Hardware Solutions

SMPS

2012-07-11T09:47:00.001-07:00

SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply.It is the main Power Supply Unit used to convert the alternating current (AC) power available in homes into direct current (DC) required for a computer system.

TYPES OF SMPS

There are two types of SMPS:-

1-AT SMPS(Advance Technology)

2-ATX SMPS (Advance Technology Extended)

In AT SMPS system we have to manually Shutdown the computer. After giving Shutdown command

“It is now safe to turn off your system” message appears then press the power button to shut down.

In ATX SMPS shutdown is automatic, that is just give the Shutdown command.

TO CHECK WETHER SMPS IS WORKING OR NOT

Take a small piece of wire and connect one end in GREEN wire port and other in the BLACK. Switch ON the supply if the fan in the smps is working the smps is good. If not open the cover and check whether the Capacitors inside the Smps is bulged on the top. If bulged replace the capacitor with the same value of the earlier.Check the voltages with a multimeter.

Main Power Connector of Motherboard

A Good ATX SMPS wires gives the following voltage as the output. And work for different purpose

WIRE         VOLTAGE      FUNCTION

Black                0                  Ground
Blue                 -12                 Serial Data
Brown/Violet    +3.3               Sensor
Gray                  +5                  Power good supply
Green                +5                  Power supply on/off
Orange              +3.3               D Ram Refreshing
Purple               +5                  Stored by voltage
White                -5                   Refreshing Ram
Yellow              +12                Motor Rotation
Red                  +5                   Logic circuit

In case of a defect or problem with power supply, it is not recommended that an inexperienced user open a power supply for repairing. The power supply has dangerously high voltage.

CONNECTORS FOR POWER SUPPLY


ATX POWER CONNECTOR

SATA DRIVE POWER CONNECTOR

Debug command To delete Partition.

2011-08-02T20:45:00.000-07:00

Note-use this utility when *remote* partition does not remove from FDISK Utility.

STEP1- Boot from Windows 98 Bootable CD.

STEP2- type debug command and after then type following commands as given below:-

F 220 L1000 0 (ENTER)
-A CS: 100 (ENTER)
xxxx:0100 MOV AX,301 (ENTER)
xxxx:0103 MOV BX,200 (ENTER)
xxxx:0106 MOV CX,1 (ENTER)
xxxx:0109 MOV DX,80 (ENTER) <---"80" for hd1, "81" for hd2 >
xxxx:010C INT 13 (ENTER)
xxxx:010E INT 20 (ENTER)
xxxx:0110 (ENTER) <-------BLANK LINE "VERY IMPORTANT" >
-G (ENTER)
Program terminated normally
- (CTRL)-(ALT)-(DEL) to reboot system

What is RAM(Random Access Memory)?

2011-07-02T00:50:00.000-07:00

RAM is the place in a computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can be quickly reached by the computer's processor. RAM is much faster to read from and write to than the other kinds of storage in a computer, the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM. However, the data in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. When you turn the computer off, RAM loses its data. When you turn your computer on again, your operating system and other files are once again loaded into RAM, usually from your hard disk.

TYPES OF RAM

There are two types of RAM used in Computer-

S-RAM
D-RAM

S-RAM-

Stands for Static Random Access Memory.
SRAM is used in Processor as a cache memory.
SRAM does not have to be periodically refreshed therefore it provides faster access to data.
It is more expensive than DRAM.

D-RAM

Stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory.
Used onto Motherboard on Memory Slot.(for eg. DDR1,DDR2 & DDR3 etc)
It continuously refreshed to maintain data.

Different types of Hard Disk Drive

2011-06-01T23:48:00.000-07:00

Hard Disk Drive - It is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surface.  

Types of HDD :

IDE : Integrated Drive Electronics.IDE Drives are also known as PATA drives( Parallel advance technology attachment )

SATA : Serial advance technology attachment

SCSI : Small Computer System Interface. SCSI is pronounced as scuzzy.

SAS : Serial Attached SCSI.

IDE / PATA (Integrated Drive Electronics Drive / Parallel Advance Technology Attachment Drive)

IDE/PATA Drives have usually 40 pins.

IDE/PATA Drives offer 133 MB/sec transfer rate.

It sends 8 bit data at a time.   
   ATA Cables are used to connect PATA HDD. Two drives can be connected in a single pata cable. One as master and        other as slave. The configuration of master and slave is done by different combination of jumpers in the hdd. 

SATA (Serial Advance Technology Attachment Drive

SATA Drives have usually 7 pins, 4 pins in pair of two for      sending and receiving data and rest 3 pins are grounded.

SATA Drives offers generally 300MB/sec transfer rate.

It sends data bit by bit. 

SATA Cables are used to connect SATA HDD. Only one drive can be connected in a single sata cable.

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) 
 

SCSI Drives have usually 50 to 68 pins.

SCSI Drives offers generally 640MB/sec transfer rate.

This drives are hot swappable.

SCSI Cables are used to connect SCSI HDD. Maximum of 16 drives can be connected in a single scsi cable. Each hdd have a 8 bytes hexadecimal code known as WWN (world wide name) for its identification in the cable.

  
SAS(Serial Attached SCSI Drive) 

SAS Drives generally offers 805 MB/sec transfer rate.

This drives are hot swappable.

SAS Cables are used to connect SAS Drives. Maximum of 128 drives can be connected in a single sas cable.