LINUX-MINDED

Open Suse 11.3 has been released

2010-09-01T03:28:00.000-07:00

The openSUSE Project is pleased to announce the release of the latest incarnation of openSUSE, with support for 32-bit and 64-bit systems. openSUSE 11.3 is packed with new features and updates including SpiderOak to sync your files across the Internet for free, Rosegarden for free editing of your audio files, improved indexing with Tracker, and updates to Mozilla Firefox, and Thunderbird.

Among these many new features, openSUSE also provides support for netbooks and the Btrfs file system support. Users can expect to see improved hardware support with the 2.6.34 Linux kernel and updated graphics drivers. And support for the next generation of interactive computing for touchscreens like the HP TouchSmart.

openSUSE continues its tradition of delivering the popular KDE, GNOME and Xfce desktop environments, and now also provides the lightweight LXDE desktop environment. With GNOME, you can use the latest 2.30.1 version or take your installation for a drive with a preview of the upcoming GNOME 3.0. Or choose KDE SC 4.4.4 for the latest updates. They all feature the polish and integration that the openSUSE distro has been known for.

Click the desktop screenshots for a full view or see the complete collection of screenshots here.

GNOME Shell in GNOME 3.0

Plasma Desktop on KDE SC 4.4.4

For servers and development platforms, administrators can take full advantage of the new MariaDB and MySQL Cluster services as well as Conntrack to filter network packets for iptables. Developers will appreciate the plethora of tools available at their fingertips with GCC, GDB and Mono and IDEs such as Netbeans, Qt-Creator and many others. This is all on top of the countless libraries available through the openSUSE Build Service (OBS).

Visit our Product Highlights page for a detailed list of new features.

Source : news.opensuse.com

INSTALLING LINUX MINT 5 (ELYSSA) FOR DUAL BOOTING

2009-03-24T19:22:00.000-07:00

a. Before the installation begin, create the 2 partition using partition magic, first partition use for linux native and the disk space used is about 5-10 GB and the file system type is EXT3
b. Second Partition use for Swap space.the disk space is 2 x Your Memory/RAM Capacity and the file system type is swap.

The minimum requirements can find at www.distrowatch.com

1. Boot from your LinuxMint 5 CD's

2. Click the install icon at the desktop, and the wizard will guide you during the installation

3. At the first step of the installation, we have to choose the languange that will we use during the installation process. Just choose the default option(English) and click forward to continue the installation

4. Then we need to setting the time zone, city where we live in. In this case I choose Jakarta, cause I live in Indonesia, click Forward to continue

5. The next step choose your keyboard layout, just left/passed it and click Forward to continue

6. Then the installer will setting up the partitioner

7. This step is the important step, so you must carefully. In this step we have to setup the disk space that will be used for installation. For the efficiency reason, choose "Manual" option and click Forward.

8. Choose free space disk that will be used, then click edit partition (Ex: /dev/sda8/ ). Check at "format the partition", at the "Mount Point" choose "/" cause we will use the partition as linux native (or the system).also do that for configuring SWAP partition, the different step just at "use as" you should choose "swap area". click OK to finish

9. Click Forward for begin partitioning the disk and installation

10. at the next step enter your login name, desktop name, and your password for login. Click Forward to finished the installation. Reboot the computer, remove CD from the tray. Enjoy Linux Mint and keep open source !!

Download full tutorial in pdf format :

Installing Netbeans 6.5.1 in LinuxMint 5 (Elyssa)

2009-03-24T18:40:00.000-07:00

1. Before installing netbeans you sould installing jdk, jre, and other package first.Thend download netbeans 6.5.1 from http://www.netbeans.org
2. In assumption, we put it into /home/lambanx/Downloads directory
3. Run gnome terminal, give execute permission for the file by typing chmod +x netbeans-6.5.1-ml-linux.sh

lambanx@fresh-IDEA # sudo chmod +x netbeans-6.5.1-ml-linux.sh
[sudo] password for lambanx :

4. Run the netbeans installer by typing :

lambanx@fresh-IDEA # sudo sh /home/lambanx/Downloads/netbeans-6.5.1-ml-linux.sh
Configuring the installer...
Searching for JVM on the system...
Extracting installation data...
Running the installer wizard...

5. Follow the wizard

WGET - THE NON-INTERACTIVE NETWORK DOWNLOADER.

2009-01-14T05:38:00.000-08:00

SYNTAX
wget [option]... [URL]...

DESCRIPTION
GNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web. It supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols, as well as retrieval through HTTP proxies. Wget is non-interactive, meaning that it can work in the background,
while the user is not logged on. This allows you to start a retrieval and disconnect from the system, letting Wget finish the work. By contrast, most of the Web browsers require constant user’s presence, which can be a great hindrance when transferring a lot of data.

Wget can follow links in HTML and XHTML pages and create local versions of remote web sites, fully recreating the directory structure of the original site. This is sometimes referred to as ‘‘recursive download‐ ing.’’ While doing that, Wget respects the Robot Exclusion Standard (/robots.txt). Wget can be instructed to convert the links in dowloaded HTML files to the local files for offline viewing. Wget has been designed for robustness over slow or unstable network connections; if a download fails due to a network problem, it will keep retrying until the whole file has been retrieved. If the server supports regetting, it will instruct the server to continue the download from where it left off.

EXAMPLE
Usually we don't have enough time to download file from the internet that the capacity is too much big, we can use ( I usuallly too) wget to download file from the internet but it run at the background, so the download process would not directly disturb our activity. The syntax is like this :
lambanx@fresh-IDEA # wget -b [URL]

Example :

lambanx@fresh-IDEA # wget -b http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/g/gfxboot/gfxboot_3.3.39-0ubuntu2_i386.deb

Automatically linux will write the download log file called wget-log, if there are some error during download process ,it will be write in this file. See the manual for complete option.

SETUP THE DEFAULT FILE PERMISSION

2009-01-14T05:34:00.000-08:00

Sometimes, if we don't change the default permission in linux after we make a new file, that's can't be edited cause the file default perimission for the file is read only.I think it's not so comfort if each we make new file we should change the permission first if we want to edit that. We can use umask command to setup the default permission for the file that have been created/make. The Syntax is like this :
lambanx@fresh-IDEA # umask [permission]

Example :
I want to setting the default permission for the file that have been made to full access for user,group, and other
lambanx@fresh-IDEA # umask 777

the 7 number is represent full access permission for the file, why the there are three 7 number above? cause i would like to setting permission for user,group, and other.

DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT IN LINUX

2009-01-14T05:18:00.000-08:00

Desktop Environment is a graphical environment that not only window manager but also consist of the other applications. The functions of this applications is to complete anything that doesn't exist at window manager,setting the icon on the desktop, drag and drop function in desktop, sound event etc. GBeside that Desktop Environment usually completed with applications for setting the desktop appereance, theme appearance, graphic application, multimedia application etc.Desktop Environment has more complex function and appearance and complete than window manager. There are many desktop environment at the world like :

1. KDE ( K(Kubical) Desktop Environment) is the first desktop environment. KDE is the desktop environment based on Qt. Cause this is the first desktop environment, so there are a lot of application that supported that than other desktop environment. Based on the literacy that i have been read this desktop environment use the engine from windows 98. So the appearance is not so foreign than the other desktop environment. The Lastest version of KDE is KDE version 4.xx

2. GNOME (GNU Object Model Environment) is desktop environment based on GTK. Cause this desktop environment more newer than KDE, just a few application that supported for this desktop environment.GNOME support theme for widget(edit box, check box etc) so the appearance is more interesting than KDE.

3.XFCE
4.OpenBox
5.Enlightment
6.FluxBox
7.IceWM
8.etc

SCP (Secure Copy, Remote File Copy )

2009-01-02T19:30:00.000-08:00

scp copies files between hosts on a network. It uses ssh for data transfer, and uses the same authentication and provides the same security as ssh. Unlike rcp, scp will ask for passwords or passphrases if they are needed for authentication. Any file name may contain a host and user specification to indicate that the file is to be copied to/from that host. Copies between two remote hosts are permitted.
Syntax :

scp [-1246BCpqrv] [-c cipher] [-F ssh_config] [-i identity_file] [-l limit] [-o ssh_option] [-P port] [-S program] [[user@]host1:]file1 ... [[user@]host2:]file2

Example :

lambanx@fresh-IDEA#scp -r 192.168.5.2:/home/assignment.odt /home

The options are as follows:

-1 Forces scp to use protocol 1.

-2 Forces scp to use protocol 2.

-4 Forces scp to use IPv4 addresses only.

-6 Forces scp to use IPv6 addresses only.

-B Selects batch mode (prevents asking for passwords or
passphrases).

-C Compression enable. Passes the -C flag to ssh(1) to enable com‐
pression.

-c cipher
Selects the cipher to use for encrypting the data transfer. This
option is directly passed to ssh(1).

-F ssh_config
Specifies an alternative per-user configuration file for ssh.
This option is directly passed to ssh(1).

-i identity_file
Selects the file from which the identity (private key) for RSA
authentication is read. This option is directly passed to
ssh(1).

-l limit
Limits the used bandwidth, specified in Kbit/s.

-o ssh_option
Can be used to pass options to ssh in the format used in
ssh_config(5). This is useful for specifying options for which
there is no separate scp command-line flag. For full details of
the options listed below, and their possible values, see
ssh_config(5).

AddressFamily
BatchMode
BindAddress
ChallengeResponseAuthentication
CheckHostIP
Cipher
Ciphers
Compression
CompressionLevel
ConnectionAttempts
ConnectTimeout
ControlMaster
ControlPath
GlobalKnownHostsFile
GSSAPIAuthentication
GSSAPIDelegateCredentials
HashKnownHosts
Host
HostbasedAuthentication
HostKeyAlgorithms
HostKeyAlias
HostName
IdentityFile
IdentitiesOnly
KbdInteractiveDevices
LogLevel
MACs
NoHostAuthenticationForLocalhost
NumberOfPasswordPrompts
PasswordAuthentication
Port
PreferredAuthentications
Protocol
ProxyCommand
PubkeyAuthentication
RekeyLimit
RhostsRSAAuthentication
RSAAuthentication
SendEnv
ServerAliveInterval
ServerAliveCountMax
SmartcardDevice
StrictHostKeyChecking
TCPKeepAlive
UsePrivilegedPort
User
UserKnownHostsFile
VerifyHostKeyDNS

-P port
Specifies the port to connect to on the remote host. Note that
this option is written with a capital ‘P’, because -p is already
reserved for preserving the times and modes of the file in
rcp(1).

-p Preserves modification times, access times, and modes from the
original file.

-q Disables the progress meter.

-r Recursively copy entire directories.

-S program
Name of program to use for the encrypted connection. The program
must understand ssh(1) options.

-v Verbose mode. Causes scp and ssh(1) to print debugging messages
about their progress. This is helpful in debugging connection,
authentication, and configuration problems.

INSTALLING XAMPP IN LINUX MINT 5.0

2008-12-16T00:28:00.000-08:00

Step by step installing XAMPP in Linux Mint 5.0 :

1. Download XAMPP from here
2. Open GNOME Terminal and login as super user(root). Enter the directory that contains of file that has been downloaded.
3. Basicly, in Linux Mint 5.0 there is no folder called 'opt' below the '/' (root directory). Cause XAMPP need it to extract the file for installation so we must create it.

lambanx@fresh-IDEA# md /opt

4. Extract file xampp-linux-1.6.8a.tar.gz to /opt directory that has been made.

lambanx@fresh-IDEA# tar xvfz xampp-linux-1.6.8a.tar.gz -C /opt

5. Finish!!, if you would start it just type it in GNOME-Terminal :

lambanx@fresh-IDEA# /opt/lampp/lampp
start Starting XAMPP 1.6.8a...
LAMPP: Starting Apache...
LAMPP:Starting MySQL...
LAMPP started.

6. Open your browser and type http://localhost, if the instalatin success xampp splash page would appear

CHANGE FILE PERMISSIONS

2008-12-11T14:53:00.000-08:00

Maybe, you find a file that's can't be deleted in Linux Operating system. In Linux, each of file has permissions/previleges for the owner, the group and the other.So no each one can open, modify or delete the file. Each file in linux has atribut, it will appears if you try to execute command that display a list of file in directory :

at the first column there are 10 character that's consist of :
1. first character is indicates type of file
- indicates that the type of the file is a regular file
d indicates that the type of the file is a directory
l indicates that the type of the file is a symbolic link
b indicates that the type of the file is a block special file
c indicates that the type of the file is a character special file
s indicates that the type of the file is a socket link

2. Three character after the first character is indicates the permission for user that owned the file (so based on the example above, the permission for user is read(r),write(w) and execute(x).

3. Three character after that is indicates the permission for group (so based on the example above, group don't have a permission for this file)

4. The last three character is indicates the permission for other(except user that owned the file and their group), so based on the example there is no permissions for other.

How to change the permissions ?

NOTE : WE CAN ADD OR REMOVE THE PERMISSION FOR A FILE FOR SPECIFIC USER OR GROUP OR OTHER IF WE JUST LOG IN AS SUPER USER (ROOT)

1. Based on the example above, we would like to change the permissions for the group for read(r), and execute(x) the file. To change the permission we use 'chmod' command (change modifications). For example :

fresh-IDEA Downloads# chmod g+rx 93197-gotchione.tar.gz

So the result will be like that :

2. The '+' character is used for add a permission for the file, but the '-' character is used for remove a permissions for the file. Form example we would like to remove the read(r) permission for the user that owned the file :

fresh-IDEA Downloads# chmod u-r 93197-gotchione.tar.gz

So the result will be like that :

Ubuntu 8.10 Interpid Ibex

2008-12-11T14:43:00.000-08:00

A new version of Ubuntu
has been released at October 2008, namely Interpid Ibex. This release brings new look of ubuntu, we can see from new theme that added altough it's not become default theme. That's makes Ubuntu dark, modern, but still usable, new look-appealing to those looking for a fancy yet aesthetic theme.

Interpid Ibex includes the newest release of GNOME 2.24.Nautilus, the default file browser, has a lot of improvements, including tabs-which you are already familiar with from your web browser. Tabs not only help you save a lot of screen real estate, they help you in organizing your files by not having to open sveral Nautilus windows. And another new feature is the new eject button intehrated int the Places column in the sidebar. Right next to the icons of your CD/DVD drives a small eject ion is shown which will, of course, eject your optical media.

Last but not least, on the GNOME side of the improvements,stands the new screen resolution dialog, utilizing the recent XrandR 1.2 specifications of X.Org,drastically improving the handling of some multihead setups. This leads to X.Org 7.4. The latest stable build of the ubiquitous X Windows System improves support for all major hotpluggable devices such as mice,keyboards and graphics tablets. In the past, many were struggling with its configuration, and the more mention of xorg.conf made the strongest of men cry. This dark age has finally come to an end, as the newest release of X.Org allows the
great majority of users - those without esoteric input devices nor screen resolutions - to run Ubuntu without an xorg.conf at all. This especially helps those on computers with multiple users, as Person A can simply plug in her tablet, and Person B her gaming mouse, without having to change anything. But, there are other new features:
for multi-user environments, one ofthe most prominent being the inclusion of the ecryptfs-utilities,offering you an easy way to create private encrypted folders in the users' home directory.
Ubuntu has supported LVM+LUKS encryption for entire partitions for a long time already, but this had a major drawback in areas like speed, setup and the lack of per-user encrypted content. Everything is encrypted by a single password which has to be entered at every boot.(Source :full Circle Magazine)

UBUNTU 8.10 at The First Sight

When Im heard that's Ubuntu 8.10 has been released, I interested to Install it on my PC cause I will replaced my Mandriva one 2008.1 with this one. I try to rent from a CD rental, but no one that's already have Ubuntu 8.10. Then I decided to download it from the Internet. But the connection is not so stable, so I don't finished that cause my money is "run out"(my helmet also stolen by people when I browsing.Oh God, why Im not so lucky this day?)before the downloaded file has been completed. Someday, my friend offers me an Ubuntu 8.10 CD's, then I borrowed that. I try to install that, during the installation there are no something that wrong, but after I installed that on my PC, and try to change the screen resolution to 1024x768 (the default resolution is : 800 x 600). What I see?! Yes, the resolution just become 1/4 of my Monitor resolution. But it works normally if I use 800 x 600 resolution. It so shocked my, last year when I installed Ubuntu 7.10 there is doesn't matter about the resolution. But why at the newer Ubuntu version there is a problem that appears about the screen resolution. Maybe, it's one of bug at Ubuntu?!

CHANGE/COSTUMIZE LINUX TERMINAL(tty1-tty4) at Nimblex 2008

2008-11-25T22:53:00.000-08:00

1. Backup your original file at /etc/issue to your own directory
2. Edit file issue at /etc directory

fresh-idea@ciliX # nano /etc/issue

3. Change the text and the color as you like
You can change the text color code in line that begin with ^[[ for example ^[[1;31m is reperesent red color, ^[[1;33m is represent yellow color, and ^[[1;34m is represent green color. Now how the appearance would like is depend on your creativity.
4. Then Save it by pressed CTRL+O, then press Enter. Finally pressed CTRL+C
5. Then look the changed by type :

fresh-idea@ciliX # cat /etc/issue

GOOD Luck !!

MP3blaster, mp3 player in console in Nimblex 2008

2008-11-25T22:46:00.000-08:00

Commonly we use Graphical User Interface Based mp3 player to play favourite music like XMMS, Amarok, Rythmbox,Juk and the others.But have we been played a song from console or command line ? mp3blaster is one of mp3 player at the world that based on command line. We can download this package from nimblex repository site and install it. The interface just simple like this :
[picture]

To playing a song, we just have to open terminal and type :

fresh-idea@ciliX#mp3blaster

Here is the shortcut that help you to operate this player :

F1 : Select files that would be played/add file to playlist
F2 : Invert Selection
F3 : Recurs. Select All
F4 : Enter New Path
F5 : Add Directory As Groups
SHIFT+>> : Increase the volume
SHIFT+<< : Decrease the volume
F6 : toggle repeat
F7 : Toggle Groups shuffle
C : Clear playlist
5 : Stop
t : Mixer

HOW TO INSTALL MP3 CODECS AT UBUNTU 7.10 GUTSY GIBBON

2008-11-17T15:36:00.000-08:00

Someday, I try to play my favourite mp3 with rythmbox at Ubuntu 7.10, but it didn't work an d Rythmbox says that there is no available codecs for mp3 that currently installed. Then i downloaded the codecs from the internet, you also can download the codecs by click here. Here is the step to install the codecs :

1. Open the terminal, extract the file that have been downloaded from the internet

lambanx@fresh-idea$ tar jxf mp3ubuntu710.tar.bz2

lambanx@fresh-idea$ cd mp3ubuntu710

lambanx@fresh-idea$ sudo dpkg -i *

2. Enter your password

3. The Listen your favourite MP3 now !

NOTE : This is just about fix the problem at Rythmbox in Ubuntu 7.10, now there are a lot of distro that have been support MP3 playback like Linux Mint, Mandriva One 2008.1, Ubuntu 8.04, Ubuntu 8.10 an the other. But Should we unistalled the older distro just cause that's can't play mp3 files and Installed the new distro taht supported that? I think not if we still want to use Ubuntu 7.10.

HOW TO ENABLE COMPIZ-FUSION ON MANDRIVA ONE 2008.1

2008-11-15T02:17:00.000-08:00

1. Open Mandriva Linux Control Center from the desktop panel,then enter root password.

2. Choose Hardware tab, then click on Configure 3D Desktop Effects

3. On the radio button choose Compiz Fusion

4. Then click OK to apply the setting.

How To Configure Compiz Fusion :
1. Hold Alt+F2, at the run menu type ccsm

2. Then Compiz config Setting manager will appear

3. We ca enable/disble the plugin by check/uncheck in the plugin that will be activated/not activated
4. We also can configure the Animation effect and their shorcuts by clicking in the animation menu

# DEFAULT SHORTCUT ON COMPIZ FUSION

1. DESKTOP CUBE
CTRL+ALT+DRAG LEFT MOUSE = rotate cube (3D)
CTRL+ALT+LEFT ARROW = rotate cube to the left
CTRL+ALT+RIGHT ARROW = rotate cube to the right
CTRL+ALT+DOWN ARROW = unfold

2. SHIFT SWITCHER
SHIFT+SUPER+S = initiate the switcher
SUPER+TAB = next window

3. WATER EFFECTS
CTRL+SUPER = single drop
SHIFT+F9 = toggle rain
SHIFT+F8 = toggle wiper

4. WOBBLY WINDOWS
Drag On the window, move it as you like.

CHANGE THE APPEARANCE OF THE KMENU

2008-11-15T01:18:00.000-08:00

If we use the KDE Desktop Environment we can costumize kmenu as we want, in this case we would like to change the side image at kmenu, the steps are like this :

1. Open the directory /usr/share/apps/kicker/pics
2. Copy file kside.png to your working directory
3. Then edit kside.png with Gimp with your own style and save again with the same name.
4. Replace file kside.png at /usr/share/apps/kicker/pics with file that have you been edited
5. Then reboot your computer to take effects

SIMPLE WAY TO REMASTER LINUX NIMBLEX 2008

2008-11-11T22:54:00.000-08:00

Remasteing Linux-based live script is actually quite easy, below is a step-by-step remastering Linux Nimblex 2008:

1. The first step that must be done in the remastering of the goals and determine the user's end of the distributions to be produced, for example, distribution for entertainment, networking, etc.. Kasusu However, in this case I take the distributions to anak2 the future size and the applications that will not be taken as the original distribution. This time I called this distribution with the "Linux4Kidz."

2. Next we must determine what additional module-module/paket-paket that we will include in the distribution that we will make, other than the module-module basis. Module-module, which are essential and must be included:

a. 01-Core.lzm
b. 02-Xorg3D.lzm
c. 02-Xorg.lzm
d. 03-kdebase.lzm
h. 08-desktops.lzm
Module-module that we need additional can be downloaded through http://www.nimblex.net or www.slax.org

3. Create two directories work, which will be used to store the results of remastering and to save the module-module that we have been downloaded from the Internet and the module-module that we need. Ex:

root@nimbleX# mkdir / mnt/hda5/distro_proj/linux4kidz
root@nimbleX# mkdir / mnt/hda5/distro_proj/module

4. move all the module-module that we will use to the directory / mnt/hda5/distro_proj/module

5. Next go to the directory we work:

root@nimbleX# cd / mnt/hda5/distro_proj/linux4kidz

6. Then extract the module-module, which are essential first (as mentioned in point 2 db) to the currently active.

root@nimbleX# lzm2dir / mnt/hda5/distro_proj/module/01-Core.lzm.

Run the command module to all that we need all diextract

7. After the extract is completed, then we must select and sort the module-module that is not what we need to be removed. To me, remove the package first, we must go to the directory / var / log / packages

root@nimbleX# cd / var / log / packages
root@nimbleX# removepkg virtualbox-ose-1.6.2-i686

8. After all the module that we do not need us dispose of, then we must exit from the directory / var / log / packages

root@nimbleX# cd / mnt/hda5/distro_proj/linux4kidz

9. Then we will be to compress seleruh module that we extract the module was to be with extensi *. lzm

root@nimbleX# dir2lzm . /mnt/hda5/distro_proj/core/system.lzm

Where / mnt/hda5/distro_proj/core / direkotri storage is a result of compression module while the module name is system.lzm

10. Then copy the contents of the CD live nimblex to a directory eg: remaster

11. Remove the contents of the directory / nimblex / base, and then copy the file to the directory system.lzm / nimblex / base

root@nimbleX# rm-rf nimblex / base / *. lzm
root@nimbleX# copy / mnt/hda5/distro_proj/core/system.lzm remaster / nimblex / base

12. Then edit the file in the directory menu.lst boot / grub

13. The final step is to make the iso file it.

root@nimbleX# ./.creator.iso / mnt/hda5/distro_proj/linux4kidz.iso

14. Then burning the iso image to disc

NIMBLEX 2008 "DISTRO WITH SMALL SIZE"

2008-11-11T22:45:00.000-08:00

Currently in the world of pop has many new distributions-distributions, is one of nimblex 2008, which is a continuation of previous versions, namely nimblex 2007. Nimblex distribution is derived from the distribution SLAX, while SLAX itself is derived from the slackware distribution. So can be said that nimblex is the granddaughter of Slackware. Size nimbleX 2008 is quite small, less than 200 MB, with the distribution of this we can try compiz Fusion, and various other interesting applications. These distributions can be run from the CD (live CD) or installed on the hard drive or bring. The installation is simple enough, because during the process inistalasi we will not be asked to partition and Linux native for linux swap. The installation of this distribution is actually the process The folder / boot and the folder / nimblex to the hard disk and pen-setting of the bootloader. Package applications in the distribution of this compress *. lzm in the form of applications that are essential as the kernel and base system to additional packages that are as KOffice etc.. We can also add applications package that we need a way to download the package from http://extends.nimblex.net *. lzm in the form of coffee and then we file to the directory / nimblex / module without the need through the installation process. the package is automatically activated when the system is run, with a note that nimblex 2008 has been installed in hardddisk atapun bring. nimbleX 2008 because the distributions are based live script, so any changes we make to nimblex will not be saved unless we have allocated a special space / folder diharddisk to mrnyimpan results of these changes.
How:
1. From KMenu>> select System>> Then select save in nimblex
2. Find the folder location where we will store the results of these changes
Can make or edit a file with the menu.lst the contents are as follows:

Title nimbleX 2008 - Boot in KDM
Root (hd0, 0)
kernel / boot/vmlinuz-nx08 ramdisk_size = 7120 = root / rw dev/ram0 quiet splash vga = 791 = silent changes = / nimblex / change autoexec = xconf; kdm
Initrd / boot/initrd-nx08.gz

Title nimbleX 2008 - Boot in the CLI
Root (hd0, 0)
kernel / boot/vmlinuz-nx08 ramdisk_size = 7120 = root / rw dev/ram0
Initrd / boot/initrd-nx08.gz

Directory is a directory change that we made, that we will use as a place to store the results change the settings on nimbleX 2008.

Ubuntu costumize

2008-11-07T02:53:00.000-08:00

Installing new theme in Ubuntu

System >> Preferences >> Apearance
After window apearance appears, click install button
Choose a theme that will be installed, then click open
Automatically the theme will be in the theme list, then just click the theme from theme list to apply/use it.

Installing GDM Theme / Login Window :

Click System >> Administration >> Login Window
Choose Local Tab>> then Click add button
Find the theme that would be installed, then click the install button
Automatically the theme would be in theme list, choose Login theme that would be used by clicking the theme from theme login list.

theme dan GDM theme can be downloaded from here

Installing a package manually in Ubuntu

2008-11-07T02:38:00.000-08:00

Are you absolutely sure you can't find the package in Synaptic? Did you try enabling extra repositories? If you've tried all this with little or no success, here's how you do it the Windows-style way. Download a package (.deb, .rpm, .tar.gz, .package, klik:// ? .cmg, .sh, .bin, .exe) and let's have a look.
Installing a ...

Debian Package (.deb)

When you download a program with the package manager, you actually download Debian packages! It's possible to install individual Debian packages you've downloaded yourself, but unless they're built specifically for Ubuntu, they're not guaranteed to work. Installing them is rather simple in Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake: double-click the package in Nautilus or on your desktop and a package installer will show up. You simply press Install Package to install. If you have a missing dependency, it will inform you of that. It will also inform you if there's a newer version available from the repositories!

Another way to install a Debian package is to use the command dpkg which is what the package manager uses to manipulate Debian packages (or short: debs). The syntax is as follows: if your package is located on your desktop and your username is carl, then you install the package test.deb with dpkg -i /home/carl/Desktop/test.deb. You need to take care of dependencies yourself, so it's not the optimal way of installing software.

RPM Package (.rpm)

RPM is another popular way of packaging software, and it's used by popular distributions such as Fedora Core, SUSE Linux and Mandriva. RPM is not used by the Ubuntu Package Manager, but there does exist a command for converting an RPM into a Deb; this doesn't mean that any RPM will work on your system, though! The same program can also install the RPM directly so that you won't have to do this yourself. The command is not available right away so you'll need to install it yourself - the package is called alien and is of course available through Synaptic. If the user carl wants to install an RPM called test.rpm located on his desktop, he will enter sudo alien -i /home/carl/Desktop/test.rpm.
Desktop Theme (.tar, .tar.gz, .tgz, .tar.bz, ...)
Installing themes[4] is relatively painless in Gnome. You open the Theme Preferences which you'll find at System ? Preferences ? Theme. With this application you can change icons, controls and window borders to your liking. To install your theme, simply drag and drop the package onto the Theme Preferences window and confirm the dialog window that pops up. To use your new theme, edit one of the existing themes to use your new icons, controls or window borders.

Installing a new desktop theme

Click Install to install the new desktop theme
Login Screen Theme (.tar, .tar.gz, .tgz, .tar.bz, ...)
Installing themes for your login screen is as simple as installing desktop themes. You open up Login Window Preferences in System ? Administration ? Login Screen and drag and drop your theme onto the window. Confirm the dialog window that pops up. To use your new theme, select it in the list of themes.

Installing a new login screen theme

Click Install to install the new login screen theme
Source Package (.tar, .tar.gz, .tgz, .tar.bz, ...)
Note: not all files with an extension named .tar, .tar.gz, and so on are archives with source code in them - they might be precompiled! If the archive is precompiled, there should be an installer or a binary executable inside it.

Sometimes all you've got is a package full of uncompiled source code. Luckily, you don't need to be a programmer to know how to compile and install a package with source code. Back in the old days, this was the only way to install software on Linux and there is a standard way of installing these files. It will not work in every case, but it will in most (if you have the right dependencies installed). To compile a package you must first extract it somewhere. This is easily done, simply right-click on the package and select Extract Here.

Open Source Definition

2008-10-30T19:57:00.000-07:00

Open source which offers practical accessibility to a product's source (goods and knowledge). Some consider open source as one of various possible design approaches, while others consider it a critical strategic element of their operations. Before open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; the term open source gained popularity with the rise of the Internet, which provided access to diverse production models, communication paths, and interactive communities.

The open source model of operation and decision making allows concurrent input of different agendas, approaches and priorities, and differs from the more closed, centralized models of development.The principles and practices are commonly applied to the development of source code for software that is made available for public collaboration, and it is usually released as open-source software.

Society and culture

Open source culture is the creative practice of appropriation and free sharing of found and created content. Examples include collage, found footage film, music, and appropriation art. Open source culture is one in which fixations, works entitled to copyright protection, are made generally available. Participants in the culture can modify those products and redistribute them back into the community or other organizations.

The rise of open-source culture in the 20th century resulted from a growing tension between creative practices that involve appropriation, and therefore require access to content that is often copyrighted, and increasingly restrictive intellectual property laws and policies governing access to copyrighted content. The two main ways in which intellectual property laws became more restrictive in the 20th century were extensions to the term of copyright (particularly in the United States) and penalties, such as those articulated in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), placed on attempts to circumvent anti-piracy technologies.

Although artistic appropriation is often permitted under fair use doctrines, the complexity and ambiguity of these doctrines creates an atmosphere of uncertainty among cultural practitioners. Also, the protective actions of copyright owners create what some call a "chilling effect" among cultural practitioners.

In the late 20th century, cultural practitioners began to adopt the intellectual property licensing techniques of free software and open-source software to make their work more freely available to others, including the Creative Commons.

The idea of an "open source" culture runs parallel to "Free Culture," but is substantively different. Free culture is a term derived from the free software movement, and in contrast to that vision of culture, proponents of OSC maintain that some intellectual property law needs to exist to protect cultural producers. Yet they propose a more nuanced position than corporations have traditionally sought. Instead of seeing intellectual property law as an expression of instrumental rules intended to uphold either natural rights or desirable outcomes, an argument for OSC takes into account diverse goods (as in "the Good life") and ends.

One way of achieving the goal of making the fixations of cultural work generally available is to maximally utilize technology and digital media. As predicted by Moore's law, the cost of digital media and storage plummeted in the late 20th Century. Consequently, the marginal cost of digitally duplicating anything capable of being transmitted via digital media dropped to near zero. Combined with an explosive growth in personal computer and technology ownership, the result is an increase in general population's access to digital media. This phenomenon facilitated growth in open source culture because it allowed for rapid and inexpensive duplication and distribution of culture. Where the access to the majority of culture produced prior to the advent of digital media was limited by other constraints of proprietary and potentially "open" mediums, digital media is the latest technology with the potential to increase access to cultural products. Artists and users who choose to distribute their work digitally face none of the physical limitations that traditional cultural producers have been typically faced with. Accordingly, the audience of an open source culture faces little physical cost in acquiring digital media.

Open source culture precedes Richard Stallman's codification of the concept with the creation of the Free Software Foundation. As the public began to communicate through Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) like FidoNet, places like Sourcery Systems BBS were dedicated to providing source code to Public Domain, Shareware and Freeware programs.

Essentially born out of a desire for increased general access to digital media, the Internet is open source culture's most valuable asset. It is questionable whether the goals of an open source culture could be achieved without the Internet. The global network not only fosters an environment where culture can be generally accessible, but also allows for easy and inexpensive redistribution of culture back into various communities. Some reasons for this are as follows.

First, the Internet allows even greater access to inexpensive digital media and storage. Instead of users being limited to their own facilities and resources, they are granted access to a vast network of facilities and resources, some for free. Sites such as Archive.org offer up free web space for anyone willing to license their work under a Creative Commons license. The resulting cultural product is then available to download for free (generally accessible) to anyone with an Internet connection.

Second, users are granted unprecedented access to each other. Older analog technologies such as the telephone or television have limitations on the kind of interaction users can have. In the case of television there is little, if any interaction between users participating on the network. And in the case of the telephone, users rarely interact with any more than a couple of their known peers. On the Internet, however, users have the potential to access and meet millions of their peers. This aspect of the Internet facilitates the modification of culture as users are able to collaborate and communicate with each other across international and cultural boundaries. The speed in which digital media travels on the Internet in turn facilitates the redistribution of culture.

Through various technologies such as peer-to-peer networks and blogs, cultural producers can take advantage of vast social networks in order to distribute their products. As opposed to traditional media distribution, redistributing digital media on the Internet can be virtually costless. Technologies such as BitTorrent Gnutella take advantage of various characteristics of the Internet protocol (TCP/IP) in an attempt to totally decentralize file distribution. and

Government

Open politics (sometimes known as Open source politics) — is a term used to describe a political process that uses Internet technologies such as blogs, email and polling to provide for a rapid feedback mechanism between political organizations and their supporters. There is also an alternative conception of the term Open source politics which relates to the development of public policy under a set of rules and processes similar to the Open Source Software movement.
Open source governance — is similar to open source politics, but it applies more to the democratic process and promotes the freedom of information.

Ethics

Open Source ethics is split into two strands:

Open Source Ethics as an Ethical School - Charles Ess and David Berry are researching whether ethics can learn anything from an open source approach. Ess famously even defined the AoIR Research Guidelines as an example of open source ethics.
Open Source Ethics as a Professional Body of Rules - This is based principally on the computer ethics school, studying the questions of ethics and professionalism in the computer industry in general and software development in particular.

Media

Open source journalism — referred to the standard journalistic techniques of news gathering and fact checking, and reflected a similar term that was in use from 1992 in military intelligence circles, open source intelligence. It is now commonly used to describe forms of innovative publishing of online journalism, rather than the sourcing of news stories by a professional journalist. In the Dec 25, 2006 issue of TIME magazine this is referred to as user created content and listed alongside more traditional open source projects such as OpenSolaris and Linux.

Weblogs, or blogs, are another significant platform for open source culture. Blogs consist of periodic, reverse chronologically ordered posts, using a technology that makes webpages easily updatable with no understanding of design, code, or file transfer required. While corporations, political campaigns and other formal institutions have begun using these tools to distribute information, many blogs are used by individuals for personal expression, political organizing, and socializing. Some, such as LiveJournal or WordPress, utilize open source software that is open to the public and can be modified by users to fit their own tastes. Whether the code is open or not, this format represents a nimble tool for people to borrow and re-present culture; whereas traditional websites made the illegal reproduction of culture difficult to regulate, the mutability of blogs makes "open sourcing" even more uncontrollable since it allows a larger portion of the population to replicate material more quickly in the public sphere.

Messageboards are another platform for open source culture. Messageboards (also known as discussion boards or forums), are places online where people with similar interests can congregate and post messages for the community to read and respond to. Messageboards sometimes have moderators who enforce community standards of etiquette such as banning users who are spammers. Other common board features are private messages (where users can send messages to one another) as well as chat (a way to have a real time conversation online) and image uploading. Some messageboards use phpBB, which is a free open source package. Where blogs are more about individual expression and tend to revolve around their authors, messageboards are about creating a conversation amongst its users where information can be shared freely and quickly. Messageboards are a way to remove intermediaries from everyday life - for instance, instead of relying on commercials and other forms of advertising, one can ask other users for frank reviews of a product, movie or CD. By removing the cultural middlemen, messageboards help speed the flow of information and exchange of ideas.

OpenDocument is an open document file format for saving and exchanging editable office documents such as text documents (including memos, reports, and books), spreadsheets, charts, and presentations. Organizations and individuals that store their data in an open format such as OpenDocument avoid being locked in to a single software vendor, leaving them free to switch software if their current vendor goes out of business, raises their prices, changes their software, or changes their licensing terms to something less favorable.

Open source movie production is either an open call system in which a changing crew and cast collaborate in movie production, a system in which the end result is made available for re-use by others or in which exclusively open source products are used in the production. The 2006 movie Elephants Dream is said to be the "world's first open movie", created entirely using open source technology.

An open source documentary film has a production process allowing the open contributions of archival material, footage, and other filmic elements, both in unedited and edited form. By doing so, on-line contributors become part of the process of creating the film, helping to influence the editorial and visual material to be used in the documentary, as well as its thematic development. The first open source documentary film to go into production "The American Revolution" ," which will examine the role that WBCN-FM in Boston played in the cultural, social and political changes locally and nationally from 1968 to 1974, is being produced by Lichtenstein Creative Media and the non-profit The Fund for Independent Media. Open Source Cinema is a website to create Basement Tapes, a feature documentary about copyright in the digital age, co-produced by the National Film Board of Canada. Open Source Filmmaking refers to a form of filmmaking that takes a method of idea formation from open source software, but in this case the 'source' for a film maker is raw unedited footage rather than programming code. It can also refer to a method of filmmaking where the process of creation is 'open' i.e. a disparate group of contributors, at different times contribute to the final piece.

Open-IPTV is IPTV that is not limited to one recording studio, production studio, or cast. Open-IPTV uses the Internet or other means to pool efforts and resources together to create an online community that all contributes to a show.

Education

Within the academic community, there is discussion about expanding what could be called the "intellectual commons" (analogous to the Creative Commons). Proponents of this view have hailed the Connexions Project at Rice University, OpenCourseWare project at MIT, Eugene Thacker's article on "Open Source DNA", the "Open Source Cultural Database" and Wikipedia as examples of applying open source outside the realm of computer software.

Open source curricula are instructional resources whose digital source can be freely used, distributed and modified.

Another strand to the academic community is in the area of research. Many funded research projects produce software as part of their work. There is an increasing interest in making the outputs of such projects available under an open source license. In the UK the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)OSS Watch which acts as an advisory service for higher and further education institutions wishing to use, contribute to and develop open source software. has developed a policy on open source software. JISC also funds a development service called

Innovation communities

The principle of sharing predates the open source movement; for example, the free sharing of information has been institutionalized in the scientific enterprise since at least the 19th century. Open source principles have always been part of the scientific community. The sociologist Robert K. Merton described the four basic elements of the community - universalism (an international perspective), communism (sharing information), disinterestedness (removing one's personal views from the scientific inquiry) and organized skepticism (requirements of proof and review) that accurately describe the scientific community today. These principles are, in part, complemented by US law's focus on protecting expression and method but not the ideas themselves. There is also a tradition of publishing research results to the scientific community instead of keeping all such knowledge proprietary. One of the recent initiatives in scientific publishing has been open access - the idea that research should be published in such a way that it is free and available to the public. There are currently many open access journals where the information is available for free online, however most journals do charge a fee (either to users or libraries for access). The Budapest Open Access Initiative is an international effort with the goal of making all research articles available for free on the Internet. The National Institutes of Health has recently proposed a policy on "Enhanced Public Access to NIH Research Information." This policy would provide a free, searchable resource of NIH-funded results to the public and with other international repositories six months after its initial publication. The NIH's move is an important one because there is significant amount of public funding in scientific research. Many of the questions have yet to be answered - the balancing of profit vs. public access, and ensuring that desirable standards and incentives do not diminish with a shift to open access.

Farmavita.Net - Community of Pharmaceuticals Executives have recently proposed new business model of Open Source Pharmaceuticals . The project is targeted to development and sharing of know-how for manufacture of essential and life saving medicines. It is mainly dedicated to the countries with less developed economies where local pharmaceutical research and development resources are insufficient for national needs. It will be limited to generic (off-patent) medicines with established use. By the definition, medicinal product have a “well-established use” if is used for at least 15 years, with recognized efficacy and an acceptable level of safety. In that event, the expensive clinical test and trial results could be replaced by appropriate scientific literature.

Benjamin Franklin was an early contributor eventually donating all his inventions including the Franklin stove, bifocals and the lightning rod to the public domain after successfully profiting off their sales and patents.

New NGO communities are starting to use the open source technology as a tool. One example is the Open Source Youth Network started in 2007 in Lisboa by ISCA members.

Open innovation is also a new emerging concept which advocate putting R&D in a common pool, the Eclipse platform is openly presenting itself as an Open innovation network

Arts and recreation

Copyright protection is used in the performing arts and even in athletic activities. Some groups have attempted to remove copyright from such practices.

The Open Source Definition

Main article: Open Source Definition

The Open Source Definition is used by the Open Source Initiative to determine whether or not a software license can be considered open source. The definition was based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines, written and adapted primarily by Bruce Perens.

Proliferation of the term

While the term applied originally only to the source code of software, it is now being applied to many other areas such as open source ecology, a movement to decentralize technologies so that any human can use them. However, it is often misapplied to other areas which have different and competing principles, which overlap only partially.

Opponents of the spread of the label “open source,” including Richard Stallman, argue that the requirements and restrictions ensure the continuation of the effort, and resist attempts to redefine the labels. He argues also that most supporters of open source are actually supporters of much more equitable agreements and support re-integration of derived works and that most contributors do not intend to release their work to others who can extend it, hide the extensions, patent those very extensions, and demand royalties or restrict the use of all other users—all while not violating the open source principles with respect to the initial code they acquired.

Perens' principles

See The Open Source Definition for the exact operational definition and examples of licenses that satisfy, and do not satisfy, those principles.

Under Perens' definition, open source describes a broad general type of software license that makes source code available to the general public with relaxed or non-existent copyright restrictions. The principles, as stated, say absolutely nothing about trademark or patent use and require absolutely no cooperation to ensure that any common audit or release regime applies to any derived works. It is an explicit “feature” of open source that it may put no restrictions on the use or distribution by any organization or user.

It forbids this, in principle, to guarantee continued access to derived works even by the major original contributors. In contrast to free software or open content free rider problem or deal with proliferation of bad copies that mislead end users. licenses, which are often confused with open source but have much more rigorous rules and conventions, open source deliberately errs in favor of allowing any use by any party whatsoever, and offers few or no means or recourses to prevent a

Perhaps because of this flexibility, which facilitates large commercial users and vendors, the most successful applications of open source have been in consortium. These use other means such as trademarks to control bad copies and require specific performance guarantees from consortium members to assure re-integration of improvements. Accordingly they do not need potentially conflicting clauses in licenses.

The loose definition has led to a proliferation of licenses that can claim to be open source but which would not satisfy the share alike provision that free software and open content licenses require. A very common license, the Creative Commons CC-by-nc-sa, requires a commercial user to acquire a separate license for-profit use. This is explicitly against the open source principles, as it discriminates against a type of use or user. However, the requirement imposed by free software to reliably redistribute derived works, does not violate these principles. Accordingly, free software and consortium licenses are a type of open source, but open content isn't insofar as it allows such restrictions.

Non-software use

The principles of open source have been adapted for many other forms of user generated content and technology, including open source hardware.

Supporters of the open content movement advocate some restrictions of use, requirements to share changes, and attribution to other authors of the work.

This “culture” or ideology takes the view that the principles apply more generally to facilitate concurrent input of different agendas, approaches and priorities, in contrast with more centralized models of development such as those typically used in commercial companies.

Advocates of the open source principles often point to Wikipedia as an example, but Wikipedia has in fact often restricted certain types of use or user, and the GFDL license it uses makes specific requirements of all users that technically violate the open source principles.

History

Very similar to open standards, researchers with access to the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) used a process called Request for Comments Internet in 1969. There are earlier instances of open source movements and free software such as IBM's source releases of its operating systems in the 1960s and the SHARE user group that formed to facilitate the exchange of such software. to develop telecommunication network protocols. Characterized by contemporary open source work, this 1960's collaborative process led to the birth of the

The decision by some people in the free software movement to use the label “open source” came out of a strategy session held at Palo Alto, California, in reaction to Netscape's January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator. The group of individuals at the session included Christine Peterson Todd Anderson, Larry Augustin, Jon Hall, Sam Ockman, Michael Tiemann and Eric S. Raymond. They used the opportunity before the release of Navigator's source code to free themselves of the ideological and confrontational connotations of the term free software. Netscape licensed and released its code as open source under the Netscape Public License and subsequently under the Mozilla Public License. who suggested “open source”,

The term was given a big boost at an event organized in April 1998 by technology publisher Tim O'Reilly. Originally titled the “Freeware Summit” and later known as the “Open Source Summit”, the event brought together the leaders of many of the most important free and open source projects, including Linus Torvalds, Larry Wall, Brian Behlendorf, Eric Allman, Guido van Rossum, Michael Tiemann, Paul Vixie, Jamie Zawinski of Netscape, and Eric Raymond. At that meeting, the confusion caused by the name “free software” was brought up. Tiemann argued for “sourceware” as a new term, while Raymond argued for “open source.” The assembled developers took a vote, and the winner was announced at a press conference that evening. Five days later, Raymond made the first public call to the free software community to adopt the new term. The Open Source Initiative was formed shortly thereafter.

The Open Source Initiative (OSI) formed in February 1998 by Raymond and Perens. With about 20 years of evidence from case histories of closed and open development already provided by the Internet, the OSI continued to present the 'open source' case to commercial businesses. They sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens adapted Debian's Free Software Guidelines to make the The Open Source Definition.

Widely-used open source products

Open source software (OSS) projects are built and maintained by a network of volunteer programmers. Prime examples of open source products are the Apache HTTP Server, the internet address system Internet Protocol, and the internet browser Mozilla Firefox. One of the most successful programs is the Linux Unix-like operating system.
operating system, an open source

Criticism

he criticisms of the specific Open Source Initiative (OSI) principles are dealt with above as part of the definition and differentiation from other terms. The open content movement does not recognize nor endorse the OSI principles and embraces instead mutual share-alike agreements that require derived works to be re-integrated and treated equitably, e.g. not patented or trademarked to the detriment of the individual contributors/creators.

Another criticism of the Open Source movement is that these projects may not be really as self-organizing as their proponents claim. This argument holds that successful Open Source projects frequently have a strong central manager, even if that manager is a volunteer. The article Open Source Projects Manage Themselves? Dream On. by Chuck Connell explains this viewpoint. However this is a criticism of the development model, not of the Open Source itself. Also, the author does not state that self organization surely does not work, just points to the cases when the central management was likely involved.

The legal and cultural criticisms are both addressed as part of a common set of objections and criticisms by those who prefer share-alike as an organizing principle. This includes Creative Commons which simply ignores the OSI principles and endorses licenses that clearly violate them such as CC-by-nc-sa or; Creative Commons, Attribute, Non-Commercial, Share-Alike.

Of the vocal critics Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation (FSF), flatly opposes the term “Open Source” being applied to what they refer to as “free software”. Although it's clear that legally free software does qualify as open source, he considers that the category is abusive. ^[20] They also oppose the professed pragmatism of the Open Source Initiative, as they fear that the free software ideals of freedom and community are threatened by compromising on the FSF's idealistic standards for software freedom.^[21]^[22]

Business models

There are a number of commonly recognized barriers to the adoption of open source software by enterprises. These barriers include the perception that open source licenses are viral, lack of formal support and training, the velocity of change, and a lack of a long term roadmap. The majority of these barriers are risk-related. From the other side, not all proprietary projects disclose exact future plans, not all open source licenses are equally viral and many serious OSS projects (especially operating systems) actually make money from paid support and documentation.

Many business models exist around open source software to provide a 'whole product' to help reduce these risks. The 'whole product' typically includes support, commercial licenses, professional services, training, certification, partner programs, references and use cases. These business models range from 'services only' organizations that do not participate in the development of the software to models where the majority of the software is created by full-time committers that are employed by a central organization. These business models have come into existence recently and their operation is not commonly understood. One model that has been developed to explain this is the Bee Keeper Model

A commonly employed Business Strategy of Commercial Open Source Software Firms is the Dual-License Strategy, as demonstrated by MySQL, Alfresco, and others.

source : www.wikipedia.com