Medicine - dr. moshaks

Coronavirus treatment When do we get a drug

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Sat, 09 May 2020 20:53:00 +0000

Corona virus treatment When do we get a drug for people with epidemic?

Over 250,000 people have died from Covid-19 disease, caused by the Coronavirus. There are no drugs or drugs yet to help doctors treat the injured.

When if we get drugs that can save patients ’lives?

What is the research being done to produce effective treatments?

More than 150 different drugs, most of which are drugs already used to treat other diseases, are being researched around the world to test their potential for use against the Corona virus.

The World Health Organization has launched a testing program, called "Solidarity", that aims to evaluate the most promising treatments.

The UK says its "recovery" testing program is the largest in the world, with more than 5,000 patients involved.

Research centers around the world are also trying to use the blood of the infected as a method to treat the Corona virus.

The research is conducted in three general categories:

Antiviral drugs directly attack the ability of the Coronavirus to reproduce within the body.

Medicines that can calm the immune system, as the patient's condition worsens seriously when the immune system reacts excessively to the virus, which causes side effects in various body systems.

Antibodies - taken from the survivors' blood or made in the laboratory - that can attack the virus.

What is the most promising drug against Corona virus?

The latest clinical tests for the use of remdesivir, which was originally produced for the treatment of people with Ebola, were somewhat encouraging.

The American National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has found that the remediffer drug shortens the duration of a patient's symptoms from 15 to 11 days. 1,063 people participated in research conducted by the institute in hospitals in different countries, some of whom were given the drug while others were given a placebo.

The director of the institute, doctor Anthony Fauci, said that the drug Remedisfer "has a clear, important and positive effect in shortening the recovery period."

However, although remediffer may help to identify patients - and may even prevent patients from entering intensive care units - tests have shown no signs of being able to prevent coronavirus deaths.

Antiviral drugs are believed to be more effective in the early stages of infection, while immune drugs are more effective in subsequent stages.

Remedivifer is one of four drugs involved in "solidarity" tests launched by the World Health Organization. And the company that produces it - Gilead Company - is also testing it.

And published American information about the drug Remdisever at the same time that showed experiments conducted in China - and the results of the medical journal "Lancet" published - ineffective.

However, the Chinese study was not complete because the success of the closure procedures in Wuhan left no doctors for the patients to test.

Can anti-HIV drugs be used to treat SK patients?

There has been much, but little evidence, that two drugs used to treat people with HIV, lopinavir and ritonavir, may be effective in treating infection with the Corona virus.

While there is much evidence of efficacy under laboratory conditions, human tests have been disappointing.

The use of the two drugs did not improve the chances of recovery, did not reduce deaths and did not reduce the proportion of the virus in patients with Covid-19.

However, since the test was performed on patients with very serious conditions (about a quarter of them died), the use of the two drugs may have come too late.

Can malaria drugs stop the Corona virus?

Anti-malarial parasites are among those participating in the mentioned "solidarity" and "recovery" tests.

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine may have the ability to fight viruses and calm the immune system.

These two drugs have been highlighted as possible treatments for the Corona virus thanks to allegations made by US President Donald Trump, but there is little evidence of their efficacy.

Hydroxychloroquine is also used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis because of its property in helping to regulate the immune system.

Laboratory experiments have demonstrated its ability to inhibit the Corona virus, and there is undocumented evidence from doctors that it may help in the treatment of Corona virus patients.

But the WHO says there is no firm evidence for its efficacy.

What about immune drugs?

If the immune system responds to the virus excessively, this may lead to infections throughout the body. This may be useful in sharpening the immune system and directing it to fight the virus, but if it is over the limit it may cause many side effects and may be fatal.

"Solidarity" tests include research on interferon beta, a substance used in the treatment of people with multiple sclerosis, whose properties are to reduce the severity of infections. It is reported that interferons are a group of chemicals that the body secretes when exposed to a viral invasion.

In Britain, "recovery" tests also include the study of dexamethasone, a type of steroids (such as cortisone) used to reduce inflammation.

Can the blood of survivors be used in the treatment of people infected with the Coronavirus?

Survivors of the disease are supposed to have antibodies in their blood that can attack the virus.

The idea is to take blood plasma (the part that contains antibodies) and inject it into the patient as a treatment for the disease.

The United States has already treated 500 patients with what it calls "convalescence plasma." Other countries followed the example of the United States.

How long will it take to get treatment?

It is too early to say with a date when a useful drug for Coronavirus will be in our hands.

But we will get the first results of the test

Corona virus treatment When do we get a drug for people with epidemic?

Over 250,000 people have died from Covid-19 disease, caused by the Coronavirus. There are no drugs or drugs yet to help doctors treat the injured.

When if we get drugs that can save patients ’lives?

What is the research being done to produce effective treatments?

More than 150 different drugs, most of which are drugs already used to treat other diseases, are being researched around the world to test their potential for use against the Corona virus.

The World Health Organization has launched a testing program, called "Solidarity", that aims to evaluate the most promising treatments.

The UK says its "recovery" testing program is the largest in the world, with more than 5,000 patients involved.

Research centers around the world are also trying to use the blood of the infected as a method to treat the Corona virus.

The research is conducted in three general categories:

Antiviral drugs directly attack the ability of the Coronavirus to reproduce within the body.

Medicines that can calm the immune system, as the patient's condition worsens seriously when the immune system reacts excessively to the virus, which causes side effects in various body systems.

Antibodies - taken from the survivors' blood or made in the laboratory - that can attack the virus.

What is the most promising drug against Corona virus?

The latest clinical tests for the use of remdesivir, which was originally produced for the treatment of people with Ebola, were somewhat encouraging.

The director of the institute, doctor Anthony Fauci, said that the drug Remedisfer "has a clear, important and positive effect in shortening the recovery period."

However, although remediffer may help to identify patients - and may even prevent patients from entering intensive care units - tests have shown no signs of being able to prevent coronavirus deaths.

Antiviral drugs are believed to be more effective in the early stages of infection, while immune drugs are more effective in subsequent stages.

Remedivifer is one of four drugs involved in "solidarity" tests launched by the World Health Organization. And the company that produces it - Gilead Company - is also testing it.

And published American information about the drug Remdisever at the same time that showed experiments conducted in China - and the results of the medical journal "Lancet" published - ineffective.

However, the Chinese study was not complete because the success of the closure procedures in Wuhan left no doctors for the patients to test.

Can anti-HIV drugs be used to treat SK patients?

There has been much, but little evidence, that two drugs used to treat people with HIV, lopinavir and ritonavir, may be effective in treating infection with the Corona virus.

While there is much evidence of efficacy under laboratory conditions, human tests have been disappointing.

The use of the two drugs did not improve the chances of recovery, did not reduce deaths and did not reduce the proportion of the virus in patients with Covid-19.

However, since the test was performed on patients with very serious conditions (about a quarter of them died), the use of the two drugs may have come too late.

Can malaria drugs stop the Corona virus?

Anti-malarial parasites are among those participating in the mentioned "solidarity" and "recovery" tests.

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine may have the ability to fight viruses and calm the immune system.

These two drugs have been highlighted as possible treatments for the Corona virus thanks to allegations made by US President Donald Trump, but there is little evidence of their efficacy.

Hydroxychloroquine is also used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis because of its property in helping to regulate the immune system.

Laboratory experiments have demonstrated its ability to inhibit the Corona virus, and there is undocumented evidence from doctors that it may help in the treatment of Corona virus patients.

But the WHO says there is no firm evidence for its efficacy.

What about immune drugs?

In Britain, "recovery" tests also include the study of dexamethasone, a type of steroids (such as cortisone) used to reduce inflammation.

Can the blood of survivors be used in the treatment of people infected with the Coronavirus?

Survivors of the disease are supposed to have antibodies in their blood that can attack the virus.

The idea is to take blood plasma (the part that contains antibodies) and inject it into the patient as a treatment for the disease.

The United States has already treated 500 patients with what it calls "convalescence plasma." Other countries followed the example of the United States.

How long will it take to get treatment?

It is too early to say with a date when a useful drug for Coronavirus will be in our hands.

But we will get the first results of the test

The deadline for the Crouna Covid virus 19

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Sat, 09 May 2020 20:33:00 +0000

The deadline for the Crouna Covid virus 19

To this day, there are no vaccines or specific drugs for Covid-19 disease. World Health Organization

Self-care

If you feel uncomfortable, rest and drink plenty of fluids and eat nutritious food. Stay in a room separate from other family members, and use a separate bathroom if possible. Make sure to clean and sterilize the frequently touched surfaces.

Everyone should have a healthy lifestyle at home. Maintain a healthy diet, stay active, and socialize with your loved ones over the phone or the Internet. Children need more love and attention from adults in stressful times. As much as possible, stick to a specific daily protein and regular appointments.

Feelings of sadness, tension, or confusion are normal during crises. This can help talking to people you trust, such as friends and family members. But if you feel it is more than possible, contact a health professional or counselor.

Medical treatments

If you have mild symptoms and otherwise are in good health, isolate yourself and contact your medical care provider or the information line on Covid-19 for advice.

Seek medical attention if you have a fever, cough, and trouble breathing. And call the care facility before you go.

Homemade Bread for Beginners (ft. Pro Home Cooks)

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Sat, 09 May 2020 01:46:00 +0000

Homemade Bread for Beginners (ft. Pro Home Cooks)

Easy and Rewarding White Bread Recipe. Nobody starts with Sourdough ! Get 30% OFF your first bag of coffee with Trade Coffee when you click here http://bit.ly/tradealex . Also, Enter for a chance to win a MoccaMaster KBT by using the promo code MoccaAlex at checkout.

Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19)

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Thu, 07 May 2020 22:59:00 +0000

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Statistics and update

Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered Coronavirus.

Most people who have Covid-19 disease have only mild or moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment.

How is the disease spread?

The virus that causes Covid-19 disease is mainly transmitted by the droplets secreted by the infected person when he coughs, sneezes or breathes. The weight of these droplets is too heavy for them to remain suspended in the air, as they soon fall to the ground or surfaces.

You can become infected by breathing if you are very close to someone with Covid-19 disease or have touched a contaminated surface and then touched your eyes, nose, or mouth.

statistics
United State

1.29 million

+ 24,572

173 thousand

76,348

+ 1,750

the whole world

Confirmed cases

3.78 million
+ 71,431

recovery cases
1.26 million
The deaths
265 thousand
+4,102

More details

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Statistics and update

What is the recovery time for the coronavirus disease?

Can people recover from coronavirus disease?

How severe is the coronavirus disease?

What is the treatment for the coronavirus disease?

What happens when you get the coronavirus disease?

Is headache a symptom of the coronavirus disease?

Can antibiotics treat the coronavirus disease?

Are masks effective against the coronavirus disease?

Is there a vaccine, drug or treatment for coronavirus disease?

What is the incubation period of the coronavirus disease?

Can the coronavirus disease spread through food?

Is the coronavirus disease more severe than the flu?

Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted in hot or humid climates?

What is the usual body temperature in coronavirus disease patients?

Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?

Who is at risk for coronavirus?

How long does it take for symptoms to show in coronavirus disease?

Is it possible to catch the coronavirus disease from asymptomatic people?

What are signs and symptoms of the coronavirus disease?

Which are the most common symptoms of the coronavirus disease?

Can you contract the coronavirus disease by touching a surface?

Do people with mild symptoms need to be hospitalized?

Coronavirus: How long does it take to recover?

Source

Treatment of flatulence and gases

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Tue, 03 Apr 2018 17:05:00 +0000

Treatment of flatulence and gases

I offer you these guaranteed and safe recipes for the treatment of flatulence and gas and the output of the voices of the wind and hearing and a decision in the abdomen.

1-Karawiya:

Preparation methods:

A) Method 1: a covered drink:

Soak the coriander seed powder at a rate of 7 tablespoons per half cup of cold water for a suitable period, then drain the soak and it becomes drinkable and can be made with honey as needed.

2 - the second method: boiled boiled:

The seeds of the teacher cumin powder 2 tablespoons per cup of water, and then leaves long enough, then drain and drinks, and can also be sweetened with honey, as needed, but for a dose that, at the rate of one cup per day can replace water with milk, but in this case caraway powder is increased to 6 tablespoons by add milk in cup, then boil for 10 minutes and filter and drink, and can also be analyzed as needed.

2-Cinnamon:

How to prepare:

Soak 2 tablespoons of cinnamon powder in a cup of boiling water, then drink soaked, and take a drink with cinnamon in small quantities at first to capture the extent of the body accepts it.

** Note: Pregnant women are not recommended to drink, may show some sensitivity.

3-Mint:

Preparation methods:

A) Method 1: soaked mint:

Soak the leaves and floral organs in water with 2-3 tablespoons per cup of water, leave them for a few hours, then drink 1 cup of for a period of no more than 8 weeks.

B) Method 2: boiled mint:

Boil the leaves in water the same rate above, but for a brief period and then cool and drink, or hot drink, or add a 2 tablespoon of dried mint herb per cup of boiling and then drink, and you can drink honey desalination as needed

4 anise:

Preparation methods:

A) Method 1: Soaked anise:

Sprinkle 1 tablespoon crushed aniseed seeds for each cup of hot water for 10 minutes and then drain and drink at a cup rate per day.

B) Method 2: boiled anise:

Add 1 teaspoon of anise seed powder to a cup of boiling water and then drink a warm atmosphere, keeping in mind to cover the cup if it goes out for a period of time so as not to fly useful materials.

General advice on these plants:

He prefers moderation in everything, so be moderate and do not multiply or decrease

Other quick tips for swelling and gas treatment:

1 - reduce legumes and fatty meats.

2 - Minimize bread and fries.

3. Minimize radish and watercress.

4. Stop smoking

Studies have shown that almost half of people who suffer from flatulence or constipation at some point in their life, this problem and be a constant battle for them. Discover with us the main causes of flatulence with some simple solutions. Eat instead of drinking

When we eat, the stomach produces a complex mixture of enzymes responsible for the dismantling of various food components, such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates. These enzymes should not be mixed with water in order to function effectively, so avoid consumption for 20 minutes before and after eating, but drink a little apple cider vinegar 30 minutes before the date of the food stimulates juicers of digestion.

Also make sure your food is rich in zinc and vitamin B, necessary to produce digestive enzymes.

Good chewing

Experts say that it is the process of eating that makes us grow or not. Vttaul food slowly and chew well E to become a soft paste not only in the flow of digestive juices in a harmonious way helps, but also leads to the production of more acid that is needed to dismantle the food, so they spend less time in the stomach.

Do not swallow food quickly and remember that staying long hours without eating can also lead to gas buildup.

Love your stomach

The stomach contains 100 trillion bacteria, composed of several strains, that kill parasites and bad compounds. However, eating foods that contain a lot of red meat, sugar or dependence on antibiotics can cause stomach problems with leaks. In this problem, the wall of the stomach allows the entry of undigested fat blocks and proteins, which causes swelling in the abdomen. Therefore, pay close attention to what you eat.

Relieve the tension

Cortisol (the enzyme released by the body when we feel stressed) affects digestion and causes bloating and pain in the stomach. If you are under a lot of pressure, avoid eating red meat and fatty foods that the body needs more time to digest.

Instead, eat light foods such as fish and vegetable puree, such as carrots, turnips and sweet potatoes.

Detoxification

Some experts say that swelling is a sign of dysfunction in the lymphatic system. If the body does not remove excess water and toxins, it becomes thin and swollen. Therefore, add a few grains of cardamom in the boiling water and let it soak for some time, and then drink this marinade during the day, to drain the toxins from the body.

Customizing the massage time

Some essential oils, such as pink grapefruit and rosemary, can relieve swelling. Add 5 to 10 drops of essential oil to the bath water or massage your stomach in a circular motion before rinsing with warm water.

Routine

In fact, lack of enough Ttaul fiber, or not drinking enough water, or lack of exercise, or taking certain medications such as antidepressants can lead to constipation.

Constipation also becomes a problem during pregnancy. The increase in the level of progesterone slows down the intestine and leads to constipation. Therefore, pregnant women are encouraged to eat more fruits and vegetables rich in fiber. The citric acid in the acidic fruit helps to relax the stools and makes it easy to get rid of them.

Focus on some foods

- Eat natural organic milk because it contains many bacteria necessary for the health of the stomach.

Eat regular oats rich in soluble fibers and easily digested. Oatmeal is a good alternative to grains if you are allergic to wheat.

- Eat vegetables with green leaves, such as spinach, lettuce and cucumber because they naturally produce urine. It is also useful to drink herbal tea.

Refrain from some foods

- Avoid refined foods that have been added to the chemicals to make them more delicious or durable Otalol because the body needs more time to digest, causing the intestinal gases.

Avoid foods that are rich in insoluble fiber such as whole grains because they produce bacteria that ferment in the stomach and cause bloating.

- Avoid fruit containing fruit sugar (fructose) intake immediately after a meal, as they contain a large amount of energy and nutrients, so it is trapped in the digestive system behind heavy food. As the fruit disintegrates faster, it can begin to ferment and cause gas. Eat these fruits as snacks during the day or after a period of completion of the main meal.

Avoid legumes, such as lentils, beans and corn, if your clothes are tight. It is true that these foods contain protein and fiber but cause gases.

Avoid soft drinks because they are full of artificial air that blows your belly. The rubber also

Causes of flatulence

A way to get rid of flatulence

The most annoying thing for a woman when she wears her clothes is the bulge of her stomach, where she sometimes has to buy clothes of a larger size to accommodate the swollen abdomen.

The causes of flatulence are not as we thought in the past .. due to the menstrual cycle or drinking a large amount of water, but the truth is a lot of table salt, which works in water retention, and some types of foods like pasta, fats and dairy products.

The amount of salt should not exceed 5 grams per day.

Here are twelve steps to get rid of flatulence:

1 Drink water:

If your body does not receive enough fluid, the body consumes the stored liquid, causing inflammation in the abdominal area .. So you should drink liquids frequently during the day, the equivalent of 8 to 10 glasses of water (equivalent to one quarter cup every half hour) So that there is a balance in the body fluids.

2 Reduce the salt:

Body adjustment can not only with many of the amounts of salt, and the more the amount of salt increased in the increase of body fluids Appointment to relieve concentration to prevent any malfunction, and to maintain the amount of salt in the body in the normal range, this course leads to swelling of the abdomen, and with the reduction of salt and drinking a lot of water, you will find the difference that the abdominal area is no longer swollen because the body does not need liquids to store in the body to dissolve the salt.

3 Remove them with sweat:

A few exercises help eliminate excess fluid in the body that makes it less bumpy. Try aerobic exercise three times a week, as well as exercise that relieves stress, such as yoga or stretching.

4 Most of the dietary fiber:

The body needs a lot of fiber, but eating too much fiber also works with flatulence. What you need to store water in the body, and if you want to work, the diet is limited to fiber, you must drink plenty of water. When the fibers are present in the stomach without excess fluid, this causes the stomach to swell.

5 Watch your drink:

Diuretics from beverages such as coffee, alcohol, soft drinks and soft drinks act to absorb the cells in the liquids, which helps bulking up.

6 Taking minerals:

If the swelling is due to menstruation or menstruation, it can be eliminated by taking 200 mg of magnesium per day, the researchers confirmed.

7 Dispensing with cakes:

One of the main causes of bulging is the proliferation of cakes, dairy products, alcohol and acid fruits.

Since we eat many of these foods and do not give our bodies an opportunity between those meals, this leads to swelling of the abdomen. Of course, the body needs carbohydrates but in small and reasonable amounts.

For example, you can take the in the morning with a piece of fruit and some low-fat cheese, and eat some rice and pasta at night.

8 Gas retention:

Gastric gas retention is a problem that causes flatulence, and most people in the world suffer from it and it is really very painful.

Foods that contain spices, fats, cheeses, red meats, alcohol, milk and coffee, especially those that contain caffeine, are the body bodybuilders.

There are some types of medications that can be used to eliminate those annoying gases, as well as peppermint tea and you should also chew food well.

9 herbs:

There are certain herbs that prevent fluid retention and urination, such as wild dandelion and horsetail (floral plant) and prevent flatulence in a safe manner.

10 Know our bodies:

Most women tend to be swollen abdomen due to the increase in sex hormone before menopause, but the fact that the increase in the amount of salt and fluid retention in the body and the absorption of water cells It is the main cause of flatulence before the menstrual cycle, so you should eat a lot of fruits and vegetables that contain a large amount of water and reduce potassium.

11 Yeast:

The body contains the normal limits of the yeast, but some people get out of the natural limits and grow difficult to control, and cause some symptoms such as extreme fatigue, headaches and an imbalance in nutrition and bumps, as well as the yeast grow above the normal rate due to other factors such as psychological stress, and the use of antibiotics in abundance.

In order to get rid of these cases, sugar or abstinence should be relieved, as well as dairy products and cakes.

12 Do not eat and you are under pressure:

Eating fast and not chewing food well or eating and conditioning a psychological or angry bad canlead to flatulence, and if you are in a state of anger should delay eating that things calm down so that the stomach has decreased and in a relaxed state so that food passes and digest well.

The most common diseases

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Mon, 02 Apr 2018 16:36:00 +0000

The most common diseases

Today's topic about the most common diseases in the world and here we will talk about them and looking for treatment methods online medicine

1. Cancer

2. Alzheimers diseas

3. AIDS

4. Lupus

5. Diabetes

6. Ebola

7. Asthma

8. Poliomyelitis

9. Flu

10. Colds

1. Cancer

It is one of the most common and dangerous diseases of our time. It is an abnormal growth of malignant cells in the body. It is believed that 1 in 3 people is likely to suffer. According to the American Cancer Society, 7.6 million people died of cancer worldwide in 2007. Sometimes, as science is not currently able to treat more aggressive tumors in advanced stages of development, it is better to renounce treatment. A therapeutic and palliative treatment application that provides the least amount of discomfort and leads to a dignified death.

Since the 1990s, with the therapeutic techniques available, cancer can be treated in about 50% of patients

2. Alzheimer's disease

Neurodegenerative disease of unknown causes. It is one of the most difficult relationships with his face. It causes intellectual impairment, behavioral problems and loss of memory. On the occasion of World Alzheimer's Day, September 21, the date chosen by the World Health Organization and the international Alzheimer's disease, where activities are carried out in different countries to raise awareness and help in the prevention of diseases.

There is a difference between the sexes, with more risk of suffering from the disease in women, especially among people over the age of 85. In 2010, international Alzheimer's disease estimated the prevalence of dementia of 4.7% globally for people aged 60 or more, representing the progressive figures in many of the studies previously published (10 above the estimate Lancet in 2005).

The effectiveness of inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory work was tested above all on the head, the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (missing in Alzheimer's disease and a major accident in memory and other cognitive neurological diseases).

3. AIDS

It was a twentieth century illness. It is caused by HIV, infectious diseases with serious consequences. Great progress has been made in medicine, but the treatment is not yet known. At least, the disease is prolonged. Treatment options are certainly very far, so current research efforts are focused on getting a type of vaccine that prevents new infections.

4. Lupus

Spinal cord infection (SLE) is an autoimmune disease. Unpredictable can cause arthritis, anemia, rashes and so on. It also has some internal organs like kidneys, lungs or even the heart.

Lupus is more common among Asian and African populations and is more common in women than in men. The first symptoms of the disease are often between 15 and 44 years. Although there is no cure, the symptoms are mainly treated with low doses of corticosteroids, immunity and malaria, such as hydroxy.

5. Diabetes mellitus

Due to metabolic disorders, the person has too much sugar in the blood and does not produce enough insulin. Type II occurs because the body provides resistance to the insulin product. Diabetes mellitus is not a disease but a disease, and therefore the concept now covers different types of different situations but with common characteristics: hyperglycemia and its consequences.

In 2000, an estimated 171 million people with diabetes worldwide and will reach 370 million in 2030. This situation caused various complications often damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves and blood vessels.

The Diabetes Day of the World is celebrated on November 14th.

Diabetes was known for the Christian era. The papyrus of Ephesus was discovered in Egypt and dates back to the fifteenth century BC. C, has already described symptoms that appear to be compatible with diabetes. It was Oratallos-di-Kabadochea, in the second century of Christianity, gave a condition called diabetes, which means that the Greek period referring to the most striking brand is the removal of large amounts of water through the kidneys, which describes the transfer of leave the body water in diabetes without paying attention to it.

6. Ebola

The bleeding temperature, transmitted from primates to humans, can be fatal. He lives in Africa and has a mortality rate between 50 and 90%. Within a week, the rash, often bleeding, occurs throughout the body. Bleeding usually occurs from the gastrointestinal tract, which causes the infection to escape from the mouth and rectum.

The virus is alive in Africa. In 1976, around 85% died.

The Ebola virus has no specific treatment or treatment. The treatment currently used is to maintain the life of the individual through resuscitation methods (respiratory assistance, avoid CPR because the virus is contagious to saliva) and control bleeding as much as possible. For the vaccine, it is a research, but these are complex because all the proteins of the virus are still unknown and there are only four people who have worked with a virus like these laboratories.

7. Asthma

Long-term illness can develop at acute levels. It occurs in the lungs and breathes in the respiratory tract. If not treated correctly, it can be life-threatening. Although asthma is a condition caused by chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract, a careful part of the inflammation is still explained and its causes are uncertain.

In the last 20 years, there has been an increase in the incidence and consequences of environmental pollution, partly due to the increase in the world population. For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 8% of the Swiss population had asthma, compared to only 2% from 25 to 30 years.

8. Pneumonia

A viral disease attacks the nervous system and can cause total or partial paralysis. Especially affects children aged 5 to 10 years.

The disease was first described by the German Jacob Heine in 1840.

The World Health Organization (WHO) states that the region is disease-free after three years without any reason. In 1994, WHO spoke about the American region (36 countries) without a column, in 2000 it did so in the Pacific (37 countries, including China). In 2002, the EU described.

The World Health Organization (WHO) states that there are only four countries where the disease is still present: Nigeria, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. If reached, the third infectious disease will end the Earth. The first was a bag, the second was a cattle plague.

9. Lip

It's very common and maybe we all feel at some point. It is caused by a respiratory virus that is always mutated, which means that we only control it for a certain period of time. There are treatments that focus on how to alleviate the symptoms and help the body develop its defenses.

The causal effect is more common during the winter, since the northern and southern hemispheres of the crucifixion plant in the world at different times are actually two flu seasons each year: from October to April. In the northern hemisphere and from May to September in the southern hemisphere. It is not known exactly how the flu appeared in those moments, but the reason is supposed to be that because of the cold, people tend to get into a difficult situation and human relationships become tighter.

10. Collective debt

This is the most common disease. After the cold, the patient develops resistance to the virus. But because of the number of viruses, we can get sick again. Colds are caused by many viruses (especially nasal viruses, the corona virus and some coxsackieviruses and echoes) that infect the upper respiratory tract.

Contrary to popular belief, vitamin C does not reduce or prevent the symptoms of the disease.

Normal smoking lasts for up to three days on average. Sleep is less than seven hours a day and is associated with an increased risk of infection three times, if exposed to nasal viruses, compared to those who sleep more than eight hours each night.

Trump Scott Brown helped vote on health care

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Thu, 21 Dec 2017 11:12:00 +0000

Trump Scott Brown helped vote on health care

The House and the Senate approved their respective versions of a bill weeks ago and now the
Republicans say they have reached a preliminary agreement between the two houses. They hope to hand over the bill before Christmas

But Democrats drew a resemblance to 2010, when then called US President Barack Obama to delay his health reform bill until newly elected Massachusetts Republican Scott Brown could sit and vote on him.

Republicans are now running on Democrats in the Senate. The loss of sitting senator from Alabama - Luther Strange - would reduce this range to one and jeopardize the tax cut package.

And have a new voice that can add to their abstinence: former businessman Donald Trump told CNN in 2010 that Obama was "very smart", to sit Brown before the final votes on the health bill.

Found to talk with CNN Campbell Brown in 2010, Trump that Obama "retired" at the request of a health care vote after Brown's surprising Democrat Martha Cookley in a Massachusetts special election on January 19, 2010. Specifically in that period

"He said: Now, you know, we have to give Massachusetts its voice, which is a very clever thing for him to say," said Trump CNN at the time. "But that could kill his health plan, boy, he spent a year and all his capital on this situation that many do not want."

We urge Mitch McConnell to suspend his tax laws and not to make a final vote until Doug Jones is sworn in before the Senate. "Doug Jones becomes the Alabama's duly elected senator who has not been appointed by the governor.

A White House official told CNN that Brown's example was different.

Democrats passed the 2009 Affordable Care Act by 60 votes. After that, the Senate issued a non-affordable health care act 2010 - Brown's choice - by 50 percent when Democrats had more than 50 seats in the Senate.

The official said the vote was based on Jones being different, because his vote could give a vote to the tax measure because of a small margin of Senate Republicans.

Democrats have hit this argument.

"The White House just admitted that Donald Trump is running his back on the Alabama people and Trump himself praised President Obama for his honor: if voters heard the state, Washington was respected," said Andrew Bates, spokesman for the American Super Pak Back on Thursday.

Senator Chris van Hollen, D-Maryland, Schumer repeated: "We should be willing to make some noise when McConnell Jones does not sit before voting on the Alabamier tax reform deserves to be done ..."

However, there is no indication that Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell wants to postpone the vote.

Jones told reporters on Wednesday that Trump called Jones on Wednesday to congratulate him on his victory and invite him to the White House upon his arrival in Washington.

This story has been updated with additional details on healthy voices in 2009 and 2010.

Under current law, state Medicaid programs are federal funds guaranteed for eligible spending. The bill sets the limits of government funding for state health care programs from 2020 onwards. Specifically, the bill sets the target spending limits for each state, based on a formula based on federal health care expenditure for 2016 in each category of participants: (1) the elderly, (2) the blind and the disabled, (3) children, (4) adults recently approved by the Social Security Authority (MICAID), and (5) all other registered persons. For a country that exceeds the target expenditure ceiling in a given fiscal year, the bill provides for a reduction in federal funds in the following fiscal year. In addition, the bill requires: (i) the preparation of additional reports and the review of status data on medical assistance expenditures; and (ii) a temporary increase in the Finance Management Program for some data reporting expenditures.

The bill reduces targeted spending for some countries that require political collapse to provide funding for medical assistance. In particular, the bill applies to countries that have received MOH allocations for fiscal year 2016, which are more than six times the national average. Specific contributions are excluded.

The State Medicaid program may choose federal funding in the form of collective grants for a period of 10 years beginning as soon as possible in 2020. The draft law provides a formula for determining the amount of collective grants with the upper spending limits. (B) the nature of the services to be covered, the extent, the duration and the extent of the services to be covered; and (iii) the delivery and cost-sharing procedures for the covered services. This plan should include: (i) the provision of eligibility for certain children and pregnant women; and (ii) assistance in hospital care, surgical care, medical care, prenatal care, prenatal care, prescribed medicines, prosthetic devices, other medical materials and childcare.

Subtitle D - Stability of the market in helping patients and health insurance

(Article 131) After 2019, the cost-sharing reduction will be abolished for low-income persons with health insurance specified in the bill.

(Section 132) The Act makes a silent change to the establishment and funds of funds for the State Fund and State Security. The Fund is managed by the Centers for Health Care and Medical Services (CMS) and represents up to 2026 states available funds, among others: for people to provide financial support at risk so that they can engage in health insurance and agreements with institutions and stabilize individual health insurance premiums, Promote participation and increase opportunities in the health insurance market, pay providers and provide financial support to newcomers to reduce expenses.

Funding will be allocated to the states on the basis of the share of individual states in the damage suffered and uninsured persons under the poverty line. In order to obtain funding after 2019, countries should provide appropriate funding at a rate of between 7% and 50%, depending on the year, and whether the State has requested funds.

The bill provides for an increase of $ 15 billion in funds for maternity protection, newborn care and services for people with mental disorders or substance abuse disorders by 2020.

The bill states that the federal Invisible Involvement Program, which is managed by CMS, has paid health insurance companies for claims by some people in order to reduce bonuses in the markets involved. The bill provides $ 15 billion for this fund for the period 2019-2026.

(§ 133) Health insurance companies must increase the premiums of individuals registered in the individual market, which had insurance coverage for more than 62 days in the previous year, by 30% for one year. States that have programs under this project provides financial support to people at risk or to stabilize health insurance premiums in relevant markets and an invisible risk sharing program Federal participation States may apply for exemption from health insurance companies for individuals with outages providing coverage for premiums based on the health

Republicans in the Senate approved a health vote this week, but it is unclear whether they have votes to partially lift and replace Obamacar as they have promised over the past seven years. Not only that - it is unclear what will be included in the final bill of the bill, whether they will get 50 votes to open the debate formally on the issue. Voting is due on Tuesday.

Assuming that the Democrats do not agree with this law (a presumption that Obamacare is trying to detect), and with the return of Senator McCain (R-Arizona) to Washington, Senate leaders can only carry two votes from Republicans to lose to open the debate. So far a member of the Senate (Susan Collins of Maie) said she would choose "no", while other key senators (Rob Portman of Ohio, Dean Heller of Nevada and Shelley Moore of Capitol Hill of West Virginia) They will vote the debate begin. Many others spoke against the latest version of the legislation. Below is a summary of what went wrong.

Proposal for amendment

The abbreviated short-term plan was far less than Republican had once thought. Republican leaders, unable to overcome the grievances of Conservative and moderate conservatives, said the structured plan was only a way to allow negotiations with the House of Representatives, which passed a more ambitious bill to be repealed in early May.

The so-called "thin" bill abolished, as became known this week at the Capitol, will have wide-ranging effects on health care. The bill would increase the number of uninsured by 15 million next year compared to the current law, according to the Congressional Budget Office. The tax office said the premiums of the self-insurance companies would increase by about 20 percent.

But President Trump brought to this point, he also put the Republicans under pressure.

Just before the vote, before Twitter.

McConnell reveals a tight lift from the Opamacar.

Senator Mitch McConnell, leader of the majority, is following the abolition of the Affordable Care Act and announces a stricter measure:

Save the individual mandate that states that most Americans have health insurance or pay a tax fine.

Re-appointment of an employee who requires major employers to provide health insurance to their employees.

Provides flexibility for states, making it easier to waive federal requirements that health plans provide consumers with minimal benefits, such as obstetrics and medical drugs.

Expand health savings accounts, increase the maximum contributions in these tax-privileged accounts

Push control of medical devices.

Increase funds for community health centers

Apparently This 5 Factors Cause Slack Breast in Young Age

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Tue, 25 Jul 2017 18:18:00 +0000

Almost every woman wants to have a beautiful body shape. One of the supporters of the beauty of the female body shape is a healthy breast, solid, fast and beautiful. But 90% of women pay less attention to the health and beauty of the breast, especially those who have been pregnant, after breastfeeding, so unwittingly the breasts become slack, withered and began to wrinkle.

Apparently This 5 Factors Cause Slack Breast in Young Age

Breasts are one of the unique female body assets. Many people are dreaming of breast forms that are elastic, toned and beautiful. But not infrequently at a young age, breasts have loosened. Wow! Do not let happen. Breast slack and fall at a young age is caused by several factors, as reported by

1. Big Breasts Prone to Slacking?

Is it true that big breasts more susceptible to sagging? Apparently this is not entirely true you know. Small breasts also risk the same because the actual sagging of the breast caused by the ability of the breast muscles to support it. Precisely owners of large breasts have stronger breast muscles so stronger and firmer.

2. Less Exercise

Many people argue, should women not do strenuous exercise such as lifting weights if you do not want to be sturdy like a man. In fact, exercise such as lifting weights can strengthen the chest muscles so that the beauty of the breast can be maintained and not sagging.

3. Drastic Weight Loss

Drastic weight loss can cause the breasts to fall and sag, along with the loosening of the skin as well. So, exercise and diet properly to keep the body awake.

4. Not Using

Especially for those of you who like to exercise like jogging or running, use a special sports bra is appropriate for the breasts stay awake after experiencing shocks in a long time.

5. Smoking

Tobacco is the main enemy of collagen as a skin-fastening agent. A study conducted by the Aesthetic Surgery Journal says smoking is the cause of the risk of sagging breasts. Ouch!

While young, treat your breasts to stay healthy. Healthy and beautiful breasts can increase your confidence. Hopefully these tips can help you.

This certainly reduces the confidence especially in the moments that should be a beautiful moment you with your partner. Distrust of your body shape can affect the harmony of relationships with your partner because you become reluctant to make out because they feel embarrassed or inferior. Well, here are some of the factors that trigger these problems as well as the solution for you.

Trigger Factor Breasts Slack at Young Age

Smoke

Cigarettes are a big no for women, because in addition to harmful to your health, cigarettes also have a negative impact on your valuable asset is a factor causing sagging breasts. Cigarette smoke is the main cause of premature aging that is not only on your facial skin is more often exposed to cigarette smoke but also your breasts will become loose before time.

Dehydration

From now on meet the needs of body fluids by consuming water in the recommended amount. Continuous dehydration will make your skin lose elasticity including the breast area. So if you want to keep your skin fresh and wrinkle-free, drink water diligently.

Wearing the wrong bra

Choosing the right underwear or bra will be very helpful to maintain the beauty of the breast. So do not wear the wrong bra anymore. The size of a bra that is too big or still wearing a bra that is loose will make breast slack quickly because the bra is not able to support your breast. Conversely, wearing a bra with a number that is too small is also not recommended because in addition to disturbing your breathing also makes the breasts become pinched.

The most appropriate sleeping position for women is on your back. In addition to helping avoid back pain and premature aging, teletang sleep will also keep the shape of the breast remains beautiful and fast.

Extreme diet

An extreme diet can be a sagging breast factor when your weight drops drastically. Therefore it is advisable to balance the diet with exercise in the recommended portion.

Bad posture

Pay attention to your posture or your posture. Mistakes in posture will also contribute to causing your breasts to become loose. From now on try to sit in a straight position and point your head up. Bending is so bad for your spine as well as your breasts.

Breast Loan Solutions at Young Ages

As the solution of your problem, the most appropriate step of course is to avoid the causes of breast problems above and start now take care of your breasts properly. Start by choosing a bra with the right size that is not too big or too small. To make your breasts back toned and beautiful regularly do treatments with breast mask or breast massage using olive oil and oil bulus.

As a treatment from the inside apply a healthy diet with balanced nutritious food consumption. Or if you are in a diet program, do it gradually so that the body has time to adjust. Perform regular exercise that concentrates movement on the chest muscles such as push ups, swimming, sit ups, and so on. After knowing the solution of the problem

Dental treatment - sore throat, stomach pain, headache, head in new ways and useful

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Sat, 03 Jun 2017 15:36:00 +0000

Headache, Sore throat and Upset stomach: Common

Ear ache, Headache and Sore throat: Common Related

Having toothache, ear pain, sinus, headache and sor

What are OTC medications for sore throat, headache

Toothache Causes, Symptoms, Treatment - Toothache

Toothaches: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention - Health

Toothache

Toothache is the pain that occurs to one or more teeth or around them. A toothache is generally the result of dental caries or sometimes an infection. Caries are often caused by poor mouth hygiene, although the tendency to have caries is partly hereditary. Sometimes, the pain that feels in the tooth is actually due to pain in other parts of the body. This happens when the pain radiates. For example, ear damage can cause pain in the teeth.

CAUSES: The most common are:

Tooth abscess;

Earache;

Jaws or mouth injuries;

Heart attack;

Sinusitis;

Caries.

DIAGNOSIS: The dentist will examine the mouth. Physical examination can include examining teeth, gums, tongue, throat, ears, nose and neck. Dental X-rays may be needed. The dentist may recommend other tests, depending on the suspected cause. The dentist will ask questions about your medical history and symptoms, as well as about the use of medications, other recent illnesses, or the regularity of dental visits.

THERAPY: Analgesics can be used while waiting to see a dentist. For the toothache caused by an abscess, the dentist can recommend antibiotic therapy and other treatments. To prevent caries just have good oral hygiene. Low-sugar diet is recommended with regular brushing with fluoride toothpaste and regular professional cleaning. Contact a doctor if:

It has a serious toothache;

Toothache lasts longer than a day or two;

You also have fever, earache, or pain when you open your mouth.

Treatment may involve fillings, teeth removal, or the installation of dental devices. If there is fever or swelling of the jaw, an antibiotic is usually prescribed.

Source: [http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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Headache, Sore throat ad Upset stomach: Common

Ear ache, Headache and Sore throat: Common Related

Having toothache, ear pain, sinus, headache and sor

What are OTC medicatios for sore throat, headache
Toothache Causes, Symptoms, Treatment - Toothache
Toothaches: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention - Health

Sore throat

Sore throat is one of the most common disorders in men and women. There is no real throat disease, but more often this is just a symptom of some other disease or condition. It may accompany other common symptoms such as headache, swelling, coughing and rancidness.

Causes: Sore throat can be caused by diseases, viral or bacterial infections, irritations (eg from smoking), airborne imbalances, to more serious causes like tumors. Very often the sore throat is the first symptom, or one of the first, of a viral disease because viruses and bacteria, entering from mouth and nose, have as their first point to "attack" just the throat. When this appears, it means that other symptoms will soon follow.

SYMPTOMS: In general, sore throat is the first symptom of cooling. The feelings that you experience are manifold, and can be:

Burning;

tickling;

Ache;

Irritation;

Feeling that there is a foreign body in the affected part;

Reddened tonsils;

Difficulty of swallowing;

Difficulty in speaking;

Lowering of voice;

Unpleasant breath;

Widespread malaise.

A few more rare symptoms are:

Growth of plaques;

Increasing body temperature;

Neck pain.

DIAGNOSIS: There is no need for medical intervention to diagnose a sore throat, just feel pain. Control is done to understand what caused it, what any underlying illness there is, and what to do to get it passed. Very often the doctor just needs to look at the throat if it has some abnormalities, or at best pick up a sample of saliva to be analyzed. Questions may also be posed to the patient who has no other symptoms or habits that may affect exposure to chemicals such as smoke, pollution, or too dry air.

THERAPY: Therapy depends on the cause. It can go from the use of a simple humidifier to the radiators if the sore throat is caused by dry air, resting in the heat, avoiding temperature fluctuations, if it is a simple cooling, to so-called "remedies of Grandmother ", that is:

Intake hot drinks based on chamomile, thyme, honey, sage and other healing herbs;

Rinse your mouth with gargle several times a day using a mouthwash or a solution of water and salt (one teaspoon of salt in a glass of water);

Eat pasty or liquid foods;

Make steam inhalations;

Not smoking;

Do not drink alcoholic beverages;

Do not exchange cutlery, napkins or towels with other people to avoid spreading the virus.

There are also sprays and candies, for sale in pharmacy and herbal medicine, which relieve the pain. However, antibiotics (in case of bacterial infection) or medications such as antiseptics and painkillers (based on ibuprofen or paracetamol) may be given to relieve pain, such as tablets to be sucked on by Lysopaine and Mebucaine, or to Gargarism of Hextril, Collublache. If it is other types of illness you can use other specific drugs, or surgery in the event of a tumor. Do not take any medicines without first consulting your doctor.

PROGNOSIS: If it is a slight form of sore throat, which does not affect other diseases, it can go within a few days, a maximum of one week. If it is a symptom of a more serious illness, recovery times are long depending on the condition.

Contact a doctor when;

The sore throat worsens and does not pass in a few days;

There is fever and tonsils appear red and bloated;

There is a skin rash on any part of the body or an enlarged lymph node is observed;

There is a thick nasal discharge or strong headache;

The sputum is yellowish-greenish or stained with blood;

A child has a sore throat so intense that he has great difficulty breathing or swallowing saliva.

PREVENTION: Some useful tips that can be followed at home are:

Drink a lot (not alcoholic);

Eating liquid food;

Suck candy for the throat;

Avoid foods that are too acidic or salty;

Making gargarism;

Protect yourself from cold with appropriate clothing, especially in the neck area;

Avoid striving for vocal cords;

Avoid contact with flames;

Avoid or quit smoking.

Sources: [en.heilkraeuter.net; www.creafarma.ch; www.saninforma.it; www.lasaluteinpillole.it]

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Headache, Sore throat and Upset stomach: Common

Ear ache, Headache and Sore throat: Common Related

Having toothache, ear pain, sinus, headache and sor

What are OTC medications for sore throat, headache
Toothache Causes, Symptoms, Treatment - Toothache

Toothaches: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention - Health

Stomach ache

Belly pain, or abdominal pain is the pain that feels everywhere between the chest and the groin. This is often referred to as the belly or stomach area. There are many abdominal organs, so pain can come from any of them, including:

Digestion organs (end of esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas);

The aorta (a large blood vessel that runs straight down in the belly);

The appendix (a right organ in the lower abdomen);

The kidneys (two organs located inside the deep abdominal cavity);

The spleen (an organ involved in the control of infections).

However, pain may begin somewhere else, such as the chest or the pelvic area. You may also have a generalized infection, such as flu or sore throat, that affects many parts of the body. The intensity of pain does not always reflect the severity of the condition. A severe abdominal pain may come from mild conditions such as gas or cramping for viral gastroenteritis. On the other hand, a relatively mild pain can present diseases such as colon cancer or a start of appendicitis.

CAUSES: Many different conditions can cause abdominal pain. In many cases you can simply wait and cure with home remedies by calling your doctor at a later time only if the symptoms persist. Causes can be:

Appendicitis;

Intestinal occlusion;

cholecystitis;

Chronic constipation;

Abdominal aortic aneurysm;

Diverticulitis;

Infection;

Excess gas;

Food allergy;

Food poisoning;

Gastroesophageal reflux;

Indigestion or burning of the stomach;

Hernia;

Infectious mononucleosis;

Intestinal chronic inflammatory disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis);

intussusception;

Irritable colon syndrome;

Kidney stones;

Lactose intolerance;

Pancreatitis;

Parasitic infections;

Vertebral fracture;

Ulcer;

Urinary tract infections;

Viral gastroenteritis.

When an organ fades (as in the appendix) there are abrupt abruptness or fluid leakage, which not only provokes angry pain but will lead to abdominal stiffness and probably fever. This occurs during peritonitis (infection and inflammation of the abdominal cavity lining).

In infants a prolonged and inexplicable cry may be caused by abdominal pains that may end with the expulsion of gas or stool. Colic is often worse in the evening. Swinging the baby can bring some relief. Abdominal pain that occurs during the menstrual cycle may be due to menstrual cramps or may indicate a problem in a reproductive organ. This includes certain conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, ovarian cancer, or pelvic inflammatory disease, usually sexually transmitted.

Abdominal pain can actually be caused by an organ in the chest, such as the lungs (eg, pneumonia) or the heart (such as a heart attack). Or, it can be from a live muscle. Colon cancer and other serious gastrointestinal tract can not cause pain. Other more unusual causes include an emotional disorder that is reflected in physical discomfort.

DIAGNOSIS: From the background and the physical examination, the doctor will try to determine the cause of the pain. Knowing the pain position and the symptoms will help diagnose. During physical examination, your doctor will try to locate the pain and see if it has spread to another area. He will check if there is an inflammation of the peritoneum, in which case there is a need for surgery. Your doctor may ask questions about pain, medication, and general health conditions. Diagnostic tests that can be performed include:

Matt clisma;

Magnetic resonance imaging;

Examination of blood, urine and feces;

Gastrointestinal endoscopy;

Belly ultrasound;

Belly Rays-X.

THERAPY: For mild pain:

Sip water or other fluids;

Avoid solid food for the first few hours. If there is vomiting, wait 6 hours. So, eat small amounts of light foods such as rice, apple juice or crackers;

If the pain is high in the abdomen and occurs after meals, antacids can provide relief, especially if you feel stomach burn or indigestion. Avoid citrus fruits, high fat, fried or fatty foods, tomato products, caffeine, alcohol, and carbonated drinks. You can also try with H2 blockers (Tagamet, Pepcid, or Zantac). If any of these medicines worsens the pain, call your doctor immediately;

Avoid aspirin, ibuprofen or other anti-inflammatory drugs, and narcotics, unless your doctor prescribes them. If you know that the pain is not related to the liver, you can try it with

acetaminophen (Tylenol).

And: You are not able to defecate, especially if you also have vomiting; You vomit blood or blood in your stools (or are dark brown or black tar); Pain goes through chest, neck or shoulder; A sudden and strong abdominal pain, pain causes nausea, the belly is rigid, hard and swollen, the discomfort lasts for a week or longer, swelling persists for more than 2 days, it has a burning sensation when urinating or Has frequent diarrhea; diarrhea lasts for more than 5 days, or a child has diarrhea for more than 2 days or vomiting for more than 12 hours; call immediately if a child is less than 3 months; fever exceeds 38 degrees Adults and 39 for children; Pain develops during pregnancy; It has a prolonged lack of appetite; There is an unexplainable weight loss. PREVENTION: To prevent many types of abdominal pain: Eat small frequent meals; Make sure that the meals are well balanced and high in fiber. Eat a lot of fruits and vegetables; Limit the foods that produce gas; Drink plenty of water every day; Do regular exercise. For Preventing Symptoms of Stomach Burns or Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Stop Smoking; Lose Weight If Needed; Finish eating at least 2 hours before going to bed; After eating, stand upright for at least 30 minutes; Raise your head when you are in bed. Facts: [American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Chronic Abdominal Pain. Pediatrics 2005; Ohge H. Levitt MD. Intestinal gas. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Sleisenger MH, eds. Sleisenger & Fordtran of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. 8a ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 2006; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; CM Townsend, RD Beauchamp, BM Evers, KL Mattox. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, 17th ed. St. Louis, MO: WB Saunders, 2004; Abdominal pain. In: Marx J. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 6a ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2006]

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Headache (Headache)

Headache is the pain or feeling of discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. Most people with headache feel better by simply making changes in lifestyle, learning ways to relax, and sometimes taking medication.

CAUSES: The most common are caused by the contraction of the muscles of the shoulders, neck, scalp, and jaw. These are referred to as headache by tension. They are often related to stress, depression or anxiety. Other causes are lack of sleep, meals, and the use of alcohol or drugs. It can be caused by chocolate, cheese, and monosodium glutamate (MSG). People who drink a lot of caffeine can usually have headaches when they do not get their usual daily dose.

Other common causes include:

Keep your head in a certain position for a long time, such as in front of a computer, microscope, etc .;

Too much physical stress;

Tighten or grind your teeth.

The tension headache tends to involve both sides of the head. It often starts from the back of the head and spreads forward. Pain can give you the feeling of being squeezed, as if you apply a narrow band around your head. Shoulders, neck or jaw may hurt. The pain is generally persistent, but it is difficult to get worse. Migraine occurs with other symptoms such as visual disorder or nausea. Pain can be described as pulsation, heaviness or pressure. Worse usually as you try to move. Other types of headaches are:

Bunch, strong headache that tends to occur several times a day for months and then go away suddenly and for a long time;

Venous headache, a pain in the front of the head and face due to inflammation in the air passage behind cheeks, nose and eyes. Pain tends to be worse when you bend forward and when you wake up in the morning.

Headaches may occur if you have colds, flu, fever, or premenstrual syndrome. If the headache occurs for the first time after 50 years, you may find it in a condition called temporal arteritis. The symptoms of this condition include visual disorder and chewing aggravated pain. There is a risk of becoming blind, so it must be taken care of by your doctor immediately.

Rare causes of headache include:

Brain aneurysm (a weakening of the wall of a blood vessel that can break and bleed the brain);

Brain tumor;

Stroke;

Brain Infection such as Meningitis or Encephalitis.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will investigate the patient's medical history and perform an examination of the head, eyes, ears, nose, throat, neck, and nervous system. Diagnosis is usually based on the history of the symptoms. A "headache diary" can be useful. The physician may ask questions about the location of pain, intensity and the various modes. Diagnostic tests that can be performed are as follows:

TAC;

Magnetic resonance at the head;

Radius X to the respiratory tract;

Biopsy in temporal artery;

Lumbar puncture.

If migraine is diagnosed, drugs containing Ergot may be prescribed. The temporal arteritis must be treated with steroids to help prevent blindness.

THERAPY: Keep a headache diary to help locate the source or limit its symptoms. It includes when a headache occurs, write down the date and time it started, including what you've eaten in the last 24 hours, how much time you slept the previous night, what you are doing and thinking Before the pain begins, any kind of stress, how much of a headache, and what has been done to relieve it. After that it can help change your environment and habits in order to avoid future headaches. A headache can be solved with rest with your eyes closed and your head rested. Relaxation techniques can help like a massage or heat applied to the back of the neck.

PHARMACY: You can try acetaminophen, aspirin or ibuprofen, not for children because of the risk of Reye's syndrome. The prescription drugs used for migraine include ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, caffeine ergotamine (Cafergot), isometheptene (Midrin), and triptans such as sumatriptan (Imitrex), rizatriptan (Maxalt), eletriptan (Relpax), almotriptan (Axert), zolmitriptan (Zomig). Sometimes medications to relieve nausea and vomiting are helpful for other symptoms of migraine.

Your doctor may prescribe medication to prevent headaches before the symptoms occur. Examples of these include:

Antidepressants such as nortriptyline (Pamelor), amitriptyline (Elavil), fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem), sertraline (Zoloft), or paroxetine (Paxil) for tension or migraine;

Beta-blockers, such as frequent propranolol (Inderal);

Verapamil for frequent attacks; Anti-epileptic drugs such as topiramate (Topamax). If you use pain medication for more than 2 days a week, your headache may be caused by misuse or improper use of the medication. All types of pain pills such as muscle relaxants, some decongestants, and caffeine can cause headaches. PRECAUTION: Contact your doctor or the 113 if: You suffer from the first life-threatening life that interferes with your daily activity; Head is suddenly and is explosive or violent; you could describe your headaches as "the worst ever had", even if you often suffer from it; headaches are associated with incomprehensible speech, obscene vision, or problems moving on Arms or legs, loss of balance, confusion or memory loss, is progressively worsening over 24 hours, accompanied by fever, twitch, nausea and vomiting, occurs after a cranial trauma, it is severely localized on An eye with redness of the same; You are over the age of 50 and you have headaches for the first time, especially with visual impairment and pain in chewing; Do not stop until it s I go to bed, it lasts more than a few days, It's worse in the morning, It changes in time in ways or intensity, It often has headaches and causes can not be understood.The following healthy habits can reduce stress and reduce The possibility of headaches: adequate sleep; to follow a healthy diet; regular exercise; stretching to the neck and upper body, especially if your work involves hours of fixed posture; learning a proper posture; quitting smoking; learning to Relax using meditation, deep breathing, yoga, or other techniques; wear correct eyeglasses if needed. Sources: [http://health.nytimes.com/health; Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Steiner TJ, Silberstein SD, Olesen J. Classification of primary headaches. Neurology. 10 August 2004; Silberstein SD, young WB. Headache and facial pain. In: Goetz, CG. Clinical Neurology textbook. 3ND ed. St Louis, MO: WB Saunders, 2007; Wilson JF. In the clinic. Migraine.

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Autoimmune disease

An autoimmune disease is a condition that occurs when the immune system attacks erroneously and destroys healthy body tissues. There are more than 80 different types of autoimmune diseases.

Causes: Normally, the white blood cell body immune system protects the body from harmful substances called antigens (bacteria, viruses, toxins, cancer cells, foreign blood or tissues from another person). The immune system produces antibodies that destroy these harmful substances.

But in patients with autoimmune disease, the immune system can not distinguish the difference between healthy body tissues and antigens. The result is an immune response that destroys normal body tissues. The answer is a hypersensitivity reaction similar to allergies, where the immune system reacts to a substance that it normally ignores. In allergies, the immune system reacts to an external substance that would normally be harmless. What makes the immune system not distinguish between healthy tissues and antigens is unknown. A theory argues that various microorganisms and drugs can cause some of these changes, particularly in people who are genetically prone to autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune disease can lead to:

Destruction of one or more types of body tissue;

Abnormal growth of an organ;

Variations of organ function.

An autoimmune disease may affect one or more types of organ or tissue. The organs and tissues commonly affected by autoimmune diseases include:

Red blood cells;

Blood vessels;

Connective fabrics;

Endocrine glands such as thyroid or pancreas;

Muscles;

Joints;

Skin.

A person may have more than one autoimmune disorder at the same time. Some examples are:

Hashimoto's thyroiditis;

Pernicious anemia;

Addison's disease;

Type I diabetes;

Rheumatoid arthritis;

Systemic lupus erythematosus;

Dermatomyositis;

Sjogren's syndrome;

Lupus erythematosus;

Multiple sclerosis;

Myasthenia;

Reactive arthritis;

Grave's Disease;

Celiac disease.

SYMPTOMS: The symptoms of an autoimmune disease vary greatly and depend on the specific illness. A group of unspecific symptoms often accompany autoimmune diseases, and may include: Vertigo;

Fatigue;

General moody;

Low fever.

DIAGNOSIS: The physician performs a physical examination. The particular symptoms are very different and depend on the specific illness. Tests that can be made to diagnose an autoimmune disease may include:

Erythrocyte velocity (VES);

C-Reactive Protein (CRP).

THERAPY: Treatment goals are to reduce the symptoms and control the autoimmune process, while maintaining the body's ability to fight the disease. Therapies are very different and depend on the specific illness and symptoms. Some patients may require supplements to replenish a hormone or vitamin whose body is deficient, such as thyroid supplements or insulin injections. If autoimmune disorder affects the blood, the person may need blood transfusions.

Measures to help the movement or other functions may be needed for autoimmune diseases affecting the bones, joints, or muscles. Medicines are often prescribed to control or reduce the immune system response. Such drugs may include corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclophosphamide and azathioprine.

PROGNOSIS: The result depends on the specific illness. Most are chronic, but many can be controlled with the treatment. Symptoms of autoimmune disorders can go and come suddenly, and also develop serious symptoms.

Possible complications depend on the specific illness. The side effects of drugs used to suppress the immune system can be serious.

PREVENTION: There is no known method of prevention for autoimmune diseases.

Source: [http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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Sleeping sickness

Sleep sickness is an infection caused by organisms carried by some flies that involves a swelling of the brain.

Causes: Sleep sickness is caused by two organisms, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosomoa brucei gambiense. The most serious form of the disease is caused by rhodesiense. Tse-tse flies carry the infection. When an infected fly bites, it causes pain and a red swelling. The infection spreads through the blood, causing episodes of fever, headache, sweating and swelling of the lymph nodes. When the infection spreads to the central nervous system, it causes typical symptoms of sleep disorder. When it reaches the brain, behavioral changes occur such as fear, mood swings, followed by headaches, fever and weakness. Heart inflammation (myocarditis) may also develop. Risk factors include living in parts of Africa where disease is widespread and bitten by tse-tse flies. The disease is extremely rare in the West, and it only happens to travelers who have visited or lived in those endemic areas.

SYMPTOMS: Infections lead to drowsiness during the day, but to night insomnia. Sleep becomes uncontrollable when the disease worsens, and eventually leads to coma. The general symptoms include:

Anxiety;

Drowsiness;

Temperature;

Headache;

Insomnia at night;

Mood changes;

Sweating;

Lymph nodes throughout the body;

Swelling, redness and pain in the nodules at the site of the bite;

Want uncontrollable to sleep.

DIAGNOSIS: Physical examination may show signs of meningoencephalitis (brain inflammation and its covering, meninges). The examinations to be carried out are as follows: Albumin levels;

Stroke of blood;

Cerebrospinal fluid test;

Complete CBM (CBM);

Globulin levels;

Lymph node aspiration.

Most antibody and antigen tests are not very useful because they can not distinguish between ongoing and previous infections. Specific levels of IgM (immunoglobulin M) in the cerebrospinal fluid may be useful.

THERAPY: The drugs used to cure this disorder are:

Eflornitine (only for gambience);

Melarsoprolo;

pentamidine;

Suramin (Antrypol).

PROGNOSIS: Without treatment, death may occur within 6 months due to heart failure or rhodesian infections. Gambience infection causes the classic "sleep disorder" to worsen more rapidly, often in a few weeks. Both diseases must be treated immediately. Possible complications are related to injuries due to falling asleep during driving or while doing other activities, and from progressive damage to the nervous system.

Contact a doctor if you have the symptoms of this disorder. It is important to start treatment as soon as possible.

PREVENTION: Pentamidine injections may prevent stenosis, but not rhodesia. Insect control measures can help prevent spread in high risk areas.

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Graves disease

Graves disease, or Graves' disease, is an autoimmune disease leading to the hyperactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).

Causes: The thyroid is an important organ of the endocrine system. It is located at the front of the neck, just below the larynx. This gland releases thyroid hormone (T4) and trijodiotironin (T3), which control the body's metabolism. Metabolic control is crucial to regulating mood, weight, and mental and physical energy levels.

If the body produces too much thyroid hormone, the condition is called hyperthyroidism. Graves's disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is caused by an abnormal immune response that causes excessive production of thyroid hormones. Disease is more common in women over the age of 20. However, the disorder can occur at any age and can also affect men.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Anxiety;

Breast enlargement in men;

Difficulty of concentration;

Double view;

Eyes that protrude (esoftalmo);

Irritation and tear of eyes;

Fatigue;

Frequent defecation;

Goiter;

Intolerance to heat;

Increased appetite;

Increased sweating;

Insomnia;

Menstrual irregularities in women;

Muscle Weakness;

Nervousness;

Rapid or irregular heart beat (palpitations or arrhythmia);

Restlessness and sleep disturbances;

Lack of breath under stress;

Tremor;

Weight loss (rare).

DIAGNOSIS: Physical examination shows an increase in heart rate. Neck examination can show that the thyroid gland is enlarged (goiter). Other tests are:

Blood tests to measure the levels of TSH, T3 and T4 free;

Taking radioactive iodine.

This illness may also affect the results of the following tests:

TAC or orbital ultrasound;

Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI);

Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO);

Anti-TSH receptor antibodies.

THERAPY: The purpose of the treatment is to control the hyperactivity of the thyroid gland. Beta-blockers such as propranolol are often used to treat the symptoms of tachycardia, sweating and anxiety until hyperthyroidism is under control. Hyperthyroidism is treated with one or more of the following:

Anti-thyroid drugs;

Radioactive iodine;

Surgery.

If you do radiation and surgery, you need to take thyroid hormones replacement for the rest of your life because these treatments destroy or remove the gland. Some of the eye problems associated with Graves's disease usually improve when hyperthyroidism is treated with drugs, radiation or surgery. Radioactive iodine can sometimes cause eye problems, which worsen in people who smoke even after hyperthyroidism is cured.

Sometimes prednisone (a steroid drug suppressing the immune system) is needed to reduce eye irritation and swelling. You may need to wrap your eyes at night to avoid dryness. Sunglasses and eye drops can reduce eye irritation. Rarely, surgery or radiotherapy (other than radioactive iodine) may be necessary to bring back normal eyes.

PROGNOSIS: Graves's disease often responds well to the treatment. However, thyroid surgery or radioactive iodine usually cause hypothyroidism. Without the right dose of hormone replacement therapy, hypothyroidism can lead to:

Depression;

Mental and physical illness;

Weight gain.

Anti-thyroid drugs may also have serious side effects. Possible complications may be:

Surgery complications such as hoarseness, nerve damage, low calcium levels, damage to the parathyroid glands or neck scars;

Eye problems (called esoftalmic or ophthalmopathy of Graves);

Heart complications such as rapid heart rate, congestive heart failure (especially in the elderly) or atrial fibrillation;

Thyroid Crisis (thyrotoxic storm), a severe worsening of the symptoms of thyroid gland hyperactivity;

Increased risk of osteoporosis if hyperthyroidism has been present for a long time;

Complications related to hormone replacement therapy if too little hormone is given, fatigue, weight gain, high cholesterol, depression, physical slowness and other symptoms of hypothyroidism; Or if too much hormone is given, the symptoms will come back.

Contact a doctor if you have symptoms of Graves's disease or if the symptoms get worse (or do not improve) with the treatment. Get ready for symptoms of hypothyroidism associated with:

Decreasing conscience;

Temperature;

Rapid and irregular heart beat.

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Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (lasting for a lifetime). Some parts of the digestive system swell and undergo deep, decubitus wounds called ulcers. The disease usually occurs in the last part of the small intestine and in the first part of the large intestine but can be developed in any part of the digestive system, from mouth to anus.

CAUSES: The main causes are still unknown. One of them may be an abnormal immune response to normal bacteria in the intestine. There is a probability that other types of bacteria and viruses can cause the disease. One of the hypotheses is that it is a hereditary illness. Data confirm that there are higher chances of contracting the disease if a close relative has been infected earlier. Smoking, infections, stress and hormonal changes are not among the causes, but can increase the risk of getting sick.

SYMPTOMS: The main symptoms of Crohn's disease are:

Pain in the belly;

Diarrhea (sometimes with blood). Some people may have diarrhea 10 to 20 times a day;

Inadvertent weight loss;

Ulcers at the mouth;

Intestinal Blocks;

Anal Losses;

Fistula in the organs.

You may only have mild symptoms that last for short or long periods of time, or may even have no symptoms. The symptoms are seldom severe.

DIAGNOSIS: The doctor begins with an anamnesis (questions about the patient's symptoms and medical history), then undergo physical examination. You do X-rays and lab tests to find out if you have Crohn's disease. These tests include:

X-ray to the small intestine or colon barium;

Colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy;

Biopsy of a tissue to exclude other diseases such as cancer;

Feces analysis.

THERAPY: Therapy depends on the type and severity of symptoms. The most common is the use of medicines. Mild symptoms of Crohn's disease can be treated with the use of medications to cure from diarrhea, which should be assigned directly by the physician to avoid unwanted effects. Other medications help control inflammation in the intestine and avoid the onset of other symptoms. These drugs in addition to healing the patient also help the damaged tissue to reform itself. In serious cases, endovine medicines are used, up to surgical intervention. Crohn's disease can often reappear after surgery. Alternative methods of non-scientific safety, but some that have been useful, are massages, supplements such as vitamins D and B12 and aromatic herbs such as aloe and ginseng. Also important is the support of family members, especially for a psychological factor.

PREVENTION: There are few caution to be taken to help the patient feel better:

Eliminate almost all sugars;

Exercise;

Eat healthy;

Not smoking.

Crohn's disease makes it very difficult for the body to absorb nutrients from food. A slow meal that focuses on a high-calorie, high protein content can help you get the nutrients you need. Even better if you have regular meals, plus two or three snacks a day.

Source: [http://www.webmd.com]

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myocarditis

La miocardite è l’infiammazione del muscolo cardiaco.

CAUSE: Si tratta di un raro disordine che di solito è causato da virus, batteri o infezioni fungine che raggiungono il cuore. Le infezioni virali possono essere:

Coxsackie;

Citomegalovirus;

Epatite C;

Herpes;

HIV;

Parvovirus.

Infezioni batteriche:

Clamidia;

Micoplasma;

Streptococco;

Treponema.

Infezioni fungine:

Aspergillus;

Candida;

Coccidioide;

Criptococco;

Istoplasma;

Schistosomiasi.

Quando si ha un’infezione, il sistema immunitario produce particolari cellule che rilasciano sostanze chimiche per la lotta contro la malattia. Se l’infezione colpisce il cuore, la lotta contro la malattia delle cellule finisce sin dentro l’organo. Tuttavia, le sostanze chimiche prodotte da una risposta immunitaria possono danneggiare il muscolo cardiaco. Di conseguenza, il cuore può diventare spesso, gonfio e debole. Questo porta a sintomi di insufficienza cardiaca. Altre cause di miocardite possono comprendere:

Reazioni allergiche ad alcuni farmaci o tossine (alcool, cocaina, alcuni farmaci chemioterapici, metalli pesanti e catecolamine);

Esposizione a determinate sostanze chimiche;

Alcune malattie che causano infiammazione in tutto il corpo (artrite reumatoide, sarcoidosi).

SINTOMI: Può anche non apparire alcun sintomo. In caso qualche sintomo appaia, esso potrà essere:

Anomalie cardiache;

Dolore toracico che può somigliare ad un attacco di cuore;

Affaticamento;

Febbre e altri segni di infezione tra cui mal di testa, dolori muscolari, mal di gola, diarrea, eruzioni cutanee;

Dolore o gonfiore alle articolazioni;

Gonfiore delle gambe;

Mancanza di respiro.

Altri sintomi che possono verificarsi con questa malattia possono essere:

Svenimento, spesso legato al ritmo cardiaco irregolare;

Bassa diuresi.

DIAGNOSI: Un esame fisico può rivelare i seguenti problemi:

Anomalie cardiache come mormorii o suoni anormali;

Fluidi nei polmoni;

Rapido battito cardiaco (tachicardia);

Gonfiore (edema) delle gambe.

I test utilizzati per la diagnosi di miocardite includono:

Esame del sangue per l’infezione;

Gli esami del sangue per la ricerca di anticorpi contro il cuore;

Raggi-X al petto;

Elettrocardiogramma;

Biopsia muscolare al cuore (endomiocardia);

Conta dei globuli rossi;

Ecografia del cuore (ecocardiogramma);

Conta dei globuli bianchi.

TERAPIA: Il trattamento è finalizzato alla causa del problema, e può comportare:

Antibiotici;

Farmaci anti-infiammatori per ridurre il gonfiore;

Diuretici per eliminare l’eccesso di acqua dal corpo;

Dieta a basso contenuto di sale;

Riduzione dell’attività.

Se il muscolo cardiaco è molto debole, il medico prescriverà i farmaci per trattare l’insufficienza cardiaca. Anomalie cardiache possono richiedere l’uso di altri farmaci, un pacemaker o un defibrillatore-cardiaco impiantabile. Se un coagulo di sangue si trova nel cuore, si potranno ricevere dei farmaci per fluidificare il sangue.

PROGNOSI: La guarigione dipende dalla causa del problema e dalla salute generale del paziente. Alcune persone possono guarire completamente, altri possono avere una permanente insufficienza cardiaca. Possibili complicazioni possono essere:

Cardiomiopatia;

Insufficienza cardiaca;

Pericardite.

Contattare un medico se si hanno i sintomi della miocardite, soprattutto dopo una recente infezione. Richiedere immediatamente assistenza medica se i sintomi sono gravi o sono aumentati il dolore toracico, la difficoltà di respirazione o il gonfiore.

PREVENZIONE: Curare tempestivamente le condizioni che causano la miocardite può ridurre il rischio.

Fonti: [Liu PP, Schultheiss HP. Miocardite. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP. Libby: Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8a ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier, 2007; http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease is an inherited disease where nerve cells in the brain are destroyed or degenerate.

CAUSE: American physician George Huntington described disease for the first time in 1872. Condition is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 4. The defect causes, in part of the DNA, called a repetitive trunucleotide sequence CAG, which is replicated many times More than normal. Normally, this section of DNA is repeated from 10 to 35 times. But in people with Huntington's disease, it repeats from 36 to 120 times. Since the gene is transmitted from one generation to the next, the number of repetitions tends to be increasing. The greater the number of repetitions, the greater the likelihood of developing symptoms. There are two forms of Huntington's disease. The most common is the onset of an adult, in which symptoms develop towards the middle of the 30's and 40's. Early onset is less common and begins during childhood or adolescence. Symptoms may resemble those of Parkinson's disease with rigidity, slow motion and tremor. If one of the parents has the disease, you have a 50% probability of passing the injected gene. If you do not receive the gene from your parents, it is not possible for you to inherit it.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Unusual and unusual movements such as moving the head to move your eyes, grimace, uncontrolled movements and lenses, unstable pace;

Behavioral changes;

Anti-social behaviors;

Hallucinations;

Irritability;

Restlessness;

Paranoia;

Psychosis;

Dementia that gets worse as a loss of memory or judgment;

Changes in speech mode;

Personality Changes;

Disorientation or confusion;

Anxiety, stress and tension;

Difficulty in swallowing;

Difficulty in speaking.

In Children:

Rigidity;

Slow motion;

Tremor.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will have to undergo physical examination. It can notice signs of dementia and abnormal movements and reflections. Gait is often claudicating and wide. The way of speaking can be hesitant or poor. A TC scan of the head may show brain tissue loss, particularly deep in the brain. Other evidence that may show signs of Huntington's disease include:

Magnetic resonance at the head;

PET scan (isotopes) of the brain.

DNA marker studies may be available to determine if you have the disease gene.

THERAPY: There is no cure for Huntington's disease, and there is no known way to stop it from getting worse. The purpose of the treatment is to slow down the course of the disease and help the person in the simplest functions. Medications vary according to the symptoms. Blocking dopamine can help reduce abnormal behavior of the movements. Drugs such as amantadine tetrabenazine are used to try to control extra movements. There have been some tests that suggest that coenzyme Q10 can also help slow down the course of the disease. Depression and suicide are common among people with this condition. It is important for all those who take care of a person with Huntington to monitor and treat the symptoms. There is a progressive need for assistance and control, even 24 hours if needed.

PROBLEMS: Huntington's Disease causes a progressive disability. People with this disease usually die within 15-20 years. The cause of death is often infection or suicide. It is important to realize that the disease affects everyone in a different way. The number of CAG repetitions can determine the severity of the symptoms. People with few repetitions may have mild abnormal movements later in life and slow progression of the disease, while those with many reps may be severely affected at a young age. Any complications are:

Loss of ability to take care of yourself;

Loss of ability to interact;

Injuries to oneself or to others;

Increased risk of infection;

Depression;

Death.

PREVENTION: Genetic counseling is recommended if there is a family history of Huntington's disease. Experts also recommend genetic counseling for couples with a family history of this disease that can be transmitted to their children.

Source: [http://health.nytimes.com/health/; www.wikipedia.org]

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of ageneral nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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Gallbladder calculations (gallbladder calculations)
Kidney stones
Renal pelvis cancer (ureter cancer)
Muscle cramps
Weakness
Delirium
Diabetes
Anal pain
Menstrual cramps
Knee pain
Pain in the testicles
Dysthymia
Pulmonary edema
Cerebral edema
Early ejaculation
Hepatic hemangioma
Encephalitis

Leukemia-Leucopenia-Lumbago (witch shot)

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Sat, 03 Jun 2017 14:16:00 +0000

Leukemia

Leukemia is the term used to describf the blood cells. There are two main types of leukemia, acute and chronic, depending on whether tha nuey develop rapidly or more slowly. It is one of the most common tumor forms among adults and the most common among children worldwide. Men are most affected by women in acute form, while chronic affects more or less the same way.

Causes: Leukemia affects white blood cells, which are part of the body's immune system. Depending on the type of white blood cells affected, acute leukemia is called lymphoblastic (ALL) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chronic leukemia is called chronic lymphocytic (LLC) or chronic myeloid (LMC). In acute leukemia, immature white blood cells accumulate in the body and can disrupt the function of many tissues and organs. In chronic cells, cells are abnormal and do not work as they should. The risk of developing acute leukemia has increased in the following cases:

Radiation exposure;

Smoking exposure;

Previous treatment against cancer;

Blood disorders affecting the bone marrow;

Exposure to chemicals (such as benzene):

Aging;

Previous family cases.

SYMPTOMS: Often there are no symptoms and when symptoms begin to appear, they may be vague and not specific, similar to influenza. The most common symptoms include:

Generalized weakness and fatigue;

Anemia;

Frequent infections and fever;

Weight loss;

Excessive bruising or bleeding;

Pain in the bones and joints;

breathlessness;

Swelling of the lymph glands, liver and / or spleen;

Abdominal pain.

THERAPY: Not all diagnoses of leukemia will require treatment immediately, and some patients do not require any treatment. However, for those who undertake them early, therapies are more effective. Acute leukemia therapy may include chemotherapy, steroids, radiotherapy, intensive treatments (including bone marrow or stem cell systems), and growth factors (substances that stimulate the bone marrow to build cells in the bloodstream). For chronic leukemia, instead of the aforementioned therapies, the biological one such as interferon alfa can also be taken. The most commonly used drug in leukemic therapy is methotrexate, and the antibiotic Adriamycin.

PROGNOSIS: The prognosis varies each time depending on the severity of the condition and the leukemia form involved. It is a disease that, when treated late or badly, and without a bone marrow transplant, the long lead to death, but with modern therapy techniques you can hope to live for at least 5 years.

Sources: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/; www.wikipedia.org]

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Hair Capsule Leukemia

The scalp cells leukemia is a rare blood cancer. It affects cells B, a type of white blood cells (lymphocytes).

CAUSES: Capsule-derived leukemia is a rare disease caused by the abnormal growth of B cells. Cells may look "hairy" under the microscope because they have filamentous projections on their surface. The condition can lead to a low number of normal blood cells.

The cause of this disease is unknown. It affects men more often than women. The average age of onset is 55 years.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Ease of bruising or bleeding;

Excessive sweating (especially at night);

Fatigue;

Feeling full after having eaten only a small amount of food;

Recurrent infections and fevers;

Swelling of the lymph glands;

Weakness;

Weight loss.

DIAGNOSIS: During a physical examination, your doctor may be able to feel a swelling in the spleen or liver. An abdominal CT scan can be done to confirm this swelling. A complete hemocromocytometer examination shows low levels of white and red blood cells and platelets. Blood tests and bone marrow biopsy are able to detect hair cells. Flow cytometry, or a test called TRAP, can confirm the diagnosis of cancer.

THERAPY: Treatment may not be necessary in the early stages of this disease. Some patients may need an occasional blood transfusion. If treatment is necessary because of very low blood count, a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs can be used. A drug called interferon is very much used. In most cases, chemotherapy can alleviate the symptoms of the disease for many years. When the signs and symptoms disappear, it is about remission. Interferon can relieve the symptoms, but is unlikely to lead to remission.

Spleen removal can improve blood count, but it is unlikely that it will cure the disease. Antibiotics can be used to treat infections. People with low blood count will receive growth factors and possibly transfusions.

PROGNOSIS: Recent chemotherapy treatments have greatly improved the survival of patients suffering from hairy leukemia. Most patients with haemorrhagic leukemia may expect to live 10 years or longer with the disease. Possible complications related to blood problems can be infections, fatigue, and excessive bleeding.

Contact a doctor if you bleed significantly, or if there are signs of infection such as persistent fever, cough or general illness.

PREVENTION: There is no known way to prevent this disease.

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Leucopenia

There is talk of leucopenia when there is a decreased concentration of white blood cells in the blood (less than 4000 / m). It may be accompanied by other more severe conditions such as monocytopenia and lymphocytopenia.

Causes: The following medical conditions are some of the possible causes of leukopenia. It is likely that there are other possible causes, but these are the most common:

Leukemia;

Aplastic anemia;

Drugs (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Adriamycin PFS, Adriamycin RDF, Doxil, Rubex, Carmustine and Cimetidine Interaction, Cyclophosphamide and Allopurinol interaction, Fluorouracil and Cimetidine interaction, Fluorouracil and Metronidazole interaction, Methotrexate and Aspirin interactions);

Chemotherapy;

Vitamin deficiency;

Nutritional deficiency;

Infections;

Autoimmune diseases;

Idiopathic disease;

Bone marrow dysfunction;

Radiotherapy;

Hepatic disease;

Spleen disease.

SYMPTOMS: The symptoms you may experience concern issues such as:

Liver pain;

Liver swelling;

Swelling in the spleen;

Thrombocytopenia;

Difficulty of digestion;

Headache;

Temperature;

Anemia;

Respiratory symptoms;

Skin problems;

Muscular Symptoms;

Difficulty in blood clotting.

DIAGNOSIS: The physician must identify the triggering cause of leukopenia, as this isolated condition hardly creates problems and is very rare. Particular attention must be paid to the first pathways of infection, therefore a respiratory tract, the food tract, lungs, peritoneum, nails, and blood test. In the case of diarrhea, it is also good to perform stool control. It is also possible to perform a radiograph of facial sinuses, bone biopsy and aspirated bone marrow.

THERAPY: Cancer patients need cytotoxic chemotherapy. Depending on the type of cancer, the chemotherapy regime is used. Some of these medicines can be used:

Neupogen, a stimulant for granulocyte colonies;

Leukines, a stimulant for granulocyte-macrophage colonies.

Growth Colony stimulants can accelerate regeneration of blood cells following chemotherapy. The patient can self-administer melatonin, succinate tocopherol, and many other nutrients that have been shown to protect the immune function and improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy.

Physicians usually prescribe steroids or vitamins to stimulate the bone marrow that produce more neutrophils. In more extreme cases, the patient will be prescribed a cocktail of medications suited to the situation. Please consult your doctor before purchasing drugs for this purpose.

PROGNOSIS: Healing depends on the underlying cause. In many cases, like those of tumors, they may become chronic.

Sources: [www.wrongdiagnosis.com; library.thinkquest.org; www.lef.org; www.msd-italia.it]

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Lichen Planus

The lichen planus is a disease where there is itching, swelling and flushing on the skin or mouth.

Causes: The exact cause of the lichen planus is unknown. However, it is probably related to an allergic or immune reaction.

The risks include:

Exposure to drugs, dyes and other chemicals (including gold, antibiotics, arsenic, iodine, chloroquine, quinacrine, quinide, phenothiazines and diuretics);

Diseases such as hepatitis C.

The lichen planus typically affects middle-aged adults. It is less common in children.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Mild and painful mouth injuries (mild cases can not cause any discomfort), which lie on the sides of the tongue or inside the cheek, sometimes on the gums, which appear as a scarcely defined area of white-blue dots;

Injury that gradually increases the size of the affected area;

Injury or occasionally painful ulcers;

Skin lesions that are usually found on the internal pulse, legs, bust or genitals, with symmetrical flakes, single lesions or lesions, often in sites with skin trauma, or papules of 2-4 cm in size, grouped with The lesions;

Separate lesions with sharp edges or blankets with white streaks or scratches called Wickham streaks, glossy or squamous, red-purple (leather) or gray-white (mouth) dark color,

With the possibility of developing blisters or ulcers;

Dry mouth;

Hair loss;

Metal flavor in the mouth.

Nail abnormalities.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor may make a diagnosis based on the appearance of skin lesions or mouth. A lesion biopsy can confirm the diagnosis. Blood tests can be done to exclude hepatitis.

THERAPY: The purpose of the treatment is to reduce the symptoms and accelerate the healing of skin lesions. If the symptoms are mild, you may not need treatment. Treatments may include:

Antihistamines;

Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine (in severe cases);

Lidocaine to wash your mouth to temporarily numb the area and allow it to eat (for mouth injuries);

Topical corticosteroids (such as clobetasol) or oral corticosteroids (eg prednisone), to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response. Corticosteroids can be injected directly into a lesion;

Topical cream of retinoic acid (a form of vitamin A) and ointments or creams to reduce itching and inflammation and help healing;

Medications to protect the skin from scratches;

Ultraviolet light therapy may be useful in some cases.

PROBLEMS: The lichen planus is not generally harmful and can improve with the treatment. However it can last for weeks or months, and can go and go for years. It usually goes within 18 months. A possible complication may be the evolution of the lesion in oral cancer.

Contact a doctor if:

The symptoms continue;

Skin or mouth injuries change appearance;

Condition persists or worsens, even with treatment;

The dentist recommends adjusting medication or treatment that triggers the disease.

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Lichen simplex chronic

The chronic simplex lichen is a skin disorder that leads to chronic itching and scratches.

Causes: This disorder can occur with:

Eczema (atopic dermatitis);

Psoriasis;

Nervousness, anxiety, depression and other psychological disorders.

It is common in children who chronically suffer from insect bites. It can also be common in children with mental retardation who have chronic repetitive movements.

SYMPTOMS: This skin disorder leads to a scratch-itching cycle:

You can start with something that rubs, irritates or scratches your skin, like clothing;

This causes the person to rub or scratch the affected area. The constant movement scratches the skin;

Thick skin thickens, causing more scratches, which in turn cause greater thickening;

Skin can become brown and brown in the affected area.

Symptoms include:

Itching of chronic or intense skin, which increases with nervous tension and stress;

Skin lesions commonly found on the ankle, wrist, neck, straight / anal area, forearms, thighs, leg, knee back, inner elbow;

Distinctive lesions that become crippled;

Reddened or dark (hyperpigmented) skin;

Scratch marks;

Flakes.

DIAGNOSIS: Diagnosis is mainly based on the appearance of the skin and a history of chronic itching and scratching. A skin lesion biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis. TERAPIA: The primary treatment is to stop scratching the skin. This may include consulting to become aware of the importance of not scratching, managing stress, or modifying behavior. Itching and inflammation can be treated with a steroid lotion or cream applied to the affected area of the skin. Ointments, such as those containing salicylic acid, can be used on thickened lesions. Soaps or lotions containing coal tar can be recommended.

Medications that cover and protect the area can be used with or without creams. They are left in place for a week or more. Antihistamines, sedatives or tranquilizers may be needed to reduce itching and stress. Steroids can be injected directly into the lesions to reduce itching and inflammation. Patients who have an emotional component that causes chronic lichen simplex may need antidepressants and tranquillizers.

PROGNOSIS: You can control the chronic lichen simplex, reducing stress and scratches. The condition can return or change sites. Possible complications may be:

Bacterial skin infection;

Permanent changes in skin color;

Permanent Cutting Machine.

Contact a physician if symptoms get worse or develop new, especially signs of skin infection such as pain, reddening or drainage from the lesion, or fever

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Venous Linfogranulomas

Venereal Linfogranuloma is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection.

Causes: Venereal linfogranuloma (LGV) is caused by three different types of Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria. The bacteria spread through sexual contact. However, this infection is caused by a bacterium other than that causing chlamydia. There are a few thousands of LGV cases every year in Western countries and are more common in men than women. The main risk factor is having more than one sexual partner.

SYMPTOMS: LGV symptoms may start from a few days to a month after coming into contact with the bacteria. Symptoms include:

Small painless ulcer on male genitals or female genital tract;

Swelling and reddening of the skin in the inguinal area;

Swollen lymph nodes on one or both sides, but can also affect lymph nodes around the rectum in those who have anal sex;

Lymph node drainage in the groin;

Blood or pus from the rectum (blood in the stools);

Painful bowel movements.

Infection can cause diarrhea and lower abdominal pain. Women can develop fists near the vagina and the rectum.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will perform a physical examination and ask questions about the medical history of the patient. It is important to tell your doctor if you have had any sexual contact with someone who has had Venereal Linfogranuloma. A physical examination may include:

Ulceration on the genital area;

Abnormalities in the rectal area;

Swollen lymph nodes in the groin (inguinal lymphadenopathy);

Lymph node drainage in the groin.

Tests may include:

Lymph node biopsy;

Blood testing to look for bacteria that cause the disease;

Laboratory test to detect chlamydia.

THERAPY: This condition can be cured with antibiotics. Commonly prescribed for LGV treatment include tetracycline, doxycycline and erythromycin.

PROGNOSIS: With treatment, the healing prospects are good. Possible complications may be:

Abnormal connection between the tissues between the rectum and the vagina;

Brain inflammation (very rare);

In the long term, inflammation and swelling of the genitals;

Cutters and rectum reduction.

Contact a doctor if you have been in contact with someone who may be suffering from a sexually transmitted disease.

PREVENTION: Abstinence from sexual activity is the only absolute way to avoid a sexually transmitted disease. Safe sex can reduce the risk. The correct use of condoms significantly reduces the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease.

Sources: [Stamm WE, Jones RB, Batteiger BE. Trachomatis chlamydia (trachoma, perinatal infections, lymphogranuloma venereum, and other genital infections). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005; Eckert LO, Lentz GM. Infections of the lower genital tract: vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, toxic shock syndrome, HIV infections. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, eds. Global gynecology. 5a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2007; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Illnesses characterized by genital ulcers. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2006.

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Brain Lymphoma

Brain lymphoma, or primary lymphoma of the brain, is the cancer of the lymphatic cells that begins in the brain.

Causes: The cause of the primary brain lymphoma is unknown. It is most common in the ages of 45 and 70. Patients with a weakened immune system are at greater risk for cerebral lymphoma. The most common causes of a weakening of the immune system are HIV and organ transplants (particularly heart transplants). Lymphoma is also linked to the Epstein-Barr virus, the one that causes the mononucleosis. The incidence of lymphoma in the brain is increasing, but it is still relatively rare.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Changes in speech;

View changes;

Confusion;

Temperature;

Hallucinations;

Headache;

Hot noodles, cold sores;

Personality Changes;

Epilepsy;

Weakness in the hands;

Weight loss.

DIAGNOSIS: The following tests can be performed to diagnose a primary brain lymphoma:

Biopsy of the brain;

Cell count;

Total protein;

Computed Tomography or Magnetic Resonance of the Head.

THERAPY: The condition is usually cured with corticosteroids. However, chemotherapy can increase the survival of 3-4 years, or more. Chemotherapy is usually given with high doses of methotrexate administered intravenously or with lumbar puncture.

Treatment of patients with weakened immune system is unsuccessful, but it improves the symptoms. Radiotherapy was the primary treatment for the primary lymphoma of the brain. It is usually reserved for patients who do not respond to chemotherapy. Treatment with multiple therapies is common.

PROGNOSIS: The survival of untreated lymphomas is less than 2 months. If treated with chemotherapy, patients often survive 3-4 years or more. About 40% of patients are alive after 5 years. In general, older patients have a worse healing perspective than younger patients.

Possible complications include:

Side effects of chemotherapy, such as low blood count;

Side effects of radiation, such as confusion, headache, nervous system problems and tissue death;

Return of lymphoma.

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Hodgkin's lymphoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma is a malignant tumor (or cancer), lymphatic tissue found in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bones and testes.

Causes: The first sign of this cancer is often a lymph node swelling that appears without a precise cause. The disease may spread to the lymph nodes and then spread to the lungs, liver or bone marrow. The cause is unknown. It is a common disease among people between the ages of 15 and 35 and between the ages of 50 and 70.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Fatigue;

Fever and chills;

Generalized pruritus;

Loss of appetite;

Night sweats;

Painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin (swelling of the glands);

Weight loss;

Hippocamistry in the toes;

Excessive sweating;

Pain at the side;

Hair loss;

Neck pain;

Blushy skin or hot flashes;

Splenomegaly.

DIAGNOSIS: Disease can be diagnosed after:

A lymph node biopsy;

A bone marrow biopsy;

A suspicious tissue biopsy;

Identification of Reed-Sternberg (Hodgkin) cells;

Physical examination;

X-ray of the chest, abdomen and pelvic area;

Chemical test of blood;

PET Scan;

In some cases, abdominal surgery is needed to remove a piece of liver and remove the spleen.

However, if other tests are sufficient to detect the spread of Hodgkin, surgical intervention becomes useless. This disease may alter the results of the following tests:

Lymphocyte Count;

Take-offs for small intestine biopsy;

Schirmer test;

Peritoneal liquid analysis;

Mediastinoscopy with biopsy;

Ferritin;

Pleural fluid examination;

cryoglobulin;

Bone marrow aspiration;

ACE levels.

Therapy: Therapy depends mainly on the following variables:

The type of Hodgkin (most people have the classic type, without complications);

The stage where the disease is discovered;

If the tumor is more than 10 cm wide;

The age of the patient;

Other factors such as weight loss, night sweats and fever.

It is necessary to evaluate the identification of the phases in which the lymphoma is present to determine the therapy plan. These phases may be Phase I, indicating only one region involved in the lymph node (for example, the neck);

Phase II indicates the involvement of 2 lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm (for example, both sides of the neck);

Phase III indicates the involvement of lymph nodes on both sides of the body (for example, armpits and groin);

Phase IV involves the spread of cancer outside the lymph nodes (eg, bone marrow, lung or liver).

The treatment varies with the stage of the disease. Phases I and II (limited illness) can be treated with localized radiation therapy, with chemotherapy or with a combination of both. Phases III and IV (extensive or widespread disease) are treated with chemotherapy alone or with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The best treatment for the individual patient depends on many factors, and should be discussed in detail with a doctor who has experience in treating this disease. Chemotherapy can cause less red blood cell production, which can lead to increased risk of bleeding, infections, and anemia. The infection should be taken seriously in the treatment of cancer, so contact your doctor immediately if fever or other signs of infection develop. Plan your daily activity with substantial rest periods to help prevent fatigue. Disease stress can often be alleviated by getting in touch with a support group of people sharing experiences and problems.

PROGNOSIS: With proper treatment, more than 80% of people with Phase I or II of Hodgkin survive for at least 10 years. With widespread disease, treatment is more intense and the survival rate of up to 5 years is about 60%. Possible complications are:

Other tumors;

Pulmonary problems;

Hepatic insufficiency;

Negative effects of radiation and chemotherapy;

Inability to have children (sterility).

Sources: [H Eghbali, Meerwaldt JH, et al. Chemotherapy more involved in the early radiation of Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. November 8, 2007; Juweid ME, Stroobants S, Hoekstra OS, et al. Use of Positron Emission Tomography to Evaluate Lymphoma Response: Consent of Imaging Subcommittee of International Project Harmonization in Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. February 10, 2007; 25 (5): 571-8. Epub 22 January 2007; National Cancer Institute. Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ). 2008; http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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Lumbago (witch shot)

The backbone, or stroke of the witch, is the term used to describe the general lumbar pain (lower back area). The exact cause of back pain is often unknown. Pain may occur suddenly after lifting heavy shoots, or gradually, through excessive use of the back as repetitive movements, or even for no apparent reason.

Causes: Back pain can be caused by factors that vary considerably, depending on how pain begins. Sudden onset (witch stroke):

Hernia of the lumbar disc;

Muscle tensions;

Articolar pains;

Osteoporosis;

Spondylolysis.

Gradual debut:

Postural problems such as lordosis and scoliosis;

Ankylosing spondylitis;

Pain in the sacral-iliac joints;

Myofascial pain in the buttocks or the paravertebral muscles;

General weakness in the back and muscles;

Muscular imbalances;

Spinal canal stenosis;

Driving or incorrect work posture.

SYMPTOMS: Low back pain that does not radiate to the legs (otherwise it may be sciatica or piriforme syndrome) is the typical symptom of low back pain. Pain may be constant and very strong (often associated with muscle spasms), or may be more sharp on certain movements or positions (this indicates a more severe lesion of a specific structure). Stiffness in the back is especially present in the morning.

DIAGNOSIS: The doctor, in most cases, diagnoses the disease by evaluating the symptoms. A chiropractor can better evaluate the condition with more in-depth physical examinations such as orthopedic and muscular tests. Rare X-rays or blood tests can be performed to exclude more serious causes.

THERAPY: Rest (in bed if it is really serious) is fundamental. The supine position is often the most comfortable (even with knees bent upwards). In cases of gradual onset, applying hot wraps such as a hot bath or a hot water bag can help. In cases of sudden onset of tissue damage, cold therapy may be better for the first 2-3 days.

Consult a specialist or your physician for a thorough diagnosis of the problem. After you determine the cause, you can advise on physical exercises and correct posture. Other rehabilitation methods can be:

Ultrasound or interfering treatment;

Massage;

Complete rehabilitation with reinforcement program;

Prescription of anti-inflammatory, painkillers or muscle relaxants;

Apply traction or joint manipulation techniques.

PROGNOSIS: The more the person stays active and the more likely they are better. The condition can often come back. If this happens, you should consider a complete rehabilitation and a re-education program for your back muscles.

[Sources: sportsinjuryclinic; netdoctor]

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noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Fri, 02 Jun 2017 15:52:00 +0000

Stroke

art of the brain. It is also called cerebral infarction. There are several types:

Arterial malformation;

Ictus haemorrhagic
A stroke is a break in blood supply to any pcked;

Secondary carotid dissection Ictus;

Secondary carotid stenosis secondary;

Secondary Ictus for cocaine consumption;

Secondary Ictus for foot-and-mouth disease (fibromuscular dysplasia);

Secondary syphilis Ictus.

Causes: A stroke may occur when the following conditions are met:

A blood vessel that provides blood to the brain is blo
by a blood clot (ischemic stroke);

A blood vessel breaks down, causing blood loss in the brain (hemorrhagic infarction);

If blood flow is interrupted for more than a few seconds, the brain may not get blood and oxygen. The brain cells can thus die, causing permanent damage.

Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke. Usually this kind of stroke results from the artery's tightening, a condition called atherosclerosis. Fat, cholesterol and other substances accumulated on the wall of the arteries, form a sticky substance called plaque. Over time, plaque builds up. This makes it difficult to have adequate blood flow, and can lead to blood clotting. There are two types of clots: what happens in the brain (cerebral thrombus) and what happens elsewhere but moves through the blood and ends up in the brain (cerebral embolism). Other causes of ischemic stroke are:

Anomalous cardiac valve;

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and chambers of cardiac valves (endocarditis);

Mechanical cardiac valve.

A clot can be formed on a heart valve, break it and travel to the brain. For this reason, people with mechanical or abnormal heart valves often need to take blood thinners.

Hemorrhagic stroke may occur when small blood vessels in the brain become weak and burst. Some people have defects in the blood vessels that make this more likely. The blood flow that occurs after the breakdown of blood vessels damages the brain cells. The following conditions may increase the risk of stroke:

Diabetes;

Stroke family cases;

heart disease;

High cholesterol;

Age.

Some blood clotting medications or contraceptive pills make stroke more likely, especially among women who smoke and who are over the age of 35. Men have more infarction than women, but women have a risk of stroke during pregnancy and in the week immediately after pregnancy. The risk of bleeding in the brain is increased by:

Use of alcohol;

Hemorrhagic disorders;

Cocaine consumption;

Head trauma.

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of stroke depend on which part of the brain is damaged. In some cases, a person may also not be aware of having had a stroke. Symptoms usually develop suddenly and without notice. They may be episodic or may slowly deteriorate over time. They may be:

Change of vigilance (or consciousness like coma, lethargy and drowsiness);

Difficulty in speaking or understanding others;

Difficulty swallowing;

Difficulty in writing or reading;

Headache (worsened when it is upright, just awake, if you change position, curve, or if you cough);

Loss of coordination;

Loss of balance;

Changes in movements, usually on one side of the body;

Difficulty in movement in any part of the body;

Loss of motor skills;

Nausea or vomiting;

Weight loss;

Changes in sensations, usually on one side of the body;

Decreasing feelings;

Numbness or tingling;

Confusion;

Weakness in any part of the body;

Changes in view;

Decreasing view;

Loss of all or part of sight.

DIAGNOSIS: Symptoms are important when it comes to diagnosing a stroke. They can be serious at first, or they can get worse slowly or occur episodically. A neurological examination may suggest an increase in intracranial pressure or decreased brain function. Specific symptoms can help to understand the part of the brain involved. An examination of the eyes may have an optic nerve swelling in the brain, or there may be changes in eye movement. Abnormal reflexes may be present. The doctor may hear abnormal noise, called "bruit", when using a stethoscope to listen to the carotid arteries in the neck. Tests can help your doctor determine the type, position, and cause of stroke and exclude other pathologies that may be responsible for the symptoms. Tests may include:

Angiogram of the head to see which of the blood vessels is blocked or bleed and help the doctor decide if the artery can be reopened using a thin tube;

Exam

Blood-coagulation test; electrocardiogram to diagnose underlying heart disorders; ecocardiogram; duplex carotid (ultrasound type); computerized tomography or magnetic head resonance imaging or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or TC angiography ; Heart monitoring to determine if there is an irregular heartbeat. TERAPIA: A stroke is a medical emergency. Immediate treatment can save lives and reduce disability. It is important to bring the person to the emergency room immediately to determine if the stroke is due to bleeding or a blood clot. Therapy can be initiated appropriately within 3 hours of stroke. Treatment depends on severity and cause. A hospital admission is required for most cases. Thrombolytic drugs such as tPA can be assigned if the attack is caused by a blood clot. Helps restore the flow of blood to the damaged area. People who receive thrombolytics are less likely to have long-term problems. However, not everyone can receive this type of medicine. The most important rule is that the person to be examined is treated by a stroke specialist within 3 hours after the symptoms begin. If the cause is a haemorrhage, thrombolytics can worsen the damage. In other circumstances, diluents such as heparin and Coumadin are used to treat attacks due to blood clots. Aspirin can also be used. Other medications may be needed to control other symptoms, including high blood pressure. Analgesics can be given to control a strong headache. Nutrients and fluids may be needed, especially if the person has difficulty swallowing. These can be administered intravenously or with a supply tube in the stomach. The difficulty of swallowing can be temporary or permanent. For hemorrhagic cases, surgery is often needed to eliminate blood from the brain and repair damaged blood vessels. The goal of long-term treatment is to help the patient recover as many functions as possible and prevent future stroke. The recovery time and the need for long-term therapy is different from person to person. Depending on the symptoms, rehabilitation may include: Occupational Therapy; Physical Therapy; Logotherapy. Therapies such as repositioning and range of exercise exercises can help prevent stinging complications, such as bed infection and bedsores. Those who had a stroke should try to stay physically active. Alternative forms of communication such as verbal images and other techniques may be necessary in some cases. Those taking care of the sick may need to show pictures to the person, repeatedly demonstrate how to perform different tasks, or use other communication strategies, depending on the type and range of language problems. Family counseling can help address the changes needed for home care. PROGNOSIS: The prospects of healing depend on the type of stroke and the speed of hospitalization. Recovery can take place completely, or there may be some permanent loss of function. Possible complications may be: Aspiration of a food in the airways; Decreased life; Difficulty in communication; Continuous loss of brain function; Permanent loss of circulation or sensation in one or more parts of the body; Problems due to loss of mobility, including Contraction and contraction wounds, fractures, malnutrition, muscle spasticity, reduced capacity, reduced social interactions, undesirable side effects of drugs. PREVENTION: To help prevent a stroke: Avoid fatty foods. Do not drink more than 1 or 2 alcoholic drinks a day; Exercise regularly: 30 minutes a day if you are not overweight, 60 to 90 minutes a day if you are overweight; Keep your blood pressure under control once or twice a year, especially if there are family cases of hypertension; Check cholesterol; Stop smoking. Aspirin therapy (81mg per day or 100mg on alternate days) is recommended For the prevention of stroke in women under the age of 65 until the benefits outweigh the risks. It should be considered for women over the age of 65 only if the blood pressure is controlled and the benefit is higher than the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and cerebral hemorrhage. Your doctor may also recommend blood aspiration therapy or another diluent if you have had transient ischemia or stroke in the past or if you are currently experiencing: Congestive heart failure, heart beat
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Ictus haemorrhagic

Hemorrhagic stroke involves bleeding inside the brain, which damages tissues close to the brain.

Causes: Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel bursts inside the brain. The brain is very sensitive to bleeding and the damage can occur very quickly. Bleeding irritates the brain tissue, causing swelling and accumulation in a mass called hematoma. Hemorrhage also increases the pressure on the brain and presses against the skull.

Siamese twins are separated and meet for the first time!

Hemorrhagic stroke is grouped according to the position of the blood vessel:

Intracerebral haemorrhage: bleeding in the brain;

Subarachnoid haemorrhage: Bleeding in the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain.

Hemorrhagic stroke is most often caused by high pressure, which presses against the walls of the arteries until they break. Other causes of haemorrhagic stroke are:

Aneurysms that create a weak spot in an arterial wall that can explode;

Abnormal connections between arteries and veins, such as arteriovenous malformation;

Cancer, especially that spread to the brain by distant organs such as the breast and thyroid;

Brain amyloid angiopathy, an accumulation of amyloid protein inside the walls of the arteries in the brain, making it more likely to bleed;

Conditions or medications (such as aspirin or warfarin);

Drugs like cocaine.

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms vary depending on the position of hemorrhage and the amount of stroke affected. Symptoms usually develop suddenly, without notice, and often during the activity. They can go and come (episodes) or slowly worsen over time. Symptoms may include:

Change of attention (apathy, coma, lethargy, drowsiness, stunning, unconsciousness);

Difficulty talking or understanding others;

Difficulty of swallowing;

Difficulty in writing or reading;

Headaches that occur when you are lying or awakening and worsen when you change position or when you bend, or in case of cough;

Loss of coordination;

Loss of balance;

Changes in movement, usually on one side of the body;

Difficulty moving any part of the body;

Nausea or vomiting;

Epilepsy;

Changes in sensitivity, usually on one side of the body;

Numbness or tingling;

Weakness of any part of the body;

Changes in vision as full vision loss or loss.

DIAGNOSIS: A neurological examination is almost always abnormal. The patient may seem sleepy and confused. An eye ophthalmic examination may show abnormal eye movements and changes in the back of the eye. The patient may have abnormal reflexes. However, these results do not necessarily mean that a person is having cerebral hemorrhage and may be caused by another medical condition.

A brain TAC is the most important test to confirm a cerebral hemorrhage. It should be done without delay. A brain magnetic resonance imaging can be made later to better understand what caused the bleeding. Conventional angiography can be done in some cases to identify aneurysms or arteriovenous malformation, though TC and RM are most often used. Other tests may include:

Complete hemocromocytometric examination;

Blood clotting studies (prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT));

Examination of cerebrospinal fluid.

THERAPY: Hemorrhagic stroke requires medical intervention. It can be dangerous for life. The objectives of the treatment are:

Save the life of the person;

Improvement of symptoms;

Repair of the cause of bleeding;

Prevent complications;

Rehabilitation therapy as soon as possible.

The patient is transported to the hospital's intensive care unit where respiration, state of consciousness, saliva or other secretions will be controlled. A breathing tube may need to treat or prevent some problems. Then we will provide:

Check your blood pressure;

Provide drugs for controlling swelling;

Provide drugs for headache relief;

Give anti-epileptic drugs.

The patient will need to rest in bed and avoid activities that can increase the pressure in the head such as:

Bending;

distension;

Sudden change of position;

Effort during defecation.

Nutrients and fluids may be needed, especially if the person has difficulty swallowing. These can be administered endovine, or with a sting into the stomach. Swallowing difficulties can be temporary or permanent.

Sometimes, surgery is needed to save the patient's life or to improve recovery possibilities. The type hemorrhage. Removal of hematoma may be necessary, especially when it occurs at the back of the brain. A common problem related to bleeding in the brain is the hydrocephalus, fluid build-up within the brain. A procedure called ventricolostomy may be needed to drain the fluid. The goal of long-term treatment is to help the patient recover the function as much as possible and avoid future stroke. The recovery time and the need for long-term treatment are different from person to person. Depending on the symptoms, rehabilitation may include: Occupational Therapy; Physical Therapy; Logopedia. Therapies such as repositioning exercises and range of motion can help prevent strokes complications such as decubitus infections and sores. Those who have had a stroke should try to stay as physically as active as possible. Alternative forms of communication such as images, verbal signals, and other techniques may be needed in some cases. Sometimes, urinary catheterization or bladder and intestine control programs may be needed to control incontinence. A safe environment is required. Some people with stroke seem to have no awareness of their environment, while others show indifference or lack of judgment, which increases the need for security measures. Those who take care of them will have to show photos and do other activities to stimulate communication. Home care, nursing homes, daytime care and other techniques may be indispensable. Behavioral modification may be useful for some people in controlling unacceptable or dangerous behaviors. Family counseling can help, legal counseling may be appropriate. PROGNOSIS: Hemorrhagic stroke is less common but more commonly fatal than ischemic stroke. Recovery can take place over time, but with areas of the brain that can be damaged. Death is possible and could soon occur despite medical treatment. Possible complications may be: Decreased social interaction Decreased self-sufficiency Decreased life expectancy Communicating difficulty Joint articulations Muscular spasticity Permanent loss of cognitive or other function (dementia) Permanent loss of movement or Sensation of one or more parts of the body; decubitus wounds due to lack of movement; urinary and respiratory tract infections. Contact one or go to emergency room if symptoms of stroke develop. Emergency symptoms are: Difficulty breathing, Loss of ability to move or swallow, Loss of consciousness, Convulsions, Sudden loss of sensitivity, Sudden changes in mental state, Strong headache, Nausea and vomiting, Decreased vision, Numbness or Tingling. PREVENTION: Prevention is extremely important because treatment for brain-related hemorrhage often can not reverse brain damage. Most cases of haemorrhagic stroke are associated with specific risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking or cocaine consumption. Checking blood pressure and avoiding smoking and cocaine can reduce the risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Surgery to correct the anomalies of blood vessels, such as aneurysms, is sometimes recommended to prevent bleeding.of surgery depends on the specific cause of the e

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Incontinence

Incontinence is defined as involuntary and uncontrolled loss of urine or done in socially unmanageable conditions. Even though you are affected, you feel embarrassed, it is a fairly common condition. In Italy it is estimated that about 3 million women and half a million men are affected. It does not affect life expectancy, but only quality.

Causes: There are many causes for incontinence, the most common of which is age. The other are:

Injury during childbirth;

Surgical interventions with slight damage aggravated with age;

Infections;

Physical stress;

Bladder hyperactivity (a sudden need to urinate even if there is no real urgency);

Diabetes;

Obesity;

Some psychiatric disorders;

Menopause;

Prostate hypertrophy (the bladder is not completely emptied during urination, so there are small losses at later stages).

SYMPTOMS: You need excessive and urgent urination / defecation or do it in places where this is not possible. It goes from the mild form in which they can not only contain the gas to the worst one in which incontinence is total.

DIAGNOSIS: As with many other diseases, the first step taken by a physician is a careful medical history. You evaluate the diary (how many times a day you go to the bathroom), the amount of fluid you take and the time you take them and the time you go to the bathroom. Breastfeeding or gynecological interventions are also evaluated in women. Then you go to an urodynamic study which is an examination by which you evaluate endovascular volumes and pressures or an analysis of the anal region with ultrasound catheters and probes. You may also need a radiograph.

THERAPY: Very often, medicines are used, but associated with gymnastics for the pelvic area. The most commonly used drugs are Duloxetine and constipated drugs, and are used more to treat colitis or other inflammation that may cause incontinence. This eliminates or at least reduces the most serious symptoms. It may also be advisable to change your diet. In the most severe cases, surgery may be used (colostomy), dynamic graciloplasty (moving a leg muscle to feed the anus) or reconstruction work, especially in cases of incontinence due to previous surgical errors or complications in childbirth . Artificial sphincter can also be reached. Other therapies are stimulation of the sacral nerve and perineal chinesiterapia.

PREVENTION: Primary prevention is to control weight and quit smoking. For stress incontinence, avoid unnecessary efforts, especially if you are at middle age, to repair urinary tract disorders due to birth, constant prostate control in men, and exercise.

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Pituitary Infarction

Hypopharyal infarction is the death of a tissue area in the pituitary gland, a small hypothalamus gland (part of the brain). Hypophysis produces numerous hormones that control the essential processes of the body.

Causes: Hypophagic infarction is most commonly caused by hemorrhage due to a non-cancers of the pituitary gland. When this occurs with bleeding in a woman during or immediately after childbirth, she is called Sheehan's syndrome. Hypofunctional risk factors include:

Eye to too hot drinks: they would increase the risk of cancer

It is supported by a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer

Coagulation disorders;

Diabetes;

Head injuries;

Radiation to the pituitary gland;

Using a breathing machine.

In most cases, the cause is unclear.

SYMPTOMS: Hypophagic infarction is usually a short period of symptom (acute phase) but can be life-threatening. The symptoms usually include:

Severe headaches;

Paralysis of eye muscles resulting in double vision (ophthalmoplegia);

Low blood pressure, nausea and acute vomiting due to adrenal insufficiency.

Less commonly, pituitary dysfunction may appear slower. For example, in Sheehan syndrome, the first symptom may be a lack of milk production due to a lack of prolactin. Over time, problems with other pituitary hormones may develop, causing the following symptoms:

Growth hormone deficiency with fatigue, increased abdominal fat or lack of energy;

Hypurrenalism (if not present or cared for);

Inability to cope with physical stress;

Nausea;

Hypogonadism with periods of menstrual absence in women or sexual dysfunction and loss of muscle mass in men;

Hypothyroidism with cold intolerance, constipation, depression, dry skin, fatigue, change in hair or skin;

Hoarseness;

Changes in the menstrual cycle;

Mental retardation;

Weight gain.

When the back pituitary gland is involved (seldom), the symptoms may include:

The lack of contraction of the uterus needed to give birth to a child;

Lack of breast milk production;

Uncontrolled rash.

DIAGNOSIS: Signs of acute pituitary infarction may include:

Low blood pressure;

Visual field defects.

Signs of chronic hepatic dysfunction are:

Growth hormone deficiency with muscle mass loss;

Problems with fat metabolism (dyslipidemia);

Hypurrenalism with low blood pressure or poor response to stress and infections;

Hypothyroidism with delayed reflexes.

Tests may include:

Bone density;

Eye exams;

Magnetic resonance or TAC.

Blood tests will be done to control the levels of:

ACTH;

Cholesterol;

Cortisol;

FSH;

Growth Hormone;

LH;

Prolactin;

C Somatomedin (IGF-1).

THERAPY: Treatment for acute pituitary infarction may require surgery to relieve pressure on the pituitary gland and improve vision. In severe cases, emergency surgery is required. Immediate treatment with substitution of adrenal hormones (glucocorticoids) is essential. Other hormones will be replaced as sex (estrogen and testosterone) or thyroid hormone.

PROGNOSIS: Acute hypofunctional heart disease may be life-threatening. The prospects of healing are good for people with chronic scarcity who are diagnosed and cured. Possible complications may include:

Adrenal Crisis;

Loss of sight.

If other missing hormones are not replaced, hypothyroidism and hypogonadism may develop. Contact a doctor if you have any symptoms of chronic hepatic dysfunction or if you have other symptoms such as:

Weakness to one eye;

Headache;

Low blood pressure (which can cause fainting);

Nausea;

He retched.

Particular concern is the development of these symptoms if a pituitary tumor has already been diagnosed.

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Female infertility

Infertility is the inability of a couple to have a pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected relationships.

Causes: Primary infertility is the term used to describe a couple who has never been able to conceive a pregnancy after at least one year of unprotected relationships. Secondary infertility describes couples who have had at least one pregnancy, but have not been able to reach a new one.

The causes of infertility include a wide range of physical and emotional factors. About 30-40% of cases of infertility are due to a "male" factor (male infertility); 40-50% have a "female" factor that can be scarring from sexually transmitted or endometriosis, ovulation dysfunction, poor nutrition, hormonal imbalances, ovarian cysts, pelvic infections, tumors, or abnormalities of the cervical transport system Uterine through the fallopian tubes. The remaining 10 to 30% of infertility cases can be caused by factors that contribute to either partner, or no cause can be identified.

It is estimated that 10-20% of couples are unable to get pregnant after 1 year of attempts. It is important that pregnancy be attempted for at least one year. Pregnancy opportunities that occur in healthy pairs under 30 and have regular relationships is only 25-30% per month. The peak of a woman's fertility occurs around the age of 20. Beyond the 35 (and especially after 40 years), the chances of getting pregnant drops to less than 10% per month. In addition to age-related factors, increased risk for infertility is due to:

Multiple sexual partners (increases the risk for sexually transmitted diseases);

Sexually transmitted diseases;

Pelvic inflammatory disease;

Exposure to diethylstilbestrol;

Food disturbances;

Anovulatory menstrual cycles;

Endometriosis;

Uterine defects (miomi) or obstruction of the uterus;

Chronic illnesses such as diabetes.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Inability to get pregnant;

A range of emotional reactions from one or both of the couple's members. Generally, such reactions are greater among the paired children. Having at least one baby tends to soften these painful emotions.

DIAGNOSIS: A complete story and a physical examination of both partners is essential. Women's tests may include:

Measurement of the basal body temperature;

Monitoring changes in the cervical mucus during the menstrual cycle;

Post-cytological test to evaluate spermatozoic-cervical mucus interaction;

Measurement of plasma progesterone (a blood test);

Uterine lining biopsy (endometriosis);

Measurement of the amount of luteinizing hormone in the urine;

Progesterone test;

Hormonal levels of blood (blood tests) for one or both partners;

hysterosalpingography;

Laparoscopy;

Pelvic examination to determine if there are cysts.

THERAPY: Treatment depends on the cause of infertility. May entail:

Easy education and counseling;

Drugs for the treatment of infections or for the promotion of ovulation;

Highly sophisticated medical procedures such as in vitro fertilization.

It is important for the couple to recognize and discuss the emotional impact that infertility has on them as individuals and together consult a physician.

PROGNOSIS: A cause can be determined in 85-90% of sterile pairs. Appropriate therapy (not including advanced techniques such as in vitro fertilization) allows pregnancy to occur in 50-60% of cases. Without any treatment, 15-20% of previously diagnosed infertile couples get pregnant.

PREVENTION: Because infertility is often caused by sexually transmitted diseases, practicing safer sex can minimize the risk of infertility in the future. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are the two most common causes of infertility related to sexually transmitted diseases. Some diseases are often asymptomatic at first such as salpingitis that develops inflammatory processes that cause scars in Fallopian tubes and decrease fertility, or lead to absolute sterility, or a greater incidence of ectopic pregnancy.

Some forms of birth control, such as the intrauterine device, involve a higher risk of infertility. However, the device is not recommended to women who have never had a child. Early diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis may decrease the risk of infertility.

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Male infertility

Primary infertility describes couples who have never been able to have a pregnancy after at least 1 year of unprotected sexual intercourse. Secondary infertility describes couples who have had a pregnancy, but have not been able to have another.

Causes: The causes of infertility include a wide range of physical and emotional factors. The infertility of a couple may be due to female factors, male factors, or both. Male infertility may be due to:

Eye to too hot drinks: they would increase the risk of cancer

It is supported by a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer

A decrease in the number of spermatozoa;

Sperm blocked before release;

They perpetuate that they do not work properly.

These three factors can be caused by:

Environmental pollutants;

Exposure to high heat for prolonged periods;

Genetic abnormalities;

Frequent use of alcohol, marijuana or cocaine;

Hormone deficiency or too many hormones;

Impotence;

Infections of the testicles or epididymis;

Old age;

Previous chemotherapy;

Previous infections (including sexually transmitted diseases), traumas or surgery;

Radiation exposure;

Retrograde ejaculation;

Smoke;

Surgery or trauma;

Using drugs.

In healthy people under the age of 30 who have sex regularly, the chance of pregnancy is only 25-30% per month. The fertility peak of a woman occurs around the age of 20. Over 35 (and especially after 40 years), the chances of getting pregnant fall to less than 10% per month. Help for infertility depends on age.

SYMPTOMS: The physical symptom of infertility is the inability to have a pregnancy. Living infertility can lead to a range of painful emotions in one or both of the couple's members. In general, having at least one son tends to soften these painful emotions.

DIAGNOSIS: A complete medical history and a physical examination of both partners is essential. Tests for men may include semen analysis and testicular biopsy (rarely performed).

THERAPY: Increase your chances of getting pregnant every month by having sexual intercourse at least once every 3 days in the previous weeks and during the expected time of ovulation. Ovulation occurs about 2 weeks before the next menstrual period. So if you have a cycle every 28 days, you must have sex at least every 3 days between the 7th and the 18th day after the cycle. Treatment depends on the cause of infertility and may result in:

Training and counseling;

Medical procedures such as intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization;

Medications for the treatment of infections and clotting disorders, or to promote ovulation.

It is important to recognize and discuss the emotional impact that infertility has on you and your partner, and contact your doctor.

PROGNOSIS: A cause can be determined for about 80-85% of sterile pairs. Getting the right therapy (excluding advanced techniques like in vitro fertilization) allows pregnancy to occur in 50-60% of sterile pairs. Without any treatment, 15-20% of infertile couples can get pregnant.

Possible complications, although infertility does not cause physical illness, may be:

A strong emotional impact on couples and individuals;

Problems with marriage;

Depression and anxiety.

Contact a doctor if you can not get pregnant.

PREVENTION: Since sexually transmitted diseases are often the cause of infertility, practicing safer sex can minimize the risk. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are the two most common causes of infertility related to sexually transmitted diseases. Some of them have no symptoms at first, such as salpingitis that occurs in the fallopian tubes of the fallopian tubes and leads to reduced fertility, infertility, or increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.

Obtaining a vaccine against mumps in humans has been shown to prevent mumps and its complications, orchitis. The vaccine prevents infertility linked to the parotitis.

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Salivary gland infection

An infection in salivary glands is a disorder caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

CAUSES: Salivary glands produce saliva that dampens food to help chew and swallow. Saliva contains enzymes that start the digestion process, also helps in mechanical cleaning of the mouth by washing away bacteria and food particles, keeping the mouth moist, and helps maintain prosthetic or orthodontic appliances in place.

The ears continue to keep Neymar out of play

After skipping the two matches valid for the Spanish Super Cup against Athletic Bilbao, it seems that the Barcelona striker is forced to stay at home even for the first game of the Liga against the same opponents.

There are 3 pairs of saliva glands. The two largest are the parotid glands, one for each cheek on the jaw in front of the ears. Two submandibular glands are at the back of the mouth on both sides of the jaw. Two sublingual glands are under the base of the mouth.

All salivary glands release saliva in the mouth through the pipes that open in various areas of the mouth. Parotitis is an inflammation of one or both parotid salivary glands. This is a common disease. Viral infections like parotitis often affect the salivary glands (the ears most often affect the parotid glands). This form of mumps is now much more rare in children thanks to the vaccine. Bacterial infections are usually the result of obstruction (such as salivary duct calculations) or poor oral hygiene.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Swelling of the face (especially in front of the ears, below the mandible, or on the palate);

Dry mouth;

Abnormal flavors or loss of taste;

Mouth or facial pain, especially when eating;

Decreased ability to open the mouth;

Temperature.

DIAGNOSIS: An examination by a doctor or dentist shows swollen salivary glands. The pus can fall into the mouth. The gland can hurt, especially due to bacterial infections. Viral infections such as mumps can cause painful swelling of the glands.

THERAPY: In some cases, no treatment is required. If there is pus or fever, or if the infection is known and is presumed to be bacterial, antibiotics may be prescribed. Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. Good oral hygiene, with thoroughly brushing teeth with toothbrush and dental floss at least twice a day, can help heal and help prevent the spread of infection. If you are a smoker, quit smoking as this helps in recovery.

Hot rinses with salt water (half a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water) can relax and keep your mouth wet. Drink plenty of water and use non-sugar lemon drops to increase saliva flow and reduce swelling.

PROBLEMS: Most salivary gland infections spontaneously heal or are cured with the treatment. Complications are not common but may occur and may be:

Abscess of saliva gland;

Localized spread of bacterial infection (cellulite, Ludwig's angina);

Recurrence of infection.

Contact a doctor if the symptoms of salivary gland infection are present, or if the infection has already been diagnosed and the symptoms get worse, especially if fever increases, or there is difficulty breathing or swallowing (these may be symptoms of emergency ).

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Influenza

Influenza is a common viral infection during the winter months. It has a sudden onset of symptoms, including fever, sore throat, and muscle aches.

Causes: It is a viral infection caused by the influenza virus. It is transmitted when people breathe liquid droplets containing the virus that spills during the sneezing or coughing of a sick person and spread in the air, or by simply touching objects contaminated with the virus. Possible complications include pneumonia, which often needs hospital care. The virus can cause infections throughout the year, but is more common in the winter. Anyone who can have influence and the more close contact with a person is infected, the greater the likelihood of getting sick.

SYMPTOMS: Influenza suddenly affects the entire body. It lasts for about seven days and, in general, leaves a feeling of exhaustion for the next few weeks. It is different from the common cold, where the symptoms tend to come little by little. It usually only affects the nose, throat and chest. Also, the cold brings weariness for much less time and can be fully recovered in about a week.

THERAPY: These are the best ways to cure the symptoms of flu:

Have abundant rest because the body uses a lot of energy in the fight against infections;

Stay warm;

Make sure you drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration;

Take paracetamol or anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen in case of high fever so as to relieve headaches and muscle aches;

Drink hot water with lemon, honey and ginger.

Antibiotics are not used to treat the flu because it is caused by a virus. Specific antiviral treatments for flu are available, but in general these are only for high risk individuals with influenza complications.

PREVENTION: Vaccinations for current influenza are marketed every year. It is recommended for people most at risk for viral damage, and in Italy it is free for the elderly over the age of 65, those with chronic or congenital illnesses, women with first-time pregnancy, long-term adolescents, workers in the field Health care and the armed forces. People invited to get the flu vaccine are:

Seniors over the age of 65;

All those who, over six months of age, have lung disease (such as asthma), cardiac, renal, hepatic, diabetes or lower immune system,

Those living in a hazardous area or in a nursing home;

Those who take care of patients at risk of influenza complications.

We recommend vaccination every year. This is because the virus changes slightly. Scientists are constantly studying how to predict virus strains and develop vaccines. Despite popular belief, vaccination can not lead to influenza as it does not contain the active principle of the virus. Flu vaccination is available around October each year. The best way to avoid influenza is to strengthen the immune system by following a healthy diet, making regular exercise, resting well, and not smoking. You should also avoid being too close to people who sneeze or sneeze, especially if they do not cover their nose and mouth. Consult a doctor if you do not get any improvement after a couple of days of therapy, if you are short of breath or if you have blood or large amounts of yellow or green catarrh.

Sources: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/]\

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Avian Influenza

Avian influenza, better known only as avian, is an influenza virus infection. The disease also affects humans, who do not enjoy any immunity against it. The virus that causes this infection in the birds can easily change to infect the man. Such a mutation can trigger a deadly epidemic.

CAUSES: Avian influenza virus also infect pigs. The virus exchanges genetic information, and this leads to the formation of a new virus. This new virus could infect man and easily spread from person to person. The first avian influenza virus that infected humans occurred in Hong Kong in 1997, during an influenza epidemic. This epidemic was related to chickens and was classified as avian influenza A (H5N1). After the Hong Kong outbreak, the avian influenza virus spread throughout Asia, and in October 2005 it was discovered in poultry in Turkey and Romania. So far, hundreds of people have been infected with the H5N1 virus. Many of them have lost their lives. The larger the surface on which the avian influenza virus spreads, the greater the chance of infection worldwide. People at risk of avian influenza are:

Farmers and other people working with poultry;

Travelers who usually go to the affected countries;

Who manipulates one of the infected birds;

People who eat raw or slightly cooked chicken meat;

Doctors who cure patients with avian influenza.

The highly infectious virus, such as H5N1, has been shown to survive for long periods of time, and infection can begin again by touching one of the contaminated surfaces. Birds that heal from influenza may continue to have the virus inside their body for at least 10 days.

SYMPTOMS: The symptoms of avian influenza in humans depend on the particular strain of the virus. In the case of the H5N1 virus, infections in humans cause the most classic flu-like symptoms, which could include:

Cough;

Sore throat;

Fever higher than 38 ° C;

Difficulty breathing;

Diarrhea;

Running nose;

Headache;

Malaise;

Muscular pain.

DIAGNOSIS: If you think you have been exposed to avian flu, you should notify your doctor before your visit. This will give him the opportunity to take appropriate precautions to protect him and the other patients. In February 2006, the Food and Drug Administration approved a new and faster test for the diagnosis of avian influenza strains in people suspected of having the virus. The test is called Influenza A / H5 (Asian) Virus Real-time RT-PCR Primer and Probe Set. The test gives preliminary results within 4 hours. In the elderly the trials require 2 to 3 days. Your doctor may also perform the following tests:

Chest radiography;

Cultures of the nasopharyngeal cavity load;

Blood analysis;

Auscultation (to detect breath abnormalities).

Other tests can be made to examine the functions of the heart, kidneys and liver.

THERAPY: Several types of avian influenza viruses can cause different symptoms. Therefore, therapy may vary. In general, treatment with oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza) antiviral medication can make the disease less serious. Oseltamivir can also be prescribed for people living in the same home as avian flu patients. The virus that causes human avian flu appears to be resistant to amantadine and rimantadine antiviral drugs. Therefore these drugs can not be used if there is an outbreak of H5N1. People with severe infection may need a breathing machine. Experts recommend that people with bird flu diagnosis have to be isolated to prevent the virus from spreading easily. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved a vaccine to protect humans from avian influenza. Experts say the vaccine could be used if the current H5N1 virus began to spread among people.

PROGNOSIS: Prognosis depends on the severity of the infection and the type of virus that has caused the flu. The current mortality rate for patients with confirmed H5N1 virus is higher than 50%. The H7N7 outbreak detected in the Netherlands was confirmed in 89 humans, but only one of them died. Another avian influenza virus, called H9N2, was detected in 3 children in Asia; All are healed. Possible complications may be acute respiratory stress pneumonia in case of H5N1 virus infection. The infection from this virus can also lead to sepsis and organ failure.

PREVENTION: Travelers should avoid visiting or eating birds in areas with a bird flu outbreak. People working wiAnd special masks for breathing. Avoid low or no cooked foods. Sources: [US Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves US first human vaccine against avian influenza H5N1 virus. Rockville, MD: National Press Office; April 17, 2007; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. New laboratory test for avian influenza A / H5 (Asian) diagnostic tests. MMWR. February 3, 2006; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; World Health Organization. Total number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A / (H5N1) reported by WHO. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006; Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM, et al. Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in humans. N Engl J Med 2005]th birds must use prote clothing

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Subclinical hypothyroidism

È una forma lieve di ipotiroidismo, una condizione patologica caratterizzata da una ridotta funzionalità della tiroide, la ghiandola endocrina responsabile della produzione degli ormoni tiroidei (FT3 e FT4). Nell’ipotiroidismo subclinico gli ormoni tiroidei sono ancora nella norma e l’unica spia è un moderato aumento del TSH, l’ormone ipofisario che stimola la tiroide.

SINTOMI: l’ipotiroidismo subclinico, a differenza dell’ipotiroidismo primitivo che comporta sintomi evidenti come stanchezza, dolori muscolari, sonnolenza, inappetenza, aumento di peso, pallore, cute e capelli secchi, mixedema e alterazioni mestruali nella donna, è caratterizzato dall’assenza di sintomi clinici o da scarsa sintomatologia. I pazienti con questa malattia, infatti, hanno livelli normali di FT4 ed elevati livelli di TSH (< 10 microIU/ml). Nella maggior parte dei casi l’ipotiroidismo subclinico resta stabile nel tempo (nel 70-80% a 10 anni), mentre in alcuni casi può regredire, ma anche evolvere verso l’ipotiroidismo conclamato.

CAUSE: le cause più frequenti alla base di questo disturbo sono:

Tiroidite autoimmune di Hashimoto

Pregressa terapia con radioiodio

Sovradosaggio di farmaci antitiroidei

Terapia con litio

Terapia con amiodarone

Terapia con interferone alfa

La popolazione a maggior rischio di ipotiroidismo subclinico sono:

Pazienti con sindrome di Down

Donne nel post-partum (entro 6 mesi)

Donne in menopausa

Pazienti con familiarità per tireopatie (soprattutto se di sesso femminile)

Pazienti con ipercolesterolemia

Pazienti anziani

Pazienti con scompenso cardiaco o fibrillazione atriale

Pazienti con diabete mellito

Pazienti con malattie autoimmuni (vitiligine, ecc.)

DIAGNOSI: per diagnosticare l’ipotiroidismo subclinico è necessario eseguire il dosaggio del TSH, degli ormoni tiroidei FT3 e FT4 e degli anticorpi anti tireoperossidasi (AbTPO). Se la patologia viene confermata, si procede con l’ecografia tiroidea per verificare l’eventuale presenza di setti fibrosi, pseudonoduli e aree nodulari iperecogene.

TERAPIA: l’ipotiroidismo subclinico di base non richiede una terapia specifica, ma va sempre trattata in gravidanza, se coesiste un’iperlipidemia non sensibile alla dieta, quando c’è storia di scompenso cardiaco e in caso di segni e sintomi suggestivi per ipotiroidismo. La cura, inoltre, va monitorata per non passare ad un sovradosaggio con il TSH e FT4.

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whom

Kuru is a non-existent nervous system disease in the Western world.

Causes: Kuru is an extremely rare disease. It is caused by an infectious protein (prion) that has been found in the human brain tissue contaminated. Kuru is almost exclusively among New Guinea residents who practiced a form of cannibalism where the brain of dead people was eaten as part of a funeral rite.

Kuru causes neurodegenerative changes similar to Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease. Similar illnesses appear in cows in the form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also called mad cow disease, but this time in its human variant. The main risk factor for kuru is to eat the human brain tissue that can contain infectious particles.

SYMPTOMS: Kuru symptoms are:

Coordination issues that can worsen up become serious;

Difficulty walking (cerebellar ataxia);

Difficulty of swallowing;

Tremors and muscle spasms (myoclonus).

The difficulty of swallowing and the inability to feed can lead to malnutrition or infertility. It may take up to 30 years or even longer to begin developing symptoms (incubation period).

DIAGNOSIS: A neurological examination may show changes in coordination and ability to walk.

THERAPY: There is no known treatment for kuru.

PROGNOSIS: Death usually occurs within a year after the first symptoms occur.

Contact a doctor if you have difficulty walking, swallowing or coordination problems. Kuru is extremely rare, so before diagnosing it the doctor will have to exclude other neurological diseases.

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Kwashiorkor

Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition that occurs when there are not enough protein in the diet.

CAUSE: kwashiorkor is more common in areas where there are famines, limited food supply and low levels of education that do not allow you to understand how to follow an appropriate diet. This disease is more common in very poor countries. It often occurs during droughts or other natural disasters, or during political disorder.

Eye to too hot drinks: they would increase the risk of cancer

It is supported by a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer

Kwashiorkor is very rare in Western children, although isolated cases have also been reported in elderly nursing homes that did not provide adequate nutrition. When kwashiorkor occurs in the West, it is usually a sign of abuse and gross neglect.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Skin pigmentation changes;

Coma (advanced stage);

Decreased muscle mass;

Diarrhea;

Lack of weight gain and growth;

Fatigue;

Hair changes (change in color or texture);

Increase in infections that damage the immune system;

Irritability;

Large belly protruding;

Lethargy or apathy;

Muscle mass loss;

Skin rash (dermatitis);

Shock (advanced phase);

Swelling (edema).

DIAGNOSIS: Physical examination may show an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and general swelling. Tests may include:

Arterial emogasalysis;

BUN;

Complete hemocromocytometric examination;

Clearance of creatinine;

Serum creatinine;

Potassium serum;

Total protein levels;

Urine analysis.

THERAPY: Having more calories and proteins will correct the kwashiorkor, if the treatment started pretty early. However, children with this condition will never reach normal height and growth. Treatment depends on the severity of the condition. People who are in shock state need immediate treatment to restore blood volume and maintain blood pressure. Calories are first given in the form of carbohydrates, simple and fat sugars. Proteins are given after other sources of calories have already supplied energy. Vitamin and mineral supplements are essential.

Since the person will have been without much food for a long time, eating can cause problems, especially if the calories are too high at first. Food should be reintroduced slowly. Carbohydrates are given as the first energy supply, followed by protein foods. Many malnourished children will develop lactose intolerance. They will need to be supplemented with the lactase enzyme so they can tolerate milk.

PROGNOSIS: Early treatment usually leads to good results. Treating kwashiorkor in its late phase can improve the general health of the child, but it can nevertheless show permanent physical and mental problems. If treatment is not given or arrives too late, this condition becomes life-threatening. Possible complications may be:

Coma;

Permanent mental and physical disabilities;

Shock.

Contact a doctor if the child has symptoms of kwashiorkor.

PREVENTION: To avoid kwashiorkor, make sure your diet contains enough carbohydrates, fat (at least 10% of total calories) and proteins (12% of total calories).

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Ipotonia

Hypotonia is a decrease in muscle tone. It is often a sign of a worrying problem, such as a central nervous system problem, genetic disorder, or muscle ailment. It can strike children or adults in the same way. Hypnoton babies are flaccid and, to the touch, they are like a "penny doll". They stay with their elbows and their knees extended, while children with normal tone tend to have elbows and knees bent. Head control may be inadequate or absent, with head always bent on one side, back, or forward. Normal-born babies can be lifted from the mother by putting their hands under the armpits, while the hypotonic babies tend to slip because the baby puts her arms up, becoming elusive.

Causes: The main causes can be:

Achondroplasia;

Aicardi Syndrome;

Canavan's disease;

Congenital hypothyroidism;

Congenital cerebellar atassium;

Down syndrome;

Family Disapproval (Riley-Day Syndrome);

hypervitaminosis;

Infantile Botulism;

Kernicter (brain damage caused by severe jaundice);

Klinefelter's syndrome;

Krabbe's disease;

Marfan syndrome;

Menkes syndrome;

Methachromatic leukodystrophy;

Acidemia Metilmalonica;

Muscular dystrophy;

Miastenia grave;

Myotonic dystrophy;

Phelan-McDermid syndrome;

Prader-Willi syndrome;

Rickets;

Sepsis;

Type 1 spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffman);

Tay-Sachs's disease;

Trisomy 13;

Reaction to some vaccine.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will perform a physical examination and ask questions about symptoms to the patient's family to make the medical history. Physical examination will probably include a detailed description of the nervous and muscular system. Diagnostic tests may vary depending on the cause of the suspected hypotonia. Most conditions associated with hypotonia also cause other symptoms that together suggest a particular disorder. It is also possible to perform electromyography and muscle biopsy.

THERAPY: Therapy is based on a hormonal cure (eg thyroid hormone), methionine, folic acid, and a diet to prevent obesity. It is very important that there is complete patient care. Much care should be taken when lifting and transporting a person with hypotonia to avoid causing damage. It is possible to recite the word to a sick person through speech therapy and teach him to move with physiotherapy. Contact a doctor if the baby looks soft, especially if it previously seemed to have normal muscle control.

PROGNOSIS: It is possible that hypotonia goes with age, if present from birth.

Sources: [Yeh PC, Kipp MA. A case of Moebius syndrome, in association with Klinefelter's syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet. 2002; books.google.it; www.ust.it; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; aislo.negrisud.it]

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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Gallbladder calculations (gallbladder calculations)

Kidney stones

Renal pelvis cancer (ureter cancer)

Muscle cramps

Weakness

Delirium

Diabetes

Anal pain

Menstrual cramps

Knee pain

Pain in the testicles

Dysthymia

Pulmonary edema

Cerebral edema

Early ejaculation

Hepatic hemangioma

Encephalitis

Hepatitis is autoimmune

Esophagitis

Pulmonary fibrosis

Herpes labial-Congenital herpes-Hantavirus

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Fri, 02 Jun 2017 12:58:00 +0000

Hantavirus

Hantavirus is a chronic disease spreading to humans by rodents that has flu-like symptoms.

Causes: Hantavirus is carried by rodents, especially deer mice. The virus is found in urine and stools but does not cause symptoms to the diseased animal. Human beings are believed to be ill with this virus if they come into contact with contaminated dust from mice or nests, particularly when cleaning houses, halls or other closed environments that have been empty for a long time.

Written and removed: on the web all against Kardashian

Hantavirus does not spread among human beings. Those most at risk are campers and walkers because mounting a tent in a forest increases the risk of coming into contact with these substances. Most people who are exposed to the virus have come into contact with rodent excretions in their homes.

SYMPTOMS: Early symptoms of the disease are similar to influenza and include:

Chills;

Temperature;

Muscular pain.

People with hantavirus may begin to feel better for a short time, but within 1-2 days, it becomes difficult to breathe. The disease worsens rapidly. Symptoms include:

Dry cough;

Feeling of general malaise;

Headache;

Nausea and vomit;

Lack of breath.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will perform a physical examination. This may reveal:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome;

Kidney failure;

Low blood pressure (hypotension);

Low levels of oxygen in the blood, which cause a blue skin color.

The following tests can be performed:

Blood tests to check for any signs of hantavirus;

Complete hemocromocytometric examination;

Complete Metabolic Panel;

Liver and kidney function tests;

Chest radiography.

THERAPY: People with hantavirus are hospitalized in the intensive care unit. The treatments include:

Oxygen;

Respiratory tube or breathing apparatus in the most severe cases;

A drug called ribavirin for treating kidney problems and reducing the risk of death.

There is no effective treatment for hantavirus infection involving the lungs.

PROBLEMS: Hantavirus is a serious infection that gets worse quickly. Pulmonary insufficiency can occur and can lead to death. Even with aggressive treatment, more than half of people who have this lung disease can die. Possible complications may include:

Kidney failure;

Failure of heart and lungs.

These complications can lead to death.

Contact a doctor if you develop flu symptoms after coming into contact with rodent excretions or rodent urine, or dust that is contaminated by these substances.

PREVENTION: Avoid exposure to urine and rodent excretions. When hiking and camping, set up curtains in areas where there are no rodent excrement. Avoid rodents' dudes, drink disinfected water, sleep on a vegetable cover and mats, and keep your home clean. Clear potential breeding sites and clean the kitchen.

If you have to work in an area where urine or feces are possible, follow these recommendations:

When you open an unused cabin, shed or other building, open all the doors and windows, leave the building, and let it air for 30 minutes.

Return to the building and spray the surfaces, carpets and other areas with a disinfectant. Leave the building for another 30 minutes.

Spray nests and mouse excretions with a 10% solution of bleach or similar disinfectants. Allow to rest for 30 minutes. Using rubber gloves, place the material in plastic bags. Seal the bags and throw them into junk or incinerator. Dispose of gloves and cleaning materials in the same way.

Wash all potentially contaminated surfaces with a disinfectant or bleach solution. Avoid sucking until the area has been completely decontaminated. Then ensure sufficient ventilation. Surgical masks can provide some protection.
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Herpes Zoster

Herpes zoster (also referred to as Sant'Antonio's Fire) is a painful acute blister in blisters caused by a varicella-zoster virus infection, the virus that causes the varicella.

CAUSE: After contracting the crawfish, the virus "falls asleep" (becomes inactive) in some body nerves. Herpes zoster occurs after the virus becomes reactive in these nerves after many years, in practice it awakens. The reason why the virus suddenly became active is still unclear. There is often only one attack. If an adult or child is exposed to the herpes zoster virus and has not had the varicella, or has not been vaccinated, may develop a serious form.

Herpes zoster can be contagious, through the direct contact of an individual who has not had the varicella, and therefore has no immunity. Herpes zoster can affect any age group, but it is much more common in adults over the age of 60, in children who have the varicella before a year, and in other individuals with the immune system is weakened.

SYMPTOMS: The first symptom is usually a pain on one side of the body, with tingling and burning sensation. These symptoms can go from mild to severe. Afterwards, red spots appear on the skin, followed by small bubbles that look very similar to the early symptoms of the varicella. The breakup of bubbles forms small ulcers that start to dry in the form of crusts. The crusts fall in 2 or 3 weeks. The rash usually appears in a narrow area of the spine, at the front of the belly or chest. It may also affect your face, eyes, mouth and ears. Other symptoms may include:

Abdominal pain;

Chills;

Difficulty using some of the muscles of the face;

Eyewell pendant (ptosis);

Temperature;

General feeling of malaise;

Genital lesions;

Headache;

Hearing loss;

Widespread pain;

Loss of eye movement (ophthalmoplegia);

Swelling of the glands (lymph nodes);

Taste problems;

Problems with sight.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor may make skin diagnosis and questions about the clinical history of the patient. Tests are rarely needed, but may include the analysis of a skin sample to see if it is infected with the herpes zoster virus. Laboratory examinations may show an increase in white blood cell counts and antibody viruses.

THERAPY: Herpes zoster usually disappears alone. You may just need a treatment to relieve the pain. Your doctor may prescribe an antiviral drug called aciclovir. This drug helps to reduce pain and complications and shorten the course of the disease. Desciclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir and penciclovir are similar and can also be used.

Therapy should be initiated within 24 hours of pain or burning sensation, and preferably before the bubbles appear. Drugs are generally in pills, doses many times higher than those recommended for herpes simplex or genital herpes. Some people may need to receive the drug via the end. Strong anti-inflammatory drugs called corticosteroids, such as prednisone, can be used to reduce swelling and pain, but they do not work in all patients. Other medications may be:

Antihistamines to reduce itching;

Painkillers;

Zostrix, a cream containing capsaicin (a pepper extract) to prevent post-herpetic neuralgia.

Compressing a damp cloth can serve to reduce the pain. Soothing baths and lotions, such as colloidal oatmeal, starch baths or calamine lotion, can help alleviate itching and discomfort. Sleep in bed until the fever drops. The skin should be kept clean, and contaminated objects should not be reused. The person may need to be isolated while the injuries are obvious to prevent the infection of others, particularly pregnant women.

PROGNOSIS: Herpes zoster usually passes in 2 or 3 weeks and rarely repeats itself. If the virus hits the nerves that control movement (the motor nerves), it can lead to temporary or permanent weakness or paralysis. Sometimes, pain in the area where the herpes zoster has occurred may last for months to years. This pain, called post-herpetic neuralgia, can also be extremely severe. Older people are more at risk for this complication. Other complications may be:

The involvement of the facial nerve that can cause Ramsay Hunt syndrome, which can lead to loss of movement of the face, hearing, taste, and other symptoms;

Another attack of herpes zoster;

Blindness (if the lesions occur in the eyes);

Deafness;

Infection in other organs, encephalitis or sepsis in people with weakened immune system;

Post-herpetic neuralgia;

Secondary bacterial infections in the skin.

Contact a doctor if there is any symptoms

Owing to herpes zoster, especially if you have a weakened immune system or if the symptoms persist or worsen. Disease can lead to permanent blindness, if not treated immediately. PRECAUTION: Avoid touching the rash and the bladder of people with the varicella if you have never had the chickenpox or the vaccine. Adults over the age of 60 should receive the vaccine as part of the medical care routine. Sources: [Kimberlin DW, Whitley RJ. Varicella-zoster vaccine for the prevention of herpes zoster. N Engl J Med 2007; Prevention of varicella: recommendations for the use of vaccine against varicella in children, including a recommendation for a routine dose of 2-varicella immunization program. Pediatrics. 2007; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Urman CO, Gottlieb AB. New vaccines for dermatological diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008; Tyring SK. Management of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007:]

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Genital herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted viral infection that affects the genital skin.

Causes: Herpes is caused by two viruses:

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1);

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).

HSV-1, the virus responsible for common cold sores, can be transmitted through the fluid from the mouth. It is responsible for some cases of genital herpes because it can spread from the mouth to the genitals during oral sex. HSV-2 causes most cases of genital herpes because it can spread through the secretions of the mouth or the genitals. The virus is transmitted from one person to another with the simple contact with the skin, and is visible with the emergence of sores, blisters or redness. The HSV is only transmitted to the skin part it comes in contact with. There are also some cases where other types of contact can spread herpes viruses such as a variant known as herpes gladiatorum, transmitted through contact sports such as wrestling. Because the virus is transmitted through secretions from the mouth or genital wounds (mucous membranes), common infection sites in men include:

Anus;

Thighs inside;

Scrotum;

Penis punch.

Common infection sites in women include:

Anus;

Cervix;

Thighs inside;

Big lips;

Vagina.

The mouth can also be a site of infection in both sexes. Research suggests that the virus can be transmitted even when there are no symptoms present, so that a sex partner without obvious genital herpes wounds can transmit the disease. In fact, asymptomatic diffusion can actually contribute to a greater extent to the spread of genital herpes than that of obvious symptoms.

SYMPTOMS: For people who come into contact with HSV-1 or HSV-2 for the first time, the initial infection involves both the entire (systemic) and the restricted areas. The most common symptoms include:

Decreased appetite;

Temperature;

Malaise;

Muscular pain.

Local symptoms include repeated small eruptions of painful blisters full of light pus, straw-colored, near the genitals, around the rectum or nearby skin areas. Before the blisters appear, the person may experience increased skin sensitivity, tingling, burning sensation, itching or pain at the point where the bladder is born. When it gets deflated, it will leave very painful ulcers. After that, surface cuts are formed that heal slowly in 7-14 days. Women can also develop vaginal secretions and painful urination. Men may develop painful urination if the lesion is near the opening of the urethra. Once a person is infected, the virus is hidden within the nerve cells, making it difficult for the immune system to find and destroy them. Within the nerve cells, the virus may remain inactive for a long period of time (latency) to reactivate at any time, with the same or worse symptoms. A variety of events can trigger latent infection and make it become active, including:

Fatigue;

Irritation;

Menses;

General illness;

Immunosuppression due to AIDS or chemotherapy or steroids;

Trauma for the affected area, including sexual activity;

Stress.

Attacks may rarely come back once a year, or so often that the symptoms seem continuous. Recurrent infections in men are generally mild and of shorter duration than women.

DIAGNOSIS: The physician will submit the patient to the following examinations:

Searching the virus in the wart liquid to detect herpes simplex virus, which can grow in 2-3 days;

DNA analysis, always in the wart liquid, which can tell if the virus is present;

Skin lesion test that can show results consistent with herpes virus infection. This test involves the staining of human cells within the wart with a dyeing liquid. If liquid cells contain viral particles, they become visible. However, the test does not determine which strain it is.

Recently, an antibody test has been developed to determine whether a person has HSV-1 or HSV-2. These tests can also tell whether a person has ever been exposed to one of these strains in the past or has only recently been exposed to one of them.

THERAPY: Genital herpes can not be cured. However, antiviral treatment can relieve the symptoms. Some drugs can quickly relieve pain and discomfort during an outbreak, and may reduce healing time, but also relieve symptoms in early attacks. If needed, patients may use suppressive therapy, which may reduce the frequency of recurrences in patients with frequent genital herpes. For maximum benefit during recurrences, start therapy as soon as the formic

Lio, burning sensation or itching start, or as soon as you notice the birth of the wart. Possible side effects of the drugs include: Fatigue, Headache, Nausea and vomiting, Redness, Weight gain, Tremor Some people need intravenous medications for severe herpes infections that may involve the brain, eyes, and lungs. These complications sometimes develop in people with a compromised immune system. Hot baths can relieve the pain of genital injuries. A mild detergent with soap and water is recommended. If you develop a secondary infection of bacterial skin lesions, you can use oral antibiotics. PROBLEMS: Once you are infected, the virus stays in your body for the rest of your life. Some people have never relapsed, others have frequent recurrences. In people with a normal immune system, genital herpes remains an annoying and localized infection, but rarely endangers life. Any complications may be, in women, cervical cancer. The risk increases when the virus is present in combination with the human papillomavirus (HPV), the viral genital condyloma virus (condyloma). For pregnant women, HSV-1 or HSV-2 are a threat to the baby. Newborn infestation can lead to herpes meningitis, herpes viremia, chronic skin infections, and even death. For AIDS patients, or if they undergo chemotherapy or radiotherapy or take high doses of cortisone, there is a risk of developing infections of the various organs, including: Encephalitis; Herpetic esophagitis (herpes of the esophagus); Herpes keratitis (eye infections); Herpetic hepatitis (liver infection); Incontinence; Persistent mucous and nose, mouth and throat infections; Pneumonia (lung herpes infection); Recurrent disease; Dissolution of the virus To other organs of the body; Transverse myelopathy (damage extends throughout the spinal cord). PREVENTION: Condoms remain the best way to protect themselves from genital herpes during sexual activity. Using a condom properly and consistently will help prevent the spread of the disease. Do not use condoms made with animal membrane, as the virus can go through, but only latex. The female condom can be enough. Recent data show that using an antiherpes drug can help prevent the spread of the virus to others. People with genital herpes should avoid sexual contact when injuries are active. In addition, people who have had genital herpes in the past, but are currently without symptoms, should inform their partners of their condition. This precaution allows both parties to use protective barriers to prevent the spread of the disease. Pregnant women with herpes simplex infection should receive weekly cervical and external genital care. If there are active lesions at the time of delivery, a caesarean section is necessary to prevent the infant from infusing. There are vaccines against herpes, but are still considered experimental. However, vaccines are not a cure or treatment for people who have already contracted herpes. Facts: [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2006. MMWR. 2006; Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases. 5a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, 2000; http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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Congenital herpes

Congenital herpes is a herpes virus infection that a child acquires at birth.

Causes: Infants may be infected with herpes virus:

In utero (intrauterine herpes, very rare);

Passing through the delivery channel (most common);

Right after birth.

If the mother has an active genital herpes infection at birth, the child is more likely to be infected. Some mothers do not know if, within the vagina, there are sores of herpes, so it is important to tell their doctor if they have had a case of genital herpes.

Also, some people who have had herpes infections in the past, but were unaware of it and never treated it, have good chances to pass it on to their baby. Type 2 herpes (genital herpes) is the most common cause of herpes infection in newborns, but type 1 herpes (oral herpes) can also occur.

SYMPTOMS: Intrauterine herpes may cause:

Eye disorders, such as retinal inflammation (corioretinitis);

Severe damage to the brain;

Skin lesions.

Congenital herpes can be localized (in a body area) or systemic (throughout the body). Babies can develop only a localized skin infection consisting of a fluid of small filled vesicles that break, form a crust and, after cure, often leave a mild scar. A second type of herpes leads to encephalitis, a brain inflammation that can lead to seizures and nervous systems. If not cared for, it can lead to death. A widespread herpes infection is the most dangerous type. In this type, herpes virus can affect several internal organs, including the liver, lungs, kidneys and the brain. There may or may not be blisters on the skin. This type of infection is often fatal. Herpes acquired in the period immediately after birth has similar symptoms to the congenital:

Easy hemorrhages;

Difficulty breathing;

Cyanosis;

Burning to the nostrils;

Rantolo;

Tired breathing (tachypnea);

Short periods without breathing (apnea episodes);

Coma;

Enlarged liver and spleen;

Jaundice;

Kidney failure;

Lethargy;

Low body temperature (hypothermia);

Difficulty of feeding;

Epileptic attacks;

Shock;

Skin lesions;

Stress and anxiety.

DIAGNOSIS: Exams to diagnose congenital herpes include:

DFA test for herpes;

Electroencephalogram;

Magnetic resonance of the head;

Spinal fluid culture;

Culture of the vesicle.

Additional tests that can be made if the baby is very ill are:

Blood gas analysis;

Coagulation studies (PT, PTT);

Complete blood count;

Electrolyte Measurement;

Liver function tests.

THERAPY: Herpes virus infections in infants are generally cured with the intravenous medicine. Aciclovir is the most common antiviral drug used for this purpose. The baby may need to take the medication for several weeks. Other therapies are often needed to cure the effects of herpes infection, such as shock or seizures. Often the treatment is done in an intensive care unit if the baby is serious.

PROGNOSIS: Children with systemic herpes or encephalitis often struggle to heal, despite antiviral drugs and early treatment. In children with skin disease, vesicles may return several times, even after the treatment is over. Possible complications may be:

Bacterial or fungal infection of skin lesions;

Coma;

Death;

Delay in development;

Excessive bleeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation;

Eye problems (corioretinitis, keratitis);

Gastrointestinal problems, including diarrhea;

Hepatitis;

Jaundice;

Hepatic insufficiency;

Pulmonary problems, including pneumonia;

Brain and nervous system problems;

Respiratory failure;

Epilepsy;

Shock;

Skin lesions

Contact a doctor if your child has any symptoms of herpes, including only skin lesions.

PREVENTION: Safer sex practices can help prevent genital herpes in the mother. Mothers who are not carriers of the herpes virus can not pass the herpes virus to the fetus during childbirth. People with "cold sores" (cold sores) should avoid contact with newborns. Mothers should ask their doctors the best way to minimize the risk of transmitting herpes to their child.

Sources: [Cernik C, K Gallina, Brodell RT. Treatment of herpes simplex infections: An evidence-based review. Arch Intern Med 2008; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Hollier LM, Wendel GD. Third trimester antiviral prophylaxis for genital herpes simplex (HSV) recidivism and neonatal infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008]

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Herpes labial

Laryngitis is an infection of the lips, mouth or gums from herpes simplex viruses. It leads to the development of small painful vesicles.

Causes: Cold sores are a common disease caused by an infection of the oral zone with type 1 herpes simplex virus. Most cases occur around the age of 20. Initial infection may not cause symptoms or mouth ulcers. The virus remains dormant in the nervous tissue of the face. In some people, the virus reacts and produces recurrent herpes labs usually in the same area, even if they are not serious.

Eye to too hot drinks: they would increase the risk of cancer

It is supported by a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer

Type 2 herpes virus, which usually causes genital herpes, can infect children during birth by infected mothers, and can also cause cold sores. Herpes viruses are contagious. Spreading can occur through direct intimate contact, or through contact with infected razors, towels, crockery and other shared objects. Occasionally it can spread by oral contact with the mouth.

SYMPTOMS: The first episode may be slight or severe. Usually occurs in children between 1 and 5 years. The first symptoms usually appear within 1 to 2 weeks, and up to 3 weeks after contact with the virus. Sore throat and fever that can last up to 5 days may appear before the bubbles. There may also be swelling of the neck glands. The first episode can last 2-3 weeks. The lesions may be on the gums, mouth, throat, or face. Subsequent episodes are usually milder.

The condition may be triggered by menstruation, exposure to the sun, fever, stress or other unknown causes. The symptoms of itching, burning, increased sensitivity or tingling may occur approximately 2 days before the lesions appear. An outbreak usually involves:

Skin lesions or rashes around the lips, mouth and gums;

Small vesicles full of light yellowish liquid;

Embossed, red and painful vesicles;

Vesicles that form, break and exude;

Yellow crocuses that break and become pink before healing.

Several small blisters may melt to form a larger bubble.

DIAGNOSIS: Diagnosis is made on the basis of the appearance or analysis of the lesion. The examination can also show enlargement of the lymph nodes in the neck or groin. Viral analysis, viral DNA testing, or Tzanck test of skin lesion may reveal herpes simplex virus.

THERAPY: Untreated symptoms generally disappear within 1 or 2 weeks. Oral antiviral drugs can help accelerate healing and decrease the pain. Aciclovir, famciclovir and valaciclovir are the three oral treatments currently available. The sores often return. Antiviral medicines work better if they are taken when the virus begins to manifest before plagues appear. If the virus returns frequently, your doctor may advise you to take the medicine continuously.

A topical antiviral cream (wiped on the skin) such as penciclovir and andacyclovir can be used but should be applied every 2 hours. Creams are expensive and often reduce episodes from a couple of hours up to a day. An antiseptic soap can be recommended. The application of ice or heat in the area can reduce the pain. Other tips to prevent future epidemics include applying a lip balm containing zinc oxide when sores or a moisturizing balm to prevent the lips becoming too dry.

PROBLEMS: Cold sores usually go away alone in 1 or 2 weeks, but can come back. Infection can be severe and dangerous if it occurs in or near the eye, or if it occurs in people with immunodeficiency. Possible complications may be:

Recurrence;

Spread to other areas of the skin;

Secondary bacterial infections of the skin;

Generalized infection;

Blindness.

Herpes eye infection is one of the main causes of blindness as it causes scarring of the cornea. Contact a doctor if you have severe laryngeal herpes symptoms or who do not go away after 2 weeks, or if you have immunodeficiency and develop symptoms.

PREVENTION: Avoid direct contact with open wounds. Minimize the risk of indirect diffusion by thoroughly washing items such as towels before re-use. Do not share objects with an infected person, especially when there are herpes lesions. Avoid triggering agents (especially sun exposure) if you are prone to oral herpes. Avoid having oral sex when you have active lesions above or near your mouth, or use a condom.

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Herpes simplex

Herpes simplex is a viral infection that mainly affects the mouth or genital area.

Causes: There are two virus strains of herpes simplex:

Eye to too hot drinks: they would increase the risk of cancer

It is supported by a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is usually associated with lips, mouth and face infections. It is the most common and many people develop it during childhood. HSV-1 is often the cause of wounds (lesions) inside the mouth, cold sores or eye infection (especially conjunctiva and cornea). It can also lead to brain infection (meningoencephalitis). It is transmitted by contact with infected saliva. In adulthood, 30-90% of people have antibodies to HSV-1.

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is generally sexually transmitted. Symptoms include genital ulcers or sores. However, some people with HSV-2 have no symptoms. Up to 30% of adults have antibodies against the virus. Cross-type infections of type 1 and 2 can occur from oral-genital contact.

HSV can infect the fetus and cause anomalies. A mother who has been infected may transmit the virus to the infant during vaginal delivery, especially if she has an active infection at birth. However, 60-80% of HSV infections acquired by babies occur in women who have no symptoms of HSV infection or a history of HSV genital infection.

It is possible that the virus is transmitted even when there are no visible symptoms or sores. Two thirds of people with HSV genital infections have recurrence of symptoms, and one third have three or more relapses per year. HSV is not eliminated by the body, but remains latent and can reactivate, causing new symptoms.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Bladders or ulcers, most often on the mouth, lips and gums, or genitals;

Enlarged lymph nodes of the neck or groin (usually only at the beginning of the infection);

Herpes labial;

Fever, especially during the first attack;

Genital lesions with a burning or tingling sensation;

Plague at the mouth.

DIAGNOSIS: Many times doctors can say if you have an HSV infection simply by looking at the sores. However, some tests may be required to be sure of the diagnosis. These include:

Blood test for antibodies from HSV (serology);

Direct Immunofluorescence (DFA);

Viral culture of the lesion.

THERAPY: Some cases are mild and do not require treatment. People with severe or prolonged episodes (especially if it is the first time), those with immune system problems or those with frequent recurrences may take antiviral drugs such as acyclovir (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir) and Valacyclovir (Valtrex).

People who have frequent recurrences or severe cases of genital or oral herpes may choose to continue taking antiviral drugs to reduce the frequency and severity of recurrences.

PROGNOSIS: Oral or genital cord injuries usually heal by yourself in 7-10 days. The infection may be more serious and last longer in people who have a condition that weakens the immune system. Once the infection occurs, the virus spreads to the nerve cells and stays in the body for the rest of a person's life. Recurrence can often occur and may be triggered by sunlight, fever, stress, acute illness, and drugs or conditions that weaken the immune system. Possible complications may be:

Eczema erpetiforme;

Encephalitis;

Eye infection (keratoconjunctivitis);

Infection of the trachea;

Meningitis;

Pneumonia;

Prolonged and severe infection in immunodepressed subjects.

Contact a doctor if you develop symptoms that resemble a herpes infection. There are many different conditions that can cause similar lesions (especially in the genital area). If you have a history of herpes infections and develop similar lesions, if you do not improve after 7-10 days, or you have a condition that weakens your immune system, you should advise your physician.

PREVENTION: Preventing infection by HSV is difficult because people can spread the virus even when they have no symptoms. Avoiding direct contact with an open lesion lowers the risk of infection. People with genital herpes should avoid sexual contact when they have active lesions. More secure sexual behaviors, such as the use of condoms, can also reduce the risk of infection.

People with active lesions should also avoid contact with infants, children with eczema, or persons with repressed immune systems because they are at higher risk of more serious illness. To reduce the risk of infesting babies, Caesarean section is recommended for pregnant women who have a viral

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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Obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy (COPD)

bronchospasm

Stomach ache

Stock Exchange

Bissinosi

Bladder calculations

Gallbladder calculations (gallbladder calculations)

Kidney stones

Renal pelvis cancer (ureter cancer)

Muscle cramps

Ectopic pregnancy-Goiter-Gonorrhea-Gastritis

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Fri, 02 Jun 2017 12:37:00 +0000

Gastritis

Gastritis is an inflammation (swelling) of the stomach lining.

Causes: There are many causes that lead to gastritis. The most common are:

Alcohol Abuse;

Erosion (loss) of the protective layer of the stomach lining;

Stomach infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria;

Medicinal products (such as aspirin or anti-inflammatory drugs);

Smoke.

Other less common causes are:

Autoimmune disorders (such as pernicious anemia);

The bile reflux in the stomach (biliary reflux);

Eat or drink caustic or corrosive substances (such as poisons);

Excess secretion of gastric acid (for example due to stress);

Viral infection, especially in people with a weak immune system.

Gastritis may occur suddenly (acute gastritis) or gradually (chronic gastritis).

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Abdominal pain;

Indigestion;

I was dark;

Loss of appetite;

Nausea;

He retched;

Vomiting with blood.

DIAGNOSIS: Tests vary according to the specific cause. A radiography of the top of the digestive tract, esophagogastroduodenoscopy or other examinations can be performed.

THERAPY: Therapy depends on the specific cause. Some of the causes disappear over time. Drugs to decrease the release of acids in the stomach can be assigned. They usually eliminate the symptoms and promote healing in the case of acute gastritis. A gastric ulcer may be present, and should be cured before gastritis. If the cause is stress, you can deal with prevention. Drugs to decrease the production of gastric acid such as proton pump inhibitors should be administered to patients directly in the hospital.

Antibiotic therapy is used to treat chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. Again, antacids or other drugs, such as cimetidine or proton pump inhibitors such as Prilosec, have the same effects. Gastritis caused by pernicious anemia is cured with vitamin B12.

PROGNOSIS: The prospects of healing depend on the cause but are usually good.

PREVENTION: Avoid long-term use of irritating substances (such as aspirin, anti-inflammatory drugs or alcohol).

Source: [http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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I'm kneeling

The knee pad is a condition in which the knees remain apart when a person is with their feet and ankles joined.

Causes: Babies are born with crooked legs because of their folded posterior position in the uterus. The child's crooked legs begin to straighten out once they start walking and their legs begin to withstand the weight (about 12 to 18 months of age). The normal appearance is usually reached from the time the baby is 3 years old. At this time, a child can usually stay with her ankles and knees joined. If the arch legs persist in this period, the child is said to have crooked legs or knee laced.

If your legs are severely arched, it may be a sign of rachitism, caused by vitamin D deficiency. Color people are more at risk. Other causes of knee pad include Blount's disease, bone dislocation, and lead or fluoride intoxication.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Knees that do not touch with their feet joined;

Arched legs on both sides of the body;

Stubborn legs over 3 years old.

DIAGNOSIS: A physician can usually diagnose the knee just by looking at the baby. Blood tests may be needed to exclude rachitism. X-rays can be done if the baby is more than 3 years old if the curvature is worse, if it is asymmetric or if other symptoms suggest a disease.

THERAPY: No treatment is recommended for the knee pad, unless the condition is both extreme. The child must be re-evaluated at least every 6 months. If the condition is severe, special shoes can be worn to rotate the feet outward. Sometimes, in a teenager with severe knee pain, surgery is performed to correct deformity.

PROGNOSIS: In many cases you can heal, and there is usually no problem standing. Usually there are no complications. Contact a doctor if the child shows persistent worsening of the legs after 3 years.

PREVENTION: There is no known prevention except to avoid rachitism. Make sure the baby has a normal exposure to sunlight and adequate levels of vitamin D in the diet.

Sources: [Channel ST. Osteochondrosis or epiphysitis and other various disorders. In: ST Channel, Beatty JH, eds. Campbell's Orthopedic Operations. 11 ° ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2007; http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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Kidney inflammation

Membrane-proliferative glomerulonephritis is a renal disease affecting inflammation and changes in the microscopic structure of renal cells. It leads to renal dysfunction.

Causes: Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, the internal kidney structures that help filter the fluid out of the blood to form urine. The membrane-proliferative form is caused by an abnormal immune response. Antibodies deposits accumulate in a part of the kidneys called glomerular basal membrane. This membrane allows filtering and excess fluid from the blood. Changes in this membrane compromise the body's ability to filter urine. Proteins and fluid escapes from the blood vessels into the body's tissues, resulting in swelling (edema). Nitrogen waste products can accumulate in the blood (azotemia) due to kidney failure. There are two forms of membrane-proliferative glomerulonephritis, called Type I and II.

Most cases are type I. Type II is much less common and tends to get worse faster than type I. Conditions affect both men and women, mostly before 30 years.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Blood in the urine;

Urine scure;

Urine opache;

Decreased urine volume;

Swelling of any part of the body;

Changes in mental status as decreased attention or reduced concentration.

DIAGNOSIS: The results of a physical examination vary depending on the symptoms. Swelling can be present along with signs of fluid overload, such as abnormal sounds when listening to the heart and lungs with the stethoscope.

Blood pressure is often high because of increased water and sodium and for retention and increased renin production, a hormone that monitors blood pressure. Disease can occur in different forms. It can be seen as acute nephrotic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, or an abnormal urine analysis in the absence of symptoms. These tests help to confirm the diagnosis:

Urine analysis;

Proteins in the urine;

Azotemia and creatinine;

Serum complement levels;

Complement of serum C3 nephritic factor.

A kidney biopsy confirms the diagnosis of type I.

THERAPY: Treatment depends on the symptoms. The goals of the treatment are to reduce the symptoms, prevent complications, and slow the progression of the disease. A change in diet may be necessary. This may include salt, fluid or protein restriction to help control high blood pressure, swelling and build up of waste products in the blood. Medicines that may be prescribed are:

Blood pressure medicines;

Cytotoxic drugs;

Dipyridamole with or without aspirin;

Diuretics;

Steroids.

Dialysis or kidney transplantation may eventually be needed to manage renal failure.

PROGNOSIS: The disorder often slowly worsens and finally results in chronic renal failure. 50% of cases lead to chronic renal failure in 10 years. Possible complications may be:

Acute renal failure;

Acute nephritic syndrome;

Nephrotic syndrome;

Chronic renal failure.

Contact a doctor if you have symptoms of this condition if the symptoms persist or worsen, or if new symptoms develop, including decreasing urine production.

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Swelling of the stomach

A swollen abdomen is when the belly is larger than usual. Abdominal swelling, or distension, is a common condition, which is usually due to eating too much, rather than a serious illness. Simple increase in body weight, premenstrual syndrome, pregnancy, or unconscious swallowing of air can lead to this problem. Abdominal distension is often due to gas in the intestines. This can result from eating fibrous foods such as fruits and vegetables. Beans are common sources of intestinal gas. Dairy products can also lead to abdominal swelling if you are intolerant to lactose. Swelling of the stomach can also result from occasional fluid buildup in the abdomen, which can be a sign of serious medical problems.

CAUSES: The most common are:

Involuntary swallowing of air;

Irritable colon syndrome;

Lactose intolerance;

Ovarian cysts;

Excessive power supply;

Partial intestinal occlusion;

Uterine fibroids.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will perform a physical examination and ask questions about the patient's medical history. Exams that can be made include:

Abdominal computerized tomography;

Abdominal ultrasound;

Blood tests;

Colonoscopy;

esophagogastroduodenoscopy;

paracentesis;

Sigmoidoscopy;

Analysis of faeces;

Belly Rays-X.

THERAPY: A swelling of the stomach due to a heavy meal will go away when the food is digested. Eat moderately to avoid swelling. If the cause is swallowed air, awareness, often leads to self-control. Eat slowly, avoid carbonated beverages, avoid chewing gums or suck your candy, avoid drinking through a straw, or sipping on the surface of a hot drink.

For abdominal swelling caused by malabsorption, try changing dietary habits and reducing milk consumption. For irritable bowel syndrome, increase dietary fiber and decrease emotional stress. For these and other causes, consult your doctor and follow the prescribed therapy.

Contact a doctor if:

Abdominal swelling is getting worse and does not go away;

Swelling occurs with other inexplicable symptoms;

The belly is soft to the touch.

Sources: [Proctor DD. Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicina. 23a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2007; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Postmaster RG, RA Squires. Inflamed abdomen. In: CM Townsend, RD Beauchamp, BM Evers, KL Mattox, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 18a ed

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Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (commonly known as "the knee") caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhea.

Causes: This is one of the most common infectious diseases. Anyone who has any kind of sexual intercourse can take gonorrhea. The infection can spread through the mouth, vagina, penis or anus. Bacteria grow in hot and damp body areas. In women, they can be found in fallopian tubes, uterus and cervix. Bacteria can also grow in the eyes. In general, it is more common in people between the ages of 20 and 24, in large cities or in areas with low education and low socio-economic status. Risk factors include having multiple sexual partners, having a partner with a past with any sexually transmitted disease, and having sex without using the condom.

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms usually appear 2-5 days after infection, however, in men, symptoms may take up to a month to appear. Some people have no symptoms. They may be completely unaware of their illness, and therefore do not seek therapies. This increases the risk of complications and the possibility of transmitting the infection to another person. Symptoms in men include:

Burning and pain during urination;

Increased frequency or urinary urgency;

White, yellow or green secrecy;

Redness or swelling in the opening of the penis (urethra);

Swelling of the testicles;

Sore throat.

Symptoms in women may be very mild or unspecific, and may be mistaken for another type of infection. They understand:

Vaginal secretions (greenish or gray liquid, full of bubbles and painful);

Burning and pain while urinating;

polyuria;

Sore throat;

Painful sexual relations;

Severe abdominal pain (if the infection spreads to the fallopian tubes and the stomach area);

Fever (if the infection spreads to the fallopian tubes and the stomach area).

DIAGNOSIS: The tests used to diagnose gonorrhea in women include:

Cervical spasm;

Endocervical sample for gonorrhea.

The tests used to diagnose gonorrhea in men include:

Urethral coloring;

Urethral sample for gonorrhea.

The tests used to diagnose gonorrhea in both are:

Sore throat sample;

Rectal control;

Chain ligase reaction;

Gonorrhea can quickly be identified by staining a tissue sample or secretions from the infected area, looking at the microscope. Although this method is the fastest, it is not the safest one. Cells that grow in a laboratory slide can provide absolute evidence of infection. A preliminary diagnosis can be obtained within 24 hours and a complete diagnosis within 72 hours. DNA testing for gonorrhea was developed. It is particularly useful as screening tests because it is more quickly analyzable. Such experiments can also be carried out on urine samples, which are much easier to collect samples from the genital area.

THERAPY: There are two goals in therapy for a sexually transmitted disease: the first is to treat the infection in the patient; The second is to identify and test all other people who have had sexual contact with the patient and also treat them to avoid further spread of the disease. Penicillin was commonly used but is not used so often because some types of gonorrhea bacteria no longer respond to it. This is called resistance to antibiotics. Bacteria responsible for gonorrhea are increasingly resistant to several antibiotics called fluorocinolones, including ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, or levofloxacin. Other antibiotics called cephalosporins, including Ceftriaxone (Rocephin), are recommended for people with gonorrhea. A medicine called Azithromycin (Zithromax) can be given to people with fewer infections. It is important to have a check-up every 7 days, especially for women who can not have symptoms associated with infection.

PROGNOSIS: By treating the disease immediately there is good chance of preventing infection, permanent scars and infertility. Any complications in women may include:

Salpingitis (Fallopian tube scars), which can lead to problems in getting pregnant;

Pelvic inflammatory disease;

Vulvovaginitis;

Sterility (inability to have a pregnancy);

Painful reports (dispareunia).

Complications in men may include:

Periuretal abscess (picking the pus near the urethra);

Reduction of urethra caused by scars (urethral stenosis);

Urination problems;

Urinary tract infection;

Kidney failure.

Complications in both can include:

Infections, which can be very serious;

Inflammation or infection of the reproductive system;

Peritonitis;

Bacteriemia (gonococcemia);

Gonococcal arthritis;

Gonococcal faringitis;

Oftalmia neonatorum (gonococcal conjunctivitis).

PREVENTION: Abstinence is the only absolute method of preventing gonorrhea infection. A monogamous sexual relationship with a known person may reduce the risk. You can significantly lower your risk by using the condom every time you have casual sex. To prevent further spread of the contagion, the care of all sex partners is important. Gonorrhea is often associated with the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases. About half of women with gonorrhea are also infected with chlamydia, another commonly transmissible sexually transmitted disease that can lead to infertility.

Sources: [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update to CDC of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2006: Fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for the treatment of gonococcal infections. MMWR. 2007; U.S. Task Force Prevention Services. Screening for Gonorrhea: Recommendation Statement. Am Fam physician. November 1, 2005; Cohen J, Powderly WG. Infectious diseases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Elsevier; 2004; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Of Sexually Transmitted Watching Diseases, 2004. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, September 2005; Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W. sexually transmitted disease among young Americans: incidence and spread of estimates, 2000. Perspect Sex Reprod health. 2004; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Guidelines on Treatment of 2002. MMWR. 2002; http: //health.nytimes.com/health]

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Goiter

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. It's not cancer.

Causes: There are several types of goiter. The simple form can occur without a precise reason, or when the thyroid gland is unable to produce sufficient thyroid hormone to meet the body's needs. That's why the thyroid gland bloats. There are two types of simple grip:

Endemic (colloid);

Sporadic (non-toxic).

The goiter occurs in groups of people living in areas with poor iodine soil. These regions are usually distant from the sea. People in these communities may not have enough iodine in the diet (it is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones). The use of iodinated salt usually prevents iodine deficiency. However, the lack of iodine is still fairly common in Central Asia, the Andean region of South America and Central Africa. In most sporadic cases of goiter the cause is unknown. Occasionally, some drugs such as lithium or aminoglutethimide may cause a non-toxic goiter. Hereditary factors can cause it. Risk factors include:

Age over 40;

Homemade crayfish cases;

Female gender;

Living in a poor iodine area;

Do not get enough iodine in the diet.

SYMPTOMS: The main symptom is a swelling of the thyroid gland. The size may vary from one small nodule to the very large neck. Thyroid swelling can exert pressure on the trachea and esophagus, which can lead to:

Difficulty breathing;

Cough;

Difficulty of swallowing;

Wheezing.

There may be swelling of the vein of the neck and dizziness when the arms are raised above the head.

DIAGNOSIS: The doctor examines the neck in the act of ingestion, and may be able to feel a swelling in the affected area. Exams that can be made include:

Free thyroxine (T4);

Thyroid scans;

Hormone Stress Thyroid (TSH);

Thyroid ultrasound.

If the nodules are available with the ultrasound, a biopsy should be made to verify the presence of thyroid cancer.

THERAPY: If it is a simple goiter, it is only necessary to treat it if it causes other symptoms. In the case of thyroid problems, the treatment includes:

Radioactive iodine to deflate the gland;

Surgery (thyroidectomy) to eliminate the whole or part of the gland;

Small doses of iodine Lugol or potassium, if the goiter is due to iodine deficiency;

Thyroid therapy complete if thyroid is due to the thyroid.

PROGNOSIS: A simple goiter can disappear alone, or it can become bigger. Over time, it can cause the destruction of the thyroid gland. This condition is called hypothyroidism. Occasionally, a goiter can become toxic and produce thyroid hormones alone. This can cause high levels of thyroid hormone, a condition called hyperthyroidism. Possible complications may be:

Difficulty in swallowing or breathing;

Hypothyroidism;

Hyperthyroidism;

Thyroid cancer;

Toxic nodular goiter.

Contact a doctor in case of any swelling in the front of the neck or any other symptom of goiter.

PREVENTION: The use of iodinated salt prevents endemic colloid goitre.

Sources: [J. Vanderpas nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism. Ann Rev Nutr. 2006; AACE / AME. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Endocrinologist Medical Association. Guidelines for clinical practice physicians for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocr Pract. 2006; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Ladenson P, Kim M. Thyroid. In: Goldman L and Ausiello D, eds. Goldman: Cecil Medicina. 23a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2007]

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Ectopic pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy is an abnormal pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus. The baby (fetus) can not survive, and often does not develop at all in this type of pregnancy.

Causes: Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a pregnancy begins outside the uterus. The most common site is within one of Fallopian tubes. However, in rare cases, ectopic pregnancies may occur in the ovaries, stomach or cervix.

Ectopic pregnancy is often caused by a condition that blocks or slows the movement of a fertilized egg through the Fallopian tube to the uterus. This can be caused by a physical blockage in the tube from hormonal factors and other factors, such as smoking. Most cases are caused by:

Extra-uterine pregnancy;

Previous infection in fallopian tubes;

Fallopian tube surgery. Up to 50% of women who have ectopic pregnancies have inflammation of fallopian tubes (salpingitis) or pelvic inflammatory disease. Some extrauterine pregnancies may be due to:

Fallopian tube failures;

Complications of a broken appendix;

Endometriosis;

Cutters caused by previous pelvic surgery.

The following risk factors increase the chance of ectopic pregnancy:

Be more than 35 years old;

Have many sex partners;

In vitro fertilization;

Tubular sterilization;

Operation to reverse tubular sterilization;

Defective intrauterine device.

In some cases the cause is unknown. It is more likely that ectopic pregnancies will occur 2 or more years after the surgical procedure that follows it.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Abnormal vaginal bleeding;

Amenorrhea;

Mammary growth;

Backache;

Cramps on one side of the pelvis;

Nausea;

Pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic area.

If the area of the pregnancy is abnormal and bleeds, the symptoms may become worse. They may include:

Fear or fainting sensation;

Intense pressure in the rectum;

Pain that is felt in the shoulder area;

Strong, acute and sudden pain in the lower abdomen.

Internal hemorrhage due to a breakthrough could lead to low blood pressure and fainting in about one woman to 10.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will do a pelvic examination that may show molars in the pelvic area. Tests that can be performed include:

Culdocentesi;

Hematocrit;

Pregnancy test;

Quantitative Blood Testing;

Progesterone serum levels;

Transvaginal ultrasound or ultrasound pregnancy;

Counting white blood cells.

A quantitative increase in HCG levels can help distinguish a normal pregnancy from an extrauterine. High-level women should have a vaginal ultrasound to identify a normal pregnancy. Other tests that can be used to confirm the diagnosis are:

Laparoscopy;

Laparotomy.

THERAPY: Ectopic pregnancies can not continue. The developing cells should be removed to save the mother's life. You will need medical care if the area of ectopic pregnancy breaks down and this can lead to shock. Shock treatment may include:

Blood transfusion;

Endovene administered fluids;

Keep warm;

Oxygen;

Raise your legs.

If there is a rupture, a laparotomy is made to stop the loss of blood. This intervention is also done for:

Confirm an extra-uterine pregnancy;

Remove abnormal pregnancy;

Repair any damage to the fabric.

In some cases, your doctor may need to remove the fallopian tube. Minilaparotomy and laparoscopy are the most common surgical treatments for untreated ectopic pregnancy. If your doctor does not think there is a break, a drug called methotrexate may be given. Blood tests and liver function tests can be performed.

PROBLEMS: One third of women who have had extra-uterine pregnancy are then able to have a baby. A repeated ectopic pregnancy may occur in one third of women. Some women are no longer pregnant. The probability of a successful pregnancy depends on:

Woman's age;

If you have had children;

Reason why the first ectopic pregnancy has occurred.

The death rate due to extrauterine pregnancy is less than 0.1%. Possible complications can be broken with internal hemorrhage leading to shock. Death by breaking is rare.

Contact a doctor if you have symptoms of ectopic pregnancy.

PREVENTION: Most forms of ectopic pregnancy that occur outside fallopian tubes are probably not preventable. However, a tubal pregnancy (the most common type of ectopic pregnancy) can be prevented in some cases, avoiding conditions that could heal the Fallopian tubes. You can reduce the risk:

By avoiding risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease, such as having many sexual partners, having sex without condom, and having sexually transmitted diseases;

With early diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases;

With early diagnosis and treatment of salpingitis;

Stop Smoking.

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:53:00 +0000

Pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis affects scars or thickening of the lungs without a known cause.

Causes: Nobody knows what causes pulmonary fibrosis or why some people get ill. It causes scarring and stiffening in the lungs. This stiffening makes it increasingly difficult to breathe. In some people the disease worsens rapidly (over the course of months or years), in others the worsening is very slow. The condition is believed to be the result of an inflammatory response to an unknown substance. "Idiopathic" means no cause can be found. Disease occurs more often in people between 50 and 70 years of age.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Chest pain;

Cough (usually dry);

Decreasing tolerance for activity;

Lack of breath during activity that lasts for months or years and over time also occurs at rest.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will perform a physical examination and ask questions about medical history, including possible exposure to asbestos. Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have abnormal sounds during their breathing called cramps. At the advanced stage, blue skin (cyanosis) may appear around the mouth or nails due to the shortage of oxygen. Examination of the fingers of your hands and feet may show abnormal enlargement of the nail base. Tests that help diagnose idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are

Bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy;

Computerized tomography of the chest;

Chest radiography;

Measurement of the level of oxygen in the blood;

Pulmonary function test;

Surgical pulmonary biopsy;

Test for connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or scleroderma.

THERAPY: There is no cure for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Medications such as corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs can be given to reduce swelling (inflammation), but these treatments usually do not work. Oxygen is administered to patients who have low levels of oxygen in the blood.

Some patients with pulmonary fibrosis may need a lung transplant. Rehabilitation of the lung does not cure the disease but can help maintain the ability to live normally.

PROGNOSIS: Some patients can improve when treated with corticosteroids or cytotoxic drugs, but in most people the disease may worsen even with treatment. This worsening can happen quickly or very slowly. Possible complications may be:

Chronic Ipossiemia (low blood oxygen level);

Pulmonary heart;

pneumothorax;

Polycythemia (abnormally high levels of red blood cells);

Pulmonary hypertension;

Respiratory failure.

Contact a doctor if you develop cough or shortness of breath.

PREVENTION: Avoiding smoking can help prevent this condition, but you do not know how to avoid the cause.

[Source: Ny Times]

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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Gastrointestinal Fistula

A gastrointestinal fistula is an abnormal opening that allows the contents of the stomach or intestine to come out. If it comes out to other organs, it is called entero-enteric fistula. If it reaches the skin, it is called enterocutaneous fistula.

Causes: Most fistulas are a complication of gastrointestinal surgery. Other are:

Inflammatory processes such as infections or intestinal inflammatory diseases (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis);

Trauma and penetrating wounds, particularly as a gun shot or knife.

SYMPTOMS: Depending on the part of the intestine involved, gastrointestinal fistulas may cause diarrhea, nutrient malabsorption and dehydration. Entero-enteric fistulas may have no symptoms, enterocutaneous ones can cause the intestinal contents to escape from an open wound.

DIAGNOSIS: A fistula can often be identified with a barium test. If the fistulus reaches the colon, there may be need for a dull clisma. A TAC of the abdomen is usually done to determine any abscess and its area of infection. A fistologist can also be done by injection of a contrast dye into the opening of a fistula skin, followed by a radiograph.

THERAPY: Most of the fistulas are closed alone after a few weeks or months. Depending on the situation, some people may need to receive endovine feeding while the fistula heals. In some cases where the fistula does not heal, surgery is required to remove a part of the intestine.

PROGNOSIS: The healing possibilities depend on the general health state, the cause and severity of the fistula. In otherwise healthy people, prospects are great. Possible complications may be malnutrition and dehydration, depending on the intestinal position, or even skin problems and infections.

Contact a doctor if you have a significant change in intestinal habits, particularly severe diarrhea, fluid leakage from an abdomen or near the anus, especially if you have recently undergone abdominal surgery.

[Source: Ny Times]

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photophobia

Photophobia is a discomfort to the eye in light. This is a common symptom. For many people, photophobia is not caused by a basic illness. Serious photophobia can be associated with eye problems and cause severe eye pain, even with poor lighting.

CAUSES: The most common are:

Excessive use of contact lenses, or poorly fitted contact lenses;

Eye diseases, injuries or infections;

Burns to the eye;

Common headache;

Meningitis;

Acute iritis or uveitis (inflammation inside the eyes);

Corneal abrasion;

Corneal Ulcer;

Medicines such as amphetamines, atropine, cocaine, cyclopentolate, idoxuridine, phenylephrine, scopolamine, trifluridine, tropicamide, and vidarabine;

Eyes dilated.

THERAPY: Discomfort due to light sensitivity can be reduced by avoiding sunlight, closing the eyes, wearing dark glasses, or darkening the room. However, the cause for light sensitivity should be determined, as proper treatment can cure the problem. Urgently care if the pain passes from moderate to severe in poor lighting conditions. Contact a doctor if light sensitivity is severe, for example, if you need to wear sunglasses even if it is closed or if sensitivity occurs with headache, red eyes or blurred vision or does not pass through the bow A day or two.

Therapies to overcome photophobia involve anti-anxiety medications and physical therapy. Some of the drugs used in the treatment of photophobia include:

Acular;

Voltaren ophthalmic;

rizatriptan;

Maxalt;

Maxalt MLT;

Maxalt RPD.

All medicines, even those that do not require a prescription, must be agreed with your doctor.

DIAGNOSIS: The physician will have to undergo a physical examination, including an eye examination. Questions about symptoms, possible wounds, dust or chemical exposures, etc. may be asked. Inform your doctor if you have any of these symptoms:

Pain in the eyes;

Headache;

Nausea;

Neck rigidity;

Blurred vision;

Bleeding or wounding in one eye;

Redness;

Itch;

Swelling;

Dizziness;

Numbness or tingling in other parts of the body;

Changes in hearing.

The following tests can be performed:

Corneal scraping;

Examination with slit lamp;

Lumbar puncture.

PROGNOSIS: The possibilities of healing photophobia depend on the cause.

Sources: [http://health.nytimes.com/health/; www.wrongdiagnosis.com]

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Fracture to the nose

A nose fracture is a rupture in a bone or cartilage on or near the nasal septum (the line dividing the nostrils). A fractured nose is the most common facial fracture. Usually occurs after a trauma, and often with other facial fractures. Sometimes, due to an injury, the cartilage dividing the nostrils can break. Nose and neck injuries are often detected together, because a strong stroke enough to hurt the nose can be strong enough to hurt the neck too.

This causes serious injury or problems requiring immediate attention from a physician. However, for minor nose injuries, the doctor may prefer to see the patient one week after the injury, to see if the nose is deformed. Occasionally, surgery may be needed to correct a nasal septal deformity.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Nosebleeds;

Bruises around the eyes;

Difficulty breathing through the nose;

Deformed appearance (may not be obvious until a swelling occurs);

Ache;

Swelling.

The wound usually disappears after 2 weeks.

THERAPY: These first aid tips:

Reassure the patient and try to keep it calm;

Breathe the patient through his mouth by sitting him in order to avoid the blood flowing into his throat;

Apply cold packs on the nose to reduce swelling. If possible, the patient must hold the cloth so that there is not too much pressure on the nose;

To help relieve pain, acetaminophen (Tylenol) is recommended.

Very important is DO NOT try to straighten a broken nose and DO NOT move the person if there is no reason to suspect neck or head injuries. Contact a doctor immediately if:

Bleeding does not stop;

Blood flow is very strong;

You suspect a blood clot in the septum;

A cranial or neck trauma is suspected;

The nose appears deformed;

The person has difficulty breathing.

PREVENTION: Wear a protective helmet during work or a violent contact sport such as riding, cycling, skateboarding, roller skates, or rollerblades. Use seat belts and adjust the parking spot while driving.

Source: [http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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Cranial fracture

Skull fracture is a bone skull breakage. This can occur with head injuries. Although the skull is tough, elastic, and provides excellent protection for the brain, a severe impact can cause its fracture, which can result in brain injury.

The brain can be directly affected by a damage to the nervous system and bleed, but it can also be indirectly influenced by the blood clots that form under the skull and then compress the tissue underneath the brain (subdural or epidural hematoma).

A simple fracture is a bone breakage without damage to the skin.

A linear skull fracture is a rupture in a skull bone similar to a thin line without splinters, depression, or bone distortion.

A fracture of the skull depressed is a broken bone skull (or "skull skull portion") with bone depression to the brain.

A composite fracture involves a rupture or loss of skin and bone splinters

CAUSES: The most common are:

Head trauma;

Falls;

Automobile Accidents;

Physical and sport aggression.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Bleeding from the wound, ears, nose or around the eyes;

Ecchymosis behind the ears or under the eyes;

Pupils with unequal sizes, not reactive to light;

Confusion;

Convulsions;

Difficulty with equilibrium;

Loss of blood from nose or ears;

Drowsiness;

Headache;

Loss of consciousness;

Nausea;

Unhappiness, irritability;

Eloquy jammed;

Stiff neck;

Swelling;

Visual disturbances;

He retched.

The only visual symptom can be a bump on the head. A bump or bruise may take up to 24 hours to develop.

THERAPY: If you were in the presence of a person with a cranial fracture, the first aid to be provided includes:

1. Check the airway, respiration and circulation. If necessary, start artificial respiration and heart massage (without improvising if you are not capable of it).

2. Avoid moving the victim (if not strictly necessary) until the doctor arrives. Call an ambulance.

3. If the victim needs to be moved, be sure to stabilize the head and neck. Put your hands on both sides of the head and under your shoulders. Do not let the head bend forward or backward, or twist it.

4. Carefully check the site of the wound, but probe with a foreign object. It may be difficult to know if the skull is fractured or depressed (bruised) at the site injured.

5. If there is bleeding, apply constant pressure with a clean cloth to check for blood loss on a large area.

6. If there is a wound, do not remove the original fabric. Instead, apply extra cloths on the top, and continue to exert pressure.

7. If the victim vomits, stabilize the head and neck (as indicated in the number 3), and carefully turn the victim to the side to avoid suffocation by vomiting.

8. If the victim is conscious and has none of the symptoms listed above, take it to the nearest medical emergency department (even if the patient does not think they need medical care).

What NOT to do:

Do not move the victim if not absolutely necessary (head injuries may be associated with spinal injuries);

Do not remove protruding objects;

Do not allow the victim to continue to engage in physical activity;

Do not forget to keep an eye on it until your doctor arrives;

Do not give the victim any medication before consulting a physician;

Do not leave the victim alone, even if there are no obvious injuries and say he is fine.

Contact a doctor if:

There are problems with breathing or circulation;

Direct pressure does not stop the bleeding from the nose, ears or wound;

There is blood loss;

There is swelling of the face, bleeding or bruising;

There is an object that protrudes from the skull;

The victim is unconscious, has seizures, has multiple injuries, seems to be in danger or is not shiny.

PREVENTION: To avoid cranial fractures:

Use seat belts every time you are in a motor vehicle;

Use your helmet whenever you practice cycling, skating, skiing, climbing, contact sports that provide them;

Use products designed specifically for the type of sport or recreation in which you participate;

Provide adequate controls for children of any age;

Do not allow children to bicycle or skate at night;

Providing and wearing high visibility clothing;

Teach children to comply with traffic rules and road signs;

Educating people about workplace risks, recreational activities or sports activities and how to avoid accidents;

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Pharyngitis

Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx, the back of the throat, between the tonsils and the larynx. The condition often results in a sore throat.

Causes: There are many causes for pharyngitis, but the most common are bacteria. They are Group A (the most common) streptococcus, Corynebacterium, arcanobacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Other causes of pharyngitis may be gonococcus and viruses. Most cases of pharyngitis occur during the colder months, and often spread among family members.

SYMPTOMS: The main symptom is sore throat. If the cause is throat streptococci, other symptoms may include:

Temperature;

Headache;

Swelling in the lymph nodes of the neck.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will perform a physical examination and look at the throat. Examinations can be made to exclude streptococcus. Further laboratory tests can be made depending on the suspect of other causes.

THERAPY: Treatment depends on the cause of the sore throat. Hot and salty water to make gargle, painkillers and fluids can be useful. Antibiotics are prescribed if streptococcus is diagnosed.

PROGNOSIS: Most cases of pharyngitis pass alone without complications. Possible complications may be:

Tonsil abscess or behind the pharynx;

Airway blockage (in severe cases).

Contact a doctor if you develop a sore throat that does not go away after a few days, or if you have a high fever, swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, or a rash. If you have sore throats and difficulty in breathing, seek immediate medical attention.

Sources: [Alcaide ML, Bisno AL. Faringitis and epiglottitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2007; Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks A. Antibiotics for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Gerber MA. The diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2005; Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Health

careguideline: Diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases in children and adults.

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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Early ejaculation-Encephalitis-Cerebral edema

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Wed, 31 May 2017 15:25:00 +0000

Pulmonary edema

Pulmonary edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs, which causes them to swell.

Causes: Pulmonary edema is usually caused by heart failure. When the heart does not work well, pressure in the veins passes through the lungs and starts to rise. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, the fluid is pushed into air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs. This fluid interrupts the normal circulation of oxygen through the lungs, resulting in a lack of breath. Pulmonary edema may be caused by damage directly to the lung, such as the one caused by poisonous gases or serious infections. Lungs damage with a build up of body fluids was also detected with renal failure.

Pulmonary edema may also be a complication of heart attack, loss or reduction of cardiac valve (mitral valve and aortic valve), or any heart disease resulting in a weakening or stiffening of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy).

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Anxiety;

Cough;

Difficulty breathing;

Excessive sweating;

Feeling of need for air or "death for drowning";

Rattle or gurgling with breathing;

Pale skin;

agitation;

Lack of breath;

Orthopnea, that is, lack of breath only when it is lying (you may need to sleep with your head leaned or use so many pillows);

Wheezing.

Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:

Cough with blood or foam;

Decreasing level of consciousness;

Inability to express yourself;

Nasal burning.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will do a physical examination and use a stethoscope to listen to the lungs and heart. You may have:

Abnormal sounds in the lungs or in the heart;

Increased heart rate;

Blue or pale skin color;

Quick breathing.

Possible tests include:

Blood oxygen levels (in patients with edema are low);

Rays-X to the chest (may reveal fluid around the lung or enlarged heart);

Electrocardiogram (to detect heart rhythm abnormalities or heart attack tests);

Heart ultrasound (echocardiogram) (to see if there is weakness in the heart muscle or anomalies in the valves, or fluid surrounding the heart).

THERAPY: Oxygen is administered through a mask or tiny plastic tubes placed in the nose. A breathing tube can be inserted into the trachea. A breathing machine may be needed. The cause of edema should be quickly identified and treated. Diuretics such as furosemide (Lasix) can be assigned to help release excess water into the body with urine. Drugs to strengthen the heart muscle, control its rhythm, or to relieve heart pressure may also be given.

PROGNOSIS: Although pulmonary edema is a life-threatening condition, it is possible to heal. This depends on the cause and the therapy being assigned. Possible complications may be that some patients may need to use a machine to breathe for a long time. If not cared for, this condition may be fatal.

Contact a doctor if you have breathing problems.

PREVENTION: If you have an illness that can lead to pulmonary edema, you should be sure to take any medication according to the instructions. A healthy diet, usually a low salt, can significantly reduce the risk of this condition.

Sources: [Hess OM, Carroll JD. Clinical evaluation of heart failure. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8a ed. Philadelphia, PA; Elsevier Saunders, 2007; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association. ACC / AHA Task Force on Guidelines. Update for 2001 Guidelines for Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005]

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.
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Cerebral edema

Brain edema is a serious alteration of the central nervous system (encephalus) characterized by increased interstitial or intracellular fluid due to compression and excessive endocranial pressure, which is manifested by a rapid swelling of the cerebral tissue. Let's look at what are the causes, the symptoms, the diagnosis and the therapy.

Causes: interstitial or intracellular fluid build up within the brain is related to different mechanisms than those that cause edema in other organs and tissues. Indeed, the causes of this increase are attributable to an alteration of the self-regulating system within the cranial box, which ensures the maintenance of a correct pressure of cefalorachidic fluid. In pathological conditions this delicate balance is subverted by triggering a number of harmful consequences, such as:

Loss of selective permeability of the cell membrane

Liquid pH changes

Accumulation of toxic substances and metabolites

Lack of physiological neurotransmitters

Presence of pathological neurotransmitters

Blocking mechanisms that can actively transport the various substances through the membranes

Nervous tissue, in this way, faces severe compressive phenomena, which in turn result in further functional deterioration, obstructing normal blood perfusion. Brain edema can be classified as:

Interstitial cerebral edema: It is also termed hydrocephalic and manifests itself in hypertensive hydrocephalus when the ependymal cell recurrence of liquor is insufficient.

Cytotoxic cerebral edema: it is also called cellular and is characterized by a swelling of the cells of the glia, the endothelium and the neurons. It is characteristic of hypoxic and ischemic diseases, but it can also occur in case of hyponatremia, osmotic imbalances, ADH unsuitable secretion syndrome and liver precoma.

Vasogenic cerebral edema: it is delimited to the sole white matter of the brain and is caused by the increase in the permeability of endothelial capillary cells, whereby proteins and water escalate into extracellular spaces. It forms close to expanding encephalic masses (cysts, tumors, abscesses) or in the case of toxic and hypertensive encephalopathies.

SYMPTOMS: The symptoms of cerebral edema include:

Headache

Dizziness

Memory loss

Altered level of consciousness

Nausea

Numbness or weakness

Convulsions

Incontinence

Lethargy

Loss of coordination or balance

Coma

DIAGNOSIS: computerized tomographic examination (brain CT) is the first investigation to allow direct diagnosis of cerebral edema. The RM, on the other hand, has greater resolution power and is able to obtain images of water diffusion in the capillaries, cellular interstices and between the various tissue compartments, enabling the cytotoxic edema of a recent ischemic lesion to be recognized by a chronic .

THERAPY: Therapy aims to reduce intracranial pressure and hence the brain volume and is based on pharmacological, but also surgical, prescriptions. High-performance anti-haemorrhagic corticosteroids are the choice therapy in vasogenic cerebral edema. Positive but temporary effects are also obtained with some non-osmotic diuretics (es, furosemide, acetazolamide). In cytotoxic cerebral edema, the therapy is etiologic and supportive, while for interstitial cerebral edema, liquor delivery (or ventricular drainage) is performed.

Surgical therapy includes:

Removal of the edemigenic lesion: involves the radical removal of the mass to prevent the regeneration of the lesion. This, however, can only occur when the lesion is benign.

Ventricular drainage: is performed in patients with obstructive hydrocephalus.

Decompression Craniotomy: It is performed on patients with cerebral edema, but with no radiological signs of ischemia, those with intracerebral hemorrhage and above all those with cerebral-traumatic trauma.

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Early ejaculation

Early ejaculation occurs when a man has an orgasm during reports before his partner desires it.

Causes: Early ejaculation is a common problem. It is rarely caused by a physical problem. Often it is caused by anxiety or too much stimulation. Other psychological factors may also be involved. The condition usually improves without therapy.

SYMPTOMS: The man ejaculates before the partner wants to. This may vary from before penetration to a moment soon after it occurs. This can leave a feeling of dissatisfaction in the couple.

DIAGNOSIS: Usually there are no abnormal results in analyzes that diagnose the condition. The doctor can get useful information by asking questions to the person concerned or the couple.

THERAPY: Practice and relaxation can help tackle the problem. Some men try to distract themselves by making non-sexual thoughts (like trying to remember names of footballers) to avoid getting excited too fast. There are several useful techniques that you can try.

The "stop and go" method: This technique involves sexual stimulation until the man feels close to the orgasm. Stop the stimulation for about 30 seconds and then restart again. Repeat this technique until the man wants to ejaculate.

The "squeezing" method: This technique involves man's sexual stimulation until he realizes that he is about to ejaculate. At that point, the man or his partner gently squeezes the tip of the penis for a few seconds. This stops sexual stimulation for about 30 seconds, and then rejuvenates again. You can repeat this technique until the man wants to ejaculate.

Antidepressants such as Prozac and other selective serotonin inhibitors can be useful because one of their side effects is to prolong the time needed to reach ejaculation. You can apply a local anesthetic cream on the penis to reduce the stimulation. The feeling is diminished and may delay ejaculation. Condom use may also have this effect in some men. For some couples a consultation with a sexologist, psychologist or psychiatrist is necessary.

PROGNOSIS: In most cases, man is able to learn to control ejaculation through the education and practice of the techniques described. Early chronic ejaculation can be a sign of anxiety or depression. A psychiatrist or psychologist can help cure these conditions. Possible complications may be:

Very premature ejaculation before the man enters the vagina;

A persistent lack of control over ejaculation can cause one or both partners a feeling of sexual dissatisfaction. It can lead to tensions in the report.

PREVENTION: There is no way to prevent this candle. However, relaxation can make it less likely to occur.

Sources: [Read TF, Broderick GA. Nonsurgical evaluation and management of erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell Walsh-Urology. 9a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2007; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Moore PS, Jefferson JW. Early ejaculation. In: Moore DP, Jefferson JW, eds. Handbook of Medical Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2004]

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Hepatic hemangioma

Hepatic hemangioma is a benign liver cancer made of dilated blood vessels.

Causes: Hepatic hemangioma is the benign tumor of the most common liver. It is believed to be a congenital defect. Hepatic hemangiomas can occur at any time, but are more common in people between the ages of 30 and 50. Women are more affected than men.

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Children may develop a type of hepatic hemangioma called benign infantile hemangiodothelioma (also called multicellular hepatic hemangiomasosis). This rare cancerous cancer has been linked to high rates of heart failure and death in infants. Babies are usually diagnosed around 6 months of age.

SYMPTOMS: Some hemangiomas can cause hemorrhage or interfere with organ function, depending on their position. Most cavernosal hemangiomas do not produce symptoms. In rare cases, a cavernous hemangioma may break.
DIAGNOSIS: Hepatic hemangioma is not usually discovered until a liver imaging test is performed for some other reason. If there is a cavernous hemorrhagic rupture, the only sign may be an enlarged liver. Children with benign infantile hemangioendothelioma may have:

Abdomen of the abdomen;
Anemia;
Signs of heart failure.
The following tests can be performed:

Blood analysis;
Liver TAC;
Liver angiogram;
Magnetic resonance imaging;
Single-photon computerized tomography (SPECT);
Abdominal ultrasound.
THERAPY: Liver cervical hemangiomas for the most part are treated only if there is persistent pain. The treatment for infantile hemangioendothelioma depends on the baby's growth and development. The following treatments may be needed:

Inserting a material into a liver blood vessel to block it (embolization);
Ligation of a liver artery;
Cardiac insufficiency drugs;
Surgery to remove the tumor.
PROGNOSIS: In infants whose tumor is only in a liver lobe, surgery is possible even if the child has heart failure. Possible complications may be higher as a result of pregnancy and estrogen-based drugs.

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Encephalitis

Encephalitis is an irritation and swelling of the brain, usually due to infections. It is most often caused by a viral infection. Many types of viruses can cause it. Exposure to the virus can occur through:

Inhalation of respiratory droplets from an infected person;

Food contamination;

Bites of insects;

Skin contact.

In rural areas, arboviruses, run by mosquitoes or ticks, or accidentally ingested, are the most common cause. In urban areas, enteroviruses are more common, including:

Coxsackievirus;

echovirus;

Poliovirus.

Other viruses that can cause encephalitis are:

Adenovirus;

Cytomegalovirus;

Equine Oriental Encephalitis Virus;

Epstein-Barr virus;

Herpes simplex infection;

Measles;

Mumps;

Anger;

Rubella;

Varicella (or herpes zoster);

Western Nile Virus.

Patients with AIDS and other high-risk patients may develop encephalitis due to parasites such as:

Some nematodes;

cysticercosis;

Toxoplasmosis.

Although most forms of encephalitis are caused by viruses, the condition may also be caused by bacterial diseases, such as:

Lyme syndrome;

Syphilis;

Tuberculosis.

Very rarely, an allergic reaction to vaccinations, autoimmune diseases, and cancer effects can also cause encephalitis. It's a rather rare disease. Seniors and children are more vulnerable and may have the most serious cases.

SYMPTOMS: When the virus enters the bloodstream, it can cause inflammation of the surrounding cerebral tissue and membranes. White blood cells invade the brain tissue as they try to fight the infection. The cerebral tissue swells (cerebral edema), and can destroy nerve cells, cause brain bleeding (intracerebral hemorrhage), and brain damage. Symptoms include:

Goofy, unstable pace;

Confusion, disorientation;

Drowsiness;

Temperature;

Headache;

Irritability or difficulty in controlling;

Light sensitivity;

Stiff neck;

He retched.

Symptoms that indicate an emergency state are:

Loss of consciousness, poor responsiveness, coma;

Muscular weakness or paralysis;

Epileptic attacks;

Sudden change in mental functions such as diminished interest in daily activities, lack of humor or mood that is inappropriate for the situation, disturbance in judgment, extreme rigidity, self-censorship, indecision, or subtraction from social interaction;

Memory Loss (amnesia).

DIAGNOSIS: The visit may include:

Anomalous reflections;

Intracranial pressure increase;

Mental confusion;

Ulcers at the mouth;

Muscle weakness;

Neck rigidity;

Signs in other organs, such as the liver and lungs;

Bruises;

Problems in talking.

Tests may include:

Magnetic resonance to the brain;

TC cap scanning;

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, blood or urine (however, this test is rarely useful);

Electroencephalogram;

Lumbar puncture;

Tests that detect antibodies for a virus (serological tests);

Tests that detect small amounts of DNA from the virus (polymerase chain reaction).

THERAPY: Treatment goals are providing supportive care to help the body fight infection, and relief of symptoms. Reorientation and emotional support for confused or delusional people may be helpful. Medications may include:

Antivirals, such as acyclovir (Zovirax) and foscarnet (Foscavir), for the treatment of herpes or other serious viral infections;

Antibiotics, if the infection is caused by some bacteria;

Anti-epilepsy drugs (such as phenytoin), to prevent convulsions;

Steroids (such as dexamethasone), to reduce the swelling of the brain (in rare cases);

Sedatives, for the treatment of restlessness or irritability;

Acetaminophen, for fever and headache

If brain function is severely affected, interventions such as physical therapy and speech therapy may be needed after the disease is under control.

PROGNOSIS: The result varies. Some cases are mild and of short duration, and the person heals completely. Other cases are serious, durable or permanent, and in some cases death is possible. The acute phase usually lasts for 1-2 weeks. Fever and other symptoms disappear progressively or suddenly. Some people may take several months to recover completely. Possible complications can be permanent brain damage, but also problems with hearing, memory, muscle, sensory, vocal and vision.

Contact a doctor if you have sudden fever or other symptoms of encephalitis.

PREVENTION: Keeping the mosquito under control (the mosquito bite can transmit some viruses) can reduce the chance of some infections that can lead to encephalitis. It can be done by applying anti-repellent repellents and using long clothing, if possible, to avoid contact. Vaccinate animals to prevent encephalitis caused by the rabies virus. Human vaccinations are available and include:

A vaccination to prevent viral encephalitis that often affects people living in dormitories or in the military;

Measles;

Shingles.

Sources: [Bleck TP. Viral arthropods affect the central nervous system. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicina. 23a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2007; Modlin JF. Infections from enterovirus. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicina. 23a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2007; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Nath A. Berger jr. Acute viral encephalitis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicina. 23a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2007; Whitley RJ. Herpes simplex virus infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicina. 23a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2007]

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Hepatitis is autoimmune

Autoimmune hepatitis is liver inflammation that occurs when immune cells by mistake attack normal cells in the liver instead of the invading invaders.

Causes: This disease is associated with other autoimmune diseases, including:

Hemolytic anemia;

Glomerulonephritis proliferative;

thyroiditis;

Type 1 diabetes;

Ulcerative colitis.

Autoimmune hepatitis sometimes occurs in relatives of people with autoimmune diseases, suggesting there is a genetic cause. This disease is more common in girls and women.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Abdominal distension;

Urine scure;

Fatigue;

Generalized pruritus;

General malaise or discomfort;

Loss of appetite;

Nausea and vomit;

Light or clay colored;

Amenorrhea.

DIAGNOSIS: To diagnose the disease, you will be subjected to:

Abnormal liver function tests;

Hepatic biopsy showing chronic hepatitis;

Analysis of anti-microsomal antibodies in the liver and kidneys;

Analysis of anti-mitochondrial antibodies;

Settling speed;

Serum IgG.

THERAPY: Prednisone or other corticosteroid medications help reduce inflammation. Azathioprine and mercaptopurine are used to cure other autoimmune diseases. They have also been shown to help patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Some patients may receive a liver transplant.

PROGNOSIS: The result varies. Corticosteroid therapy can slow the progression of the disease. However, autoimmune hepatitis may worsen in cirrhosis and requires a liver transplant. Possible complications may be:

Cirrhosis;

Steroid and other drugs complications;

HCC;

Infection of liver cells.

Contact a doctor if you notice the appearance of autoimmune hepatitis symptoms.

PREVENTION: Autoimmune hepatitis is usually not preventable. Awareness of risk factors can allow early detection and cure of the disease in time.

Sources: [Luxon BA. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology Clinics. June 2008; http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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Esophagitis

Esophagitis is a generic term for any inflammation, irritation, swelling of the esophagus, the tube that goes from the back of the mouth to the stomach.

Causes: Esophagitis is often caused by the return of acids in the stomach to the esophagus, a condition called gastroesophageal reflux. An autoimmune disorder called eosinophilic esophagitis also causes this condition. The following conditions increase the risk of contracting esophagitis:

Excessive vomiting;

Medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen, potassium, alendronate, tetracycline, and doxycycline;

Vitamin C Supplements;

Surgery or chest radiations.

People with weakened immune system due to HIV and certain drugs (such as corticosteroids) may develop infections leading to esophagitis. The infection can be due to fungus, herpes virus or cytomegalovirus.

SYMPTOMS: The infection may cause irritation of inflammatory tissues or it may also take the form of ulcers. Symptoms may include:

Difficulty swallowing;

Painful swallowing;

Stomach burns (acid reflux);

Oral lesions (herpes).

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor may perform the following tests:

Endoscopy;

X-ray with barium;

Biopsy.

THERAPY: Treatment depends on the specific cause. Drugs can be prescribed to reduce acidity. Infections will require antibiotics.

PROGNOSIS: The disorders that cause esophagitis usually respond well to the treatment. Possible complications may be, if the disease is not cured, severe discomfort, difficulty swallowing up (causing malnutrition or dehydration), and any scars in the esophagus. These scars may lead to an esophagus stenosis, ie foods or medications may not be able to pass through the stomach. A condition called Barrett's esophagus may develop after years of gastroesophageal reflux. Rarely, Barrett's esophagus can lead to esophagus cancer.

Sources: [Maish M. esophagus. In: Townsend CM, RD Beauchamp, BM Evers, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Book of Surgery. 18a ed. St Louis, MO: WB Saunders; 2008; http://health.nytimes.com/health; Orlando R. Diseases of the esophagus. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicina. 23a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007]

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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Atherosclerosis
Autism
Obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy (COPD)
bronchospasm
Stomach ache
Stock Exchange
Bissinosi
Bladder calculations
Gallbladder calculations (gallbladder calculations)
Kidney stones
Renal pelvis cancer (ureter cancer)

Dysthymia-Anal pain-Knee pain-Menstrual cramps

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Wed, 31 May 2017 14:28:00 +0000

Weakness

We mean weakness a reduction in the strength of one or more muscles. The weakness can be generalized (total bodily weakness) or localized to only one area, body side, a particular point, or muscle. It is more serious when it is localized, because it can follow a stroke, burn or injury. Weakness can be objective or subjective.

Subjective: It feels weak, but there is no measurable loss of strength;

Objective: There is a measurable loss of strength observed during a physical examination.

A subjective feeling of weakness can be associated with infectious diseases such as influenza and mononucleosis.

Causes: Measurable weakness can be derived from a variety of conditions including metabolic, neurological, primary muscular illnesses, and toxic disorders.

Metabolic causes:

Addison's disease;

hyperparathyroidism;

Low sodium or potassium levels;

Thyrotoxicosis.

Neurological causes:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;

Intestinal blockage;

Cerebral paralysis;

Guillain-Barré syndrome;

Multiple sclerosis;

Damage to nerves;

Heart attack.

Muscle causes:

Becker Muscular Dystrophy;

dermatomyositis;

Muscular Dystrophy of Duchenne;

Myotonic dystrophy.

Toxic causes:

Botulism;

Poisoning from organophosphates (insecticides, nerve gases, etc.);

Paralysis due to poisoning.

Other causes:

Anemia;

Miastenia grave;

Polio.

THERAPY: Depending on the cause of weakness, there will be a different treatment and not comparable to another. Contact a doctor if you have:

Prolonged and inexplicable weakness;

Sudden weakness, especially when you have other conditions, such as fever;

Sudden weakness due to viral illness;

Weakness in an area of the body.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will examine the physician and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms. He will also investigate the so-called aggravating factors, that is, if weakness worsens in one of these cases:

Physical activity;

Rest;

Hunger;

Fatigue;

Ache;

Stress

Or if one of these cases relieves the condition. A physical examination may include particular attention to the heart, lungs, and thyroid gland. If there is a particular area you feel weak, the exam will focus on muscular and nerve functions. Diagnostic tests that can be performed include:

Blood tests for autoimmune diseases;

Blood tests like a CBC and electrolytes;

The lumbar puncture;

Magnetic resonance or TAC of head and spine;

Muscular biopsy;

Nerve conduction studies;

Thyroid Functional Test;

Urine analysis.

Fonti: [Olney RK. Debolezza, disturbi del movimento, e squilibrio. In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Anthony S. Fauci AS, eds. Harrison’s Internal Medicine. 16a ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2005; http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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Delirium

Delirium is a sudden and strong confusion with rapid changes in brain function that occur with physical or mental illness.

Causes: Delusion is most often caused by a usually temporary and reversible disease. Many disorders cause delirium, including conditions that deprive the brain of oxygen or other substances. Common causes include:

Drug Abuse;

Infections such as those of the urinary tract or pneumonia (in people who already have cerebral damage by stroke or dementia);

Poisons;

Basic disorders by fluids, electrolytes or acids.

Patients with more severe brain injuries are more likely to get sick during the illness.

SYMPTOMS: Delirium involves a rapid change of mental states (for example, by lethargy to agitation, which then returns to lethargy). Symptoms include:

Changes in waking (usually you are more alert in the morning, less during the night);

Changes in sensation and perception;

Changes in the level of consciousness or awareness;

Changes in movements (for example, may be inactive or slow);

Changes in sleep;

Confusion (disorientation) on time or place;

Decrease in short term memory;

Unable to remember events since delirium began (amnesia anterograda);

Failure to remember past events (retrograde amnesia);

Warning disturbed;

Inability to think or to behave properly;

Concentration problems;

Disorganized thinking;

Inconsistent speech;

Inability to stop these behaviors;

Emotional or personality changes;

Anger;

Anxiety;

Apathy;

Depression;

Euphoria;

Irritability;

Movements triggered by changes in the nervous system (psychomotor agitation).

DIAGNOSIS: The following tests may have abnormal results:

An examination of the nervous system (neurological examination);

Psychological analysis;

Feelings of sensation, thought (cognitive function), and motor function.

The following tests can also be made:

Ammonia levels;

B12 levels;

Chemical test of blood;

Analysis of gas in the blood;

Chest radiography;

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid;

CPK (creatinphosphochinase);

Drug and alcohol levels test (toxicological test);

Electroencephalogram;

Glucose test;

TAC at the head;

Magnetic resonance at the head;

Liver function tests;

Mental state test;

Calcium serum levels;

Serum electrolytes;

Magnesium serum levels;

Thyroid Functional Test;

Levels of thyrotoxic hormone;

Urine analysis.

THERAPY: The goal of therapy is to control or reverse the cause of the symptoms. Treatment depends on the condition that causes delirium. Diagnosis and care should take place in a pleasant, comfortable environment that physically gives the feeling of a safe environment. The person may need to stay in the hospital for a short period of time. Changing drugs that aggravate confusion, or that are not needed, can improve mental function. Drugs that can aggravate confusion include:

Alcohol and illegal drugs;

Analgesics;

Anticholinergic;

Central nervous system depressants;

cimetidine;

Lidocaine.

Disturbances that contribute to confusion must be treated. These may include:

Heart failure;

Decreased oxygen (hypoxia);

High levels of carbon dioxide;

Thyroid disorders;

Anemia;

Malnutrition;

Infections;

Kidney failure;

Hepatic insufficiency;

Psychiatric conditions (such as depression).

Medical treatment and mental disorders often considerably improve mental function. Medications may be needed to control aggressive or agitated behavior. These are usually taken in low doses and adapted to the needs. The drugs include:

Dopamine antagonists (haloperidol, olanzapine, risperidone, clozapine);

Stabilizing mood (fluoxetine, imipramine, citalopram);

Sedative drugs (clonazepam or diazepam);

Serotoninergic (trazodone, buspirone);

Thiamine.

Some people with delirium can benefit from hearing aids, glasses, or cataract surgery. Other treatments that may be useful:

Changing unacceptable behavior to control dangerous behaviors;

Orientation to reality to reduce disorientation.

PROGNOSIS: The acute condition that causes delirium can occur with chronic disorders that cause dementia. Acute brain syndromes can be reversible by treating the cause. Delirium often lasts only about a week, although it may take several weeks to bring mental function back to normal levels. Full recovery is possible. Any complications may be:

Loss of function capacity or self-care;

Loss of ability to interact;

Progression to coma;

Side effects from medications.

Source: [http://health.nytimes.com/health/]
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Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic disease and is due to high levels of blood sugar.

Causes: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes may be caused by insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, or both.

There are three main types of diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed during childhood. Many patients find themselves sick after 20 years. In this disease, the body produces little or no insulin, making it necessary to inject daily insulin. The exact cause is still unknown. Among the most accredited are genetic and viral problems.

Type 2 diabetes is much more common than Type 1. It is most of the case. Usually occurs in adulthood. The pancreas does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels in the blood. Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it, even if it is a serious condition. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common due to growing obesity and lack of exercise.

The third type of diabetes is called "gestational" and it is a high level of blood glucose that develops at any time of pregnancy in a woman who does not have diabetes.

There are many risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including:

Age over 45 years;

Genetic causes;

Gestational or childbirth of a child weighing more than 4 Kg;

heart disease;

High cholesterol level in the blood;

Obesity;

Poor exercise;

Alteration in glucose tolerance;

Membership to some of the most exposed ethnic groups (especially African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Pacific Islanders, Americans and Hispanics).

SYMPTOMS: High blood glucose levels can cause several problems, including:

Confused view;

Excessive thirst;

Fatigue;

polyuria;

Hunger;

Weight loss.

However, if type 2 diabetes develops slowly, some people do not detect any symptoms.

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes:

Fatigue;

Increased thirst;

polyuria;

Nausea;

He retched;

Weight loss despite an increase in appetite.

Patients with type 1 diabetes usually develop symptoms over a short period of time.

DIAGNOSIS: An urine analysis can be used to look for glucose and ketones. However, a urine test can not alone diagnose diabetes. The following blood glucose tests are used to diagnose diabetes: glucose fasting; Glucose tolerance; Not fasting glucose test.

THERAPY: The immediate goals are the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and high blood glucose levels. Since type 1 diabetes may start suddenly and has serious symptoms, people who have just been diagnosed may need to go to the hospital. Long-term goals of the treatment are to prolong life; Reduce the symptoms; Preventing diabetes to avoid related complications such as blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, and amputations of the limbs.

These objectives are achieved through:

Careful analysis of glucose levels in the blood

Exercise

Foot care

Meal plan and weight control

Medicines or insulin use

Early management of diabetes will help prevent the need for emergency care. These skills include:

How to recognize and treat low blood sugar levels (hypoglycaemia) and high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia)

What and when to eat

How to take insulin or medication

Record glucose levels in the blood

Testing of ketones in urine

Adjust insulin in food in case of change in dietary habits

Manage sick days

DIET: People with type 1 diabetes should eat at about the same time each day and try to be consistent with the types of foods they choose. This helps prevent blood sugar levels from becoming too high or low. People with type 2 diabetes should follow a well-balanced diet with low fat content.

PHARMACIES: Drugs for diabetes therapy include insulin and glucose lowering pills called hypoglycemic drugs. Type 1 diabetes patients need daily injections of insulin. Insulin is not available as a pill. Other people use a new type of inhaled insulin. Unlike Type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes can be aided in exercise with exercise, diet, and medications to be taken by mouth. There are several types of medicines used to lower blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.

NOTES: Regular exercise is especially important for diabetic patients. It helps control blood sugar, weight loss, and high blood pressure levels. People with diabetes who exercise regular exercise are less likely to suffer a heart attack or stroke than those who do not move. It may be necessary to modify the diet or dose of drugs to change the intensity and duration of the exercises to maintain acceptable levels of blood sugar.

Diabetics are more likely to have problems with the feet. Diabetes can damage your blood vessels and nerves and decrease your body's ability to fight infections. If you do not treat the affected feet you can also be amputated.

PREVENTION: Numerous studies have shown that rigorous blood sugar control and blood pressure levels in diabetics help to reduce the risk of kidney disease, eye disease, nervous system disorders, heart attack, and stroke.

To avoid acting too late, you should go to the emergency room if you have chevacidosis symptoms:

Abdominal pain

breathlessness

Increased thirst and drift

Loss of consciousness

Nausea

Rantolo

Confusion

Convulsions or loss of consciousness

Dizziness

Double vision

Excessive drowsiness

Headache

Lack of coordination

Weakness

Maintaining an ideal body weight and an active lifestyle can prevent type 2 diabetes. There is currently no way to prevent type 1 diabetes. There is no effective screening test for type 1 diabetes in people who are not Have symptoms. Screening for Type 2 diabetes and for those with these symptoms is not recommended for overweight children who have other risk factors for diabetes since the age of 10, overweight adults (over 25) who have other Risk factors and adults over the age of 45 if the symptoms occur every 3 years.

Source: [http://health.nytimes.com; Alemzadeh R, Wyatt DT. Diabetes Mellitus. In: Kliegman RM, ed. Kliegman: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2007; American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2008. Diabetes Care. 2008; Eisenbarth GS, Polonsky
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Anal pain

Anal pain, or in the anus, around the anus or rectum is a common disorder and often a cause of concern. Sometimes, it can also be accompanied by rectal bleeding, but in most cases this symptom is not caused by a serious problem like an anthrax cancer.

SYMPTOMS: Anal pain is already a symptom in itself, as well as rectal bleeding and swelling. The perianal region, being rich in nerve endings, is highly susceptible to pain, unlike the rectal mucosa and rectum where different innervation makes this area relatively unattractive.

Causes: The causes of pain in the anus can be different, including:

Anal abs

Anal cancer

Right carcinoma

Coccygodynia (pain in the coccyx)

Ulcerative colitis (inflammatory bowel disease of the large intestine)

Compression of the nerve pudding

Diarrhea

Peritoneal hematoma

Hemorrhoids

Faecal impaction

Anal fistula

Crohn's disease

Fecal proctalgia (short-term shortness of pain due to muscle spasms)

Proctitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane surrounding the rectum)

Anal itch

Anal rags

Sexual Relations

Anise lift syndrome (muscle spasms surrounding the anus)

Lonely rectus ulcer syndrome (rectal ulcer usually associated with rectus intussusception)

Constipation

Hemorrhoid thrombosis

traumas

Among the above mentioned causes constipation, stinging, anal abscess and hemorrhoid thrombosis are certainly the most frequent ones. The pain after defecation, for example, is typical of those who suffer from constipation. The issue of hard consistency stems, in fact, can injure the anal mucosa, causing pain. Even stinging and anal abscess cause severe pain, which tends to get worse after defecation. Hemorrhoid thrombosis, on the other hand, is the main complication of hemorrhoids with intense and sudden pain, dark red small tumors evolving towards necrosis and ulceration with low blood coagulation dark blood.

A case of anal pain during the menstrual cycle. The appearance of pelvic pain and consequently the various organs involved is not uncommon in the early stages of menstruation, especially for women suffering from dysmenorrhea. This condition is caused by the release of inflammatory substances (prostaglandins) which, once discharged, are active on all neighboring structures. The anal canal, in fact, is contiguous to the vaginal wall. Some doctors, in order to remedy pain, recommend taking an anti-inflammatory drug (eg Ibuprofen) before painful symptomatology manifests itself to counteract the effect of prostaglandins.

DIAGNOSIS: The causes of anal pain can be easily diagnosed during a proctological examination. The clinical examination includes anorectal inspection and exploration. It will then be the specialist to evaluate whether to proceed with any instrumental or bioptic findings.

CARE: Depending on the diagnosis, the most appropriate treatment will be set, to solve the problem stably. For example, in anal fissure, early-stage therapy aims to maintain soft stools and reduce hypertension of sphincters with oral drugs and topical painkillers and hot bidets. In case of anal abscess, cure is in the surgical drainage, while hemorrhoidal thrombosis therapy involves the taking of oral and topical drugs, however, surgical incision in local anesthesia, if performed early in relation to the onset of the disease, resolves Quickly and effectively the complication and its symptoms.

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Menstrual cramps

Painful menstrual periods are times when a woman has cramps and abdominal pains that go and come and eventually accompany her back pain. Painful menstruation affects many women. For a small number of them, discomfort makes it difficult to perform normal family, work, school or related activities for a couple of days during each menstrual cycle. Painful menstruation is the main cause of the loss of school days and work among women and adolescents around the age of twenty.

Pain may begin several days before, or even just at the beginning of the cycle. Although some pains during menstruation are normal, they are usually not excessive. The medical term indicating too painful flows is dysmenorrhoea. There are two types of dysmenorrhea:

Primary that refers to menstrual pain that occurs in normally healthy women. This type of pain is not related to specific problems with the uterus or other pelvic organs;

Secondary, if menstrual pain is attributed to some underlying disease or structural anomalies, both inside and outside the uterus.

The activity of prostaglandin hormone produced in the uterus is thought to be an important factor in primary dysmenorrhea. This hormone causes contraction of the uterus and levels tend to be much higher in women with severe menstrual pain than in women with mild pain.

CAUSES: The most common are:

Endometriosis;

fibroids:

Intrauterine device;

Ovarian cysts;

Pelvic inflammatory disease;

Premenstrual syndrome;

Sexually Transmitted Diseases;

Stress and anxiety.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will make a physical assessment, paying particular attention to the pelvis and abdomen. It will ask questions about the patient's medical history and current symptoms. Diagnostic tests that can be performed include:

Blood tests;

Analysis to exclude sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea, primary syphilis, chlamydia or other infections;

Laparoscopy;

Ultrasound.

Your doctor may prescribe contraceptive pill to relieve menstrual pain. Many women continue to have symptoms relief, even after they have stopped taking the drug. Surgery may be needed for women who are unable to control or withstand the pain. Procedures may vary from the removal of cysts, polyps, adhesions, fibroids to hysterectomy in the event of extreme endometriosis as an alternative to drugs. For pain caused by the spiral, removal may be necessary. Antibiotics are needed for pelvic inflammatory disease.

THERAPY: The following procedure avoids prescribing drugs:

Apply a warm swab under the navel;

Lightly circular massages with the tip of your fingers around the lower abdomen;

Drink hot drinks;

Eating light but frequent meals;

Follow a diet rich in complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, fruit and vegetables, but low in salt, sugar, alcohol and caffeine;

Hold your legs raised when you lie down, or bend your knees when you are on one side;

Practicing relaxation techniques such as meditation or yoga;

Try with anti-inflammatory or analgesic medicines, such as ibuprofen;

Try with vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium and supplements;

Make baths or hot showers;

Walk or practice regularly, even doing pelvic exercises.

If these DIY measures do not work, your doctor may prescribe medicines such as:

Antibiotics;

Antidepressants;

Birth control pill;

Strong anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac (Cataflam);

Strong painkillers (including drugs, such as codeine, for short periods).

Contact a doctor immediately if:

There is an increasing or vaginal vaginal discharge;

There is fever;

Pain is unbearable;

The cycle comes with more than a week late, and there are no sexual causes;

DIY measures do not alleviate pain after 3 months;

It has a spiral for more than 3 months;

You notice blood clots or other symptoms with pain;

The pain is severe or sudden;

Pain occurs at different moments of the menstrual cycle, starts more than 5 days before the cycle, or continues after it has passed.

Sources: [French L. dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2005; http: //health.nytimes.com/health; Harel Z. dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults: etiology and management. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2006]

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Knee pain

CAUSES: Knee pain is usually the result of a poor shape during physical activity or a practiced activity without adequate heating or stretching. A simple pain often passes by itself with some rest. Being overweight may increase the risk of developing knee problems. Knee pain can be caused by:

Arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and gout;

Baker cysts, a fluid that fills the knee in the back and manifests with a swelling, which can accompany inflammation due to other causes, such as arthritis;

Bursitis, inflammation from repeated knee pressures, kneeling over long periods of time, excessively, or injury;

Connective tissue, such as lupus;

Dislocation of the crown;

Osteobic Band Syndrome, a disorder due to a bandwidth going from side to side of the knee;

Common Infection;

Knee injury can cause bleeding to worsen pain;

Tendinitis, pain in the front of the knee that worsens when making stairs or walking steeply;

Meniscus pain, pain inside or outside the knee;

Tailing of ligament, leads to pain and instability of the knee;

Distortion, slight ligament injuries caused by sudden or unnatural twists.

Less common causes are:

Bone tumors;

Osgood-Schlatter disease.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will perform a physical examination, with particular attention to your knees, hips, legs, and other joints. To help diagnose the cause of the problem, the doctor will do anamnesis with questions about pain, various symptoms, and physical habits. The following diagnostic tests can be performed:

Analysis of fluid extracted from the knee;

X-ray of the knee;

Magnetic knee resonance if a ligament or meniscus injury is suspected.

Go from a physiotherapist to learn about exercises like stretching and strengthening exercises; Or by a podologist for orthostatic prostheses, if necessary. In some cases, surgery is required. For example, if arthritis is severe, a bone replacement can be recommended. Recovery from meniscus or ligament problems is slow. Physical therapy may often be necessary. THERAPY: Many causes of knee pain, especially those related to excessive physical activity, are able to respond well to DIY care:

Rest and avoid aggravating pain, especially by not doing weight-moving activities;

Apply ice. Initially apply for 15 minutes every hour, after the first day, apply at least 4 times a day;

Keep the knee raised as far as possible to try to deflate it;

Gently compress the knee by wearing an elastic band or band. This can reduce swelling and provide support;

Take acetaminophen for pain or ibuprofen for pain and swelling;

Sleep with a pillow under or between your knees.

Your doctor may prescribe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), which are stronger than those available without a prescription. If these are not helpful, your doctor may inject a steroid to reduce pain and inflammation. Call your doctor if:

It is not possible to bear the weight on the knee;

There is pain, even without weight problems;

The knee cracks or stops;

The knee is deformed;

It has fever, redness or heat around the knee, or a significant swelling;

There is pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or bluish skin below the sore knee;

You still have pain after 3 days of home therapy.

PREVENTION: The directives to avoid damage to the knee may be:

Increase level of activity slowly over time;

Always warm up before exercising, and then slowly cool. Learn correct stretching exercises without improvising;

Replace sports shoes often. Ask for advice on correct footwear for the shape of your foot and your movements.

Sources: [Labropoulos N, Shifrin DA, O. Paxinos new perspectives for the development of poplite cysts. Br J Surg. 2004; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Fithian DC. Fracture of the injured knee frontal crest ligament. Orthop Clin North Am 2002]

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Pain in the testicles

Pain in the testicles is the discomfort in one or both of the testes. Pain sometimes radiates to the lower abdomen. Testicles are found inside the scrotum and are very sensitive. Even a small injury or contact can cause pain or discomfort. A sudden and severe testicular pain, however, requires immediate medical attention. If a young person has abdominal pain, the scrotum must always be thoroughly examined. Abdominal pain may occur in certain conditions, including torsion of the testicle. It is a torsion that can block the supply of blood and cause tissue death. Testicular cancer is usually painless.

Causes: Common causes of testicular pain include:

injuries;

Infection or inflammation;

Twist, more common in young people between the ages of 10 and 20.

Possible infections include:

Epididymitis: Inflammation of the tube through which the sperm leaves the testicle. This is often caused by bacteria, such as chlamydia, a sexually transmitted disease;

Orchite: Inflammation of one or both of the testes, which can be caused by bacteria or viruses such as ears. Orcite may occur at the same time as epididymitis or prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate).

Fluids in the testicles often cause painless swelling but can cause slight discomfort. There are several types of liquid collection:

Varicocele: the veins that carry the blood from the testicles are enlarged;

Spermatocele: fluid in the epididymic that forms a cyst and often contains dead sperm cells;

Idrocele: fluid in the area inside the scrotum, surrounding the testicle, common in infants.

Pain can also be caused by a hernia.

THERAPY: Some causes of testicular pain, including testicular torsion, can lead to infertility, if not treated promptly. Infections should also be examined and treated immediately. If the infection is caused by bacteria, your doctor will prescribe an antibiotic. For non-urgent causes, such as minor injuries and fluid collection, the following home care measures can reduce discomfort and swelling. These steps will help relieve the discomfort:

Provide support for the scrotum wearing a suspense;

Apply ice to the scrotum;

Have a warm bath if there are signs of inflammation;

Stay lying down, placing a towel under the scrotum;

Take analgesics or painkillers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Do not give aspirin to children.

The treatment may include:

Detection of the testicle (performed by an experienced physician);

Surgery to correct a simple testicular torsion;

Antibiotics for infections;

Painkillers;

Surgery of drainage or removal of an abscess (rare);

Surgery for a varicocele, a hydrocele or spermatocele, especially if varicocele can contribute to infertility.

Contact a doctor or go to a emergency room if:

The pain is severe and sudden;

There was a trauma, and there was pain or swelling after an hour;

Pain is accompanied by nausea or vomiting;

You hear a nodule in the scrotum;

There is fever;

The scrotum is warm, soft to the touch, or red;

You have been in contact with someone who has the mumps.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will perform a physical examination with a special focus on the groin, testicles, and abdomen. To help him diagnose the cause of the pain, the doctor will do an anamnesis with questions about the patient's symptoms and sexual habits. The following diagnostic tests can be performed:

Testicles ultrasound;

Analysis and culture of urine;

Examination of prostate secretions.

PREVENTION: To avoid pain in the testes:

Prevent injury by wearing a suspense during physical activity, especially in contact sports;

Prevent sexually transmitted diseases by wearing condoms and other safe sex procedures;

Carry out test-monthly self-tests if you are at risk of testicular cancer;

Make sure the children receive the MMR vaccine (a combination of vaccines for mumps, measles, rubella).

If chlamydia or other sexually transmitted disease is diagnosed, all sex partners must be visited and, if infected, treated.

Sources: [Kodner C. sexually transmitted infections in men. Prim Care. 2003; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; V. Dogra acute painful scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am. 2004]

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Dysthymia

Chronic Dyshemy is a type of depression in which a person is constantly in a bad mood. However, it is not as extreme as other types of depression.

CAUSES: The exact cause of distillation is unknown. It is as with greater depressive disorder, occurs in most cases in women than men and affects up to 5% of the world's population. Dysthymia can occur alone or together with the most severe depression or mood or other psychiatric disorder.

SYMPTOMS: The main symptom of Dystymia is a sad, sad state of mind, present almost every day for at least 2 years. Symptoms are less severe than patients with severe depression, but people with this condition may still have:

Despair feelings;

Insomnia or hypersomnia;

Little energy or fatigue;

Low self-esteem;

Poor or too appetite;

Poor concentration.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will ask you questions about the patient's medical history, your mood and other symptoms of mental health over the last few months.

THERAPY: As with other forms of depression, there are a number of treatment options for people with disabilities:

Selective serotonin inhibitors such as fluoxetine (Prozac);

Tricyclic antidepressants;

Logotherapy, such as cognitive / behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy.

Drugs do not work for distaste as for depression. Some tests have proven that the combination of drugs and psychotherapy can lead to improvement.

PROBLEMS: Dysthymia is a chronic condition that lasts many years. Although some people heal completely, others continue to have some symptoms, including with therapy. Some people need to continue taking medicines even during therapy. Possible complications may be the side effects of antidepressant drugs such as stomach discomfort, mild insomnia, and reduced sexual desire. If not treated, distimia can become a major episode of depression. This is known as "double depression".

Sources: [Institute of Clinical Systems Improvement. Health Care Guidelines: Major Depression in Adults in Primary Care. 11 ° ed. May 2008; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Stewart JW. Depressive care with atypical characteristics. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007]

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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Muscle cramps-Kidney stones-Bladder calculations

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Wed, 31 May 2017 01:20:00 +0000

Bladder calculations

Bladder calculations are accumulation of hard minerals that form in the urinary bladder.

Causes: Bladder calculations are usually the result of another urological problem, such as:

Bladder divert;

Prostate enlargement;

Bladder neurogen;

Urinary tract infections.

Approximately 95% of all bladder calculations occur in men but are much less common in kidney stones. Bladder calculations can occur when urine in the bladder is concentrated and the materials crystallize. Symptoms occur when the calculation is irritating to the bladder coating or hampers the flow of urine from the bladder.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Abdominal pain;

Abnormal color of the urine;

Blood in the urine;

Difficulty in urinating;

Frequent Urinal Stimulation;

Inability to urinate, except in certain positions;

Urinary flow interruption;

Pain or discomfort to the penis;

Urinary tract infections (Disorientation or painful or urgent urination);

Temperature.

Incontinence may also be associated with bladder calculations.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will do the following:

Rages-X to the bladder or basin;

Cystoscopy;

Physical examination, including rectal examination;

Urine analysis to show blood in urine or an infection;

Urine culture.

THERAPY: Drinking 6-8 glasses of water or more per day to increase urinary output can help pass the calculations. The doctor can remove the calculations that do not pass by themselves using a cystoscope (a small tube that passes through the urethra to the bladder). The shock waves extracorporeal lithotripsy uses ultrasonic waves to break the calculations. Some calculations can be removed with the surgery.

Drugs are rarely used to melt the calculations. The causes that led to bladder calculations have to be cured. More commonly, bladder calculus is detected in conjunction with benign prostatic hyperplasia or bladder obstruction. For patients with this condition, transurethral prostate resection can be performed.

PROBLEMS: Most bladder calculations are expelled or can be removed without permanent damage to the bladder. They can go back if the cause is not cared for. If not treated, calculations can cause repeated urinary tract infections or permanent damage to the bladder or kidneys. Possible complications may be:

Acute obstructive bilirubin syndrome;

Chronic bladder dysfunction (incontinence or urinary retention);

Urethra obstruction;

Return of calculations;

Reflux nephropathy;

Urinary tract infections.

Contact a doctor if the symptoms are bladder calculations appear.

PREVENTION: Early treatment of urinary tract infections or other urologic disorders can help prevent bladder calculations.

Sources: [Segura JW. Lower Urinary Calculation. In: Wein AJ. Wein: Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2007; http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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Gallbladder calculations (gallbladder calculations)

Gallstones, or gallbladder calculations, are hard deposits that form inside the gallbladder. They can be as small as a grain of sand or big as a golf ball.

Causes: The cause of biliary calculations varies. There are two main types of gallstones

Cholesterol calculations, which are by far the most common type. They have nothing to do with cholesterol levels in the blood;

Bilirubin calculations, which can occur when red blood cells are destroyed (hemolysis). This leads to too much bilirubin in the bile. Pigmented calculations are also known.

Gallstones are more common in women, Native Americans, Hispanics, and people over the age of 40, and may be hereditary. The risk factors for developing gallstones are:

Bone marrow transplantation or other solid organs;

Diabetes;

Gallbladder failure that no longer emits bile (this is most likely to occur during pregnancy);

Hepatic cirrhosis and gallbladder infections (pigmented calculations);

Medical conditions that cause too much bilirubin production, such as chronic hemolytic anemia and sickle cell anemia;

Fast weight loss due to very few calories, or after bariatric surgery;

Receive nourishment for endovine for a long time.

SYMPTOMS: Many people with biliary stones have no symptoms. Gallstones are often found during an x-ray examination for other reasons, abdominal surgery, or other medical procedures. However, if the large blocks interrupt the cystic duct or common bile duct (called coledocolitiasis), there may be cramps in the center and right of the upper abdomen. This is known as biliary colic. The pain goes away if the calculation passes in the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum). The symptoms that may occur are:

Pain in the middle upper right part of the upper abdomen that may be constant, sharp, and may spread to the back or under the right shoulder;

Temperature;

Jaundice;

Clay colored clay;

Nausea and vomit.

It is important to consult a physician if you have the symptoms of biliary calculations.

DIAGNOSIS: The analyzes used to detect gallstones or inflammation of gallbladder are

Abdominal ultrasound;

Abdominal TAC;

Endoscopic retrograde colangiopancreatography;

Radionuclide gallbladder scan;

Endoscopic ultrasound;

Magnetic Resonance Colangiopancreatography;

Percutaneous transepathy colangiophage;

Bilirubin;

Liver function tests;

Pancreatic Enzymes.

THERAPY: Surgery is not usually necessary unless symptoms occur. The only exception is in patients who have undergone surgery for weight loss. In general, patients who have symptoms will undergo surgery or immediately, or after a short period of time.

A technique called laparoscopic cholecystectomy is most commonly used today. This procedure uses small surgical cuts that allow faster recovery. Patients are often resigned on the day of surgery, or the next morning. In the past, open cholecystectomy (gall bladder removal) was the normal procedure for uncomplicated cases. However, this is less often done now. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and a procedure called sfinterotomy may be performed to find or treat the calculus in the common bile duct.

Drugs called chenodeoxycholic acid or ursodesoxic acid (ursodiol) acids can be administered in the form of a pill to dissolve gallstones of cholesterol. However, they may need to be taken for 2 years or more before they have results and calculations may return after the end of treatment.

Rarely, chemicals are passed through the gallbladder through a catheter. The chemical quickly dissolves the calculations. This treatment is not used very often because it is difficult to perform, chemicals can be toxic, and biliary calculus may return.

Electro-hydraulic gallstones of gall bladder lithotrips have also been used for some patients who may not have surgery. Because gallstones often return to many patients, this treatment is not used much.

PROBLEMS: Gallstones in many people develop without causing any symptoms. The likelihood of symptoms or complications from biliary calculations is low. Almost all patients who have undergone gallbladder surgery do not have symptoms returning. Possible complications may be:

Acute cholecystitis;

cholangitis;

Chronic cholecystitis;

choledocholithiasis;

Pancreatitis.

Contact a doctor if:

Pain in the upper abdomen;

Yellowing of skin or white eyes.

PREVENTION: In most people, biliary calculations can not be avoided. In obese people, avoiding rapid weight loss could prevent gallstones.

[Source: Ny Times]

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Kidney stones

A kidney calculus is a solid mass made of tiny crystals. One or more calculations can be in the kidneys or urethra at the same time.

Causes: kidney stones may form when urine contains excessive amounts of certain substances. These substances can create small crystals that become calculations. The major risk factor for kidney stones is dehydration. Calculations can not produce the symptoms until they begin to move down into the urethra. When this happens, they can block urine flow in the kidneys. This causes swelling of the kidneys (or even one), causing pain, usually severe. Renal calculations are common. A person who has had kidney stones often finds them going back several times in life. They often occur in premature children. Some types tend to be hereditary, others may develop with an intestinal disorder, an obstructive by-pass for obesity, or kidney failure. There are several types of kidney stones. The exact cause depends on the type:

Calcium calcium is the most common. They occur more often in men, and usually appear between 20 and 30 years. They risk coming back even if they are cared for. Calcium can be combined with other substances, such as oxalate (the most common substance), phosphate, or carbonate. The oxalate is present in some foods. Small intestine diseases increase the risk of calcium saliva calculations;

Cystine calculations can be formed in people with cystinuria. This disorder is hereditary and affects both men and women;

Most of the struvite calculations appear in women who have urinary tract infections. These can grow a lot until blocking the kidney, urethra or bladder;

Uric acid calculations are more common in humans and may occur with chemotherapy or gout.

Other substances may form other types of minor calculations.

SYMPTOMS: The main symptom is a severe pain that begins suddenly and can go as suddenly as possible:

Pain can be felt in the belly or on one side of the back;

Pain can move in the groin or in the testis.

Other symptoms may include:

Abnormal color of urine;

Blood in the urine;

Chills;

Temperature;

Nausea;

He retched.

DIAGNOSIS: Pain can be strong enough to require painkillers. The belly (abdomen) or kidney area may feel tired. Examinations for kidney stones include:

Calculation analysis to show what type it is;

Uric acid level;

Urine analysis to see crystals and red blood cells in the urine.

Calculation or block of urethra can be seen with:

Abdominal computerized tomography;

Abdominal and kidney magnetic resonance imaging;

Abdominal X-rays;

Intravenous pielogram;

Ultrasound to the kidneys;

Retrograde pielogram.

Exams can show high levels of calcium, oxylate, or uric acid in the blood or urine.

THERAPY: The purpose of the treatment is to relieve the symptoms and prevent them from further. The kidneys that are small enough to heal themselves. The treatment varies according to the type of calculation and the severity of the symptoms. People with severe symptoms may need to be hospitalized. When healing, urine and calculation are to be analyzed to determine the type.

Drink at least 6-8 glasses of water a day to produce a large amount of urine. Some people may need to get intravenous fluids. Painkillers can help control the pain. Depending on the type of calculation, your doctor may prescribe medicines to decrease training or surgery to remove the material that is causing it. Medications may include:

Allopurinol (for uric acid calculations);

Antibiotics (for struvite calculations);

Diuretics;

Phosphate solutions;

Sodium bicarbonate or sodium citrate.

Surgery is usually required if the calculation:

It's too big to go alone;

It is growing;

It blocks urine flow and causes an infection or kidney damage.

Today, most treatments are much less invasive than the past. They can be made:

Lithotripsy wave extracorporeal shock to remove small calculations near the kidney. This method uses ultrasound or shock waves to break the calculus that is released through urine;

Percutaneous nephrolitotomy is used for large calculations in or near the kidney. It is removed with an endoscope inserted into the kidney through a small opening;

Uretroscopy can be used for calculations at the lower part of the urinary tract;

Standard surgery (nephrolitotomy) may be necessary if other methods do not work or are not possible.

PROGNOSIS: Renal calculations are painful, but can usually be removed from the body without causing permanent damage. They tend to return, especially if the cause has not been found and cared for. Possible complications may be:

Decrease or loss of function in the affected area;

Kidney damage or scarring;

Urethral obstruction;

Return of calculation;

Urinary tract infections.

Contact a doctor if you have symptoms of kidney stones, if it comes back, the pain becomes painful, diuresis decreases, or other new symptoms develop.

PREVENTION: If you have had a previous case of calculations, drink plenty of fluids (6-8 glasses of water a day) to produce enough urine. Depending on the type of calculation, you may need to take medicines or other measures to prevent them from returning. You may need to change your diet.

Sources [MA Cameron, K. Sakhaee uric acid nefrolithiasis. Urol Clin North Am. 2007; Chandhoke PS. Appraisal of former stone applicants. Urol Clin North Am. 2007; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Finkielstein VA. Strategies to Prevent Calcium Oxalate Calculation. CMAJ. 2006; Pietrow PK, Preminger GM. Evaluation and medical management of urinary lithiasis. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2007]

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Renal pelvis cancer (ureter cancer)

Renal pelvis or ureter cancer is the cancer that forms in the pelvis or the tube leading the urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Causes: Cancer can grow in the urine collection system, but it is rare. As a group, the renal pelvis and ureter tumors account for no more than 5% of all kidney and upper urinary cancers. It affects men more often than women and is more common in people over the age of 65. The kidneys and ureter tumors are usually transitional cell tumors. About 10% are squamous cell carcinomas. The causes of this tumor are not fully known. In the long term, kidney irritation from harmful substances can be a risk factor. This irritation may be caused by:

Promises to save lives and transforms the application of sunscreen into a game!

Nephropathy Analgesic;

Exposure to certain dyes and chemicals used for the manufacture of leather, woven, plastic and rubber products;

Smoke.

Patients with a history of bladder cancer are at risk.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Backache;

Blood in the urine;

Burning, pain or discomfort with urination;

Dark or rusty urine;

Fatigue;

Pain at the side;

Need to urinate frequently at night;

Inadvertent weight loss;

High frequency or urinary urgency;

Urinary tract.

DIAGNOSIS: A doctor will examine the abdomen with the feel. It will rarely find a mass or swelling in the kidneys. The patient may have blood in the urine. A complete hemocromocytometer (CBC) can show anemia. Cancer cells can be visualized in the following tests:

Urinary cytology (microscopic examination of cells), taken during a cystoscopy;

Urine cytology taken from a sample of urine.

The tumor, or signs of urinary tract obstruction, may be displayed with

Abdominal computerized tomography;

Pielogram intravenously;

Renal ultrasound;

Magnetic resonance of the abdomen;

Renal scan.

A radiography, TAC or magnetic resonance imaging in other areas of the body can prove that cancer has spread.

THERAPY: The goal of treatment is to eliminate cancer. Surgery to remove all or part of the kidney (nephrectomy) is usually recommended. This may include removal of bladder and tissues around it, or lymph nodes. If the tumor is in the urethra, it may be possible to remove it by keeping the kidney. When cancer has spread outside the kidney or ureter, chemotherapy is often used. Since these tumors are similar to a bladder cancer form, they are treated with a similar type of chemotherapy.

PROGNOSIS: Healing varies depending on the location of the tumor and if cancer has spread. Cancer in the kidney or ureter can be cured with surgery. Cancer that has spread to other organs is usually not curable. However, there are some exceptions. Possible complications may be:

Kidney failure;

Local tumor spread, with an increase in pain;

Cancer spread.

Contact a doctor if you have the symptoms listed above.

PREVENTION: Follow your doctor's advice regarding medicines, including analgesics. Stop smoking and wear protective equipment if you may be exposed to substances that are toxic to the kidneys.

Sources: [National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Cancer Bladder, Including Urothelial Tumor Machine Superiority and Prostate Cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2008; http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

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Muscle cramps

Muscle cramps are involuntary and often painful contractions of the muscles. Cramps are very common and can be stopped by stretching muscle. Muscle cramps may appear with hard or swollen muscles. They are not the same as muscle spasms.

CAUSES: Muscle spasms may cause cramps and are generally brought on by the following conditions:

Alcoholism;

Dehydration;

Heavy exercise;

Hypothyroidism;

Kidney failure;

Drug;

Muscular fatigue;

Metabolic problems;

Pregnancy;

Reducing magnesium or calcium levels in the body.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will perform a physical examination and ask questions about the patient's medical history, related symptoms, any medications you take, and your daily habits, from alcohol abuse to posture during the day. Exams that can be made include

Blood tests for calcium, potassium, magnesium or metabolism problems, kidney and thyroid function;

Electromyography;

myelogram;

Pregnancy test.

THERAPY: Slow stretching often brings relief. If muscle cramps persist, are severe or frequently come back, consult your doctor. Painkillers or analgesics can be prescribed.

Sources: [Skorecki K, Ausiello J. Sodium homeostasis and water disorders. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Goldman: Cecil Medicina. 23a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2007; Rene B. Molitoris acute lesions. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Goldman: Cecil Medicina. 23a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2007; http://health.nytimes.com/health; Barohn R. Muscle Diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Goldman: Cecil Medicina. 23a ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2007]

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.
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bronchospasm-Stomach ache-Stock Exchange

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Tue, 30 May 2017 15:20:00 +0000

Obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy (COPD)

Obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy (COPD) is one of the most common pulmonary diseases. There are two main forms of COPD: chronic bronchitis, which involves coughing with long lasting mucus, and the emphysema, which involves the destruction of lungs over time. Most people with COPD have a combination of both conditions.

Causes: Smoking is the main cause of COPD. The more a person smokes, the greater the likelihood that he will develop the disease. However, some people smoke for years and are never affected by COPD. In rare cases, non-smokers lacking a protein called alpha-1 antitrypsin may develop emphysema. Other risk factors for COPD include:

Exposure to certain gases or fumes in workplaces;

Exposure to heavy quantities of passive smoking and pollution;

Frequent use of the cooking fire, without proper ventilation.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Cough, with or without mucus;

Fatigue;

Many respiratory infections;

Lack of breath (dyspnoea), which worsens with mild activity;

Rantolo.

Since the symptoms of COPD develop slowly, some people may not know that they are ill.

DIAGNOSIS: The best COPD test is a pulmonary function test called spirometry. This implies blowing as strong as possible in a small machine that tests the pulmonary capacity. The results can be checked immediately, and the test does not involve exercise, blood sampling, or exposure to radiation. Using a stethoscope to auscultate your lungs can also be useful. However, sometimes the lungs do not have abnormal sounds even in the presence of COPD.

Lung scan (such as X-rays and TACs) may be useful, but sometimes it can be normal, even in the presence of the disease. Sometimes patients need to carry out a blood test (called blood arterial blood) to measure the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

THERAPY: There is no cure for COPD. However, there are many things you can do to relieve the symptoms and prevent the disease from getting worse. People with COPD must quit smoking. This is the best way to slow down lung damage. The drugs used to treat COPD include:

Inhalers (bronchodilators) to open the respiratory tract, such as ipratropium (Atrovent), Tiotropio (Spiriva), Salmeterol (Serevent), Formoterol (Foradil), or albuterol;

Inhaled steroids to reduce lung inflammation;

Anti-inflammatory drugs such as montelukast (singulair) and roflimulast.

In severe cases or during an inflammation, it may be necessary

Oral or endovascular steroids;

Bronchodilators with a nebulizer;

Oxygen therapy;

Mechanical breathing assistance.

Antibiotics are prescribed to prevent COPD worse. You may need home oxygen therapy if you have a low level of oxygen in the blood. Pulmonary rehabilitation does not cure lung disease but may teach you to breathe differently so you can stay active. Exercise can help maintain muscle strength in your legs. It is advisable to take walks to maintain strength. Furthermore:

Ask your doctor or therapist how much exercise to do;

Increase the exercise gradually;

Try not to mention when you are walking, if you are short of breath;

Use breathing from the mouth when exhaled (to empty the lungs before the next breath).

It is advisable to avoid very cold air, so that no one gets smoke at home and reduces air pollution such as chimney smoke and other irritant substances. Follow a healthy diet based on fish, poultry, or lean meat, and also fruits and vegetables. If it is difficult to keep your weight shape, talk to a doctor or dietician.

Surgery can be a remedy, but only a few patients benefit from these treatments as an intervention to remove parts of the lungs or lung transplant for serious cases.

PROGNOSIS: COPD is a long-term (chronic) disease that worsens more rapidly if you do not stop smoking. Patients with severe COPD will have short breaths with most activities and will often be hospitalized. Possible complications may be:

Irregular heart beat (arrhythmia);

Necessity of a machine for breathing and oxygen therapy;

Heart failure or pulmonary heart (cardiac edema and heart failure due to chronic lung disease);

Pneumonia;

pneumothorax;

Severe weight loss and malnutrition;

Bone thinning (osteoporosis).

Contact a doctor if you have a rapid increase in breathlessness.

PREVENTION: No smoking prevents most cases of COPD.

[Source: Ny Times]

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bronchospasm

Bronchospasm is the constriction of bronchi and bronchioles that can usually occur due to 3 factors: a smooth spasm of bronchial and bronchial musculature, airway inflammation and excessive production of excreted (mucus) due to a Allergic reaction or irritation caused by possible mechanical friction of the air, drying or excessive airway cooling (for example, during exercise-induced asthma).

Causes: Bronchospasm is a normal physiological reaction to alveolar hyperventilation. People with bronchitis, asthma and other conditions suffer from alveolar hypocapnia (lack of CO2 in the airways). Bronchospasm may be induced by many chemicals that can cause both bronchocostriction and bronchodilation, but CO2 plays a key role due to two factors: its vasodilating power and further negative effects caused by alveolar hypocapnia. With these risk factors enough physical effort to activate bronchospasm.

Woe to Lady GaGa: canceled the upcoming concerts

Lady Germanotta was forced to postpone the next live due to a bad inflammation at the joints he had overlooked and hiding at the staff

Chronic hyperventilation (breathing more air than standard) also leads to cellular hypoxia and immunosuppression regardless of the arterial ventilation / perfusion ratio and CO2 levels. As a result of alveolar hyperventilation, there are additional effects such as asthma with coughing that causes frequent respiratory infections, excessive mucus production and chronic inflammation. Allergic causes (powders, pollen, and others) cause further problems due to the hypersensitive immune system caused by systemic hypoxia. All of these factors narrow the airways and increase the chance of contracting a bronchospasm. Other more rare causes may be the side effects of anesthesia or surgery.

SYMPTOMS: Bronchospasm symptoms include:

Difficulties in breathing;

Dyspnea;

Cough and dyspnoea (short breath).

The increased respiratory ventilation dramatically amplifies the effects of bronchospasm.

DIAGNOSIS: The main exam for bronchospasm is breathing. An X-ray examination of the chest may show minor changes, or even no change, in the chest. Examinations must also be made to exclude other causes of symptoms such as asthma.

THERAPY: The most effective way to deal with bronchoconstriction is the assignment of Beta-2 antagonists that relax the smooth musculature of the airways through the release of mast cells and basophils. This can be done through inhalers. They may also be given anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids if there is airway inflammation. In addition, those with asthma or bronchospasm must learn relaxation and breathing exercises, and if they are to engage in physical activity, they must work on breathing only with the nose and not with the mouth.

PREVENTION: The bronchospasm therapy techniques also apply as a form of prevention. Also people who are prone to bronchospasm caused by irritating external agents should circulate on the street with a breathing mask.

[Sources: Normalbreathing; Healtscout]

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Stomach ache

Stomach burns, or heartburn, is a painful burning sensation in the esophagus, just below or behind the chest. Pain often arises in the chest and can radiate to the neck or throat.

CAUSES: Almost everyone has an occasional fever. If they become frequent you may have gastroesophageal reflux disease. Normally, when food or a fluid enters the stomach, a muscular group at the end of the esophagus (called lower esophageal sphincter) closes the esophagus. If the muscle fails to close it tight enough, there may be a reflux. This partially digested material is acidic and may irritate the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms. It is more likely that you will experience if you have a hysterectomy (the upper part of the stomach protrudes up into the chest cavity). Stomach burns can be caused or worsened by pregnancy and various medications such as:

Calcium-blockers for high blood pressure;

Progestins for abnormal menstrual bleeding or contraceptive pill;

Anticholinergics (for example, for sea sickness);

Some bronchodilators for asthma;

Tricyclic antidepressants;

Dopamine for Parkinson's Disease;

Sedations due to insomnia or anxiety;

Beta blockers for high blood pressure or heart disease.

If you suspect a drug may cause heartburn, talk to your doctor. Never change or stop therapy without consulting your doctor.

DIAGNOSIS: Stomach burning is usually easy to diagnose through the symptoms. Sometimes it can be confused with another stomach problem called dyspepsia. If the diagnosis is unclear, then you can consult a gastroenterologist for further examinations. First, your doctor will perform a physical examination and ask questions about symptoms, eating habits, and lifestyle. The following tests can be performed:

Blood test;

Esophageal motility to measure the LES pressure (lower esophageal sphincter);

Upper endoscopy to look inside the esophagus and stomach.

If the cure has not been successful, your doctor may consider prescribing drugs to reduce acid secretion. Any signs of bleeding will require a more complicated treatment plan.

THERAPY: Over time, reflux can damage the esophagus lining and cause serious problems. The good news is that making changes to some habits can do a lot to prevent stomach burns. The following tips will help prevent heartburn and other symptoms. First, avoid foods and beverages that can cause reflux, such as:

Alcohol;

Caffeine;

Carbonated drinks;

Chocolate;

Citrus fruits and fruit juices;

Tomatoes and tomato sauces;

Spices or fatty foods, such as dairy products;

Chilli and mint.

So, try to change your eating habits:

Eat small meals. The full stomach puts pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increasing the likelihood of reflux;

Avoid eating and getting to sleep right away. Let it pass at least 3 hours before lying down. This can make the pressure on LES more difficult;

Avoid doing physical exercises after eating.

Other lifestyle changes may also be needed:

Lose weight if you are overweight. Obesity increases abdominal pressure;

Stop smoking. Cigarette smoke chemicals weaken LES;

Sleep with your raised head about 15 cm. This reduces the likelihood that partially digested food will be refluxed in the esophagus;

Avoid tight belts or tight clothing. They tighten their stomach, and they can nourish the reflux:

Reduce stress. Try yoga, or chi, or meditation.

If you still have not got full healing, try some medications like:

Antacids, such as Maalox or Mylanta, to neutralize gastric acid;

H2 blockers such as Pepcid AC, Tagamet, Zantac to reduce gastric acid production;

Proton pump inhibitors such as Prilosec OTC, which stops almost all gastric acid production.

Contact a doctor if:

Vomiting a bloody or black liquid;

The stools are black;

The burning sensation on the chest is accompanied by a sense of crushing, or pressure. Sometimes a heart attack is mistaken for stomach burns;

The problem becomes frequent or does not go away with a few weeks of care;

There is unintended weight loss;

You have difficulty swallowing;

It has persistent coughing or inexplicable affection;

Symptoms get worse with antacids or blockers H2;

One of the drugs is thought to cause heartburn.

Sources: [DeVault KR, Castell DO. Updated Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005; L. Smith Updated ACG Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of GERD. Am Fam Physician. 2005; http://health.nytimes.com/health/; Fass R. Predictors of heartburn during sleep in a large prospective cohort study. Chest. 2005; McCarthy D. Living with chronic pyrosis: his intuitions in fact debilitating. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2003]

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Stock Exchange

Retro-Calcite Borsite

Back pain relief is a swelling (inflammation) of the full bag of liquid (bag) in the back of the heel.

Causes: A purse acts like a lubricating pillow between the tendons and the muscles to facilitate sliding on the bone. There are several larger bags in the joints of the body. The retro-calfskin bag is located at the back of the ankle near the heel. It's where the Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel. Repeated or excessive ankle wear may cause irritation and inflammation of the bag. Possible causes are walking, running, or jumping too much.

Woe to Lady GaGa: canceled the upcoming concerts

Lady Germanotta was forced to postpone the next live due to a bad inflammation at the joints he had overlooked and hiding at the staff

This condition is commonly associated with Achilles tendinitis with which it is sometimes mistaken. People at risk of this condition are those who follow exercise regimes that suddenly become aggressive or increase their activity without proper preparation.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Pain in the heel, especially when walking, running, or when the area is touched;

Pain can worsen when you get up on the tips;

Hot and red skin on the back of the heel.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will look at the clinical history to find out if you have symptoms of retro-calcium borsitis. Examining the ankle you can find the location of the pain. The doctor will seek softness and redness in the back of the heel. Pain may be worse when the doctor bends his ankle up. Imaging, such as X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging are not normally necessary at first. If the first treatment fails to improve the symptoms, your doctor may recommend these studies. Magnetic resonance can show inflammation.

THERAPY: Your doctor may suggest the following treatments:

Avoid activities that cause pain;

Ice on the heel several times a day;

Anti-inflammatory steroid drugs (for example, ibuprofen);

Personalized orthopedic remedies to help reduce stress on the heel;

Physical therapy to improve the flexibility and strength around the ankle, which can help improve the bursitis and prevent it from returning.

If these treatments do not work, your doctor may inject a small amount of steroids in the bag. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bag.

PROGNOSIS: This condition usually heals in a few weeks with proper treatment. Possible complications (rare) may occur if bursitis is associated with tendonitis. In this case, tendon rupture is possible.

Contact a doctor if you have pain in the heel or the back-calcified borsitis symptoms that do not improve with rest.

PREVENTION: Keep the right shape in exercise, as well as good flexibility and ankle strength to avoid this condition. Proper healing of the Achilles tendon helps to prevent injuries.

[Source: Ny Times]

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Bissinosi

Bissinosis is a lung disease caused by inhalation of cotton dust or powders of vegetable fibers such as flax or hemp.

Causes: Breathing dust produced in the textile industry may cause bissinosis. People who are sensitive may have asthma due to exposure to dust. Instead with bissinosis, the symptoms usually go away by the end of the working week. After long periods of exposure, the symptoms may continue throughout the week without improving.

Prevention methods have reduced the number of cases, but bissinosis is still common in developing countries. Smoking increases the risk of contracting this disease. Being exposed to dust many times can lead to chronic lung disease and lack of breath or breath.

SYMPTOMS: The most common are:

Chest tightness;

Cough;

Dyspnea.

Symptoms worsen at the beginning of the working week, and then improve while you are away from the workplace.

DIAGNOSIS: Your doctor will need a detailed clinical history, and will ask questions to find out if the symptoms relate to single exposures or long exposure times. He will then take a physical examination, with particular attention to the lungs. Other tests include:

Chest radiography;

Pulmonary function test.

THERAPY: The best treatment is to stop exposing to dust. Reducing dust levels at the factory (improving the machine or ventilation) will help prevent bissinosis. Some people may be forced to change jobs to avoid further exposure.

Drugs such as bronchodilators usually improve the symptoms. Corticosteroids can be prescribed in the most severe cases. Quitting smoking is very important for people with this condition. Respiratory therapies, including nebulizers and postural drainage, may be prescribed if the condition becomes chronic. Oxygen therapy may be necessary even if oxygen levels in the blood are low. Exercise programs, breathing exercises, and patient education programs are often very helpful for people with a chronic lung disease.

Attending support groups with other people who are affected by similar illness can often help you understand the disease and adapt to the lifestyle's necessary care and changes.

PROGNOSIS: Symptoms generally improve after the powder show is stopped. Continuous exposure can lead to damaged lung function. Possible complication may be chronic lung disease.

PREVENTION: Checking the dust, using face masks, and other measures can reduce the risk. Stop smoking, especially if you are working in the textile manufacturing sector.

Source: [http://health.nytimes.com/health/]

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.
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iarrhea
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Ataxia-Autism-Atherosclerosis

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Tue, 30 May 2017 14:00:00 +0000

Ataxia

Friedreich's Ataxia is an inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system causing symptoms ranging from muscle weakness to speech problems on the one hand and heart disease on the other. He is called by the name of the physician Nicholas Friedreich, who initially described the condition in the 1860s. "Ataxia", which refers to problems of coordination, such as awkward movements and lack of stability, oAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of complex neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and repetitive and restricted stereotypical behavior patterns.

Autism is the most severe form of ASD, while other conditions along the spectrum include a milder form known as Asperger syndrome and another set of disorders such as Rett syndrome, childhood disintegration disorder and generalized disorder Unspecified development (generally known as PDD-NOS).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "people with autism have fewer difficulties in the areas related to routine memory or space-visual skills than those requiring symbolic or linguistic skills."

Causes

It is a disorder that is linked to an abnormal biology and chemistry in the brain, but the exact causes of this pathology are unknown. A combination of factors leading to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is likely to occur. This condition may be inherited in some types of families and may be related to certain genes that are involved.

Despite multiple hypotheses about their causes, they have not been tested. Some researchers believe that damage to a particular region of the brain, called the amygdala, may be involved. Others, on the other hand, investigate whether the disease may be related to a virus that can trigger the symptoms.

As for the assumptions about which some vaccines may cause ASD, studies so far have found no clues or connections to confirm it.ccurs in many diseases and Conditions.

Possible cure

Ataxia currently does not have a drug or one hundred percent effective treatment for its cure, but research to discover it is a constant. These investigations, according to the Spanish Society of Neurology (SEN), seek to find therapeutic targets that can at least slow the evolution of the disease of the affected patients, focusing on previously unseen aspects such as stem cells or therapy Gene.

Causes

Friedreich's Ataxia is an autosomal recessive disease, which means that the patient has to inherit two affected genes, one from each of the parents, for the disease to develop. A person who has only one abnormal copy of a gene for a recessive genetic disease, such as Friedreich's ataxia is called a carrier. A carrier will not acquire the disease but could transmit the affected gene to its children. If both parents are carriers of the Friedreich's Ataxia gene, their children will have 1 in 4 chances of owning the disease and 1 in 2 possibilities of inheriting an abnormal gene that they, in turn, could pass to their children. Approximately 1 in 90 Americans of European origin carry the affected gene

Symptoms usually begin between the ages of 5 and 15, but in rare cases they may appear as early as 18 months or as late as 30 years of age. The first symptom in appearing is usually the difficulty in walking or ataxia of walking. Ataxia gradually worsens and slowly spreads to the arms and then to the trunk. Initial signs include deformities of the feet such as clubfoot, flexion of the toes (involuntary twisting of the toes), thick toe-shaped toes, and inversion of the feet (Detour inwards). Over time, muscles begin to weaken and become stunted, especially in the feet, lower parts of the legs and hands and appear deformities.

Other symptoms include loss of tendon reflexes, especially in the knees and wrists and ankles. There is often a gradual loss of sensation in the extremities, which can spread to other parts of the body. Dysarthria appears (slowness in diction or indistinct diction) and the person gets tired easily. The rhythmic, rapid and involuntary movements of the eyeball are common. Most people with Friedreich's ataxia acquire scoliosis (curving of the spine to one side), which, if acute, can make it difficult to breathe.

Other symptoms that may occur include chest pain, shortness of breath and heart palpitations. These symptoms are the result of various forms of heart disease that often accompany Friedreich's ataxia, such as cardiomyopathy (enlargement of the heart), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart walls), myocardial fibrosis (formation of similar material To fibers in the heart muscles) and heart failure.

Rhythmic abnormalities of the heart such as tachycardia (rapid heart beat) and heart block (difficult driving of heart impulses inside the heart) are also common. About 20 percent of people with Friedreich's ataxia develop carbohydrate intolerance and 10 percent of them get diabetes mellitus. Some people lose the ability to hear or see. The way the disease progresses varies from person to person. Usually, within 15 to 20 years after the first symptoms appear, the person is held in a wheelchair and, in the later stages of the disease, people are totally disabled. Life expectancy is greatly affected and most people with Friedreich's ataxia die in the early years of adulthood if there is also serious heart disease, the most common cause of death. However, some people with less acute symptoms of Friedreich's ataxia live much longer.

Types

Although Friedreich's ataxia is the most common of all, there are about 200 different types of ataxias. Of all of them, in almost 160 is known its chromosomal location.

Globally the ataxias can be classified as follows:

Cerebellar ataxia

When there are alterations in the cerebellum or its connections. It causes uncoordinated movements with irregular steps and wobbles. It also gives rise to a shaky speech that affects the tone and volume of the voice. Can be:

Hereditary autosomal recessive. It makes up seven out of every 100,000 cases of neurological diseases. It usually occurs before the age of 20 and causes abnormal development of the cerebellum and spinal cord. The most frequent are Friedriech ataxia and ataxia telangiectasia.

Hereditary autosomal dominant. The cerebellum presents dysfunctions that cause incoordination in muscular activity, presenting a constant imbalance and even dizziness.

Hereditary episodic. It causes recurrent episodes of vertigo or other typical symptoms of ataxia.

Hereditary linked to X. Causes symptoms secondary to those of ataxia, such as dementia, deafness or spasticity.

Acquired. It is caused by a disease that affects the cerebellum, such as tumors, infarcts, hemorrhages or demyelinating lesions. It may have a toxic origin (alcohol, drugs), autoimmune (gluten, autoimmune diseases), nutritional deficiencies (lack of vitamin B12, vitamin E) or associated with degenerative diseases (atrophies).

Sensory ataxia

It affects the posterior cords of the dorsal ganglia or the spinocerebral pathways. It usually manifests itself with symptoms such as loss of balance or closing of the eyes.

Labyrinth ataxia

It affects the vestibular system and the labyrinth (ear) system. It causes imbalances.

Diagnosis

Doctors diagnose Friedreich's Ataxia by performing a careful clinical examination, which includes a medical history and a thorough physical examination.

Tests that can be done include the following:

Electromyogram (EMG), which measures the electrical activity of muscle cells.

Nerve conduction study, which measures the speed at which the nerves transmit the impulses.

Electrocardiogram (EKG), which gives a graphical presentation of the electrical activity or pattern of heart beat.

Echocardiogram, which records the position and movement of the heart muscle.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans, which provide an image of the brain and spinal cord.

Derivation or spinal tap to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid.

Blood and urine tests to evaluate high glucose levels.

Genetic testing to identify the affected gene.

Treatments

Like many degenerative diseases of the nervous system, there is currently no effective cure or treatment for Friedreich's Ataxia. However, many of the symptoms and complications associated with this disease can be treated in order to help patients maintain optimal functioning for as long as possible. Diabetes, if present, can be treated with diet and medications such as insulin, and some of the heart problems can be treated with medications as well. Orthopedic problems such as deformities of the feet and scoliosis can be treated with supports or surgery. Physical therapy can prolong the use of the arms and legs. Scientists hope that recent advances in understanding the genetic aspects associated with Friedreich's Ataxia may lead to far-reaching advances in treatment.

Other data

Friedreich's Ataxia is the first known recessive genetic disease that is caused by triple repeat expansion. Although 98 percent of the carriers of Friedreich's ataxia have a particular triple repeated genetic expansion, this is not found in all cases of the disease. A very small proportion of affected people have other genetic coding defects that are responsible for the disease. Repeated triple expansion apparently disrupts the normal conversion of amino acids to protein, greatly reducing the amount of frataxin that is produced.

Research indicates that without a normal level of frataxin certain cells in the body (especially brain, spinal cord and muscle cells) can not withstand normal amounts of "oxidative stress" produced by mitochondria, plants Producing cells. This indication about the possible cause of Friedreich's ataxia was discovered after scientists conducted studies using a yeast protein with a structure similar to that of human frataxin. They found that the lack of this protein in the yeast cell led to a toxic concentration of iron in cellular mitochondria. When excess iron reacted with oxygen, free radicals were produced. Although free radicals are essential molecules in the body's metabolism, they can also destroy cells and cause damage to the body.

Ataxia is one of the diseases with a higher socio-health cost, according to the Spanish Society of Neurology. The total cost of treatment of the disease in Spain reaches 167 million euros, of which 21 million are direct health costs.

Histological classification

Humans have two copies of each gene - one inherited from the mother and one from the father. The genes are located at specific locations on each of the individual's 46 chromosomes, which are tight spiral-shaped DNA strands containing millions of chemicals called bases. These bases - adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine - are called in abbreviated form A, T, C and G. Certain bases are always "paired" (A with T; C with G) and different combinations of base pairs join in Games of three to form coded messages. These coded messages are "recipes" for fabric

Approximately 1 in 90 Americans of European origin carry the affected gene. In the case of Spain, there are more than 8,000 cases of ataxia diagnosed until 2014, according to data collected by the SEN.

Etiology

In Friedreich's ataxia, ataxia results in degeneration of nerve tissue in the spinal cord and nerves that control muscle movements in the arms and legs. The spinal cord becomes thinner and the nerve cells lose some of their myelin coverings - the insulation layer in all nerve cells that helps to transmit nerve impulses.

History

It is called by the name of the physician Nicholas Friedreich, who initially described the condition in the 1860s. The dominant ataxias were later discovered, such as the dominant ataxia,
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Atherosclerosis

The arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart and other parts of the body.

When the inner linings of these arteries are filled with fat, cholesterol and other substances forming a plaque that obstructs them, atherosclerosis appears.

As this plaque forms, the wall of the artery increases and loses its elasticity. One of the problems with this disease is that it tends to develop quite quickly. Atherosclerosis affects both medium and large arteries.

Causes

As the body ages, the hardening of the arteries becomes common among patients: the plaques build up and narrow the arteries, making them more rigid.

Clots can form in these narrow arteries and block blood flow, but fragments of plaque can also be released and move to other smaller vessels and prevent the passage of blood and oxygen.

Although the exact causes of this disease are not known, there are some circumstances that can become risk factors and cause the onset of this condition, such as:

Smoke.

High Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels

Arterial hypertension.

Obesity.

Sedentarism.

Make meals with high percentage of saturated fats.

Another risk factor, but less decisive in developing atherosclerosis, is to have a first-degree relative who has had this disease at an early age.

Men are more prone to atherosclerosis; On the other hand, when women reach menopause, the risk is equal between men and women.

At the beginning of atherosclerosis the symptoms are almost zero and do not begin to appear until the obstruction in the arteries is serious. When this happens, severe pain appears in the affected area.

These symptoms usually occur when the blood flow to a part of the body becomes slow or blocked. It can cause chest pain and difficulty breathing.

The most common areas of involvement are the heart, carotid, cerebral arteries, and lower limbs.

In some people the symptoms appear when they are at rest and, in contrast, in others, they only appear when they perform some type of activity.

Prevention

To prevent atherosclerosis, risk factors such as consumption of saturated fat and cholesterol, hypertension, smoking or lack of exercise should be avoided.

Therefore, specialists recommend a balanced and healthy diet and perform physical activities routinely to prevent the occurrence of such conditions.

Types

Currently, there is no classification by types of this disease.

Diagnosis

First, to diagnose atherosclerosis, the specialist will perform a physical examination to check the patient's symptoms, and in addition, will perform one of the following tests or, depending on the case, a combination of the same:

Cardiac catheterization: A contrast is injected into the affected coronary artery and then an x-ray test is performed. It is used to locate places where there are narrowing or obstacles and other irregularities.

Do an ultrasound test, called Doppler, consisting of sending sound waves to the blood vessels to assess the flow of blood. If this sound is weak or void, it will mean an obstruction in the artery.

Contrast blood pressure in the ankles and arms to determine if there is good or poor circulation in the blood. If the pressure difference is large, that would mean that the patient has atherosclerosis.

Perform a nuclear scan when the patient is resting, or after having performed a physical activity; This test may reveal which areas of the heart are not getting enough blood.

Treatments

Treatment may vary from person to person due to age or health status, and depending on where atherosclerosis is located. But, usually, the procedure to treat atherosclerosis is:

Modify and reduce the patient's own habits: Reduce cholesterol, smoking or lack of exercise.

Administering different types of medicines, such as anticoagulants to prevent the formation of clots, or antiplatelet medicines to reduce the adhesion capacity of platelets, because they produce clots.

Medications may also be prescribed to lower blood pressure and cholesterol.

Surgical treatments such as angioplasty, which opens the clogged arteries, or a coronary artery bypass that is used in patients who have angina due to obstruction in the coronary arteries.

Other data

If early treatment is not used for atherosclerosis, this disease can become a risk factor for heart attacks or strokes.

Specialists recommend that patients at risk for this condition begin testing from the age of 20 to perform early detection, if you have.

In the case of not having risk factors that can cause it, it is advised that the first examination in men is performed at 35 years and at 45 years in the case of women.

Denomination

The Royal Spanish Academy (RAE), in its panhispánico dictionary of doubts, includes as a preference the use of the term aterosclerosis instead of atherosclerosis, leaving this second meaning for its adjective form: atherosclerotic.

It is rare to use the term atherosclerosis, but even so, according to the basic rules of the language, when a word that begins with "s liquid" carries a prefix ending in vowel, it must include one and intermediate.
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Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of complex neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and repetitive and restricted stereotypical behavior patterns.

Causes

As for the assumptions about which some vaccines may cause ASD, studies so far have found no clues or connections to confirm it.

Usually the symptoms are usually detected by the parents in the first 18 months of life and the specialists who treat these children usually appreciate it within two years. Autistic children are characterized by problems in the following areas:

While playing.

In their social interactions.

In the field of verbal or non-verbal communication.

Some children do not present symptoms before the first or second year of age and then fall victim to a sudden regression that affects their communicative or social skills, skills they had previously acquired. Symptoms of autism can range from moderate to severe. Generally speaking, a person with such a condition can:

Be very sensitive about sight, hearing, touch, smell or taste (for example, you may experience distress by having to dress in clothes that are rough on the touch).

Experience a period of distress when you see that your routines have been modified.

Perform repetitive body movements.

Show an unusual attachment to certain objects.

Problems related to communicative skills include:

Inability to start or maintain a conversation.

Preference for communication with gestures instead of verbal.

Develop language very slowly over the years or not develop it.

Do not adjust your gaze to observe objects that others are looking at at that moment.

Inability to point objects that you want other people to see (usually occurs in the first 14 months of life).

Repeat words or memorize landscapes.

As far as social interactions are concerned, problems arise in the following areas:

Make friends.

Participate in interactive games.

It shows a withdrawn attitude.

Maintain eye contact.

The patient with autism can treat others as objects.

Preference for spending time alone and not with others.

Lack of empathy.

Response to sensory information:

Do not be startled by loud noises.

The normal noises can seem painful and it puts the hands to the ears.

You can avoid physical contact because it is very stimulating or overwhelming.

Fleets surfaces, takes objects to the mouth or licks them.

It seems to have an increase or decrease in the response to pain.

Regarding the game:

Lack of ability to imitate other people's actions.

Preference for ritualistic or solitary games.

Little skill for imaginative play.

Behaviors:

Acts with intense anger attacks.

It is dedicated to a single theme or task.

It has a short attention span.

He has very restricted interests.

Is hyperactive or too passive.

It shows aggression towards other people or toward oneself.

Uses repetitive body movements.

Prevention

Due to ignorance of the causes of autism, at present it is practically impossible to prevent its occurrence. However, an early diagnosis, knowledge of the disease and, above all, a compromised family environment, with the help of the appropriate professionals, can help prevent the progression and chronification of this pathology.

Types

Rett Syndrome: The differential characteristic of this type of autism is that it presents almost exclusively in girls and is regressive. The affected people begin to undergo a degenerative and progressive process of the nervous system.

Asperger's Syndrome: It is the most difficult and sometimes late type of autism to diagnose because the affected people do not have any type of intellectual disability or physical trait that identifies them. The deficit is therefore found in the field of social skills and behavior.

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder or Heller's syndrome: It usually appears over 2 years, although sometimes it does not become evident until after the 10. It coincides with the other types of autism in affecting the same areas (language, social function and motor), but It differs in its regressive and sudden character.

Generalized Developmental Disorder Not Specified: It is a diagnostic label that is used in cases where clinical symptoms are too heterogeneous to be included in any of the other types.

Diagnosis

ASDs can be difficult to diagnose because there are no medical tests, such as blood tests, to help confirm these disorders. To make a diagnosis, doctors evaluate the child's behavior and development.

Sometimes they can be detected at 18 months or earlier. By the age of two, the diagnosis made by a specialist can be considered very reliable. However, many children do not receive a definitive diagnosis until they are older. This delay means that there are children with ASD who do not receive the help they need.

The diagnosis of ASD is made in two stages:

Developmental Assessment: During this evaluation, the physician can ask the parents questions or talk and play with the child to examine how they learn, speak, behave, and move. A delay in any of these areas could be a sign of a problem.

Comprehensive diagnostic assessment: The second stage of diagnosis is an integral assessment. This test may include an examination of the child's behavior and development and an interview with the parents. It may also include hearing and sight tests, genetic tests, neurological tests, and other types of doctors.

Tratamientos

No hay cura para el TEA. Las terapias e intervenciones conductuales están diseñadas para minimizar los síntomas específicos y pueden aportar una mejoría sustancial. El plan de tratamiento ideal coordina las terapias e intervenciones que cubren las necesidades específicas de los niños a nivel individual.

Intervenciones conductuales educativas

Los terapeutas usan sesiones de capacitación intensivas y altamente estructuradas orientadas a ayudar a los niños a desarrollar habilidades sociales y del lenguaje, como el Análisis Conductual Aplicado. El asesoramiento familiar para los padres y los hermanos de los niños con TEA a menudo ayuda a las familias a enfrentar los desafíos particulares de vivir con un niño con TEA.

Medicamentos

Los médicos podrían recetar fármacos para el tratamiento de síntomas específicos relacionados con el TEA, tales como ansiedad, depresión, o trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo.

Los medicamentos antisicóticos se usan para tratar problemas graves de conducta. Las convulsiones pueden tratarse con uno o más anticonvulsivos. Los medicamentos usados para tratar a las personas con trastorno por déficit de la atención pueden usarse eficazmente para ayudar a disminuir la impulsividad y la hiperactividad.

Otras terapias

Existe un número de terapias o intervenciones controvertidas a disposición de las personas con TEA, pero pocas, si las hay, están sustentadas por estudios científicos.

Los padres deben ser precavidos antes de adoptar tratamientos no probados. Algunos niños con autismo parecen responder a una dieta libre de gluten o caseína. El gluten se encuentra en alimentos que contienen trigo, centeno y cebada. La caseína se encuentra en la leche, el queso y otros productos lácteos. No todos los expertos están de acuerdo en que los cambios en la dieta harán la diferencia y no todos los estudios de este método han mostrado resultados positivos.

Otros datos

Aunque TEA varía significativamente en carácter y gravedad, se produce en todos los grupos étnicos y socioeconómicos y afecta a todos los grupos etarios.

Los expertos calculan que tres de cada 1,000 niños sufrirán de TEA. Los varones tienen cuatro veces más probabilidades de tener TEA que las mujeres.

Algunos trastornos emocionales, como el trastorno bipolar, se producen más frecuentemente que el promedio en las familias de las personas con TEA.

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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asbestosis-Astigmatism-Asthma

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Tue, 30 May 2017 13:44:00 +0000

Asbestosis

It is a respiratory disease that is produced by inhalation of asbestos fibers. Asbestos is the name given to a group of naturally occurring minerals found in the environment, too, has long fibers that can be separated and are resistant to high temperatures.

Causes

Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause lung fibrosis, the longer the exposure time to asbestos and the amount aspirated, the greater the risk of disease. In addition, it can cause cancer, the World Health Organization (WHO) says, "all forms of asbestos are carcinogenic to humans." Smoking along with asbestos fibers can increase your chances of getting lung cancer.

Asbestos we can find it in:

The highest levels of asbestos are found in cities or industrial areas.

Building materials such as tiles, tiles, cement products or tiles.

Mining.

Containers or coatings.

Textile materials.

Friction products such as brakes and clutch of automobiles.

Drinking water may contain asbestos from natural sources or cement pipes.

Demolitions, repair or renovation of buildings or houses.

Families of people working with asbestos may be exposed by the particles they carry in their clothing.

Symptoms usually do not appear until 20 years after exposure to asbestos. The manifestations that patients may have are:

Difficulty breathing and decreased ability to exercise.

Cough.

Chest pain.

Drum stick fingers: increase in fingertip size and loss of the angle that the nail forms at its exit.

Nail abnormalities: problems with color, shape, texture or nail thickness.

Prevention

To prevent asbestosis from occurring, people who have been exposed to asbestos should follow guidelines.

Taking a chest x-ray may help prevent asbestosis. In addition, reducing contact with asbestos as much as possible would also help reduce the risk of having the disease. Workers should wear appropriate protective gear, such as a suit or face masks, and it is preferable to avoid tobacco.

Types

According to the American Cancer Society, there are two main types of asbestos, both have been associated with cancer, especially pleural mesothelioma and lung:

Chrysotile: is the most common in industries. The chrysotile fibers are wrapped together in a spiral.

Amphibole: these fibers are shaped like a straight needle. Its types are amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, actinolite and anthophyllite.

Diagnosis

People with asbestosis often have abnormal sounds of pulmonary auscultation called rales or crackles.

These tests can help diagnose the disease:

Chest X-ray is used to evaluate the lungs, heart, and pleura.

Pulmonary Functional Tests: These are a group of tests that measure how well the lungs work. The simplest is spirometry.

Pulmonary high resolution computed tomography: uses x-rays to create images of cuts of the chest and lungs.

Lung scintigraphy with gallium: A radioactive gallium is used to identify inflammation in the lungs.

Pleural or pulmonary biopsy.

Treatments

There is no cure, so it is very important to avoid contact with asbestos. Most treatments for asbestosis usually relieve symptoms but are not curative:

Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Helps the affected person better manage pulmonary symptoms.

Receive oxygen, using masks or nasal goggles.

If the symptoms are severe, lung transplantation can be successful.

If there are tumors, surgery would be a first step, then chemotherapy.

Other data

Half of the deaths from work-related cancer are caused by asbestos, according to the World Health Organization.

Exposure to asbestos is a cause of lung cancer, larynx, ovary and mesothelioma, (mesothelium is a tissue that covers the lungs, stomach, heart and other organs, mesothelioma is a tumor of those tissues). In addition, it can cause other diseases such as plaques, thickening and pleural effusions.
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Asthma

Asthma is an increasingly common disease among children and young people. It is estimated that 5 percent of the adult population and 10 percent of children and adolescents in industrialized countries suffer from it, and in many cases the disease appears in response to certain allergy-producing stimuli: pollen, dust mites, Cat and dog skin, smoke, cold air, certain foods or food additives. It is characterized by episodes of respiratory distress (seizures), usually associated with other symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and choking. Symptoms vary with age.

Thus, in children, cough predominates, especially during the night, while in adults the three main symptoms are chest stiffness, wheezing and fatigue at night. In recent years there has been a higher prevalence and a progressive increase of cases in children and adolescents, which highlights the need to take preventive measures. The cure of asthma can only be achieved in some cases of asthma allergic or related to the patient's workplace, as long as the causative agent can be avoided.

Causes

Pollens: Although pollination occurs during spring, there are variations depending on the climates and types of plants. Symptoms of pollen allergy are usually detected with concentrations greater than 50 pollen grains per cubic meter of air. The small size of the pollen favors it to remain suspended in the air for a long time and travel great distances until it penetrates the respiratory passages.

In Spain prevails pollen of the grasses, the olive tree in the south zone and the parietaria in the Mediterranean zone.

Dust mites: They are microscopic parasites that live in the dust of houses and feed on dermal scales and other debris. They need precise conditions to develop: 25ºC temperature and 85 per cent humidity.

In Spain the most important are Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides Farinae.

Foods: Food-related asthma episodes are common during childhood and are accompanied by other symptoms such as urticaria and vomiting, so they tend to be confused with food poisoning. The products that cause the most reactions are milk, eggs and fish. In adulthood this type of asthma is less frequent.

Fungi: Some fungi produce allergens that are deposited in their spores, and the release of these depends on the humidity, temperature and the existence of organic matter in their environment, such as garbage or shower curtains. The most favorable periods for its development are spring and autumn, and among the most common are the alternaria, cladosporium, penicillium, aspergillus and mucor.

During asthmatic seizures, the bronchial mucosa lining the respiratory tract becomes inflamed and a thick mucus is produced which obstructs the airway ducts. As a result, the muscles surrounding these ducts contract and narrow by decreasing their diameter, impede the passage of air and complicate breathing. The basic characteristics of the disease are as follows:

Inflammation: Increases bronchial sensitivity and obstruction. Sometimes its origin is allergic. It produces an increase of the secretions and the contraction of the bronchial musculature.

Increased bronchial sensitivity: After exposure to various stimuli (fumes, gases, odors, cold air or exercise), the bronchial tubes of the asthmatics contract producing the narrowing of the airway.

Bronchial obstruction: It is variable and reversible spontaneously or with treatment. During crises the air circulates with difficulty producing beeps and feeling of fatigue or drowning. At the time when the crisis resolves the air can move normally through the bronchi and symptoms disappear.

Prevention

Although asthma has no cure, a number of measures can be taken to prevent a crisis. Here are some tips:

When the cause of asthma is extrinsic such as an allergy, it is advisable to avoid exposure to the agents that cause it. The main ones in Spain are pollen (grasses, olive, cupresáceas, arizónicas, shade plantain and parietaria), environmental fungi, dust mites and epithelia of some animals (dogs, cats, horses and Rodents commonly). The most common symptoms of allergy to pollen are itchy eyes, sneezing and runny nose. In the event that a person is not diagnosed but has any of these symptoms, you should go to the allergist.

Another precaution that allergists should take into consideration is to avoid performing intense exercises during pollen season, as this can lead to respiratory difficulties leading to an asthma attack.

Patients with rhinitis should be especially careful as this disease often precedes asthma. It is recommended that the patient is observed for any indication of asthmatic principle.

Because of their limitations in detecting and explaining the symptoms they present, children are a vulnerable group (remember that asthma affects 10 percent of the child and adolescent population). Parents should monitor children especially when they go through a viral process or if they are obese, paying particular attention to the occurrence of beeping, fatigue and other signs of bronchial obstruction.

Asthmatics already diagnosed should follow the treatment closely, even when experiencing improvement phases. According to data provided by the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery on World Asthma Day (May 5), only 30% of patients have a correct adherence to treatment, which makes it difficult to control the disease and crisis.

People with asthma should completely abstain from smoking, since tobacco smoke is an irritant that causes inflammation of the bronchi.

In cases where asthma is caused by the exposure of meal, wood or other products present in the work environment (occupational asthma), it is necessary to avoid contact with an adequate ventilation system and the use of protective masks. If the picture is severe, it is advisable to change jobs.

It is always advisable for the asthmatic person to be alert to any signs of aggravation of symptoms. It is important that the specialist provide the patient with a written treatment plan with the precise instructions on the administration of the medications that he needs. These instructions can be modified according to the severity of the symptoms, so it is advisable that the patient is able to perceive any changes in the clinical picture, for example, a greater need to resort to a bronchodilator, unusual discomfort at night, beeping When exercising, etcetera.

There are different classifications of asthma. As for its origin can be divided into intrinsic asthma and extrinsic or allergic asthma. The origin of intrinsic asthma is unknown and is most commonly detected in adulthood. It has a worse prognosis than the one of allergic character and tends to be chronified. Extrinsic asthma, on the other hand, consists of an antigen-antibody reaction that triggers the process. It mainly affects children and young adults, is characterized by reversible and brief attacks of bronchospasm with whistles and respiratory distress, and is controlled with appropriate treatment.

Allergy is an alteration of the body's defense mechanism, which consists of an exaggerated reaction, by means of a special antibody (immunoglobulin E), against substances that are in principle not harmful (pollens, mites, epithelia, food or medicines) . When these antibodies, which are bound in certain cells, bind to allergens, certain substances are released that, directly or through other cells, cause inflammation of the organ where they settle (bronchi, nose, eyes or skin ). There is an inherited predisposition to allergy, but exposure to allergens is necessary to develop the disease.

Asthma can also be classified as mild, moderate or severe, depending on the frequency and intensity of symptoms, how it affects daily activity and the degree of bronchial obstruction. Mild asthma can be controlled by pharmacological treatment and does not usually alter the daily lives of patients; Moderate asthma requires more severe treatments and interferes with patients' daily activities; And severe asthma requires continued control and can endanger the lives of people who suffer from it.

Diagnosis

First, a clinical diagnosis must be made, based on the clinical history where the symptoms described above are revealed. In addition, it is necessary to investigate the characteristics of the crises, the form of presentation, the interval between the crises, the onset, the seasonal period, the evolution of the disease and a general pediatric history in order to make a differential diagnosis of other respiratory diseases that can The same symptoms as asthma. In order to be able to objectify obstruction to airflow, the functional diagnosis is made, which consists of a respiratory function test (spirometry). It has the drawback that requires the collaboration of the child and therefore is performed in children over 6 years.

In all children with suspected bronchial asthma, baseline and bronchodilator spirometry (giving the child a drug to inhale) should be performed to demonstrate that the airway obstruction is reversible (characteristic of asthma). Finally, an etiological diagnosis, aimed at finding the cause that triggers the symptoms; Identifying the cause is the most important step in controlling the disease.

Treatments

The treatment of asthma should cover several fronts: inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, bronchospasm and allergies:

1. Inflammation of the bronchial mucosa:

In recent years it has been proven that the treatment of inflammation is the most important part of asthma treatment. Until now, too much emphasis has been placed on bronchodilation, but if inflammation is not treated, the effects of bronchodilators are ephemeral. There are several drugs that have an anti-inflammatory effect on the bronchial mucosa, but the most potent and effective are inhaled corticosteroids (cortisone). Inhaled doses of corticosteroids are very low and produce a topical effect without the side effects of oral, intravenous or intramuscular administration. Inhaled corticosteroids have become the most important drug in the treatment of asthma. They begin to be prescribed in patients with persistent asthma, that is to say, those in which symptoms occur several days a week, and in those in which nocturnal symptoms occur. For those symptoms that occur sporadically, for example once or twice every 15 days, it is not necessary to start with corticosteroids and bronchodilators may suffice.

Bronchospasm:

Inhaled corticosteroids do not act immediately, but when they take effect after a few days of treatment, bronchospasm forwards. But for the immediate treatment of the same bronchodilators are used that normally are administered by inhalation. There are two basic types depending on the duration of their action: long-acting bronchodilators are taken in the morning and at night every day, whether or not they have symptoms, while short-acting bronchodilators are usually reserved to take if necessary (Choking, coughing, etc). The primary objective is for patients to resort to short-acting bronchodilators on very few occasions. If this is not the case, it is necessary to promote anti-inflammatory treatment. Obviously, there are patients with severe asthma who, despite receiving maximum anti-inflammatory therapy, frequently require bronchodilators.

. Allergies:

In patients in whom an allergic component is shown, treatment with antihistamines may be beneficial. On the other hand, with certain allergies there are effective immunological treatments (vaccines) that can help a lot in the control of asthma. However, the most effective treatment of allergies is to avoid or minimize exposure to allergens. For example, in the case of allergy to dust mites, simple household hygienic measures can significantly reduce the presence of dust mites.

Diseases associated with asthma:

Gastroesophageal reflux and chronic sinusitis may aggravate or cause asthma, so it is important to rule them out in cases of asthma that do not respond to the usual treatment.

Other data

This disease is a public health problem affecting 10 percent of children and young people, and 5 percent of the adult population in industrialized countries. In Spain two million individuals suffer from asthma, and in the world they exceed 150 million. As for the mortality rate due to this pathology, in our country 2 x 100,000 h / a die, and in the world there are 100,000 deaths per year. Deaths are caused by acute attacks that can not be controlled, although there are other factors that prevent the approach of fatal crises.

A multicenter study sponsored by the Spanish Society of Respiratory Pathologies (Separ) has shown that there is a relationship between dying or suffering a near-fatal asthma crisis and alexithymia, a psychological disorder that affects 10 percent of the healthy population and prevents Perceive and express well the emotions and physical sensations. The study finds that asthmatics with alexithymia, about 38 percent of the patients who took part in the research, suffer more often almost fatal crises, since not correctly perceiving the symptoms of asthma are not able to act accordingly.

"Alexithymia could also be one of the causes of the low compliance of the treatment that is registered among asthmatic patients," said Vicente Plaza, of the Pneumology Service of Hospital San Pablo, Barcelona. Asthma is the most frequent cause of emergency visits in pediatric age and the fifth cause of primary care consultation. Sixty percent of the urgencies treated in the pulmonology services are asthma exacerbations, most of the time due to lack of compliance with the prescribed treatment.

This confirms that the disease is not well controlled, since more than half of diagnosed asthmatics, despite being under treatment, have to use rescue medication to relieve the exacerbation of their symptoms. Lack of compliance could be resolved with more convenient drugs, improved communication between doctor and patient, and patient education. "The patient should be informed about everything related to his illness and trained for the correct use of the medication, creating an active and continuous relationship between the practitioner, the patient and their environment.

Thus, through the acceptance and understanding of the disease, the patient is responsible for his treatment, and does not need to lie to the doctor or feel guilty for not following the treatment, "says Santiago Nevot, head of the Pediatric Service of Manresa General Hospital So far it has been proven that compliance is better with oral drugs than inhaled and increases if it is a single daily dose.
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Astigmatism

Astigmatism is a defect in the curvature of the cornea, which prevents the clear focus of objects near and far. This is because the cornea, instead of being round, is flattened by the poles and different radii of curvature appear in each one of the main axes.

Therefore, when light strikes through the cornea, distorted images are obtained that affect vision from near and far.

Causes

The underlying cause of this anomaly is hereditary, although in some cases it may occur after a corneal transplant or cataract surgery. The most frequent symptomatology is the perception of distorted images. However, it can often cause headaches or eye discomfort.

In addition, depending on the age, amount and type of astigmatism the symptoms can be different, and even, do not affect the vision.

Prevention

Given the causes that cause it to appear, astigmatism can not be prevented.

Types

This vision defect can be classified into:

Simple astigmatism: Appears on a single axis.

Astigmatism compound: In addition to affecting an axis is associated with myopia or farsightedness.

Mixed astigmatism: When one axis focuses in front of the retina (myopia) and another behind the retina (hypermetropic).

Diagnosis

Astigmatism can be detected from an ophthalmological examination that includes a refraction test.

If the patient, whether child or adult, can not perform the standard refraction test the specialist can request an ophthalmoscopy, a test that measures refraction through reflected light.

Like other ocular defects, the treatment of astigmatism admits a multiple approach:

It can be corrected using glasses, even if it is a solution aesthetically not accepted by some people.

The second alternative is the use of contact lenses, although these cause a dependence on use, in addition to requiring hygiene and maintenance that some patients find impractical.

However, the most permanent option is laser surgery that corrects the defect and allows the patient not to rely on glasses or contact lenses. However, the economic cost is higher and, like all surgical operations, carries risks.

Other data

As with other eye conditions, if the patient begins to detect that they have difficulty seeing or to visualize the details of their environment, they should consult the specialist. In addition, if after wearing glasses and / or contact lenses the problems continue or worsen it is advisable to visit the doctor again to check if the diagnosis is correct or if corrective lenses are well graded.

Forecast

Depending on each person, the astigmatism can increase with time causing the patient to have to renew the glasses and the lenses to adapt to the new graduation.

The alternative of the laser usually finishes with this affection or to reduce it to a great extent.

On the other hand, if in children, astigmatism can only be corrected in one eye, it can lead to the development of an amblyopia.

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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arteriosclerosis-Osteoarthritis-Rheumatoid arthritis

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Tue, 30 May 2017 13:26:00 +0000

Arteriosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a condition caused by the formation of plaque in the arteries, that is, the blood vessels where the blood carries oxygen and nutrients, which causes its obstruction.

This plaque is a substance composed of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the same blood and, over time, causes the arterial wall to harden to block the arteries, limiting the flow of blood. blood.

This procedure is the same that occurs in atherosclerosis, except that the latter is a type that is encompassed within atherosclerosis and is caused by an atherosclerotic plaque (cholesterol).

Causes

The main reason for atherosclerosis is the accumulation of lipids, especially cholesterol, and other substances. When an obstruction occurs, blood rich in nutrients and oxygen can not circulate, which is called ischemia.

Ischemia can end up producing, in the most serious cases, cell death (necrosis) and infarction. The latter can occur in the myocardium, which is the most frequent, but it is also possible to affect other parts of the body such as the brain or lower limbs.

One of the main causes of arteriosclerosis is poor nutrition, that is, one in which saturated fats or fast foods are abused, combined with a sedentary lifestyle and lacking physical activity. This statism prevents the body from burning the excess fats and reduces the constant flow of blood to the organs.

Suffering from hypertension or diabetes, in addition to smoking or drinking too much alcohol, are risk factors that generate more propensity to suffer from this disease. Aging can also lead to hardening of the arteries.

Another cause that can cause the emergence of atherosclerosis is fibrosis, caused by a chronic inflammation that eventually hardening blood vessels.

symptom

In general terms, the condition does not present symptoms until an artery narrows too much or completely.

When the severity of the disease is increasing, coronary blood flow is reduced considerably and this can lead to chest pain, also called angina pectoris, or difficulty breathing.

In addition to these symptoms, the condition can also cause damage to other organs, such as the intestines, kidneys, legs, or brain.

Prevention

To prevent atherosclerosis, it is important to reduce the consumption of saturated fats and replace it with an increase in the intake of fruits and vegetables. In addition, it is recommended to consume drinks or foods that contain antioxidants, which benefits the flow of blood.

Another of the necessary guidelines is to carry out exercise routinely, both to prevent atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis.

All this is concentrated in the framework of a healthy and healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean, which rejects smoking or abuse of other substances such as alcohol.

Types

Among the types of arteriosclerosis is:

Atherosclerosis: This type of arteriosclerosis also involves an accumulation of substances in the arteries that prevent the passage of blood but, in this case, is caused by an atherosclerotic plaque.

Monckeberg sclerosis: It is characterized by the presence of calcifications in medial arteries of muscular type. Although it can occur simultaneously to atherosclerosis, both are anatomically different.

This condition is uncommon before the age of 50 and usually affects the femoral, tibial, radial or cubital arteries.

Atherosclerosis: Contains the same characteristics as atherosclerosis but affects arterioles, ie small arteries.

Diagnosis

Since atherosclerosis is a condition that takes time to present symptoms, it is necessary an early diagnosis of the disease to prevent irreversible damage.

Periodic exams are needed, especially from 40-50 years and in those with a history of diseases such as atherosclerosis or atherosclerosis.

Treatments

Since medications can not purge arteries that have become blocked, other forms of treatment should be considered.

One of the options is percutaneous coronary angioplasty. This therapy consists of dilating one or more coronary arteries by using a catheter, the end of which has a device that inflates upon reaching the clogged area.

This increases the diameter of the artery and restores normal blood flow. This catheter is inserted through the femoral or radial artery, from where it leads to the obstruction.

Also, metallic devices called endoprostheses or stents can be introduced into the coronary arteries percutaneously to correct the narrowing caused by a thrombus or plaque. This procedure is usually used within angioplasty.

Another form of treatment is surgery in the coronary or carotid arteries. But even so, all options involve a change in lifestyle that will prevent a worsening of the disease.

Early detection of the condition is necessary to avoid, in this way, serious problems, such as:

Coronary artery disease, that is, those that transfer blood to the heart.

Diseases of the carotid arteries, which are those that carry the blood to the brain.

Peripheral arterial disease, which includes arteries found in the arms, legs and pelvis. When they become blocked, numbness, pain and even secondary infections can occur.
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Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic and degenerative disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane (membrane that feeds, protects and covers the cartilage) of the joints and surrounding tissues. Sometimes arthritis can have extra-articular behavior and damage organs and systems such as the heart, kidney, and lung. For this reason it is a systemic disease.

The inflammation of this membrane is responsible for pain, clearly visible swelling, the sensation of stiffness that patients can feel in the morning and loss of joint mobility.

It affects more strongly joints than others, especially the more mobile ones such as hands and feet, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees and ankles. There are some that are never affected.

If the inflammation remains in a maintained and uncontrolled way, it can end up damaging the bones, ligaments and tendons around the joint. This can lead to progressive deformity of the joints and loss of ability to perform daily movements and tasks. All this has repercussions on the quality of life of patients.

Incidence

According to the Episer study on the impact and prevalence of rheumatic diseases, carried out by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER), it is estimated that worldwide this pathology affects between 0.5 and 0.8 percent of the population , Or approximately five people per thousand worldwide. However, there are still many people who are not diagnosed.

According to SER, in Spain there are more than 200,000 people with rheumatoid arthritis and each year 20,000 new cases are diagnosed. "This is a remarkable figure because rheumatoid arthritis is the most disabling of rheumatic diseases," they explain from society.

Its incidence is higher in women than in men. In fact, for every 3 diagnoses in women only one is done in men. Although it can affect anyone and appear at any age, it is most often manifested in women 30 to 50 years.

Within the same geographic area there is a trend towards greater occurrence in urban versus rural municipalities.

Causes

The cause of the onset of this disease is unknown. Infectious agents such as bacteria or viruses have been studied and, although suggestive data have been found in some cases, there is still no evidence to confirm its implication.

Specialists believe that it may have a genetic origin since the immune system itself attacks the joints because it does not recognize them as their own and therefore they become inflamed. What is known as autoimmune disease. It is also believed that certain proteins that are transmitted in hereditary form could predispose to the disease.

Differences in the frequency of the disease make the specialists also suggest that there are environmental factors involved in the onset of the disease.

As indicated by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology, the disease begins slowly and insidiously with general manifestations of other diseases, such as fever or asthenia.

However, the main symptom of this disease is the involvement of the diarthrodial joints. Initially there is an inflammation that is visible to the naked eye and causes pain in the individual who suffers. Along with inflammation, other manifestations may appear, such as increased volume, stiffness after nocturnal rest that gradually disappears as the patient exercises his daily activity, muscle weakness and limitation of mobility.

Hard lumps (rheumatoid nodules) may also appear on areas of skin rubbing such as the elbows, backs of the fingers and toes, which may also be localized inside the body.

If the disease is in an advanced stage, the patient may have some deformity due to the progressive deterioration of the affected joints. In addition, it can evolve and affect vital organs like the kidney or the lung.

It often causes dryness of the skin and mucous membranes. This causes inflammation and subsequent atrophy of the glands that generate tears, saliva, digestive juices or vaginal discharge (Sjögren's syndrome).

It can also produce some fever and, occasionally, inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis), which causes nerve damage or sores in the legs (ulcers). Other symptoms are inflammation of the membranes lining the lungs (pleuritis) or heart wrap (pericarditis), or inflammation and scarring of the lungs can produce chest pain, shortness of breath and abnormal heart function.

"In the long term, the consequences of the disease left to its evolution are the limitation and inability to perform, initially, the work activities and, later, the daily life of the subject who suffers from it.

Prevention

At present there is no measure that helps prevent the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. However, experts recommend doing physical activity on a regular basis to encourage the use of all joints.

In addition, once rheumatoid arthritis has been diagnosed, they recommend to properly follow the treatment to prevent the progression of the disease.

Diagnosis

Although there is no specific evidence, the diagnosis of this pathology is relatively simple if the patient visits the rheumatologist on suspicion of having some of the symptoms described above.

If the disease is in an early stage, the diagnosis can be more complicated since all the symptoms may not appear in the laboratory tests, since the assessment of the disease is mainly clinical. "It is done in the presence of a series of signs and symptoms in the joints in the form of polyarthritis (multiple joint arthritis) of a symmetrical nature), chronic course (more than 6 weeks) and almost constant involvement of joints," specify From the Spanish Society of Rheumatology.

The problem at diagnosis is that there are other rheumatic diseases, such as lupus or psoriatic arthritis, which in the early stages may be confused with rheumatoid arthritis.

During the evaluation the rheumatologist can perform a series of complementary examinations to facilitate the diagnosis:

Blood test.

Rheumatoid factor tests.

Test to detect antibodies against citrullinated peptides. These antibodies are present in two thirds of patients with this pathology.

X-rays to detect the presence of erosions.

Treatments

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that currently has no treatment to cure the disease. However, pharmacological therapies and treatment strategies are very effective and allow good control of the disease.

The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis includes two types of drugs: those used to relieve pain (anti-inflammatories and corticosteroids), and those used to modify the disease in the long term. The latter can be effective weeks and even months after treatment. They are not effective in one hundred percent of patients, according to the Spanish Society of Rheumatology, so the doctor usually prescribes several sequentially until finding the one that is more effective and better tolerated by the patient.

The mainstay of therapy is disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (Fames). Among them, the most used is methotrexate. Other medicines would be sulfasalazine, leflunomide or gold salts (nowadays in disuse).

According to SER, the early prescription of these treatments is essential to minimize joint inflammation and disease progression.

In cases where Fames do not function properly the specialists treat the pathology with biological therapies. These are drugs designed with complex formulas that include TNF antagonists (etanercept, adalimumab and infliximab), abatacept and rituximab. These drugs have proven to be very effective in improving pain and inflammation and in preventing joint destruction.

Both biological therapies and Fames can have side effects, but in general they are quite safe and patients tolerate them well.

If the disease is very advanced, the patient may need surgery.

Other data

Relationship with tobacco

Numerous studies have shown that there is an association between smoking and the development of the disease. However, from the Spanish Society of Rheumatology indicate that the causal relationship between tobacco and the development of pathology is complex.

On the other hand, studies have also shown that patients who smoke suffer the disease more severely than those who are not smokers.

Forecast

The prognosis of the disease is very variable, since in some cases there are benign diseases that can be controlled with a simple treatment and others in which the disease evolves very quickly and the prognosis is fatal in a short time.

From SER, they emphasize that if arthritis is not adequately treated, it is common for the disease to evolve towards irreversible joint destruction with impaired pulmonary capacity. This prognosis varies if treated with optimal treatment.

In addition, there are risk factors that worsen the prognosis: the onset of the disease at young ages, smoking, the existence of citrullinated anti-protein antibodies or rheumatoid factor or the involvement of other organs, for example.

Living with the disease

The first step that a person diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis should take to adapt to their illness is to avoid leading a hectic life, jerky movements and trying to sleep for an average of 10 hours.

In addition, it is convenient that these patients avoid those jobs that require intense physical exercise. During the working day, they should maintain a straight position in the seat and avoid staying with the neck or back flexed for a long time.
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Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease that affects the joints. It is usually located on the hands, knees, hip or spine. Osteoarthritis causes pain, inflammation and prevents normal movements such as closing your hand, climbing stairs or walking.

The joints are the components of the skeleton that allow the connection between two bones (such as elbow, knee, hip, etc.) and, therefore, movement. Cartilage is the tissue in charge of coating the ends of these bones and is indispensable for the proper functioning of the joint since it acts as a shock absorber.

Osteoarthritis causes deterioration of the articular cartilage causing bones to wear out and pain appear. As the cartilage disappears, the bone reacts and grows on the sides (osteophytes) causing the deformation of the joint.

Incidence

Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease in Spain, according to data from the Spanish Society of Rheumatology, which estimates that more than 7 million Spaniards over 20 years of age have osteoarthritis of the knee, hand or spine. In addition, this disease is more common in women, 52 percent, compared to 29 percent in men.

"From the radiological point of view, the population segment between the ages of 50 and 64 has 70 percent of osteoarthritis in the hands, 40 percent in the feet, 10 percent in the knees and 3 percent in The hips, "they say.

In addition, according to the World Health Organization, about 28 percent of the world's population over 60 years of age has osteoarthritis and 80 percent of it has movement limitations. The increase in life expectancy and the aging of the population will make osteoarthritis become the fourth cause of disability in the year 2020.

Causes

To date, the causes of osteoarthritis are not exactly known, but there are some risk factors associated with its appearance:

Age increases exponentially after age 50.

Gender: affects mainly women older than 50-55 years.

Genetics: may also be a hereditary disease. Specifically, genetic inheritance in the development of osteoarthritis can be as high as 65 percent.

Work activity: repetition of joint movements can lead, in the long term, to joint overload. Therefore, certain work activities (hairdressers, masons, etc.), can cause the appearance of osteoarthritis.

High physical activity: Elite athletes are at increased risk of developing the disease.

Menopause: the decrease in estrogen levels that occurs with the advent of menopause is one of the risk factors for its development.

Obesity: does not seem to participate in the development of osteoarthritis, but it can aggravate it in certain joints such as knees.

Injuries: Fractures and injuries can be a triggering factor.

Evaluate your symptoms

symptom

The manifestations of osteoarthritis are very varied, progressive and appear dilated in time.

The most frequent symptoms are joint pain, limitation of movements, creaking and, in some cases, joint effusion. In addition, some people may have stiffness and joint deformity.

The symptom that most worries people with osteoarthritis is pain. In a first stage, it is triggered when the joint is moved or exerted. This pain usually ceases with rest. Subsequently, aggravation of osteoarthritis will cause the pain to appear with both movement and rest.

One of the good points of arthritic pain is that it is not always constant, so patients can stay for long periods of time without suffering pain, which does not mean that osteoarthritis does not follow its evolution.

Prevention

The main measure that groups of risk have to take into account to prevent the development of the disease is to lead a healthy and balanced diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, to perform moderate physical activity, activities that are according to age and state Physique of the person and avoid obesity.

It is also advisable to limit heavy physical effort, such as carrying heavy objects or labor activities involving overexertion.

On the other hand, experts recommend that people be careful when practicing contact sports, such as football or rugby, as they are not recommended for patients with osteoarthritis. The reason is that these sports are one of the factors that can trigger the disease. In fact, many footballers suffer from osteoarthritis of the knee due to the injuries that they have suffered in the meniscus.

In case of having the disease they must avoid the movements that produce pain, without getting to immobilize the zone.

Types

At present osteoarthritis manifests itself mainly in four areas:

Knee osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis of the knee is the most common type of osteoarthritis. In fact, in Spain is suffered by 10 percent of Spaniards. One can distinguish between two types of knee osteoarthritis:

Secondary knee osteoarthritis is usually caused by a previous injury, such as a fracture or a ligament injury. It usually affects athletes and obese people, since the overexertion they require to their knees is high.

In this case the disease affects the internal and / or frontal part of the knee causing pain when an effort is made. As a consequence of this pain and the degenerative evolution of the disease the patient may have lameness if the disease progresses to an advanced stage. In this type of osteoarthritis the movement of the joint usually causes clicks.

Osteoarthritis of hands

Osteoarthritis of the hands is the second most common type of osteoarthritis. In Spain is suffered by 6 percent of citizens. It is usually closely linked to the female gender and genetic inheritance of the patient. Osteoarthrosis of the hands originates in a joint and can subsequently be extended to the rest of the hand.

It is very visible, since it often deforms the fingers and comes to affect the day to day of patients in daily tasks such as writing. During the process the pain accompanies the evolution of the disease being stronger at the beginning and mitigating itself as the nodules appear. The discomfort tends to decrease when the deformation is complete. The functionality of the hand may be affected and the joint may be slightly flexed or deflected.

Hip arthrosis

Hip osteoarthritis is one that affects the upper leg. This type of osteoarthritis is quite common, although not as much as osteoarthritis of the knee or hand. In general, it is typical of older people, but may appear before age 50, being exceptional in young people.

The main symptom is pain, which is located in the groin area and the inner thigh area. However, sometimes pain can be reflected in the knee.

At the beginning of the illness, pain only appears when walking and when going up or down stairs. You also feel pain after a period of rest, until the joint becomes warm, and then reappears after a long walk or prolonged exercise, because the joint is overloaded. Progressively, such elementary actions as crossing or flexing legs, or walking are difficult. In advanced stages the pain may appear at night, due to the position of rest and, over time, it is normal for lameness to appear when walking.

Spine osteoarthritis

The spine is made up of many joints. This causes osteoarthritis to develop in this area, often in the lumbar and cervical areas.

This type of osteoarthritis may be asymptomatic and, in many cases, it is not diagnosed and is accidentally located when performing an X-ray for another reason.

The pain can appear when performing mechanical activities, such as movements and overloads in the affected area. In addition, changes in time and pressure often aggravate the pain.

Diagnosis

As explained by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER), the diagnosis of pathology is made through a clinical interview.

There are some tests that help the specialist complete the study. The doctor can distinguish osteophytes, cartilage clipping, subchondral grooves, and asymmetric decrease in joint space by clear symptoms of osteoarthritis.

Other tests that can be used in exceptional cases are CT and MRI when the doctor has doubts about the origin of the process or is studying in a complementary way other problems, such as a discus extrusion in a spondyloarthrosis or meniscal rupture in a gonarthrosis.

Finally, high resolution ultrasound has been incorporated as a very effective diagnostic tool because it reveals the soft parts surrounding the joint as well as whether there is inflammation or injury in any of them and distinguish if the bone profile is being altered.

Treatments

The main goal of treatment in osteoarthritis is to improve pain and functional disability without causing side effects.

To achieve this, from the SER insist that the first step that specialists must give is to teach patients to avoid anything that contributes to injury to joints such as being overweight, repetitive movements, inappropriate attitudes at work, shoes, Kitchen utensils, furniture, etc.

Secondly, it is advised that each patient has a customized and adapted exercise chart that must be performed under the supervision of the physiotherapist to improve the course of the disease.

Finally, from the SER indicate that the rheumatologist will decide the appropriate pharmacological treatment for each case:

Anti-inflammatories and / or analgesics

In the most acute phase, the pain increases greatly because of the inflammation of the affected area. At this point, it may be necessary

Forecast

Although this disease is not very serious, it significantly reduces the quality of life of patients. In fact, its prognosis differs greatly depending on the joint that is affected and the evolution of the pathology.

In addition, factors such as early diagnosis and joint prevention measures may contribute to slow the development of osteoarthritis.

In general terms, SER explains that the evolution of pathology is slow and progressive.

How does it affect the patient's life?

Pain and lack of mobility are the main factors that affect and decrease the quality of life of patients.

Since the disease affects mainly patients over 60 years of age, functional limitation can increase sedentary life in these population groups. This can promote obesity, and thereby increase the risk of increased cholesterol levels, diabetes, hypertension, or other risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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appendicitis _ Arrhythmias _ Sleep apnea

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Tue, 30 May 2017 01:57:00 +0000

Appendicitis

The appendix is located near the point where the small intestine and colon meet, and can sometimes become infected. Spanish society is already familiar with this disease: it is not a common condition but requires a surgical treatment called appendectomy for the removal of the appendix. Usually, the intervention is followedObstructive sleep apnea is a respiratory pathology characterized by people who suffer from it usually snore, have breathing stops (apneas) repeatedly and drowsiness during the day. As a consequence, the patients who sObstructive sleep apnea is a respiratory pathology characterized by people who suffer from it usually snore, have breathing stops (apneas) repeatedly and drowsiness during the day. As a consequence, the patients who suffer from it can not rest well during the hours of sleep.

"What happens to people who have sleep apnea is that at night they have a collapse of the pharynx. This collapse is periodic, especially in some stages of sleep (such as REM), "explains Eusebi Chiner, a pulmonologist and coordinator of SeparPacientes, of the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (Separ). "When the number of apneas exceeds a certain number per hour occurs the syndrome known as obstructive sleep apnea."

Causes

In normal conditions, when people sleep, the airway is permeable, that is, they can breathe with ease. However, in some stages of sleep the tissues close and block the airway causing apnea.

In addition to this cause there are other factors that may increase the risk of having apnea:

Have the lower jaw shorter than the upper jaw.

Certain forms of the palate or airway that cause the collapse of the pathway.

Have a big neck.

Possess a tongue that can be pulled back to block the airway.

The obesity.

Having tonsils or large vegetations that can clog the airway.uffer from it can not rest well during the hours of sleep.

Causes

In normal conditions, when people sleep, the airway is permeable, that is, they can breathe with ease. However, in some stages of sleep the tissues close and block the airway causing apnea.

In addition to this cause there are other factors that may increase the risk of having apnea:

Have the lower jaw shorter than the upper jaw.

Certain forms of the palate or airway that cause the collapse of the pathway.

Have a big neck.

Possess a tongue that can be pulled back to block the airway.

The obesity.

Having tonsils or large vegetations that can clog the airway.by a brief period of recovery.

Appendicitis is caused by an inflammation of the appendix.

Causes

The appendix constantly produces mucus that mixes with feces. The problem that arises is that it is the only organ of the intestinal tract that does not have exit, reason why any obstruction in the drainage of the mucosity causes that this one accumulates and, therefore, a dilation occurs in the appendix.

As the size of the appendix expands, compression of the blood vessels and necrosis of the walls occurs. This process may evolve until the appendix ruptures.

The causes of this obstruction can be:

Increase in lymphatic tissue from viral or bacterial infection.

Obstruction by other more complex circumstances: tumors or intestinal worms

The symptoms of this disease can be very varied but difficult to detect in young children or women of childbearing age.

The first and most notable symptom is abdominal pain. This pain begins to be vague to progressively progress to acute and severe. Usually, as the inflammation of the appendix increases, the pain tends to move toward the lower right side of the abdomen to a specific place in the appendix called the McBurney point.

This abdominal pain tends to worsen when performing activities such as walking or coughing so the patient should try to be at rest to avoid sudden outbreaks of pain.

As for late symptoms, these may be:

Shaking chills.

Vomiting.

Tremors.

Constipation or diarrhea.

Sickness.

Lack of appetite.

Fever.

Prevention

The main steps to prevent appendicitis are based on:

Carry a diet rich in fiber, which facilitate greater movement in the digestive process. Among the recommended foods are most fruits and vegetables and, above all, whole grains.

During the treatment process, and especially in the initial stages, it is important to take antibiotics that prevent the proliferation of microorganisms in the digestive system that are responsible for infections and thus prevent the disease from worsening.

Avoid stress and maintain adequate rest.

Types

Within the pathology, the patient can pass through the following stages:

Catarrhal appendicitis: When the obstruction of appendicular light occurs the mucous secretion accumulates and acutely distends the appendix. Increased intraluminal pressure causes venous obstruction, accumulation of bacteria, and lymphoid tissue reaction.

Phlegmonous appendicitis: The mucosa begins to present small ulcerations or is completely destroyed being invaded by enterobacteria.

Necrotic appendicitis: When the phlegmonous process becomes intense and there is a distension of the tissue.

Perforated appendicitis: In this case, small perforations become large.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is based on the clinic: on the symptoms and signs described by the patient. Abdominal pain is the most characteristic but there are also other symptoms that give clues about possible appendicitis: nausea or vomiting accompanying acute appendicitis in more than half of the cases. However, it should be noted that these pictures are also seen in other diseases such as pancreatitis.

The change in bowel habits that can cause, for example, diarrhea is not a clinical element for or against the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

Treatments

First, if the case is complicated or the symptoms have worsened, the specialist will proceed to the removal of the appendix, shortly after the disease has been detected.

If a CT scan shows the presence of an abscess (accumulation of pus in any part of the body that, in most cases, causes swelling and inflammation around it), it can be treated first with antibiotics. This may be caused because the patient has been slow to go to the specialist. In this case the disinfection and the reduction of inflammation will be expected, and the appendix will be removed to avoid repetition of the problem in the future.

The laparoscopic route is preferable in obese and long-lived people and when the diagnosis is not yet one hundred percent confirmed at the time of surgery.

Other data

Most people recover from the intervention in a short time, as long as the appendix does not break during the intervention. In this case it could cause peritonitis and take longer.

Tests that are performed to detect appendicitis are not infallible so in some cases the operation may show that the appendix is in perfect condition. In these types of cases, the specialist will remove the appendix and look for another source of pain.

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Sleep apnea

Sleep Apnea, Cardiac Arrhythmias, and Sudden Death

Obstructive sleep apnea is a respiratory pathology characterized by people who suffer from it usually snore, have breathing stops (apneas) repeatedly and drowsiness during the day. As a consequence, the patients who suffer from it can not rest well during the hours of sleep.

Causes

In normal conditions, when people sleep, the airway is permeable, that is, they can breathe with ease. However, in some stages of sleep the tissues close and block the airway causing apnea.

In addition to this cause there are other factors that may increase the risk of having apnea:

Have the lower jaw shorter than the upper jaw.

Certain forms of the palate or airway that cause the collapse of the pathway.

Have a big neck.

Possess a tongue that can be pulled back to block the airway.

The obesity.

Having tonsils or large vegetations that can clog the airway.

Snoring is the most visible manifestation that can alert the patient about the possibility of having sleep apnea. People with the disease usually start to snore very hard after falling asleep. In addition, this is interrupted during a period of silence while the patient suffers apnea. That period of silence is followed by a gasp with gasping while the patient tries to breathe again.

As a consequence of the episodes, the patient's sleep is not restorative and there is daytime somnolence, chronic fatigue and even respiratory and cardiovascular alterations. The person with apnea often gets up frequently to go to the bathroom, wakes up frequently with dry mouth and the next day notice tiredness, headache and complains of the high probability of falling asleep in inappropriate situations, while driving, reads or attends Work meetings.

In addition, patients with apnea may have depression, swelling of the legs or be hyperactive.

Prevention

Sleep apnea is linked to certain factors such as enlargement of the tonsil tissue in children and obesity in adults. In fact, according to Separ Patients, 80 percent of patients with sleep apnea are obese.

For this reason, the main measure that can help prevent apnea is to lose weight, as well as to apply certain hygienic-dietary measures, physical exercise, etc.

On the other hand, stopping smoking and avoiding alcohol consumption also help prevent the onset of the disease.

When there are symptoms (snoring and apneas referred by the couple) the patient should go to the doctor to confirm the diagnosis.

Types

The rate of apnea and hypopnea, ie how many times we have hourly, throughout the night, breathing stops of a time greater than 10 seconds, will mark the types of sleep apnea that can be divided into:

Mild: when there are between 5 and 15 apneas per hour.

Moderate: The patient has between 15 and 30 apneas per hour.

Severe or Severe: when it exceeds 30 apneas per hour.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is made by performing a sleep test that can be complete, includes neurological and respiratory variables, called polysomnography or can also be diagnosed with more abridged tests, such as respiratory polygraphy, which includes only respiratory variables and can be performed in the hospital or in the hospital. home.

With these tests doctors will establish the apnea and hypopnea index that will indicate the severity of the syndrome.

There is a group of patients where the diagnosis is more complicated because, although they have many reported apneas and snoring, they do not have daytime somnolence. This case is usually given in young patients and the last Spanish studies that have been carried out confirm that in these patients the treatment is important because if not, they could eventually develop pathologies such as hypertension or other cardiovascular pathologies. "These are the most complicated cases to diagnose because they are alerted by the companion, not by the symptomatology during the day. Sometimes they begin with a pathology such as ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction or even a cerebral stroke and what translates is that in the background there was an apnea that was not previously diagnosed, "said Chiner.

Treatments

Therapy for sleep apnea is not curative. It is aimed at alleviating the symptoms. There are several types of treatments that are applied depending on the severity:

Conservative: the doctor will recommend weight loss, smoking cessation, sleep hygiene, sports, good nutrition, etc.

Usual treatment: the most accepted and of choice is CPAP, recommended in almost all patients. This consists of a pressure generator that transmits through a nasal mask a continuous pressure to the upper airway preventing it from collapsing. According to the specialists, this mask usually has a quick effect making disappear nocturnal snoring and drowsiness during the day. This treatment usually does not have serious side effects and in the case that they appear are transient and disappear after the first weeks.

Surgical treatment: it is recommended when there are some lesions such as polyps or hypertrophy of the tonsils, or when the mask is not well tolerated due to the existence of some damage in the upper airway.

Other data

Epidemiology

Overall it is more common in men than in women. However, Chiner points out that from a certain age, especially during menopause, the frequency of this pathology in women tends to match that of men.

In adults, the frequency is around 25 percent in advanced age (60 to 80 years). In the middle ages, the most common range in males, we would have about 10 percent of people who could suffer from sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea is also common in children. In fact, SeparPacientes estimates that about 3 percent of children suffer from sleep apnea. In these cases, most of the time it is related to having hypertrophic tonsils, that is, with an increase in angina.

In the case of children there are factors that can predispose to sleep apnea: some alterations of the jaws, certain diseases and childhood obesity.

Finally, this pathology can also affect babies, although it is less frequent that newborns have hypertrophic tonsils. In these infants, the clinical picture given is choanal atresia, which may be very narrow at birth and cause sleep apnea.

Complications

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome can cause various complications among people who suffer from it. Hypertension is present in 50 percent of patients and arrhythmias are common during sleep. It also increases the risk of suffering from cardio and cerebrovascular accidents, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Likewise, daytime sleepiness is involved in an increased risk of traffic or work-related accidents, and impotence and decreased libido among these patients is also common.
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Arrhythmias

It is known as cardiac arrhythmia to any alteration of the heart rhythm that is produced, either by some change of its characteristics (rhythms other than the normal sinus rhythm) or by inadequate variations of the frequency.

Although normal heart rate values are between 60 and 100 beats per minute), it may be normal to find numbers below or above these depending on the characteristics of the individual or the situation in which they are.

In normal conditions the heartbeat is not perceived. Some ventricular arrhythmias cause few or no diagnostic symptoms and have a minimal effect on the efficacy of heart pumping especially when they last for a short time. In fact, many healthy adults will experience short-term arrhythmias from time to time. However, arrhythmias that last for minutes or even hours can have very serious consequences, such as reducing the amount of blood the heart pumps to the rest of the body.

Causes

The causes of the appearance of the arrhythmias are mainly three, according to the Foundation of the Heart:

The electrical impulse is not generated properly.

The electric impulse arises in the wrong place.

The roads for the electric conduction are altered.

Clinical manifestations depend on the type of arrhythmia. They can be variable, ranging from arrhythmias with no symptoms to arrothymias that cause very important repercussions. The main symptoms are:

Palpitations

Under normal conditions the heartbeat is not perceived. The perception that the heart beats is known as palpitations; Palpitations do not always indicate a pathological situation or mean that there is tachycardia.

Syncope

It is known by the name of syncope to the relatively abrupt loss of the patient's consciousness. It is characterized because it recovers spontaneously in a short period of time. The causes of syncope can be multiple. Some syncopes may be due to arrhythmias, both bradycardia and tachycardia.

Heart attack

It is the situation that entails a serious loss of consciousness without the patient recovering spontaneously. What differentiates this picture from syncope is that in this situation cardiac resuscitation maneuvers must be performed or the patient may die in a few minutes. This situation may be due to various causes that are not always cardiac, but serious arrhythmias are often the most common cause.

Prevention

Among the measures that can take into account the patient to avoid the formation of arrhythmias stands out:

Reduce the consumption of sugars and fats to reduce hypercholesterolemia and diabetes.

Performing sport on a regular basis.

No Smoking.

Consume alcohol, tea and coffee in moderation.

Control and reduce stress levels.

Types

We can find the following types of arrhythmias:

Sinus Bradycardia

This is a situation in which the heartbeat originates and is transmitted in a normal way, but the heart rate is lower than normal.

Causes

Sinus bradycardia can occur in different situations: it can be totally normal and physiological, as is the case of athletes; May be due to certain medications; To the involvement of the sinus node itself and can be found in the context of an affection known as bradycardia / tachycardia syndrome in which patients alternate episodes of major bradycardia with episodes of tachycardia (usually atrial fibrillation).

Treatment

Isolated sinus bradycardia is usually a physiological condition and does not require treatment. It can also be caused by drugs and the possibility of withdrawing them must be assessed. If severe and symptomatic, treatment is the implantation of a pacemaker.

Ventricular fibrillation

Causes

In this arrhythmia the electrical activity of the heart is totally disorganized, so that there is no effective beat. This situation leads systematically to a serious cardiac arrest that, if it is not possible to stop with the maneuvers of cardiac resuscitation, is irreversible causing death.

People who suffer from it

This type of arrhythmia occurs mainly in patients who have heart disease and, especially, have involvement of the coronary arteries, and the arrhythmia may be the first manifestation. Exceptionally, ventricular fibrillation (VF) can also occur in patients who only have a disorder of the electrical properties of the heart. They are usually young patients and, in most of them, a genetic component has been found, so it is not uncommon for these patients to have a family history of unexplained sudden death.

Among the most known electrical anomalies that can lead to sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation are:

Congenital Long QT Syndrome: It is an inherited disease, in which episodes of ventricular tachycardia, usually short and self-limiting, occur that can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation. It can manifest itself from infancy, and is characterized by presenting episodes of loss of consciousness that are often triggered by emotional situations or effort. It is not uncommon for these children to have been diagnosed with epilepsy. The diagnosis is usually made from baseline ECG, although in some cases this may be practically normal. A family history history can help you make the diagnosis. There are some forms of this syndrome that can be accompanied by congenital deafness.

Brugada's syndrome:

This is a hereditary familial disease, in which affected patients may experience repetitive syncope and sudden death. There is usually a family history of sudden unexplained death. The definitive diagnosis is given by the ECG, which presents characteristic alterations. In patients with this syndrome, the ECG may be transiently normal and, in these cases, if there is clinical suspicion, the diagnosis can be reached by performing a drug test that can reveal the alteration of the ECG.

Treatment

Acute episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF): This is a vital emergency situation in which cardio-pulmonary resuscitation maneuvers, including cardiac massage, ventilation and urgent cardiac defibrillation, must be initiated immediately. This is a vital emergency situation.

Chronic treatment of VF: In the approach to treatment of VF, it must be established whether VF is due to a particular cause. For example, in some patients, the VF episode occurs at the time of myocardial infarction. In these cases, only myocardial infarction should be treated. In all other situations, since the possibility of relapse and therefore sudden death is very high, an implantable cardioverter defibrillator should be indicated, which, while it will not prevent the occurrence of new VF crises, will allow them to be treated in a way Immediate and automatic, preventing the patient from dying.

Atrial fibrillation

Approximately 50 percent of patients with acute AF crises spontaneously pass into normal or sinus rhythm within a few hours so it may be prudent to give a waiting time before initiating any treatment. When this does not occur, antiarrhythmic drugs may be administered. If despite the administration of drugs the AF crisis does not subside, electrical cardioversion can be performed, which in these cases should be done with sedation or superficial anesthesia.

Treatment

In patients with repeated paroxysmal AF seizures, there are several therapeutic options.

Drugs: There are several antiarrhythmic drugs that may be helpful. It should be noted, however, that there is no drug that is effective in all patients and that in these patients the drugs can have side effects or severe contraindications, which may limit its use.

Radiofrequency ablation of the A-V node and implantation of a pacemaker: This alternative consists of causing a cardiac block with radiofrequency and later implanting a pacemaker. With this technique it is not possible to eliminate the AF, but the patient stops to notice the palpitations and improvement of its symptoms.

Direct radiofrequency ablation of AF: In some highly selected patients with specific types of AF, it may be possible to perform an ablation directed at the points at which AF begins, and which could be curative.

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (TPSV)

Causes

These are episodes of tachycardias that usually start abruptly, usually without any specific trigger, although some episodes

In most cases the extrasystoles do not give any type of symptoms, but occasionally they can give palpitations and it is frequent that there is sensation of emptiness at thoracic level. In people who do not have any heart disease, the extrasystoles are not serious, although they can be annoying. Occasionally they may be precursors to other more severe arrhythmias.

Diagnosis

With the taking of the pulse or the auscultation it can be suspected that the patient has extrasystole, however, the definitive diagnosis is made by the ECG. Since the extrasystoles are usually occasional, it can be very difficult to record them in an ECG performed in a consultation so that a 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram (Holter) may be necessary for correct detection.

Treatment

In principle, extrasystoles should not be treated. Exceptionally, in patients in whom the extrasystoles cause them annoying symptoms (palpitations, feeling of vacuum in the chest), some type of treatment, usually drugs, can be indicated.

Cardiac blockages

Under normal conditions, the heartbeat originates in the sinus node and is transmitted from the atria to the ventricles through the atrio-ventricular node (N A-V). When there is an alteration at the level of N A-V, the stimulus that comes from the atrium is not transmitted to the ventricles and there is a slowing of the heart rhythm, which is known as the blockade.

symptom

Locks may be of varying degrees and constant or intermittent. In these situations patients may not have any symptoms, may notice a decrease in their ability to exercise or may present loss of consciousness, usually in the form of syncope.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of cardiac block may be suspected when a patient has symptoms and a low heart rate is detected. However, the definitive diagnosis can only be established by an ECG. In cases where the blockage is constant the ECG record will give us the diagnosis. In cases where the blockage is intermittent, the diagnosis can be difficult since it is possible that at the time the ECG is performed there is no blockage and therefore it is normal. In these patients it may be necessary to perform several Holter records or an electrophysiological study.

Treatment

There may be some types of blockages (first degree and some second degree) that are benign and that if they do not give symptoms they should not be treated. In cases of more severe blockages or symptoms (usually palpitations), they should be treated. The treatment of choice is the implantation of a pacemaker.

Atrial flutter

This is an arrhythmia that resembles atrial fibrillation, but in this case, the auricles are activated on a regular basis but at extremely high frequencies, so that the heartbeats are usually fast (often between 100 and 150 bpm) and are usually regular . The considerations that have been made for atrial fibrillation, both in terms of symptoms, diagnosis, origin and prognosis are similar.

Treatment

The therapeutic approach to the acute flutter crisis is similar to that of AF. Approximately 50 percent of patients with flutter attacks spontaneously pass into sinus rhythm within a few hours so it may be prudent to give a waiting period before initiating any treatment. When this does not occur, antiarrhythmic drugs may be administered. If despite the administration of drugs the AF crisis does not subside, electrical cardioversion can be performed, which in these cases should be done with sedation or superficial anesthesia.

Prevention

The major difference in chronic flutter treatment is that radiofrequency ablation is a highly effective flutter treatment and is probably the treatment of choice at the present time.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is made from the interpretation of the data obtained after several tests, among which are:

Clinical history: It is essential to be able to have a diagnostic suspicion and to guide the specialist about the tests that the patient needs to perform.

Physical examination: If the examination is performed during the arrhythmia episode, not only the frequency of the cardiac pulse but also whether it is regular or not should be verified, as well as to assess, if possible, blood pressure and other repercussions of the arrhythmia , Such as sweating, pallor, choking, etc.

Electrocardiogram (ECG): The definitive diagnosis of arrhythmias is basically made by ECG. However, this reference test has the disadvantage that it only picks up cardiac electrical activity at the time the arrhythmia is occurring. For this reason, when the patient has symptoms suggestive of an arrhythmia, he should go to the specialist as quickly as possible to perform the test.

However, on most occasions, when the electrocardiogram is recorded, the patient is not in arrhythmia. In these cases, although the ECG will normally be in normal sinus rhythm, and therefore will not allow to make the definitive diagnosis, it is recommended that it be performed because it allows obtaining data that guide the possible diagnosis.

Electrophysiological study: It is a technique that reproduces, in many cases, the arrhythmias presented by the patient, as well as determine the characteristics of the conduction of the heart. The femoral vein should be punctured at the level of the groin (with local anesthesia) and through it and the inferior vena cava are introduced filaments (electrocatheters) that reach the heart and allow to measure the parameters that interest , As well as stimulate the heart to assess the possible provocation of tachycardias.

24 hour ambulatory ECG recording (Holter). With this name the technique is known by means of which the patient is placed electrodes of ECG that are connected to a recorder that records during 24 hours, while the patient carries out its habitual activity.

If during the time that the patient has the record placed appears some arrhythmia will be recorded and can be seen. The advantages of this technique are that it expands the recording time of the ECG and increases the probability of recording the arrhythmia. However, in most cases 24 hours is a relatively limited time and, except in situations of very frequent arrhythmias, none are usually recorded.

Event recording: Other Holter tests may occasionally be performed to record cardiac electrical activity for a longer period of time.

In addition, other systems similar to the Holter can be used, but smaller in size and can be carried for an extended period of time. These systems, while continuously recording the ECG. When the patient presents an episode suggestive of arrhythmia, an external command is triggered, so that the ECG is stored before the activation of the system. There are currently two basic types of recording of this type, external ones, which can take several weeks and have a memory per episode of about 5 minutes and others that are implantable, requiring a minimal intervention for its implementation, but Can take up to 14 months and have a memory of up to 40 minutes per episode.

Stress test: When the physician suspects that there is an arrhythmia related to physical exertion can perform this test.

Treatments

The main treatments are:

Radiofrequency Ablation

This technique is used to treat different types of tachycardias. The doctor will perform a puncture of the femoral vein in the inguinal area (with local anesthesia) through which it will introduce several catheters with which it reaches the heart.

Once there, and through electrical stimuli, he will try to locate the origin of the tachycardia and apply, through one of the catheters, an energy that produces heat and that alters the focus of the tachycardia by eliminating it.

In cases of arrhythmia without basic cardiac pathology, ablation may be considered curative, since the patient is arrhythmia-free without further treatment. At present, this is an option of high effectiveness and low rate of complications in most arrhythmias.

Cardioversion / electrical defibrillation

It is a treatment by which an electric shock is performed that depolarizes the whole heart causing immediate suspension of any arrhythmia, after which the normal (sinus) rhythm is recovered.

It is indicated for the treatment of atrial fibrillation or flutter and in ventricular arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. In cases of severe ventricular arrhythmias, defibrillation is an emergency treatment that must be accompanied by cardiac resuscitation maneuvers.

Implantable Defibrillator

Implantable automatic defibrillators are devices similar to pacemakers,

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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anisakiasis-Anxiety-Anorexy

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Tue, 30 May 2017 01:05:00 +0000

Anisakiasis

Anisakiasis is a parasitic condition that is acquired when eating certain foods, such as fish or any raw or undercooked cephalopod containing a larva of the anisakiadae family.

Anisakis is a parasite between 20 and 30 millimeters long whose larvae are housed in multiple marine species and from which man becomes an accidental host. The types of fish that most frequently contain this parasite are hake and bonito but those that produce more cases of anisakiasis are others, such as anchovies, anchovies and sardines.

However, there are some species that do not usually contain the parasite and among them are the bivalves (mussels, oysters or cockles, for example), because when feeding by filtration this prevents the larvae from nesting in them.

Causes

Anisakis can affect the human being through two procedures. In the case of the first one is produced by immediate mediated hypersensitivity that implies that the parasite has several antigens capable of indirectly causing allergic conditions ranging from a simple urticaria to an anaphylactic shock.

In addition, there is a second type of mechanism involving the local effect of the parasite on the wall of the digestive tract, although the first type is usually the most common.

According to the Spanish Digestive Foundation, the incidence of anisakiasis in Spain depends both on the amount of fish consumed (being higher in the coastal areas) and on the specific culinary habits of each zone, since high temperatures usually destroy the parasite .

With regard to the latter, it is necessary to take into account that the larvae resist both temperatures of up to 50ºC and some forms of cooking, such as vinegar, salt or certain smoking techniques.

Therefore, it is easier to get anisakiasis when eating fish prepared with vinegar, salted, smoked, pickled, raw or undercooked fish. Likewise, the preserves are safer, since the food is cooked previously, except for anchovies or marinades.

As regards the symptoms of this condition, these are divided into symptomatic digestive and allergic symptoms.

The first ones consist of nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain that will vary depending on the location of the parasite. The most frequent is intense pain in the mouth of the stomach a few hours after ingestion and, in case the parasite reaches the intestine, it is possible that abdominal surgery may be necessary.

On the other hand, as far as the allergic condition is concerned, it can range from mild urticaria to anaphylaxis, which represents the most serious symptom of being able to cause shock and vital danger.

It is possible that the allergy is not produced by ingestion, as is the case of fishermen or fishmongers, who may suffer other conditions such as asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis or contact dermatitis.

All clinical manifestations of this pathology are produced by the presence of anisakis in the gastrointestinal tract, specifically in the stomach or in the distal portion of the small intestine.

From the legislative point of view, there are decrees and laws that require a visual inspection by suppliers of fresh fish and, in certain cases, restaurants are forced to freeze the food to avoid this type of problem.

With regard to preventive measures of an individual nature, these include:

Be sure to eat fish that has been frozen beforehand.

Avoid ingesting fish parts that are close to the fish's digestive system.

Cook it more than 60 degrees for at least 2 minutes as some forms of treatment, such as grilling, are often insufficient.

Freeze the fish for at least 72 hours before cooking.

Types

Currently, there is no classification of this pathology.

Diagnosis

To diagnose this condition, the specialist will carry out the following tests:

Serological: In these tests the presence of antibodies against certain antigens is detected, being one of the skin tests more known the Prick-Test that consists of reproducing in the skin an allergic reaction to determine to which substances one is allergic.

Radiological: To detect defects in barium (barium) transit or to detect if there is any thickening caused by edema of the mucosa that could produce a narrowing in the intestine.

Ultrasound: Through which a thickening of some intestinal segment can be detected.

Treatments

According to the Spanish Foundation of the Digestive System, in the majority of patients the symptoms refer without specific treatment of the condition, although they are usually prescribed, mainly, gastric protectors.

On the other hand, it may be necessary to remove the parasite if it is known where it is located in the body of the patient through an endoscopy and, in the case of an intestinal involvement involving inflammation, the specialist will prescribe corticosteroids to Avoid surgical interventions.

To treat allergic reactions, antihistamines may reduce the symptomatic picture, while anaphylactic reactions should be treated with adrenaline, being considered a serious and urgent presentation of the pathology.

Other data

Recently, according to the Gastroenterology Service of the Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, studies have been carried out in which it has been discovered that the parasite contains certain proteins called antigens that prove to be thermoresistant and therefore not destroyed with very high temperatures.

In these cases, the specialist should perform tests to detect the patient's sensitivity to these proteins, although these are tests that can only be carried out in research studies.

Therefore, specialists only prohibit the consumption of fish to those patients who have shown anisakiasis after having ingested this food previously frozen or properly cooked.
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Anorexy

Anorexia consists of an eating disorder that involves a loss of weight caused by the patient himself and leads to a state of starvation. Anorexia is characterized by fear of gaining weight, and by a distorted and delirious perception of the body itself that makes the patient look fat even when his weight is below recommended. Therefore, it initiates a progressive reduction of the weight by means of fasts and the reduction of the food intake.

It usually starts with the elimination of carbohydrates, since there is the false belief that they are fattening. It then rejects fats, proteins and even liquids, leading to cases of extreme dehydration. These other drastic measures can be added to other associated behaviors such as the use of diuretics, laxatives, purges, induced vomiting or excessive physical exercise. Affected people can lose 15 to 50 percent, in the most critical cases, of their body weight. This disease is often associated with severe psychological changes that lead to changes in behavior, emotional behavior and stigmatization of the body.

Causes

Its cause is unknown, but social factors seem important. Although there are many sociocultural factors that can trigger anorexia, it is likely that a part of the population has a greater physical predisposition to suffer from this disorder, regardless of the pressure exerted by the environment. Therefore there are general factors that are associated with a triggering factor or some biological vulnerability, which is what precipitates the development of the disease.

The own obesity of the sick.

Maternal obesity.

Death or illness of a loved one.

Separation of parents.

Away from home.

School failures.

Accidents.

Traumatic events.

This pathology is characterized by a significant loss of weight caused by the patient and by an erroneous perception of the body itself. Consequently, endocrine problems become evident in a relatively short space of time. The main symptoms that determine the onset of the disease are:

Refusal to maintain body weight above the minimum appropriate for the patient's age and size.

Fear of weight gain or obesity even when the weight is below the recommended level.

Distorted perception of body weight and proportions.

Absence of three consecutive menstrual cycles in women (amenorrhea).

Anorexics may experience a variety of symptoms: constipation, amenorrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and so on.

But it is the family that detects the symptoms that give the alarm:

Excessive concern about the caloric composition of food and the preparation of food.

Constant sensation of cold.

Progressive reduction of food.

Obsession with the image, the scale, the studies and the sport.

Use of traps to avoid food.

Hyperactivity.

These symptoms are compounded by other typical traits such as irritability, depression and emotional or personality disorders. Likewise, there is an alteration in the sensation of satiety and fullness before meals, nausea, swelling, or even absence of sensation. In this pathology there are also numerous cognitive disorders that focus on food, body weight and physical appearance:

Selective abstractions.

selective use of information.

Generalizations.

Superstitions.

The negative side of any situation is magnified.

Dichotomous thinking.

Self-referential ideas.

Arbitrary Inference.

As for the clinical consequences, the symptoms are as follows:

Cardiac pulsations are reduced.

Arrhythmias occur which can lead to cardiac arrest.

Low blood pressure.

Menstruation disappears in women (amenorrhea).

It decreases bone mass and, in very early cases, slows growth rate.

Decreased intestinal motility.

Anemia.

It appears a fine and long hair, called wooly, in the back, the forearms, the thighs, the neck and the cheeks.

Chronic constipation.

The decrease in energy expenditure produces a constant sensation of cold.

The skin is dehydrated, dried and cracked.

Yellowing of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet by the accumulation of carotenes in the sebaceous glands.

The nails are broken.

Hair loss.

Problems with teeth and peripheral edema. Bloating and abdominal pain.

Prevention

Since it is a disorder that usually begins in adolescence, observation by the family is crucial to detect in the minor habits that signal a warning. These are some risk factors:

Poor eating habits: Many teens eat alone while watching TV or communicating with their friends via whatsapp. The lack of fixed schedules and supervision by parents about what they eat increases the likelihood of developing an eating disorder.

Poor communication with parents: Knowing the concerns of children, their tastes and their circle of friends can help prevent this type of disorder or detect it at an early stage.

Types

In anorexia nervosa, two subtypes can be distinguished:

Restricting subtype: weight reduction is achieved through diets or intense physical exercise and the patient does not resort to overeating, bingeing or purging.

Bulimic subtype: The patient resorts to purges even if he has ingested a small amount of food.

Diagnosis

Anorexia nervosa is usually diagnosed based on intense weight loss and characteristic psychological symptoms. The typical anorexic is a teenager who has lost at least 15 percent of her body weight, fears obesity, has stopped menstruating, denies being sick and seems healthy.

Treatments

The overall goals of treatment are to correct malnutrition and psychic disorders of the patient. First is to try to achieve rapid weight gain and recovery of eating habits, as they may imply an increased risk of death. But a full recovery of body weight is not synonymous with healing. Anorexia is a psychiatric illness and should be treated as such. Treatment should be based on three aspects:

Early detection of the disease: knowledge of symptoms by primary care physicians and protocols that set the criteria that the physician should observe.

Coordination between health services involved: psychiatry, endocrinology and pediatrics.

Outpatient follow-up once the patient has been discharged, with regular visits. Hospitalizations are usually prolonged, which means a disconnection of the environment that may impair the normal development of the adolescent. Therefore, ambulatory treatments are advisable whenever possible.

The admission to a medical center is necessary when:

Malnutrition is very serious and there are alterations in vital signs.

When family relationships are unsustainable and it is better to isolate the patient.

When mental disorders are aggravated.

Outpatient treatment is effective when:

It is detected at an early stage.

There are no episodes of bulimia or vomiting and there is a family commitment of cooperation.

This way the treatment with the feedback begins, which can sometimes cause digestive discomfort, since the body is not accustomed to ingest food. Over time the biological situation is restored and menstruation returns. Then begins the psychological treatment, which attempts to restructure rational ideas, eliminate the wrong perception of the body, improve self-esteem, and develop social and communicative skills between the patient and his environment. The family must take an active part in the treatment because sometimes the triggering factor of the disease is in the breast and, in addition, the recovery is inevitably prolonged in the home.

Other data

About 95 percent of people with this disorder are women. It usually begins in adolescence, sometimes before and less frequently in adulthood. Anorexia nervosa primarily affects people of medium and high socioeconomic class. In Western society the number of people with this disorder seems to increase. Anorexia nervosa can be mild and transient or severe and long-lasting. Lethal rates as high as 10 to 20 percent have been reported. However, since mild cases can not be diagnosed, no one knows exactly how many people have anorexia nervosa or what percentage dies of it.

The age of onset of anorexia is in the first adolescence, around 12 years, although the most affected population is between 14 and 18 years. It is more frequent in the cla
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Anxiety

Anxiety is a natural adaptive mechanism that allows us to be alert to committed events. In reality, a certain degree of anxiety provides an adequate component of caution in especially dangerous situations. Moderate anxiety can help us stay focused and face the challenges ahead.

Sometimes, however, the anxiety response system is overflowed and malfunctions. More specifically, anxiety is disproportionate to the situation and even sometimes occurs in the absence of any ostensible danger. The subject feels paralyzed with a feeling of defenselessness and, in general, there is a deterioration of the psychosocial and physiological functioning. It is said that when anxiety occurs at inappropriate times or is so intense and lasting that it interferes with the normal activities of the person, then it is considered as a disorder.

Causes

Genetic causes: Anxiety can be inherited through genes. However, even someone who is not naturally anxious may experience this feeling of fear in the face of tension, as the Spanish Society of Psychiatry (SEP) states.

Circumstantial causes: traumatic events such as a traffic accident, an attack or a fire can cause anxiety; In these cases, the feeling of anxiety may disappear when the problem ends or you stay for months or years. It is what is known as posttraumatic stress disorder.

Drug use: Amphetamines, ecstasy or LSD are narcotic substances that can cause anxiety. For some people, too, caffeine or teina can produce it.

Significant life experiences: without becoming traumatic, vital changes in the present as a pregnancy, or even alterations in the workplace (a dismissal, an ascent, etc.) can produce anxiety.

Anxiety manifests itself emotionally and physically. It is important to recognize both types of manifestations and to see the doctor as soon as they are detected, since a person with anxiety who experiences these symptoms may consider them as signs of a serious illness and, consequently, worsen in the disease.

Mental symptoms: constant worry, tiredness, irritability and problems concentrating and falling asleep.

Physical symptoms: high pulsations, excessive sweating, muscle tension, tremors, dizziness, fainting, indigestion, diarrhea and deep breathing.

Prevention

Anxiety is a normal feeling of fear in threatening or difficult situations. According to the Spanish Society of Psychiatry, it is estimated that 1 in 10 people suffer some episode of anxiety at some point in their life. Anxiety itself is not bad as it alerts us and motivates us to cope with the dangers. It becomes a problem when the episodes of anxiety are frequent, intense and appear for no apparent reason, limiting the person in their day to day.

To prevent anxiety, it is important to adopt a healthy lifestyle and to avoid the use of drugs and substances that cause it (caffeine, teina and drugs such as ecstasy, amphetamines or LSD).

Practicing physical exercise on a regular basis, especially outdoors, also helps to clear the mind and avoid anxious feelings.

Similarly, relaxation techniques help to combat the onset of crisis. They can be learned in the hands of professionals or in a self-taught way, through books and audiovisual material of self-help.

Types

Generalized anxiety disorder:

It is a chronic tension even when nothing seems to provoke it. This excessive worry or nervousness is almost daily and is diagnosed as such when it has a minimum duration of six months.

Panic Disorder (or Anxiety Attack):

The patient experiences recurrent bouts of anguish that arise spontaneously. It is an acute and extreme anxiety in which it is frequent that the person who suffers it believes that it is going to die. These sudden attacks of intense fear do not have a direct cause. Occasionally, patients who suffer from this disorder develop anxiety to experience the next attack, whose occurrence they can not anticipate, is the so-called anticipatory anxiety.

Phobic disorder:

Disorder that has as essential feature the presence of an irrational and persistent fear of a specific object, activity or situation with the consequent avoidance of the dreaded object. For example, the fear of flying, the birds or the open spaces.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder:

These are non-voluntary thoughts or actions that the patient can not stop thinking or do not generate anxiety. In any case, the subject recognizes the absurdity of his thoughts or actions. For example: wash your hands every few minutes.

Post-traumatic stress disorder:

It occurs in those cases where there are unpleasant psychological consequences after the impact of an emotional trauma, a war, a violation, etc. It is characterized by persistent memories of the traumatic event, an emotional state with exalted vigilance and the general reduction of interest in everyday events.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic criteria:

To assess whether a particular patient is suffering from anxiety, it is advisable to rule out the existence of a systemic disease. To do this, the doctor must take into account the following aspects:

Physical symptoms it presents.

Previous medical and psychological history of the patient and his / her family.

Possibility of suffering a disease that generates anxiety disorder.

Influence of toxins such as caffeine, cannabis or cocaine and other synthetic drugs, triggers anxiety crisis and distress in people with predisposition.

Semi-structured interview:

The clinical interview is the instrument par excellence to be able to establish a diagnosis of anxiety disorders and reach a global understanding of the patient. It must collect the necessary information to guide the diagnosis and is usually structured in four phases:

1. Preliminary stage: the objective is to know the reason for the consultation.

2. Exploratory phase: the patient is asked about the following:

Symptoms, location, intensity, chronology and evolution.

Presence of organic pathologies.

Direct triggers, such as vital changes, duels, traumatic events, and so on.

Personal history: manic episodes, previous depressions, etcetera.

Exploration of the psychosocial sphere: beliefs and expectations, thought, affectivity and socio-familial environment, personality, ...

3. Resolving phase: the problems are summarized, the patient is informed of the nature of the problem and their involvement in the elaboration of a diagnostic-therapeutic plan is requested.

4. Final phase: the doctor offers the patient a series of recommendations that he should begin to implement until the next appointment.

Scales:

The risk of underdiagnosis of anxiety has resulted in a large number of structured scales attempting to be screening instruments to detect the disorder. These scales are not sufficient in themselves to establish a diagnosis, but allow for the identification of persons susceptible to mental pathology, who must be subjected to a deeper study. Some of the most used scales are the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale.

Treatments

Drugs are the treatment of choice for generalized anxiety. Anxiolytic drugs such as benzodiazepines are usually prescribed; However, because long-term use of benzodiazepines may create dependence, if discontinuation is decided, it should be reduced stepwise rather than abruptly. The relief provided by benzodiazepines usually compensates for some minor side effects.

Buspirone is another effective drug for many people with generalized anxiety. Its use does not seem to entail physical dependence. However, buspirone may take two weeks or longer to work, in contrast to benzodiazepines, which begin to work within a few minutes. Behavioral therapy is usually not generally beneficial because there are no clear situations that trigger anxiety. Relaxation and biofeedback techniques can help.

Generalized anxiety may be associated with underlying psychological conflicts. These conflicts are often related to insecurities and self-destructive attitudes that are self-destructive. For some people, psychotherapy can be effective in helping to understand and resolve internal psychological conflicts.

Other data

Frequency of disease:

Anxiety disorders are, as a whole, the most frequent psychiatric illness. Among them, phobic disorder stands out: around 7 per cent of women and 4.3 per cent of men suffer from specific phobias (to an animal, to an object, to the darkness, etc.), while the so-called social phobias The ability of a person to interact in a friendly way with others) are found in 13 percent of the population.

Generalized anxiety occurs in a percentage of 3 to 5 percent of adults (at some point during the year). Women are twice as likely to have it.

Panic disorder is less common and is diagnosed in less than 1 percent of the population. Women are two to three times more likely.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder affects about 2.3 percent of adults and occurs with about the same frequency in women as in men.

Post-traumatic stress affects at least 1 percent of the population at some time

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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anemia-Aortic aneurysm-Angina pectoris

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Tue, 30 May 2017 00:36:00 +0000

Anemia

The ideal treatment for anemia consists of four important things

pomegranate . Eggplant. Beets. Black honey extracted from cane sugar

Anemia is a condition whereby the hemoglobin level is decreased in the red blood cells. These

globules are responsible for delivering oxygen to the tissues. This hemoglobin is the iron rich protein that gives blood red and at the same time allows red blood cells to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

Causes

There are three main causes of anemia:

Loss of blood (bleeding).

Lack of red blood cell production.

Higher rate of destruction of red blood cells.

These causes may be the result of various diseases, health problems or other factors: in the case of blood loss, it may also be caused by a decrease in platelets or some coagulation factor; The lack of production of red blood cells may be due to a chronic or renal disease and, in the case of the rapid destruction of these red blood cells, the cause may be hereditary spherocytosis, a condition in which the red blood cells are too much Fragile due to a genetic problem in a protein of its structure.

Although red blood cells are produced in various parts of the body, most of their production is carried out by bone marrow, a white tissue that is found in the middle of some bones and which generates blood cells.

The red blood cells that are considered healthy last between 90 and 120 days, period after which some parts of the body are responsible for eliminating the blood cells. Erythropoietin is the hormone produced in the kidneys that is responsible for giving the signal to the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

The body needs vitamins, minerals and nutrients like iron, vitamin B12 or folic acid to produce red blood cells. Lack of them is caused by changes in the stomach or intestines in the process of absorption of nutrients (celiac disease, for example), insufficient food, slow blood loss or surgery in which part of the stomach or intestines .

Possible causes of anemia may also be:

Certain drugs: In some cases, a medicine can cause the immune system to erroneously believe that red blood cells are foreign and dangerous agents. The body responds by creating antibodies to attack its own red blood cells. These antibodies bind to these red blood cells and cause them to be destroyed too early. Drugs that can cause anemia include cephalosporins (a type of antibiotic), penicillin and its derivatives, some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or quinidine.

Disappearance of red blood cells earlier than usual, a consequence that is usually caused by problems in the immune system.

Chronic diseases: such as cancer, ulcerative colitis or certain arthritis.

Inheritance is also an important factor in anemia, especially for types such as thalassemia (when the body produces an abnormal amount of hemoglobin) or sickle cell anemia (when the globules are

semicircular rather than disc shaped).

symptom

Common symptoms of anemia:

Fatigue.

Lack of energy.

Weakness.

Difficulty breathing.

Dizziness.

Palpitations.

Pallor.

Symptoms of Severe Anemia:

Chest pain.

Angina pectoris.

Myocardial infarction.

Signs that may indicate that the patient has anemia:

Changes in skin color.

Low blood pressure.

Accelerated breathing.

Cold and pale skin.

If the anemia is due to a decrease in red blood cells: jaundice (causes the skin and white parts to turn yellow).

Prevention

To prevent episodes of certain types of anemia, especially those due to lack of iron and vitamins, changes in diet or food supplements may be made.

Types

B12 deficiency anemia: caused by a fall in the number of red blood cells due to a lack of this vitamin.

Folate deficiency anemia: caused by a decrease in the number of red blood cells due to a lack of folate, a type of vitamin B also called folic acid.

Iron deficiency anemia: occurs when the body does not have enough iron, a mineral that helps produce red blood cells.

Chronic disease anemia: typical of those patients who have a long term chronic illness.

Hemolytic anemia: one in which the red blood cells are destroyed earlier than expected, ie 120 days.

Idiopathic aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells.

Megaloblastic anemia: red blood cells are larger than normal.

Pernicious anemia: a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestine can not properly absorb vitamin B12.

Sickle cell anemia: A disease transmitted from parents to children. The red blood cells, which usually have the shape of a disk, have a semilunar shape.

Thalassemia: A blood disorder passed from parent to child (hereditary) in which the body produces an abnormal form of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. This disorder causes the destruction of large numbers of red blood cells, leading to anemia.

Diagnosis

Doctors diagnose anemia based on the patient's medical and family history, medical examination and test results and procedures.

Medical and family history: The doctor will ask the patient if they have any signs or symptoms of anemia. In addition, it will check if you have had any illness or health problem that can cause such a condition. The patient should inform about the medicines he / she is taking, the type of feeding that follows and if any of their relatives have anemia or a history of the disease.

A medical examination will be done to determine the severity of the anemia and to investigate its causes. This test may consist of: listening to the heart to see if the heartbeat is rapid or irregular, and the lungs, as well as palpating the abdomen to see the size of the liver or spleen. In addition, the doctor can perform other tests to determine possible blood loss.

Complete blood count, in which different components of the blood are examined; If hemoglobin anemia is diagnosed, other tests such as hemoglobin electrophoresis, reticulocyte count, or tests to determine iron concentrations in the blood and body deposits will be needed.

Treatments

Treatment of anemia depends on the type, cause and severity of the disease. Treatments may consist of changes in diet, administration of nutritional supplements, medicines, or surgery to deal with blood loss.

Changes in food or supplements: increase iron intake (through foods such as spinach or similar vegetables, lentils, chickpeas, nuts or cereals and bread), vitamin B12 (present in eggs, meats and fish) , Folic acid (thanks to bread, pasta, beans or bananas) or vitamin C (found in kiwis, strawberries or melon).

Drugs like antimicrobials to treat infections, hormones to reduce menstrual bleeding or medicines to prevent the body's immune system from destroying its own red blood cells.

In the most severe cases, interventions such as blood transfusion, transplantation of blood and bone marrow stem cells will be performed to increase the number of red, white, and platelet cells or, in extreme cases, surgery for severe bleeding or Potentially deadly.

Other data

Possible complications

In cases of severe anemia, patients will have problems for their body to transport the amount of oxygen necessary for all processes to be performed on a regular basis and, therefore, the patient may suffer a heart attack.

In the case of pregnant women, if anemia has been present during pregnancy, in some cases children may be born with low weight and smaller.

Finally, if very strong hemorrhages occur that are not controlled, the patien
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Aortic aneurysm

An aneuabnormal dilation is caused by the weakness of the wall of an area of the blood vessel.

Aneurysms may appear at any point in an artery, but mainly manifest in the abdominal aorta. However, there are aneurysms that also arise outside of it; Manrysm is a localized and permanent dilation that occurs in the walls of the arteries. This y are the effect of hereditary weakness or atherosclerosis; Others are due to external factors such as gunshot wounds or firearms and bacterial infections in the arterial wall.

Causes

The causes that cause the aneurysms are not known with exactitude. Some are congenital, that is, they are present from birth.

They can trigger as a result of some diseases, such as atherosclerosis, a disease that weakens the aortic wall until the pressure inside this artery causes it to widen and protrude outwards.

Usually, along with the aneurysm, also appears the blood clot (called thrombus). The formation of aneurysms increases when the patient has high cholesterol, smokes, has hypertension and / or some inflammatory disease of the aorta.

symptom

The symptoms will depend on the type of aneurysm:

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

The first manifestations are a kind of pulsatile mass in the abdomen. In these situations the aneurysm causes intense pain, especially in the back, which is usually persistent, although if you change your position tends to relieve.

If a severe internal hemorrhage occurs together with the aneurysm, the diagnosis usually evolves rapidly towards shock and death in a high percentage of cases.

Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta

This aneurysm is one of the few that can be very serious without causing any symptoms. However, the typical signs are pain (mainly upper back, high intensity), coughing and wheezing in the chest (wheezing).

The pain may also appear in the chest and arms, which can be mistaken for a heart attack. The pressure created on the esophagus can make it difficult to swallow. In some cases you can even get to death due to the loss of blood.

Dissecting aneurysm

Most people with an aortic dissection or dissecting aneurysm present pain that appears suddenly and very intensely.

This pain is common in the back, in the area between the shoulder blades. Depending on which arteries are clogged, the result may be a stroke, a heart attack, sudden pain in the abdomen or an inability to move a limb.

Prevention

The best way to try to prevent the possible onset of an aneurysm is to change the lifestyle to a healthier one that includes a balanced diet, such as the Mediterranean.

Experts recommend controlling hypertension and quitting smoking to reduce the chances.

Types

There are several types of aneurysm:

Abdominal aortic aneurysm: They occur in the segment of the aorta that runs the abdomen. They usually measure more than seven centimeters, so they are more likely to break.

Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta: This type of aneurysm traverses the thorax. The most frequent are those that dilate from the place where it leaves the heart.

Dissecting aneurysm or aortic dissection: In this case the internal lining of the aorta is torn, but the external one remains intact and, when the blood enters this duct, it raises the existing middle layer, creating a new canal in the wall Aortic

Diagnosis

In an aneurysm, pain is often a very useful symptom for diagnosing the disease. However, in most patients the pain appears late and delays the diagnosis.

There are many cases in which aneurysms do not present any symptoms. For this reason, they could only be seen in a physical examination or in x-rays or ultrasounds that are made on the occasion of another consultation. If the aneurysm has grown rapidly and is about to break, or if you are pressed during a medical examination of the abdomen, it will spontaneously hurt.

To diagnose an aneurysm, an x-ray of the abdomen can be performed, which will show an aneurysm with calcium deposits on your wall; An ultrasound, which will allow the size of the aneurysm to be established; A CT scan or an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).

Treatments

Treatment, like symptoms, will depend on the type of aneurysm that the patient has:

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Treatment in this case depends on the size of the aneurysm. If the width is less than 5 centimeters, the chances of it breaking are very low. On the contrary, if it is greater than 5 centimeters the break will be more likely.

For these cases surgery is usually recommended, unless there is a great risk for different medical reasons. The operation would consist of inserting a synthetic graft to repair the aneurysm. If it breaks or threatens to break, an emergency intervention should be carried out. If the rupture of the aneurysm is not treated, it is always fatal.

Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta

In this case, if the aneurysm is larger than 7.5 centimeters wide, a surgical procedure should be performed to implant a synthetic graft.

If the person has Marfan syndrome (rare disease affecting the connective tissue and different organs), it is recommended to repair the smaller aneurysms by surgery. These aneurysms, being located in the thoracic zone, have a high risk of death during surgical repair.

Dissecting aneurysm or aortic dissection

In this type the specialist should prescribe drugs as soon as possible so that both the heart rate and blood pressure are reduced, but can continue to deliver a sufficient supply of blood to the heart, brain and kidneys.

Once drug treatment is started, the doctor will assess whether the treatment of choice will continue to be drug therapy or have to undergo a surgical operation. In most cases, professionals often recommend surgery for dissections located in the first centimeters of the aorta, unless there is an excessive surgical risk.

Other data

Forecast

If aneurysms are not diagnosed and treated quickly they can continue to grow. This means that the more they grow, the more likely the aneurysms will eventually break down and cause internal bleeding that can often result in the death of the patient.
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Angina pectoris

Angina is a pain or discomfort in the chest that occurs when the heart does not get enough blood supply. This is due to partial obstruction of the coronary arteries. If the obstruction only lasts a few minutes and then the patient recovers, it is called angina.

This pathology can originate when the heart is forced to make a greater effort and the organism is incapable to increase the blood supply of this organ.

Angina is very common. In men it is usually given after 30 years of age, and in women later.

Causes

The cause, in most cases, is atherosclerosis. Angina pectoris is usually preceded by physical or emotional arousal; It can occasionally be triggered by a heavy meal or driving a car during busy traffic.

Another cause may be exercising in a cold environment, in which case there are patients who experience almost immediate relief from a cold room to a warm room.

When the heart (coronary) arteries are affected and can not adjust to the increased demand for blood, the nerves of the heart transmit painful messages of urgent warning to the brain. This pain, which usually does not exceed 20 minutes, is because the brain, from confusion, feels the impulses from nearby locations, such as the arms, neck or jaw.

On the other hand, there are a number of modifiable risk factors that may favor the formation of atherosclerosis plaques:

Smoking.

Obesity.

Diabetes.

Hypertension.

Increased cholesterol.

symptom

The main manifestations of angina are:

Chest pain and feeling of acute and suffocating oppression: Generally behind the sternum and sometimes extended to the left arm and sometimes to the right. Chest pain usually lasts 1-2 minutes to 10-15 minutes (sometimes there is a feeling of heaviness or tightness in the chest that does not become pain).

Feeling of anxiety or imminent death.

Profuse sweating (hyperhidrosis).

Pallor.

Prevention

Angina pectoris is triggered due to a coronary obstruction that in many cases is due to a genetic predisposition on which the patient can not influence.

However, there are certain risk factors that influence the onset of the disease. If the patient intervenes in these, the disease could progress more slowly and symptoms reduce.

The changes that must be carried out by the patient are:

Give up smoking.

Do moderate physical activity on a regular basis.

Maintain adequate blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose.

Avoid obesity.

Follow a healthy diet and lead a healthy lifestyle.

Types

Given the circumstances in which anginal pain appears (such as those that indicate in general the mechanism that causes it), different classifications have been proposed. The Spanish Society of Cardiology distinguishes three types of angina:

Stress angina

Caused by physical activity or other situations involving an increased need for oxygen in the heart. It is usually brief and goes away upon discontinuation of exercise or administration of nitroglycerin. In turn, it is classified as: initial, if its seniority is less than one month; Progressive, if it has worsened during the last month in frequency, intensity, duration or level of effort in which it appears; Stable, if its characteristics and the functional capacity of the patient have not been modified in the last month.

Resting angina

It occurs spontaneously, with no apparent relation to changes in oxygen consumption in the heart. Its duration is variable and sometimes the episodes are very prolonged and seem like a heart attack.

Mixed or unstable angina

The one in which the angina of effort and rest, coexist with a clear predominance of one or the other. Both initial angina, progressive angina, and rest angina follow unpredictable forms of evolution and their prognosis is variable, and they are also grouped under the name of unstable angina.

Its treatment differs considerably from that of stable angina. This is always given when performing the same level of exercise and the duration of crises is similar. Unstable angina may be the warning of an imminent heart attack and needs special treatment.

The history of unstable angina is frequent attacks of angina pectoris not linked to physical activity. It is sometimes perceived differently, without any fixed pattern, and extends to the upper abdomen, which causes it to be attributed to indigestion.

As the clinical manifestations can be very varied, it is the physician, with the help of electrocardiograms and laboratory analysis, who has to make a conclusive diagnosis.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of angina pectoris begins with clinical suspicion after suffering pain and concludes with the performance of certain tests that help to rule out other cardiovascular diseases, such as an electrocardiogram. The main tests performed by doctors are:

Exercise test: Also called ergometry. This test is the most used to determine the diagnosis and obtain information on the prognosis of the pathology.

In the test the patient will perform physical exercise on a treadmill or on a static bicycle while the physician evaluates if there is pain while performing the activity and what the subject's electrical response (if there are changes in the electrocardiogram).

Coronary arteriography: It is performed through a catheterization and a contrast is injected. It is the reference method to diagnose coronary narrowing and is usually performed to correct the narrowing of the arteries (dilation and stent implantation) in cases with poor prognosis.

Treatments

Among the most effective and recommended treatments are:

Nitroglycerin: Dilates the coronary arteries and the pain usually reverses in minutes. It is taken by placing a pill under the tongue or also by spraying. It can give headache as a side effect.

Calcium antagonists or calcium channel blockers: They prevent the entry of calcium into the heart cells. This decreases the tendency of the coronary arteries to narrow and the effort made by the heart, so that their oxygen needs also decrease.

Beta-blockers: They act by blocking many effects of adrenaline in the body, particularly the stimulating effect on the heart. The result is that the heart beats slower and with less force, and therefore needs less oxygen. They also lower blood pressure.

Surgery: In the case of unstable angina or stable angina that resists treatment with medication, you may be able to correct the obstruction of the coronary vessels, either by bypass or, in some cases, by coronary angioplasty.

Other data

How is it different from infarction?

Myocardial infarction (heart muscle) and angina are the most common cause of chest pain (chest pain). While in angina the pain is due to a lack of transient oxygen, necrosis (death) of the myocardial cells occurs in infarction. The source of the problem is the lack of enough oxygen to keep the heart cells active.

This lack of oxygen causes intense pain, oppression or discomfort in the heart region, which extends to the shoulder and left arm, causing suffocation and, at the same time, marked anxiety or distress.

You can also notice in the back, the two arms, behind the sternum and even

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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alzheimer-Amenorrhea-is-Tonsillitis

noreply@blogger.com (Dr. Sara) — Tue, 30 May 2017 00:04:00 +0000

Alzheimer

Alzheimer's is a primary neurodegenerative disorder that usually appears after age 65, but may also occur among younger people. When a person suffers from Alzheimer's disease, he experiences microscopic changes in the tissue of certain parts of his brain and a progressive but constant loss of a chemical, vital for brain function called acetylcholine. This substance allows nerve cells to communicate with each other and is involved in mental activities linked to learning, memory and thinking.

Causes

Alzheimer's occurs due to reduced brain production of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter), which causes a deterioration in the performance of the cholinergic circuits of the brain system.

It is difficult to determine who will develop Alzheimer's disease, since it is a complex disorder, of unknown cause, in which multiple factors appear to intervene. These are some of the elements that can increase the chances of suffering this pathology.

Age: usually affects the elderly of 60-65 years, but also have occurred among children under 40. The average age of diagnosis is in the 80, since it is considered that Alzheimer's disease is a disease favored by the age.

Sex: Women have it more often, probably because they live longer.

Races: affects all races equally.

Family inheritance: Familial Alzheimer's disease, a variant of the pathology that is transmitted genetically, accounts for 1 percent of all cases. However, it is estimated that 40 percent of Alzheimer's patients have a family history.

Genetic Factor: Several mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, or presenilin 1 and 2 gene. It could also be associated with mutations in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene. This protein is involved in the transport and elimination of cholesterol. According to research, nicastrin would activate beta amyloid production.

Environmental factors: Tobacco has been shown to be a clear risk factor for pathology, as are fat

diets. On the other hand, belonging to a large family also seems to influence the risk of Alzheimer's.

symptom

At first, small and imperceptible losses of memory emerge, but with the passage of time, this deficiency becomes more and more notorious and incapacitating for the affected one, that will have problems to realize daily tasks and simple, and also, more intellectual ones, Such as speaking, understanding, reading, or writing.

Neurological symptoms

Alzheimer's disease affects memory in its different types. These are the deteriorations suffered:

Short-term memory loss: inability to retain new information.

Long-term memory loss: Inability to remember personal information such as birthdays or profession.

Alteration in reasoning ability.

Aphasia: loss of vocabulary or misunderstanding of common words.

Apraxia: lack of control over one's own muscles, for example, inability to button a shirt.

Loss of spatial ability: disorientation, even in known places.

Character changes: irritability, confusion, apathy, decay, lack of initiative and spontaneity.

Prevention

The experts' recommendations focus mainly on two key points: early detection of early symptoms, and exercise of memory and intellectual function. In addition, maintaining a balanced diet, low in fat, protects against cognitive impairment, in addition, vitamin E exerts a protective effect. In general, maintaining healthy lifestyles can reduce 40 percent of Alzheimer's cases, according to the Spanish Society of Neurology (SEN).

There are also some non-genetic risk factors that can determine when Alzheimer's begins to appear:

Educational level: the more years of training a person has, the later the possible effects of Alzheimer's will appear, since having been exercising memory strengthens the brain.

Cardiovascular health: There are alterations of the cardiovascular system that can affect a person's cognitive system, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, lack of physical exercise or smoking.

Cranioencephalic trauma: knowledge can be lost in the impact.

Depression: may favor the onset of Alzheimer's or a cerebrovascular disease.

The exercise of memory and intellectual activity does not have to match the educational or cultural level of the person. The seven-minute test is used for the early detection of the disease, and it investigates the most frequently disturbed areas of Alzheimer's disease: orientation, memory, visual perception and language. The test is divided into several areas:

Orientation: Ask the person you suspect to be affected, to identify what day, month and year you are in. The lower degree of error is confused on the day of the week or the day of the month, the greater, a confusion in the month or the year.

Memory: The observed subject has to identify 16 figures present in 4 sheets of different images. You must indicate what type of object or figure to look for. When you have correctly identified the object, the sheet is saved and another sheet is drawn, on which another object is asked. When you identify the 16 figures, you are made to rest, think about something else and then you are asked to repeat the 16 figures and objects identified that you can remember.

Visual perception: ask for the drawing of a watch, with the hands marking four to twenty. Rate the result, according to the correction of the drawing.

Language: To assess oral fluency, you have to name as many animals as you can in a minute.

The Foundation of the Brain and the Spanish Foundation of Neurological Diseases give as a conclusion a series of preventive measures that can be carried out taking into account all of the above:

Maintain control of vascular risk factors.

Maintain a healthy lifestyle, following a diet like the Mediterranean and avoiding saturated fats, or perform physical exercise for at least two hours a week.

Encourage cognitive activity with activities such as speaking several languages, playing musical instruments, reading, studying a career, doing group activities or practicing intellectual games such as chess.

Types

Depending on the stage in which the patient is, the following stages are present:

Stage Light: The damage of the disease still goes unnoticed, both for the patient, as for the relatives. The patient forgets little things, such as where he has placed the keys, or has difficulty finding a word. At this stage you can still work or drive a car, although you may begin to experience lack of spontaneity, initiative and certain depressive features. Judgment capacity is reduced and it has difficulty solving new situations and organizing activities. Signs of apathy and isolation and changes of hum

Other data

Depression, or certain depressive symptoms, may be the first sign of Alzheimer's disease. Depression can cause states of confusion, difficulty concentrating and paying attention, although all these symptoms improve when dealing with the underlying problem.

Another factor complicating the diagnosis is the coexistence of both pathologies. In patients with Alzheimer's, the detection of depression is quite complicated for the practitioner, since they are people unable to explain how they feel.

As clear signs that a person with Alzheimer's also suffers from depression, they are:

Loss of appetite.

Sleep disturbances.

Loss of energy and initiative.

Feelings of low self-esteem.

Irritability and anxiety.

Low concentration.

These symptoms usually appear together in a person with Alzheimer's, although the diagnosis can only be established by the specialist doctor with more extensive tests. From this diagnosis, it may be necessary to start treatment with antidepressants.

Possible cure

The SEN says that research on Alzheimer's has made great strides over the last few years, but at the moment no cure has been found that can completely remit Alzheimer's symptoms.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Alzheimer's in its mildest stage often goes unnoticed, because forgetting certain data is related in most cases as a symptom of age. According to Pablo Martinez-Lage, SEN specialist, "if, at any given moment, you do not remember a fact or forget what you were doing or thinking, you should go to the doctor when you find repeated errors in recent memory . Going to the neurologist soon is another key to being able to treat and thus slow down this dementia. "

Epidemiology

According to the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, Alzheimer's affects five to ten percent of the population over the age of 65, and as the age advances, the chances of suffering it become even greater.

Age and sex may be predictors of the disease: men tend to have a higher mortality rate because of Alzheimer's than women. In any case, a survival between 3.4 and 5.9 years from diagnosis is estimated, according to the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (Cerad).

According to the Spanish Society of Neurology, in Spain there were 600,000 cases of Alzheimer's in 2014, and it is expected that this figure will increase with the passage of time: each year 40,000 new cases of Alzheimer's appear, and by the year 2050 they are estimated A million and a half affected. All this is due to the progressive aging of the population.

History

Alzheimer's is first described as a neurodegenerative disease in the year 1906 by German psychiatrist and neurologist Alois Alzheimer, which is called the pathology. The first person to be diagnosed was Auguste Deter, Alois Alzheimer's patient in 1901. She was a 50-year-old woman suffering from a degenerative disease, progressive dementia, and the study of her disease and her follow-up was what

made Alzheimer's define A few years later the disease.
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Amenorrhea

Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation on a prolonged basis and may affect women of any age.

A woman is considered to have amenorrhea when she has had normal menstrual cycles and suddenly stops menstruating for six or more months.

If the woman is pregnant, breastfeeding or at menopause, it is not considered amenorrhoea.

In elite athletes, dancers or women who carry out extreme diets, amenorrhea frequently appears. In addition, this pathology is linked to anorexia.

Causes

The main causes why the woman stops having the period are due to hormonal alterations of the hypothalamus and pituitary.

Others may be:

Organic problems in the vaginal canal or uterus or ovaries.

Weight-related disorders: such as obesity or the reduction of weight very suddenly with extreme diets, after a reduction of stomach or diseases such as anorexia.

Non-perforated hymen: Women have normal discomfort in menstruation but hymen hinders exit to the outside.

Excess secretion of prolactin, usually caused by the intake of medications.

Have intense anxiety or stress.

Presence of ovarian cysts or ovarian failure.

symptom

The manifestations that can accompany the absence of the menstruation are:

Change in breast size.

Secretion of the breasts.

Vaginal dryness.

Weight gain or loss.

Increased body hair.

Acne.

Changes in the voice.

Headache.

Prevention

The best way to prevent amenorrhea is to lead a healthy life that includes good nutrition, continued moderate exercise, sleep recommended hours, limit stress and use of tobacco and alcohol.

In the case of athletes, these should especially watch for food, always balanced, and hours of sleep.

Types

There are two types of amenorrhea:

Primary

It occurs when the woman has never menstruated. The age limit, although indicative, is set at 16 years. If the adolescent has normal growth and the sexual organs develop properly, it is considered that the absence of menstruation, from that age, is not normal.

High school

Secondary amenorrhea occurs in women who, having menstruated regularly, stop having the menstrual period for at least three consecutive menstrual cycles.

Diagnosis

The first step that the specialist will give is to rule out a possible pregnancy. In addition, the specialist will measure the levels of certain hormones, such as prolactin, estradiol, testosterone or thyroid, among others.

Other tests that you can ask for include magnetic resonance imaging, a biopsy, or an ultrasound scan that may help confirm the diagnosis.

Treatments

The therapy to be followed by the patient will depend on the causes of amenorrhea. When these problems are resolved, menstruation will be restored.

In women whose cause is obesity, for example, playing sports and following a balanced diet will help control weight and regain the menstrual cycle.

However, if the cause is a thyroid hormone problem, treatment should be directed at improving this condition.

Other data

Forecast

The evolution of amenorrhea will depend on the cause that causes the disease. However, most respond well to treatment.

When a woman detects that she has had more than one period absence, it is advisable to make an appointment with the gynecologist to confirm the disease.
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Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis is a type of infection that is very co

mmon among children but is less common in adults. This condition consists of an inflammation of the throat and tonsils caused by different types of viruses or bacteria, such as group A streptococci; Responsible for the causes of streptococcal tonsillitis, which is the most common.

This type of bacteria can also live on both the nose and throat without causing any disease and spread by contact with the cough drops or sneeze of a person who is infected.

Causes

The tonsils is lymphatic tissue that is responsible for eliminating bacteria or microorganisms that can enter the body and cause infections. They are found in the back of the mouth and in the upper region of the throat.

The most common cause of tonsillitis is not only contact with the secretions of an infected person, but also share the glass, plate or cutlery, as well as contact with the sores of group A streptococcal infections on the skin.

Bacterial forms of tonsillitis occur less frequently than viral ones, but if not treated properly they can be severe.

symptom

The most common symptoms of this condition are:

Inflammation of the tonsils.

Ulceration.

Nasal congestion.

Appearance of white or yellow areas on the tonsils.

Sore throat that usually lasts more than 48 hours.

Difficulty swallowing, also called dysphagia.

Cough.

Pain in the head, ears and eyes.

Fever and chills.

Sensitivity of the jaw and throat.

One of the complications that can occur if the tonsils are very large are possible respiratory problems, although they are not too frequent.

Prevention

To prevent tonsillitis, the following recommendations should be taken into account:

Wash hands frequently, especially after going to the bathroom and before eating.

Avoid sharing food, glasses and utensils.

Stay away from people who may be infected, especially when they sneeze or cough.

Types

The types of tonsil infections are classified according to the source: virus or bacteria.

Tonsillitis caused by viruses: Like the Epstein Barr, which causes most cases of this disease.

The infection will be diagnosed through a blood test that will determine if the white blood cell count is high or the cells are abnormal.

Treatment of this infection focuses on the reduction of inflammation.

Tonsillitis caused by bacteria: When the group A streptococcus bacteria causes the infection, a throat swab will be performed, confirming the existence of the bacteria.

Diagnosis

First, the specialist performs an examination of the patient's mouth and throat to observe the condition of the tonsils. This will conclude that the patient suffers from tonsillitis if the tonsils are red or have white patches.

Another test that can confirm the diagnosis is that the lymph nodes in the jaw and neck are swollen and are sensitive to touch.

The specialist may also decide to perform a rapid test for streptococci, but it is not entirely reliable because of its extreme immediacy. Another option is to send a pharyngeal sample to a laboratory to perform a streptococcal culture.

Crop results may be delayed for a few days.

Treatments

Those infections of tonsils that do not present pain do not require treatment, although it is possible that the specialist requests that the patient returns for a control analysis.

In case the test results are positive, the patient will be prescribed antibiotics that should be taken even when they refer the symptoms, according to the indications of the specialist.

To reduce sore throat, the patient is advised to keep the following advice in mind:

You can drink cold liquids or eat ice creams. It is important that the fluids you take are not hot as they may intensify the pain.

Gargling with warm salt water also reduces the burning sensation.

In some cases in which the infections are repetitive can be carried out the removal of the tonsils.

Other data

Tonsillitis can be more or less contagious, depending on the causative agent: if it is a virus, it can usually spread if the person to whom it is infected has not been in contact with the virus before; In the case of bacteria, the condition is easily transmitted, especially the streptococcal.

In cases where chronic tonsillitis is caused or caused by other conditions such as sinusitis or allergic rhinitis, it is usually not contagious.

Contact your doctor for more information. The information provided on (what the health) is of a general nature and for purely disclosure purposes can in no way replace the advice of a physician (or a legally qualified person) or, in specific cases, of other operators health.

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Over 250,000 people have died from Covid-19 disease, caused by the Coronavirus. There are no drugs or drugs yet to help doctors treat the injured.

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the whole world

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Today's topic about the most common diseases in the world and here we will talk about them and looking for treatment methods online medicine

1. Cancer

2. Alzheimer's disease

3. AIDS

4. Lupus

5. Diabetes mellitus

6. Ebola

7. Asthma

8. Pneumonia

9. Lip

10. Collective debt

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Sore throat

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Stomach ache

Headache (Headache)

Autoimmune disease

Sleeping sickness

Graves disease

Crohn's disease

myocarditis

Huntington's disease

Leukemia-Leucopenia-Lumbago (witch shot)

Leukemia

Hair Capsule Leukemia

Leucopenia

Lichen Planus

Lichen simplex chronic

Venous Linfogranulomas

Brain Lymphoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Lumbago (witch shot)

Female infertility-Male infertility-Influenza-Pituitary Infarction

Stroke

Ictus haemorrhagic

Incontinence

Pituitary Infarction

Female infertility

Male infertility

Salivary gland infection

statistics
United State

The House and the Senate approved their respective versions of a bill weeks ago and now the
Republicans say they have reached a preliminary agreement between the two houses. They hope to hand over the bill before Christmas