billionaire

nigerian girls got missing: $300,000 reward

2014-05-07T19:31:00.002-07:00

Nigerian police have offered a 50m naira (£177,000, or $300,000) reward for information on the whereabouts of 276 girls kidnapped by Islamist rebels three weeks ago in a sign that the government has begun to react to growing pressure at home and abroad.

The call for help follows the US and Britain offering military and technical support to Nigeria to hunt down the group, which abducted a second group of schoolgirls on Monday, as Barack Obama led a mounting international outcry.

A statement from the Nigerian police high command said on Wednesday anyone who "volunteers credible information that will lead to the location and rescue of the female students" was eligible for the reward. It said "any information given would be treated anonymously and with utmost confidentiality".

Boko Haram is holding 276 girls from a raid on a school in Chibok on 15 April and a further eight, aged between eight and 15, taken in an overnight raid on a village on Monday, also in the sect's stronghold in north-eastern Borno state. Abubakar Shekau, the leader of the group's main faction, released a video on Monday in which he threatened to sell the schoolgirls as slaves. Rights groups have documented the brutal treatment of women and girls who were previously abducted and used as sex slaves.

Parents said the video, which showed Shekau laughing as he made his taunts, had confirmed their worst fears. "There is no way to describe what we are feeling because of this news. It is just one long nightmare," said one mother whose daughter and niece were both abducted.

In Chibok, desperate relatives welcomed news of assistance from the US and Britain. "I just wish they could have done this earlier. Maybe by now we would have had our girls back," said a teacher, Danuma Mpur, whose two nieces were taken.

Local officials arrived in the village earlier on Wednesday morning for a meeting expected to last several hours. Parents had asked for the meeting to be held in the school grounds, surrounded by charred buildings, Mpur added.

Danjuma Mohamed, a resident of Waraba village, where the other eight girls were abducted on Monday, said: "The Boko Haram live in the bush all around us. We are willing to help the soldiers even if it is a risk for us."

On Monday, the insurgents razed a local market and killed at least 52 in Gamborou, another border town. They said the hours-long attack was in retaliation for locals "collaborating" with soldiers stationed across Borno as part of a state of emergency imposed last year.

Nigeria's hosting this week of the World Economic Forum on Africa meeting has been overshadowed by the incidents. Demonstrators planned to hold a sit-in on Wednesday afternoon, despite tight security seeing swaths of the capital, Abuja, virtually empty.

The offers from Washington and London follow widespread criticism of the Nigerian government's perceived sluggish response to the crisis.

David Cameron told parliament on Wednesday that the abduction was "an act of pure evil" and he planned to speak to the Nigerian president, Goodluck Jonathan, later in the day.

"It's united people across the planet to stand with Nigeria to help find these children and return them to their parents," he told MPs. "Britain stands ready to provide any assistance immediately we can, working very closely with the US."

Obama said the US was doing its utmost to help resolve the "terrible situation" but stopped short of offering to send troops – in contrast to Britain, which is prepared to send special forces and intelligence-gathering aircraft.

"In the short term our goal is obviously to help the international community, and the Nigerian government, as a team to do everything we can to recover these young ladies," Obama told NBC on Tuesday night. "But we're also going to have to deal with the broader problem of organisations like this that ... can cause such havoc in people's day-to-day lives."

GCE FORM IS OUT, GET YOURS TODAY

2013-05-26T05:10:00.001-07:00

THE EARLIER D BETTER<<<<>>>
Get your GCE form at any bank branch closest to you or @any cafe around you
the GCE form cost about 6,000 naira but somtimes varies
get yours as soon as possible

click on the link below to register
http://registration.waecdirect.org/

how to earn money with your blog

2013-03-08T16:06:00.000-08:00

Nowadays, it seems like just about everybody has a blog. Whether you’re a stay-at-home mom looking to document your kids’ lives, a crafter creating the latest do-it-yourself projects, or a business owner looking to market and make a name for your brand, blogging could be the answer to doing what you love and making an income from it. That’s right, it’s possible (in fact, very possible) to make money simply by blogging. All you need is a computer, the ability to accept credit cards online, and a few tips, provided below.

Create a blog and stick with it

Most people don’t stick with blogging long enough to make any money from it. Don’t expect results overnight. Blogging takes work, hours upon hours of work, before you’ll ever see a dime. The more work you put in, the more money you can eventually expect to make.

To help you stick with it, blog about things you’re passionate about. If you blog about food but don’t really enjoy cooking, chances are the blog will be forgotten about long before it even has a shot at making money.

Gain followers

Once you start your blog and know the direction you want it to go, it’s time to startgaining readers (or in blog terms, followers). To do this, you must get involved with the blogging community. Find blogs that are similar to your own – as far as their topic, age, and audience – and read what they’re writing about. Leave comments on other blogs, send emails, respond to emails, post your blogs on Facebook and Twitter, and network. The more people that see your blog, the better you’ll be at gaining readers.

Be yourself

Always, always, always be true to yourself. People will continue visiting your blog if they like who you are, so don’t try to be someone you’re not. Eventually, either your true colors will show or you’ll no longer enjoy blogging due to not being true to yourself, and you’ll lose readers.

Advertisevertise

Start advertising once you’ve generated a decent amount of traffic to your blog. Google Adsense is a great program to start out with, and it’s free! Youplace Google ads on your blog(you can determine the types of ads you want to display and where they are placed) and get paid when people click those ads.

Say you have a 1% click rate, 1000 page views per day, and you get paid 25 cents per click. That means you’ll make $2.50 per day off of ads. Though it doesn’t seem like much, it does add up, and it doesn’t cost you a thing.

Affiliate advertising

Sign up as an affiliate of a company, such as Amazon, to earn money off your blog. You earn per click (like regular advertising), per sale, or per lead. The huge benefit of this is once you place the ad on your blog, you’re essentially done. As long as your blog’s generating traffic (remember, the more the better), the money will come in.

Sell something

If you’re crafty, use your blog to market yourself or business to sell your product. If you have a business on the side, such as selling candles or makeup, put it on your blog. Allowing customers to buy your product directly from your blog will grow your sales, business, and income.

Write reviews

Use your blog to write a review on a product, service, or website and get paid. The company pays you to write a review in hopes of selling their product to your readers. Typically, each review needs to be about 200 words long. If you’re reviewing a product, you will receive the product for free in addition to monetary compensation. ReviewMe.com is a great place to start.

Once your blog is large and has a steady following, the opportunities to make money are endless. You can write an eBook, a regular print book, sell your guest posts, become a professional blogger, and more. The key is being passionate about your blog, consistently posting, and making your mark in the blogging world. It’s not easy, but if you enjoy it, then it’s not really work!

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approach to online dating

2013-03-08T15:41:00.002-08:00

There is lots of individuality which males must acquire, but there is one quality which has not been emphasized, and this is being reactive. I am going to teach you how to approach a girl you like without fearing rejection. Believe me the biggest challenge that you will face is the battle with your own self doubt. Have you ever wondered how a seemingly normal type of guy manages to get a hot lady? Well, the bottom line is he was willing to try his luck.

Being angry is a big reaction. An alpha male does not feel angry at a woman for showing bad behavior. Showing anger is a reaction and shows that he cares too much for the girl. Instead, what an alpha male would do would be to ignore the girl and move on to other girls in his social circle.

The act of laughing is actually a subliminal sign of compliance. Notice how a girl displays indicators of interests by laughing at your jokes? Well, the same effect goes for you if you happen to laugh at someone else’s jokes. Laughter is a huge reaction and therefore, if you laugh too much, you are betraying your power and alpha attribute.

Panic is a sign that you cannot cope with whatever is going to come at you. The alpha male never panics and takes his time on single dating because he knows he can handle what that comes his way.

While most women are sure to drool over these Hollywood studs, who says you cant attract them like they do? The truth is any man can attract the woman he wants. Yes, that includes the really beautiful ones. All you need is yourself and these three things that are sure to catch their attention.

You need to flirt with a number of girls before you approach the one you really want. So for example, you are in a bar and there are about 3 girls you think are cute. You need to make eye contact with each of them. This is simply to measure the responses.

Dating experts claim that women are attracted to men who possess confidence. The reason is simple – confidence brings out the best in a person. A woman obviously would want to date someone through online dating who can show her that he’s the most awesome guy in world. Even if think you’re more of the average Joe, take note that exuding confidence with the way you approach women and express yourself to them makes you look exciting and full of surprises now chicks certainly dig that.

Can you see the beauty of this? Even if the lady you like rejects you it will not bother you. Why? Simple, you now have 2 other options. This knowledge alone is enough for you to learn how to approach a girl on online dating sites you like without any fear of rejection. Keep your fingernails trimmed, make sure you look neat and smell fresh all the time and you’re bound to attract the goddesses out there. You know what they say, cleanliness is next to godliness.

tips to online dating

2013-03-08T15:38:00.005-08:00

Instructions

- 1
  
  Refer to something unique in her profile. Just as you would when meeting a girl offline, noticing something interesting or unique about her is the best way to spark an instant connection. This could be a favorite book or movie, a quote or a hobby that is a clue to who she is. Your move can be as straightforward as "I love that movie too" or, if you want to be more subtle, another line from the same scene.
- 2
  
  Compliment her on her photo. This is different than complimenting her on her looks, which you really shouldn't try to judge from one picture or even several. It's far better to notice something about the photo, whether it is a unique setting, camera angle or situation. By focusing on the effort she made in trying to create a good profile picture, you avoid the bland generality or creepy come-on associated with lines such as "You are pretty" or "I think you're sexy." Similarly, most people enjoy having their accomplishments recognized (even by strangers.) Complimenting a woman on her educational or career achievements is not only gracious but it can open up promising avenues of conversation about her experiences and interests.
- 3 Use humor. Showing that you can laugh at yourself or even better, that you can make her laugh is a true key to putting her at ease. Try to find common ground with her personality and her interests. By communicating that you are fun to be with online you will give the impression that you are worth getting to know in the real world as well.
- 4
  
  Use an unusual subject line. People tend to associate very general online introductions (such as "Hi" or "Hey") with spam or at a lack of imagination. Using something slightly more creative, such as "Wie geht's?" or "You There - Yes I Mean You" will bridge the digital divide, making the point that you are a live human being with a brain and a smile.

how to toast a lady or woman online

2013-03-08T15:36:00.002-08:00

If you’ve tried out a big online dating website like match.com, then you’ve seen that there really are some hot, quality women on there. However, just like out in the real world, it can be hard to figure out what to say to a woman to get an interaction with her going on the right foot.

Today I’m going to teach you an easy way to strike up a conversation with a woman online in 4 easy steps:

1) Don’t ’wink’ at her.

Match.com has ’winks’, Yahoo personals has ’icebreakers’, Facebook has ’pokes’ and you shouldn’t mess with any of them! These are all ways to show interest in a person without needing to write an email, or put any effort in whatsoever. These things make you look lazy and scared. Not exactly attractive traits for a man...

Attractive women can get literally hundreds of pokes and winks in the course of a week, almost all of which are completely ignored. So instead of lazy and scared, send an email that is ballsy and unique.

2) Don’t do mass e-mailings.

The first time I thought of doing this it seemed like a pretty good idea... Write one witty email, mail it to a hundred different girls and see how many nibbles you get. The only problem with this theory is that it assumes your profile and your emails are good enough to hook and reel in quality women. If they were that good, then you would be getting a 70-80% response rate like I get.

Also the kind of e-mails that women strongly respond to are HIGHLY PERSONALIZED, not generic emails based on cut and paste templates.

3) Find something interesting in her profile.

Women like it when a guy takes the time to read her profile. This shows them that you are interested in them specifically and aren’t just some desperate dude looking for sex. So scan her profile for something that interests you like maybe she brews her own beer... So you say something about a beer you love, it’s that easy.

4) Don’t act like you like her a lot and think she is so hot.

If you are emailing a woman on a dating site, then it’s OBVIOUS that you like her. Don’t mention it outright, if you do you’ll look a little unstable. That’s wussyish, not very smooth. It’s like saying "I want to kiss you" before you kiss her and looking for her approval... not attractive.

Do you ever notice how in romantic movies the guy never goes "Oh I like you so much, you’re so pretty, we have so much in common etc..." when he first meets the girl? You’ve got to leave it unsaid, let that sexual tension rise up and get her all hot and bothered.

Trust me, she’ll be way more excited about meeting you if you haven’t been kissing her rear in your emails.

how to toast a coconut

2013-03-08T15:35:00.001-08:00

Toasting shredded coconut sounds easy enough and it is, but like most simple tasks it’s just as easy to mess up. Shredded coconut browns beautifully in the oven or on the stove top but if left unattended it can burn in an instant.

To toast coconut on the stove top, place the coconut in a skillet large enough to hold it in an even layer. Heat the skillet over medium heat, stirring occasionally, until the coconut is evenly browned.

To toast coconut in the oven, preheat the oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Spread the shredded coconut evenly on a baking sheet lined with parchment or foil. Place the baking sheet in the oven and cook, stirring frequently, until browned to your liking, about 10 to 15 minutes. With either method, remove the coconut from the pan or baking sheet immediately or it will continue to cook. Let the coconut cool completely before using.

how to get pregnant?

2012-12-14T01:38:00.001-08:00

For many, getting pregnant is a natural step forward as a human being. With your spouse, or without, you can now take care of a little newborn creature. There are certain things to keep in mind when you want to get pregnant. Many of these tips are useful for the mother-to-be and for her spouse, as the mother-to-be might need support and help.
Your diet is one thing you can change pretty easily. Stay away from fast food and candy. Skip eating out a take away-places and the aisles with chips and sweets at the grocery store. Try to think more natural and healthy ingredients in your food. Start cooking your own meals and substitute that candy bar with a banana and an apple.
Smoking is another thing that has to stop directly. It affects the sperm to travel slower, and the womb to be less receptive. Also, when you are getting pregnant, you need to stop smoking anyway as it does considerable damage to the fetus.
Drinking alcohol is no good either. A glass or two might boost the sexual desire, but in fact this effect is wearing off after a while. When trying to get pregnant, you need all the desire you can get – so skip the drinks. This is, just as quitting smoking, a good exercise for when you are pregnant, as the alcohol is dangerous for your baby as well.
Exercise, also outside the bed, is a good way to keep the spirit going. People who are more active in life have more stamina and a better mood. Not only will your sex life become better, but you can also try out other positions, which seemed physically impossible before.
If you are on the pill, then stop using it. The body needs to readjust to its natural state and this might take everything from a couple of month to over a year. Be patient – you can only wait on this one.
Of course, the last tip is to really be sure that you want to get pregnant. Many couples feel stressed by the fact that others want them to have babies. It is totally irrelevant what other people want. If you have your own desire for children, than making them and getting pregnant is so much easier than if you try to fulfill someone else’s wish.

wayne rooney history

2012-10-04T07:29:00.000-07:00

Wayne Mark Rooney (born 24 October 1985) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Premier League clubManchester United and the England national team.

Rooney made his senior international debut in 2003 becoming the youngest player to represent England, until he got beaten by Theo Walcott). He is England's youngest ever goalscorer.^[4] He played at UEFA Euro 2004 and scored four goals, briefly becoming the competition's youngest goalscorer. Rooney featured at the 2006 and 2010 World Cups and is widely regarded as his country's best player.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] He has won the England Player of the Year award twice, in 2008 and 2009. As of June 2012, he has won 75 international caps and scored 29 goals.^[3] Along with David Beckham, Rooney is the most red carded player for England, having been sent off twice.^[11]

Aged nine, Rooney joined the youth team of Everton, for whom he made his professional debut in 2002. He spent two seasons at the Merseyside club, before moving to Manchester United for £25.6 million in the 2004 summer transfer window. The same year, Rooney acquired the nickname "Wazza".^[12] Since then, with Rooney in the team, United have won the Premier League four times, the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League and two League Cups. He also holds two runner-up medals from the Champions League and has twice finished second in the Premier League. In April 2012, Rooney scored his 180th goal, making him United's fourth-highest goal-scorer of all time.^[13]

In 2009–10, Rooney was awarded the PFA Players' Player of the Year and the FWA Footballer of the Year. He came fifth in the vote for the 2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or and was named in the FIFPro World 11 for 2011. Rooney has won the 'Goal of the Season' award by the BBC's Match of the Day poll on three occasions, with his bicycle kick against rivals Manchester City winning the 'Premier League Goal of the 20 Seasons' award.^[14] Rooney is the third highest-paid footballer in the world after Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo, with an annual income of €20.7m (£18m) including sponsorship deals.^[15]

Early life

Rooney was born in Croxteth, Liverpool to Thomas Wayne and Jeanette Marie (née Morrey) Rooney.^[16] He is of Irish descent^[17]^[18] and was brought up as a Roman Catholic^[19]^[20] with younger brothers Graham and John;^[21]^[22]^[23] all three attended Our Lady and St Swithin's primary school and the De La Salle Humanities College.^[24]He grew up supporting his local club Everton.^[25]

Club career

Everton

Youth squads

Rooney began playing for Liverpool Schoolboys and until May 2010 he held the record of 72 goals scored in one season.^[26] At age nine, Rooney played for Copplehouse boys' club in the local Walton and Kirkdale junior league and scored 99 goals in his final season before being spotted by Everton scout Bob Pendleton.^[27] Rooney joined Everton at age nine,^[28] and was the Everton mascot for the Merseyside derby against Liverpool as an 11-year-old.^[29] In the 1995–96 season he scored 114 goals in 29 games for Everton's under-10s and 11s,^[30] and by 15 years old he was playing for the under-19s.^[31] He scored eight goals in eight games during Everton's run to the FA Youth Cup final in 2002.^[32] This included one goal in the final defeat against Aston Villa and upon scoring he revealed a T-shirt that read, "Once a Blue, always a Blue."^[28]Rooney was included in the first team squad for their training camp in Austria in the summer of 2002 and scored his first senior goal in a 3–1 friendly victory over SC Weiz on 15 July.^[31]

First team breakthrough

"Rooney is the biggest England talent I've seen since I arrived in England. There has certainly not been a player under 20 as good as him since I became a manager here."

– Arsène Wenger on Rooney following his last-minute goal against Arsenal in October 2002.^[33]

Rooney was an unused substitute in Everton's 1–0 away win over Southampton in April 2002.^[34] His senior debut came the following season on 17 August in a 2–2 home draw against Tottenham,^[35] at this time he became the second youngest first-team player in Everton history behind Joe Royle.^[36] His first senior goals came on 2 October as he scored twice in a 3–0 away win over Wrexham in the League Cup.^[37] These goals meant that Rooney was Everton's youngest-ever goalscorer at the time.^[38] On 19 October, five days before his 17th birthday, Rooney scored a last-minute winning goal against Arsenal.^[39]This goal ended Arsenal's 30-match unbeaten run,^[40] and also made Rooney the youngest goalscorer in Premier Leaguehistory, a record that has since been surpassed twice by both James Milner and James Vaughan.^[41] He scored the only goal in a 1–0 away win over Leeds United fifteen days later.^[42]

In December, Rooney was named 2002's BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year.^[43] Six days on from claiming this award he scored the winning goal against Blackburn Rovers in a 2–1 home win.^[44] His first career red-card came on boxing day in a 1–1 away draw against Birmingham City for a late challenge on Steve Vickers.^[45] In January 2003, Rooney signed his first professional contract which made him one of world football's highest-paid teenagers.^[46] Rooney's first goal in 2003 came on 23 March, netting Everton's only goal in a 2–1 loss at Arsenal.^[47] In April, he scored a goal in Everton's 2–1 home win over Newcastle United,^[48] before hitting a last-minute winner againstAston Villa in another 2–1 home win.^[49] He ended his debut season with 8 goals in 37 appearances in all competitions for the Toffees.^[50]

Rooney scored his first goal of the 2003–04 season in a 2–2 away draw against Charlton on 26 August 2003.^[51] He did not find the net again until December when he scored in a 2–1 away win over Portsmouth,^[52] and a 3–2 home win over Leicester City.^[53] His final goal of 2003 came on his 50th league appearance, netting the only goal in a 1–0 home win over Birmingham on 28 December.^[54] On 21 February 2004, Rooney netted his first Premier League brace in a 3–3 away draw against Southampton.^[55] He scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Portsmouth on 13 March,^[56] before scoring in a 1–1 away draw against Leicester City one week later.^[57] He scored his final goal of the season in a 1–1 away draw against Leeds United on 13 April.^[58]

Manchester United

2004–05 season

Rooney's agent snubbed a three-year, £12,000-a-week contract offer from Everton in August 2004, leaving Manchester United and Newcastle United to compete for his signature. Everton rejected a bid of £20 million from Newcastle,^[59] and Manchester United ultimately won the bidding war with Rooney signing for them at the end of the month after a £25.6 million deal with Everton was reached.^[60] It was the highest fee ever paid for a player under 20 years old; Rooney was still only 18 when he left Everton.^[61]

Rooney was given the number 8 shirt upon his arrival at Old Trafford.^[62] He made his United debut on 28 September in a 6–2 home win over Fenerbahçe in the Champions League, scoring a hat-trick and laying on an assist.^[63] These goals made Rooney the youngest player to score a hat-trick in the Champions League aged 18 years 335 days.^[64] However, his first season with Manchester United ended without winning a trophy as they could only manage a third place finish in the league,^[65] and failed to progress to the last eight of the Champions League.^[66] United had more success in the cup competitions, but were edged out of the League Cup in the semi finals by aChelsea side^[67] who also won the Premier League title that season,^[68] and a goalless draw with Arsenal in the FA Cup final was followed by a penalty shoot-out defeat.^[69]However, Rooney was United's top league scorer that season with 11 goals, and was credited with the PFA Young Player of the Year award.^[70]

2005–07

Rooney during United's 3–1 win over Manchester City in thederby, in which he scored the game's first goal

In September 2005, Rooney was sent off in a Champions League clash with Villarreal of Spain (which ended in a goalless draw) for sarcastically clapping the referee who had booked him for an unintentional foul on an opponent.^[71] His first trophy with United came in the2006 League Cup,^[72] and he was also named man of the match after scoring twice in United's 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic in the final.^[73] In the Premier League, however, an erratic start to the season left title glory looking unlikely for United and their title hopes were ended in late April when they lost 3–0 away to champions Chelsea and had to settle for second place.^[74] Rooney sustained a broken metatarsal in that game after a tackle made by Paulo Ferreira.^[75] Rooney's goalscoring further improved in the 2005–06 season, as he managed 16 goals in 36 Premier League games.^[76]

Rooney was sent off in an Amsterdam Tournament match against Porto on 4 August 2006 after hitting Porto defender Pepe with an elbow.^[77] He was punished with a three-match ban by the FA, following their receipt of a 23-page report from referee Ruud Bossen that explained his decision.^[78] Rooney wrote a letter of protest to the FA, citing the lack of punishment handed down to other players who were sent off in friendlies. He also threatened to withdraw the FA's permission to use his image rights if they did not revoke the ban, but the FA had no power to make such a decision.^[79]

During the first half of the 2006–07 season, Rooney ended a ten-game scoreless streak with a hat-trick against Bolton Wanderers,^[80] and he signed a two-year contract extension the next month that tied him to United until 2012. By the end of April, a combination of two goals in an 8–3 aggregate quarter-final win over Roma and two more in a 3–2 semi-final first leg victory over Milan.^[81] By the end of that season, he had scored 14 league goals.^[82] Rooney collected his first Premier League title winner's medal at the end of the 2006–07 season.^[83]

2007–09

Rooney in a February 2008 match against Arsenal

In June 2007, Rooney was handed number 10, last worn by Ruud van Nistelrooy.^[84]^[85] He fractured his left metatarsal in United's opening-day goalless draw against Reading on 12 August,^[86] the same injury he had suffered to his right foot in 2004.^[87] After being sidelined for six weeks, he returned for United's 1–0 Champions League group stage win over Roma on 2 October, scoring the match's only goal.^[88]However, barely a month into his return, Rooney injured his ankle during a training session on 9 November, and missed an additional two weeks.^[89] His first match back was against Fulham on 3 December, in which he played 70 minutes.^[90] Rooney missed a total of ten games and finished the 2007–08 season with 18 goals (12 of them in the league),^[76] as United clinched both the Premier League^[91] and the Champions League, in which they defeated league rivals Chelsea^[92] in the competition's first-ever all-English final.^[93]

On 4 October 2008 in an away win over Blackburn Rovers, Rooney became the youngest player in league history to make 200 appearances.^[94] On 14 January after scoring the only goal of the game 54 seconds into the 1–0 win over Wigan Athletic, Rooney limped off with a hamstring ailment in the eighth minute. His replacement, Carlos Tévez, was injured himself shortly after entering the game, but stayed on.^[95] Rooney was out for three weeks, missing one match apiece in the League Cup and FA Cup, along with four Premier League matches.^[96] On 25 April 2009, Rooney scored his final league goals of the season against Tottenham. United scored five goals in the second half to come from 2–0 down to win 5–2. Rooney grabbed two goals, set up two and provided the assist that led to the penalty for United's first goal.^[97] Rooney ended the season with 20 goals in all competitions. Once again, he managed 12 goals in the league.^[76]

2009–10 season

Rooney's start to the new campaign got off to great scoring ways, grabbing a goal in the 90th minute of the 2009 Community Shield, though United lost the game to Chelsea on penalties.^[98] He then scored the only goal of the opening game of the 2009–10 season against Birmingham City, taking his overall United tally to 99.^[99] He failed to score in the next game, a historic 1–0 defeat to the hands of newly promoted Burnley at Turf Moor. On 22 August, he became the 20th Manchester United player to have scored at least 100 goals for the club, when he found the net twice in a 5–0 away win at Wigan Athletic.^[100]

Rooney in a November 2009 match against Everton

On 29 August, United played Arsenal at Old Trafford. Rooney scored the equaliser from the penalty spot after Andrei Arshavin had put the Gunners ahead. The game finished 2–1 to Manchester United after Abou Diaby scored an own goal.^[101] Five days later Rooney commented on his penalty against Arsenal: "Everyone who watches me play knows I am an honest player, I play the game as honestly as I can. If the referee gives a penalty there is nothing you can do."^[102] On 28 November 2009, Rooney scored his first hat-trick for three years in a 4–1 away victory against Portsmouth, with two of them being penalties.^[103] On 27 December 2009, he was awarded Man of the Match againstHull City. He was involved in all the goals scored in the game, hitting the opener and then giving away the ball for Hull's equalizing penalty. He then forced Andy Dawson into conceding an own goal and then set up Dimitar Berbatov for United's third goal which gave them a 3–1 victory.^[104] On 30 December 2009, three days on from their victory over Hull, he grabbed another goal in United's 5–0 thrashing of Wigan in their final game of the decade.^[105] On 23 January 2010, Rooney scored all four goals in Manchester United's 4–0 win over Hull City; three of the goals came in the last 10 minutes of the match. This was the first time in his career that he bagged four in one match.^[106] On 27 January 2010, he continued his scoring run by heading the winner in the second minute of stoppage time against derby rivals Manchester City. This gave United a 4–3 aggregate win, taking them into the final, it was his first League Cup goal since netting two in the 2006 final.^[107] On 31 January 2010, Rooney scored his 100th Premier League goal in a 3–1 win over Arsenal for the first time in the league at theEmirates, notably his first Premier League goal also came against Arsenal.^[108] On 16 February 2010, Rooney hit his first European goals of the season, scoring two headers in the 3–2 away win against Milan in Manchester United's first ever win against them at the San Siro.^[109] On 28 February 2010, he scored another header against Aston Villa (his fifth consecutive headed goal in a row) which resulted in Manchester United winning the League Cup final 2–1.^[110] In the second leg of United's European tie against Milan, Rooney scored a brace in a resounding 4–0 home victory, taking his tally of goals this season to 30.^[111] He then added two more to his tally five days later at Old Trafford, in a 3–0 league win overFulham.^[112]

On 30 March 2010, during United's Champions League quarter-final first leg defeat against Bayern Munich at Munich's Allianz Arena, Rooney crumpled when he twisted his ankle in the last minute, hobbling off while Bayern were producing the build up that led to their second goal.^[113] There were fears that he had received serious ligament damage or even a broken ankle, but it was announced that the injury was only slight ligament damage, and that he would be out for 2 to 3 weeks,^[114] missing United's crunch match with Chelsea and the return leg against Munich the following week.^[114] The team list for second leg yielded a massive surprise when Rooney was given a starting place in the United lineup.^[115] Despite a 3–0 lead by the 41st minute, Munich snatched a goal back and United were later forced down to 10 men after Rafael da Silva was sent-off. Munich won the match after netting a second away-goal^[115] and Rooney was substituted after re-damaging his ankle. On 25 April, Rooney was named the 2010 PFA Players' Player of the Year.^[116]

2010–11 season

On 28 August 2010, Rooney scored his first goal of the season as he netted a penalty in a 3–0 home win over West Ham United.^[117] In October, Manchester United managerSir Alex Ferguson stated at a press conference that Rooney wanted to quit the club.^[118] This came after a period of dispute as to the extent of Rooney's ankle injury, where Rooney had refuted Ferguson's claim that the injury was the reason Rooney had been dropped to the bench.^[119] Rooney and his representatives released a statement regarding his decision to leave the club, insisting it is not down to money but ambition.^[120] Following this statement, Rooney made a dramatic U-turn and agreed a new five-year contract at Manchester United until June 2015.^[121]

Rooney made his return to the first team as a substitute against Wigan on 20 November.^[122] Four days later he returned to the starting line-up and scored a penalty in a 1–0 away win over Rangers in the Champions League.^[123] He missed a penalty in a 1–0 home win over Arsenal on 13 December.^[124] His first goal of the season from open play came on 1 January 2011 in a 2–1 away win over West Bromwich Albion.^[125] On 1 February, Rooney scored twice and assisted Nemanja Vidić's goal in a 3–1 home win over Aston Villa.^[126] On 12 February, Rooney scored an overhead volley in the 78th minute of the Manchester derby, which proved to be the winning goal in their 2–1 win over Manchester City.^[127] After the match, Rooney said it was the best goal of his career,^[128] before Sir Alex Ferguson described the strike as the best goal he has ever witnessed at Old Trafford.^[129] Two weeks later he scored the third goal in a 4–0 away win over Wigan,^[130] before opening the scoring in a 2–1 away loss to Chelsea on 1 March.^[131] Rooney scored the second goal in a 2–0 home win over Arsenal in an FA Cup tie on 12 March.^[132]

On 2 April, United came from two goals down as Rooney scored his first hat-trick of the season in a 4–2 away win over West Ham United.^[133] This was his fifth hat-trick for Manchester United, whilst the second goal was his 100th in the Premier League for the club.^[134] He is the third Manchester United player to score 100 Premier League goals, joining Ryan Giggs and Paul Scholes.^[135] During Rooney's celebrations following his third goal, he swore into a pitchside camera and was subsequently charged by the Football Association for using offensive language.^[136] Rooney accepted the charge, but not the automatic two-match ban which was handed to him.^[137] He appealed against the length of the suspension, calling it "excessive", but failed to overturn the two-match ban which ruled him out of the FA Cup semi-final against Manchester City on 16 April.^[138] The following game on 6 April saw Rooney scored the only goal in a 1–0 away win against Chelsea in the Champions League quarter-final first leg.^[139] He followed this goal up with another strike in the semi-final first leg against German side Schalke on 26 April, scoring the second of a 2–0 away win.^[140] This was the first time Rooney had returned to the Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen since his sending off during the 2006 FIFA World Cup against Portugal.^[141]

On 14 May 2011, Rooney successfully converted a penalty for United to equalise and give them a 1–1 draw against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park in the penultimate game of the Premier League season – enough to secure a record 19th top division title for United, and giving Rooney his fourth Premier League title winner's medal.^[142]

2011–12 season

Rooney started the season with a goal in the first league game at The Hawthorns against West Bromwich Albion. Rooney played a one-two with Ashley Young before a sharp turn and finish from outside the box which found the bottom corner of the goal. He also scored in the second game of the season, at home to Tottenham Hotspur, when he headed in a Ryan Giggs cross late in the game.^[143] In late August, Rooney scored his 150th goal for United, the first of a hat-trick, helping to demolish Arsenal 8–2.^[13]Rooney won man of the match, scoring two free kicks, a penalty, and also contributing an assist for Nani. He followed this up with another hat-trick in the next game; a 5–0 away win over Bolton Wanderers on 10 September, becoming only the fourth player in Premier League history to score a hat-trick in consecutive games.^[144] These goals brought him level with Sir Bobby Charlton on seven United hat-tricks, joint fourth on the all-time list behind Denis Law, Jack Rowley and Dennis Viollet.^[145] Rooney scored in United's next game, a 3–1 home win over Chelsea but did miss a penalty in the second half when he slipped on his run up and skied the ball over. After revelations about his father in the media and the fallout from his red card against Montenegro on international duty, he was left out of the starting line-up against Liverpool on 15 October 2011. He returned to action on 18 October 2011, where he scored two goals in the group stage-match against Oțelul Galați and surpassed his former teammate Paul Scholes as the most-scoring Englishman in UEFA Champions League.^[146]

On 10 December, Rooney ended an 8 game goal drought with a brace against Wolves in a 4–1 win at Old Trafford. For the first goal he cut inside from the left and drilled in a low shot through the crowd of defenders. His second goal was assisted by Antonio Valencia who crossed the ball from the right wing and Rooney met it on the half volley to find the bottom right hand corner of the net. On 18 December, Rooney continued his goal scoring form heading home the opening goal against QPR, making it Manchester United's quickest goal of the season so far after just 52 seconds at Loftus Road. He was assisted by Antonio Valencia's cross. On 21 December, Rooney scored his 130th Premier League goal in his 300th Premier League appearance against Fulham at Craven Cottage with a long range effort that crashed in off the inside of the post in a 5–0 win. On 8 January, Rooney scored two goals in the FA Cup third round 3–2 away win against Manchester City at Etihad Stadium. His first goal was assisted by Antonio Valenciawho swung the ball towards the far post, where Rooney bulldozed between Nani and Richards powering a header against the underside of the crossbar and into the net.Danny Welbeck was involved in Rooney's second goal. He was needlessly scythed down by Aleksandar Kolarov inside the penalty area, prompting the clear penalty award. City's goalkeeper Costel Pantilimon saved the initial Rooney spot kick, but the United striker calmly nodded the rebound into the unguarded goal. With his two goals, Rooney went past Mark Hughes in United's all-time top goalscorers table heading up to seventh place overall with 164 goals. On 14 January, Rooney made a big contribution to his team in a 3–0 home win against Bolton. Although he had missed a penalty and almost found the net on a few occasions, he did create two goals by assisting Paul Scholesfor the first goal and later in the second half Danny Welbeck for the second goal. On 5 February, Rooney scored two goals from the penalty spot as United came back from a 3–0 deficit to draw 3–3 in a Premier League clash against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.

On 11 February 2012, Rooney marked his 500th senior career game by scoring two goals as United beat rivals Liverpool 2–1 at Old Trafford. This was also his 350th game for United in all competitions.^[147] On 4 March Rooney scored the first goal in a 3–1 away win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane and went past Joe Spence in Manchester United's all-time top goalscorers table heading up to sixth place overall with 169 goals. He scored another brace in his next game, against Atletico Bilbao in theEuropa League.^[148] On 11 March Rooney scored the two goals that brought United the victory against West Bromwich Albion in a 2–0 home win. On 15 March, Rooney scored in the 2nd leg of the Europa League tie vs Athletic Bilbao in Bilbao despite United losing 2–1 on the night and 5–3 on aggregate.

Rooney accidentally broke 9-year-old fan Jamie Thomas' wrist with a stray shot before Manchester United's 5–0 win at Wolverhampton Wanderers on 18 March 2012. Rooney was not aware of the incident at the time, but has apologised to the schoolboy and promised to send him a personalised gift.^[149]

2012–13 season

Despite starting the opening game of the season against Everton,^[150] Rooney was dropped to the bench for the second game against Fulham in favour of new signing Robin van Persie.^[151] After coming on for Shinji Kagawa in the 68th minute, Rooney suffered a severe gash to his right leg caused by Fulham's Hugo Rodallega that will keep him out for around four weeks.^[152]

International career

Rooney playing for England in 2006

Rooney became the youngest player to play for England when he earned his first cap in a friendly against Australia on 12 February 2003 at seventeen,^[153] the same age at which he also became the youngest player to score an England goal.^[154] Arsenal youngster Theo Walcott broke Rooney's appearance record by 36 days in May 2006.^[155]. This came after Wayne ignored calls from Irish supporters to play for the Republic of Ireland, whom he is eligible to play for due to his Grandmother being born in Ireland.^[156]

His first tournament action was at Euro 2004, in which he became the youngest scorer in competition history on 17 June 2004, when he scored twice against Switzerland;^[157] however, this record was topped by Swiss midfielder Johan Vonlanthen four days later.^[158] Rooney suffered an injury in the quarter-final match against Portugal and England were eliminated on penalties.^[159]

Following a foot injury in an April 2006 Premier League match, Rooney faced a race to fitness for the 2006 World Cup.^[160] England attempted to hasten his recovery with the use of an oxygen tent,^[161] which allowed Rooney to enter a group match againstTrinidad and Tobago^[162] and start the next match against Sweden.^[163] However, he never got back into game shape and went scoreless as England bowed out in the quarter-finals, again on penalty kicks.^[164]

Rooney training with England in September 2009

Rooney was red-carded in the 62nd minute of the quarter-final for stamping on Portugal defenderRicardo Carvalho as both attempted to gain possession of the ball, an incident that occurred right in front of referee Horacio Elizondo.^[165]Rooney's Manchester United teammate Cristiano Ronaldo openly protested his actions, and was in turn shoved by Rooney.^[165] Elizondo sent Rooney off, after which Ronaldo was seen winking at the Portugal bench.^[165] Rooney denied intentionally targeting Carvalho in a statement on 3 July, adding, "I bear no ill feeling to Cristiano but I'm disappointed that he chose to get involved. I suppose I do, though, have to remember that on that particular occasion we were not teammates."^[166] Elizondo confirmed the next day that Rooney was dismissed solely for the infraction on Carvalho.^[167] Rooney was fined CHF5,000 for the incident.^[168]

Rooney playing in a friendly against Japan in May 2010

During the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, after England drew with Algeria, the England players were booed off the pitch by supporters. Rooney made a comment as he left the pitch to television cameras saying, "Nice to see your home fans boo you, that's loyal supporters".^[169] He later apologised for the comment made during a lacklustre tournament for England who were eliminated in the second round.^[170]

The Euro 2012 qualifications went well for England, as they qualified in first place of their group, winning five and drawing three games out of eight. Rooney scored three goals, one against Switzerland and two against Bulgaria. In the last qualifier against Montenegro (2–2), Rooney was sent off for a tackle onMiodrag Džudović in the 74th minute.^[171] At first, it was known that Rooney would miss at least one match in the opening round of the first phase at UEFA Euro 2012. After the game with Montenegro, Rooney sent a personal letter to UEFA in which he apologised and expressed regret for the tackle on Džudović which earned him the red card.^[172]^[173] Despite the letter, UEFA punished Rooney with a three game ban, meaning that he couldn't play in any of the group stage matches. After UEFA's announcement, Džudović stated that he believed the sentence for Rooney was too severe and that he would defend him if needed. He later asked the UEFA to pardon Rooney. The FA then decided they would appeal to UEFA against the ban. On 8 December 2011, after The FA had appealed the ban,^[174] UEFA reduced the sentence to two matches.^[175] This meant that Rooney missed the matches against France and Sweden. He was able to play in the final match of the group stage against Ukraine on 19 June 2012, scoring the only goal of the game, allowing England to progress to the quarterfinals.^[176] England were eventually knocked out in the quarter-finals against Italy, who after a scoreless 120 minutes won 4-2 on penalties, although Rooney was able to net his spot-kick.

After another international tournament in which the Englsh media criticized Rooney's performances,^[177] Fabio Capello claimed Rooney "only plays well in Manchester"^[178] However, as of August 2012, Rooney is England's 9th highest goalscorer of all time with 29 goals; one behind Alan Shearer, Nat Lofthouse and Sir Tom Finney.^[179]

International goals

Updated to games played 19 June 2012.^[180]^[181]

[show]#	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition

Career statistics

Club

Club	Season	League		Cup		League Cup		Europe		Other^{[nb 1]}		Total
Club	Season	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals
Everton	2002–03	33	6	1	0	3	2	–		–		37	8
	2003–04	34	9	3	0	3	0	–		–		40	9
	Total	67	15	4	0	6	2	–		–		77	17
Manchester United	2004–05	29	11	6	3	2	0	6	3	0	0	43	17
	2005–06	36	16	3	0	4	2	5	1	–		48	19
	2006–07	35	14	7	5	1	0	12	4	–		55	23
	2007–08	27	12	4	2	0	0	11	4	1	0	43	18
	2008–09	30	12	2	1	1	0	13	4	3	3	49	20
	2009–10	32	26	1	0	3	2	7	5	1	1	44	34
	2010–11	28	11	2	1	0	0	9	4	1	0	40	16
	2011–12	34	27	1	2	0	0	8	6	1	0	44	35
	2012–13	3	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	–		4	0
	Total	254	129	26	14	12	4	71	31	7	4	370	182
Career total		322	144	30	14	18	6	71	31	7	4	447	199

Statistics accurate as of match played 29 September 2012^[182]^[183]

International

England national team
Year	Apps	Goals
2003	9	3
2004	11	6
2005	8	2
2006	8	1
2007	4	2
2008	8	5
2009	9	6
2010	11	1
2011	5	2
2012	2	1
Total	75	29

Statistics accurate as of match played 19 June 2012^[184]

Honours

Club

Manchester United

Premier League (4): 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11
Football League Cup (2): 2005–06, 2009–10
FA Community Shield (3): 2007, 2010, 2011
UEFA Champions League (1): 2007–08
FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2008

Individual

PFA Players' Player of the Year (1): 2009–10
PFA Young Player of the Year (2): 2004–05, 2005–06
PFA Fans' Player of the Year (2): 2005–06, 2009–10
PFA Premier League Team of the Year (3): 2005–06, 2009–10, 2011–12
FWA Footballer of the Year (1): 2009–10
Goal of the Season (3): 2004–05, 2006–07, 2010–11
Goal of the Month (6): October 2003, January 2005, April 2005, January 2007, March 2007, February 2011
Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year (2): 2005–06, 2009–10
BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year (1): 2002
Bravo Award (1): 2003
UEFA Euro 2004 Team of the Tournament
FIFPro World Young Player of the Year (1): 2004–05
Premier League Player of the Month (5): February 2005, December 2005, March 2006, October 2007, January 2010
Barclays Player of the Year (1): 2009–10
Premier League 20 Seasons Awards (1992–93 to 2011–12):
- Best Goal (vs. Manchester City, 12 February 2011)
FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball (1): 2008
England Player of the Year (2): 2008, 2009
Golden Boot Landmark Award 20 (1): 2009–10
FIFA/FIFPro World XI (1): 2011

Personal life

In addition to Everton, Rooney also supports Celtic.^[185]

In June 2011, he visited the Harley Street Hair Clinic and had a hair transplant.^[186]

It was announced in July 2011, that Wayne Rooney's jersey was the best-selling sports product that is under the auspices of the Premier League. Manchester United sold, during the 2009–10 season, between 1.2 million and one and a half million shirts and it is estimated that of that, Rooney's name was printed on several hundred thousand. The account is taken from official jerseys sales across the globe, not just in England.^[187]

Family

Rooney's wife, Coleen, in October 2006

Rooney met his wife, Coleen Rooney (née McLoughlin), while both were at secondary school.^[188] They married on 12 June 2008 after six years of dating, during which Rooney admitted to soliciting prostitution in Liverpool in 2004. "I was young and stupid. It was at a time when I was very young and immature and before I had settled down with Coleen."^[189] He has a tattoo of the words "Just Enough Education to Perform", the title of an album by his favourite band, the Stereophonics; Coleen arranged for the group to play at their wedding reception.^[190] The wedding ran into some controversy with the Catholic Church. The couple held a religious ceremony at the Abbey of Cervara, a converted monastery near Genoa, despite being warned by the local bishop's office against the plan. The bishop's office told the Rooneys that La Cervara is deconsecrated and not suitable for a wedding.^[191] It suggested a different church, five miles away.^[191]Nevertheless, the couple ignored the advice and Father Edward Quinn, their local priest from Croxteth, presided over a ceremony in which rings were exchanged.^[192]

In April 2006, he was awarded £100,000 in libel damages from tabloids The Sun and News of the World, who had claimed that he had assaulted Coleen in a nightclub. Rooney donated the money to charity.^[193]

The Rooneys reside in a £4.25 million mansion in the village of Prestbury, Cheshire,^[194] which was built by a company owned by Dawn Ward, the wife of former Sheffield United striker Ashley Ward.^[195] He also owns property in Port Charlotte, Florida.^[196] While Rooney was house hunting in Cheshire after signing with Manchester United, he spotted a pub sign that read "Admiral Rodney", which he misread as"Admiral Rooney." He nonetheless considered it a positive omen for his future home.^[197]^[198] Rooney owns a French mastiff dog, which was reportedly bought for £1,250.^[199]

Rooney's wife Coleen announced on 7 April 2009 that the couple were expecting their first baby.^[200] Coleen gave birth to their son, Kai Wayne Rooney, on 2 November 2009.^[201]

Rooney's younger brother, John Rooney, is also a professional footballer, who has played with Macclesfield Town, and in January 2011 signed a contract to play in Major League Soccer in the United States.^[202] John was selected by the New York Red Bulls in the second round of the 2011 MLS SuperDraft.^[203]

Commercial interests

Rooney has endorsement deals with Nike^[204] (he is the face of their T90 Laser IV boots^[205]), Nokia,^[206] Ford,^[207]^[208] Asda,^[209] and Coca-Cola.^[210] He has appeared on six straight UK-version covers of Electronic Arts' FIFA series from FIFA 06 (2005) to FIFA 12 (2011).^[211]^[212]^[213] In October 2010, Rooney was dropped by Coca-Cola from one of its advertising campaigns in the wake of allegations about his private life.^[214]

On 9 March 2006, Rooney signed the largest sports book deal in publishing history with HarperCollins,^[215] who granted him a £5 million advance plus royalties for a minimum of five books to be published over a twelve-year period. The first, My Story So Far, an autobiography ghostwritten by Hunter Davies, was published after the 2006 World Cup.^[216] The second publication, The Official Wayne Rooney Annual, was aimed at the teenage market and edited by football journalist Chris Hunt.^[217]

In July 2006, Rooney's lawyers went to the United Nations' World Intellectual Property Organisation to gain ownership of the Internet domain names waynerooney.com andwaynerooney.co.uk, both of which Welsh actor Huw Marshall registered in 2002.^[218] Three months later, the WIPO awarded Rooney the rights to waynerooney.com.^[219]

Paul Stretford controversy

In July 2002, while Rooney was with Everton, agent Paul Stretford encouraged Rooney and his parents to enter the player into an eight-year contract with Proactive Sports Management. However, Rooney was already with another representation firm at the time, while Stretford's transaction went unreported to the FA, and he was thus charged with improper conduct. Stretford alleged in his October 2004 trial that he had secretly recorded boxing promoter John Hyland (an associate of Rooney's first agent) and two other men threatening and attempting to blackmail him for an undisclosed percentage of Rooney's earnings.^[220]

Stretford's case collapsed due to evidence that conflicted with his insistence that he had not signed Rooney, and on 9 July 2008, he was found guilty of "making of false and/or misleading witness statements to police, and giving false and/or misleading testimony."^[220] In addition, the contract to which Stretford had signed Rooney was two years longer than the limit allowed by the FA. Stretford was fined £300,000 and banned from working as a football agent for eighteen months, a verdict he promptly appealed.^[220]

Stretford left Proactive in 2008 and took Rooney with him. Proactive later sued Rooney, claiming £4.3 million in withheld commissions. In July 2010, Proactive was awarded only £90,000 as restitution.^[221]

David Moyes

On 1 September 2006, Everton manager David Moyes sued Rooney for libel after the tabloid newspaper the Daily Mail published excerpts from Rooney's 2006 autobiographythat accused the manager of leaking Rooney's reasons for leaving the club to the press.^[222] The case was settled out of court for £500,000 on 3 June 2008, and Rooney apologised to Moyes for "false claims" he had made in the book regarding the matter.^[223]

Allegations of infidelity

Rooney reportedly had sex with prostitute Jennifer Thompson on a number of occasions in 2009, while his wife Coleen was pregnant with son Kai.^[224]^[225] Prostitute Helen Wood says Rooney paid £1,000 for a threesome with her and Jennifer Thompson in a Manchester hotel whilst Coleen was five months pregnant.^[226] It was reported his solicitors tried to fight the allegations when they first surfaced in early August 2010, but he was unable to prevent the publication of the fresh allegations as he had previously spoken of his shame at paying for sex.^[227]^[228] Alex Ferguson has suggested Rooney's form for Manchester United had suffered as he struggled to cope with the intense media scrutiny surrounding his private life due to these allegations.^[229]

history about chelsea football club

2012-10-04T07:12:00.000-07:00

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Chelsea

Full name

Chelsea Football Club

Nickname(s)

The Blues

Founded

10 March 1905; 107 years ago^[1]

Ground

Stamford Bridge,
Fulham, London
(capacity: 41,837^[2])

Owner

Chairman

Manager

League

Premier League, 6th

Website

Club home page

Home colours

Away colours

Third colours

Current season

Chelsea Football Club ( /ˈtʃɛlsiː/) is an English football club based in Fulham, London. Founded in 1905, they play in the Premier League and have spent most of their history in the top tier of English football. Their home is the 41,837-seat^[2] Stamford Bridge stadium, where they have played since their establishment.

Chelsea had their first major success in 1955, when they won the league championship, and won various cup competitions during the 1960s, 1970s, 1990s and 2000s. Since 1996, Chelsea have enjoyed the most successful period in their history. Overall, Chelsea have won four league titles, seven FA Cups, four League Cups and four FA Community Shields. The club have also been successful in continental competitions, winning two UEFA Cup Winners' Cups, one UEFA Super Cup and one UEFA Champions League title. In 2009–10, the club won their first "Double"^[3] and in 2012 became the first London club to win the UEFA Champions League.^[4]^[5]

Chelsea's regular kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks. The club's crest has been changed several times in attempts to re-brand the club and modernise its image. The current crest, featuring a ceremonial lion rampant regardant holding a staff, is a modification of the one introduced in the early 1950s.^[6] The club has sustained the fifth highest average all-time attendance in English football.^[7] Their average home gate for the 2011–12 season was 41,478, the sixth highest in the Premier League.^[8] In April 2012 it was ranked by Forbes Magazineas the seventh most valuable football club in the world, at £473 million ($761 million).^[9]^[10] Since 2003, Chelsea have been owned by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich.^[11]

History

Main article: History of Chelsea F.C.

The first Chelsea team in September 1905

In 1904 Gus Mears acquired the Stamford Bridge athletics stadium with the aim of turning it into a football ground. An offer to lease it to nearby Fulham was turned down, so Mears opted to found his own club to use the stadium. As there was already a team named Fulham in the borough, the name of the adjacent borough of Chelsea was chosen for the new club, having also considered names like Kensington FC, Stamford Bridge FC and London FC.^[12] Chelsea were founded on 10 March 1905 at The Rising Sun pub (now The Butcher's Hook),^[1] opposite the present-day main entrance to the ground on Fulham Road, and were elected to the Football League shortly afterwards.

The club won promotion to the First Division in their second season, and yo-yoed between the First and Second Divisions in their early years. They reached the 1915 FA Cup Final, where they lost to Sheffield United at Old Trafford, and finished 3rd in the First Division in 1920, the club's best league campaign to that point.^[13] Chelsea attracted large crowds^[14] and had a reputation for signing big-name players,^[15] but success continued to elude the club in the inter-war years. Former Arsenaland England centre-forward Ted Drake became manager in 1952 and proceeded to modernise the club. He removed the club'sChelsea pensioner crest, improved the youth set-up and training regime, rebuilt the side with shrewd signings from the lower divisions and amateur leagues, and led Chelsea to their first major trophy success – the League championship – in 1954–55. The following season saw UEFA create the European Champions' Cup, but after objections fromThe Football League and the FA Chelsea were persuaded to withdraw from the competition before it started.^[16] Chelsea failed to build on this success, and spent the remainder of the 1950s in mid-table. Drake was dismissed in 1961 and replaced by player-coach Tommy Docherty.

Chart showing the progress of Chelsea's league finishes from 1905–1906 season to2007–08 season

Docherty built a new team around the group of talented young players emerging from the club's youth set-up and Chelsea challenged for honours throughout the 1960s, enduring several near-misses. They were on course for a treble of League, FA Cup and League Cup going into the final stages of the 1964–65 season, winning the League Cup but faltering late on in the other two.^[17]In three seasons the side were beaten in three major semi-finals and were FA Cup runners-up. Under Docherty's successor, Dave Sexton, Chelsea won the FA Cup in 1970, beating Leeds United 2–1 in a final replay. Chelsea took their first European honour, aUEFA Cup Winners' Cup triumph, the following year, with another replayed win, this time over Real Madrid in Athens.

The late 1970s through to the 1980s was a turbulent period for Chelsea. An ambitious redevelopment of Stamford Bridge threatened the financial stability of the club,^[18] star players were sold and the team were relegated. Further problems were caused by a notorious hooligan element among the support, which was to plague the club throughout the decade.^[19] In 1982, Chelsea were, at the nadir of their fortunes, acquired by Ken Bates for the nominal sum of £1, although by now the Stamford Bridge freehold had been sold to property developers, meaning the club faced losing their home.^[20] On the pitch, the team had fared little better, coming close to relegation to the Third Divisionfor the first time, but in 1983 manager John Neal put together an impressive new team for minimal outlay. Chelsea won the Second Division title in 1983–84 and established themselves in the top division, before being relegated again in 1988. The club bounced back immediately by winning the Second Division championship in 1988–89.

Chelsea players celebrate their first UEFA Champions League title

After a long-running legal battle, Bates reunited the stadium freehold with the club in 1992 by doing a deal with the banks of the property developers, who had been bankrupted by a market crash.^[21] Chelsea's form in the new Premier League was unconvincing, although they did reach the 1994 FA Cup Final. It was not until the appointment of Ruud Gullit as player-manager in 1996 that their fortunes changed. He added several top international players to the side, as the club won the FA Cup in 1997 and established themselves as one of England's top sides again. Gullit was replaced by Gianluca Vialli, who led the team to victory in the League Cup Final and the Cup Winners' Cup Final in 1998, the FA Cup in 2000 and their first appearance in the UEFA Champions League. Vialli was sacked in favour of Claudio Ranieri, who guided Chelsea to the 2002 FA Cup Final and Champions League qualification in 2002–03.

In June 2003, Bates sold Chelsea to Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich for £140 million.^[11] Over £100 million was spent on new players, but Ranieri was unable to deliver any trophies,^[22] and was replaced by José Mourinho.^[23] Under Mourinho, Chelsea became the fifth English team to win back-to-back league championships since the Second World War (2004–05 and2005–06),^[24] in addition to winning an FA Cup (2007) and two League Cups (2005 and 2007). In September 2007, Mourinho was replaced by Avram Grant,^[25] who led the club to their first UEFA Champions League final, which they lost on penalties to Manchester United. In 2009, caretaker managerGuus Hiddink guided Chelsea to another FA Cup success,^[26] and in 2009–10, his successor Carlo Ancelotti led them to their first league and FA Cup "Double", becoming the first English club to score 100 league goals in a season since 1963.^[27] In June 2011, Ancelotti was sacked and replaced by André Villas-Boas,^[28] who was in turn dismissed in March 2012. Under caretaker manager Roberto Di Matteo, Chelsea won their seventh FA Cup,^[29] and their first UEFA Champions League title, beating Bayern Munich 4–3 on penalties,^[30] the first London club to win the trophy.^[30]

Stadium

Main article: Stamford Bridge (stadium)

Stamford Bridge
The Bridge

Location	Fulham Road, Fulham London, England, SW6 1HS
Opened	28 April 1877^[31]
Renovated	1904–1905, 1990s
Owner	Chelsea Pitch Owners plc
Operator	Chelsea F.C.
Architect	Archibald Leitch (1887)
Capacity	41,837-seat^[2]
Field dimensions	103 x 67 metres (112.6 x 73.3 yards)^[2]
Tenants
London Athletics Club (1877–1904) Chelsea F.C. (1905–present)

Chelsea have only ever had one home ground, Stamford Bridge, where they have played since foundation. It was officially opened on 28 April 1877 and for the first 28 years of its existence it was used almost exclusively by the London Athletics Club as an arena for athletics meetings and not at all for football. In 1904 the ground was acquired by businessman Gus Mears and his brother Joseph, who had also purchased nearby land (formerly a large market garden) with the aim of staging football matches on the now 12.5 acre (51,000 m²) site.^[31] Stamford Bridge was designed for the Mears family by the noted football architect Archibald Leitch, who had also designed Ibrox, Celtic Park and Hampden Park.^[32] Most football clubs were founded first, and then sought grounds in which to play, but Chelsea were founded for Stamford Bridge.

Starting with an open bowl-like design and one covered terrace, Stamford Bridge had an original capacity of around 100,000.^[31] The early 1930s saw the construction of a terrace on the southern part of the ground with a roof that covered around one fifth of the stand. It eventually became known as the "Shed End", the home of Chelsea's most loyal and vocal supporters, particularly during the 1960s, 70s and 80s. The exact origins of the name are unclear, but the fact that the roof looked like a corrugated iron shed roof played a part.^[31]

In the early 1970s the club's owners announced a modernisation of Stamford Bridge with plans for a state-of-the-art 50,000 all-seater stadium.^[31] Work began on the East Stand in 1972 but the project was beset with problems and was never completed; the cost brought the club close to bankruptcy, culminating in the freehold being sold to property developers. Following a long legal battle, it was not until the mid-1990s that Chelsea's future at the stadium was secured and renovation work resumed.^[31] The north, west and southern parts of the ground were converted into all-seater stands and moved closer to the pitch, a process completed by 2001.

When Stamford Bridge was redeveloped in the Ken Bates era many additional features were added to the complex including two hotels, apartments, bars, restaurants, the Chelsea Megastore, and an interactive visitor attraction called Chelsea World of Sport. The intention was that these facilities would provide extra revenue to support the football side of the business, but they were less successful than hoped and before the Abramovich takeover in 2003 the debt taken on to finance them was a major burden on the club. Soon after the takeover a decision was taken to drop the "Chelsea Village" brand and refocus on Chelsea as a football club. However, the stadium is sometimes still referred to as part of "Chelsea Village" or "The Village".

Chelsea vs. West Bromwich Albion at Stamford Bridge on 23 September 1905; Chelsea won 1–0.

The Stamford Bridge freehold, the pitch, the turnstiles and Chelsea'snaming rights are now owned by Chelsea Pitch Owners, a non-profit organisation in which fans are the shareholders. The CPO was created to ensure the stadium could never again be sold to developers. As a condition for using the Chelsea FC name, the club has to play its first team matches at Stamford Bridge, which means that if the club moves to a new stadium, they may have to change their name.^[33] Chelsea's training ground is located in Cobham, Surrey. Chelsea moved to Cobham in 2004. Their previous training ground in Harlington was taken over by QPR in 2005.^[34] The new training facilities in Cobham were completed in 2007.^[35]

Stamford Bridge has been used for a variety of other sporting events since 1905. It hosted the FA Cup Final from 1920 to 1922,^[36] has held ten FA Cup semi-finals (most recently in 1978), ten FA Charity Shield matches (the last in 1970), and three England international matches, the last in 1932; it was also the venue for an unofficial Victory International in 1946.^[37]

View from the West Stand of Stamford Bridge during a Champions League game, 2008

In October 1905 it hosted a rugby union match between the All Blacks and Middlesex,^[38] and in 1914 hosted a baseball match between the touring New York Giants and the Chicago White Sox.^[39] It was the venue for a boxing match between worldflyweight champion Jimmy Wilde and Joe Conn in 1918.^[40] The running track was used for dirt track racing between 1928 and 1932,^[41] greyhound racing from 1933 to 1968, and Midget car racing in 1948.^[42] In 1980, Stamford Bridge hosted the first international floodlit cricket match in the UK, between Essex and the West Indies.^[43] It was also the home stadium of theLondon Monarchs American Football team for the 1997 season.^[44]

The current club ownership have stated that a larger stadium is necessary in order for Chelsea to stay competitive with rival clubs who have significantly larger stadia, such as Arsenal and Manchester United.^[45] Owing to its location next to a main road and two railway lines, fans can only enter the ground via the Fulham Road exits, which places constraints on expansion due to health and safety regulations.^[46] The club have consistently affirmed their desire to keep Chelsea at their current home,^[47]^[48]^[49] but Chelsea have nonetheless been linked with a move to various nearby sites, including the Earls Court Exhibition Centre, Battersea Power Station and the Chelsea Barracks.^[50] On 3 October 2011, Chelsea made a proposal to CPO shareholders to buy back the freehold to the land on which Stamford Bridge sits, stating that "buying back the freehold removes a potential hurdle should a suitable site become available in the future".^[51]The proposal was voted down by CPO shareholders.^[52] In May 2012, the club made a formal bid to purchase Battersea Power Station, with a view to developing the site into a 60,000 seater stadium.^[53] Chelsea released artistic impressions of the proposed stadium at the Battersea site on 22 June 2012.^[54]

Crest and colours

Crest

Since the club's foundation, Chelsea have had four main crests, though all underwent minor variations. In 1905, Chelsea adopted as their first crest the image of a Chelsea pensioner, which contributed to the "pensioner" nickname, and remained for the next half-century, though it never appeared on the shirts. As part of Ted Drake's modernisation of the club from 1952 onwards, he insisted that the pensioner badge be removed from the match day programme in order to change the club's image and that a new crest be adopted.^[55] As a stop-gap, a temporary emblem comprising simply the initials C.F.C. was adopted for one year. In 1953, Chelsea's crest was changed to an upright blue lion looking backwards and holding a staff, which was to endure for the next three decades. This crest was based on elements in the coat of arms of theMetropolitan Borough of Chelsea^[56] with the "lion rampant regardant" taken from the arms of then club president Viscount Chelsea and the staff from the Abbots of Westminster, former Lords of the Manor of Chelsea. It also featured three red roses, to represent England, and two footballs. This was the first club badge to appear on shirts, since the policy of putting the crest on the shirts was only adopted in the early 1960s.^[55]

In 1986, with Ken Bates now owner of the club, Chelsea's crest was changed again as part of another attempt to modernise and to capitalise on new marketing opportunities.^[55] The new badge featured a more naturalistic non-heraldic lion, in white and not blue, standing over the C.F.C. initials. It lasted for the next 19 years, with some modifications such as the use of different colours, including red from 1987 to 1995, and yellow from 1995 until 1999, before the white returned.^[57] With the new ownership of Roman Abramovich, and the club's centenary approaching, combined with demands from fans for the popular 1950s badge to be restored, it was decided that the crest should be changed again in 2005. The new crest was officially adopted for the start of the 2005–06 season and marked a return to the older design, used from 1953–86, featuring a blue heraldic lion holding a staff. For the centenary season this was accompanied by the words '100 YEARS' and 'CENTENARY 2005–2006' on the top and bottom of the crest respectively.^[6]

Chelsea's crest, 1905–52
Chelsea's crest, 1952–53
Chelsea's crest, 1953–86
Chelsea's crest, 1986–2005
Chelsea's crest, 2005–06,
which commemorated Chelsea's 100th anniversary, was used only in the 2005–06 season

Colours

Chelsea's first home colours, used from 1905 until c.1912.

Chelsea have always worn blue shirts, although they originally used the paler eton blue, which was taken from the racing colours of then club president, Earl Cadogan, and was worn with white shorts and dark blue or black socks.^[58] The light blue shirts were replaced by a royal blue version in around 1912.^[59] In the 1960s Chelsea manager Tommy Docherty changed the kit again, switching to blue shorts (which have remained ever since) and white socks, believing it made the club's colours more modern and distinctive, since no other major side used that combination; this kit was first worn during the 1964–65 season.^[60] Since then Chelsea have always worn white socks with their home kit apart from a short spell from 1985 to 1992, when blue socks were reintroduced.

Chelsea's traditional away colours are all yellow or all white with blue trim, but, as with most teams, they have had some more unusual ones. The first away strip consisted of black and white stripes and for one game in the 1960s the team wore blue and black stripes, inspired by Inter Milan's kit, again at Docherty's behest.^[61] Other memorable away kits include a mint green strip in the 1980s, a red and white checked one in the early 90s and a graphite and tangerine edition in the mid-1990s.^[62]

Supporters

Chelsea fans at a match againstTottenham Hotspur, on 11 March 2006

Chelsea have the fifth highest average all-time attendance in English football^[7] and regularly attract over 40,000 fans to Stamford Bridge; they were the sixth best-supported Premier League team in the 2011–12 season, with an average gate of 41,478.^[8]Chelsea's traditional fanbase comes from all over the Greater London area including working-class parts such as Hammersmith andBattersea, wealthier areas like Chelsea and Kensington, and from the home counties. There are also numerous official supporters clubs in the United Kingdom and all over the world.^[63] At matches, Chelsea fans sing chants such as "Carefree" (to the tune ofLord of the Dance, whose lyrics were probably written by supporter Mick Greenaway^[64]^[65]), "Ten Men Went to Mow", "We All Follow the Chelsea" (to the tune of Land of Hope and Glory), "Zigga Zagga", and the celebratory "Celery", with the latter often resulting in fans ritually throwing celery. The vegetable was banned inside Stamford Bridge after an incident involving Arsenalmidfielder Cesc Fàbregas at the 2007 League Cup Final.^[66]

During the 1970s and 1980s in particular, Chelsea supporters were associated with football hooliganism. The club's "football firm", originally known as the Chelsea Shed Boys, and subsequently as the Chelsea Headhunters, were nationally notorious for violent acts involving hooligans from other teams, such as West Ham United's Inter City Firm and Millwall's Bushwackers, before, during and after matches.^[67] The increase of hooligan incidents in the 1980s led chairman Ken Bates to propose erecting an electric fence to deter them from invading the pitch, a proposal that the Greater London Council rejected.^[68] Since the 1990s there has been a marked decline in crowd trouble at matches, as a result of stricter policing, CCTV in grounds and the advent of all-seater stadia.^[69] According to Home Office statistics, 126 Chelsea fans were arrested for football-related offences during the 2009–10 season, the third highest in the division, and 27 banning orders were issued, the fifth highest in the division.^[70]

Rivalries

Main articles: West London derby, Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry, and Chelsea F.C.–Leeds United A.F.C. rivalry

Chelsea do not have a traditional rivalry on the scale of the Merseyside derby or the North London derby because their West London derbies with Fulham or Queens Park Rangers have not been as prominent over the years since the clubs have often been in different divisions. A 2004 survey by Planetfootball.com found that Chelsea fans consider their main rivalries to be with (in order): Arsenal, Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United.^[71] Their rivalry with Tottenham Hotspur is said to have developed following the 1967 FA Cup Final, the first cup final held between two London clubs. Additionally, a strong rivalry with Leeds United dates back to several heated and controversial matches in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly the 1970 FA Cup Final.^[72] More recently a rivalry with Liverpool has grown following repeated clashes in cup competitions.^[73]

Records

For more details on this topic, see List of Chelsea F.C. records and statistics.

Of Chelsea's current players, Frank Lampardhas made the most appearances and scored the most goals

Chelsea's highest appearance-maker is ex-captain Ron Harris, who played in 795 first-class games for the club between 1961 and 1980.^[74] This record is unlikely to be broken in the near future; Chelsea's current highest appearance-maker is Frank Lampard with 561.^[75] The record for a Chelsea goalkeeper is held by Harris's contemporary, Peter Bonetti, who made 729 appearances (1959–79). With 91 caps (89 while at the club),Frank Lampard of England is Chelsea's most capped international player. Bobby Tambling is Chelsea's all-time top goalscorer, with 202 goals in 370 games (1959–70).^[74] Eight other players have also scored over 100 goals for Chelsea: George Hilsdon (1906–12), George Mills (1929–39),Roy Bentley (1948–56), Jimmy Greaves (1957–61), Peter Osgood (1964–74 and 1978–79), Kerry Dixon (1983–92), Frank Lampard (2001–) andDidier Drogba (2004–12). Greaves holds the record for the most goals scored in one season (43 in 1960–61). Lampard is the top scorer currently at the club with 188.^[75]

Chelsea's biggest winning scoreline in a competitive match is 13–0, achieved against Jeunesse Hautcharage in the Cup Winners' Cup in 1971.^[76]The club's biggest top-flight win was an 8–0 victory against Wigan Athletic in 2010.^[77] Chelsea's biggest loss was an 8–1 reverse againstWolverhampton Wanderers in 1953.^[78] Officially, Chelsea's highest home attendance is 82,905 for a First Division match against Arsenal on 12 October 1935. However, an estimated crowd of over 100,000 attended a friendly match against Soviet team Dynamo Moscow on 13 November 1945.^[79]^[80] The modernisation of Stamford Bridge during the 1990s and the introduction of all-seater stands mean that neither record will be broken for the foreseeable future. The current legal capacity of Stamford Bridge is 41,837.^[2]

Didier Drogba is Chelsea's highest scoring overseas player and holds the club record for goals in European football (34)

Chelsea hold the English record for the highest ever points total for a league season (95), the fewest goals conceded during a league season (15), the highest number of Premier League victories in a season (29), the highest number of clean sheets overall in a Premier League season (25) (all set during the 2004–05 season),^[81]and the most consecutive clean sheets from the start of a league season (6, set during the 2005–06 season).^[82]The club's 21–0 aggregate victory over Jeunesse Hautcharage in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1971 remains a record in European competition.^[83] Chelsea hold the record for the longest streak of unbeaten matches at home in the English top-flight, which lasted 86 matches from 20 March 2004 to 26 October 2008. They secured the record on 12 August 2007, beating the previous record of 63 matches unbeaten set by Liverpool between 1978 and 1980.^[84]^[85] Chelsea's streak of eleven consecutive away league wins, set between 5 April 2008 and 6 December 2008, is also a record for the English top flight.^[86] Their £50m purchase of Fernando Torres in January 2011 is a British record transfer fee.^[87]

Chelsea, along with Arsenal, were the first club to play with shirt numbers, on 25 August 1928 in their match against Swansea Town.^[88] They were the first English side to travel by aeroplane to a domestic away match, when they visited Newcastle United on 19 April 1957,^[89] and the first First Division side to play a match on a Sunday, when they faced Stoke City on 27 January 1974. On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first British side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up (no British or Irish players) in a Premier League match againstSouthampton.^[90] On 19 May 2007, they became the first team to win the FA Cup at the new Wembley Stadium, having also been the last to win it at the old Wembley.^[91] At the end of the 2007–08 season, Chelsea became the highest ranked club under UEFA's five-year coefficientsystem, the first English club to do so in the 21st century.^[92] On the final day of the 2009–10 season, Chelsea became the first team in Premier League history to score at least 100 goals in a single season.^[27] In 2012, Chelsea became the first London based club to win the UEFA Champions League, after beating Bayern Munich in thefinal.^[4]^[5]

Finances and ownership

Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich

Chelsea Football Club is owned by Chelsea FC plc, whose ultimate parent company is Fordstam Limited, which is controlled by Roman Abramovich.^[93] Previously, Ken Bates had owned a controlling stake in Chelsea since 1982, when he bought it from Brian Mears, whose family had owned the club since founding it in 1905. The club was floated on the AIM stock exchange in March 1996.^[94] In July 2003 Abramovich purchased Bates' 29.5% stake in Chelsea Village plc and over the following weeks bought out most of the remaining 12,000 shareholders at 35 pence per share, completing a £140 million takeover. Other shareholders at the time of the takeover included the Matthew Harding estate (21%), BSkyB (9.9%) and various anonymous offshore trusts.^[95] After passing the 90% share threshold, Abramovich took the club back into private hands, delisting it from the AIM on 22 August 2003.^[96]

Chelsea has been described as a global brand; a 2012 report by Brand Finance ranked Chelsea fifth and valued the club's brand value at US $398 million – an increase of 27% from the previous year, also valuing it at US $10 million more than the sixth best brand, London rivals Arsenal – and gave the brand a strength rating of AA (very strong).^[97]^[98] In 2012, Forbes magazine ranked Chelsea was seventh in their list of the ten most valuable football clubs in the world, valuing the club's brand at £473 million ($761 million).^[9]^[10] Chelsea are currently ranked sixth in the Deloitte Football Money League^[99] with an annual commercial revenue of £225.6 million.^[100] Chelsea are additionally funded by Abramovich via interest free soft loans channelled through his holding company Fordstam Limited. The loans stood at £709 million in December 2009, when they were all converted to equity by Abramovich, leaving the club itself debt free,^[101]^[102] although the debt remains with Fordstam.^[103] Since 2008 the club has had no external debt.^[104]

Chelsea's kit has been manufactured by Adidas since 2006, which is contracted to supply the club's kit from 2006 to 2018. The partnership was extended in October 2010 in a deal worth £160 million over eight years.^[105] Previously, the kit was manufactured by Umbro (1968–81), Le Coq Sportif (1981–86), The Chelsea Collection (1986–87) and Umbro again (1987–2006). Chelsea's first shirt sponsor was Gulf Air, agreed during the 1983–84 season. The club were then sponsored by Grange Farms, Bai Lin Tea andSimod before a long-term deal was signed with Commodore International in 1989; Amiga, an off-shoot of Commodore, also appeared on the shirts. Chelsea were subsequently sponsored by Coors beer (1995–97), Autoglass (1997–2001) and Emirates Airline (2001–05). Chelsea's current shirt sponsor is Samsung^[106] who took over the sponsorship from their mobile division in 2007–08. The club also has a variety of other sponsors and partners, which include Delta Air Lines,^[107] Sauber, Audi, Gazprom,^[108] Singha,Thomas Cook Sport, BNI, 188BET, EA Sports, Coca Cola, Dolce & Gabbana, Lucozade Sport and Viagogo.^[109]

Popular culture

Chelsea parade through the streets of Fulham and Chelsea after winning their league and cup double, May 2010

In 1930, Chelsea featured in one of the earliest football films, The Great Game.^[110] One-time Chelsea centre forward, Jack Cock, who by then was playing for Millwall, was the star of the film and several scenes were shot at Stamford Bridge, including the pitch, the boardroom, and the dressing rooms. It included guest appearances by then-Chelsea players Andrew Wilson, George Mills, and Sam Millington.^[111] Owing to the notoriety of the Chelsea Headhunters, a football firm associated with the club, Chelsea have also featured in films about football hooliganism, including 2004's The Football Factory.^[112] Chelsea also appear in the Hindi film Jhoom Barabar Jhoom.^[113] In April 2011, Montenegrin comedy series Nijesmo mi od juče made an episode in which Chelsea plays against FK Sutjeska Nikšić for qualification of the UEFA Champions League.^[114]^[115]

Up until the 1950s, the club had a long-running association with the music halls, with their underachievement often providing material for comedians such as George Robey.^[116] It culminated in comedian Norman Long's release of a comic song in 1933, ironically titled "On the Day That Chelsea Went and Won the Cup", the lyrics of which describe a series of bizarre and improbable occurrences on the hypothetical day when Chelsea finally won a trophy.^[15] The song "Blue is the Colour" was released as a single in the build-up to the1972 League Cup Final, with all members of Chelsea's first team squad singing; it reached number five in the UK Singles Chart.^[117](The song was later adopted, as an anthem, by the Vancouver Whitecaps in Canada, after being changed to "White is the Colour".^[118]) In the build-up to the 1997 FA Cup Final, the song "Blue Day", performed by Suggs and members of the Chelsea squad, reached number 22 in the UK charts.^[119] Bryan Adams, a fan of Chelsea,^[120] dedicated the song "We're Gonna Win" from the album 18 Til I Die to the club.^[121]

Chelsea Ladies

For more details on this topic, see Chelsea L.F.C..

Chelsea also operate a women's football team, Chelsea Ladies. It has been affiliated to the men's team since 2004,^[122] and is part of the club's Community Development programme. They play their home games at Imperial Fields, the home ground of Isthmian League club Tooting & Mitcham United.^[123] The club won the Surrey County Cup in 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010,^[124] and were promoted to the Premier Division for the first time in 2005 as Southern Division champions. In the 2009–10season, they finished 3rd in the Premier League, equalling their highest ever placing, and in 2010 were one of the eight founder members of the FA Women's Super League.^[125] John Terry, the current captain of the Chelsea men's team, is President of Chelsea LFC.^[126]

Players

First team squad

As of 31 August 2012.^[127]

Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No.	Position	Player
1	GK	Petr Čech (3rd captain)
2	DF	Branislav Ivanović
3	DF	Ashley Cole
4	DF	David Luiz
6	MF	Oriol Romeu
7	MF	Ramires
8	MF	Frank Lampard (vice-captain)
9	FW	Fernando Torres
10	MF	Juan Mata
11	MF	Oscar
12	MF	Mikel
13	FW	Victor Moses

No.	Position	Player
15	MF	Florent Malouda
17	MF	Eden Hazard
19	DF	Paulo Ferreira
21	MF	Marko Marin
22	GK	Ross Turnbull
23	FW	Daniel Sturridge
24	DF	Gary Cahill
26	DF	John Terry (captain)
28	DF	César Azpilicueta
34	DF	Ryan Bertrand
35	FW	Lucas Piazón
40	GK	Henrique Hilário

For recent transfers, see 2012–13 Chelsea F.C. season.

Out on Loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No.	Position	Player
5	MF	Michael Essien (on loan to Real Madrid until 30 June 2013)
14	MF	Kevin De Bruyne (on loan to Werder Bremen until 30 June 2013)
18	FW	Romelu Lukaku (on loan to West Bromwich Albion until 30 June 2013)
20	MF	Josh McEachran (on loan to Middlesbrough until 31 May 2013)
27	DF	Sam Hutchinson (on loan to Nottingham Forest until 31 May 2013)

No.	Position	Player
29	GK	Thibaut Courtois (on loan to Atlético Madrid until 30 June 2013)
30	MF	Yossi Benayoun (on loan to West Ham United until 30 June 2013)
31	MF	Gaël Kakuta (on loan to Vitesse until 31 May 2013)
38	DF	Patrick van Aanholt (on loan to Vitesse until 30 June 2013)
43	DF	Jeffrey Bruma (on loan to Hamburg until 30 June 2013)

Reserves and Academy

Main article: Chelsea F.C. Reserves and Academy

Reserves squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No.	Position	Player
35	FW	Lucas Piazón
46	GK	Jamal Blackman
47	DF	Billy Clifford
48	MF	Conor Clifford
49	DF	Aziz Deen-Conteh
51	MF	Rohan Ince
54	DF	Todd Kane
56	MF	George Saville
57	DF	Archange Nkumu
58	DF	Daniel Pappoe
60	FW	Adam Phillip

No.	Position	Player
—	DF	Nathan Aké
—	DF	Alex Davey
—	DF	Adam Nditi
—	MF	James Ashton
—	MF	Lewis Baker
—	MF	Lamisha Musonda
—	MF	Tika Musonda
—	MF	Danny Stenning
—	MF	John Swift
—	FW	Patrick Bamford
—	FW	Islam Feruz

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No.	Position	Player
—	GK	Matej Delač (on loan to Vitória de Guimarães until 30 June 2013)
—	GK	Sam Walker (on loan to Bristol Rovers until 2 January 2013)
—	DF	Nathaniel Chalobah (on loan to Watford until 2 January 2013)
—	DF	Tomáš Kalas (on loan to Vitesse until 30 June 2013)
—	DF	Ben Gordon (on loan to Birmingham City until 7 January 2013)
—	DF	Kenneth Omeruo (on loan to ADO Den Haag until 30 June 2013)

No.	Position	Player
—	MF	Ulises Dávila (on loan to Sabadell until 30 June 2013)
—	MF	Thorgan Hazard (on loan to Zulte Waregem until 30 June 2013)
—	MF	Amin Affane (on loan to Roda JC until 31 May 2013)
—	FW	Milan Lalkovič (on loan to Vitória de Guimarães until 30 June 2013)
—	FW	Jhon Pírez (on loan to CD Leganés until 30 June 2013)

Player of the Year^[128]

Notable managers

For more details on this topic, see List of Chelsea F.C. managers.

The following managers won at least one trophy when in charge of Chelsea:

Name	Period	Trophies
Ted Drake	1952–1961	First Division Championship, Charity Shield
Tommy Docherty	1962–1967	League Cup
Dave Sexton	1967–1974	FA Cup, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
John Neal	1981–1985	Second Division Championship
John Hollins	1985–1988	Full Members Cup
Bobby Campbell	1988–1991	Second Division Championship, Full Members Cup
Ruud Gullit	1996–1998	FA Cup
Gianluca Vialli	1998–2000	FA Cup, League Cup, Charity Shield, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, UEFA Super Cup
José Mourinho	2004–2007	2 Premier Leagues, 2 League Cups, FA Cup, Community Shield
Guus Hiddink	2009^{[nb 1]}	FA Cup
Carlo Ancelotti	2009–2011	Premier League, FA Cup, Community Shield
Roberto Di Matteo	2012–	FA Cup, UEFA Champions League

Coaching staff

Position	Staff
Manager	Roberto Di Matteo
Assistant Manager	Steve Holland
Assistant Manager	Eddie Newton
Technical director	Michael Emenalo
Goalkeeper coach	Christophe Lollichon
First team fitness coach	Chris Jones
Senior opposition scout	Mick McGiven
Medical director	Paco Biosca
First team doctor	Eva Carneiro
Reserve team manager	Dermot Drummy
Youth team manager	Adrian Viveash
Academy manager	Neil Bath
Match analyst	James Melbourne

Source: chelseafc.com

Management

Chelsea Ltd.

Owner: Roman Abramovich

Chelsea F.C. plc

Chairman: Bruce Buck

Directors: Ron Gourlay and Eugene Tenenbaum

Executive Board

Chief Executive: Ron Gourlay

Finance and Operations Director : Chris Alexander

Club Secretary : David Barnard

Company Secretary : Alan Shaw

Chelsea Football Club Board:

Bruce Buck

Eugene Tenenbaum

Ron Gourlay

David Barnard

Mike Forde

Life President:

Lord Attenborough

Honours

Domestic

League

First Division/Premier League^[129]

Winners (4): 1954–55, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10

Runners-up (4): 2003–04, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2010–11

Second Division^[129]

Winners (2): 1983–84, 1988–89

Runners-up (5): 1906–07, 1911–12, 1929–30, 1962–63, 1976–77

Cups

FA Cup

Winners (7): 1969–70, 1996–97, 1999–00, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12

Runners-up (4): 1914–15, 1966–67, 1993–94, 2001–02

Football League Cup

Winners (4): 1964–65, 1997–98, 2004–05, 2006–07

Runners-up (2): 1971–72, 2007–08

FA Community Shield^[130]

Winners (4): 1955, 2000, 2005, 2009

Runners-up (6): 1970, 1997, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012

Full Members Cup

Winners (2): 1985–86, 1989–90

European

Didier Drogba taking the deciding penalty kick in the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

UEFA Champions League

Winners (1): 2011–12

Runners-up (1): 2007–08

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

Winners (2): 1970–71, 1997–98

UEFA Super Cup

Winners (1): 1998

Runners-up (1): 2012

cables and insulators

2012-10-04T06:41:00.004-07:00

Cables

Wiring for extremely wet conditions

Armoured cables with two rubber-insulated conductors in a flexible metal sheath were used as early as 1906, and were considered at the time a better method than open knob-and-tube wiring, although much more expensive.

The first polymer-insulated cables for building wiring were introduced in 1922. These were two or more solid copper electrical wires with rubber insulation, plus woven cotton cloth over each conductor for protection of the insulation, with an overall woven jacket, usually impregnated with tar as a protection from moisture. Waxed paper was used as a filler and separator.

Over time, rubber-insulated cables become brittle because of exposure to atmospheric oxygen, so they must be handled with care, and are usually replaced during renovations. When switches, outlets or light fixtures are replaced, the mere act of tightening connections may cause hardened insulation to flake off the conductors. Rubber insulation further inside the cable often is in better condition than the insulation exposed at connections, due to reduced exposure to oxygen.

Rubber insulation was hard to strip from bare copper, so copper was tinned, causing slightly more electrical resistance. Rubber insulation is no longer used for permanent wiring installations, but may still be used for replaceable temporary cables where flexibility is important, such as electrical extension cords.

About 1950, PVC insulation and jackets were introduced, especially for residential wiring. About the same time, single conductors with a thinner PVC insulation and a thin nylon jacket (e.g. US Type THN, THHN, etc.) became common.

Cross section of a simple electrical cable with three insulated conductors

The simplest form of cable has two insulated conductors twisted together to form a unit; such unjacketed cables with two or three conductors are used for low-voltage signal and control applications such as doorbell wiring. In North American practice, an overhead cable from a transformer on a power pole to a residential electrical service consists of three twisted (triplexed) wires, often with one being a bare wire made of copper (protective earth/ground) and the other two being insulated for the line voltage (hot/live wire and neutral wire). For additional safety, the ground wire may be formed into a stranded co-axial layer completely surrounding the phase conductors, so that the outmost conductor is grounded.

[edit]Copper conductors

Main article: Copper wire and cable

Electrical devices often contain copper conductors because of their multiple beneficial properties, including their high electrical conductivity, tensile strength, ductility, creepresistance, corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, solderability, resistance to electrical overloads, compatibility with electrical insulators, and ease of installation.

Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring.^[8]^[9] For example, copper is used to conduct electricity in high, medium and low voltage power networks, including power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronicscircuitry, data processing, instrumentation, appliances, entertainment systems, motors, transformers, heavy industrial machinery, and countless other types of electrical equipment.^[10]

[edit]Aluminium conductors

Terminal blocks for joining aluminium and copper conductors. The terminal blocks may be mounted on a DIN rail.

Aluminium wire was common in North American residential wiring from the late 1960s to mid 1970s due to the rising cost of copper. Because of its greater resistivity, aluminium wiring requires larger conductors than copper. For instance, instead of 14 AWG (American wire gauge) for most lighting circuits, aluminium wiring would be 12 AWG on a typical 15 ampere circuit, though local building codes may vary.

Aluminium conductors were originally indiscriminately used with wiring devices intended for copper conductors. This practice was found to cause defective connections unless the aluminium was one of a special alloy, or all devices — breakers, switches, receptacles, splice connectors, wire nuts, etc. — were specially designed for the purpose. These special designs address problems with junctions between dissimilar metals, oxidation on metal surfaces, and mechanical effects that occur as different metals expand at different rates with increases in temperature.

Unlike copper, aluminium has a tendency to cold-flow under pressure, so screw clamped connections may get loose over time. This can be mitigated by using spring-loaded connectors that apply constant pressure, applying high pressure cold joints in splices and termination fittings, and torquing the bolted connection.^{[further explanation needed]}

Also unlike copper, aluminium forms an insulating oxide layer on the surface. This is sometimes addressed by coating aluminium wires with an antioxidant paste at joints, or by applying a mechanical termination designed to break through the oxide layer during installation.

Because of improper design and installation, some junctions to wiring devices would overheat under heavy current load, and cause fires. Revised standards for wiring devices (such as the CO/ALR "copper-aluminium-revised" designation) were developed to reduce these problems. Nonetheless, aluminium wiring for residential use has acquired a poor reputation and has fallen out of favour.

Aluminium conductors are still used for bulk power distribution and large feeder circuits, because they cost less than copper wiring, and weigh less, especially in the large sizes needed for heavy current loads. Aluminium conductors must be installed with compatible connectors.

electrical wiring and installation

2012-10-04T06:41:00.002-07:00

Wiring safety codes are intended to protect people and property from electrical shock and fire hazards. Regulations may be established by city, county, provincial/state or national legislation, usually by adopting a model code (with or without local amendments) produced by a technical standards-setting organization, or by a national standard electrical code.

Electrical codes arose in the 1880s with the commercial introduction of electrical power. Many conflicting standards existed for the selection of wire sizes and other design rules for electrical installations.

The first electrical codes in the United States originated in New York in 1881 to regulate installations of electric lighting. Since 1897 the US National Fire Protection Association, a private non-profit association formed by insurance companies, has published theNational Electrical Code (NEC). States, counties or cities often include the NEC in their local building codes by reference along with local differences. The NEC is modified every three years. It is a consensus code considering suggestions from interested parties. The proposals are studied by committees of engineers, tradesmen, manufacturer representatives, fire fighters, and other invitees.

Since 1927, the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) has produced the Canadian Safety Standard for Electrical Installations, which is the basis for provincial electrical codes. The CSA also produces the Canadian Electrical Code, the 2006 edition of which references IEC 60364 (Electrical Installations for Buildings) and states that the code addresses the fundamental principles of electrical protection in Section 131. The Canadian code reprints Chapter 13 of IEC 60364, but there are no numerical criteria listed in that chapter to assess the adequacy of any electrical installation.

Although the US and Canadian national standards deal with the same physical phenomena and broadly similar objectives, they differ occasionally in technical detail. As part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) program, US and Canadian standards are slowly converging toward each other, in a process known as harmonization.

In European countries, an attempt has been made to harmonize national wiring standards in an IEC standard, IEC 60364 Electrical Installations for Buildings. Hence national standards follow an identical system of sections and chapters. However, this standard is not written in such language that it can readily be adopted as a national wiring code. Neither is it designed for field use by electrical tradesmen and inspectors for testing compliance with national wiring standards. By contrast, national codes, such as the NEC or CSA C22.1, generally exemplify the common objectives of IEC 60364, but provide specific rules in a form that allows for guidance of those installing and inspecting electrical systems.

In Germany, DKE (the German Commission for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies of DIN and VDE) is the organisation responsible for the promulgation of electrical standards and safety specifications. DIN VDE 0100 is the German wiring regulations document harmonised with IEC 60364.

In the United Kingdom, wiring installations are regulated by the Institution of Engineering and Technology Requirements for Electrical Installations: IEE Wiring Regulations,BS 7671: 2008, which are harmonised with IEC 60364. The 17th edition (issued in January 2008) includes new sections for microgeneration and solar photovoltaic systems. The first edition was published in 1882.

In Australia and New Zealand, the AS/NZS 3000 standard, commonly known as the "wiring rules", specifies requirements for the selection and installation of electrical equipment, and the design and testing of such installations. The standard is mandatory in both New Zealand and Australia; therefore, all electrical work covered by the standard must comply.

The international standard wire sizes are given in the IEC 60228 standard of the International Electrotechnical Commission. In North America, the American Wire Gaugestandard for wire sizes is used.

[edit]Color code

An electrical "3G" power cable found commonly in modern European houses. The cable consists of 3 wires (2 wires + 1 grounding in case if cable has "3G" name) and is double-insulated.

Diagram of typical green/yellow colour-coded wire for grounding (earthing).

To enable wires to be easily and safely identified, all common wiring safety codes mandate a colour scheme for the insulation on power conductors. In a typical electrical code, some colour coding is mandatory, while some may be optional. Many local rules and exceptions exist. Older installations vary in colour codes, and colours may shift with insulation exposure to heat, light, and ageing.

Many electrical codes now recognize (or even require) the use of wire covered with green insulation, additionally marked with a prominent yellow stripe, for safety grounding (earthing) connections. This growing international standard was adopted for its distinctive appearance, to reduce the likelihood of dangerous confusion of safety grounding wires with other electrical functions, especially by persons affected by red-green colour blindness.

Standard wire colours for FLEXIBLE cable (e.g. Extension cords, power (line) cords and lamp cords)
Region or Country	Phases	Neutral	Protective earth/ground
European Union (EU), Australia, South Africa (IEC 60446)
Australia, New Zealand (AS/NZS 3000:2007 3.8.3)	,	,
Brazil	,
United States, Canada	(brass)	(silver)	(green)
Standard wire colours for FIXED cable (e.g. In-, On-, or Behind-the-wall wiring cables)
Region or Country	Phases	Neutral	Protective earth/ground
European Union (EU) (IEC 60446) including UK from 31 March 2004	, ,
UK prior to 31 March 2004	, ,		(formerly) bare conductor, sleeved at terminations (formerly)
Australia, New Zealand (AS/NZS 3000:2007 clause 3.8.1, table 3.4)	Any colour other than , , , , or Recommended: or for single phase; or , or for multiphase	or	(since about 1980) (since about 1980) bare conductor, sleeved at terminations (formerly)
Brazil	, , ,
South Africa	, or ,		bare conductor, sleeved at terminations
India, Pakistan	, ,
United States	, , (120/208/240V) (brass) , , (277/480V)	(120/208/240V) (silver) (277/480V)	(green) bare conductor (ground or isolated ground)
Canada	, (120/208/240V) , , (600/347V) , (single phase isolated systems) , , (three phase isolated systems)	(120/208/240V) (600/347V)	(green) bare conductor (isolated ground)
Notes: Parenthesized colours in italics are used on metallic terminals. "Green/yellow" means green with yellow stripe. See illustrations nearby. The colours in this table represent the most common and preferred standard colours for wiring; however others may be in use, especially in older installations. Australian and New Zealand wiring standards allow both European and Australian colour codes. Australian-standard phase colours conflict with IEC 60446 colours, where IEC-60446 supported neutral colour (blue) is an allowed phase colour in the Australia/New Zealand standard. Care must be taken when determining system used in existing wiring. Canadian and American wiring practices are very similar, with ongoing harmonization efforts.

[edit]Wiring methods

Installing electrical wiring by cutting into the bricks of the building

Materials for wiring interior electrical systems in buildings vary depending on:

Intended use and amount of power demand on the circuit
Type of occupancy and size of the building
National and local regulations
Environment in which the wiring must operate.

Wiring systems in a single family home or duplex, for example, are simple, with relatively low power requirements, infrequent changes to the building structure and layout, usually with dry, moderate temperature, and non-corrosive environmental conditions. In a light commercial environment, more frequent wiring changes can be expected, large apparatus may be installed, and special conditions of heat or moisture may apply. Heavy industries have more demanding wiring requirements, such as very large currents and higher voltages, frequent changes of equipment layout, corrosive, or wet or explosive atmospheres. In facilities that handle flammable gases or liquids, special rules may govern the installation and wiring of electrical equipment in hazardous areas.

Wires and cables are rated by the circuit voltage, temperature rating, and environmental conditions (moisture, sunlight, oil, chemicals) in which they can be used. A wire or cable has a voltage (to neutral) rating, and a maximum conductor surface temperature rating. The amount of current a cable or wire can safely carry depends on the installation conditions.

[edit]Early wiring methods

The first interior power wiring systems used conductors that were bare or covered with cloth, which were secured by staples to the framing of the building or on running boards. Where conductors went through walls, they were protected with cloth tape. Spliceswere done similarly to telegraph connections, and soldered for security. Underground conductors were insulated with wrappings of cloth tape soaked in pitch, and laid in wooden troughs which were then buried. Such wiring systems were unsatisfactory because of the danger of electrocution and fire, plus the high labour cost for such installations.

worlds longest fingernail

2012-10-04T06:35:00.004-07:00

LONGEST FINGERNAILS (FEMALE) - EVER

The longest fingernails belonged to Lee Redmond (USA), who started to grow them in 1979 and carefully manicured them to reach a total length of 8.65 m (28 ft 4.5 in) as measured on the set of Lo show dei record in Madrid, Spain, on 23 February 2008. Lee lost her nails in an automobile accident in early 2009.

elecronics and electrical

2012-10-04T06:27:00.002-07:00

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guiness world record images

2012-10-04T06:19:00.001-07:00

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largest mammals in the world

2012-10-04T06:04:00.005-07:00

Largest Carnivore - Southern Elephant Seal

Largest Cetacean - Blue Whale

Public Domain Photo / NOAA.

Weight: 110 - 160 tonnes (110 - 176 tons)
Length: 20 - 30 m (66 - 98 ft)

The blue whale is the largest member of the Order Cetacea. But its accolades don't stop there. The blue whale is also the largest animal alive today and is perhaps the largest animal ever to have lived. Blue whales produce vocalizations at volumes in excess of 180 decibels, earning them the title of the loudest animal on the planet. The fin whale comes in a close second in size to the blue whale.

Largest Even-Toed Ungulate - Hippopotamus

Photo © Johan Swanepoel / Shutterstock.

Weight: 1.4 - 1.5 tonnes (1.38 - 1.5 tons)
Length: 2.7 m (9 ft)

The hippopotamus is the heaviest of the even-toed ungulates. Thegiraffe is another notably large even-toed ungulate. Giraffes, though significantly lighter than hippoptamuses, are the tallest of all living land animals. Members of the even-toed ungulates that are eclipsed by the hippopotomasus' bulk and dwarfed by the giraffe's height include camels, pigs, deer, pronghorn, cattle, and antelope.

Largest Lagomorph - European Hare

Weight: 3 - 6.5 kg (6.6 - 11 lbs)
Length: 680 mm (26.77 in)

After elephant seals, blue whales, and hippos, a hare can't possibly seem that big but even the smaller groups of mammals have their larger breeds. Of all the members of the Order Lagomorpha, the largest is the European hare. It may not be the Were-Rabbit, but the European hare does tip the scale at a respectable bulk.

Largest Marsupial - Red Kangaroo

Weight: 25 - 90 kg (55 - 200 lbs)
Length (body): 1 - 1.6 m (3.25 - 5.25 ft)
Length (tail): 75 - 120 cm (30 - 47 in)

The red kangaroo is the largest of the marsupials. Male red kangaroos can be more than twice the weight of females. The sexes can be distinguished by their coat color (males are a rusty red color while females are blue-grey).

Largest Odd-Toed Ungulate - White Rhinoceros

Weight: 2.33 tonnes (2.5 tons)
Length: 3.7 - 4 m (12 - 13 ft)

The odd-toed ungulates include horses, zebras, asses, tapirs, and rhinoceroses. Of all the species in these groups, the white rhinoceros is the largest. White rhinos have two horns, a short neck and hump on the back of the neck. Despite their name, white rhino are not white but are instead brown to slate grey. White rhinos inhabit grassy, open plains and savanna type habiats that also have some shrubs and trees. The white rhinoceros and the hippopotamus rival each other as being the largest land animal after elephants.

Largest Primate - Eastern Lowland Gorilla

Weight: 225 kg (500 lb)
Length: 1.83 m (6 ft)

The eastern lowland gorilla is the largest living primate. Eastern lowland gorillas are occassionally exhibited in zoos, so records of animal weights have been collected. The largest known eastern lowland gorilla, Phil, resided at the St. Louis Zoo from 1941 to 1958. Phil weighed 388 kg and was 180 cm tall.

Largest Proboscid - African Elephant

Weight: 4 - 7 tonnes (4.5 - 7.8 tons)
Length: 4 - 5 m (13 - 16 ft)

The African elephant is the largest of the proboscids. Of course, there are only two species of proboscids—the other species being the Asian elephant—so being the bigger of two species many not sound like much of an achievement. But not only are African elephants the largest proboscid, they are also the largest land animal. Asian elephants are the second largest land animal, followed by the white rhinoceros and hippopotamus.

largest mammal in the world(blue whale)

2012-10-04T06:01:00.000-07:00

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is among the largest animals ever to have lived. Blue whales are baleen whales. This group of whales is characterized by a set of baleen plates in their mouth that serve to filter prey from the water. The blue whale has grooves or folds of skin that run along the underside of its mouth, throat, and upper abdomen. The skin folds expand when the whale opens it mouth to scoop up prey.

Blue whales are streamlined creatures with pale blue-gray coloration. In addition to being the largest animal, they are also capable of producing the loudest sound. Blue whales moan, grunt, and hum at impressive volumes of up to 180 decibles. When diving from the surface, blue whales arc at near vertical angles, exposing their broad tail flukes. The power needed to propel themselves through the water comes from their back muscles, not from their flippers.

Mass: 190,000 kg
Body Length: 26-33 m
Diet: small crustaceans
Breeding Season: during winter months
Age at Sexual Maturity: 5 years
Number of Offspring: 1
Average Lifespan: 85 years

Classification:

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cetacea
Family: Balaenopteridae
Genus: Balaenoptera
Species: Balaenoptera musculus

Where to See:

Worldwide oceans and seas, excluding Arabian Gulf, Mediterranean, Baltic Sea, Red Sea.

References:

Burnie D, Wilson DE. 2001. Animal. London: Dorling Kindersley. 624 p.
Dewey T, Fox D. 2002. Balaenoptera musculus. Animal Diversity Web. November 28, 2008.

More About Blue Whales

man united boasting

2012-05-22T12:29:00.002-07:00

BBC Sport - Patrice Evra says Manchester United's empire will not fall

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Patrice Evra says Manchester United's empire will not fall

Manchester United captain Patrice Evra does not think it will be the "end of the empire" if they lose their Premier League crown to Manchester City.
United, who led by eight points one month ago, trail City on goal difference with one game left.
Evra said: "I know that if we don't win the league then a lot of people will say this is the end of the empire and ask how we will survive.
"But there is a lot of talent at this club."
Evra, who has captained United this season in the absence of Nemanja Vidic, has made more than 290 appearances for United since signing from Monaco in 2006, but he may have to wait to add to the four Premier League winners' medals he has picked up at Old Trafford.
To win a 20th league title, United need to better City's result against QPR when they face Sunderland on Sunday, or else win by eight more goals than their rivals.
However, Evra believes Sir Alex Ferguson's side have done well to take the title race to the final day of the season, in a campaign which has been disrupted by injures.
Vidic has been sidelined since December with knee ligament damage, while Darren Fletcher remains out of action with a bowel condition.
Tom Cleverley, Rio Ferdinand, Chris Smalling, Phil Jones and Michael Owen have also spent large chunks of the season in the treatment room - something Evra believes has had an impact in the title race.
"We've had to deal with a lot through injuries and losing experienced players last summer and it's never easy to find a solution immediately," the French defender added.
VideoFerguson remains 'optimistic' of title

06 May 2012 Man Utd

SPL postpones vote on newco rules 07 May 2012 Scottish Premier League

McClean in Irish Euro 2012 squad 07 May 2012 R. of Ireland

West Ham 3 - 0 Cardiff 07 May 2012 Championship

Hibernian v Dunfermline 04 May 2012 Scottish Premier League

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worlds largest penis and largest vagina

2012-05-22T12:19:00.002-07:00

World's Largest Penis – 13.5 in

The official rank of the largest penis belongs to a man measured and documented by Dr. Robert Dickinson in the earlier part of the twentieth century. This record-holding penis was 13.5 inches (34 cm) in length and 6.25 inches (16 cm) in circumference.

But the living owner of the world's biggest human penis is Jonah Falcon. Falcon's 13-5 inch member has been measured for a TV special, making him one of the few guys who can back up his bodily boasts.

World's Largest Vagina – 19 in

The Largest Vagina most likely belonged to Scottish giantess Anna Swan (1846-1888), a remarkable woman who set a number of records relating to her bulk. Born normally sized, she began growing at a prodigious rate in childhood, finally reaching a maximum height of 7' 8" at age 19. Capitalizing on her huge size, she joined a side show and toured the country, where she met and fell in love with Captain Martin Bates, another giant who measured over 7 feet tall. They wed in 1872, making them the tallest married couple in the world, a record that still stands today. The couple settled down into married life, built a mansion filled with enormous furniture, including an 11' by 7' bed where they consummated their union. On June 18, 1879, she gave birth to the largest baby in history, weighing 26 lbs. and 34 inches in length—so large, in fact, that it became tightly wedged in her capacious tract, only extricated by the use of forceps and belts. The child did not survive the rigors of birth, but a cast was made, still on display at the Cleveland Museum of Health. Generally the largest part of an infant is the head. We know that the tyke's cranium measured about 19 inches (48cm) in circumference, hence we compute the minimum dilation of Swan's passage as 6 inches, or just over 15 cm. That's pretty wide—the normal dilation for childbirth is 10 cm.

chelsea''s champions league drought ends

2012-05-22T12:13:00.000-07:00

Chelsea win 4-3 on penalties

By Phil McNulty BBC chief football writer at Allianz Arena

Chelsea stunned Bayern Munich in a dramatic penalty shoot-out at the Allianz Arena to win the Champions League for the first time.

Thomas Mueller's late header put Bayern on the brink of victory on home territory but Didier Drogba levelled things up with a bullet header at the death before coolly converting the decisive spot-kick.
The tournament which gave Chelsea their greatest agony when they lost on penalties to Manchester United four years ago in Moscow has now delivered the greatest glory in their 107-year history.
Juan Mata missed Chelsea's first penalty but David Luiz, Frank Lampard and Ashley Cole were all successful. Philipp Lahm, Mario Gomez and goalkeeper Manuel Neuer were all on target for Bayern.
The momentum shifted decisively when Cech denied Ivica Olic and Bastian Schweinsteiger hit the post to leave Chelsea on the brink and present Drogba with his moment of destiny.

Champions League final shoot-out as it happened

Phillip Lahm (Bayern) scored 1-0
Juan Mata (Chelsea) missed 1-0
Mario Gomez (Bayern) scored 2-0
David Luiz (Chelsea) scored 2-1
Manuel Neuer (Bayern) scored 3-1
Frank Lampard (Chelsea) scored 3-2
Ivica Olic (Bayern) missed 3-2
Ashley Cole (Chelsea) scored 3-3
Bastian Schweinsteiger (Bayern) missed 3-3
Didier Drogba (Chelsea) scored 3-4

He was calmness personified as he rolled the ball past Neuer to spark wild scenes of elation among Chelsea's players, staff and supporters.

Suspended captain John Terry joined the celebrations and lifted the trophy alongside Lampard but it was Drogba who was the hero, running the length of the pitch swirling his shirt above his head in triumph, as owner Roman Abramovich finally claimed the prize he craved above all others.
The questions will now start about the future of interim manager Roberto Di Matteo - who has given the Russian what he wanted after so many painful failures, including that defeat on penalties by Manchester United in the rain of Moscow in 2008 which also saw Drogba sent off.
And it is hard to see how Drogba, now 34 but still able to produce the brilliance that defines big occasions, can be allowed to walk away as his contract reaches its conclusion.
This was a victory in the mould of Chelsea's semi-final win against Barcelona, built on resilience, discipline, defensive organisation and nerve at the crucial times and done without the suspended Terry, Branislav Ivanovic, Ramires and Raul Meireles.

Chelsea Champions League triumph stats

Chelsea are the first London club to claim the European Cup. Six European capitals have produced a winner: Madrid (9), Amsterdam (4), Lisbon (2), Bucharest (1) and Belgrade (1).
Chelsea are the second side to win the FA Cup and the European Cup in the same season, along with Manchester United in their 1998-1999 Treble-winning season.
For the 10th time, an Italian manager has won the European Cup. Roberto Di Matteo is the first Italian to achieve the feat with a foreign club.
This was the 100th Champions League match for Chelsea since Roman Abramovich assumed ownership of the club in June 2003. Since then, no other team has played more than 91 Champions League matches and only one team has won more points than Chelsea's 180 (Barcelona with 190 points from 91 matches).

Abramovich will leave the big decisions for another day, but this was a night he and his club have desired since he walked into Stamford Bridge nine years ago - and achieved with an interim manager he had to appoint after sacking his personal choice, Andre Villas-Boas.

Terry was locked in conversation with former England coach Fabio Capello at pitchside before kick-off, the defender looking ruefully around the magnificent arena as he contemplated missing out because of his red card in Barcelona.
And Di Matteo delivered a surprise in his starting line-up, with youngster Ryan Bertrand handed a role on the left flank in front of Cole in an attempt to stifle the threat of former Blues winger Arjen Robben.
Chelsea's blanket of defensive defiance served them well in the Nou Camp - and acted as a dress rehearsal for a first half spent almost entirely in their territory.
While the west London team were organised and resolute, they were also grateful that Bayern striker Gomez's touch in front of goal deserted him at decisive moments.
Cech saved with his legs from Robben, but Gomez was guilty of failing to control just eight yards out when Franck Ribery's shot landed at his feet, the German striker shooting wildly off target after a smart turn in the area.

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Chelsea's only serious response was a shot from Salomon Kalou eight minutes before half-time that was comfortably held by Bayern keeper Neuer.
The pattern continued after the break and Ribery thought he had finally pierced Chelsea's resilience after 53 minutes, only to be ruled offside when Cole deflected Robben's shot into his path.
At times this encounter was simply a matter of Bayern's attack against Chelsea's defence.
There was a rare moment of anxiety for Neuer when he could only half-clear Cole's cross as he backpedalled, but Drogba's shot lacked power and the keeper was able to recover.
As the frustration grew among the massed Bayern support they wasted another opportunity as Mueller pulled another presentable chance well wide from inside the area.
Mueller made amends in the best possible manner though, when he headed Bayern in front with seven minutes left. He arrived unmarked onto Toni Kroos' cross to head past Cech.
Chelsea immediately sent on Fernando Torres for Kalou - but it was the man for the big occasion who delivered again in the 88th minute. Drogba won himself just enough space at the near post to meet Lampard's corner and head powerfully past Neuer, who got a touch but could not keep it out.

A priceless success

Phil McNulty Chief football writer, BBC Sport

"Abramovich's accountants will tell you the cost of this victory. For the fans who have endured the often painful journey to eventual triumph, this experience was beyond price"

Drogba went from hero to villain in the opening moments of the extra period when he conceded a penalty after bringing down Ribery with a reckless challenge. The France international was eventually taken off injured but in the meantime Chelsea keeper Cech was the saviour as he plunged low to save Robben's poorly struck spot-kick.

Bayern had been over-generous in front of goal and were architects of their own frustration after 107 minutes when Olic tried to set up Daniel van Buyten in front of an open goal but the defender failed to react to his pass.
And so to penalties and the dramatic conclusion that gave Chelsea the biggest prize in European domestic football as the Champions League finally went to Stamford Bridge.

Lineup, Bookings (5) & Substitutions (4)

Bayern Munich

01 Neuer
17 Boateng
21 Lahm
26 Contento
07 Ribery (Olic - 97' )
31 Schweinsteiger Booked
39 Kroos
44 Tymoschuk
10 Robben
25 Mueller (Van Buyten - 86' )
33 Gomez

Substitutes

22 Butt
05 Van Buyten
13 Rafinha
14 Usami
23 Pranjic
09 Petersen
11 Olic

Chelsea

01 Cech
03 Cole Booked
04 David Luiz Booked
17 Bosingwa
24 Cahill
34 Bertrand (Malouda - 73' )
08 Lampard
12 Mikel
10 Mata
11 Drogba Booked
21 Kalou (Torres - 84' Booked )

Substitutes

22 Turnbull
19 Ferreira
05 Essien
06 Romeu
15 Malouda
09 Torres
23 Sturridge

Ref: Proenca

Att: 69,901

Match Stats

Shots

34 9

On target

21 6

Corners

20 1

Fouls

11 26

Live Text Commentary

126:59 Penalty

Didier Drogba scores a penalty. Bayern Munich 3-4 Chelsea on penalties.

125:52 Penalty taken by Bastian Schweinsteiger is saved by Petr Cech.
125:01 Penalty

Ashley Cole scores a penalty. Bayern Munich 3-3 Chelsea on penalties.

124:16 Placed penalty taken by Ivica Olic saved by Petr Cech.
123:34 Penalty

Penalty scored by Frank Lampard. Bayern Munich 3-2 Chelsea on penalties.

122:52 Penalty

Manuel Neuer scores a penalty. Bayern Munich 3-1 Chelsea on penalties.

122:03 Penalty

David Luiz scores a penalty. Bayern Munich 2-1 Chelsea on penalties.

121:33 Penalty

Penalty scored by Mario Gomez. Bayern Munich 2-0 Chelsea on penalties.

120:49 A save by Manuel Neuer from penalty by Juan Mata.
120:11 Penalty

Philip Lahm scores a penalty. Bayern Munich 1-0 Chelsea on penalties.

120:01 The drama of the penalty shoot-out is about to begin.
120:00 +0:42 The match is going to penalties.
119:42 Manuel Neuer takes the free kick.
119:42 Booking

Booking Fernando Torres goes into the book.

119:36 Diego Contento fouled by Fernando Torres, the ref awards a free kick.
118:05 Anatoliy Tymoschuk takes a shot. Blocked by Mikel.
116:23 Daniel Van Buyten fouled by Florent Malouda, the ref awards a free kick. Anatoliy Tymoschuk restarts play with the free kick.
115:03 Free kick awarded for an unfair challenge on Bastian Schweinsteiger by Mikel. The free kick is delivered left-footed by Arjen Robben from right channel, save by Petr Cech.
114:03 Free kick awarded for a foul by Didier Drogba on Daniel Van Buyten. Direct free kick taken by Manuel Neuer.
113:43 Free kick awarded for a foul by Toni Kroos on Ashley Cole. Free kick taken by Florent Malouda.

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beta particles and radiation

2012-05-06T08:12:00.002-07:00

Beta Particles | Radiation Protection | US EPA

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REFERENCES

Radiation Protection Basics

Health Effects

Ionizing & Non-Ionizing Radiation

Understanding Radiation:

Beta Particles

Ionizing & Non-Ionizing Radiation

Beta particles are subatomic particles ejected from the nucleus of some radioactive atoms. They are equivalent to electrons. The difference is that beta particles originate in the nucleus and electrons originate outside the nucleus.
On this page:
The Basics

Beta Particles in the Environment

Health Effects

Protecting People from Beta Particles

The Basics

Who discovered beta particles?

Henri Becquerel is credited with the discovery of beta particles. In 1900, he showed that beta particles were identical to electrons, which had recently been discovered by Joseph John Thompson.

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What are the properties of beta particles?

Beta particles have an electrical charge of -1. Beta particles have a mass of 549 millionths of one atomic mass unit, or AMU, which is about 1/2000 of the mass of a proton or neutron. The speed of individual beta particles depends on how much energy they have, and varies over a wide range. It is their excess energy, in the form of speed, that causes harm to living cells. When transferred, this energy can break chemical bonds and form ions.

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What conditions lead to beta particle emission?

Beta particle emission occurs when the ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus is too high. In this case, an excess neutron transforms into a proton and an electron. The proton stays in the nucleus and the electron is ejected energetically.
This process decreases the number of neutrons by one and increases the number of protons by one. Since the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines the element, the conversion of a neutron to a proton actually changes the radionuclide to a different element.
Often, gamma ray emission accompanies the emission of a beta particle. When the beta particle ejection doesn't rid the nucleus of the extra energy, the nucleus releases the remaining excess energy in the form of a gamma photon.
The decay of technetium-99, which has too many neutrons to be stable, is an example of beta decay. A neutron in the nucleus converts to a proton and a beta particle. The nucleus ejects the beta particle and some gamma radiation. The new atom retains the same mass number, but the number of protons increases to 44. The atom is now a ruthenium atom.
Other examples of beta emitters are phosphorous-32, tritium (H-3), carbon-14, strontium-90, and lead-210.

See fact sheets for individual beta emitters at Radionuclides

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Which radionuclides are beta emitters?

There are many beta emitters. You can find fact sheets for several of them at the Radionuclides page:

tritium
cobalt-60
strontium-90
technetium-99
iodine-129 and -131
cesium-137

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Beta Particles in the Environment

How do we use beta emitters?

Beta emitters have many uses, especially in medical diagnosis, imaging, and treatment:

Iodine-131 is used to treat thyroid disorders, such as cancer and graves disease (a type of hyperthyroidism)
Phosphorus-32 is used in molecular biology and genetics research.
Strontium-90 is used as a radioactive tracer in medical and agricultural studies.
Tritium is used for life science and drug metabolism studies to ensure the safety of potential new drugs. It is also used for luminous aircraft and commercial exit signs, for luminous dials, gauges and wrist watches.
Carbon-14 is a very reliable tool in dating of organic matter up to 30,000 years old.
Beta emitters are also used in a variety of industrial instruments, such as industrial thickness gauges, using their weak penetrating power to measure very thin materials.

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What happens to beta particles in the environment?

Beta particles travel several feet in open air and are easily stopped by solid materials. When a beta particle has lost its energy, it is like any other loose electron. Whether in the outdoor environment or in the body, these electrons are then picked up by a positive ion.

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How are people exposed to beta particles?

There are both natural and man-made beta emitting radionuclides. Potassium-40 and carbon-14 are weak beta emitters that are found naturally in our bodies. Some decay products of radon emit beta particles, but its alpha-emitting decay products pose a much greater health risk.
Beta emitters that eject energetic particles can pose a significant health concern. Their use requires special consideration of both benefits and potential, harmful effects.

Key beta emitters used in medical imaging, diagnostic and treatment procedures are phosphorus-32, and iodine-131. For example, people who have taken radioactive iodine will emit beta particles. They must follow strict procedures to protect family members from exposure.
Radioactive iodine may enter the environment during a nuclear reactor accident and find its way into the food chain.
Industrial gauges and instruments containing concentrated beta-emitting radiation sources can be lost, stolen, or abandoned. If these instruments then enter the scrap metal market, or someone finds one, the sources they contain can expose people to beta emitters.

Radiation Source Management
This site describes EPA's activities to reduce the use of radioactive sources in industry, track exisitng sources and recover orphan sources.

At one time, strontium-90 was the major man-made beta emitter in the environment. Fallout from atmospheric nuclear testing from the 1950's to the early 1970's spread strontium-90 worldwide. However, most of the strontium-90 from these tests has now decayed away.
Testing also released large amounts of cesium-137 into the environment. Although, cesium-137 emits beta radiation, its gamma radiation is of greater concern. Some cesium-137 from fallout remains in the environment, but most of it has decayed as well.

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Does the way a person is exposed to beta particles matter?

Yes. Direct exposure to beta particles is a hazard, because emissions from strong sources can redden or even burn the skin. However, emissions from inhaled or ingested beta particle emitters are the greatest concern. Beta particles released directly to living tissue can cause damage at the molecular level, which can disrupt cell function. Because they are much smaller and have less charge than alpha particles, beta particles generally travel further into tissues. As a result, the cellular damage is more dispersed.

Exposure Pathways
This page explains the different routes by which radioactive exposure can occur.

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Health Effects of Beta particles

How can beta particles affect people's health?

Beta radiation can cause both acute and chronic health effects. Acute exposures are uncommon. Contact with a strong beta source from an abandoned industrial instrument is the type of circumstance in which acute exposure could occur. Chronic effects are much more common.
Chronic effects result from fairly low-level exposures over a along period of time. They develop relatively slowly (5 to 30 years for example). The main chronic health effect from radiation is cancer. When taken internally beta emitters can cause tissue damage and increase the risk of cancer. The risk of cancer increases with increasing dose.
Some beta-emitters, such as carbon-14, distribute widely throughout the body. Others accumulate in specific organs and cause chronic exposures:

Iodine-131 concentrates heavily in the thyroid gland. It increases the risk of thyroid cancer and other disorders.
Strontium-90 accumulates in bone and teeth.

See fact sheets for individual beta emitters at Radionuclides
Health Effects
This page discusses the cancer and non-cancer health effects of ionizing radiation.

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Is there a medical test to determine exposure to beta particles?

There are tests which can detect the presence of beta-emitting radionuclides in the body, however, special equipment is required and testing is generally done by specialized laboratories and facilities, or such testing is associated with a specific medical procedure in a hospital.

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Protecting People from Beta Particles

How do I know I'm near beta emitters and beta particles?

You cannot tell if you are being exposed to beta radiation. You cannot see, or feel radiation hitting your body. Specialized equipment is required to determine if you are near a beta radiation source. However, you should be familiar with the radiation warning symbols such as the trefoil shown at right, which indicate that radioactivity is present.
You can protect yourself by avoiding devices with this symbol, and not entering areas where this symbol or others are posted.

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What is the government doing to protect people from exposure to beta emitters and beta particles?

The U.S. Congress passes laws that authorize EPA and other federal agencies, to protect public health and the environment from radionuclides, including beta emitters. EPA has issued a variety of regulations that limit the release of radionuclides to the environment. You can learn about limits set for individual radionuclides by selecting beta emitters from the Radionuclides page.

Top of page

How do I protect myself and my family from beta particles?

While very unlikely, you or a member of your family may encounter an industrial instrument or device containing a radioactive source. Every year, hundreds of devices containing radiation sources are lost, stolen, or otherwise drop out of the system for tracking them. For example, a factory that has gone out of business may contain one or more such devices. As the building structure is being dismantled, these forgotten devices often are considered as scrap metal, or someone may think they have value and try to sell them.
You should avoid these devices. They may bear the radiation warning symbol, a trefoil, as shown above. They may also bear identifying information such as "Nuclear Regulatory Commission" or the name of a radionuclide. If you find a device you think may be radioactive, promptly call your state radiation control office or the hotline for reporting unwanted radioactive material:
1-800-999-7879

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