Andhra Economy Material Appsc Group 1 Group 2 Mains Previ Polity History Current Affairs

APPSC to conduct Group 1 exam every year in the line of UPSC - good news!

2012-01-13T03:19:00.001+05:30

Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission (APPSC) is set to go the UPSC way. Instead of conducting recruitments for various job positions in the state every three years, the commission, henceforth, would conduct tests every year just like the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).

A high-level committee set up by the state government to look into the recruitment process of APPSC is most likely to come up with a final decision on the matter within the next couple of months. Officials of the commission had recommended a regular time-bound conduct of examinations for speeding up the recruitment process.

Secretary, APPSC, Poonam Malakondaiah said that that the commission has put forward the recommendations to reduce controversies regarding appointments. "Under the present circumstances, it is taking almost four years to complete the recruitment process. For instance, the interviews for Group-I posts, which were notified in 2008, are being conducted this year ," said Malakondaiah.

Civil Services , APPSC Group 1 Group 2 Coaching Centers in Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh

2012-01-04T10:28:00.001+05:30

RC Reddy IAS Study Circle

1-10-247/A/1 OR 1-1-342/1, Opposite Sub-Register Office, Ghandhi Nagar Road, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Shankar's IAS
GA-3, SBH Colony,
Saidabad,
Hyderabad - 500 059

Tel:+(91)-(40) - 9948042885

Ambedkar Study Circle
SR Nagar, Near Community Hall
Hyderabad - 500 038

Tel:+(91)-(40)- 9848205759,9959930876

K S Rao Ias Study Circle

+(91)-9959745625, 9908525014

Flat No 106, Samvika Apartments, Opp Sub Registrar Office, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Lakshya Ias Study Circle

Srt 234, RTC X Roads, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-9247788669

Vijetha Study Circle

1ST Floor, MLA Sayanna Building, Beside Balaji Darshan, Ashok Nagar X Roads, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-(40)-66845959

Sri Medha Ias Study Circle

Srt 82, Behind Lalitha Parameswari Temple, Jawahar Nagar, Street No 120, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-8688474647

Dreams Institute Of Competitive Exams

Chadda Towers, 3RD Floor, Above State Bank & Andhra Bank ATM, Ashok Nagar X Road, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-9866414200

Krishna Pradeep 21st Century IAS Study Centre

Opp Sub Registar Office, Above Vikas Book Store, Main Road, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-9849326524

Kanishka Ias Study Circle

1-10-195, Opp Andhra Bank, Ashok Nagar X Roads, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-(40)-64577199

Rankers Academy

Opp Balaji Darshan, Ashok Nagar X Roads, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-(40)-40257293

Laxmikanths IAS

Expert Towers, Ashok Nagar X Roads Opp Balaji Darshan, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-(40)-27624956

Nims Ias Study Circle

Above Andhra Bank ATM, Ashok Nagar, Gandhi Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-9848044393

Career Ias Institute

Andhra Bank, Ashok Nagar X Road, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-(40)-65083845

Aswamedha IAS Study Circle

Ashok Nagar X Roads, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-(40)-32566675

Indian School Of Ias

2ND Floor, Samvik Apartments, Opp Sub Registarar Office, Ashok Nagar X Roads, Gandhi Nagar Road, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-(40)-40045526

Swamy Vivekananda IAS Study Circle

205, 206 Samvikta Apartments, Opp Sub Registerar Off, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-9247429650

Sudha IAS Study Circle

Opp Balaji Darshan Lane, Ashok Nagar X Roads, Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad - 500020

Call: +(91)-9949253783

Ap Study Circle Backward Classes

3-1-299, Nimboliadda, Kachiguda, Hyderabad - 500027

Call: +(91)-(40)-24611408

Hyderabad Study Circle

1-2-365/25/C, SBH Colony, Indira Park X Roads, Indira Park, Hyderabad - 500029

Call: +(91)-(40)-27638527

Wizard Academy

Adj Papaji Dabha, Shivam Road, New Nallakunta, Hyderabad - 500044

Call: +(91)-9701399245

Career IAS Institute

206 Windsor Plaza, Vegetable Market, Nallakunta, Hyderabad - 500044

Call: +(91)-(40)-66788991

Analog IAS Institute

1-8-719/2, VEG Market Road, Nallakunta, HYDERABAD - 500044

Call: +(91)-(40)-26839060

NIMS IAS Study Circle

S No 1-9-669/1/1-A, Kanhylal Complex, Opp A P State Co Operative Bank, O U Road, Vidya Nagar, Hyderabad - 500044

Call: +(91)-(40)-27643932

Success Institute

Opp Andhra Bank, Opp Hyderabad Public School, Main Road, Ramantha PUR, Hyderabad - 500013

Call: +(91)-(40)-27037239

Avenue I A S Study Circle

A-61, Krishna Nagar, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad - 500034

Call: +(91)-(40)-40077788

Avenue Ias Study Circle

A-61, : Masjid, Sri Krishna Nagar, Yousuf Guda, Hyderabad - 500073

Call: +(91)-(40)-40077788

Gandhi IAS Study Circle

32/3rt, Axis Bank, Above ICICI Direct, sanjeeva reddy nagar, Hyderabad - 500038

Call: +(91)-40-66049087

Medha Ias Study Circle

H No 9-52, Behind Saibaba Temple Lane, Railway Reservation Counter, Lalitha Nagar, Dilsukhnagar, Hyderabad - 500036

Call: +(91)-(40)-66775741

Shankar SRI Vivekananda Study Circle

1ST Floor, Lokeshwari Complex, Beside Andhra Bank, Dilsukhnagar, Hyderabad - 500036

Call: +(91)-9703258844

New syallbus for G1 Prelims 2011 Notification

2011-11-29T22:20:00.001+05:30

GENERAL STUDIES AND MENTAL ABILITY
(SCREENING TEST – OBJECTIVE TYPE)
1. General Science – Contemporary developments in Science and Technology and their
implications including matters of every day observation and experience, as may be expected of
a well-educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline.
2. Current events of national and international importance.
3. History of India – emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social,
economic, cultural and political aspects with a focus on AP Indian National Movement.
4. World Geography and Geography of India with a focus on AP.
5. Indian polity and Economy – including the country's political system- rural development –
Planning and economic reforms in India.
6. Mental ability – reasoning and inferences.

7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT (Source : CBSE Publications)

1. Concepts in disaster management and vulnerability profile of India / State of A.P.

2. Earth quakes / Cyclones / Tsunami / Floods / Drought – causes and effects.

3. Man made disasters - Prevention strategies.

4. Mitigation strategies / Mitigation measures

G1 2007 Interview Schedule

2011-11-08T22:09:00.001+05:30

ANDHRA PRADESH PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION: HYDERABAD.

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

1(a)

Divisional Accounts Officers (Works),

Grade-II in A.P. Works Accounts Service

24/2007

(1st Notification)

Date of Interview 12/12/2011 to 14/12/2011

1(b)Divisional Accounts Officers (Works),

Grade-II in A.P. Works Accounts Service

23/2008

(2nd Notification)

Date of Interview 02/01/2012

2 Assistant B.C. Welfare Officer /

Assistant Social Welfare Officer /

Assistant Tribal Welfare Officer04/2011

Date of Interview 15/12/2011 to 16/12/2011

3 Assistant Inspector of Fisheries in A.P.

Fisheries Sub-Service

Date of Interview 19/12/2011

4 Deputy Inspector of Survey in A.P. Survey

Settlement and Land Records Sub-Service

Date of Interview 20/12/2011

5 Group-I Services39/2008 & 10/2009

Date of Interview 04/01/2012 to 21/02/2012

Note: List of qualified candidates for Interview will be displayed 20 days before the date

of Interview.

APPSC G1 Mains - Paper 3 - Section 2 - Chapter 1 - full notes

2011-08-04T15:46:00.002+05:30

Andhra Economy Chapter 1

Andhra Econ 1

APPSC G1 Mains - Paper 3 - Section 1 - Chapter 5 - full notes Telugu Medium

2011-08-04T15:45:00.000+05:30

size: 6 Mb

Chapter 5

Irrigation Schemes be named after prominent persons in Andhra Pradesh

2011-07-21T11:55:00.001+05:30

1.	Hyderabad Godavari Water Supply scheme to be named as "Moulana Abdul Kalam Hyderabad Sujala Sravanthi".
2.	Kanthalapalli Lift Irrigation Scheme to be named as "P.V.Narasimha Rao Kanthalapalli Sujala Sravanthi".
3.	Srisailam Right Bank Canal to be named as"Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Srisailam Right Bank Canalk".
4.	Pranahitha-Chevella Sujala Sravanthi as "Ambedkar Pranahita Chevella Sujala Sravanthi"
5.	Galeru Nagari Sujala Sravanthi as "Sri Krishna Devaraya Galeru Nagari Sujala Sravanthi.
6.	Telugu Ganga Project as Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (NTR) Telugu Ganga Project.
7.	Uttarandhra Sujala Sravanthi as "Babu Jagjivan Ram Uttarandhra Sujala Sravanthi".
8.	Dummagudem Nagarjuna Sagar Sujala Sravanthi as "Jyothi Rao Pule Dummagudem Nagarjuna Sagar Sujala Sravanthi"
9.	PADA Lift Irrigation Scheme as "Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Pulivendula Sujala

DAO 2011 General Studies paper solved with key

2011-07-10T11:08:00.006+05:30

DAO 2011 General Studies paper solved with key
File size : 2mb
Corrections to the KEY
1) answer for 92 qtn is 3 - Australia has the world's largest uranium reserves
2) ans for 121 qtn is 4 - Dept of atomic energy is under Prime Minister
3) question 106- answer is petroleum - Andhra Pradesh on 01-10-2009, Government of Andhra Pradesh has already constituted a Special Development Authority as Visakhapatnam – Kakinada Petroleum, Chemical and Petrochemical Investment Region Special Development Authority (VKPCPIRSDA)

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD

DAO 2011 Solved Paper 2 Arithmetic with KEY

2011-07-05T13:28:00.000+05:30

Question 126 : Solution is option (4) - 50 students
If any solution is found to be wrong please post the solution with explanation- Thanks

TO DOWNLOAD CLICK HERE

DAO 2011 PAPER 3 Mensuration with KEY

2011-07-04T19:54:00.001+05:30

The question AB2 + BC2+ AC2 = 3 (AO2+BO2+OC2) --- answer s median

If you any answer plz give ur solution with explanation.

SIZE : 2Mb
Direct DOWNLOAD LINK CLICK HERE

DAO 2011 solved paper 2 mensuration with KEY

G1 Mains notes _ Indian Economy _ Paper 3_ section _ 1 _ chapter 4

2011-06-12T19:31:00.000+05:30

G1 Mains notes _ Indian Economy _ Paper 3_ section _ 1 _ chapter 4

file size : 7Mb

Indian Economy Chapter 4

Technological first in India - for APPSC g1 & g2

2011-05-30T19:48:00.002+05:30

Notes from:
http://www.leadthecompetition.in

Event	Year
Broadcasting started in India	1927
All India Radio established	1936
Television started	1959
Colour Television started	1982
Railways started	1853, April 16
1st electric train	1925, Feb 23
First issue of Postal Stamp	1825 (in Sind)
First Telegraph line	1851 (Calcutta & Diamond Harbour)
Newspaper	1781, Jan 29 Hicky Calcutta Gazette
First Atomic Power Station commissioned at Tarapur	1969
First nuclear test carried out	1974, 18 May
First satellite launched	1975, 19 Apr
Internet came to India	1995, Aug 15 (provided by BSNL)
First air mail in India & World Bumraulli to Allahabad (6 miles)	1911
First indigenously built submarine of India	Shalki
India's first newsprint factory was set up at	Nepanagar (MP)

First Recipients of Various Awards - for APPSC G1 & G2

2011-05-30T19:47:00.002+05:30

Notes from:
http://www.leadthecompetition.in

BHARAT RATNA
1st Indian to be awarded the Bharat Ratna	C Rajagopalachari
1st Bharat Ratna Awardee to become the President of India	Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
1st person to be awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously	Lal Bahadur Shastri
1st Scientist to be awarded the Bharat Ratna	CV Raman
1st and only Industrialist to be awarded the Bharat Ratna	JRD Tata
LITERARY AWARDS
1st Indian to be awarded the Nobel prize in literature	Rabindranath Tagore
1st recipient of Bhartiya Jnanpith award	G Sankara Kurup
1st recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award for English	RK Narayan
1st person to receive Nobel prize for English literature	Rudyard Kipling
1st Indian to receive the Booker prize	Salman Rushdie
1st Indian to receive the Pulitzer prize (Reporting category)	Gobind Behari Lal
SPORTS AWARDS
1st recipient of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award	Viswanathan Anand
1st cricket player to be awarded the Arjuna Award	Salim Durrani
AWARDS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
1st Indian scientist to be awarded the Nobel prize	CV Raman
1st person to receive Nobel prize for Physics	William K Roentgen
1st woman to receive the Nobel prize	Madame Curie (1903)
GALLANTRY AWARDS
1st winner of Param Vir Chakra	Major Somnath Sharma
1st and only Air Force person to receive the Param Vir Chakra	Flying Officer Nirmaljit Shekhon
1st and only woman to receive the Ashoka Chakra	Neerja Bhanot (1987)
FOREIGN AWARDS
1st Indian to be awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan	Morarjee Desai
1st Indian to be awarded Magsaysay Award	Vinoba Bhave
FILM AWARDS
1st winner of Dadasaheb Phalke Award	Devika Rani
1st winner of Filmfare best actor award	Dilip Kumar
1st winner of Filmfare best actress award	Meena Kumari
1st Hindi film to win the National film Award	Mirza Ghalib (1954)
1st film to win the Best Film Academy Award (Oscar)	Wings (1927-28)
OTHER AWARDS
1st recipient of Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding	U Thant (1965)
1st recipient of Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development	Parliamentarians for Global Action(1986)
1st recipient of World Food Prize instituted By Norman Brlaug (Father of Green Revolution)	MS Swaminathan (Father of Green Revolution in India ), 1987
1st recipient of Communal Harmony Award (Individual)	Asghar Ali Engineer, 1997
1st recipient of Communal Harmony Award (Organisation)	Quami Ekta Trust, 1997
1st Asian recipient of Hoover Medal (America's prestigious award for outstanding extra-career services by engineers to humanity)	APJ Abdul Kalam, 2008
1st recipient of VK Krishna Menon Award (instituted by London based VK Krishna Menon Foundation)	Former CJI KG Balakrishnan

First Appointees of India - for APPSC G1 & G2

2011-05-30T19:46:00.001+05:30

1st President	Dr. Rajendra Prasad
1st Vice-President	Dr. S Radhakrishnan
1st Prime Minister	Pt Jawaharlal Nehru
1st Home Minister	Vallabhbhai Patel
1st Railway Minister	John Mathai
1st Defence Minister	Sardar Baldev Singh
1st Finance Minister	RK Shanmugam Chetty
1st External Affairs Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
1st Governor General (Indian)	C Rajagopalachari
1st Governor General	Lord Mountbatten
1st Chief Justice of India	Harilal J Kania
1st Chief Election Commissioner	Sukumar Sen
1st Chief of Army Staff	Gen Rajendra Singhji
1st Chief of Air Staff	Air Marshall Thomas Elmhirst
1st Chief of Naval Staff	Vice Admiral RD Katari

Famous Slogans and their originators - for APPSC G1 & G2

2011-05-30T19:43:00.002+05:30

Notes from:
http://www.leadthecompetition.in

Slogan	Given by
Inquilab Zindabad	Bhagat Singh
Vande Mataram	Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Quit India	Mahatma Gandhi
Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it	Balgangadhar Tilak
Give me blood and I shall give you freedom	Subhas Chandra Bose
Jai Hind	Subhas Chandra Bose
Do or die	Mahatma Gandhi
Aaram haram hai	Jawaharlal Nehru
Jai Jawan Jai Kisan	Lal Bahadur Shastri

Important Age Limits - for APPSC G1 & G2

2011-05-30T19:37:00.001+05:30

Description	Age Limit
Minimum age for election to the post of President/Vice-President/Governor	35 years
Minimum age for election as MP (Lok Sabha)/MLA	25 years
Minimum age for election as MP (Rajya Sabha)/MLC	30 years
Upper age limit for appointment as a judge of Supreme Court, Attorney General, Comptroller General	65 years
Upper age limit for appointment as a judge of High court/ Advocate General	62 years
Minimum age limit for employment in a factory	14 years
Minimum marriage for a male	21 years
Minimum marriage for a female	18 years.

Attorney General_ for APPSC G1 & G2

2011-05-17T11:35:00.001+05:30

Article 76 provides for the Chief Law Officer i.e. the AG. He is appointed by the President. He should be qualified to be a Judge of Supreme Court i.e. must be citizen of India and
- Should have been Judge of some High court for atleast 5 years
- Or should have been an advocate of some High court for atleast 10 years
- Or eminent jurist in the eyes of the President
The term, conditions of service and procedure of removal is not mentioned in the Constitution. His salary and allowances are decided by President. He enjoys all privileges available to member of Parliament. He may be removed by the President any time and he holds office during the pleasure of the President. He can also sign a resignation letter to the President any time. Usually, the AG resigns when the government is replaced as he is appointed on advice of the government.

Duties and Functions
1. Advise government on legal matters
2. Duties of legal nature assigned by the President. They are:
a. Appear in Supreme Court on behalf of the government in all cases in which govt. is concerned.
b. Represent GOI in any reference made by President to Supreme Court u/a 143
c. Appear in High Court in all cases where GOI is concerned.
3. Functions prescribed by the Constitution or any other law.
Rights and Limitations
He can be audience in all Indian courts. He can take part in proceedings and has right to speak in both Houses of the Parliament or their joint sitting and any committee of Parliament of which he can be a member but will not have the right to vote.

There are limitations as following-
1. Should not advise or hold a brief against GOI
2. Should not advise or hold brief against GOI in cases in which he is called upon to appear on behalf of GOI or to advise on GOI
3. Should not defend people involved in criminal cases without the permission of the government.
4. Should not become the Director of any company without the permission of the government. But he is not debarred from private practice. So he is not full time counsel for the government. He is not of the category of government servants.
Solicitor General of India
Apart from AG, there are Solicitor General and additional Solicitor General who are law officers of government and who assist AG. Only the office of AG is created by Article 76 of the Constitution, and SG and ASG are not mentioned anywhere in Constitution.
Also AG is not a member of Cabinet. There is a Law Minister in the Cabinet to look after legal matters.

Comptroller and Auditor General of India _ for APPSC G1 & G2

2011-05-17T11:32:00.001+05:30

Article 148 provides for the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. He is an independent body. He is the Guardian of the public purse. He controls the financial system of our country at both Central and State level. He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department. While controlling the financial system he has to uphold the Constitution and laws of Parliament. So he is one of the bulwarks of the Democratic system. The other bulwarks are Election Commission, UPSC and Supreme Court.
The present CAG is Vinod Rai.
Appointment and the term
He is appointed by the President. He takes an oath
1. To bear true faith to the Constitution
2. To uphold the sovereignty and integrity of the nation
3. To perform his duties without fear or favour, affection or ill-will
4. To uphold the Constitution
He holds office for 6 yrs or upto 65 yrs whichever is earlier. He can resign at any time by writing a resignation letter to the President. He can be removed by the President in the same way as a judge of Supreme Court is removed. So a resolution for his removal needs to be passed by both the Houses of the Parliament with special majority either on grounds of misbehavior or incapacity.
Independence of Office
1. Can be removed by the President only in accordance with the Constitution
2. Not eligible for further office under GOI or of States.
3. His salary, allowances and other conditions of service are to be determined by the Parliament. His salary is equal to the Judge of a Supreme Court.
4. The conditions of service cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.
5. The conditions of service of people who work under Indian Audit and Accounts Dept. are determined by President only after consultation with CAG.
6. The salaries, allowances and pensions of CAG are charged from the Consolidated Fund of India and thus not subject to vote in Parliament.
No Minister can represent CAG in Parliament and thus is not responsible for any of acts undertaken by him.

Duties and Powers
Article 149 authorises Parliament to prescribe CAG's duties and powers related to accounts of Union and of States. So CAG's (Duties, powers and conditions of service) Act was passed by Parliament in 1971. This Act was amended in 1976 to separate Accounts from Audit in central government.

Duties and functions-
1. Auditing expenditure of Consolidated Fund of India, Consolidated Fund of States and Consolidated Funds of UTs having Legislative Assemblies
2. Auditing expenditure of Contingency Fund of India and of States and Public Account of India and of States
3. Auditing of all accounts, balance-sheets etc. of Departments of Central and State Governments
4. Auditing of receipts and expenditure of centre and States to check assessment , collection and allocation has been done properly or not.
5. Auditing of receipts and expenditure of all bodies financed from Central and State govt.s, govt. companies etc.
6. Auditing all transactions of govt. including debt, deposits etc.
7. Auditing accounts of any other authority eg. local bodies when requested by President or Governor.
8. Advises President regarding the form in which Central and State accounts should be kept( Art 150)
9. Submits audit reports regarding accounts of centre to President who places them before both Houses of the Parliament.
10. Submits audit reports regarding accounts of states to Governors who place them before State Legislatures.
11. He certifies " net proceeds" of tax or duty( proceeds- cost of collection) and his certification is final.
12. A philosopher, friend and a guide to Public Accounts Committee of Parliament.
13. He compiles and maintains accounts of State governments but not of Central governments due to separation of accounts and auditing depts. in 1976.
The CAG submits 3 reports to the President:
-Audit report on appropriation accounts
-Audit report on financial accounts
-Audit report on public undertakings
The President places them before the two Houses of the Parliament. Then, the Public Accounts Committee analyses them and reports its findings to the Parliament.
Role
The accountability of the Executive i.e. the Council of Ministers to the Parliament is secured through audit reports of CAG. CAG conducts audit of expenditure on the behalf of Parliament and is responsible only to Parliament.
CAG also ascertains whether money shown in accounts is applicable to services for which it has been charged. This is the legal and regulatory audit. In addition to this, he can conduct a propriety audit which is left on his discretion. Under this, he can look into wastefulness and extravagance of such expenditure and thus look into wisdom of the government.
On the auditing role, the limitation is on secret service expenditure. The CAG cannot call for particulars of expenditure incurred by executive agencies, but has to accept a certificate from a competent administrative authority that the expenditure has been so incurred.
In practice, CAG is playing the role of Auditor General only and not of the Comptroller as many departments of executive draw money by issuing cheques not needing his permission, so he has no control over issue of money from Consolidated Fund of India. However, in Britain, CAG is both Comptroller and Auditor General in practice.

National Commission for Scheduled Castes _ for APPSC G1 & G2

2011-05-17T11:31:00.001+05:30

National commission for SCs is a constitutional body as provided by Article 338 of the Constitution. Article 338 provides for a Commissioner for SCs and STs who would investigate matters related to safeguarding the interests of SCs and STs.
65th Constitutional Amendment Act,1990 provided for establishment of multimember National Commission in place of single Commissioner for SCs and STs.
89th Constitutional Amendment Act,2003 bifurcated the Commission into National Commission for SCs u/a 338 and National Commission for STs u/a 338
(a). The National Commission for SCs came into existence in 2004.
It consists of a Chairperson, Vice Chairperson and three other members. They are appointed by the President and their conditions of service and tenure of office are also determined by him.

Functions of the Commission-
1. Investigate and monitor matters relating to safeguarding interests of SCs, OBCs and Anglo Indians
2. Enquire into complaints made by SCs, OBCs and Anglo Indians regarding lack of rights.
3. Advice on socio- economic development of SCs,OBCs and Anglo Indians and look after progress of their development
4. Present reports to President annually and at other times if necessary about the safeguards
5. Recommend measures to be taken by government for protection, welfare and socio economic development of SCs, OBCs and Anglo Indians
6. If President specifies any other functions related to protection, welfare and socio economic development of SCs, OBCs and Anglo Indians

Report of Commission
The Commission submits the annual report to President who presents it before both the Houses of the Parliament, alongwith a memorandum explaining actions taken on the recommendations and reasons for non acceptance of any recommendations. In case the report pertains to State Government, he forwards it to respective Governor of the State who presents it before the State Legislature alongwith a memorandum explaining actions taken on recommendations and reasons for not accepting any recommendations.

Powers of the Commission
The Commission regulates its own procedure. While investigating complaints, it gets power of a civil court in following matters-
1. Summoning any person of India and examining him on oath
2. Requiring production of any document
3. Requisitioning any public record from a court or office
4. Receiving evidences on affidavits
5. Summoning anyone in order to examine witnesses and documents
6. Any other matter which President determines
On all policies affecting SCs, OBCs and Anglo Indians, the Central and State governments should consult the Commission.

Union Public Service Commission _ for APPSC G1 & G2

2011-05-17T11:28:00.004+05:30

Article 315-323 deal with the composition, appointment, removal and powers and functions of Central recruiting agency which is the Union Public Service Commission of India.
It is an independent Constitutional Body.
Composition
Chairman of the Commission and other members as the President decides from time to time. They are all appointed by the President himself. The President generally appoints nine to eleven members including the Chairman. Half of the members should have held office under GOI or State Government for atleast ten years.
The terms and conditions of service of all of the mentioned above are decided by the President himself.
The President also appoints a member as Acting Chairman who shall act as Chairman in case the office falls vacant and in case the Chairman is absent or ill.
Salaries, Allowances and other prerequisites of Chairman and other members
These are charged from Consolidated Fund of India.
Term of Office
6 yrs or 65 years of age whichever is earlier. They can resign at any time addressing their resignation to the President , or can also be removed at any time.
Removal of Chairman or member of Commission
1. If he is insolvent or bankrupt
2. If he holds some employment other than office of Commission
3. If he has unsound mind or unfit body
4. Incase of misbehavior like corruption or in case of interest in any contract made by government, President refers the matter to Supreme Court and if Supreme Court advises to remove him/ her, then only President can remove him/ her. During enquiry he/ she can be suspended.
Independence of Office
Chairman can be removed by the President in the manner mentioned in the Constitution. Secondly, the service conditions cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. The Chairman cannot be appointed further for any employment by Central or State government. A member of UPSC is eligible for appointment as the Chairman of UPSC or State Public Service Commission but not for any other employment under Central and State Government. The members or Chairman after completing their first term cannot apply for the same office for second term.
Powers and Functions
1. Conduction of exams for All India services, Central services and public services of centrally administered territories
2. If two or more states request to hold Joint Public Service Exam, it assists them in doing so
3. Serves all need of States on request of Governor and with the permission of President
4. Consulted by government regarding
a. Methods of recruitment to above stated services
b. Principles to be followed during recruitment, promotions and transfer of such services
c. Suitability of the candidates for recruitment, transfers and promotions in such services
d. Disciplinary matters including censure or severe disapproval, withholding of increments and promotions, demotions, compulsory retirement, removal from service etc.
e. Any claims for pensions due to injuries sustained while working under Government of India
f. Any claims of legal expenses in legal cases concerning his duties
g. Matters of temporary appointments more than a year
h. Matters of granting extension of civil service and re-employment of retired civil servants
i. Any other matter related to personnel management of any authority, corporate body etc. can be conferred on the UPSC by Parliament
If government acts without consultation, the decision of the government is still validated. Consultation is not mandatory.
Every year, a report is presented by UPSC to the President regarding its performance. The President presents the report before both the Houses of the Parliament alongwith a memorandum explaining reasons for not accepting the advice of the Commission. All such cases must be approved by the Appointment Committee of the Union Cabinet.
Limitations-
Functions not under the jurisdiction of UPSC:
1. Reservations for posts of SCs and STs
2. Claims of SCs and STs to services and posts
3. Selection for posts of group B and C services, highest diplomats etc.
4. Temporary appointments for less than a year.
The President can make regulations in respect to Central services and All India services, regarding matters in which UPSC is not to be consulted. These regulations should be placed before Parliament for atleast 14 days. The Parliament can amend or repeal them.
Role
UPSC is a watchdog of the merit system in India. It advices government regarding recruitment, promotion and disciplinary matters regarding group A and B services. It is not concerned with the classification of services, pay and service conditions and training which are handled by Department of Personnel and Training of Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.
The role is not only limited, but the recommendations are also just advisory in nature. Even the government can regulate the scope of advisory functions of UPSC.
The emergence of Central Vigilance Commission in 1964 has affected the role of UPSC in disciplinary matters. Both are consulted by the government while taking disciplinary action against a civil servant. However, UPSC being an independent body has an edge over CVC which got statutory status in 2003.

State Public Service Commission _ for APPSC G1 & G2

2011-05-17T11:28:00.001+05:30

Article 315-323 deal with the composition, appointment, removal and powers and functions of State recruiting agency which is the State Public Service Commission of India.

It is an independent Constitutional Body.

Composition

Chairman of the Commission and other members as the Governor decides from time to time. They are all appointed by the Governor himself. Half of the members should have held office under GOI or State Government for atleast ten years.

The terms and conditions of service of all of the mentioned above are decided by the Governor himself.

The Governor also appoints a member as Acting Chairman who shall act as Chairman in case the office falls vacant and in case the Chairman is absent or ill.

Salaries, Allowances and other prerequisites of Chairman and other members

These are charged from Consolidated Fund of State.

Term of Office

6 yrs or 62 years of age whichever is earlier. They can resign at any time addressing their resignation to the Governor , or can also be removed at any time.

Removal of Chairman or member of Commission

If he is insolvent or bankrupt
If he holds some employment other than office of Commission
If he has unsound mind or unfit body
Incase of misbehavior like corruption or in case of interest in any contract made by government, President refers the matter to Supreme Court and if Supreme Court advises to remove him/ her, then only President can remove him/ her. During enquiry he/ she can be suspended. Though appointed by Governor, they are removed by President.

Independence of Office

Chairman can be removed by the President in the manner mentioned in the Constitution. Secondly, the service conditions cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. The Chairman can be appointed as Chairman of UPSC or any other SPSCcannot be appointed further for any other employment by Central or State government. A member of SPSC is eligible for appointment as the Chairman or member of UPSC or Chairman of any other State Public Service Commission or Chairman of same SPSC but not for any other employment under Central and State Government. The members or Chairman after completing their first term cannot apply for the same office for second term. but

Powers and Functions

1. Conduction of exams for State services
2. Consulted by government regarding
1. a. Methods of recruitment to above stated services
2. b. Principles to be followed during recruitment, promotions and transfer of such services
3. c. Suitability of the candidates for recruitment, transfers and promotions in such services
4. d. Disciplinary matters including censure or severe disapproval, withholding of increments and promotions, demotions, compulsory retirement, removal from service etc.
5. e. Any claims for pensions due to injuries sustained while working under Government of State
6. f. Any claims of legal expenses in legal cases concerning his duties
7. g. Any other matter related to personnel management of any local authority, corporate body etc. can be conferred on the SPSC by Parliament
8. h. SPSC is also consulted by Governor alongwith the High Court while making rules for appointments in Judicial services.

If government acts without consultation, the decision of the government is still validated. Consultation is not mandatory.

Every year, a report is presented by SPSC to the Governor regarding its performance. The Governor presents the report before both the Houses of the Legislature alongwith a memorandum explaining reasons for not accepting the advice of the Commission.

Limitations-

Functions not under the jurisdiction of SPSC:

1. Reservations for posts of SCs and STs
2. Claims of SCs and STs to services and posts

The Governor can make regulations in respect to State services, regarding matters in which SPSC is not to be consulted. These regulations should be placed before State Legislature for atleast 14 days. The State Legislature can amend or repeal them.

Role

SPSC is a watchdog of the merit system in state. It advices government regarding recruitment, promotion and disciplinary matters regarding state services. It is not concerned with the classification of services, pay and service conditions and training which are handled by Department of Personnel or the General Administration Department. The role is not only limited, but the recommendations are also just advisory in nature. Even the government can regulate the scope of advisory functions of SPSC.

The emergence of State Vigilance Commission in 1964 has affected the role of SPSC in disciplinary matters. Both are consulted by the government while taking disciplinary action against a civil servant. However, SPSC being an independent body has an edge over SVC .

Joint State Public Service Commission

If State Legislatures of 2 or more states request the Parliament for JSPSC, then Parliament can create this by an Act. However JSPSC is a statutory and not a constitutional body.

Chairman and members of this Commission are appointed by President for 6 years or until they attain 62 yrs of age whichever is earlier. They can be suspended or removed by President. They can resign at any time and write resignation letters to President. The number of members and conditions of service are determined by President. The annual performance report is placed before all State Governors who place them before the respective Legislatures.

The UPSC can also serve the needs of the State on the request of Governor and by the permission of the President.

Election Commission _ for APPSC G1 and G2

2011-05-17T00:41:00.001+05:30

Article 324 provides that the power of superintendence, direction and control of elections of Parliament, State Legislatures and President and Vice President lies with the Election Commission of India.
The elections of Panchayats and Municipalities are directed and controlled under the supervision of the State Election Commission.

Composition
Chief Election Commissioner( Chairman of the Commission) and other Election Commissioners as the President decides from time to time. They are all appointed by the President himself. The President after consulting the Election Commissioners can appoint Regional Commissioners if it is necessary.
The terms and conditions of service of all of the mentioned above are decided by the President himself.
Till 15th Oct 1989 the Election Commission was a single member body. On 16 Oct, 1989, it was made a 3 member body by adding up two Election Commisioners. The post of these additional Commissioners was abolished in Jan, 1990 and in Oct, 1993 it was created again.
In case there is a clash between the opinions of CEC and 2 ECs decision is taken by majority basis in the Commission.

Salaries, Allowances and other prerequisites of Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners
These are similar to those of the Judges of Supreme Court.

Term of Office
6 yrs or 65 years of age whichever is earlier. They can resign at any time or can also be removed at any time.
Independence of Office
Chief Election Commissioner can be removed in a way the Judge of a Supreme Court is removed i.e. by the President on the basis of a resolution passed by both the Houses with special majority. Secondly, the service conditions cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. Any Election Commissioner or Regional Commissioner can also not be removed except on the recommendation of CEC.

Flaws
1. No qualifications hav been prescribed for the members of the Commission in the Constitution.
2. Their term has not been prescribed in the Constitution.
3. They can be appointed further by the government itself.

Powers and Functions
3 categories-
1. Administrative
2. Advisory
3. Quasi judicial
Details-
1. Delimitation of constituencies i.e. determine the areas of constituencies by the Delimitation Act of the Parliament.
2. Register all voters and prepare electoral roll
3. Notify the dates and schedules of elections
4. Grant recognition to parties and allot symbols to them
5. Settling of disputes between political parties.
6. Appoint officers to settle disputes related to electoral arrangements.
7. Determine the code of conduct that the candidates and their parties should observe.
8. Publicise policies of political parties on radio and T.V.
9. Advise President on matters related to disqualification of member of Parliament.
10.Advise the Governor on matters related to disqualification of members of State Legislature.
11. Cancel polls during booth capturing, rigging etc.
12. Request the President or Governor for requisitioning of the staffnecessary to conduct elections.
13. Supervise the machinery of elections for free and fair elections.
14. Advise President whether elections can be held in a state under President's rule
15. Granting the status of national parties or state parties to political parties on the basis of their performance.
The Election Commission is assisted by the Deputy Election Commissioners who are appointed by the Commission and drawn from the Civil Service. They are in turn assisted by the Secretaries, Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries and Under Secretaries who are posted in the Secretariat of the Commission.
At State level, Election Commission is assisted by Chief Electoral Officer who is appointed by the Chief Election Commissioner . At district level, Collector is the District Returning Officer and he appoints Returning Officers for every Constituency and Presiding Officer of every polling booth.

FINANCE COMMISSION for Appsc G1 & G2

2011-05-17T00:40:00.001+05:30

Article 280 provides for a Finance Commission which is a quasi judicial body. It is constituted after 5 years or earlier as President may decide.

Composition
Chairman and four members are appointed by President. They are eligible for reappointment.
The qualifications and the way of selection is to be decided by the Parliament. The Parliament seeks for following qualifications-
The Chairman should have experience in public affairs. The present chairman of 13th Finance Commission is Dr. Vijay Kelkar. He was appointed in 2007 and was expected to submit report in 2009 and the report shall be implemented from 2010 to 2015.
Four other members should be selected from any of these fields-
1. Judge of High Court or qualified to be appointed as one
2. Person having specialized knowledge of finance and accounts of government.
3. Person having wide experience in financial matters and also administration.
4. Person having special knowledge of economics.
Functions
Recommendations to the President on-
1. Distribution of net proceeds of taxes shared between Centre and States, and allocation between the States of respective shares of such proceeds.
2. Principles governing grant in aids by Centre to States
3. The measures needed to augment the consolidated fund of state in order to supplement resources of panchayats and municipalities in State.
4. Any matter in interest of sound finance as reffered to by President.
Till 1960, grants were given every yr to Assam, Bihar, Bengal and Orissa, as a share of net proceeds of exports of jute and jute products.
The reports are submitted by the commission to the President. He presents them before both Houses of the Parliament alongwith a memorandum explaining actions taken on its recommendations.
Advisory Role
Government is not bound by the recommendations of the Commission. However, P.V. Rajmannar says, Chairman of 4th Finance Commission says that recommendations should not be turned down by government unless it has very compelling reasons to do so.
Impact of PlanningCommission
The functions of Planning Commission and Finance Commission overlap in certain ways-
Art 275 says that FC will consider both capital and revenue requirements of the States in formulating a scheme of devolution and in recommendation of grants.
But after Planning Commission came into existence, which looks after plans, so it recommends loans and grants by Centre to States for plan projects. Now the FC will determine revenue gap in each State and look after filling up of gap by devolution, partly by grant in aid and partly by distributing taxes.

National Commission for Scheduled Tribes for Appsc G1 & G2

2011-05-17T00:38:00.001+05:30

Since 1999, Ministry of Tribal Affairs was looking after welfare and development of STs.
National commission for STs is a constitutional body as provided by Article 338(a) of the Constitution. It came into existence in 2004.
It consists of a Chairperson, Vice Chairperson and three other members. They are appointed by the President and their conditions of service and tenure of office are also determined by him.

Functions of the Commission-
1. Investigate and monitor matters relating to safeguarding interests of STs
2. Enquire into complaints made by STs regarding lack of rights.
3. Advice on socio- economic development of STs and look after progress of their development
4. Present reports to President annually and at other times if necessary about the safeguards
5. Recommend measures to be taken by government for protection, welfare and socio economic development of STs
6. If President specifies any other functions related to protection, welfare and socio economic development of STs
Report of Commission
The Commission submits the annual report to President who presents it before both the Houses of the Parliament, alongwith a memorandum explaining actions taken on the recommendations and reasons for non acceptance of any recommendations. In case the report pertains to State Government, he forwards it to respective Governor of the State who presents it before the State Legislature alongwith a memorandum explaining actions taken on recommendations and reasons for not accepting any recommendations.

Powers of the Commission
The Commission regulates its own procedure. While investigating complaints, it gets power of a civil court in following matters-
1. Summoning any person of India and examining him on oath
2. Requiring production of any document
3. Requisitioning any public record from a court or office
4. Receiving evidences on affidavits
5. Summoning anyone in order to examine witnesses and documents
6. Any other matter which President determines
On all policies affecting STs, the Central and State governments should consult the Commission.

Logical Deduction ( SYLLOGISM ) : for Aptitude Part of APPSC G1 & G2

2011-05-04T16:20:00.001+05:30

The phenomenon of deriving a conclusion from a single proposition or a set of given propositions, is known as logical deduction. The given propositions are also referred to as the premises.

Two Inferential Processes of Deduction :

I. Immediate Deductive Inference :

Here, conclusion is deduced from one of the given propositions, by any of the three ways -conversion, obversion and contraposition.

1. Conversion: The Conversion proceeds with interchanging the subject term and the predicate term i.e. the subject term of the premise becomes the predicate term of the conclusion and the predicate term of the premise becomes the subject of the conclusion. The given proposition is called convertend, whereas the conclusion drawn from it is called its converse.

Table of Valid Conversions

Convertend	Converse
A: All S is P Ex. All pins are tops.	I: Some P is S Some tops are pins.
E: No S is P. Ex. No fish is whale.	E: No P is S. No whale is fish.
I: Some S is P. Ex. Some boys are poets.	I: Some P is S. Some poets are boys.
O: Some S is not P.	No valid conversion

Note that in a conversion, the quality remains the same and the quantity may change.

2. Obversion: In obversion, we change the quality of the proposition and replace the predicate term by its complement.

Table of Valid Obversions

Obvertend	Obverse
A: All birds are mammals.	E: No birds are non-mammals.
E: No poets are singers.	A: All poets are non-singers.
I: Some nurses are doctors.	O: Some nurses are not non-doctors.
O: some politicians are not statesmen.	I: Some politicians are non-statesmen.

3. Contraposition: To obtain the contrapositive of a statement, we first replace the subject and predicate terms in the proposition and then exchange both these terms with their complements.

Table of Valid Contrapositions

Proposition	Contrapositive
A: All birds are mammals.	A: All non-mammals are non-birds.
I: Some birds are mammals.	I: Some non-mammals are non-birds.

Note: The valid converse, obverse or contrapositive of a given proposition always logically follows from the proposition.

II. Mediate Deductive Inference (SYLLOGISM): First introduced by Aristotle, a Syllogism is a deductive argument in which conclusion has to be drawn from two propositions referred to as the premises.

Example:

1. All lotus are flowers.

2. All flowers are beautiful.

3. All lotus are beautiful.

Clearly, the propositions 1 and 2 are the premises and the proposition 3, which follows from the first two propositions, is called the conclusion.

Term : In Logic, a term is a word or a combination of words, which by itself can be used as a subject or predicate of a proposition.

Syllogism is concerned with three terms :

1. Major Term : It is the predicate of the conclusion and is denoted by P (first letter of 'Predicate').

2. Minor Term: It is the subject of the conclusion and is denoted by S (first letter of 'Subject').

3. Middle Term: It is the term common to both the premises and is denoted by M (first letter of 'Middle').

Example:

Premises:

1. All dogs are animals.

2. All tigers are dogs.

Conclusion :

All tigers are animals.

Here 'animals' is the predicate of the conclusion and so,.it is the major term. P.

'Tigers' is the subject of the conclusion and so, it is the minor term, S.

'Dogs' is the term common to both the premises and so, it is the middle term, M.

Major And Minor Premises : Of the two premises, the major premise is that in which the middle term is the subject and the minor premise is that in which the middle term is the predicate.

RULES FOR DERIVING CONCLUSION FROM TWO GIVEN PREMISES:

1. The conclusion does not contain the middle term.

Example.

Statements :

1. All men are girls.

2. Some girls are students.

Conclusions :

1. All girls are men.

2. Some girls are not students.

Since both the conclusions 1 and 2 contain the middle term 'girls', so neither of them can follow.

2. No term can be distributed in the conclusion unless it is distributed in the premises.

Example.

Statements :

1. Some dogs are goats.

2. All goats are cows.

Conclusions :

1. All cows are goats.

2. Some dogs are cows.

Statement 1 is an I-type proposition which distributes neither the subject nor the predicate.

Statement 2 is an A type proposition which distributes the subject i.e. 'goats' only.

Conclusion 1 is an A-type proposition which distributes the subject 'cow' only Since the term 'cows' is distributed in conclusion 1 without being distributed in the premises, so conclusion 1 cannot follow.

3. The middle term (M) should he distributed at least once in the premises. Otherwise, the conclusion cannot follow.

For the middle term to be distributed in a premise.

(i) M must be the subject if premise is an A proposition.

(ii) M must be subject or predicate if premise is an E proposition.

(iii) M must be predicate if premise is an O proposition.

Note that in an I proposition, which distributes neither the subject nor the predicate, the middle term cannot be distributed.

Example.

Statements :

1. All fans are watches.

2. Some watches are black.

Conclusions :

1. All watches are fans.

2. Some fans are black.

In the premises, the middle term is 'watches'. Clearly, it is not distributed in the first premise which is an A proposition as it does not form its subject. Also, it is not distributed in the second premise which is an I proposition. Since the middle term is not distributed even once in the premises, so no conclusion follows.

4. No conclusion follows

(a) if both the premises are particular

Example.

Statements :

1. Some books are pens.

2. Some pens are erasers.

Conclusions:

1. All books are erasers.

2. Some erasers are books.

Since both the premises are particular, so no definite conclusion follows.

(b) if both the premises are negative.

Example.

Statements :

1. No flower is mango.

2. No mango is cherry.

Conclusions :

1. No flower is cherry.

2. Some cherries are mangoes. Since both the premises are negative, neither conclusion follows.

(c) if the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative.

Example.

Statements:

1. Some dogs are bulls.

2. No tigers are dogs.

Conclusions:

1. No dogs are tigers.

2. Some bulls are tigers.

Here, the first premise containing the middle term 'dogs' as the subject is the major premise and the second premise containing the middle term 'dogs' as the predicate is the minor premise. Since the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative, so no conclusion follows.

5. If the middle term is distributed twice, the conclusion cannot be universal.

Example.

Statements :

1. All fans are chairs.

2. No tables are fans.

Conclusions:

1. No tables are chairs.

2. Some tables are chairs.

Here, the first premise is an A proposition and so, the middle term 'fans' forming the subject is distributed. The second premise is an E proposition and so, the middle term 'fans' forming the predicate is distributed. Since the middle term is distributed twice, so the conclusion cannot be universal.

6. If one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative.

Example.

Statements:

1. All grasses are trees.

2. No tree is shrub.

Conclusions:

1. No grasses are shrubs.

2. Some shrubs are grasses.

Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, conclusion 2 cannot follow.

7. If one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular.

Example.

Statements:

1. Some boys are thieves.

2. All thieves are dacoits.

Conclusions :

1. Some boys are dacoits.

2. All dacoits are boys.

Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. So, conclusion 2 cannot follow.

8. If both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative.

Example.

Statements :

1. All women are mothers.

2. All mothers are sisters.

Conclusions :

1. All women are sisters.

2. Some women are not sisters.

Since both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative. So, conclusion 2 cannot follow.

9. If both the premises are universal, the conclusion must be universal.

Complementary pair:

A pair of contradictory statements i.e. a pair of statements such that if one is true, the other is false and when no definite conclusion can be drawn, either of them is bound to follow, is called a complementary pair. E and I-type propositions together form a complementary pair and usually either of them follows, in a case where we cannot arrive at a definite conclusion, using the rules of syllogism.

Let us study the various possible cases and draw all possible inferences in each case, along with verification through Venn diagrams.

Case 1: All men are boys. All boys are students.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of first premise i.e. 'Some boys are men' and the converse of second premise i.e. 'Some students are boys' both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative. Also, the conclusion should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All men are students'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some students are men' also holds.

Case 2: All birds are animals. All fishes are animals.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of first premise i.e. 'Some animals are birds' and the converse of second premise i.e. 'Some animals are fishes' both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Both, being A-type propositions, distribute subject only. Thus, the middle term 'animals' is not distributed even once in the premises. So, no definite conclusion follows.

Case 3: All puppets are dolls. Some dolls are rattles.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some dolls are puppets' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'Some rattles are dolls', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

First premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes the subject only while the second premise, being an I-type proposition, distributes neither subject nor predicate. Since the middle term 'dolls' is not distributed even once in the premises, so no definite conclusion can be drawn.

Case 4: Some writers are players. All players are musicians.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some players are writers' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'Some musicians are players', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some writers are musicians'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some musicians are writers' also holds.

Case 5: All boxes are toys. Some boxes are clips.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some toys are boxes' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'Some clips are boxes', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some toys are clips'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some clips are toys' also holds.

Case 6: All buses are vans. Some cycles are vans.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some vans are buses' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'Some vans are cycles', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

First premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes subject only and the second premise, being an I-type proposition, distributes neither subject nor predicate. So, the middle term 'vans' is not distributed even once in the premises. Hence, no definite conclusion can be drawn.

Case 7: Some radios are cameras. Some cameras are statues.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some cameras are radios' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'Some statues are cameras', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences :

Since both premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.

Case 8: All cakes are candies. No candy is pastry.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some candies are cakes' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'No pastry is candy', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Since both premises are universal, the conclusion must be universal. Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, it follows that 'No cake is pastry'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'No pastry is cake' also holds.

Case 9: No coin is ring. All rings are bangles.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'No ring is coin' and the converse of the second premise i.e.'Some bangles are rings', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

First premise, being an E-type proposition, distributes both the subject and the predicate.

Second premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes the subject. Thus, the middle term 'ring' is distributed twice in the premises. So, the conclusion cannot be universal. Also, since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. Thus, the conclusion must be particular negative i.e. O-type. So, it follows that 'some bangles are not coins'.

Case 10: Some lamps are candles. No candle is bulb.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :

The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some candles are lamps' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'No bulb is candle', both hold.

Mediate Deductive Inferences:

Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative i.e. O-type, So, it follows that 'Some lamps are not bulbs'.

Important Points To Remember:

While deriving logical conclusions, always remember that the following conclusions hold :

1. The converse of each of the given premises;

2. The conclusion that directly follows from the given premises in accordance with the rules of syllogism;

3. The converse of the derived conclusions.