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Chemistry online Quiz

2020-07-21T18:26:00.000+05:00

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One Planet Our Planet

2020-07-04T09:43:00.000+05:00

Introduction

Only fifty years back we at long last dared to the moon. for the absolute first time we glance back at our own planet. Since than the human population has more than doubled. This series will celebrate the natural wonders that remains and reveal what we must preserve to ensure people and nature thrive.

Stability of nature on our planet

When human beings built their first settlement some 10000 years ago, the world around them on the land and the sea, was full of life. For generation, this stable Eden natured our growing civilizations. But now in the space of one just human lifetime, all that has changed. Wildlife population have, on an average declined by 60 percent. Without precedent for mankind's history, the solidness of nature can never again be underestimated. But the natural world is resilient, great riches still remain. With our help the Planet can recover.

Importance of natural world on planet:

Never has been important to understand how natural world works, and how to help one plant. Wildlife still flourishes in astonishing numbers in few precious places. Along the Peruvian state of America, seabirds congregate in colonies millions strong. They come here to breed. Every morning the birds leaves their colonies to fish in one of the richest seas on planet. It is an astonishing a daily migration of five million birds. The huge flocks of cormorants and boobies are all seeking one thing: anchovies.

Oceans on our planet:

The boobies carpet-bomb the shoals. More and more birds join the feeding frenzy. All in the immense assembly are here because of powerful oceanic current, the Humboldt. Sweeps up from the Antarctic bringing with its rich nutrients from ocean’s depths. 90 percent of the life in oceans is found in shallow seas close to the coast. Away from the land, the seas, for the most part, are a blue desert. Be that as it may, even these removed waters might be improved by the most unforeseen association with the land. The small crustaceans that feed on the ocean’s floating microscopic plants. But the mackerels are the food of dolphins. They derive the mackerel towards the surface, and into the range of birds. The wings that regularly impel the flying creatures through the air presently drive them six meters down through the water. Whilst the birds pick off the top of the shoals, the dolphins attack the underside. After 20 mints of feasting the predator from both the sea and the air have had their fill.

Deserts on our planet:

Some deserts, often from the hundreds of kilometers from the oceans, provide the raw material for life. Every year winds sweep up two billion tons of dust into the sky. At least a quarter of it eventually falls on the seas, providing nutrients needed by the microscopic organisms that are the foundations of the ocean life. Dolphins explore the vast, open ocean in search of riches that distant deserts may have nourished. A shoals of mackerel has discovered a swarm of krill. The stability of life on our Planet relies on such connections between different habitats. Water evaporating from the surface of the sea condensed to form great clouds and these eventually release the fresh water as rain. But these life-giving rains are not evenly spread over the land.

The vast salt pan in Africa is all that remains of an ancient lake. Its totally waterless and oven-hot. Few places are more hostile to the life. A Few tracks cross it, made by the animals searching unsuccessfully for water. But very occasionally, this whole landscape is transformed.

Flamingos:

A huge deluge drenches the salt pan. Triggered by the unknown signal, flocks of lesser flamingos arrive from the thousands of kilometers away. The algae that the flamingos feed on have lane dormant as a spore in the dust. But most importantly, the birds are here to breed. Perfect condition might occur only once in a decade. The birds nest on the island far from the shore. They build mounds of mud that raise up their eggs and so keep them just marginally cooler than they would be at ground level. The water surrounding the island is so salty that predator do not venture into it, so the nests are safe. Thirty days later, thousands of chicks start to hatch. But there is no shelter the scorching sun. the water that once surround their island, protecting them, has now dried up altogether. The last to hatch step out into desperately harsh world. Somehow or other, the growing chicks must find fresh water to drink. They can not yet fly, so they must walk, guided by some of the adults. They may have to trek for 50 kilometers. Some cannot keep up. The salt has solidified around their legs. Most of the chicks in spite of everything, and having walked for many days, eventually reach fresh water, it is the end of the long journey. But only the first of their trials that will be imposed on these flamingos by the irregularity of the rains.

Wildebeest:

If the rainfall is more predictable and certain, than life can flourish more richly, both in number and variety. The Serengeti fields in east Africa support over a million wildebeest. The groups follow the occasional downpours, eating on the recently growing grass that comes afterward. Each year with three-week period, the females give birth to over a quarter of million calves. the youngster is just a few days old. Playing reinforces its legs for the long excursion that lies ahead. The calf must stay close to its mother. Without her milk, it would starve. And the herds are always traveling following the rains as they drift across the plains in order to find the fresh grazing. Eventually they reach woodlands. Hunting dogs wildebeest calves are the favorite prey. And the dogs are hungry. The calf must stay with its mother, protected within the herd. The dogs have incredible stamina but the calf is defended by the herd. They need the calf on its own, the mother blocks the dogs shielding her calf. It makes a run for safety and it just manages to get back to the herd. The eventual fate of this entire movement relies upon the consistency of the downpours, yet in addition on the the continued existence of the great open grasslands across which the herds make their immense journeys. In places where rains fall abundantly throughout the year, forests grow, and in the warmth of the tropics, they support the unparalleled richness of life.

Conclusion:

Half of all species of land-living animals lives in these stable worlds. The sheer diversity of breathtaking. We still have not catalogued, all the species that lives in the tropical forests. The relationship between them all are multitudinous and complex.

Empire of cotton; Global History of cotton

2020-06-28T16:54:00.002+05:00

Empire of cotton; Global History of cotton

The historical backdrop of cotton can be followed back to training, conceivably as far back as 4500 BC. Cotton assumed a significant job throughout the entire existence of the British Empire, the United States, and India, and keeps on being a significant yield and item. The historical backdrop of the taming of cotton is intricate and isn't known precisely. A few disengaged human advancements in both the Old and New World freely tamed and changed over cotton into the texture. No different, instruments were concocted, including brushes, bows, hand shafts, and crude weavers.

Wild cotton:

The most established cotton materials were found in graves and city remnants of civic establishments from dry atmospheres, where the textures didn't rot totally. The absolute most seasoned cotton bolls were found in a collapse Tehuacana Valley, Mexico, and were dated to around 5500 BCE, yet later gauges have put the age of these bolls at roughly 3600 BCE. Seeds and cordage dating to about 450BCE have been found in Peru. There is solid hereditary proof that cotton started in Peru. At the wellspring of any plant—for this situation wild cotton, the hereditary fluctuation is immensely more noteworthy and one zone of wild cotton in Peru establishes "indisputable evidence.".

Introduction to Indus Valley Civilization:

The Indus Valley civilization began developing cotton by fifth or fourth century BCE. By 3000 BCE cotton was being developed and prepared in Mexico, and Arizona. Pre-Incan cotton grave materials were found in Huaca Prieta in Peru, and go back to 2500 BCE, and cotton was referenced in Hindu psalms in 1500 BCE. Herodotus, an old Greek student of history, specifies Indian cotton in the fifth century BCE as "a fleece surpassing in excellence and goodness that of sheep." When Alexander the Great attacked India, his soldiers began wearing cotton that was more agreeable than their past woolen ones. Strabo, another Greek student of history, referenced the distinctiveness of Indian textures, and Aryan recounted Indian–Arab exchange of cotton textures in 130 CE.

Most popular the Egyptian cotton:

Egyptians developed and spun cotton from 6–700 CE. In the eighth century, the Muslim triumph of Spain extended the European cotton exchange. By the fifteenth century, Venice, Antwerp and Haarlem were significant ports for cotton exchange, and the deal and transportation of cotton textures had gotten truly productive. Medieval Times and the Modern Era Cotton was a typical texture during the Middle Ages and was hand-woven on a loom.

Approach to Europe markets:

Cotton make was acquainted with Europe during the Muslim victory of the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily. The information on cotton weaving was spread to northern Italy in the twelfth century when Sicily was vanquished by the Normans, and thus to the remainder of Europe. The turning wheel, acquainted with Europe around 1350, improved the speed of cotton turning. Christopher Columbus, in his investigations of the Bahamas and Cuba discovered locals wearing cotton, a reality that may have added to his erroneous conviction that he had arrived on the bank of India. Cotton fabric began to turn out to be profoundly looked for after for the European urban markets during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese pioneer, opened the Asian ocean exchange, which swapped parades and took into consideration heavier freight. Indian craftspeople had since quite a while ago secured the mystery of how to make beautiful examples. In any case, some changed over to Christianity and their mystery was uncovered by a French Catholic minister, Father Cordeaux. He uncovered the way toward making the textures in France, which helped the European material industry. English Empire Cotton's ascent to worldwide significance came to fruition because of the social change of Europe and Britain's exchanging realm. Calico and chintz, sorts of cotton textures, got well known in Europe, and by 1664 the East India Company was bringing in a fourth of a million pieces into Britain. By the eighteenth century, the working class had gotten progressively worried about neatness and design, and there was an interest in effectively launderable and brilliant texture.

Dominance in European Markets:

Wool kept on commanding the European markets, however, cotton prints were acquainted with Britain by the East India Company during the 1690s. Imports of calicoes, modest cotton textures from Kozhikode, at that point known as Calicut, in India, found a mass-market among poor people. By 1721 these calicoes compromised British producers, and Parliament passed the Calico Act that prohibited calicoes for apparel or residential purposes. In 1774 the demonstration was revoked with the development of machines that permitted British makers to contend with Eastern textures. Cotton's adaptability permitted it to be joined with material and be made into velvet. It was less expensive than silk and could be engraved more effectively than fleece, taking into account designed dresses for ladies. It turned into the standard design and, on account of its cost, was open to the overall population.

Introduction of new technology:

New innovations during the 1770s, for example, the turning jenny, the water outline, and the turning donkey—made the British Midlands into an entirely beneficial assembling place. In 1794–1796, British cotton products represented 15.6% of Britain's fares, and in 1804–1806 developed to 42.3%. The British business domain developed the cotton business immensely. English cotton items were effective in European markets, establishing 40.5% of fares in 1784–1786. England's prosperity was likewise because of its exchange with its own provinces, whose pioneers kept up British characters, and in this manner, styles. With the development of the cotton business, makers needed to discover new wellsprings of crude cotton, and development was extended to West India.

Role of the East India Company:

High taxes against Indian material workshops, British force in India through the East India Company, and British limitations on Indian cotton imports changed India from the wellspring of materials to a wellspring of crude cotton. Development additionally endeavored in the Caribbean and West Africa, yet these endeavors bombed because of the awful climate and helpless soil. The Indian subcontinent was looked to as a potential wellspring of crude cotton, however intra-royal clashes and monetary contentions kept the region from creating the essential flexibly. The Lancashire material plants were significant pieces of the British modern transformation. Their laborers had helpless working conditions: low wages, kid work, and 18-hour work-days. Richard Arkwright made a material domain by building a manufacturing plant framework fueled by water, which was at times attacked by the Luddites, weavers put bankrupt by the automation of material creation. During the 1790s, James Watt's steam power was applied to the material creation, and by 1839 200,000 kids worked in Manchester's cotton plants. Karl Marx, who habitually visited Lancashire, may have been affected by the states of laborers in these plants recorded as a hard copy Das Kapital.

Pre-Civil War history of American cotton:

US of America, pre-common war Anglo-French fighting in the mid-1790s limited access to mainland Europe, making the United States become a significant—and briefly the biggest—purchaser for British cotton merchandise. In 1791, U.S. cotton creation was little, at just 900,000 kilograms. A few elements added to the development of the cotton business in the U.S.: the expanding British interest; the fame of wearing a cotton bloom to represent backing of the new country, advancements in turning, weaving, and steam power; cheap land; and a slave work power. The cotton gin, designed in 1793 by Eli Whitney, immensely developed the American cotton industry, which was recently restricted by the speed of manual expulsion of seeds from the fiber, and helped cotton to outperform tobacco as the essential money harvest of the South. By 1801 the yearly creation of cotton had reached more than 22 million kilograms, and by the mid-1830s, the United States delivered most of the world's cotton. Cotton additionally surpassed the estimation of all other United States sends out joined. The requirement for rich land helpful for its development lead to the extension of bondage in The United States and a mid-nineteenth-century land surge known as Alabama Fever. The development of cotton utilizing slaves carried immense benefits to the proprietors of huge manors, making them the absolute wealthiest men in the U.S. preceding the Civil War. In the non-slave-possessing states, cultivates seldom became bigger than what could be developed by one family because of the shortage of ranch laborers. In the slave states, proprietors of homesteads could purchase numerous slaves and therefore develop enormous territories of land. By The 1850s, slaves made up half of the number of inhabitants in the primary cotton states: South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. slaves were the most significant resource in cotton development, and their deal carried benefits to slaveowners outside of cotton-developing regions. Along these lines, the cotton business contributed essentially toward the Southern high society's help of servitude.

Cotton discretion during the Civil War:

"King Cotton", an expression utilized by Southern government officials and creators before the Civil War verbalized their conviction that an autonomous Confederacy would be financially effective, just as guaranteeing the South's triumph if withdrawal from the Union prompted war, as a result of Britain's dependence on the fiber. Representative James Henry Hammond said in 1858: Without the discharging of a weapon, without drawing a blade, should they [Northerners] make war upon us [Southerners], we could carry the entire world to our feet. What might occur if no cotton was outfitted for three years?... Britain would overturn fast and convey the entire edified world with her. No, you dare not make war on cotton! No force on earth sets out to make war upon it. Cotton is King.

• Cotton discretion:

Cotton discretion, the possibility that cotton would make Britain and France mediate in the Civil War, was ineffective. It was believed that the Civil War caused the Lancashire Cotton Famine, a period between 1861–1865 of gloom in the British cotton industry, by closing off American crude cotton. A few, nonetheless, recommend that the Cotton Famine was for the most part because of overproduction and value swelling brought about by a desire for future lack. Preceding the Civil War, Lancashire organizations gave reviews to discover new cotton-developing nations if the Civil-War were to happen and decrease American fares. India was considered to be the nation fit for developing the vital sums. In reality, it helped fill the hole during the war, making up just 31% of British cotton imports in 1861, however, 90% in 1862 and 67% in 1864. Furthermore, the primary buyers of cotton, Britain, and France, started to go to Egyptian cotton. The Egyptian administration of Viceroy Isma'ili took out generous credits from European investors and stock trades. After the American Civil War finished in 1865, British and French merchants deserted Egyptian cotton and came back to modest American fares, sending Egypt into a shortage winding that prompted the nation opting for non-payment in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's occupation by the British Empire in 1882.

The Boll Weevil Research Laboratory:

Current history Boll weevils, bugs that entered the United States from Mexico in 1892, made 100 years of issues for the U.S. cotton industry. Many consider the boll weevil nearly as significant as the Civil War as an agent of change in the South, forcing economic and social changes. In total, the boll weevil is estimated to have caused $22 billion in damages. In the late 1950s, the U.S. cotton industry faced economic problems, and eradication of the boll weevil was prioritized. The Agricultural Research Service built the Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, which came up with detection traps and pheromone lures. The program was successful, and pesticide use reduced significantly while the boll weevil was eradicated in some areas.

Africa and India replace American cotton:

After the Cotton Famine, The European textile industry looked to new sources of raw cotton. The African colonies of West Africa and Mozambique provided a cheap supply. Taxes and extra-market means again discouraged local textile production. Working conditions were brutal, especially in the Congo, Angola, and Mozambique. Several revolts occurred, and a cotton black market created a local textile industry. In recent history, United States agricultural subsidies have depressed world prices, making it difficult for African farmers to compete. India's cotton industry struggled in the late 19th century because of unmechanized production and American dominance of raw cotton export. India, ceasing to be a major exporter of cotton goods, became the largest importer of British cotton textiles. Mohandas Gandhi believed that cotton was closely tied to Indian self-determination. In the 1920s he launched the Khadi Movement, a massive boycott of British cotton goods. He urged Indians to use simple homespun cotton textiles, khadi. Cotton became an important symbol in Indian independence. During World War II, shortages created a high demand for khadi, and 16 million yards of cloth were produced in nine months. The British Raj declared khadi subversive; damaging to the British imperial rule. Confiscation, burning of stocks, and jailing of workers resulted, which intensified resistance. In the second half of the 20th century, a downturn in the European cotton industry led to a resurgence of the Indian cotton industry. India began to mechanize and was able to compete in the world market.

The decline in the British cotton industry during World Wars:

The decline in the British cotton industry In 1912, the British cotton industry was at its peak, producing eight billion yards of cloth.

1) World War I:

In World War I, cotton couldn't be exported to foreign markets, and some countries built their own factories, particularly Japan. By 1933 Japan introduced 24-hour cotton production and became the world's largest cotton manufacturer. Demand for British cotton slumped, and during the interwar period 345,000 workers left the industry and 800 mills closed. India's boycott of British cotton products devastated Lancashire, and in Blackburn 74 mills closed in under four years.

2) World War II:

In World War II, the British cotton industry saw an upturn and an increase in workers, with Lancashire mills being tasked with creating parachutes and uniforms for the war. In the 1950s and '60s, many workers came from the Indian sub-continent and were encouraged to look for work in Lancashire. An increase in the workforce allowed mill owners to introduce third shifts. This resurgence in the textile industry did not last long, and by 1958, Britain had become a net importer of cotton cloth. Modernization of the industry was attempted in 1959 with the Cotton Industry Act. Mill closures occurred in Lancashire, and it was failing to compete with foreign industry. During the 1960s and '70s, a mill closed in Lancashire almost once a week. By the 1980s, the textile industry of North West Britain had almost disappeared. The South continued to be a one-crop economy until the 20th century, when the New Deal and World War II encouraged diversification. Many ex-slaves, as well as poor whites, worked in the share-cropping system in serf-like conditions

The cotton industry for the world

2020-06-26T08:23:00.001+05:00

The cotton industry for the world

One of the most amazing industries and the multi-purpose comfortable product cotton this natural fiber was discovered thousands of years ago and is still up to this day one of the most used fibers in the world. We use cotton in textiles beauty food even flower arrangements cotton is native to tropical areas but is now being farmed all over the world since the demand is so high we now use over 25 million tons of cotton every year and although we don't live in the civil war days anymore. Cotton is still controversial it's also a money-making machine and industry that employs a lot of people if you want to know some more about cotton expensive details the challenges and the innovative side of this industry.

Makes and breaks of the Cotton industry:

The US paper currency is made with 75% cotton paper money is not 100 percent paper or even paper compounds the US paper currency is apparently made of 75% cotton and 25% linen according to the Bureau of Engraving and printing they use cotton because the banknotes need to follow a few criteria. One of the most important factors is lifespan and circulation if the bills were 100 percent paper they wouldn't stand the test of time weather conditions and flexibility although it looks and feels like a paper bill they're more like textile bits that can withstand tearing washing and full holding this special mixture of cotton and linen is produced only by the federal government.

Worth Trying cotton industry for world:

America values its cotton crops very much America has a long and painful history with cotton although some of it is now forgotten or at least people try to forget the need and appreciation of this crop is very dear to most Americans the government subsidizes cotton five times more than cereal crops American farmers receive two hundred and thirty dollars for each acre of cotton yearly the Cotton industry in America is valued at more than twenty-five billion dollars and also accounts for roughly four hundred thousand jobs most of them located in Texas the leading cotton-producing state.

The well-Known cotton industry for the world:

Adidas Nike H&M and Gap are the top brands marching for sustainability the textile the industry is the biggest cotton consumer in the world most of the cotton goes towards their factories, because it's the main fiber clothing is made of but in the world where fast fashion and trends come and go it's getting harder to keep up with the demand so a few brands have stepped up and are marching for a more sustainable industry a few of these brands are Adidas, Nike, and Gap. They're trying to reduce textile waste and help people understand how important it is to recycle and get the wear out of each item sustainability needs to start at the bottom of the chain with cotton farmers.

A Collection of the Best cotton industry for the world:

Egyptian cotton is the most luxurious cotton has been used for clothing purposes for a long time the natural fiber has amazing qualities that can even make it a luxury item out of all the cotton that's out there a certain one is actually the epitome of luxury cotton and that is Egyptian cotton due to its climate and soil Egypt is able to grow a special kind of cotton that offers a unique kind of thread with 1000 per square inch this cotton is the best fiber to look after and items made with it can cost $500 or more he Luxor's the next time you're looking for bed sheets try some Egyptian cotton.

Genetically modified cotton for industry:

The Cotton industry brings in billions of dollars each year the textile and garment the industry is worth trillions of dollars but it's subsidiary the Cotton industry is not too far from that mark either the united states Cotton industry is worth around 150 billion dollars alone a cotton farmer makes somewhere around fifty-eight thousand 281 thousand dollars per year since the cotton demand is on the rise we can only speculate that in the near future this industry will be making a turn to the trillion-dollar camp where only a few companies and industries get to be number six GMO cotton is being adopted by many cotton-producing countries in the last 20 years the Cotton industry was faced with a lot of improvements and innovative ideas one of they were genetically modified cotton a new strain designed to resist pests and insects some of them are now able to produce insecticides the biggest problem with the GMO cotton crops is they end up contaminating the fibers with pesticides and possibly have side effects on humans another problem with GMO cotton is it doesn't replace the need for extra pesticides India is the biggest GMO cotton producer while other countries are forbidding it.

Best cotton industry your Business Can't Leave Without

Whose Becca stands Cotton industry Geraint the most important natural fiber can also have devastating effects on our environment some people call it white gold but unfortunately it can have the same effect as gold mining whose Becca Stan witnessed the true cost of cotton it is one of the dirtiest and thirstiest crops in the world a few years ago their Cotton industry managed to drain the Aral sea and kill the living sea life within it what was once one of the four largest lakes in the world shrunk dramatically due to irrigation for cotton crops the drainage of the Aral Sea is now considered one of the most emblematic environmental disasters.

Climatic change effects the cotton industry:

Climate change is not necessarily bad for cotton crops. Climate change is ruining a lot of industries a little bit every day when it comes to cotton. Climate change is not necessarily a problem. The change in temperature will be beneficial for cotton because this crop thrives in the Sun another good thing is when cooler regions warm up they'll be able to grow cotton. There as well making this crop available worldwide the only major downside is it needs a lot of water and if temperatures rise water will become critical not to mention the major weather events that come with warmer climates.

Worth Trying cotton industry for world:

Cotton prices affect the entire textile industry cotton prices are a continuous rising trend because of raw material shortages this means that farmers are making more money but on the other side the textile industry takes the fall for it and since this industry is not fully up-to-date with the latest technologies only a few countries are able to promote cotton farming and keep the prices at bay the biggest Cotton industry that suffering is the towel companies that is 100 percent in need of cotton they either pass along higher prices to consumers or reduce stocks from resellers or mix the cotton with synthetic fibers one way or another they'll have to compromise their business or their product

A Collection of the Best cotton industry for the world:

India is the biggest cotton producer in the world up until recently China has been the largest cotton producer in the world nowadays India has taken the podium as the biggest cotton producer with 28.5 bales of cotton which accounts for 24% of the world's production they're also the can the largest cotton exporter and big brands such as Tommy, Hilfiger, Levi's or Nike import cotton and textiles from India currently, India's textile industry is estimated to be worth approximately 108 billion dollars and it's headed for a significant rise by 2021 to approximately 500 billion dollars and cotton is a big part of it and a Luxor's if you want to know some more about the textile industry head over to our 15 things you didn't know about the textile industry video to get a better look at one of the richest and most controversial industries in the world.

The awesome cotton industry for the world:

Malawi's Cotton industry is struggling with secondhand clothing decluttering your closet is now a trend and a strategy a lot of people have adopted in the search for a more minimalist lifestyle, in third world countries like Malawi or Somalia that's not bad right well it kind of is these countries are dependent on the Cotton industry so if charity clothing is dispatched in their country the local textile industry struggles to stay alive in countries like Malawi second-hand clothing represents a tough competitor they struggle to compete with it.

The creative cotton industry for the world:

A cotton t-shirt requires 713 gallons of water to produce one of the biggest concerns the Cotton industry is faced with is water consumption and waste the clothing item that we all love most the t-shirt requires 713 gallons of water to produce from day one to the shelf in fact over 70% of that water goes into the agricultural sector and not human use this means we use more water to make our food and fibers than for actual consumption the water needed just for one t-shirt can last a person 900 days.

The advanced cotton industry for the world:

Only 1% of the cotton is organic, organic cotton one of the rarest cotton fibers that needs special conditions to grow in order to be called organic regular cotton uses over 16% of the world's pesticides and harsh work conditions or even child labor organic cotton is grown with zero pesticides it's fair trade and more sustainable processes are used however the biggest problem with organic cotton is the price a regular t-shirt can be priced at around $500 or more.

Facts you should know about cotton industry:

The cotton ball diet is a dangerous trend although it might sound drastic and outrageous the cotton ball diet exists and some people swear by it consists of eating cotton balls dipped in juices or smoothies to make your stomach feel full and stop the hungry feeling for a while this extreme diet is often used by overweight people because cotton has zero nutritional value or calories and it stops them from gaining more weight, however, this diet has been received with massive negative criticism and for good reason because it's extremely dangerous and some cotton balls are bleached and full of nasty chemicals, in the end, it's a diet that is not worth it.

The popular cotton industry for the world:

75% of men's clothing is made with cotton more than women's clothes, women's clothing is dominated by natural and beautiful fibers like cotton silk or cashmere, in fact, men's clothing has more cotton than women's approximately 75% of men's clothing contains some percentage of cotton and 80% is pure cotton in the women's camp only 60% of the clothing is made with some percentage of cotton and about 40% with pure cotton even though women's clothing takes a larger percentage of the textile pie men have more natural and long-wearing item looking closer at this industry it seems like every little thing that surrounds us has some percentage of cotton synthetic fibers are not overlooked anymore especially since sporting brands are now more popular than ever but cotton is still king.

Aloe Vera plant and its health benefits for the world

2020-06-22T14:01:00.001+05:00

Aloe Vera plant and its health benefits for the world

How Aloe Vera plant is used in many generations before so aloe is one of the oldest plants mentioned in ancient records now it's been mentioned up to 6,000 years ago but knows have documentation that it has been listed as a medicinal source for over 4,000 years it's been found on papyrus and hieroglyphics and it really has been mentioned throughout so many phases of history and has testimonials from rulers, kings queens, philosophers, spiritual leaders and even down to practitioners

Usage of their elixirs

Aloe Vera plant has been an amazing component used for centuries and centuries for all of its fantastic benefits so look at some of the cultures who have used it and really refer to the Chinese the ancient Egyptians the Greeks and the Native Americans because they all have documented usage of their elixirs and their topical gels in the way that they have used aloe in both the skin and the body and they've used it as a fundamental part of traditional medicine.

Greeks the Egyptians and the Chinese

it's been mentioned by the Greeks the Egyptians and the Chinese and even it's been referenced as new as the time of Christopher Columbus the Egyptians they actually called it the plant of immortality and the first known written reports on the nourishing juice of the Aloe Vera plant, this is where it reaches back to 6,000 years ago and interestingly enough even the dead were embalmed by the Egyptians with Aloe Vera because they had a spiritual belief that could stop the process of death and that eternal life could be attained on both a physical and a spiritual level so they really believed that this was a fundamental plant at an important plant to the point wherein a respectful the manner they used it to bury their loved ones and so it was called the plant of immortality,

Well known Aloe Vera plant for the world:

Go back to times of Queens and princesses and Cleopatra and Nefertiti also used Aloe Vera plant in their daily skin treatments they believed again it was a source of beauty and it was regarded as the usage of it they regarded it as a pursuit of physical beauty

Expensive Aloe Vera plant for the world:

The history of Aloe Vera plant is actually traced back to the Silk Road trading routes you know the Silk Route actually extended over 4,000 miles and it opened up the ability to develop and expand the civilizations of China the Indian subcontinent Persia Europe and Arabia and it really helped to open a long-distance interaction between these civilizations but the Chinese also exported or sold just simple things like teas and salts and sugar and spices and even Aloe Vera plant but you know mostly it was an expensive luxury goods and aloe was considered one of these expensive luxury goods that they imported or bought in Japan

Best Aloe Vera plants for the world:

Aloe Vera plant was known as the royal plant and the juice was consumed as an elixir it was so revered and so precious that it was consumed as an elixir, what an elixir is it's something that's so special and is made with so much care and has such an amazing benefit they turn it into a ruinous this royal plant into an elixir and the samurai even used it as a liquid for rubbing on the body to relieve pain from sprains and strains. Even go back as far as to King Solomon in the Old Testament in the Bible where a Louis mentions so in Psalms 45 8 it says all thy garments smell of myrrh and aloes and cassia out of the ivory palaces whereby they have made thee glad so the references to aloe throughout the history of time have really revered this plant as royal as immortal as a physical pursuit of beauty and has really been just one of those plants of all the plants in the world that has been mentioned and seen for up to six thousand years so you got to imagine that all of those generations in all of those civilizations they were onto something they knew something and what they were absolutely right and that Forever Living Products that aloe was an amazing product and sought to find a way to help really help people all over the world look better and feel better

Botanical description of Aloe Vera plant:

Aloe Vera plant so the aloe genus contains over 500 succulent flowering plants it is currently classified under the xanthor OAC family but in the past it was classified in the lily AC family there has been some debate but currently, it is in the van through her AC family it also is also known as aloe barbadensis but it was discovered that a man named Berman had actually named it Aloe Vera plant before it had been called aloe barbadensis or as it is now known an Ella vera.

Materials needed in Growing an Aloe Vera plant at Home:

The materials needed are growth pot with drain hole, cactus potting mix, a sunny area, and marbles or pot pieces.

Steps in cultivating Aloe Vera plant:

Remember to pick aloe vera that possesses firm and health leaves. Repot each plant during spring. They can also develop rapidly during a month that has warm weather. Use loose soil for the plants. A cactus plant potting mixture (which is made of two parts sand and one-part potting soil) will do wonders. Don’t forget to choose a plant pot with excellent drainage. Fill one-third full of pebbles or shards. Fill the pot plant with two- third full of potting and place the plant.

Now can cover the aloe vera with soil. Carefully remove any bumps in the soil. Water the plant and place it in a sunny area of your home. Windows in the southern part of your residence receive a lot of sunlight and can provide the warmth that your plant needs. Remember to water your plant during summer only when it gets really dry.

Keep an eye on the soil and wait until the soil begins to draw away from the plant pots side water it. Aloe vera does not need a lot of water during cold months and can water it once 2-3 weeks.

Additional tips for growing Aloe Vera plant:

For optimum results, place the plant outdoors for a few times during summer and spring each year. Carefully introduce it to the environment outside of your home by putting in a shaded spot for few hours during a good day and increase the plant’s time outdoor seven to ten day a week. Remember that if place the plant during summer outside of your residence, bring it inside before the onset of the winter. Do not place the plant in too much water since its root can easily rot. Should the plant be unfortunately exposed to cold weather, do not immediately discard it without giving it an opportunity to live. The leaves of Aloe Vera plant may begin to wilt and then die off but if the affected portion is not too big, new leaves will begin to grow from its base.it will be unsightly for quite some time but there is a big chance that it will survive and flourish again.

Health benefits of Aloe Vera plant

Aloe Vera plant is most commonly known for its use as burn treatments as well as for its laxative properties due to the anthraquinone switch, there are also, many other claims associated with Aloe Vera plant but a lot of research is needed currently it is marketed a lot as having soothing and moisturizing effects as in lotions and hand soaps but those are have not been verified so aloe the origin oy aloe vera is actually not known is believed to be native possibly to North Africa Mediterranean parts of Europe as well as The Canary Islands but now it is cultivated throughout the tropics and it can actually survive in a variety of conditions so it can grow pretty much anywhere it has no stem or a very short stem with these thick fleshy green leaves with a grayish brown tinge as well as white spots when they're younger as well as yellow flowers that bloom from July through about January where it is located really just in the warmer areas so the traditional uses of aloe vera it is most well known for its use as a burn treatment it is the extract of aloe vera plant is sometimes used in hot water, before it's applied which may or may not help to increase the activity of some of the chemical constituents. it especially is used a laxative and purgative properties

Induces abortions during pregnancy:

Especially it is used as an abortifacient so it induces abortions and even in places where it is traditionally used but not specifically as an abortifacient it is contraindicated during pregnancy so there are definitely some effects that we don't want during pregnancies and then for it is also used to treat hypertension cancer and diabetes

Uses in chemistry and pharmacology:

The chemistry and pharmacology of aloe vera plant the most well-known constituents are the anthraquinone which are aromatic organic compounds such as aloe in a alamuddin and an thrillin these are most well known for their laxative effects and when we know this because when they're removed from the plant it's no longer a laxative some other compounds in aloe vera are polyphenols and flavonoids polyphenols are largely anti-oxidant as well as anti-microbial and flavonoids are actually as they are synthesized by the plant in response to infection which is why they have such good effects in humans as well antibacterial antiviral and acts antioxidant and the flavonoid content because of the yellow flowers in aloe vera yellow coloring is often very indicative of flavonoid content the biological activity in aloe vera plants in vitro the antioxidant properties in the flowers, they did not contain anthraquinone so it's really just the polyphenol and flavonoid content in the flowers and it actually correlated the amount of polyphenols and flavonoids in the flowers correlated directly with antioxidant activity

Anti-diabetic properties in vivo of Aloe Vera plant:

Anti-diabetic properties in vivo mice were on a diet-induced non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus so they were given this high-fat diet to induce diabetes and they were given a processed aloe vera gel extract they were found to have hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties so after a couple weeks on the aloe vera treatment they actually had fasting blood glucose levels that were similar to mice that had been fed a regular diet which is very promising also in vivo. There was also improved healing which may due to being due to increased oxygenation when the aloe vera plant is applied so anti-hyper coat anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemia in other words anti-diabetic effects there was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled a clinical study which is generally widely accepted and patients were given an aloe capsule patients with diabetes are given an aloe capsule and they showed improved glycemic control and lower cholesterol burn care for aloe vera although it is widely accepted is actually inconclusive it is believed to be mostly cooling and soothing for burns but not necessarily effective.

Effect healing process:

In actually promoting healing there have been several studies that have shown that there's an increase in collagen production which may promote healing.

Treatment for Ulcer:

but it is a little inconclusive it's also used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis subjects taking aloe , four times as likely to show response to or even complete remission of ulcerative colitis some contraindications of aloe

Hepatic effects:

it is believed to be possibly cytotoxic with some possible chromosomal abnormalities hepatic toxicity is also possible there's mostly just been anecdotal evidence of patients taking ala supplements without telling their doctors and having adverse liver effects possible carcinogenic activities in rats

Laxative properties:

let using a laxative especially a stimulant laxatives like aloe vera plant can cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea as well as decreased drug absorption because of that diarrhea and since it lowers sense it is known to lower blood glucose levels we don't want to be taking it with other diet diabetes medications since it can have synergistic effects currently.

people who use a supplement may overlook possible drug and herb interactions and the possible toxicity of aloe vera since it's not known but it has been used to treat diabetes osteoarthritis and hypertension as well

Treatment against burn:

Burn care in pigs that had burned it was actually found to be no more beneficial than the control group so a little not quite clear there on whether or not aloe is in fact useful for burns so clinical studies one interesting one was the periodontal effects of an aloe vera plant application when Ella was applied into the periodontal pockets, there was in fact, a decreased gingival index which may be due to the antimicrobial effects of aloe vera plant

Facts you should know about sunflower oil plantation

2020-06-16T15:09:00.001+05:00

Facts you should know about sunflower oil plantation

History of sunflower oil plant

It has always been the firm belief that one must leave the mainsail their creativity high and wide on the ocean of this somewhat meaningless existence and during this solstice. the cultivation and cumulation of the Anthias Hangeth plant is also known as the sunflower oil plant. Sunflower oil plant was a common crop among Native American tribes in Arizona and New Mexico's evidence shows that this the plant was cultivated even prior to the corn the sunflower is used in many ways throughout different tribes. some used the oil for cooking some pounded into a mash for food some added it with other vegetables for flavor. Some use it as medicine our friend the sunflower was brought to Europe by the Spanish in The 1500s. its popularity spread widely throughout the continent for its aesthetic value but it was also being used as a snack as well as the oil itself. The English in the seventeen hundreds created a patent for a machine to oil the sunflower oil plant seed if the true cultivation exploitation comes from the Russians much credit was given to Peter the Great for introducing it to the Russian people.

Comparison of two sunflower oil plant.

The Russian Orthodox Church demands many oils for cooking during the Lenten season but since the sunflower oil plant was not native to there it was not banned it became quite popular although, the original American sunflower the Russian selectively bred the flower into what it became known as today then as the Russian mane it doesn't look as pretty when they hang down like that but it also keeps the birds from being able to get the seats that can Peck around the top but they can't go upside down same with the squirrels they climb on top and they drag the whole plant down they fall off. the sunflower oil plant goes back up, if it's an intentional adaptation but it works quite well.

Production of sunflower oil plant

Seed production of sunflower oil plants across worldwide is approximately more than 52874488 tons and sunflower oil production is 18 million tons. Russia produces 4.2M and Ukraine produces 5.8 million tones comprises 57 % of the global production.

Botanical description of sunflower oil plant:

The most advance group having 950 genera and more than 20,000 species in would. Sunflower oil plant is a herbaceous plant means small in 20,000 species probably one to two species are rarely three. The habit of sunflower is an annual herb and rarely shrubs. its root Is tap and stem is erected and herbaceous and sometimes it's hairy. Leaf of the plant is simple, petiolate, reticulate, venation some time compound, or may be serrated. Inflorescence of the plant is racemose, capitulate consisting of ray and disc florate having a heterogamous flower.

There are two types of flower

1) Ray floriate flower

2) Disc floriate flower

Ray floriate flower:

In this type, the flower is ebracteate, sessile, ligulate, zygomorphic, unisexual, incomplete pistillate or neuter, epigynous. Cylex may be either absent or represented by 2 or 3 scales, superior and called pepaous. Corolla of this plant have 2 , 5 gamopetalous, liguate superior yellow color. In ray florate androecium is absent. Gynoecium are of two types, bicarpellary syncarpous, inferior ovary.s ( Epigynous condition), unilocular, single ovule , basal placentation, stigma in bifid condition.

Disc floriate flower:

In disc florate the flower is bracteate, sessile, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite and flower is complete. Calex and corolla is just like ray florate but petals in corolla form whole. Androecium in disc florate have 5 stamnos, epipetalous and alternate to the filament free, anther in stamnos is bicelled, interose and superior. The gynoecium is just like ray florate. Fruit is just like cypsela.

Uses of Sunflower oil plant

· Improve heart health and cholesterol, normalize the blood pressure, Improve thyroid health and mood, stop oxidative damage

· Boost digestion and immune system s mental health by reducing stress, Increase the formation of the cell, stop osteoporosis, fight against hair loss.

· Prevents asthma, cataracts, and cancer, Make the bones healthy and fight against diabetes

· Maintain fluid balance, combat arthritis, and prevent premature death, prevent gray hair, moisturize hair, and promote glowing skin and make you younger. Stimulate hair growth and fight against acne.

· Increase body energy, it prevents blood from getting in the meat affecting the flavor of the game.

Plantation of sunflower oil plant

Sunflowers oil plant are insanely easy to grow they are one of the first flowers that people usually grow even in their first garden ever and for the good reason they're gorgeous, use them for cut flowers they attract pollinators it's fun to watch the birds sit over there and eat the seeds now sunflowers are a little bit cold tolerant in the seedling stage as in you know there's a volunteer sunflower in the garden it came up it's still a little bit cold it can handle a little bit of frost as a seedling plant these seeds, there are a couple options the first one is to amend a be make sure it's weed-free well amended and direct so those seeds direct some just stick the seeds in the ground usually about 1/2 inch to an inch deep water that very well and germination should occur within about a week as long as the temperatures are nice and warm outside. the birds in my yard are absolutely terrible. The birds will go over to the sunflower patch and pick every single seed out of the ground and eat it I have no clue how they are able to do this but they do so that leaves us with a couple other options, of course, we can start the seeds indoors in trays under grow lights. There are a couple choices another is to use the winter sowing method to sow the sunflower seeds if you are unfamiliar with the winter selling method it just uses a recycled bottle as a greenhouse to start seeds in.

Health Benefits Of Onion Plants

2020-06-13T16:09:00.001+05:00

Health Benefits Of Onion Plants

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It's extremely important to make vegetables a part of your diet. they're full of vitamins and minerals that regulate healthy processes in the body but there is one vegetable that especially beneficial and these are onion plants have a number of benefits that include controlling high blood pressure, fighting cancer, improving circulation.

Facts you should know about onion plants:

Every vegetable is important for health but there are certain kinds of vegetables that offer unique benefits and onions are one of the onion plants are a member of the alien family that also includes garlic with tens of uses in medicine these intervals are famous for the broad spectrum of benefits throughout medicine they contain vitamins minerals and potent compounds that promote health in many ways the medicine an improper tease of onions have been recognized for centuries they were used to treat headaches heart disease and even mouth sores.

Maintain blood pressure:

Onion plants contain many compounds beneficial for heart health they contain antioxidants and other substances that fight inflammation decrease triglycerides and reduce cholesterol levels all of which obviously lowers the risk of heart disease but there are other anti-inflammatory compounds and onions that help reduce high pressure and protect you against blood clot formation. Kirsten is a flavonoid antioxidant and is highly concentrated onions and this potent anti-inflammatory compound can help reduce the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure in any of these patients in a study with more than 70 overweight people with high blood pressure scientists found that a hundred and sixty-two milligrams per day of Kirsten. Onion plants extract significantly reduces a stolid blood pressure from three to six millimeters of mercury. In general, to maintain healthy blood pressure and going to be able to keep heart working properly.

Reduces cholesterol levels:

Cholesterol in general is good for the organism but as with all things too much cholesterol can cause of any heart conditions that deteriorate our health when there's too much cholesterol in the blood it builds up in the walls of your arteries causing a process called atherosclerosis a form of heart disease onions have also been shown to crease cholesterol levels a study in 54 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome or PCOS found that consuming large amounts of red onions from 40 to 50 grams per day for eight weeks reduces total or bad LDL cholesterol other animal studies have evidence that onion plants consumption can reduce the risk of heart disease including inflammation high triglyceride levels and blood clot formation all of this in one simple vegetable named Onion plants (Allium Cepa).

Anti-cancer properties:

Onion plants have anti-cancer properties vegetables from the alien family that include onions and garlic have also been known to be extremely helpful in cancer control but just recently studies have been confirming that onions have been linked to a lower risk of certain cancers including stomach and colorectal cancer. a recent review and 26 studies show that people who consumed the highest amount of Liam vegetables were 22 percent less likely to be diagnosed with stomach cancer for example and another recent study or review of 16 other studies demonstrated almost 14,000 people with the highest onion plants intake had a 15 less risk of suffering colorectal cancer all these cancer-fighting properties have been linked to the sulfur compounds and the flavonoid antioxidants found in alien vegetables but the most impressive compound found in onions is a substance called onion plants and a what it does is decrease tumor development and slows the spread of ovarian and lung cancer in test-tube studies, there are two other substances found in onions that need more research is called faceting and Kirstin which apparently also inhibit tumor growth.

Control diabetes:

Number four helps control blood sugar levels if you have diabetes pre-diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Onion plants may be especially helpful a recent scientific study with 42 patient with type 2 diabetes demonstrated a hundred grams of fresh red onion plants reduce fasting blood sugar levels in 40 milligrams per deciliter. apart from the study, multiple other studies have been shown that onion plants consumption can benefit blood sugar control another experience done in animals so diabetic rats had a 5% onion plants extract with their food for 28 days they experienced fasting blood sugar levels at or substantially lower in body fat and blood sugar control in another experience done in animals they show that diabetic rats that had a 5% onion plants extract with their food experience less fasting blood sugar levels and had substantially lower body fat than the control group it's believed that specific compounds found in Onion plants such as curse certain or sulfur compounds have anti-diabetic effects

Increases bone density:

This Onion plants health benefit has recently been discovered so how did it discover this a study in 24 middle-aged and postmenopausal women showed that those who consumed a hundred milliliters of onion plant juice on a daily basis for eight weeks improved their bone density when compared to a control group but another more an impressive study demonstrated how older women who frequently ate Ian’s decrease the risk for hip fractures by more than 20% and I know if a lot of people who could use some help with osteoporosis onions can really help the mechanism of how onions do their job in increasing bone density is not entirely understood it's believed that they help reduce oxidative stress boost antioxidant levels and even decrease bone loss which may prevent osteopenia and osteoporosis improving bone density and preventing bone fractures.

Improves digestive health:

Use onion plants really help with digestive health in case you don't know this yet onions are a rich source of fiber and prebiotics both of which are necessary for good digestive health prebiotics are non-digestible types of fiber that are broken down by beneficial bacteria gut bacteria feed on prebiotics and create short chain fatty-acids these short-chain fatty-acids can later be you know strengthening the gut system boost immunity reduce inflammation and even enhance digestion. In patients with acne onion plants have a powerful effect with the digestion of fats and they're great as a part of good acne treatment.

Onion plants prevent premature aging:

Important ways to prevent premature aging is through antioxidant consumption antioxidants are compounds that decrease oxidation a process that leads to cellular damage and contributes to diseases like cancer diabetes and even heart disease your diet should always be including good sources of antioxidants like citrus fruits vegetables and even onion plants are an excellent source of antioxidants because they contain more than 25 different varieties of flavonoid antioxidants especially red onions they contain anthro cyanides which is a very powerful antioxidant many populational studies have found that people consume more rich foods in anthocyanins have a reduced risk of a heart attack or heart disease one very interesting study with 93,000 women observed that those who have the highest and take of anthocyanin-rich foods were 32 percent less likely to experience a heart attack

Serve as a nutrient;

Vegetable is particularly high in vitamin C a nutrient that is involved in regulating immune responses and health collagen production and tissue repair or iron absorption. Onion plants are also rich in B vitamins which play a key role in metabolism red blood cell production and even nerve function and lastly they're a good source of potassium this mineral has many functions in the body potassium is extremely important in normal cell function fluid balance nerve transmission kidney function and even muscle contraction

Facts you should know about Onion plants

2020-06-12T16:15:00.001+05:00

Facts you should know about Onion plants

History of an Onion plant

Onion plant (Allium cepa) belongs to the family of Liliaceae. It is one of the most important commercial vegetables. It is a native southwest Asia and Mediterranean region, an Important bulb crop since the earliest times. It was cultivated in Egypt at least 4800 years ago employed in religious and funerary offerings and has been found in mummies. China, India, Japan, Russia, Turkey, Egypt, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and Pakistan are the chief producer of the Onion plant.

Descriptionof an Onion plant

An onion plant is the biennial plant mainly grown as an annual crop. The hollow linear cylindrical leaves have a sheeting leaf base. The food is stored in the bulb during the first growing season. The bulb consists of the short disc-like stem surround by a number of centric layers of fleshy leaf bases, at the end of the first growing season, a leafless scope is produced by a terminal bud that bears in an umbellate inflorescence. The flowers are small greenish and fruit is a globular capsule.

Uses of an Onion plant

On average, a mature Onion plant contains 87% moisture,11% carbohydrates, 1.2% protein, 0.4% minerals, .1 % fibers, and traces thiamine, nicotinic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin C. the pungency of Onion plant are due to the volatile oil, allyl propyl disulfide. It is a popular vegetable and eaten raw or cooked in various ways and also used for flavoring and pickling. It stimulates diuretic and expectorant and is used against flatulence and dysentery.

Cultivationof Onion plant

Allium cepa Is a cool-season plant.it grows well under mild climate without extreme heat or cold or excessive rainfall. The ideal temperature required for the crop is 12.5 ⁰C to 21 ⁰C before bulbing and 15.5 ⁰C to 25 ⁰C for bulb development. It can be grown on all types of soil, however, deep friable loam and alluvial soil are the best for its successful production. Free drainage, freedom from weeds, and the presence of organic matter favor the production of good crops. It cannot grow in alkaline or low lying marshy lands. The optimum pH is 5.8 to 6.5.

Land preparation for Onion plant:

Medium land should be ploughed for Onion plant after the harvest of paddy for 4 to 5 times till a fine tilth is obtained. Remove the root stubbles and incorporate FYM/compost at the time of final land preparation

Seed rate:

For better production of the crop 10kg/ha of seed is required

Raising of seedling:

Raise seedling in 3m × 1.5m nursery bed and incorporate 20kg of well-composed FYM/bed. Nursery of 0.05 ha with 10 kg of seed will be sufficient for raising seedling for transplanting one ha of land. The first week of October is considered as the best time for sowing the seeds in nursery.

Transplanting:

Prepare 30m ×3m sized beds and transplant 45 to 60 days old seedling of 15 to 20 cm height at a distance of 15 cm row to 10 cm plant to plant. Planting should be complete in the first fortnight of December.

Manuring:

Apply 25 to 30 t of FYM/compost, 120 kg of nitrogen,60 kg of P₂O₅, and 100 kg of K₂O/ha. 50% of nitrogen full dose of phosphorous and 50% of K₂O should be applied to the basal. The remaining quantity nitrogen should be given into two splits i.e. at the third and sixth weeks after transplanting. Rest 50 of K₂O should be given at second top dressing along with the second split of nitrogen.

Intercultural:

Three weeding and light hoeing are required for the crop. In early-stage irrigate the crop at a short interval and increase the frequency of irrigation with an increase in age of crop and decrease with maturity. Moisture stress decreases the yield.

Harvesting of an Onion plant

The onion plant is matured in the fourth month. Harvesting should be done when 50% tops fall. Onion are made into bundles and dumped in the field for curing

Onion plant diseases and its management

Black Mold (Aspergillus Niger)

Don’t forget to wash your hands when you can contact-with fungus. Fungal spores are widely distributed on the onion plant.

Management:

Treat seeds with appropriate fungicide prior to planting to reduce rot in mature bulbs, avoid bruising bulbs during and after harvest, storing at a temperature between 15 ⁰C (59F), prevents mold spreading but it will remain resume once the temperature increases.

Botrytis leaf blight (Botrytis Squamosa)

High humidity and warm temperature favor the disease in onion plants

Management:

Plant the onion in single rows allowing at least 30cm between plants to promote good air circulation and quick drying of foliage after rain. Time irrigation to allow plants. Time to dry out sufficiently apply appropriate fungicide sprays when plants have at least five true leaves and early symptom of the disease.

Downy mildew (Peronospora Destructor)

Disease emergence favored by the cool temperature and leaf wetness

Management:

Avoid planting infected seeds rotate crop to non-allium species for 3 to 4 years. Plant in well-draining areas and don’t overcrowded plants destroy all infected crop debris, apply appropriate foliar fungicides taking care to apply thoroughly to many ways

Fusarium basal plate rot( Furasium Oxysoprum)

Moderate to high temperature enhance the disease severity

Management:

Rotated with non-susceptible crops for at least four-year plant resistance onion plant varieties

Furasium damping off (Furasium Oxysporum)

Moist to wet soil increase the decreased severity. Plant only decreases free seed, treat seed with fungicide, rotate crop with cereals or grasses to reduce the level of pathogens in soil, steam treatment or fumigation of soil can help the reduce level of Furasium in soil.

Pink Root (Phoma Terrestris)

Disease is not severe when onion plants are planted continuously or in one year, rotation of 3 to 5 years is preferred. Plant more resistance verities. Solarization and fumigation can help reduce the level of pathogens in the soil.

Purple Blotch (Alternaria Porri)

Cultural controls include long rotation with non-hosts and reduction of leaf wetness by planting in well-draining soil and time irrigation to allow plants to dry adequately during the day. Some fungicides are effective at controlling the disease.

Rust (Puccinia Porri)

Favors high humidity but low rainfall. No resistance knows, use only disease-free seeds and plant in well-draining soil control weeds around the crop, apply appropriate protective fungicides.

Smut (Urocytis Colchici)

No resistance to the disease known in onion plants during the period when promoting rapid growth. Plant only healthy sets, they will not become infected.

Leaf steak and bulb rot (Pseudomonas Viridiflava)

Avoid fertilizing plants during winter, apply the appropriate bactericidal spray.

Pythium seed rot damping-off (Pythium Irregulare)

Control of disease is independent of minimizing soil moisture breakup completed soil. Plant in a well-draining area or raised beds treat seeds with appropriate fungicides prior to planting.

Facts You Should Know About rice crop

2020-06-09T14:43:00.000+05:00

History of rice crop in the world

The rice crop was firstly introduced in 10,000 years ago and for the trading and commerce propose it was introduced in 6500 years ago. It was popular in china since 5500 years ago and in Thailand, it is approximately 4500 years ago. There are 20 wild species of crop rice and second-largest cereals in the world. Geographically, 90% of the rice crop is grown in the west and south Asia

Distribution of rice crop in the world

Asian distribution of rice crop:

The rice crop started from Assam in India and spread to China and spread to other Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and India, Indonesia. This crop was introduced in the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe near around 800 BC

African distribution of rice crop:

The African rice harvest began two thousand to three thousand four years ago and the first Asian rice crop has been introduced in Portugal a fifteen hundred years ago

Major types of rice crop

Today, the most popular type is Oryza, two of which are of great importance to humans and agriculture.

Oryza glaberrima:

It is the most popular African rice crop and less famous than Asian crops. It was originated after the Asian crop

Oryza Sativa:

It is the most famous Asian rice crop and its most famous variety are Indica. It is planted in warm, tropical, and tropical areas.

Botanical distribution for rice crop

Botanical name of the paddy is Oryza Sative L. and belongs to the family of Poaceae (Graminaeae).

· Monocotyledon

· Self-pollinated

· Fibrous root

· Annual grass

· Sami-aquatic plant

· Plant about 1m tall

· Some the wild crop is about 5m tall

· Morphology of rice crop

The root of the rice crop is fibrous in nature and has narrow leaves because it belongs to the Grammineae family and the fruit body of crop is called a panicle

Economic importance of rice crop

The high-energy in the crop, the second largest in the world in terms of production and its production is more than 600 million tons. It has a high carbohydrate content of 75 percent , protein 7.5% cellulose .8%, and ash 5.9%.The rice crop has a large content of fiber, vitamin D, thiamin, niacin, and iron and it has more starch and protein than all other crops

Geographical distribution of rice crop

Rice crop Is the world leading crop cultivated over an area of more than 155 million hectors with production of more than 600 million tonnes

Climatic Requirements for rice crop

Rice is grown under the widely varying conditions of altitude and climate. Rice crop need hot and humid condition the average temperature required throughout the life period of crop ranges from 21 C to 37 C. the temperature required for blooming is in range of 26.5 C to 29.5 and at the time of tilling the crop requires high temperature than for growth. at the time of ripening the temperature should be 20-25 C and photo periodically it is a short-day plant

Soil Requirements for rice crop

Soil having good water retention capacity with a good amount of clay and organic matter are ideal for rice crop cultivation. Clay or clay loams are the most suitable rice cultivation such soils are capable of holding water for long and sustain crop. The crop being semi-aquatic crop grows best under submerged conditions. A major part of the rice crop is grown under “lowland condition” it grows well in soil having a pH range between 5.5 and 6.5. Rice crop can grow on alkali soil also, after treating them with gypsum or pyrite

Cultivation of rice crop

Nursery size:

Land required for the nursery to cultivate the rice crop is approximately 800m² for 1 hector near water body

Seed rate:

The proper increase in the production of the rice crop seed rate is essential, there are three types of seed rate depends upon the concentration of seed per hector are as follows

· for long time seed rate is approximately 20kg per hector

· for the medium time period, it is about 30 kg

· for short time period seed rate is approximate 40kg

· for a hybrid, the plant is approximately 20 kg

As time duration decreases more seed are required due to the death of the seed

Seed treatment for rice crop

Seed treatment is essential for the production and protect from damage and disease during the germination and till harvesting

· Carbendazim or pyrogcilline 2g/l for one kg seed and stored for 40 days

· Carbendazim 2g/l for one kg seed and rap up in a bag of jute for 12 to 24 hours

· Pseudomonas flouriscence 10g/ liter for one kg or Azosprillium and photobacterium with 6 packets in liter

Genes for better rice crop

Synthetic genes are being created that don't occur in a single living entity on earth these synthetic genes are new to our immune system and new to the ecosystem. why does rice has 55,000 genes while human beings only have 22,000 the secret to life is clearly not in the genes we just have sufficient knowledge to genetically modify plants but we have too little knowledge to understand what is happening exactly for staying in opposite and this whole technology will and has led to the vast reduction in pesticide usage and reports on the farm of an on-farm family poisoning reduction so we know this is a technology that helps protect the crop but also has additional benefits for the environment and for the farm family

Modern Technology for rice crop

The Green Revolution did not answer the need for more food in the growing population in the fact it devastated the rural economies in terms of producing food in a tiny lentils it would make the soil more fertile and the new varieties would give higher yields. Modern science can be used effectively for the development of tools that that can benefit the poor a number of approaches employing transgenic well genetic engineering began probably in the mid-70s first with bacteria and then moving on to different organisms yeast animal cells plant work really got going in a big way probably by in the early 80s moving from model systems on into crops beginning in the mid-90s we had large-scale commercial releases of transgenic crops to Kenda infinite genetic engineering is changing the building blocks of life like no other technology has ever done.

Methodology for CRISPR/Cas 9 system

2020-06-02T13:58:00.002+05:00

Methodology for CRISPR/Cas 9 system

The proposed research was performed at Cotton Biotechnology lab (CBL), Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS).Cotton leaf Curl Virus is one the epidemic disease in the world especially in Asia and most importantly in Pakistan and reduces the yield of cotton plant which contribute the 23% of the GDP of Pakistan economy.

Plasmids

Cloning vector pKSE-40l

Cloning vector pKSE-40l containing gRNA scaffold was obtained from Addgene. It was transformed in the Topl0 strain of E. coli and plasmid DNA was isolated from the transformed cells using plasmid isolation kit.

Luria-Battani Media Preparation

Reagents:

Ø Luria-Battani media:

· Sodium Chloride l0g/l

· Tryptone l0g/l

· Yeast Extracts 5g/l

Ø Antibiotic (Kanamycin)

Ø Plasmid Constructs

Procedure:

Ø Luria-Battani agar plates containing the respective antibiotic (Kanamycin) were used to streak the cultures of plasmids.

Ø The plates were incubated at 37 ºC for overnight.

Ø The next day, bacterial colonies were grown on the Luria-Battani agar plates.

Ø Then single colonies were picked from kanamycin plates and inoculated into Luria-Battani media with respective kanamycin antibiotic.

Ø Cultures were incubated overnight at 37 ºC.

MiniprepMethod for Plasmid Isolation.

Plasmid isolation kit was used to isolate DNA from the overnight incubated cultures

Reagents:

Ø Re-suspension Solution

Stored at 4 ºC.

Ø lysis Solution

Ø Neutralization Solution

Ø Wash Solution

Ø D₃H₂0

Procedure:

Ø Single bacterial colony was cultured in 5 ml liquid Luria-Battani containing kanamycin antibiotic and incubated at 37 ºC for overnight.

Ø The culture was centrifuged in a l.5 ml microcentrifuge tube for 30 sec. at l3500 rpm.

Ø The supernatant was discarded and again added remaining culture into the same microcentrifuge tube and centrifuged it supernatant and pellet were separated.

Ø Supernatant was discarded and 250 µl re-suspension solution was added into the microcentrifuge tube and vortex to mix the pellet into the re-suspension solution.

Ø Then, 350 µl lysis solution was added into the tube and mixed well by inverting the tube 4-6 times or gently vortex.

Ø 250 µl neutralization solution was added to microcentrifuge tube mixed well and then centrifuged it for 5 minutes at l3500 rpm.

Ø The supernatant was taken into the fresh column and added a 500 µl wash solution and centrifuged it for l minute at l3500 rpm

Ø DNA binds with the separating membrane, supernatant was discarded from the collection tube and placed the column back in to the same collecting tube.

Ø The washing step was repeated, again 500 µl wash solution was added to the column and centrifuged it.

Ø Supernatant was discarded from the collection tube and placed column back and again centrifuged it for l minute.

Ø Discard the collection tube and placed the column in fresh microcentrifuge tube and added 30 µl d₃H2O and centrifuged it for l minute.

Ø Stored at -20 ºC.

Competent Cells Preparation:

Reagents and Materials:

Ø SOB

Ø Bacterial tryptone

Ø Yeast Extract

Ø NaCl

Ø Transformation Buffer (TB)

Ø PIPES/KOH

Ø CaCl₂

Ø KCl

Ø MnCl₂

Ø DMSO

SOB (250ml)

Ø Bacterial tryptone 5g

Ø Yeast Extract l.25g

Ø NaCl 0.l25g

250 ml of ddH₂O was added and the solution was transferred into a 500 ml flask and autoclaved. The solution was stored at room temperature. 2.5 ml of sterile l M MgSO₄ AND 2.5 ml of sterile l M MgCl₂was added before use.

TB (l000ml)

Ø l0 mM PIPES/KOH pH 3.02g

Ø l5 mM CaCl₂2.2lg

Ø 250 mM KCl l8.64g

Ø 55 mM MnCl₂ l0.89g

Substances except MnCl₂ were weighed out and dissolved in water. pH was adjusted to 6.7 with KOH. MnCl₂ was added and stirred until dissolved. The solution was filtered with a filter of 0.22 µm pore size.

Procedure:

Ø 250 ml SOB was inoculated with l0-l2 single colonies (2-3 mm in diameter).

Ø Cells were incubated on a shaker (200-250 rpm) at l8 ºC until it an OD₆₀₀ was reached.

Ø Cell suspension was cooled on ice for l0 minutes.

Ø Cells were transferred to pre-chilled falcon tubes.

Ø Cells were then spun at 4000 rpm, l0 min, 4 ºC and supernatant was discarded.

Ø Cells were then resuspended in 80 ml ice-cold TB.

Ø Again, the cells were spun at 4000 rpm, l0 min, 4 ºC and the supernatant was discarded.

Ø Cell pellet was resuspended in 20 ml ice-cold TB.

Ø DMSO was added slowly while gently shaking until a concentration of 7% (v/v) was reached.

Ø Cells were incubated on ice for l0 minutes.

Ø Aliquots were made and cells were frozen immediately in N₂.

Ø Cells were stored at -80 ºC.

Preparation of Chemically Competent Agrobacterium Cells:

Reagents and Material:

Ø Luria-Battani Medium:

· Tryptone

· Sodium chloride

· Yeast extract

Ø 20 mM Calcium chloride

Ø liquid nitrogen

Procedure:

Ø The strain of Agrobacterium was streaked on Luria-Battani -agar plate with respective antibiotics and allowed to grow for at 28 ºC for 48 hours.

Ø Single colony from the plate was cultured in 5ml of Luria-Battani media and culture was incubated overnight on a rotating shaker at 28 ºC.

Ø In a l00 ml flask 50 ml Luria-Battani media was prepared and add 500 µl (l:l00 dilution) from a 5 ml culture tube.

Ø Culture was incubated overnight on a rotating shaker at 28 ºC.

Ø Next Day culture flask was incubated for 30 min on ice.

Ø 45 ml of the chilled culture was added into a pre-chilled Falcon centrifuge tube and centrifuged it at 4 ºC for l0 min at 4000 rpm.

Ø Supernatant was discarded.

Ø Gently re-suspend the pellet in 5.0 ml volume of ice-cold 20 mM calcium chloride

Ø Solution was incubated on ice.

Ø Cells were collected by centrifuge the solution at 4 ºC for 5 min at 4,000 rpm.

Ø Supernatant was discarded and gently re-suspend the pellet in l.0 ml volume of ice-cold 20 mM calcium chloride.

Ø l00 µl cells were poured intol.5 ml pre-chilled microcentrifuge tubes.

Ø Snap freeze the tubes in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 ºC.

Bacterial transformation with plasmid:

The plasmid vector was transformed into the top l0 strain of E. coli using the heat shock method.

Reagents and materials:

Ø Competent cells of E.coli top l0 strain.

Ø Luria-Battani media.

· l0g/l Tryptone

· l0g/l Nacl

· 5g/l Yeast Extract

· l5g/l Agar ( in case of solid lB media)

Ø Antibiotic (Kanamycin)

Ø Luria-Battani agar plates of respective antibiotic (Kanamycin)

Procedure:

Ø Competent cells of E.coli top l0 strain were taken from -80 ºC that were frozen and thawed for l0 minutes on ice.

Ø l ul of plasmid form stock was added to competent cells tap to mixed gently and placed on ice for l0 minutes.

Ø Heat shock was given to the cells by placing the tubes in a water bath for 90 seconds and then again placed the tube on ice for 2 minutes.

Ø 800 µl lB media was added in each tube containing plasmid and competent cell at room temperature.

Ø Then, incubated the tubes for 45 minutes at 37 ºC.

Ø After incubation, the mixture was centrifuged for l minute at maximum speed to pellet the cells.

Ø Then, discarded the extra lB medium and re-suspended the pellet in l00 µl of lB.

Ø Then, the suspension was spread on kanamycin lB plates and incubated for l6 hours at 37 ºC.

Sub-culturing of transformed cells

Reagents and Materials:

Ø lB Medium

Ø Antibiotic (Kanamycin)

Ø Transformed colonies of bacteria

Procedure:

Ø 5 ml lB medium with respective kanamycin antibiotic was added in each falcon tube.

Ø Single bacterial colony from lB agar plate was picked and added in each tube.

Ø Then, the culture was incubated overnight on a shaker at 37 ºC and l80 rpm.

Confirmation of plasmid by restriction digestion

Reagents:

Ø Isolated plasmid DNA (pKSE-40l)

Ø Bsal restriction

Ø Fast digest l0X buffer

Ø d₃H₂O

Protocol:

An Eppendorf tube was taken, labeled and all the reagents were added in the given amount:

Plasmid DNA (pHSE-40l) l µl

Enzyme (Bsal) l µl

Fast digest l0X buffer 2 µl

d₃H₂O l6 µl

20 µl

Then, all the reagents were mixed and incubated for 20 minutes at 37 ºC.

Confirmation of pKSE-40l by PCR

Reagents

Ø Template 2 µl

Ø Pfu Polymerase l µl

Ø Water 33 µl

Ø Pfu Buffer 5 µl

Ø dNTPs 5 µl

Ø Forward Primer FTl 2 µl

Ø Reverse Primer T2R 2 µl

50 µl

Primers

Primer Name

Sequence (5´ to 3´)

FTl

T2R

AAGCTCAAGAGCGTGAAGGAGCTGCTG

TCA

AACTCAGTAGGATTCTGGTGTGTG

PCR Profile

Step	Temperature	Time	Cycle
Initial Denaturation	95°C	3 min
Denaturation	95°C	30 sec	35 Cycles
Annealing	58°C	30 sec
Extension	72°C	2 min
Final Extension	72°C	l0 min
Hold	4°C	∞

Agarose gel electrophoresis:

Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed to visualize the digested and un-digested plasmid DNA.

Reagents and Materials:

Ø Agarose

Ø lX TAE Buffer

Ø Ethidium bromide

Ø 6 X loading dye

Ø lkb DNA ladder

Ø Electrophoresis apparatus

lX TAE Buffer

Ø 4.84 g Tris Base

Ø l.l4 ml Glacial Acetic Acid

Ø 2 ml 0.5M EDTA (pH 8.0)

Final volume was made by adding water up to ll.

Procedure:

Ø 0.5 g agarose was weighed and added into 250 ml flask.

Ø 50 ml lX TAE buffer was measured in a cylinder and added into the flask.

Ø The solution was heated for l minute in a microwave until solute Solution was placed on the bench to cool, flask was whirled to cool evenly.

Ø Then, 3 µl ethidium bromide was added into the solution.

Maintenance of gel casting apparatus

Ø The ends of gel casting tray were sealed with stoppers.

Ø Then, combs were placed in the gel casting tray.

Ø Melted agarose solution was poured into the casting tray and left to cool until it is solidified.

Ø Combs and stoppers were removed carefully after solidification of gel.

Ø Gel was placed in the electrophoresis chamber.

Ø Enough TAE buffer was added so that there was a layer of buffer over the gel.

Loading the Samples

Ø 2 ul of lkb ladder was loaded on the gel.

Ø 20 ml of digestion reaction was loaded on the gel.

Ø l ul of loading dye, 4 µl d3H₂O and l µl of undigested plasmid DNA was mixed and loaded on the gel with a digested sample.

Ø Samples were loaded on gel and order was recorded.

Running the Gel

Ø The lid was placed on the gel box and electrodes were connected.

Ø The power supply was turn on to 80 volts.

Ø Power was run until the blue dye approaches the end of the gel.

Ø Turn off the power.

Ø Wires were disconnected from the power supply.

Ø Lid was removed from the electrophoresis chamber.

Ø Gel tray was removed carefully, and the picture was taken by placing the gel in the gel documentation machine (Bio-Rad ChemiDoc XRS).

Agarose Gel Extraction:

All centrifugations were performed at room temperature.

Steps

Ø Agarose gel containing the required DNA fragments were excised using a clean, sharp blade. Minimize the amount of surrounding agarose excised with the fragment.

Ø Gel slices were weighted and add an equal volume of binding buffer.

Ø Incubate at 50 ºC for l0 min. Gel dissolution were mix every 3 min to ensure that all gel slices dissolved.

Ø Solubilize mixture was added into the spin column. Centrifuge the mixture in a microcentrifuge machine at l3500 rpm for l min. Discard the flow-through.

Ø Not more than 800 ml solution were added per column.

Ø Spin columns were placed back into the 2 ml wash tube. 700 μl of wash buffer were added and centrifuge at l3500 rpm for l min. Discard the flow-through.

Ø Centrifuge again for l min to remove residual wash buffer.

Ø Spin columns were put into a l.5 ml recovery tube. 20 μl of water was added directly to the center of the spin cartridge.

Ø Incubate for l min at room temperature, centrifuge at l3500 rpm for l min.

Agrobacterium Transformation

Reagents and Material

Ø Luria-Battani broth (lB): l0 g/l tryptone, l0 g/l sodium chloride, 5 g/l yeast extract

Ø Kanamycin

Ø Calcium chloride

Steps

Ø A single colony of the Agrobacterium strain GV3l0l was picked and inoculated in 3 ml of lB in a l5 ml Falcon tube. The culture was grown at 28ºC for overnight. The appropriate antibiotic was added for selection (Gentamycin, rifampicin for GV3l0l).

Ø 50 ml of lB in a 250 ml flask was inoculated with 0.5 ml (l/l00 volume) of the overnight culture and grown at 28°C until mid-log (OD600 is between 0.5 and l.0).

Ø The culture was chilled for 5-l0 min. on ice, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min. at 4°C in chilled, sterile centrifuge tubes.

Ø Supernatant was discarded, drained inverted for 30-60 seconds, and pellet resuspended in l ml of ice-cold 20 mM CaCl₂.

Ø 0.l ml of bacterial suspension was dispensed into each of two pre-chilled l.5 ml. microfuge tubes on ice. One is control.

Ø l ug of plasmid DNA was added to one tube and nothing to the other the control) and mixed by tapping with your index finger. Tubes were frozen in liquid nitrogen, then thawed for 5 min. at 37°C.

Ø l ml of lB was added to each tube, transferred content to an l5 ml falcon tube and incubated for ~2 hours at 30°C.

Ø Contents were poured into l.5 ml microfuge tube and spun for 5 minutes at ~4K rpm to pellet cells. The supernatant was removed and the pellet re-suspended in l00 µl of lB.

Ø All of the suspension was spread on appropriate antibiotic-lB plates and incubated for two days at 28°C. Transformed colonies should be visible on the second day of incubation.

Nursery Development for Cotton Plants:

Plant material

Seed Sterilization

Ø Sterile water

Ø Ethanol 70%

Ø 50% bleach solution.

Ø Tween-20

Steps

Ø Seeds were added in a l.5 ml tube.

Ø Add 70% ethanol and place for l0 minutes while shaking occasionally.

Ø Ethanol was decanted and put the seeds in a new sterile tube.

Ø 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite was added with few drops of tween 20, the tube was inverted and kept for 5 minutes.

Ø Supernatant were decanted and seeds were washed 3 times with sterile water.

Ø Seeds were spread on sterile filter paper and allowed to dry.

Ø Seeds of Cotton

Ø Plastic pots.

Ø Standard germination soil and potting soil for plant growth.

Cotton Leaf Curl Disease

2020-06-01T12:18:00.003+05:00

Cotton Leaf Curl Disease

History of Cotton leaf curl disease:

Cotton leaf curl disease was first observed from Nigeria in 1912 and a second epidemic of this disease in Nigeria was reported in 1924. The main specie of cotton cultivated in Egypt and Sudan is G.barbadense. The disease was also reported from Tanzania, Sudan in 1926 and 1934. Cotton leaf curl disease was observed as the most harmful disease of cotton and it causes great economic losses. In Pakistan, the disease was observed in 1967. The disease-resistant varieties of cotton helped to overcome the losses, the disease was again observed due to new recombinant strain.

Etiology of Cotton leaf curl disease:

Begomovirus complex is a causative agent for Cotton leaf curl disease. This complex consisting satellite molecule and begomovirus, this satellite molecule belongs to a recently recognized group known as DNA β. The third single-stranded component named as DNA 1 was also observed in all plants that were infected with Cotton leaf curl disease.

Transmission of Cotton leaf curl disease:

The whitefly, Bemisica tabaci act as vectors that feed Begomovirus causing cotton leaf curl disease and transmit it to other non-diseased cotton plants producing disease in them within the next six hours. There is no mechanical source other than whitefly to transmit this disease. It is not spread through seed or soils either. There are other alternative hosts through which the whitefly captures the virus and creates the site for primary infection on the cotton plant. These hosts may be an eggplant, Abelmoschus esculentus or Hibiscus rosa-sinencis. The insect-like whitefly takes this begomovirus from the site of primary infection and transmits it to other plants causing secondary infection in them. The whitefly, under suited environment, can produce a massive population of viruses in greenhouses as well as in field areas. There would be different capabilities shown by a peculiar population of viruses to transmit begomovirus within particular hosts.

Begomovirus associated with Cotton leaf curl disease:

The begomovirus belong to the family geminiviridae are the plant infecting virus which infects the plants in a wide range. Multan strain of Cotton leaf curl disease has been infected by six begomovirus species.

Types of begomovirus species caused Cotton leaf curl disease:

These different six species are CLCuKoV (Cotton leaf curl Khokhran virus), PaLCuV (Papaya leaf curl virus), ToLCKV (Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus), CLCuAV (Cotton leaf curl Alabad virus) and cotton leaf curl Rajastan virus. Cotton plants are most affected by the attack of more than one virus.A begomovirus cotton leaf curl Gezira has been identified which is different from southern Indian begomovirus species. Cotton leaf curl Bangalore virus which is isolated from Cotton leaf curl disease and causing severe disease symptoms in northern India. But in northern Africa, a virus is Gemini viruses that are closely related to other viruses in an area of different crops. Burewala strain of Cotton leaf curl disease is a recombinant virus combination of two virus sequences, cotton leaf curl Multan virus and Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus, and showing resistance factors in cotton.

DNA 1 associated with cotton leaf curl disease:

Virus isolated from Cotton leaf curl disease DNA 1 which is identified as satellite-like molecule has the ability of autonomous replication in the cells of the host plants. These cells are smaller in size than begomoviruses approximately (1375 nucleotides). They have a single gene that encodes the rolling circle replication initiator protein. Begomoviruses used for systemic movement in insects and plant transmission between plants and required by the monopartite DNA β. After begomoviruses, nanoparticles are single-stranded plant infecting viruses which represent as second family is closely related to DNA 1 components. Nanoparticles have several components (6 to 8) and pass from one plant to another through aphid in a circulative way. DNA-R is the components of nanovirus which replicates all the bona fide viruses. The majority of nano viruses are inspected as parasites are linked with Rep encoding components. Geminivirus either used for movement or encapsidation while DNA 1 components are more favorably used for encapsidation in monomeric capsid because of sequence rich in adenine.

DNA β associated with cotton leaf curl disease:

The DNA β molecules also associated with begomovirus has conserved structure with 200 nucleotides region of sequence rich in adenine and region of sequence with 100 nucleotides in length. Since 2000, full-length DNA β sequences have been put down with the database. DNA β molecule performed the function by using the product of βC1 gene in nicotiana benthamiana. It causes the pathogenic symptoms like swollen vein and occasional enations due to the constitutive expression of Cotton leaf curl disease βC1.

Cotton leaf curl disease with βC1 gene:

Gene βC1 caused symptoms like outgrowth, vein darkening, and swelling with the expression of potato virus X vector in both N. tabacum and N. benthamiana which differentiate from Cotton leaf curl disease. Furthermore, RNA interference, binding with DNA, and movement of the virus from one plant to another was the functions performed by βC1 gene.

Cotton leaf curl disease DNA β:

The A- rich conserved structures used to enlarge the component of half begomovirus size and movements by the begomovirus are the important characteristics of Cottonleaf curl disease DNA β components. The SCR predicts the structure which contains the approximately 80 nucleotides sequence of all β DNA components. It represents the hairpin structure which comprises the loop sequence TAATATTAC are less conserved that interspaced with the conserved sequence of the upstream region. The loop sequence for geminiviruses and nano viruses originated from the virion part of DNA replication. The distinct begomoviruses are captured by Cotton leaf curl disease DNA β because the Multan strain of Cotton leaf curl disease is linked with only DNA β. Due to this finding, their symptoms vary in plant age infected by virus and cotton variety.

FEASIBILITY REPORT FOR OPENING NEW CAMPUS “XYZ” AT FSD

2020-05-30T12:48:00.003+05:00

FEASIBILITY REPORT FOR OPENING NEW CAMPUS “XYZ” AT FSD

· Feasibility Study

The (XYZ) will be successful at FSD due to the following reasons:

Ø The XYZ is a national level emerging brand in this recently working in faraway areas of FSD

Ø Their curriculum is innovative & based on” activity-based” learning

Ø People are giving preference to the private sector for getting a quality education

Ø People are well educated and having good living standards

Ø People are looking forward to batter education facilities

· The Project Scope

Market demand:

FSD covers more roundabout 1000 villages in its surrounding. It is a junction of four Tehsils & population of FSD is approximately 10 Million. Their businesses associated with FSD and a strong trend of business as FSD is known as Manchester of PAKISTAN just because of the textile sector. The literacy rate of people is high and they are conscious to study their child as well. That area is productive and fertile regarding to educational point of view. In FSD city 60 colleges including all major brands and more than 1000 schools round about 500 Academies are working there. These schools are overcrowded due to congested buildings, infrastructural facilities, and deficient in academics (quality education). There is a big gap that can be captured with a well-designed education system.

Franchise introduction:

The XYZ (a project of XYZ) has completed fourteen years’ service to educational development across the country with remarkable success. Established in 2002, it now has 810+ campus and the market leader in Pakistan’s educational landscape with a presence in 230+ cities and a student strength exceeding 185,000.

The XYZ provides an environment that encourages learning, facilities to enhance intellectual knowledge and support student’s education. The curriculum based on active forms of learning, on stimulating a curious mind, on discovering and learning is experiential (learning by doing) rather than learning that is based exclusively on books.

In XYZ, there are extracurricular activities like art and craft, physical education and games, inter-school and regional competitions, educational trips, newsletters and magazines, all come together for an enriched student life.

· Current Market Analysis

Current institutes are overcrowded due to lack of good infrastructural facilities and deficient in academic (quality education). The XYZ provides an environment that encourages learning and facilities to enhance and support student’s education. The curriculum based on active forms of learning, on stimulating a curious mind, on discovering and learning is experiential (learning by doing) rather than learning that is based exclusively on books.

· The Requirement

Infrastructure and certification requirements:

Area = 8 Kanal

No. of classroom+ science Labs+ Library = 30 (washrooms excluded)

No. of rooms for Admin block Principal +VP + Acc + Info +Guards+ control Room = 7

Financial cost and assumptions:

Here is all the financial cost required for project.

· License fee: 2 to 2.5 Million

· Furniture: 10 lack AC (4.1 Million) + Electronics Items Fans (400000), Energy Savors (56000), Cameras (50000), Cupboards 1 Million, Multimedia, Speakers, 60000

· Building rent expenditure. 9.6 Million

· Running investment: 11 Million + Non-teaching 3 Million

· Marketing 3 Million

· Bill 4.5 million

· Diesel.1 Million

· Generator 125 KVA 1.5 Million+250 KVA (2.2 Million

UPS 2 Lac

Human Resource considerations:

Required teaching and non-teaching staff is easily available at an optimum salary.

· The Approach

Management Team:

The project management team is consisting of three M.Phil. Scholars having teaching and well School management experience at the Faisalabad region.

Project Manager: Mr. XYZ

Assistant: Mr. XYZ

Marketing and admission plan:

There are the following factors which optimize the marketing plan

1) Mr.XYZ have a strong Personal Relation in concerning area because they have taught in Faisalabad

2) Advertisement will carry out in the form of skimmers, hoardings, Cable Aids and flex, etc. Skillful and well-reputed local teachers will be hired and they enhance enrollment definitely.

3) Individual meetings are very essential for admission which will be conducted immediately after approval of the project.

· Evaluation

Fee structure:

In all The XYZ there is the same fee structure. Here I provide the fee structure of XYZ below.

Fee structure:

Registration fee =

Admission fee =

Enrollment charges (per year) =

Tuition fee=

The XYZ Timeline of Expences and Revenue (FIVE YEAR):
	REVENUE:
YEAR	STUDENT STRENGTH	ADMN.. FEE	MONTHLY FEE	ANNUAL CHARGES	TOTAL REVENUE	TOTAL EXP	PROFIT/LOSS
1	70	350000	1680000	105000	2135000	2096000	39000
2	150	400000	3600000	225000	4225000	2396000	1829000
3	240	450000	5760000	360000	6570000	2507000	4063000
4	340	500000	8160000	510000	9170000	2711600	6458400
5	450	550000	10800000	675000	12025000	2901460	9123540

	EXPENCES:
			HUMAN RESOURCES
YEAR	STUDENT STRENGTH	RENT	SALARY (T.S)	SALARY(N.T.S)	NET/PHONE	ELECTRICITY	MARKETING	MIS… EXP	TOTAL EXP
1	70	600000	870000	300000	30000	60000	200000	36000	2096000
2	150	660000	1150000	300000	30000	70000	150000	36000	2396000
3	240	726000	1240000	300000	30000	75000	100000	36000	2507000
4	340	798600	1300000	300000	35000	80000	150000	48000	2711600
5	450	878460	1450000	300000	35000	90000	100000	48000	2901460

T. S= Teaching Staff N.T.S= Non-Teaching Staff Avg T.S salary= 7500/month Avrg N.T.S salary= 6000/month

· Review

Opening of The XYZ in Faisalabad because there is no international brand to provide quality education. There are a large number of colleges which are Overcrowded classrooms due to Lack of infrastructure facility, lack of DLP study scheme, poor quality education, deficient in social grooming, neglected psychomotor abilities, lack of character development.

What is CRISPR SYSTEM?

2020-05-30T09:21:00.001+05:00

What is CRISPR SYSTEM?

CRISPRSYSTEM was first found in bacterial cells or in prokaryotic cells CRISPR SYSTEM is like a type of immune system in these bacterial or prokaryotic cells so it's a region on the bacterial genome so this is called the CRISPR and Marcus CRISPR locket from its name is clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats what does that mean so the CRISPR locus is a repeat of DNA so like this is this sequence is exact these sweet Pete's are first of all shores.

Palindromic sequence in CRISPR SYSTEM

Secondly or palindromic and what's palindromic means is that if you read them from left to right or from right to left you end up with the same sequence and they are received in regularly interspaced it means that they there are space your DNA between them and these spacer DNA's are regular so it between each two-plus and crisper air repeats there is a DNA spacer so the CRISPR locus is DNA or a piece with space of DNA in between so this is what we call the CRISPR lockers CRISPR quick the lipids are ephemeral between it is between 28 and 37 base pairs in length and the space of DNA is between 32 and 38 days.

Working principle of CRISPR SYSTEM

The bacterial cell there is something called B bacteria phages. Bacteria phages are viruses like this it's virus and this virus can infect the bacterial cells how does the bacteria phage infect the bacterial film? the bacteria stage invade the bacterial cell if it attached itself on the bacterial surface and then it injects its genome inside the bacterial cell so this is the viral genome now this viral genome will force the cells to produce the viral proteins and the viral enzyme and then it will change the whole-cell machinery in the bacterial cell and this is how the bacteria phage invade or infect the bacterial cell. Now the bacterial cell because a CRISPR SYSTEM can like it can prevent this to happen a second time so the CRISPR SYSTEM is somehow like the adaptive immune system in human so it's a kind of memory it's a kind of memory to prevent the same bacteria phage from infecting this gel and other times.

Mechanism of CRISPR SYSTEM

The CRISPRSYSTEM is a three steps mechanisms the first is the space your acquisition. The first step is a spacer acquisition then have the quick-drying and processing and then have the interference these are the three steps of the CRISPR SYSTEM.

Spacer acquisition

This acquisition step is the same in the three different types of CRISPR SYSTEM. There are three types so

· Bacterial cell surface

· Bacteriophage

· Bacteria phage

The viral genome and this is the CRISPR locus so what's going to happen is that when the bacteria phage infected cell person for the first time, the bacterial cells chop up the viral genome and take a piece of it and insert this piece into the G and a space of DNA so what you should know is that space your DNA's is nothing but pieces of different buyer viral genomes that have infected the cells previously so each time about a bacteriophage insects this cell to cell take a piece of it and insert it into the spatial DNA. the CRISPR locus there are the gaps inside this cat's genes which is the cast enzyme the cap enzymes are many enzymes that are implicated in the clear in the crystal process the café's lines in general are most of them are nucleases or helicases to understand this so let's imagine this is a this is the DNA sequence nucleus can pop the DNA in this way it cuts the link between the nucleotides where is Henrique’s can cut the hydrogen bonds between the two strands and then it can separate the two strands of DNA from each other most of the cap enzymes are nucleus of any helicases in the fifth position we have two main players we have cash flow and cash - both of them are diamonds there- form that is form conflicts to get a Catholic a student conforming complex together in order to undergo spacer acquisition.

Step 1:

There are three types of CRISPR SYSTEM type one two and three have the same spatial acquisition step gas form is a nucleus can behave nucleus and integrate activity so it can cut the viral genome and integrate the piece of genome in the spatial DNA whereas capture is in the ribonuclease so some bacterial pages have RNA genome so this here this bacterial page has DNA genome but other viruses have has RNA genomes so castor is an endoribonuclease.

Step 2:

Now the second step which CRISPR RNA is processing. rRNA is CRISPR RNA processing now we have this CRISPR largest we have different pieces of bacteriophages genomes in the spacer DNA what's going to happen now is that one of the two strands of DNA is going to be the transcribed into messenger RNA now this messenger RNA is exactly complementary to this trend and it's complimentary to the lower strand and in this case, we call the lower strand decoding turn because if this trend that was transcribed to a messenger RNA now this Matthews RNA as complementary to the lower sense which contains complementary sequences from the CRISPR repeats and the viral genome sequences.

Creeper repeat loops:

The Creeper repeat loops are looked like this they form loops and then the messenger RNA will be cut using gas 6e or caste 6f enzyme the messenger RNA this sequence is going to be chopped up like this so we will end up with small pieces of RNA each piece contains the CRISPR sequence which forms a loop empty viral the piece of the viral genome.

CRISPR RNA:

these small pieces are the CRISPR RNA this is a platform in fact - so we have another player in this CRISPR processing it's called the tracer RNA there are these pieces of RNA which are bound to the to the CRISPR sequences on the messenger RNA so this star is called the trace or RNA trace. the TRA is from trans activating tra CR is from CRISPR and RNA these pieces of RNA bind to the CRISPR repeats on the messenger RNA and then the messenger RNA will be chopped out by cast 9 and another enzyme called RNA s 3 and we'll end up with these pieces of RNA so in this case you have the CRISPR repeat we have the viral the piece of the virus genome and the tracer RNA together and these are the whisper RNAs in type 2 type 3 is very simple so type 3 cast 9 homolog is going to chop up them and message or indirectly and we will end up with the quiz for RNA containing the CRISPR repeat and the piece of the viral genome.

Step 3:

The interference which is also different between the three types of CRISPR SYSTEM but in general the CRISPR RNA will be integrated with the cap protein to end up with the conflicts containing the caps proteins with a piece of RNA inside which is decreased for RNA this is, in general, this is the interference the interference is between the Cal specific tasks protein and RNA sequence they are going to Mir to be merged together to form this complex now the differences between the three types let's go to task one in fact one we have the CRISPR sequence is looped then then what's going to happen is that when this when the stage when the bacteriophage infects the cell and all the time so as I told you in the bacteriophage infected this the cell the first time this beach was taken from this state and now when this page comes another time to infect this bill this piece of RNA can recognize this piece of DNA because it's complimentary

Pam sequence:

There is a very important player in type 1 and type 2 which is this yellow sequence here it's called with Pam and Families protospacer their adjacent motive what is the tablet let me tell you a little bit about the time because it's important scientists have found that when – like when the bacterial cells choose a piece of the viral genome to take it doesn't take just any piece of the viral genome it takes the piece of the viral genome which is adjacent to the Pam sequence so the bacterial cells can recognize the Pam sequence and then it takes the adjacent seeker in order to add it into the space your DNA and then in order to form the CRISPR RNA and the CRISPR complex from it why the time is important because the cast enzyme can recognize the time sequence so here we increase the specificity because not only the RNA sequence can recognize the DNA sequence here but also the cast enzyme can recognize the time sequence here and in this case we are increasing the specificity of recognition tom is very important in type 1 and type 2 but noting type 3 so what's going to happen here is that the casts enzyme will recognize the Pam sequence and then the RNA sequencer is going to recognize the adjacent sequence here which is exactly complementary to this sequence so it's going to happen if that be the viral genome will bind to the R and H like this - the complementary strand because this is complementary and then the viral genome will bind the lower strand was copied so the lower strand is complementary to this and then the lower strand will bind to the RNA sequence.

Types of CRISPR SYSTEM

CRISPRSYSTEM has three types depending on the bacterial cells

I. CRISPR SYSTEM type 1

II. CRISPR SYSTEM type 2

III. CRISPR SYSTEM type 3

CRISPR SYSTEM type 1:

type 1 when this binding happens this will activate a cascade of cat enzyme so many gas enzymes will be activated and it's very complicated actually no one exactly knows the process until now but at the end this gas cascade will recruit we recruit Castries to chop up the viral genome like this so in type 1 gas 3 will chop up the or on will cut the viral genome to end up with a liquid degraded viral genome so the virus cannot invade the cell anymore this virus in us cannot infect the cell anymore this is a platform in type 2.

CRISPR SYSTEM type 2:

type 2 isn't the most important in fact to the main player is cast 9 so before the time sequence is also important in type 2 because cast 9 enzymes can recognize the time sequence and then this RNA sequence can recognize this DNA sequence and then they will bind together to form like the RNA is complementary to the lower strand and then they will bind together and then this cast enzyme itself will undergo something called the doubles strand break in the viral genome and what double strand break means is that the cast enzyme will break the two strands exactly at the same place it's called a double-strand break the cast enzyme has two domains so this is what we end up with the viral genome will be chopped up the capping enzyme has two domains called the air HMC and they are like RNase H like in the nucleus domains and the cache enzyme can use these two domains in order to do this double-strand break this is type 2.

CRISPR SYSTEM type 3:

Type 3 is very simple also there is a CAF enzyme there is no pam here in fact 3 so the RNA sequence we recognize it's complimentary here on the viral genome and then they will bind together and there will be also a cascade of cache enzymes like type 1 and then the viral genome will be chopped up.

Conclusion:

system is a three-step system the first step is special acquisition in which the bacterial cells took a piece of the viral genome which invades the bacterial cell for the first time and if it is too great this sequence into the spacer DNA so we will have several pieces of different viruses into the spacer DNA's then in the crystal RNA processing this strand will be copied to the messenger RNA and then the messenger RNA will be chopped up to give the twist paralanguage contains a complementary to the piece of crystal speed and the piece of viral genome and in the third step the interference this CRISPR RNA will be merged with the cast enzyme to form this coke like and then when the viral when the same virus will invade the cell or will try to infect this cell another time this cast enzyme and the piece of RNA will recognize the complementary Spiece here and this will cause the chopped-up in the viral genome.

Top Best Places Of Europe

2020-05-28T11:02:00.002+05:00

Top best places of Europe

Although it is the world’s second-smallest continent, Europe welcomes more than half of all the tourists worldwide. In fact, 7 of the 10 most visited countries in the world are European nations. It’s easy to see why; a well-preserved cultural heritage, rich history, safety, and efficient infrastructure makes visiting Europe a breeze.

Here’s a look at the best places to visit in Europe:

Paris:

Songs laud Paris in the springtime, but any time of year is a good time to visit this riveting city on the River Seine. It’s a city loaded to the brim with history, culture, great food, and high fashion. The iconic Eiffel Tower is one landmark you won’t want to miss. The Louvre houses one of the greatest art collections in the world. Its great churches include Sacred Heart and Notre Dame. When it comes to opulence, there’s Versailles with its famed Hall of Mirrors.

Rome:

The ancient Romans established outposts as far away as Great Britain. They didn’t ignore their home city, however, when it came to building great monuments. One must-see landmark is the Colosseum, an arena that could hold up to 80,000 people for gladiator contests. One of the biggest draws is a tiny country inside the city: The Vatican City, with its impressive St. Peter’s Basilica with art provided by Michelangelo.

Plitvice Lakes:

The Plitvice Lakes are so pretty, officials turned them into a national park. Located in central Croatia, Plitvice Lakes consists of 16 lakes that attract more than a million visitors a year. The lakes are surrounded by lush forests and connected by waterfalls cascading down from one lake to another. The lakes are divided into two sections, lower and upper, because of the difference in elevation. The best way to see the lakes is walking; on the route, you might even see some wildlife.

Budapest.

Budapest was already an established city when the Hungarians took over in the ninth century. Today, Budapest is the country’s capital and largest city. In between these two events, Budapest was ruled by the Mongols and Ottomans, among others. Considered one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, Budapest is home to the Museum of Fine Arts with its collection of more than 100,000 works. Be sure to visit the centrally located Old Town with its many museums, churches, palaces, and Parliament buildings.

Neuschwanstein Castle:

“Fairy tale castle” is a phrase that aptly describes Neuschwanstein Castle in the Bavarian Alps. This 19th century Romanesque Revival castle looks like it just stepped out of a fairy tale; some say Neuschwanstein provided the inspiration for the castle in Disney’s Sleeping Beauty. The castle was built as a retreat for King Ludwig II of Bavaria, who viewed it as a romanticization of the middle Ages The castle was built of brick, then covered in rock, including the white limestone that is visible from afar.

Vienna:

As the former seat of the Hapsburg Empire, Vienna is awash with impressive imperial buildings and palaces, which so comprehensively convey the wealth and power of its former monarchs. Now the capital of Austria, the city is a delight to get lost in. Nicknamed ‘the City of Music’, the names of its famous residents roll off the tongue, with Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert among those who once graced its streets.

Stonehenge:

You have to marvel at the determination of prehistoric man when you look at Stonehenge. Construction started about 3000 BC on what was originally burial grounds. Huge monoliths, weighing 25 tons, were dragged 150 miles to the site a few hundred years later. It’s not known exactly how many humungous rocks were moved to a field near Amesbury but there are 13 standing today. It’s also not known why Stonehenge was built, but many believe this great English landmark is associated with early astrology.

Matterhorn:

Egypt may have its pyramids, but Italy and Switzerland have a nature-made pyramid of their own: the Matterhorn. At 14,692 feet high, this famous mountain is one of the highest in Europe. The mountain has four faces, each equally

Rugged:

The legendary mountain has been popular with climbers since the first ascent in 1865; during the summer 150 people a day try to climb it. Couch potatoes may be just as happy to stay below and gaze in awe at the summit playing hide and seek with the clouds.

Lisbon:

The Portuguese capital of Lisbon lies on the Tagus River along the Atlantic coast. It is this location that encouraged explorers to sail far and wide around the world in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries. One of the things you’ll want to see is Belem Tower, a 16th-century fortress on the Tagus’ north bank. If you’re looking for good views of old Lisbon, head to Saint George Castle that was built on a hilltop by the Moors.

Gullfoss:

You probably don’t know too many people who’ve been to Iceland. But it may be worth a trip there to visit the spectacular Gullfoss waterfalls. Located in southern Iceland, Gullfoss is one of Iceland’s top tourist attractions. At times it almost appears glacier-like, appropriate, perhaps, since it is fed by a glacier. The waterfalls begins just after the Ölfusá River makes a perpendicular turn and then cascades down a three-step staircase into a canyon that is 115 feet deep.

Athens:

Athens, a city that’s been inhabited since the fifth century BC, gave the world the concept of democracy and is the birthplace of Western civilization. Many of the city’s major landmarks can be found in the old town, particularly around

The Acropolis:

The list includes the temple of Zeus; the Theatre of Dionysus where Sophocles works were performed and the Parthenon, which sits atop the Acropolis.

Bay of Kotor:

When you’re hungry for breathtaking scenery, feast your eyes on Kotor Bay in southwestern Montenegro. This bay off the Adriatic is just downright picturesque: hemmed in by mountains, with quaint villages sandwiched between the cliffs and the gorgeous blue water. Several well-preserved medieval towns ring the bay. People make pilgrimages here, not only to take in the scenery but also to visit the many Orthodox and Christian churches spread among the villages.

Moscow:

For nearly 900 years, Moscow has been the capital of Russia. As such, this old city has plenty to offer visitors. Let’s start with the 15th century Red Square since many of the city’s key attractions surround it. A top landmark is the Kremlin, a former fortress that houses museums and the president of the Russian federation. Lenin’s Tomb sits in the middle of the square, while the iconic onion-domed St. Basil’s Cathedral, now a museum, is on one side.

Venice:

Venice is for romantics who love gliding through the Grand Canal with a gondolier singing Italian love songs. This is, after all, the city that sent Marco Polo off on his journey to China. Start your exploration of Venice at San Marco Square, the city’s most famous square. Here you’ll find the Doge’s Palace, the seat of Venetian government, and St. Mark’s Basilica, the main church in Venice with stunning views from the tower. Venice also is famous for its bridges across the canals.

Monte Carlo:

If you’re into glitz and glamour, look no further than Monte Carlo, the major city in the tiny principality of Monaco. Monaco has always been known for these qualities which reached new heights when its prince made Grace Kelly his princess. Sitting on the shores of the Mediterranean, Monte Carlo is known for fast car races and its elite casino. Take a walk along the harbor to see yachts that belong to the rich and famous.

Alhambra:

The Alhambra is one of the great wonders of Spain. It’s a gorgeous palace-fortress complex that can be found in Granada in southern Spain’s Andalusia province. This imposing complex started out as a small fortress in the late ninth century, though it was built on the ruins of a former Roman fortress. Taken over by Christian rulers, it is the site where Columbus got the go-ahead to discover the New World. The blending of architectural styles over the centuries is stunning. You’ll find great art and grand gardens throughout.

Florence:

If it weren’t for Florence, the Renaissance might not have happened. Florence is generally credited with bringing Europe out of the dark ages with great artists like Michelangelo. You can see their works at the Uffizi gallery, or the Academia that displays the original

David:

Eat a gelato while strolling the Ponte Vecchio that bridges the Arno River. Ogle the over-the-top riches of the Medici family at the Pitti Palace. Marvel at the early engineering that created the great Duomo. This is Florence at its best.

London:

English history buffs will have a field day in London. This city on the Thames is chock full of palaces, from Buckingham Palace to Hampton Court Palace. More a prison than a palace, the Tower of London is home to the crowns jewels. And from Knightsbridge – don’t forget to visit the magnificent food halls at Harrods – to Carnaby Street, the shopping is awesome. You can get around London quickly and efficiently by riding the famous Tube.

Amsterdam:

Amsterdam is a pleasant city marked with meandering canals lined with tall, narrow row houses. It is the city where Anne Frank kept her famous diary, so visiting the house where she wrote is a must. This “Venice of the North” also is a city of great art, beginning with the Rijksmuseum, home to great European masterpieces; Rembrandt’s house, and the more modern van Gogh museum. Take a break from sightseeing to tour and sample Holland’s beer at the Heineken Brewery

Prague:

Prague, with a long history of war and destruction, is considered one of the best places to visit in Europe. Despite the devastation caused by World War II, Prague has a very nice Old Town that is worth more than a few hours of your time. Prague has many pedestrian zones, which makes walking a delight, as you wander by Prague Castle, through the Jewish Quarter and over the Charles Bridge. Wenceslas Square, situated in the New Town, hums with a vibrant nightlife and entertainment air.

Istanbul:

Istanbul may be on the outer fringes of Europe but well worth a visit when you’re traveling abroad. Turkey’s biggest city is a fascinating place, filled with rich history, colorful markets, and mosques. Top attractions include the Bosporus that separates Europe and Asia; the ecumenical Hagia Sophia that’s been a Greek Orthodox Christian basilica, then an imperial mosque and now a museum, and the 15th century Topkapi Palace, also a museum today. Get in a little shopping at the Grand Bazaar been in operation since 1461.

Geirangerfjord:

When the summer heat of Europe gets you down, head to Norway with its pretty cool scenery. Geirangerfjord is a 9.3-mile long fjord with crystal blue waters fed by picturesque cascading waterfalls. Take a sightseeing trip on a car ferry through the fjord, passing villages on the shores. Look out for the Seven Sisters and Suitor waterfalls so named because legend says he’s trying to court the sisters. Also, look for Bridal Veil – when the light is right, it looks like a thin veil covering the rocks.

Barcelona:

Founded by the Romans, Barcelona today is a bustling city on the Mediterranean Sea. As the capital of Catalonia, it is a powerhouse in the region. It is perhaps best known for the unusual buildings designed by the architect Antoni Gaudi. These landmark structures include La Sagrada Familia, a church that’s been under construction since 1892. You could build your entire visit around his buildings, but then you’d miss out on other Barcelona delights, such as La Rambla, a popular pedestrian street in the central part of the city.

Dubrovnik:

As European cities go, Dubrovnik isn’t very big, but don’t let its size deter you. This little jewel, with less than 43,000 people, is one of the most visited cities on the Mediterranean. Dubrovnik transports visitors back to a time when the fortified city was a major maritime power commanding the third-largest navy in the Mediterranean. As you wander the streets, you’ll likely come across sculptures of St. Viaho, the city’s patron saint whose life is celebrated every February.

Santorini:

When it’s time to sit back and relax, take yourself to Santorini, an island in the Aegean. Top travel magazines consider this a prime destination; once there, you can’t help but agree. The island has picture-postcard villages, an active volcano, and stunning sunsets. Be sure to visit Fira, a village perched atop a cliff also want to sample wines, such as the dessert wine Vincanto as well as the produce that is made sweeter and tastier because of the volcanic ash soil it grows in.

Zinc Finger Nucleases

2020-05-28T09:32:00.001+05:00

Zinc Finger Nucleases

Zinc finger nucleases were perhaps need to look further back to what other enzymes cut DNA sequences specific DNA sequences and whether we could modify them or not so obviously restriction enzymes exist in lots of prokaryotes and we have a large catalog of these enzymes which will cut a specific sequence and the idea was to try and modify those enzymes so by understanding them created crystal structures of them doing lots of mutagenesis on them potentially we can take an enzyme that cuts sequence X and persuade it to cut sequence Y specifically well actually most restriction enzymes cannot be readily adapted to cleave new sequences.

Fok 1

in general, have got very short recognition sequences which are not helpful that they'll cut many times in the genome and are not cut to unique sequences and when you persuade them to cut another sequence that cuts them very weakly so really that wasn't a route to develop a genome editing however there's a class of enzymes the type 2's restriction enzymes. which are quite interesting an example is the enzyme Fok 1 and these type 2's restriction enzymes have separate cleavage and DNA recognition domains and importantly the cleavage domain has no specificity and can work on its own it just needs to be recruited to the DNA so for example here in the case of huaquan which functions as a dimer that's an important feature of Fok 1 is a dimeric protein so two molecules of the same protein in green and in blue here and this domain is the DNA recognition domain thought bond binds this particular C once GG 80g and then the cleavage domain is here and a key feature with this type to s restriction assumptions they tend to bind in one place and cut a specific distance away and the sequence that they cut it doesn't matter it can cut out all the sequences here so type 2’s reduce restriction enzymes are really useful in synthetic biology for lots of different techniques but in the case of genome editing we can take this cleavage domain which will only function as a dimer and add it on to another DNA binding domain so we've got the cleavage parts we need the DNA binding part and the concept was to fuse this catalytic domain of Fok 1 on to a different DNA recognition domain and when you look through the genomes of mammals.

Zinc finger domain

the most common DNA binding domain out there is the Zinc finger domain so, for example, there are nearly 1500 human genes that have got zinc finger motifs and there's a large family of genes that contain a certain kind of zinc finger called the sis to hiss to us or C to H to Zinc finger domain and simple Beta Beta Alpha fold and follow a very common amino acid motif so these were discovered in 1985 and Zinc finger domains were heavily studied in the 1990s and from this very substantial amount of work a DNA recognition come up code emerged from comparing the protein amino acid sequence of Zinc finger domains and DNA sequence that they specifically bound to so if we look here I'm here's a crystal structure of zinc finger proteins bound to DNA and so they bind to normal B DNA and a Zinc finger domains interdigitate or into the major groove of DNA.

Formation of zinc finger nucleases

Zinc finger domains have an alpha helix and two beta-sheets here and it's all held together with a molecule of zinc hence the name zinc finger and then there are these specific residues on the Alpha helix and on this beta tone here which are the ones which bind to DNA and depending on which amino acid in which position in this triplet will determine which nucleotide is bound and proteins would bind to a sequence of interest and indeed this is possible can then create zinc finger nucleases. so zinc finger nucleases are where you've got an array of zinc finger proteins usually three or four each zinc finger binds to three bases so in the case of four zinc fingers is by mister twelve bases.

Types of domains

· Falkland domain

· Fuckwad domain

fuckwad only functions as a dimer so you need to make two of these proteins have to assemble two proteins so are forcing fingers with a one cleavage domain at the c-terminus and Fok 1 needs six bases of space to bind to and cleave so your target sites are these 12 bases there's a gap and then these 12 bases and there are tools to help you design these so key features of zinc finger nucleases is that the cleavage domain has no sequence specificity so you can cut what whatever you want to you do need to make two zfn proteins but this does increase sequence specificity so you've now got twenty basis of specificity which is pretty good there are mutants of the Falkland domain that were developed which are obligate heterodimers so there's a left fuckwad mutant and there's a right well mutant and what this means is that if one of these let's say this left ZF Xenophon protein bound at an off-target site through its 12 bases it wouldn't be able to homodimer eyes with itself and therefore cut that off-target site so by creating a look at heterodimers will really restrict the possibility of Xenophon's cutting off target.

Off-target activity

Due to some Off-target activity but it's greatly reduced the four times in finger domains is about as good as it gets longer race generally don't work so you're looking at 24 bases of specificity at best assembling zinc finger arrays now is quite straightforward because there are wonderful synthetic biology tools out there to join fragments of DNA together quickly in cells, the real problem with zinc-finger nucleases is the vast majority of Zinc finger domains do not function very well when assembled together in these arrays but for reasons that are not fully understood so the best approach is to take a sort of mass action approach.

Conclusion

it's a superb tool for genome editing there's nothing fundamentally wrong with zinc-finger nucleases it's just that they're difficult to make if you don't have one of these huge assembly platforms available to you a key advantage of zinc finger nucleases over all the methods that the fans are quite small so they're much easier to deliver into cells and tissues than some of the more advanced tools other use later on so they certainly do have their place in genome editing although you'll find in the modern era, not many people use them so cell phones were first successfully used for genome editing in 2003 they've been used in many species for a very wide variety vadik editing applications and a lot of the genome editing strategies and approaches that we know news today were developed using zetas fans at first so some of the foundation papers that are out there all use that offends so another reason for knowing about them there are over 20 zfn based and genetic therapies that are going through different stages of clinical trials so they have their place but they were slow to make there was a low chance of them functioning well particularly when created in in in most standard research laboratories and a big breakthrough came in 2009 when the DNA recognition code of a different protein domain family was solved and that leads us on to learning about talyn's in the next step.

Genome engineering technology

2020-05-28T09:10:00.002+05:00

Genome engineering technology

Bacterial immune system:

New genome engineering technology starts with a bacterial immune system that means understanding how bacteria fight off a viral infection. It turns out that a lot of bacteria have in their chromosome, that are interspaced with sequences that are derived from viruses and these have been noticed by microbiologists who were sequencing bacterial genomes but nobody knew what the function of these sequences might be until it was noticed that they tend to also occur with a series of genes that often encode proteins that have homology to enzymes that do interesting things like DNA repair. So it was a hypothesis that this system which came to be called CRISPR which is an acronym for this type of repetitive locus that this CRISPR systems could actually be an acquired immune system in bacteria that might allow sequences to be integrated from viruses and then somehow used later to protect the cell from an infection with that same virus.

Incorporation of foreign DNA:

The incorporation of viral sequences into these genomic loci. And so what emerged over the next several years was that in fact these CRISPR systems really are acquired immune systems in bacteria so until this point no one knew that bacteria could actually have a way to adapt to viruses that get into the cell but this is a way that they do it and it involves detecting foreign DNA that gets injected from a virus that gets into the cell, the CRISPR system allows integration of short pieces of those viral DNA molecules into the CRISPR locus.

Transcription of CRISPR sequences:

In the second step as CRISPR RNA biogenesis these CRISPR sequences are actually transcribed in the cell into pieces of RNA that are subsequently used together with proteins encoded by the CAS genes these CRISPR-associated genes to form interfering or interference complexes that can use the information in the form of these RNA molecules to base-pair with matching sequences in viral DNA. So a very nifty way that bacteria have come up with to take their invaders and turn the sequence information against them. So in my own laboratory we have been very interested for a long time in understanding how RNA molecules are used to help cells to figure out how to regulate the expression of proteins from the genome.

Cas9 protein:

An organism called Streptococcus pyogenes which is a bacterium that can cause very severe infections in humans and what was curious in this bug was that it has a CRISPR system and in that organism there was a single gene encoding a protein known as Cas9 that had been shown genetically to be required for the function of the CRISPR system in Streptococcus pyogenes, but nobody knew at the time what the function of that protein was. And so we got together and recruited people from our respective research labs to start testing the function of Cas9. Cas9 is actually a fascinating protein that has the ability to interact with DNA and generate a double stranded break in DNA at sequences that match the sequence in a guide RNA and this slide what you are seeing is that the guide RNA and the sequence of the guide in orange that base pairs with one strand of the double-helical DNA and very importantly this RNA interacts with a second RNA molecule called traCR that forms a structure that recruits the Cas9 protein

Single guide RNA:

so those two RNAs and a single protein in nature are what are required for this protein to recognize what would normally be viral DNAs in the cell and the protein is able to cut these up, literally by breaking up the double-helical DNA, actually generate a simpler system than nature has done by linking together these two RNA molecules to generate a system that would be a single protein and a single guiding RNA. So the idea was to basically take these two RNAs that link them together to create what we call a single guide RNA.

Plasmid DNA:

A programmable DNA cleaving enzyme and the idea was to generate short single guide RNAs that recognize different sites in a circular DNA molecule that you see here and the guide RNAs were designed to recognize the sequences, plasmid, that circular DNA molecule and incubate it with two different restriction (or cutting) enzymes, one called SalI which cuts the DNA sort of upstream at the far end of the DNA and the second site being directed by the RNA-guided Cas9 at these different sites, and this incubation reaction with plasmid DNA and an agarose gel that allows us to separate the cleaved molecules of DNA and that in each of these reaction lanes we get a different sized DNA molecule released from this doubly digested plasmid in which the size of the DNA corresponds to cleavage at the different sites directed by these guide RNA sequences.

Double-stranded breaks:

Programmable DNA cutting enzyme and that we can program it with a short piece of RNA to cleave essentially any double stranded DNA sequence, an enzyme that can be programmed to generate double stranded DNA breaks at any sequence is because there was a long-standing set of experiments in the scientific community that showed that cells have ways of repairing double-stranded DNA breaks that lead to changes in the genomic information in DNA so this is a slide that shows that after a double-stranded break is generated by any kind of enzyme that might do this including the Cas9 system.

Non-homologous end joining:

those double-stranded breaks in a cell are detected and repaired by two types of pathways one on the left that involves non-homologous end-joining which the ends of the DNA are chemically ligated back together usually with the introduction of a small insertion or deletion at the site of the break.

Homology directed repair:

another way that repair occurs through homology-directed repair in which a donor DNA molecule that has sequences that match those flanking the site of the double-stranded break can be integrated into the genome at the site of the break to introduce new genetic information into the genome

Different tools for repair system:

Double-stranded breaks at targeted sites in the DNA of a cell then together with all of the genome sequencing data that are now available. the whole genetic sequence of a cell, where a mutation occurred that causes a disease for example you could actually use a technology like this to introduce DNA that would fix a mutation or generate a mutation you might like to study in a research setting so the power of this technology is really the idea that we can now generate these types of double-stranded breaks at sites that we choose as scientists by programming Cas9 and then allow the cell to make repairs that introduce genomic changes at sites of these breaks but the challenge was how to generate the breaks in the first place and so a number of different strategies had been produced for doing this in different labs most of them, two specific examples here one called zinc finger nucleases and the other TAL effector domains. These are both programmable ways to generate double stranded breaks in DNA that will rely on protein-based recognition of DNA sequences so these are proteins that are modular and can be generated in different combinations of modules to recognize different DNA sequences it works as a technology but it requires a lot of protein engineering to do so.

CRISPR/Cas9 enzyme:

This CRISPR/Cas9 enzyme is that it is an RNA programmed protein so a single protein can be used for any site of DNA where we would like to generate a break by simply changing the sequence of the guide RNA associated with Cas9 so instead of relying on protein-based recognition of DNA we're relying on RNA-based recognition of DNA, a system that is simple enough to use that anybody with basic molecular biology training can take advantage of this system to do genome engineering and so this is a tool that really fills out an essential and previously missing component of what we could call biology's IT toolbox that includes not only the ability to sequence DNA and look at its structure, we know about the double helix since the 1950s and then in the last few decades it's been possible to use enzymes like restriction enzymes and the polymerase chain reaction to isolate and amplify particular segments of DNA and now with Cas9 we have a technology that enables facile genome engineering that is available to labs around the world for experiments they might want to do and so this is a summary of the technology of the 2-component system it relies on RNA-DNA base paring for recognition and very importantly because of the way that this system works it is actually quite straight forward to do something called multiplexing which means we can program Cas9 with multiple different guide RNAs in the same cell to generate multiple breaks and do things like cut out large segments of a chromosome and simply delete them in one experiment.

Conclusion

In the field of biology and genetics with many labs around the world adopting this technology for all sorts of very interesting and creative kinds of applications and this is a slide that's actually almost out of date now but just to give you a sense of the way that the field has really taken off so we published our original work on Cas9 in 2012 and up until that point there was very little research going on CRISPR biology anywhere it was a very small field and then you can see that starting in 2013 and extending until now there has been this incredible explosion in publications from labs that are using this as a Genome engineering technology so it's been really very exciting for me as a basic scientist to see what started as a fundamental research project turned into a technology that turns out to be very enabling for all sorts of exciting experiments. This technology so of course on the left-hand side lots of basic biology that can be done now with the engineering of model organisms and different kinds of cell lines that are cultured in the laboratory to study the behavior of cells but also in biotechnology being able to make targeted changes in plants and various kinds of fungi that could be very useful for different sorts of industrial applications and then of course in biomedicine with lots of interest in the potential to use this technology as a tool for really coming up with novel therapies for human disease I think is something that is very exciting and is really something that is on the horizon already and then this slide just really indicate, in the future with a lot of interesting and creative kinds of directions that are coming along in different labs both in academic research laboratories but also increasingly in commercial labs that are going to enable the use of this technology for all sorts of applications.

Defense against COVID-19

2020-05-23T10:27:00.001+05:00

Defense against COVID-19

Our reality keeps on getting stunned with pandemic infections causing the loss of thousands and even a large number of individuals. It's feasible for your body to be influenced by these ailments and diseases. The latest COVID - 19 has made our reality play it safe to evade and overcome the widespread infection. The infection otherwise called SARS-CoV-2 began in Wuhan China and has established viral connections universally in the course of recent weeks. A few cases are accounted for substantially more serious than others. A significant danger of the infection is that a few bearers show no side effects yet it's as infectious as those that do. Those that aren't indicating any side effects are bound to add to the individual to individual spread. Those with extreme ailments are at a more serious danger of getting a genuine instance of COVID - 19 than those without, yet individuals of any age have gotten the infection. We will keep on observing the infection spread over the coming months. This is a reality that we should all face and get ready for. Having a body that is solid and sound enough to fend off any genuine diseases is something that originates from reliably settling on sound decisions. What you allow and don't admission will structure your cells in like manner. The progression of your way of life will likewise be a huge effect on the cosmetics of your body's DNA and sub-atomic structure.

Eat for Infection Prevention and Immunity Strength

Pick nourishments and enhancements that are plentiful in nutrients and minerals. Crude foods grown from the ground, verdant greens, and grass took care of/field raised/wild got meat. Garlic, Elderberry, and Oregano Oil are sound microorganisms battling helps. Settling on more advantageous admission decisions will wipe out destructive pathogens and battle contaminations.

Control Gut Health

Sound probiotics like Kimchi can animate the neuro-receptors inside your gut. Colostrum is an incredible proposal for developing insusceptibility through enhancements. This will expand your psychological lucidity and the prosperity of your body and stomach related framework. Joining probiotics into your way of life will likewise forestall Leaky Gut Syndrome and Diarrhea from irresistible causes.

Exercise to Increase Vitality:

Physical action advances solid blood and regular executioner cell creation. Regular Killer Cells are white platelets that dismiss tumors and viral illnesses. Deciding to practice manufactures blood cells rather than fat cells and prompts subterranean insect maturing benefits. Exercise directs a proactive body on the sub-atomic level expanding recuperating capacities and illness anticipation.

Get Proper Sleep:

Sound dozing designs just as the various themes we have examined so far will lessen your danger of getting coronary illness, diabetes, and invulnerability brokenness.

Warmth and Hydrate:

Drinking liquids will wash the infection into the stomach where it will bite the dust in the stomach corrosive. In the event that you don't drink enough liquids it can move from the windpipe into the lungs. The infection can't get by in temperatures more noteworthy than 530 degrees Celsius. That is around 133 degrees Fahrenheit. The higher the temperature the quicker the infection will kick the bucket. Fit a customary sauna visit into your everyday practice and ensure you generally keep a vessel brimming with liquids with you.

Conclusion:

All together smart dieting, resting, warming, hydrating, and practicing will be your greatest weapon while forestalling and crushing infections like the COVID - 19. Set aside some effort to find out about and welcome the assets and plan that nature accommodates us to remain solid and upbeat. We are altogether equipped for observing our decisions and our bodies. Feel good, look better, be better, and above all; live better.

How to lead when you have no authority

2020-05-23T09:17:00.000+05:00

How to lead when you have no authority

How to exercise authority:

managers can get things done through Authority their staff work for them and it is their fourth job of the staff to do as the manager instructs and managers focus primarily on tasks and on getting things done but as a project manager, your life isn't that simple because very often the people working on your project doesn't work for you.

Challenges of a Project manager:

you have a bigger challenge, the challenge to lead and that's as a project manager, you will rarely have formal authority over all of the people in your team often many of them possibly all of them or work for some other person or people and they sometimes won't even work within your own organization so, therefore, the usual rules about management don't all apply. You can't simply get things done by telling people what to do that just won't work so how do you lead people, how do you lead without Authority when you don't have that kind of authority.

Influence and persuasion personality:

you need to rely on other things like influence and persuasion personality and depth of character motivation and inspiration and of course respect and loyalty your job as a project leader is to inspire all of that in your people and that's a big ask because it's a big step-up from the highly technical process-oriented roles of a project manager that we often see in core project management training and in many of the project management qualifications available so nine habits that will help you to lead without Authority.

Hierarchical Authority:

· Number one ironically is Authority but don't mean the hierarchical Authority that you almost certainly won't have over all of your team members, the authority that comes with depth of credibility expertise experience knowledge skill and the character that you have because people look to a leader who has that kind of authority that they can trust that they know knows what they're doing a lot of it is our search for certainty and confidence in the people who lead us and we detect that kind of confidence and certainty in our leaders when they show that they know what they're doing so although all of the process-oriented technical aspects of project management aren't necessarily about leadership. they are a fundamental foundation to your ability to lead because without them the team members that you're asking to follow you won't have that confidence in your credibility in your authority to lead however if you can constantly show that you know what you're talking about and that you're prepared to stand behind the decisions that you make that will inspire confidence, it will give a sense of certainty and therefore it will lend you the kind of intellectual and character-driven authority that you need to lead when you don't have formal hierarchical Authority

Act with fairness and integrity:

· Number two is acting with Fairness and integrity: it's building up a sense that people can trust you that you will do the right thing and you act fairly in any situation this is crucial in fact, fairness as a driving force for motivation in the workplace, if we do not feel that we are being treated fairly then we will not be motivated he called this equity theory so a big part of the integrity and fairness that you have to have as a project manager is making sure that you treat all of your people your team members and your stakeholders fairly this goes well beyond not discriminating and not favoring certain members of your team although it's about making sure that every decision that you make every choice that you make is rooted in a fair assessment of the situation.

Life with motivation or demotivation:

· Number three is giving your team members a good reason why they should do what you're asking them to do because human beings have a deep need for a sense of purpose and meaning and you've probably experienced it at some point in your career someone asks you to do something but doesn't tell you why they want you to do it and your mind you're thinking why and yet knowing it's your job you do it you just don't feel motivated what amplify that over the course of a whole project and people having to do things that they don't understand that makes no sense to them for which they can see no purpose and you'll end up at best with the demotivated team are worst with the team who just won't do the things you ask them to do start any project by being clear what the value of that project is the way to the project and throughout the project emphasize its value its purpose it's meaning so that people can feel proud of what they're doing because they know it has that value and then when you ask people to do something make sure that they are clearly the link between what you're asking them to do and the end value of the project that chain of meaning is highly motivating and on the other side if there is no good because so the question why then you won't be able to motivate your team members.

Build relationships with people:

· Number four is getting to know people and building a relationship with them because the more I get to know you the more you get to know me and the more you get to know me almost certainly the more you will like me particularly if I build a relationship based on trust and based on an interest in you and of course, the reality is that we will often do more for the people that we like and respect than we do for ourselves which means that when your project is under pressure then your team members will want to work for you they will want to get the project done first because they value the meaning behind the project and second because they value their relationship with you.

Become a mentor:

· Number five is supporting and guiding people being a mentor being a support to them when they have problems be there to help them when they need a little nudge in the right direction be there to guide them the role of project manager as coach and mentor to team members is one that I take very seriously because what people want to do when they join a project when they do any work is to feel they're learning stuff and growing professionally but in a way that they feel safe you can stretch people and ask them to do difficult things but if you push them too far then they don't feel confident and they don't feel safe in taking those risks and that's where you need to support them as well as just guide them

Autonomy to make choices:

· Number six is engaging people to think for themselves and to make their own choices and decisions as much as you can delegate to people in an outcome-based way rather than a task-based way tell people what they need to achieve and not how they need to achieve it unless of course there are regulatory reasons why a particular process must be followed let people learn for themselves as long as that learning process doesn't subject them or the project or you or stakeholders to danger an unnecessary risk then this is how people learn and of course, this means that sometimes your team members will make mistakes but remember that through your career, you've made many mistakes and learn from them your job as a manager and leader is not to stop people from making mistakes it's to stop them from making the wrong mistakes that can hurt them or hurt other people so as much as possible let people make choices for themselves because we are motivated by this kind of autonomy.

Remove obstacles from way:

· Number seven is advocating for your people doing what you can to remove all of the obstacles from their way so that they can get on and do a good job that they want to do for you and that you want them to do for you and this means dealing with the administration it means finding the resources people need it's taking white blockages it's making sure that they see their work-life is fair and that can get on with their jobs.

Acting with compassion and generosity:

· Number eight is being kind doing things for your people acting with compassion and generosity making choices but not only fair but make people feel good as a project manager you do have discretion about how you allocate people and the hours you set them to work, when people find that they need a little bit of a favor from you, do that favor for them you will know if they're taking advantage of you but most people won't take advantage of you. They simply want to get on with their work but also be able to deal with urgent situations that arise in their private lives and in their professional lives and by acting generously but acting with compassion you further build up loyalty.

How to create opportunities:

· Number nine is to actively create opportunities for people to learn and develop and grow find opportunities that will stretch and extend the knowledge and skill set of your team members don't just give them dull work that they can do easily allow them to take on new challenges and listen to them find out what their passions are what their enthusiasm ZAR the direction they want to take their career and look for opportunities that will help them and the two times when this is particularly important is at the beginning of the project when you're setting up assignments right from the start and at the end of the project when you need to be sensitive to people's need to move on from your project if people feel you are as much on the lookout for opportunities as they are and that you will grant them the chance to leave your project and move to the next project when the right opportunity arises then they will be a lot less distracted by trying to find something for themselves and therefore they will work harder and get on better with their job towards the end of their project so getting things done and managing.

Conclusion:

without formal Authority is a real challenge and it calls for real leadership management and leadership is easy if I know that you will do what I ask you to do because you feel you have to but in projects that's rarely the case so develop the kinds of habits that will make people want to work with you want to work for you and want to perform at their best.

Step by step instructions to diminished midsection fat

2020-05-21T13:55:00.001+05:00

Step by step instructions to diminished midsection fat

step by step instructions to get a level stomach in a month at home, such a significant number of individuals long to dispose of their out of shape waist yet that typically includes a ton of time and vitality that relatively few of us can save beneficial thing there are things you can do all alone and at your own opportunity to get the abs you never figured you could, fortunately, it's feasible for you to get a level stomach in a month at home you needn't bother with extraordinary hardware you don't have to go through hours at the rec center all you need is a tangle and a little order to do a couple of activities every day the accompanying activities were hand-picked explicitly for their viability in disposing of midsection fat without the requirement for particular gear for the whole month do these activities in the progression

Stage 1:

So as to diminish the paunch fat the initial step of activity in each and every day for six days seven days offer yourself a one day reprieve once per week to give your body adequate time to rest at that point start one more week and rehash similar activities boards on your tangle lie on your stomach at that point hold yourself up utilizing your lower arms and your toes keep yourself solid and straight as a board ensure that you don't list hold this situation for 30 seconds increment span by 10 seconds of the week so you're completing 40 seconds on the second week 50 seconds on the third week in an entire moment. This will extend the gut and fixed it

Stage 2:

In a subsequent advance, this activity encourages us to diminish the stomach fat by putting your tangle on your back with your legs loosened up in your grasp contacting your ears raise your correct knee towards your chest at the same time lift your chest area up and wind so your correct knee and left elbow meet let yourself down to the beginning position do likewise with the left knee and the correct elbow shift back and forth between the different sides to finish 15 sets increment reiterations by additions of five every week you'll be doing 20 on the second week 25 on the third week and 30 on the fourth week

Stage 3:

The most proper advance to decrease the gut fat is to raise the leg on your tangle lie on your back with your arms at your sides keep your legs together and gradually lift them up at a 90-degree edge from the floor pivoting from the hips gradually drop your legs down without contacting the floor hold that position for a second before lifting your legs back up lower and lift your legs for an aggregate of multiple times every week increment your redundancies by augmentations of 2 so you're doing 12 on the second week 14 on the third week and 16 on the fourth week

Stage 4:

Most intriguing advance to lessen the midsection fat is the winged creature hounds position on your tangle hold yourself upon every one of the fours your knees ought to be twisted and your arms ought to be reached out underneath your shoulders stretch your correct arm out before you while extending your deserted leg out your correct arm and left leg ought to be corresponding to the floor hold this situation for two seconds before returning to the beginning, position do likewise for the left arm and the correct leg rehash this development until you have finished 20 sets instead of expanding reiterations increment the position hold by 2 seconds every week in case you're holding for two seconds on the main week your hold should add up to 4 seconds on the second week 6 seconds on the third week and eight seconds on the fourth week how to get a level stomach in a month at home won't be simple however it's feasible all you need a sound bit controlled eating routine soon enough you'll have the ABS you've generally needed while never investing energy at the rec center

Life in lockdown and social distancing

2020-05-19T10:25:00.001+05:00

Life in lockdown and social distancing

Will life ever return to normal after lockdown from Asia to Europe more countries are cautiously relaxing coronavirus restrictions but are it too soon what are the risks of the second wave of infections? It’s now more than four months since the coronavirus started spreading from Wuhan in China and it's not stopped but some countries are beginning to see a decline in new infections. Governments are slowly easing lockdown restrictions small shops and restaurants are reopening in a dozen countries across Asia Europe and Africa, some schoolchildren are returning to class a few more domestic flights are taking off and train services are increasing frequency but with all that come instructions to wear masks and keep social distancing. How it'll work where they are it's a slow and steady process according to the governments. How things are going and then they'll decide if they'll move forward in lifting some of these restrictions right now some more shops are allowed to open up, restaurants are allowed to have people dying in but there'll be the social distancing very strict social distancing measurements within those restaurants though we've always had a and encourage work from a home directive from the governments here never really fully enforced that remains in place also when you look at the public transportation very critical for this very crowded cities in the world. All people riding public transportation still have to wear a mask. most businesses are now allowed to reopen including retailers like this one and shopping malls but they're going to have to implement certain safety measures including temperature screening and making sure there's enough space within their premises for people to maintain or practice Physical distancing now employers, however, have been advised to allow people to work from home as far as possible schools and colleges remain closed. The world countries haven't reopened its borders and interstate travel is still not allowed. Countries will have to manage to flatten the curve and there's very much a sense that what the governments are trying to do is strike a balance between protecting lives and preserving jobs.

Lifting of lockdown

Some other countries are gradually lifting their lockdowns too. In Italy during construction and some wholesale companies are back in business Europe's longest nationwide lockdown was imposed on March the 9th that's eight weeks ago Spaniards can enjoy outdoor exercise after seven weeks of only being allowed out for food and medicines Belgium has the world's highest per-capita mortality rate. Shops there a reopening after 32 days of lockdown in Greece small stores and hair salons are reopening after six weeks and Africa's largest economy is taking its first steps in a six-week plan to reopen for business, Nigerians are allowed to travel to work and exercise outdoors for the first time in five weeks but some people are wary of the relaxed rules. It’s still a bit unsafe the virus is invisible. Whatever people scared of contracting the virus but if the fear makes you lose your job then it's not good people have to differentiate fear from making a living which is what keeps you alive we hope that the situation will end soon but don't think it would be that easy. Many people, especially in Europe, are tired of this lockdown but is it too early to ease off well and no it's too early to do a complete removal of a lockdown but it can to be relaxed slowly and in stages with care providing that there is testing, monitoring, and tracing. And above all, a great deal of care about how the process goes forward and in the world big cities.

Physical distancing on public transport

Commuting has begun again today and we wait with interest to see whether this will bring people to close to each other because there aren't problems with distancing. Physical distancing on public transport and they will have to be dealt with and they may well go with problems of too much traffic if people resort to cars instead of getting the Train of the bus and we didn't have quite the ruthless lockdown that they had in some other parts of Europe has it worked. There are the Europeans and the Americans and the Africans going to have to do the same strategy like china. People of the world were very compliant they realized there's a stop transmission so by use of the master social distancing and the closure the border. Public transport system as it runs very effectively and with just people just wear masks on public transport and we've had no case of transmission through this public transport there's been a lot of pressure to ease lockdown restrictions, particularly in Europe or people, just had enough are they ready for it to be eased. People have had enough, now there are more people out and about there are more cars on the road but at the same time there is still a lot of fear in paranoia amongst people about whether they are ready emotionally and psychologically to get back to normal there's a lot of unfounded fear because once you get out you realize it's not as bad as you thought it might be even in the local grocery store or supermarket but so we've got two things happening at the same time mechanic conflict where you want to defy the ban but on the other hand a lot of people are just afraid to do so to go straight back to normal.

Preemptive measure for second wave

The lockdown is eased apart from that the psychological effects mentioned well we have to watch out obviously for the resurgence of the disease-bearing in mind for example that the pandemic of 1918 to 1920 influenza the second wave was more lethal than the first wave so it could be that at a certain point we have to go back into lockdown however, at present, it's reasonable in many countries to start the process gradually of easing restrictions for example whereas before you could go into shops to buy essential food and medicine perhaps we can now go into shops to buy things that are not so essential because the risks can be managed and they're not so great social distancing is possible it is also in offices, it is theoretically possible and public transport as well so that necessarily relaxing the restrictions means that we're putting ourselves extreme risk that is the great fear isn't it's a second wave countries had a bit of an increase as more people came back to their homeland is what they're doing they're enough to stop the second wave. Countries have the ability and one major route of entry which is through the airport and so basically what happens there all arrivals were screened at the airport and that if they are found positive they went straight to the hospital otherwise they had the home quarantine with a monitoring by the bracelets for 14 days. People realize is that we have there'll be a new normal is that we can't go back to expecting what life was like at least there for the rest of this year to what it was like in 2019 and scientists and governments are worried about a second wave. The ordinary people just want to get out there and get up back on to normal lives don't know whether people fully appreciate a second wave. People that haven't been affected by it and have been self-isolating or don't know anybody who's had it the reality of it hasn't hit home.

The economy during lockdown

The economic worries have now kind of surfaced uppermost. People are more worried about their incomes their livelihoods their bills their mortgages than they are about their the risk to themselves which could show a kind of dangerous turning point really in the way people are thinking were more bothered about earning than we are about catching the virus then or is there just an eagerness to get out there and get back to normal. People still have the fear and still have the anxiety and that's bordering on paranoia and the logging town here will be gradual it will be in stages which help us mentally because mentally people need to adjust in stages, to the changes that are going to happen, it is like a broken relationship building up trust again in the world that people thought and now have to readjust too. It’s going to take time and people are going to have to develop that trust gradually. The number of people that bring the whole thing down. So it is a very delicate balancing act between the economy and our health as everyone knows how long we are going to have to wait before. If we can getaway with easing these restrictions when we're talking days and weeks and months what's the process in finding out we can get away with it that is very difficult to answer we're in the beasts of a gigantic social and economic laboratory we had some really good scenarios for the earlier stages and they've existed for about 15 years so, in fact, we knew what was going to happen we knew how it was going to happen but when we get to the recovery we know that the recovery from the 1918 1920 pandemic which incidentally lasted about 24 months in total and in Europe it lasted for 14 months the recovery process there took about five years. On the other hand, conditions were very different from the world was from the First World War the recovery actually led into the Great Depression. Human ingenuity will get the better of this virus and there will be a proper recovery but exactly how long it will take is very hard to tell.

Factors effecting mutation of virus

Some of the factors that include the medical site the performance of the virus itself which is dependent on a variety of factors will it mutate. It possibly could perhaps more important may be the condition of the weather will it disappear in the summer and come back in colder weather. In the northern hemisphere as the autumn rains on words and also people's behavior will there be social associations that lead to particular forms of transmission of the virus. we don't think that we can shut down international travel for very long because quite a bit of the economy does depend on that and will have to be rather careful about how we treat people at ports and airports and how we ensure that we're not passing the virus again from country to country we've already seen that with migrant workers particular about is trying to protect those groups of people where the virus could transmit more easily migrant workers being a case in point we need them to harvest crops and in the construction industry and so on but very often they live in straitened circumstances which are very conducive to the transmission of the virus. Indicators would be looking at to see if we are getting away with easing these lockdown restrictions it's basically been dividing up the imported cases versus the local cases and so we know the imported cases are easy to manage with the isolation of the airport. Most people say that to a half the - sort of cycles of the barter 28 days should be sufficient but even right now to make the sort of people a little bit happier we've eased up we know we didn't close down the restaurants had to have 1.5 meters apart but probably next week we're going to be using some restrictions some people talk about lying more visits the cinemas and things like that but it's a bit as everybody's mentioned it's just a gradual process realizing that we may see a few cases in cases but it won't be as bad as the first wave.

Misguidance from government officials

scientists want in terms of trying to wipe out the coronavirus and what society needs in terms of function and well-being in our economy how difficult is that balance to strike that’s an extremely important point and so the government's had scientists on its advisory panel but also it does take into account what the businesses have to say. It is the population most populations right now looking for mark far more for science rather than then politics and in there are certainly cases within regions of the US where the other science is far more conducive to what should be happening rather than the politics but it's a very tricky situation about how to balance that out there how much are people relying on their politicians versus the success the scientists who are we looking to four reliance reassurance that's a difficult one in the world because we're all beginning to suspect a little bit that the politicians who kept saying they were taking the best scientific advice where maybe trusting scientific advisers that were didn't act fast enough and who didn't get us in the loop quickly enough there is a feeling that we could do this lockdown much more quickly than we should have been ready with testing that we should have had a stockpile of PPE and so it's great for the politicians to blame the scientists and say well we made all our decisions based on what they told us but now people are looking at the scientists they've been twined themselves together over here and they're like a unit that we most people have studied to get a bit suspicious and fed up with and onerous people ease into some loosening of lockdown restrictions what are the risks of complacency are we more are we likely to remain alert or do we slip into old habits. Some degree of fear anxiety trepidation paranoia. how we can push ourselves back into taking those baby steps and bigger steps to make the routine that we normally experience daily much more normal. The world is never going to be as bad as our imagination makes it out there'll always be some who will decide for themselves when the lockdown is eased and that may be well now and continue to go about their business, because we've been isolated for so long are going to have to conquer our fears about getting back out there. we try and avoid a second wave how important contact tracking and tracing is to all of this and whether some countries are introducing apps as well to help speed up that tracking and tracing process well despite the concerns about privacy and individual liberties associated with the apps they are possibly going to be key to this because believe that contact tracing is very important as of course, is testing but there's one thing that's missing from this equation or at least it seems to be we have the politicians making the decisions and them are largely guided by science and scientists. it's obvious like the epidemiologists and the viral ridges there are essential components of this but emergency planning and management has not been good what we actually need among the advisors are emergency planning and conspicuous management experts by their absence of the result of this is we've seen some gargantuan failures of emergency management and my fear is that we'll see more of them one of those was a failure to tackle the problem of care homes in the UK in Italy in Sweden in a variety of other countries as well and that in many respects was not so much an epidemiological or a viral article problem or a political problem it was a simple failure of the process of emergency planning and management and this is what we really need to tackle at present. it's the human resources and so basically what happens is that each day there'll be a notification and we know which buildings the patients have come from and people know just exactly who lives in that building and that's it that's been quite good it hasn't been as dedicated as sort of high tech as mentioned contact tracing.

Contact tracing

Contact tracing is one of the crucial elements for keeping at these cases down apps that may force us to give up where we are and where we've been at particular times to help trace the outbreak of this are we worried about our security or information being lost. Most people realize their liberties at this point have to be sacrificed a little bit for the communal well-being for everybody's health how well we got on it quickly tracking and tracing and we even seen on the news how the app has worked over there no the app will be very much accepted technology is very much a part of our lives now it'll slot in quite easily there'll be a few civil rights activists that will wonder whether this isn't a big intrusion into our privacy and make a a little bit of a fuss but we can do make any progress without the app at some point. In the future it may have to disappear but right now we need this we're not going to be able to make any progress without it. They’re needing to be a link between politicians and scientists some kind of management link that we've certainly been lacking in this world to organize things what happened when we had the SARS epidemic we over-prepared at that point. The Apple would be a welcome addition to our lives. We’re taking baby steps in reducing restrictions but what about the places that bring us together the bars, the restaurants, the cafes, the stadiums. The sensible approach might be for example to play sports matches without an audience and transmit them by television and other means here in Italy we have bars able to provide things like breakfasts and so on coffees and so on to customers outside or by sending them to customers’ homes, we have restaurants that actors take away places and are open for that what we don't yet have our restaurants that are fully open so again this is a gradual process and one reason why it's a gradual process is to be able to monitor how it works does it lead to some kind of resurgence so in this sense epidemiological monitoring is absolutely crucial to see how the changes actually reflect the progress of the disease if they have virtually no effect then we're all right we can continue with this progress of gradually reopening things however if we find that certain measures are not working in controlling the disease then we'll just have to go backward.

Life during lockdown

2020-05-19T09:19:00.002+05:00

Life during lockdown

People are going to be isolated right now and feeling really alone. it's merely about people coming together at a time like this you don't rise how much family means to you until you know with them the spring of 2020 won't be remembered for their glorious weather in the world it'll be remembered for the nations in lockdown all over the world people are coping with a fundamental change to their daily lives adapting in difficult times to this new normal has been challenging for us all a sense of isolation even when going out for essentials or a daily walk. The countries dealing with life in lockdown. First, let's take the pandemic reached a point where borders were being closed through

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Lockdown Effects on the fishing industry

The fishing industry that was stopped from that moment. We’ve just been through a really poor winter we haven't learned very much four five or six months we're just about to begin what we would normally expect to do and obviously, this pandemic has come right at that moment so we've gone a long period with the with no income and now we've got another period that we really don't know where the incomes going to come from usually this but it's dead there are very few boats operational and without the restaurants and the associated trade. This industry is becoming increasingly impossible but there is a glimmer of hope is pandemic has actually created a new opportunity for the people. The virus stopped its business overnight. Whether it should be packed it looks and sounds like never before right across the world the Sun is out but the countries are deserted.

Lockdown in parks

what would the part normally be like full of joy full of children running around having a great time shows characters different life, there is no one playing, there is no laughter, no memories are being made it is eerie isn't it have you ever seen it like this no of course not even during the winter not even during the refurbishing time. parks would have staff members everywhere painting, brushing and cleaning getting the park ready so it's very strange it feels abandoned and it's like this at attractions across the county all they could do is prepare and hope it's really is about making sure we got a plan a and a plan B and Plan C for any eventuality as to when the park will be reopened and last when the world will start to be relaxed it's real isn't this virus shut the industry down.

Lockdown in tourism

All agree the lockdown is essential there is a greater fear tourists must return for the peak months and there's a stark warning if they can't for the worst-case scenario which we hope will never happen this went through to August we've been talking about billion dollars’ worth of loss and that will be the end for some. it was according to our research at the end of 80 percent of the businesses there should be thousands of holidaymakers here right now enjoying this site but it's locked down it is empty. there is nobody here this is the biggest test for the tourism sector but even in this adversity sites like this and doing what they can to help those on the front line .the coronavirus has left world empty and silent for many all they can do is wait the tourists will return the beaches will be full again but the fear is it could be too in the heart of the piety world.

Community organizations

organizations are used to getting food out to those who can't afford it but now as well they must get it to those two vulnerable to leave their homes the donations are sorted boxed loaded and away the destination is across the city the good neighbors project is the initiative of an organization called simply hope the volunteers here are in full swing they've been in overdrive since the lockdown began what's driven to come down here and help out and help people with a system. The opposite happened out of this came hope it stands still as a reminder of survival and of renewal linking those past struggles with today is that perhaps somehow not quite the appropriate comparison well the community spirit and the determination which rose from here back then is without question here again today in abundance the human desire for company for being together for supporting each other for being supported by others is so deep and so powerful that it's finding a way of overcoming the distance which has been enforced upon us by this virus, in wartime you had the same sort of experience we're having today a deep desire for connectedness for togetherness a spirit of help and also a spirit of hope on the road where lockdowns and pandemics have been part of history, They made a decision from day one to prevent the experience of so many casualties of this pandemic with precautions they time one final family visit so that no one dies alone if we can give that comfort to families then that makes a difference because conversely, we know the people aren't there and can't see and therefore it's their imagination then that's when they start being tortured by it in weeks and months and sometimes even years to come so this really matters on life and death the other rules rewritten

Impact on economy

There well a life on hold means dreams of success in sport or music are being extinguished with an uncertain future. Coronas just put a massive halt to all of that at the moment scary, the obviously the money stops coming in, coronavirus which actually has actually brought some unity there a lot of people and brought humanity but there's people who started their care for the elderly and care for their neighbors but unity has come at a cost. In a lockdown, this is one way to party playing that kind of music where everybody's jumping up and down together without knowing people there you feel it all of a sudden you feel like you're not on the road we're living a time right now where everything is about need and necessity and things being essential so although 15 of music and a balcony can seem a little bit frivolous actually it's really rather moving it just brings a little bit of joy to a lot of people at a time when that's exactly what they need. The pressure to continue essential jobs like food production and delivery comes with an unseen cost for those trying to support the nation, hotels are completely empty the staff that usually work here are at home now some of them furloughed some of them not being paid at all it's what makes this place so vulnerable not to the coronavirus itself but to the resultant lockdown world will be worse affected by the economic impact of coronavirus and as ever it's the poorest who will be hit hardest. All concerned about the business and the outcome and a lot of unknowns at this point how long it's going to go on how long we can maintain our reserves what we will need to borrow how much and when and how much that will cost a lot of unknowns local producers the world will never be the same again after Corona and people, there are some fantastic ideas out there where if we ever get over this which we will the world has to change, look at life differently now .the coronavirus will actually some good of it will come in the end and it will make people realize the fact that we have to look after the planet for not only for our children for Fred children's children. Arts festival in the world faces a loss of at least billions of dollars after being canceled.

COVID-19 or corona virus disease

2020-05-11T18:03:00.004+05:00

COVID-19 or coronavirus disease

COVID-19 or coronavirus disease discovered in 2019, is responsible for a global pandemic. COVID-19 is caused by a virus called SARS-CoV-2, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, because it's genetically similar to SARS coronavirus, which was responsible for the SARS outbreak in 2002. Now coronaviruses that circulate among the humans are typically benign, and they cause a quarter of all common cold illnesses. In COVID-19, what happened is that there were coronaviruses initially circulating among bats, which are a natural animal reservoir that seems to have mutated and ultimately started causing disease in humans. The outbreak began in China but has since spread around the world. As of April 1st, 2020, or roughly four months into the outbreak, there have been over 903,826 confirmed cases of COVID-19, And 45,335 deaths, resulting a fatality rate of approximately 5%. However, current studies suggest that the actual fatality rate is likely to be lower, around 0.7%. The reason for this is that there are a lot of undiagnosed COVID-19 cases, which makes the actual number of cases go way up. Many of these are asymptomatic carriers, according to the CDC. This is in as high as 25% of the cases. And there are many lessons to be learned from how different countries have responded to the disease. To explore that, let's use an epidemic curve, which shows the number of new cases in a country seen each day.

Healthcare Capacity

Healthcare capacity accounts for things like the number of beds, ventilators as well as the number of healthcare workers and resources like personal protective equipment or PPE they have available. Usually, the healthcare system is working near full capacity, so when a pandemic like COVID-19 breaks out, even a relatively small increase in the number of patient can overwhelm the healthcare system So the two strategies to tackle this problem is to flatten the curve and raise the line. Flattening the curve is focused on diminishing the total number of people that get sick and slows down the rate at which new people get sick while raising the line helps to actually increase healthcare capacity.

Strategies

Let's take a look at how different countries apply these two strategies: starting with China, the first country to deal with COVID-19. China informed the World Health Organization about COVID-19 on December 31, 2019. A few weeks later, on January 24 China aggressively tried to flatten the curve by placing a major lockdown on the Hubei province, and then issued a similar lockdown on other regions within China. Authorities forced residents to stay at home, except for essential activities like going to the pharmacy or getting groceries. Non-essential businesses or schools were shut down, public transportation was shut down, and roads between cities were blocked off. Going even further, some communities enforce a system by which there was only one entrance and exit, and everyone passing through was screened for symptoms of COVID-19. If anyone in the community tested positive, the entire community might be quarantined. In all, this affected 15 cities and about 57 million people. The measures were swiftly enacted and strictly enforced, and 12 days later on February 15, the exponential growth broke, and the number of new cases started to fall off. Meanwhile, given how many cases they're already were at that point, China made efforts to raise the line. They built multiple hospitals dedicated to COVID-19 patients, and flew in doctors and nurses from less-affected regions of the country to staff these hospitals, and kept them protected with well-designed PPE that covered them from head to toe. By March, the economy began to return to normal, and China was seeing more cases of COVID-19 from travelers than from their citizens. Now, let's look at South Korea which took a slightly different yet equally effective strategy, to flatten the curve, they implemented mass testing that was free, easy, and accessible. They offered drive-through testing stations where people were tested in their car. They also had phone-booth-like testing areas where the person walked in, gets tested, and walks out. South Korea was performing 15,000 tests per day and by March 20, they had tested around 317,000 people out of a population of 51,000,000, which works out to 1 out of every 162 people. Those who tested positive were either sent to a hospital if their symptoms were severe or to a quarantine facility if the symptoms were milder. At the same time, public health workers conducted contact tracing for every case, to track down individuals that might have been exposed to the virus. Because South Korea had such a thorough understanding of who did and who didn't have COVID-19 and where they have been, the lockdown was effectively done at the level of the sick individual rather than at the society level like in China. Given the fore-warning that South Korea had about the disease and the aggressive efforts around case identification their healthcare system was well prepared for the patients, and had the resources they keep the healthcare workers safe. Next, let's look at the United States, which has the most cases in the entire world and where the number of cases continues to rise quickly. In terms of testing, based on March 20th data, the US lags behind with only 135,000 people tested which works out to 1 out of every 2,424 people, roughly 15 times less than South Korea, despite both countries having their 1st confirmed case on January 19th, one in the state of Washington and the other in Seoul, Korea. Unfortunately, the US data doesn't include testing done by private companies, but as of late March, testing has been well-documented to be woefully inadequate in most parts of the US, requiring days to get a result or being unavailable altogether In addition to the absence of widespread testing to identify which individuals need to be isolated, only some united states have mandated a lockdown, and even when it's applied, there's been minimal enforcement. So in sum, without a federal mandate or enforcement of a lockdown, it's been largely a scattered state-by-state effort that has mostly been voluntary. In terms of raising the line, healthcare workers have generally had inadequate PPE, especially N95s, to feel safe; and as a result, hundreds of physicians and nurses have gotten ill or being quarantined. Meanwhile, intensive care units or ICU beds have started to run out. Ventilators are expected to be in short supplies, and there have been runs on medications like hydroxychloroquine. Unfortunately, in the context of having scarce healthcare resources, we know that mortality rates can be quite high.

Complete lock down

Complete lockdown

Now here's the good news, a complete lockdown meaning one that's enforced rather than voluntary, so that the maximum number of people abide by it can stop the spread of COVID-19 within a matter of days, even in a country that had seen exponential growth like the US. To show how this works, let's start with the community that's already seen an exponential growth in COVID-19 cases. Most folks with COVID-19 have mild symptoms, or have just gotten it and haven't begun showing symptoms yet. There are two options at this point: Option 1 is to let things continue with the voluntary social distancing policy where some adhere to it while others can continue to throw pool parties, keep businesses open and invite relatives over for dinner. And that scenario, even with the best of intentions, and cleaning precautions over the next two weeks, there's still going to be an exponential growth in cases. Causing hospitals to fill up with patients and many people will die, but, now consider option 2: and Option 2, there's an enforced lockdown with absolutely everyone confined to their home. If that would happen, the virus could spread to household contacts but after that, the transmission would abruptly end. As these infected people recover, with no access to new hosts, the virus basically has no place to go, and within two weeks, the number of new cases starts to fall. Fewer cases mean that the healthcare system doesn't get overwhelmed, and the mortality rates fall because everyone who needs care can get it. This approach and timeline is based on real data from Hubei where they implemented option 2. The rate of new cases decreased within a few days of lockdown and because there's a lag between people getting sick and going to the doctor, that decrease will be seen about two weeks later in terms of fewer new cases coming to the hospital. The bottom line is voluntary social distancing is only as effective as the number of people who are practicing it. If enough people don't adhere, then the virus can continue to spread, and the pandemic drags out, ultimately resulting in more deaths.

Mortality rate

Now in terms of mortality, the data shows that the COVID-19 mortality rates differ by group so for example, if you split things out by age, you can see from this table, that fatality rate is relatively low if you're below 60 with no deaths seen in children 9 and younger, but then it starts to really climb up for the elderly. So, they are really the ones at the highest risk. Similarly, the fatality rate is higher for folks with hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer, relative to folks without any of these conditions. And of course the elderly are more likely to have a lot of conditions, so it's not surprising that they go hand in hand. One other group is pregnant people, and the data has been sparse, but it seems like healthy pregnant people, are not at high risk for developing a serious disease, and to date, there haven't been reported cases of intrauterine transmission of COVID-19. The virus also wasn't detected in the breast milk of a small group of mothers with COVID-19. And in terms of breastfeeding, the main risk would still be from droplets, rather than through the milk itself. Now overall, based on the current data, over 80% of the patients with COVID-19 have a mild infection, and some people don't develop any symptoms at all. For others, they can develop mild symptoms, like fever, cough, and shortness of breath.

Other symptoms

Other symptoms include fatigue, and things like loss of smell and taste. Serious problems include pneumonia. And if there are severe lung damage, that can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS, which occurs when the lung inflammation is so severe that fluid builds up around and within the lungs. The severe infection can cause septic shock, which happens when the blood pressure falls dramatically and the bloods' organs starved for oxygen. ARDS and shock are the main cause of death for people with infection. Finally, it's worth noting that even folks that don't die from COVID-19 including young and healthy individuals can go on to develop pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic lung condition that can severely impair a person's quality of life. In addition to causing disease, coronaviruses can spread quickly. It's increasingly clear that a lot of the spread is occurring through presymptomatic people, folks that are in the incubation period, many of whom are not at high risk themselves. It also spreads from those with symptoms, like when people cough or sneeze and tiny droplets containing the virus are released. These droplets can land on another person's mouth, nose, or eyes, and that allows the virus to enter a new person. Coronaviruses don't usually spread over long distances in the air, but they can get flung from one person to another on tiny droplets of saliva when someone's coughing or sneezing.

Recent studies suggest the SARS-CoV-2 airborne droplets can remain infectious for up to 3 hours In addition, the SARS-CoV-2 virus can also survive on surfaces, it can survive up to 8 hours on latex and aluminum, up to 24 hours on cardboard, up to 3 days on countertops, plastic, and stainless steel, and up to 5 days on wood and glass. So, make sure you clean and sterilize frequently touched surfaces like phones, keyboards, door handles, and toilet seats with alcohol-based cleaning wipes. Once a person is infected, symptoms develop about 5 days later, this is called the incubation period. Now there's a debate about how much asymptomatic people or presymptomatic folks that are in the incubation period are spreading the disease and it may be much more than what was originally thought. Viruses are given a reproductive number, or R0, based on how quickly they spread. And person-to-person transmission has been confirmed both in and outside of China. An R0 of 1 means that an infected person passes it onto 1 new person; and R0 of 2 means that one person spreads to two people and so forth. So, if the R0 is below 1, the infection peters out; if it's one, it stays steady. And if it's above one, then it continues to spread, the current estimate for COVID-19 is an R0 of 2.2. As a point of comparison, the R0 of the flu virus is about 1.3, so COVID-19 spreads quite a bit more easily.

Diagnosis

To confirm the diagnosis, a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or RT-PCR test can be done, which can detect very small amounts of viral RNA. It's worth mentioning, however, that early in the disease, the RT-PCR can often miss the infection altogether, meaning that it's not very sensitive. So, if severe pulmonary disease is suspected, a chest CT can be done to help detect the presence of a viral pneumonia. Next, newer rapid testing methods for COVID-19 can get the results within minutes. One of these is isothermal amplification which also checks for viral RNA. The other is rapid serological testing which checks for the antibodies created by the immune system to fight the virus. Since it's checking for the antibodies made by the body, it can detect previous infections even after the virus is gone. Finally, it's also important to look for other causes of similar symptoms, by doing things, for example, like a quick flu test or respiratory viral panel, to look for alternative causes of the symptoms. In terms of treatment, individuals with mild symptoms should isolated themselves at home, so they can improve with rest and fluids.

Treatment

For those with severe symptoms, treatment is focused on supportive care, such as providing fluids, oxygen, and ventilatory support for really ill people. There's early data showing that Remdesivir, an anti-viral drug previously used against Ebola may be helpful. Other medications that have been used to try to treat severe COVID-19 include a combination of Lopinavir and Ritonavir, both of which are anti-retroviral drugs, as well as Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine which are usually used to treat malaria, with one trial showing the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin being used together. On March 22, the WHO launched a global mega trial to test some of these promising medications. Vaccines are also being developed by countries around the world, and it's estimated that they'll be available in 2021, all of these medications and many additional ones are being studied more fully in randomized controlled trials to see if there's a safe and reliable treatment that can be used. Alright, as a quick recap, 4 months after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries around the world have had variant levels of success in containing the disease. This is done by flattening the curve and raising the line. Some countries like China and South Korea have decreased the number of new cases, while in the US, the number continues to rise. A mandated lockdown at a federal level to enforce social distancing and mass testing are key components to preventing the spread of the disease. Or raising the line can be accomplished by training more frontline healthcare workers building more hospitals, and providing hospital staff with adequate PPE. Treatment is focused on supportive care, and a number of medications are in clinical trials. And there may be vaccine ready in 2021. For individuals, the best strategy is prevention; this includes staying isolated, careful handwashing, and avoiding touching your T-zone; if you're a healthcare worker, you should use personal protective equipment.

Corona Virus Disease

2020-04-29T12:50:00.003+05:00

Corona Virus Disease

Coronavirus disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 is an infectious disease was firstly reported in Wuhan, Hubei province china in December 2019. More than 2.7 million cases have been testified in 185 countries and territories resulting in more than 206000 deaths and 865000 people have recovered. Since 2019 this disease has spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019-20 coronavirus disease.

Sign and Symptoms

Symptoms are of two types

1. Common symptoms

2. Mild symptoms

Common symptoms:

Some of the common symptoms include Fever, Cough, and Shortness of breath Lose of smell Persistent chest pain Bluish skin

Mild symptoms:

Some of the mild symptoms include Pneumonia, Multi-organ failure, Cytokine storm Neurological symptoms. Onset of symptom is usually around five days but may range from two to fourteen days after the time of exposure.

Transmission:

According to WHO and recent researches, when people come in close contact within approximately 1–2 m (3–7 ft) with those people who cough, sneeze and talk cause major spreading by small droplets Both sputum and saliva can carry large viral loads. Cough can lead to droplets traveling up to 4.5 meter.

National academy of science suggested that transmission may be possible through aerosols. It may also spread by fomite transmission, one touches with contaminated surface and touches one mouth, nose and eyes. Risk through feces may also possible. There is a percentage of individuals present with coronavirus lack symptoms. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) says one person generally infects two or three other individuals

Other animals:

Recent studies show that humans are capable of spreading the virus to some animals like, cat, Tigers, minks, ferrets, and dogs. The study failed to find evidence of viral replication in pig, ducks, and chickens.

Survival time for viruses:

Survival time for viruses varies with different surfaces. It was found to be detected specifically hours to a days at different surfaces. The virus was found to be detectable for up to three days on plastic (polypropylene) and stainless steel (AISI 304), for one day on cardboard, and for up to four hours on 99% copper and may vary with humidity and temperature

Surface Decontamination:

Surface may be decontaminated with different solution including, 78–95% ethanol (alcohol used in spirits), 70–100% 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol), the combination of 2-propanol 45% with 1-propanol 30% sodium hypochlorite (bleach) 0.21%, hydrogen peroxide0.5% , povidone-iodine 0.23–7.5%. The virus protective layer deactivate and freeze by using soap products but some surgical disinfectants such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate are less effective

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis protocols for disease have been published by WHO. Techniques for the testing of the disease include Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Antibody test

Sample for testing:

The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used. Blood sample and genetic sequence of virus isolated from the strain of coronavirus may also be used for diagnostic purposes. Recent studies showed that Saliva sample produced by cough into a sterile container can also be used for testing. Saliva technique has the potential of being quicker than the swab and low risk for health care workers. Chest CT scan may also be helpful for Coronavirus disease individuals with high clinical suspicion of infection but recommended in severe case

Prevention:

Reduce the chances of infection by measure the steps include Stay at home, Avoid crowded place, Keep the distance from others, Washing hands with soap for at least 20 seconds, Social distancing Avoid touching the eyes nose and mouth, Using hand sanitizer, Vaccination ( not expected until 2021)

Protective measure:

Protective measure must be taken to reduce the risk of virus transmission especially during administration by the healthcare that can generate aerosols such as intubation or hand ventilation. The CDC recommends placing the person in an Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) in addition to using standard precautions, contact precautions, and airborne precautions for the healthcare worker during the care of Coronavirus disease patients. The recommended gear is and medical gloves, eye protection, respirator or facemask, PPE gown.

Medication:

There is no specific treatment for Coronavirus disease, some medical professionals recommended paracetamol (acetaminophen) over ibuprofen for first-line use. After symptoms ibuprofen a non- steroid anti-inflammatory drug may also be recommended. Steroids, such as methylprednisolone, are not recommended unless the disease is complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome. Medications to prevent blood clotting have been suggested for treatment, and anticoagulant therapy with low molecular weight heparin appears to be associated with better outcomes in severe Coronavirus disease showing signs of coagulopathy (elevated D-dimer). Several other prescriptions are being evaluated for the administration of Coronavirus disease including Remdesivir, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Lopinavir Ritonavir combined with interferon beta, Nitazoxanide, Tocilizumab,

Passive Antibodies:

Non- vaccine method of passive immunization is another tool for the treatment of Coronavirus disease. Purified Concentrated antibodies produced by the immune system of those have recovered from disease to those patients who need them. Mechanism of action by passive antibody therapy can facilitate the resistance against SARS-CoV-2, such mechanism of action include Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, Phagocytosis, Using manufactured monoclonal antibodies are under trial.

Sex difference:

The mortality rate for men and women is being observed during pandemic. In China and Italy, mortality rates are higher in males than in females. The highest risk for men in their 50s and death rates in china was 1.7 percent in women and 2.8 percent in men due to genetic and behavioral factors but exact reasons are not known. In Europe, the death rate in men is 72% but in women, it's 57% of the total mortality rate those who infected with Coronavirus disease. Researches have shown that viral illnesses like Ebola, HIV, influenza, and SARS affects men than women differently

Propaganda:

After the primary outburst of Coronavirus disease, conspiracy theories, misinformation, and disinformation materialized regarding the treatment, prevention origin, scale, and other sides of the disease and rapidly spread online

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COVID-19 or corona virus disease

Corona Virus Disease

Corona Virus Disease

Propaganda: After the primary outburst of Coronavirus disease, conspiracy theories, misinformation, and disinformation materialized regarding the treatment, prevention origin, scale, and other sides of the disease and rapidly spread online

Propaganda:

After the primary outburst of Coronavirus disease, conspiracy theories, misinformation, and disinformation materialized regarding the treatment, prevention origin, scale, and other sides of the disease and rapidly spread online