty 這工具。

Web-Meetme Conference 錄音檔不能下載問題

2009-04-09T22:13:00.001+08:00

Conference 錄音檔不能下載問題
修改conf_update.php
將
echo " ";
修改為
echo "src=\"images/speaker.gif\" alt=\"Play\" border=0 style=\"{text-decoration: none;}\">";

建立ln link

ln -s /var/lib/asterisk/sounds/conf-recordings /var/www/html/web-meetme/wav

Web-Meetme 錄音圖示未出現問題

2009-04-09T22:12:00.003+08:00

Web-Meetme 錄音
mkdir /var/lib/asterisk/sounds/conf-recordings
chown asterisk.asterisk /var/lib/asterisk/sounds/conf-recordings -R
# mkdir /var/lib/asterisk/sounds/conf-recordings
# chown -R asterisk:asterisk /var/lib/asterisk/sounds/conf-recordings

Asterisk With SaveCom SIP Trunk

2009-04-09T22:12:00.001+08:00

Asterisk With SaveCom
Trunk Name：To Savecom
PEER Details
--------------------------
context=from-pstn
host=sip.savecom.net.tw
username=***
fromuser=***
fromdomain=***.net.tw
type=friend
secret=********
insecure=very
disallow=all
allow=g729
realm=***
nat=yes
dtmfmode=rfc2833
------------------------------------
USER Context:***
----------------------------------
context=from-pstn
fromdomain=***.net.tw
host=***.net.tw
secret=*********
type=friend
username=******
----------------------------------
Register String
--------------------------------
0******:********@***.net.tw/0********

Asterisk SIP Trunk with Nortel IPPBX

2009-04-09T22:11:00.002+08:00

Asterisk SIP Trunk with Nortel IPPBX
username=0********
usereqphone=yes
type=peer
secret=844******
realm=sip.mmm.net.tw
nat=yes
insecure=very
host=sip.mmm.net.tw
fromuser=0*****
fromdomain=sip.mmm.net.tw
disallow=all
allow=g729

修改web-meetme 預設Participants人數

2009-04-09T22:11:00.001+08:00

修改web-meetme 預設Participants人數
vi /var/www/html/web-meetme/meetme_control.php
修改