Knowledge Cancer

Side effects that occurred in the treatment of Head and Neck Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 26 Oct 2012 12:00:00 +0000

Surgery for head and neck cancer often changes the patient's ability to chew, swallow, or talk. Patients may look different after surgery, and facial and neck may be swollen. This swelling usually disappears within a few weeks. However, if the lymph nodes removed, the flow of lymph in areas where they have been removed may be slower and may collect in the lymph tissue, causing additional swelling; swelling can persist for a long time.

After laryngectomy (surgery to remove the larynx) or other operations in the neck, the neck and throat may feel numb because nerves have been cut. If the lymph nodes in the neck was removed, shoulders and neck can become weak and stiff.

Patients who received radiation to the head and neck may experience redness, irritation, and sores in the mouth, dry mouth or thickened saliva; difficulty in swallowing, change in appetite, or nausea. Another problem that may occur during treatment is the loss of taste, which can reduce appetite and affect nutrition, and earaches (caused by hardening of ear wax). Patients also may notice some swelling or drooping of the skin under the chin and changes in skin texture. The jaw may feel stiff, and the patient may not be able to open his mouth as wide as before treatment.
Patients should report side effects to the doctor or nurse, and discuss how to handle them.

Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer 2

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 26 Oct 2012 11:00:00 +0000

Operation

In most cases, the surgeon removes the tumor and some surrounding tissue. Removing nearby tissue can help prevent tumors from growing back. The surgeon may also remove some nearby lymph nodes.

Side effects of surgery depend mainly on the size and location of tumor, and type of operation. It takes time to heal after surgery. The time needed to recover is different for each type of operation. It is also different for each person. It is common to feel tired or weak for a while.
Most people are not comfortable for the first few days after surgery. However, medications can help control pain. Before surgery, you should discuss a plan for pain relief with your doctor or nurse. The doctor can adjust the plan if you need more pain relief.

Some people worry that having surgery (or biopsy) for the cancer will spread the disease. This is rare. The surgeon uses special methods and take many steps to prevent the spread of cancer cells. For example, if they have to lift a network of more than one area, they use different tools for each. This approach helps reduce the chance that cancer cells will spread to healthy tissue.
Similarly, some people worry that exposing cancer to air during surgery will cause disease to spread. This is not true. The air does not make cancer spread.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Doctors use several types of radiation therapy. Some people receive a combination of treatments:

• External radiation: the radiation comes from a large machine outside the body. Most people go to a hospital or clinic for treatment 5 days a week for several weeks.

• Internal radiation (implant radiation or brachytherapy) radiation comes from radioactive material placed in seeds, needles, or thin plastic tube that is inserted into or near the network. Patients usually stay in the hospital. Implants generally remain in place for several days.

• Systemic radiation: the radiation comes from a liquid or capsule containing radioactive material moves through the body. The patient swallows a capsule or liquid or receiving injections. This type of radiation therapy can be used to treat cancer or control pain from cancer that has spread to the bone. Only some types of cancer are currently treated in this way.

Side effects from radiation therapy depend mainly on the dose and type of radiation you receive and your body parts are treated. For example, radiation to your abdomen can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Your skin in the treated area may become red, dry, and soft. You also may lose hair in the treated area.

You may become very tired during radiation therapy, especially in the later weeks of treatment. Resting is important, but doctors usually advise patients to try to stay as active as they can.
Fortunately, most side effects disappear in time. In the meantime, there are ways to reduce discomfort. If you have very severe side effects, your doctor may suggest a break in your care.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is the use of drugs that kill cancer cells. Most patients receive chemotherapy by mouth or by vein. Either way, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can affect cancer cells throughout the body.
Chemotherapy is usually given in cycles. People receiving treatment for a day or more. Then they have a recovery period of several days or weeks before the next treatment session.

Most people have their treatment at the hospital outpatient, physician office, or at home. Some may need to stay in the hospital for chemotherapy.

Side effects depend mainly on the particular drug and dose. The drugs affect cancer cells and other cells that divide rapidly:

• Blood cells: When drugs damage blood cells are healthy, you are more likely to get infections, bruise or bleed easily, and feel very weak and tired.

• Cells in hair roots: Chemotherapy can cause hair loss. Hair will grow back, but maybe a little different in color and texture.

• Cells that line the digestive tract: Chemotherapy can cause poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, or mouth and lip sores.

Some medications can affect fertility. Women may not be able to become pregnant, and men may not be able to father a child.

Although side effects from chemotherapy can be sad, some of them are temporary. Doctors can usually treat or control them.

Hormone Therapy

Some cancers need hormones to grow. Hormone therapy keeps cancer cells from getting or using the hormones they need. This is a systemic therapy.

Hormone therapy uses drugs or surgery:

• Medication: Doctors give drugs that stop the production of certain hormones or preventing the hormone from working.

• Surgery: The surgeon removes organs (such as the ovaries or testicles) that make hormones.
Side effects of hormone therapy depends on the type of therapy. They include weight gain, hot flashes, nausea, and changes in fertility. In women, hormone therapy may make menstrual periods stop or become irregular and may cause vaginal dryness. In men, hormone therapy can cause impotence, loss of sexual desire, and breast growth or tenderness.

Biological Therapy

Biological therapy is another type of systemic therapy. It helps the immune system (body's natural defense system) against cancer. For example, certain patients with bladder cancer receive BCG solution after surgery. Doctors use a catheter to place the solution in the bladder. The solution contains live, weakened bacteria that stimulate the immune system to kill cancer cells. BCG can cause side effects. It can irritate the bladder. Some people may experience nausea, mild fever, or chills.

Most other types of biological therapy is given through a vein. Biological therapy travels through the bloodstream. Some people develop a rash where the therapy is injected. Some have flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, weakness, and nausea. Biological therapy can also cause more serious side effects, such as changes in blood pressure and breathing problems. Biological therapy is usually administered in a doctor's office, clinic, or hospital.

Transplantation of Stem your

Blood-forming stem cell transplantation allows patients to receive high-dose chemotherapy, radiation, or both. The high doses destroy the cancer cells as well as normal blood cells in bone marrow. After treatment, the patient receives healthy blood-forming stem cells through a flexible tube placed in large blood vessels. New blood cells develop from stem cells are transplanted. Stem cells can be taken from patients prior to treatment with high doses, or they may come from others. Patients stayed in hospital for this treatment.

Side effects of high dose therapy and stem cell transplantation include infection and bleeding. In addition, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can occur in people who received stem cells from a donor. In GVHD, stem cells attack the patient's tissues donated. Most often, GVHD affects the liver, skin, or gastrointestinal tract. GVHD can be severe or even fatal. This can happen at any time after the transplant, even years later. Medications can help prevent, treat, or control GVHD.

Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer 1

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 26 Oct 2012 01:00:00 +0000

Many people with cancer want to take an active part in making decisions about their medical care. It is natural to want to learn all you can about your disease and treatment options. However, shock and stress after the diagnosis can make it difficult to think of everything that you want to ask the doctor. Often helps to create a list of questions before an appointment.

To help remember what the doctor says, you may take notes or ask whether you can use a tape recorder. Some people also like having a family member or friend with them when they talk to the doctor - to take part in discussions, notes, or just to listen.

You do not need to ask all your questions at once. You will have another chance to ask your doctor or nurse to explain things that are not clear and to ask for more information.
Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, or you can ask for a referral. Specialists who treat cancer include surgeons, medical oncologists, hematologists, and radiation oncologists.

Get a Second Opinion

Before starting treatment, you may want a second opinion about diagnosis and treatment plan. Many insurance companies will cover a second opinion if your doctor requests it. It may take time and effort to gather medical records and arrange to see another doctor. Usually not a problem to take several weeks to get a second opinion. In most cases, delay in starting treatment will not make treatment less effective. But some people with cancer need treatment right away. To be sure, you should discuss this delay with your doctor.

Method of Treatment

Plan of treatment mainly depends on the type of cancer and stage of disease.
Doctors also consider the patient's age and general health. Often, the goal of treatment is to cure cancer. In other cases, the goal is to control the disease or to relieve symptoms for as long as possible. Treatment plan may change from time to time.

Most treatment plans include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. Some involve hormone therapy or biological therapy. In addition, a stem cell transplant may be used so that patients can receive very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Some cancers respond best to a single type of treatment. Other people may respond best to combination treatment.

Treatment can work in a specific area (local therapy) or the whole body (systemic therapy):

• Local treatment to remove or destroy cancer in one part of the body. Surgery to remove the tumor is local therapy. Radiation to shrink or destroy tumors also is usually local therapy.

• Systemic therapy sends drugs or substances through the bloodstream to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. Kill or slow the growth of cancer cells that may have spread beyond the original tumor. Chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and biological therapy are usually systemic therapy.

Your doctor can describe your treatment choices and the expected results. You and your doctor can work together to decide the best treatment plan for you.

Because cancer treatments often damage healthy cells and tissues, side effects are common. Side effects depend mainly on the type and extent of treatment. Side effects may not be the same for everyone, and they can change from one treatment session to the next.

Before treatment starts, the health care team will explain possible side effects and suggest ways to help you manage them. This team may include nurses, a dietitian, physical therapist, and others. NCI provides booklets about cancer treatment and cope with side effects. These include Radiation Therapy and You, Chemotherapy and You, Biological Therapy, and Eating Tips. At each stage of cancer, supportive care is available to alleviate the side effects of therapy, to control pain and other symptoms, and ease emotional and practical issues.

Pregnant and Having Children After Undergoing Treatment of Cervical Cancer?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 25 Oct 2012 13:00:00 +0000

Cervical cancer and its treatment can affect your desire to have children, but some kind of treatment can make you stay fertile.

Treatment of cervical cancer can impact on fertility, it is sometimes very difficult to imagine. But keep thinking that infertility happens after cervical cancer can actually be circumvented because there are several steps you can do to protect and make your stay will be able to have children.

Keeping First Steps Fertility

The most effective thing you can do to keep so you can get pregnant is to do a pap smear regularly every year so that the presence of cervical cancer can be detected early.

How is Cervical Cancer Treatment Impact of Fertility?

Chemotherapy and radiation therapy used in treatment of cervical cancer can impact on fertility. At a more advanced stage when treatment should be done with surgery (hysterectomy) then you can not have children. And if the ovaries are also removed through surgery then you will no longer produce eggs. On the type of surgery or LEEP cone biopsy may result in damage to the cervix so as to affect fertility. This condition makes the sperm and egg cells is difficult to see that the process of fertilization does not occur.

Cervical cancer treatment with radiation therapy will result in your ovaries will be exposed by the beam of radiation that can damage the egg so that it can cause premature menopause. In addition, treatment with radiation will increase the risk of miscarriage and premature birth due to scar formation and reduced blood flow to the uterus.

Because chemotherapy also kills healthy cells, it is likely chemotherapy will damage the egg cells are stored in the ovaries so that there is a risk of miscarriage and premature menopause.
Another issue is that if too many cervical glands (required for the movement of sperm into the uterus) is removed, it can result in sperm becomes dry and become unable to fertilize an egg. But if only a few glands are removed it will be very good in keeping it fertile.
Some Options What You Can Do If You Want Have Children
If you are undergoing treatment for cervical cancer, you should discuss with your doctor that you have the desire to have children. The following are some important things associated with cervical cancer and preserving fertility:

• Do it early. If you are undergoing treatment of cervical pre-cancer, discuss with your doctor about treatment options. Will very likely you can still get pregnant and have children if treatment option only affects a small portion of the cervix. And this can be achieved only with early detection.

• trachelectomy. In some cases of advanced cervical cancer, doctors can perform trachelectomy procedure is then sew up the cervix of the uterus along the bottom. Trachelectomy still will make the uterus intact so that you may still have children.

• Storing ovaries. Your doctor may be able to leave one ovary or both during a hysterectomy, so it can keep the egg cell and reduce symptoms of menopause. You can also take one egg to be fertilized by sperm and then "borrowed womb" another woman to raise embryo.

• Consider Your Options. Some chemotherapy regimens may cause problems with fertility and of course depending on the type of drug, dosage and combination of them, so discuss your doctor about treatment options that you will live.

Development of Cervical Cancer Treatment

Fertility in women undergoing cervical cancer treatment to the attention of serious scholars and researchers thus developed the type and method of treatment that can protect the female reproductive organs. One method that has been successful is to do a transplant ovaries during radiation therapy, the goal is to protect the ovaries from damage caused by radiation. Some other experts to do with the other approaches by providing a "shield" in the ovaries during radiation therapy, and store eggs before treatment.

What Should You Do?

Under these conditions, the treatment of cancer and wants to have children sometimes become emotional conflicts that happen to us. But we also must be able to think that there is another option if you want to have a child, adopted child is one of the choices. Although children are not of our blood, its presence in the midst of the family will give a different atmosphere.
Another thing that is more important to prevent cervical cancer and the possibility of not having children is to do pap smears regularly.

Does Treatment of Cervical Cancer Will Affect Sexual Life?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 25 Oct 2012 12:00:00 +0000

You may think that your sexual desire will be affected after treatment of cervical cancer. This assumption might be true but actually decrease sexual desire is only a temporary decline, so do not need to worry.

The cause of decreased sexual desire is due to psychological effects experienced by women from cervical cancer is going through. Because cervical cancer treatment focused on the female sex organ areas most women tend to think that this will also affect their sexual desire. This is an increasingly makes women experience psychological disorders so that sexual desire changes that occur. With some of the ways and methods in fact this problem can be overcome.

Relationship of Cervical Cancer Treatment and Sexual Desire

Several treatment options for cervical cancer are surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy can affect your sexual desire and ability.

• Operation. Treatment with this method will remove cancerous cells or tissues that are nearby. In previous articles have discussed there are various kinds of surgery on cervical cancer, among others, throw some cervical cancers contained on or lifting the entire cervix and uterus, which will cause the menstrual cycle will be stopped. In some women, the condition does not menstruate longer regarded as a "loss" which is very large so it will have an impact on an intimate relationship with a partner.

In some circumstances, the ovaries will be removed during hysterectomy. When this happens, it just means that women will experience menopause with symptoms that appear as hot, dry vagina and sweat more at night. These symptoms will make your sexual activity becomes uncomfortable.

• Radiation Therapy. Treatment of cervical cancer also uses radiation to destroy cancer cells. During radiation therapy, you may experience extreme fatigue so that you will lose sexual desire. You may experience vaginal dryness, itching and a burning feeling, this was due to radiation therapy directed at the pelvic area. Post-radiation therapy, women are encouraged to not have sexual intercourse during the next few weeks until treatment is completed. In the end, radiation therapy will cause scar tissue to the vagina, and this condition will cause pain and pain during sexual intercourse. This situation is not the end of your sex life because of this problem can be treated, talk to your doctor to get an explanation how to solve this problem.

• Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is the treatment of cervical cancer that aims to destroy cancer cells. Side effects will be experienced depending on the type and amount of medication given. Most chemotherapy drugs will give side effects such as fatigue, so you will lose sexual desire. In addition, chemotherapy also causes hormone changes in women that can cause early menopause. Another side effect is the occurrence of baldness, hair loss in some couples will have an impact on the decrease in sexual desire.

Troubleshooting Tips Sex Life After Treatment of Cervical Cancer

If you think about whether your cervical cancer treatment have an impact on sexual life, here are some tips you can consider:

• Be open to your partner. Through communication with your partner about treatment you are feeling, both emotionally and physically, you will be able to communicate more freely and openly. Thus there is no additional burden of what you are experiencing.

• Seek help if you need it. If your sex life diminished after treatment of cervical cancer, discuss with your medical team. They will definitely provide solutions to problems you face.

• The thing to remember is that the decrease in your sexual desire is only temporary. Effects such as fatigue and others will disappear by itself after you finish treatment. You will feel fit again after all the treatment and thus passed your sex life will be restored.
Your sex life does not mean stop treatment just because you live but you just put it off for a while.

How much time the Pap Smear for Detecting Cervical Cancer?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 25 Oct 2012 01:30:00 +0000

How many times did she have to do a pap smear is not the same for all women. Although there are women who routinely perform a pap smear once a year, there are also women who just do pap smear every 3 years. How many women do pap smear depends on various factors, such as age, health condition and results of previous Pap smear.

When Should You Perform a Pap Smear?

Some cancer organizations recommend women to do the pap smear first time after sexually active. Of course, for women who are not yet sexually active or not married, is not advisable to do a pap smear. The next Pap smear should be performed every two years, but the other opinion recommend that women perform a pap smear every year until age 30.

If you have more than 31 years old and you've never done a pap smear, it's never too late to start. Do pap smears regularly will help reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer.
Although doctors recommend do a pap smear every year or every two years. Women who previously found on a pap smear results are abnormal, infected with HPV or cervical cancer at high risk, you should perform more routine pap smears.

At the age of 30 years, for women who have done a pap smear several times in previous years, will get an idea about their cervical health conditions. HPV testing to be done to identify whether we are at risk of infection with HPV types that can cause cervical cancer or not.

In women who have been aged 65 to 70 years and no signs of abnormalities on Pap smear testing each time for 10 years, then it can stop the pap smear. As for women who have a history of abnormalities on Pap smears and cervical cancer are at high risk, then you should continue regular Pap smears.

Treatment Options On Cervical Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 25 Oct 2012 01:00:00 +0000

There are three common types of treatment for cervical cancer are: surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These medications may be used singly (only surgery alone, chemotherapy alone or radiation alone) or a combination of two or more types of treatment.
Selection of cervical cancer treatment is based on several factors such as stage of cancer, the patient's health condition in general and also consider other treatment used.

Cervical Cancer Surgery

Surgery is a common type of treatment and is often used in cervical cancer. In many cases, surgery combined with other methods such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. This type of surgery chosen for treatment for cervical cancer depends on stage and a few other factors.
Surgery for cervical cancer include:
• Lymphadenectomy, ie throw cervical lymph nodes in the region. Type of surgery is generally performed on cervical cancer.
• Radical trachelectomy, cervical and discard the tissue around it. The combination of radical trachelectomy and lymphadenectomy is the surgical options for young women who develop early-stage cervical cancer for those who want to preserve fertility.
• Radical hysterectomy, the surgery remove the uterus, cervix and vagina in part. In some cases, the ovaries, fallopian tubes and lymph nodes also removed. This type of surgery combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
• Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, the operation raised both ovaries and fallopian tubes. This type of surgery in some cases combined with a hysterectomy.

Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer

Chemotherapy given to treat cervical cancer and also help make radiation therapy more effective. Chemotherapy drug works by killing cancer cells or prevent cleavage. There are several chemotherapy drugs used for treatment for cervical cancer and awarded based on the stage and type of cervical cancer and also patients' health factor.
Radiation Therapy of Cervical Cancer
Radiation therapy uses high energy x-rays as to reduce the size of the tumor or kill cancer cells. This type of treatment can be used internally with radioactive materials are planted in the form of implants and inserted in the uterus or externally by using a radiation therapy machine.

General Information About Cancer oropharyngeal (Types of Head and Neck Cancer 8)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 24 Oct 2012 11:30:00 +0000

Oropharyngeal cancer is a malignant disease (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the oropharynx.

The oropharynx is the middle of the pharynx (throat) behind the mouth, and includes the back third of the tongue, soft palate, the side walls and back of the throat, and tonsils. Pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that runs from the throat to the stomach). Water and food through the pharynx on the way to the trachea or esophagus.

Most oropharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Squamous cells are thin, flat cells that line the inside of the oropharynx.

Oropharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer

Use of tobacco products and drinking too much alcohol can increase the risk of oropharyngeal cancer.

Anything that increases the risk of a disease called risk factors. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors does not mean that you will not get cancer. People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. Risk factors include:

• Smoking and chewing tobacco.
• Heavy alcohol use.
• A diet low in fruits and vegetables.
• Drinking maté, a stimulant drink common in South America.
• Chewing betel quid, a stimulant commonly used in most of Asia.
• Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).

Possible signs of oropharyngeal cancer include a sore throat and a lump in the neck.
These and other symptoms may be caused by oropharyngeal cancer. Other conditions can cause similar symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:
• Sore throat is not lost.
• A dull pain behind the breastbone.
• Cough.
• Trouble swallowing.
• Weight loss with no known reason.
• Ear pain.
• A lump in the back of the mouth, throat, or neck.
• Changes in voice.

Tests that examine the mouth and throat are used to help detect (find), diagnose, and stage oropharyngeal cancer.

The following tests and procedures may be used:

• Physical examination and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as swollen lymph nodes in the neck or anything else that seems unusual. Doctors perform a complete examination of the mouth and neck and look down the throat with a small long-handled mirror to check for abnormal areas. History of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.

• CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The images created by computers connected to the x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves and computers to create a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).

• X-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones. X-ray is a type of energy beam that can pass through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the body.

• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): A procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body. A small amount of radionuclide glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein. PET scanner rotates around the body and create a picture of where glucose is used in the body. Malignant tumor cells appear brighter in the picture because they are more active and take more glucose than normal cells.

• Endoscopy: A procedure to look at organs and tissues in the body to check for abnormal areas. An endoscope is inserted through the nose or the mouth of the patient to see the area in the throat that can not be seen during a physical examination of the throat. Endoscopy is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples, were examined under a microscope for signs of disease.

• Biopsy: removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs cancer.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options

The prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:

• The stage and grade of cancer.
• The location of the tumor.
• Does the tumor associated with HPV infection.
Treatment options depend on the following:
• Stage and grade of cancer.
• The location of the tumor.
• Patients general health.

General Information About Paranasal Sinus and nasal cavity cancer (Types of Head and Neck Cancer 7)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 24 Oct 2012 10:30:00 +0000

Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a malignant disease (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Paranasal sinuses

"Paranasal" means near the nose. The paranasal sinuses are hollow, air-filled spaces in the bones around the nose. Sinus lined with cells that make mucus, which keeps the inside of the nose becomes dry during breathing.

There are several paranasal sinuses named after the bone that surrounds them:

• The frontal sinus in the lower forehead above the nose.
• The maxillary sinus in the cheek bones on both sides of the nose.
• The ethmoid sinuses are beside the upper nose, between the eyes.
• The sphenoid sinuses are behind the nose, in the middle of the skull.

Nasal cavity

The nose opens into the nasal cavity, which is divided into two parts of nose. Air moving through this section during breathing. Nasal cavity lies above the bone that forms the roof of the mouth and curves down at the back to join the throat. Area just inside the nostrils, called nasal vestibule. A small area of specialized cells on the roof of each nasal passage sends signals to the brain to give the sense of smell.

Together the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity filter and warm the air, and make it moist before it goes into the lungs. The movement of air through the sinuses and other parts of the respiratory system help make sounds for talking.

Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a type of head and neck cancer

Various types of cells in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity may become malignant.
The most common type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer are squamous cell carcinomas. Types of cancers form in squamous cells (thin, flat cells) lining the inside of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.

Other types of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include:

• Melanoma: Cancer that begins in cells called melanocytes, the cells that deliver natural skin tones.

• Sarcoma: Cancer that begins in muscle or connective tissue.

• Inverting papilloma: Benign tumors that form inside the nose. A small number of these changes become cancerous.

• midline granuloma: Cancer tissue in the center of the face.

Exposed to certain chemicals or dust in the workplace may increase the risk of developing cancer of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.

Anything that increases your chance of getting the disease are called risk factors. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors does not mean that you will not get cancer. People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. Risk factors for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include:

• Exposure to chemicals in a particular workplace or dust, such as those found in the following work:
o Furniture making.
o Sawmill work.
o Wood Craft (carpentry).
o Shoes.
o Metal-plating.
o Flour mill or bakery work.

• Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).

• Being male and older than 40 years.

• Smoking.

Possible signs of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include sinus problems and nosebleeds.

These and other symptoms may be caused by paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. Other conditions can cause similar symptoms. There may be no symptoms in early stages. Symptoms can appear as the tumor grows. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:
• Blocked sinuses that are not clear, or sinus pressure.
• Headache or pain in the sinus area.
• A runny nose.
• nosebleed.
• A lump or sore in the nose that does not heal.
• A lump on the face or palate.
• Numbness or tingling in the face.
• Swelling or other trouble with the eye, such as double vision or eyes pointing in different directions.
• Pain in upper teeth, loose teeth, or dentures that no longer fit.
• Pain or pressure in the ear.

Tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity is used to detect (find) and diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.

The following tests and procedures may be used:

• Physical examination and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. History of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.

• Physical exams, face neck nose, and: A test in which doctors look to the nose with a small long-handled mirror to check for abnormal areas and examine the face and neck for lumps or swollen lymph nodes.

• X-rays of the head, neck, and chest: An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can pass through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the body.

• Nasoscopy: A procedure to look inside the nose for abnormal areas. A nasoscope inserted into the nose. Nasoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, were examined under a microscope for signs cancer.

• Biopsy: removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs cancer.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options

The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:

• Where the tumor is located in the paranasal sinuses or nasal cavity and whether it has spread.
• The size of the tumor.
• The type of cancer.
• The patient's age and general health.
• Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).

Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer often have spread by the time they are diagnosed and difficult to heal. After treatment, a lifetime of frequent and careful follow-up is important because there is an increased risk of developing a second type of cancer in the head or neck.

General Information About Salivary Gland Cancer (Types of Head and Neck Cancer 6)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 24 Oct 2012 01:00:00 +0000

Salivary gland cancer is a rare disease which malignant (cancer) cells form in the salivary gland tissue.

The salivary glands make saliva and release it into the mouth. Saliva has enzymes that help digest food and antibodies that help protect against mouth and throat infections. There are three pairs of major salivary glands:

• Parotid glands: These are the largest salivary glands and found in front of and just below each ear. The majority of salivary gland tumors begin in the gland.

• Sublingual glands: These glands are found below the base of the tongue in the mouth.

• submandibular glands: These glands are found below the jawbone.

There are also hundreds of small (minor) layer of the gland, nose, mouth, larynx and saliva that can be viewed only with a microscope. Small portion of the salivary gland tumors begin in the ceiling (roof of mouth).

More than half of all salivary gland tumors are benign (not cancerous) and do not spread to tissues.

Salivary gland cancer is a type of head and neck cancer

Exposed to several types of radiation may increase the risk of throat cancer.
Anything that increases the chances of developing this disease are called risk factors. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors does not mean that you will not get cancer. People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. Although the cause of the salivary gland cancer is unknown, risk factors include:
• Older age.
• Treatment with radiation therapy in head and neck.
• Exposure to certain substances in the workplace.

Possible signs of salivary gland cancer include a lump or trouble swallowing

Salivary gland cancer may not cause symptoms. Are sometimes found during a regular dental check up or physical examination. Symptoms caused by salivary gland cancer can also be caused by other conditions. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:
• A lump (usually painless) in the ear, cheek, jaw, lips, or inside the mouth.
• Fluid flows from the ear.
• Difficulty swallowing or opening the mouth widely.
• Numbness or weakness of the face.
• Pain in the face that is not lost.

Tests that examine the head, neck, and the inside of the mouth is used to detect (find) and diagnose salivary gland cancer.

The following procedure may be used:

• Physical examination and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health. Head, neck, mouth and throat will be checked for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. History of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.

• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): A procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body. A small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein. PET scanner rotates around the body and create a picture of where glucose is used in the body. Malignant tumor cells appear brighter in the picture because they are more active and take more glucose than normal cells.

• Ultrasound exam: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. Echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. Images can be printed for viewing later.

• Endoscopy: A procedure to look at organs and tissues in the body to check for abnormal areas. For salivary gland cancer, an endoscope is inserted into the mouth to see the mouth, throat, and larynx. Endoscopy is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing.

• Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy: Removal tissue or fluid using a thin needle. A pathologist looking at tissue or fluid under a microscope to look for cancer cells.

Because salivary gland cancer can be difficult to diagnose, patients should ask to have biopsy samples checked by a pathologist who has experience in diagnosing salivary gland cancer.
Certain factors affect treatment options and prognosis (chance of recovery).

Treatment options and prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:

• The stage of cancer (particularly the size of the tumor).
• The type of salivary gland cancer that goes
• Type of cancer cells (how they look under a microscope).
• The patient's age and general health.

General Information About Nasopharyngeal Cancer (Types of Head and Neck Cancer 5)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 24 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000

Nasopharyngeal cancer is a malignant disease (cancer) cells form in the nasopharyngeal tissues.

The nasopharynx is the upper part of the pharynx (throat) behind the nose. Pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that runs from the throat to the stomach). Water and food through the pharynx on the way to the trachea or esophagus. The nostrils lead into the nasopharynx. An opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads into the ear. Nasopharyngeal cancer most commonly begins in the squamous cells that line the nasopharynx.

Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer

Ethnic background and exposure to Epstein-Barr virus can affect the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer.

Anything that increases the risk of a disease called risk factors. Risk factors may include the following:

• Chinese or Asian ancestry.
• Exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus: Epstein-Barr virus has been linked to several cancers, including nasopharyngeal cancer and some lymphomas.
• Drinking large amounts of alcohol.

Possible signs of nasopharyngeal cancer include trouble breathing, speaking, or hearing.
These and other symptoms may be caused by nasopharyngeal cancer. Other conditions can cause similar symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:

• A lump in the nose or throat.
• Sore throat.
• Difficulty breathing or speaking.
• nosebleed.
• Trouble hearing.
• Pain or ringing in the ears.
• Headache.

Tests that examine the nose and throat are used to detect (find) and diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer.

The following tests and procedures may be used:

• Physical exams throat: An exam in which the doctor feels for swollen lymph nodes in the neck and check for anything else that seems unusual.

• Nasoscopy: A procedure to look inside the nose for abnormal areas. A nasoscope inserted through the nose. Nasoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples are examined under a microscope for signs cancer.

• Examination of nerves: A series of questions and tests to check brain, spinal cord, and nerve function. Exam checks a person's mental status, coordination, and ability to walk normally, and how well the muscles, senses, and reflexes work. It can also be called a neuro exam or a neurologic exam.

• Laboratory tests: Medical procedures that test samples of tissue, blood, urine, or other substances in the body. These tests help to diagnose disease, plan and check treatment, or monitor the disease over time.

• Biopsy: removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs cancer.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
• The stage of the cancer (whether it affects part of the nasopharynx, involves the whole nasopharynx, or has spread to other places in the body).
• The type of nasopharyngeal cancer.
• The size of the tumor.
• The patient's age and general health.

Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 23 Oct 2012 13:00:00 +0000

Treatment of cervical cancer can be done with chemo and of course the selection of this therapy based on cancer stage. Generally, chemotherapy is not used as monotherapy and combined with other types of therapies such as surgery and radiation therapy.

What is Chemotherapy?

Chemotherapy is a treatment method that aims to kill cancer cells. These drugs target cancer cells by damaging and inhibit cell growth factors. In some types of chemotherapy drugs that conventional chemo drug effects not only resulted in only cancer cells but also on healthy cells. So that the side effects often occur after administration of chemotherapy, for example, is baldness, nausea and vomiting.

Chemotherapy drugs are usually given through an intravenous (IV) or orally. Actually there is another route that can be used but for the gift of cervical cancer is more common with intravenous or oral.

Some types of chemotherapy that is usually used in the treatment of cervical cancer are:

• Carboplatin
• Cisplatin
• Paclitaxel
• Fluorouracil (5FU)
• Cyclophosphamide
• Docetaxel
• Ifosfamide
• Gemcitabine

Side effects that often occur in chemotherapy

Side effects of chemotherapy can vary, depending on the type of drug administered. There are drugs that specifically cause nausea, vomiting, there is a cause baldness, there is cause a decrease in white blood cells. But in general chemotherapy drugs will cause nausea, hair loss and fatigue. Currently developing drugs that function to overcome the side effects that emerge after chemotherapy so patients will feel more comfortable post-chemotherapy.

How many times do chemotherapy?
The frequency of chemotherapy depend on various factors. The doctor will make the appropriate treatment plan based on cancer type, stage, health factors, type of chemotherapy drugs are given and other treatment methods are used.

In cervical cancer, chemotherapy drug is generally administered every week or every three weeks. If the delivery method every 3 weeks it will be given as much as 6 cycles. In some cases, chemotherapy can not be done fully as much as 6 cycles, so doctors sometimes have to choose another treatment alternative.

The things you should know before undergoing chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is an intensive treatment that patients should know a few things before undergoing chemotherapy:

• What chemotherapy drugs will be given
• Why is this drug was chosen
• How long will last and how many chemotherapy cycles
• What side effects will appear
• What side effects that require medical attention
• What is the success rate of treatment with this chemotherapy with another woman in the same case
• Does this chemotherapy will have an impact on daily activities
• Are there drugs to be administered to overcome the side effects of chemotherapy

Cervical Cancer Diagnosis

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 23 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000

Slightly different from other types of cancer, cervical cancer symptoms are generally not seen until the cancer toward a more advanced stage. Since most women do not experience any symptoms so they are reluctant to see a doctor. One good way to detect cervical cancer early is by doing a pap smear regularly.

Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer by Pap Smear

Pap smears have a very important role in diagnosing cervical cancer. By doing pap smears regularly then many women will be protected from cervical cancer. A Pap smear is a simple test that can find cervical abnormalities before they become cancerous.

All women should perform pap smears on a regular basis, but certainly not recommended in women who have married, as well as in postmenopausal women and those who have had hysterectomy.

Colposcopy test to Support Better Diagnosis

If at the time of Pap smear abnormalities found in the cervix, then the next step is a colposcopy performed. Colposcopy is a test that allows doctors to see the cervix (cervical) more closely by using an instrument called a colposcope. Colposcope will be inserted into the vagina and then the image is captured by the tool is displayed on a computer screen or television. In this way, conditions that occur in the cervix will be very clearly seen.

Cervical biopsies and curettage

During a colposcopy, the doctor may perform a biopsy and biopsy of course this is done based on what he found during the examination. Cervical biopsy is done by taking a sample of cervical tissue for later examination under a microscope. It takes only a few seconds to do the biopsy tissue samples and only cause discomfort in the not too distant. If necessary it will be done biospi around the cervical area, depending on the findings during a colposcopy.

Along with cervical biopsy, endocervical curettage can also be done. During curettage, the doctor will use a small brush to remove tissue in the endocervical channel, the area between the uterus and cervix. Curettage will cause little pain, but pain will disappear after curettage performed. The results of the biopsy and curettage usually only be seen at least 2 weeks.

Cone biopsy and LEEP

Occasionally a larger biopsy is needed to diagnose cervical cancer. In this case, the cone biopsy can be selected. During the cone biopsy, a sharp cone will be used to take tissue and in this procedure required general anesthesia. Cone biopsy is also used to remove pre-cancerous tissue from the cervix. Loop Electro Surgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) or procedure with Loop Electro Surgical excision is the procedure performed with local anesthesia to remove tissue from the cervix. LEEP uses electricity to remove tissue samples. This method is commonly used to treat high-stage cancer than just to diagnose cervical cancer.

With all the methods and procedures used in the above, then cervical cancer can be diagnosed. If indeed diagnose cervical cancer tested positive for the next action is to determine the stage of cancer. There are five stages and each stage of cervical cancer indicates how far the cancer has progressed. After staging the next step is to plan the best treatment.

HPV Virus Causes Cervical Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 22 Oct 2012 23:00:00 +0000

HPV or Human Pappiloma Virus is the virus that causes cervical cancer is transmitted through sexual contact. Currently there are hundreds of known types of HPV, approximately 30 types of genital HPV affects both women and men and led to a state such as genital warts and even something more serious like cancer.

Although HPV is responsible both genital warts and cervical cancer in women

, they are caused by different types of viruses. So, if you suffer from genital warts, you may not be at risk for cervical cancer. If you are exposed to HPV types that make you are at risk of cervical cancer, genital warts then it will not appear so.

How You Can Hit by HPV?

HPV spread through genital skin contact during sexual intercourse. This means do not have to happen for the penetration of this virus. Penetration of the vagina and anus is also a method of transmission of HPV. You can get HPV through oral sex, despite the odds.

What are HPV Symptoms Affected?
There are several symptoms that occur when infected with HPV. Genital warts are a symptom caused by HPV types that cause genital warts, but a person can be infected for several years before appearing genital warts. There are also people who are infected with HPV but no visible genital warts.

Women who are infected with HPV types that causes cervical cancer usually do not experience certain symptoms. Because there are no symptoms, perform pap smears on a regular basis is a very helpful factor in detecting abnormalities in the cervix caused by HPV.

How to Prevent HPV?
HPV is a very common virus. It is estimated that more than twenty million Americans are infected with this virus, it makes the virus and HPV is a common disease transmitted through sexual contact. This is to ensure that HPV is not protected from sexual contact for non-partner.

Prevention of HPV is relatively difficult because it is not required to perform sexual penetration to transmit this virus. Some research shows that condoms can protect against HPV infection, but because most of the genitals remain exposed during use condoms, still, still there is a risk of transmission.

HPV vaccine is one of the methods for the prevention of HPV. The FDA approved the HPV vaccine Gardasil which has proven effective against four strains of HPV known to causes cervical cancer and genital warts in women. Researchers continue to test the effectiveness of the vaccine in men.

Getting the HPV vaccination, not to have sex freely and use condoms every time I have sex are some steps to reduce the risk of contracting HPV.

Types of Head and Neck Cancer (4) General Information About Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 22 Oct 2012 13:00:00 +0000

Metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary is a disease in which squamous cell cancer spreads to lymph nodes in the neck and not known where the cancer first formed in the body.

Squamous cells are thin, flat cells found in tissues that form the surface layer of the skin and body cavities like the mouth, hollow organs like the uterus and blood vessels, and lining the respiratory (breathing) and digestive tract. Some organs with squamous cells are the esophagus, lung, kidney, and uterus. Cancer can begin in the squamous cells anywhere in the body and metastasize (spread) through the blood or lymph system to other parts of the body.

When squamous cells cancer spreads to lymph nodes in the neck or around the collarbone, it is called metastatic squamous neck cancer. The doctor will try to find the primary tumor (cancer that first formed in the body), as treatment for metastatic cancer is the same as treatment for primary tumors. For example, when lung cancer spreads to the neck, the cancer cells in the neck are lung cancer cells and those treated with lung cancer. Sometimes doctors can not find where in the body the cancer first starts to grow. When the test can not find the primary tumor, it is called the tumor (hidden) occult primary. In many cases, the primary tumor was never found.
Possible signs of metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary include a lump or pain in the neck or throat.

A doctor should be seen whether there is a lump or pain in the neck or throat that does not go away. These and other symptoms may be caused by cancer metastatic squamous neck with occult primary. Other conditions can cause similar symptoms.

Tests that examine the tissues of the neck, respiratory tract, and upper part of the digestive tract that is used to detect (find) and diagnose metastatic squamous neck cancer and primary tumor.
The test will include an examination for the primary tumor in the organs and tissues of the respiratory tract, upper digestive tract (including the lips, mouth, tongue, nose, throat, vocal cords, and part of the esophagus and trachea), and genitourinary systems. The following procedure may be used:

• Physical examination and history: An exam of the body, especially the head and neck, to check general signs of health. These include checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. History of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.

• Endoscopy: A procedure to look at organs and tissues in the body to check for abnormal areas. An endoscope is inserted through an incision (cut) in the skin or opening in the body, such as the mouth or nose. Endoscopy is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples, were examined under a microscope for signs of disease. The larynx, pharynx, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi will be checked.

• Biopsy: removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist or tested in the laboratory to check for signs cancer. Two types of biopsies may be performed:
o Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy: Removal tissue or fluid using a thin needle.
o Biopsy excision: Removal of a lump the entire network.

• Sinus x-ray: An x-ray of the sinuses (head space). X-ray is a type of energy beam that can pass through the body onto film, making pictures of areas inside the body. Biopsies can be taken.

• Chest X-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. X-ray is a type of energy beam that can pass through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the body.

• Bronchoscopy: A procedure to look inside the trachea and large airways in the lungs for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope is inserted through the nose or mouth into the trachea and lungs. Bronchoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, were examined under a microscope for signs cancer.

• Tumor marker serum test: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amount of certain substances released into the blood by organs, tissues, or tumor cells in the body. Specific substances associated with certain types of cancer when found in increased levels in the blood. These are called tumor markers. The test will be performed to detect the following tumor markers:
o Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).
o Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG).

A diagnosis of occult primary tumor is made if the primary tumor was not found during testing or treatment.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:

• The number and size of lymph nodes that have cancer in them.
• Whether the cancer has responded to treatment or has recurred (come back).
• How different from normal the cancer cells look under a microscope.
• The patient's age and general health.
Treatment options also depend on the following:
• What part of the incoming neck cancer
• Whether certain tumor markers are found.

Types of Neck and head Cancer (3) General Information About Lip and oral cavity cancer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 22 Oct 2012 12:00:00 +0000

Lip and oral cavity cancer is a malignant disease (cancer) cells form in the lip or mouth.
The oral cavity includes:

• Two-thirds of the tongue forward.
• The gingiva (gums).
• The buccal mucosa (inner layer of the cheek).
• The floor (bottom) of the mouth under the tongue.
• The hard palate (roof of mouth).
• The retromolar trigone (the small area behind the wisdom teeth).

Most of the lip and oral cavity cancer start in squamous cells, the thin, flat cells that line the lips and oral cavity. These are called squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer cells may spread into deeper tissue as the cancer grows. Squamous cell carcinoma usually develops in areas of leukoplakia (white patches of cells that are not infectious).

Lip and oral cavity cancer is a type of head and neck cancer

Tobacco and alcohol can affect the risk of developing lip and oral cavity cancer.
Anything that increases the risk of a disease called risk factors. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors does not mean that you will not get cancer. People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. Risk factors for lip and oral cavity cancer include:

• Use of tobacco products.
• Heavy alcohol use.
• Exposure to natural sunlight or artificial sunlight (such as from tanning beds) over long periods of time.
• Being male.
• Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).

Possible signs of lip and oral cavity cancer include sores or lumps in the lips or inside the mouth.

These and other symptoms may be caused by lip and oral cavity cancer. Other conditions can cause similar symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:
• A sore on the lips or in the mouth that does not heal.
• A lump or thickening on the lips or gums or in the mouth.
• A white or red patch on the gums, tongue, tonsil, or lining of the mouth.
• Bleeding, pain, or numbness in the lips or mouth.
• Changes in voice.
• Loose teeth or dentures that no longer fit.
• Trouble chewing or swallowing or moving the tongue or jaw.
• Swelling of the jaw.
• Sore throat or feeling that something is caught in the throat.

Lip and oral cavity cancer may have no symptoms and are sometimes found during a regular dental exam.
Tests that examine the mouth and throat are used to detect (find), diagnose, and stage lip and oral cavity cancer.

The following tests and procedures may be used:

• Physical exam of the lips and oral cavity: An exam to check the lips and oral cavity for abnormal areas. Doctor or dentist will feel the entire inside of the mouth with a gloved finger and examine the oral cavity with a small long-handled mirror and lights. This includes checking the inside of the cheeks and lips, gums, roof and floor of the mouth, and the bottom, top, and sides of the tongue. Will feel swollen neck lymph nodes. History of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and medical and dental care will also be taken.

• Endoscopy: A procedure to look at organs and tissues in the body to check for abnormal areas. An endoscope is inserted through an incision (cut) in the skin or opening in the body, such as the mouth. Endoscopy is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples, were examined under a microscope for signs of disease.

• X-rays of the head, neck, and chest: An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can pass through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the body.

• Biopsy: removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist. If leukoplakia is found, cells taken from the patch were also examined under a microscope for signs cancer.

• exfoliative cytology: A procedure to collect cells from the lip or oral cavity. A piece of cotton, a brush, or small wooden stick is used to gently scrape cells from the lips, tongue, mouth, or throat. The cells are viewed under a microscope to see if they are not normal.

• Barium swallow: A series of x-ray of the esophagus and stomach. The patient drinks a liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound). The liquid coats the esophagus and x-rays taken. This procedure is also referred to as upper GI series.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

The prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:

• The stage of cancer.
• Where the tumor is in the lips or oral cavity.
• Whether the cancer has spread to the blood vessels.
For patients who smoke, the chances of recovery are better if they stop smoking before beginning radiation therapy.

Treatment options depend on the following:

• Stage of cancer.
• The size of tumor and where it is in the lips or oral cavity.
• Is the patient's appearance and ability to talk and eat can stay the same.
• The patient's age and general health.

Patients who had lip and oral cavity cancer have an increased risk of developing a second cancer in the head or neck. Frequent and careful follow-up is important. Clinical trials are studying the use of retinoid drugs to reduce the risk of second head and neck cancer. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

Types of Neck and head Cancer (2) General Information About Cancer of the larynx

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 22 Oct 2012 01:00:00 +0000

Laryngeal cancer is a malignant disease (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the larynx.
The larynx (voice box) located just below the pharynx (throat) in the neck. The larynx contains the vocal cords, which vibrate and make sound when air is directed against them. Sound echoes through the pharynx, mouth and nose to make one's voice.

Most laryngeal cancer form in squamous cells, the thin, flat cells that line the inside of the larynx.

There are three main parts of the larynx:

• Supraglottis: The top of the larynx above the vocal cords, including the epiglottis.
• glottis: The middle of the larynx where the vocal cords are located.
• Subglottis: The bottom of the larynx between the vocal cords and trachea (windpipe).

Laryngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer

Use of tobacco products and drinking too much alcohol can affect the risk of laryngeal cancer
Possible signs of laryngeal cancer include a sore throat and ear pain.

These and other symptoms may be caused by laryngeal cancer or by other conditions. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:

• Sore throat or cough that does not go away.
• Difficulty or pain while swallowing.
• Ear pain.
• A lump in the neck or throat.
• A change or hoarseness in the voice.

Tests that examine the throat and neck are used to help detect (find), diagnose, and stage laryngeal cancer

The following tests and procedures may be used:

• Physical exam of the throat and neck: Examination in which the doctor feels for swollen lymph nodes in the neck and looking down the throat with a small long-handled mirror to check for abnormal areas.

• Laryngoscopy: A procedure in which the doctor examines the larynx (voice box) with a mirror or with a laryngoscope (a thin, lighted tube).

• Endoscopy: A procedure to look at organs and tissues in the body to check for abnormal areas. An endoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through an incision (cut) in the skin or opening in the body, such as the mouth. Tissue samples and lymph nodes can be taken for biopsy.

• Biopsy: removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope to check for signs cancer.

• Barium swallow: A series of x-ray of the esophagus and stomach. The patient drinks a liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound). Liquid coats the esophagus and stomach, and x-rays taken. This procedure is also referred to as upper GI series.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options

The prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:

• The stage of the disease.
• The location and size of the tumor.
• The grade of the tumor.
• Patient age, gender, and general health, including whether the patient's anemia.

Treatment options depend on the following:

• Stage of disease.
• The location and size of the tumor.
• Keeping the patient's ability to speak, eat, and breathe as normal as possible.
• Whether the cancer has come back (relapse).

Smoking and drinking alcohol reduces the effectiveness of treatment for laryngeal cancer. Patients with laryngeal cancer who continue to smoke and drink less likely to be cured and more likely to develop a second tumor. After treatment for laryngeal cancer, frequent and careful follow-up is important.

Types of Neck and head Cancer (1) - General Information About Hypopharyngeal Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 22 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000

Hypopharyngeal cancer is a malignant disease (cancer) cells form in the tissues hypopharynx.
The hypopharynx is the bottom of the pharynx (throat). Pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose, down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that runs from the throat to the stomach). Water and food through the pharynx on the way to the trachea or esophagus.

Most hypopharyngeal cancers form in squamous cells, the thin, flat cells that line the inside of the hypopharynx. Hypopharynx has 3 different areas. Cancer can be found in one or more of these fields.

Hypopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer.

Use of tobacco products and heavy drinking can affect the risk of hypopharyngeal cancer.

Risk factors include:

• Smoking tobacco.
• Chewing tobacco.
• Heavy use of alcohol.
• Eat a diet without enough nutrients.
• Having Plummer-Vinson syndrome.

Possible signs of hypopharyngeal cancer include a sore throat and ear pain.
These and other symptoms may be caused by hypopharyngeal cancer. Other conditions can cause similar symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:

• Sore throat is not lost.
• Ear pain.
• A lump in the neck.
• Painful or difficult swallowing.
• Changes in voice.

Tests that examine the throat and neck are used to help detect (find) and diagnose hypopharyngeal cancer.

The following tests and procedures may be used:

• Physical exams throat: An exam in which the doctor feels for swollen lymph nodes in the neck and looking down the throat with a small long-handled mirror to check for abnormal areas.

• Endoscopy: A procedure used to view the area in the throat that can not be seen with a mirror during the physical examination of the throat. An endoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the nose or mouth to examine the throat for anything that seems unusual. Tissue samples can be taken for biopsy.

• Head, neck, and chest X-ray: An x-ray of the head, neck and chest organs and bones. X-ray is a type of energy beam that can pass through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the body.

• Barium esophagogram: An x-ray of the esophagus. The patient drinks a liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound). The liquid coats the esophagus and x-rays taken.

• Esophagoscopy: A procedure to look inside the esophagus to check for abnormal areas. An esophagoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the mouth or nose and throat into the esophagus. Tissue samples can be taken for biopsy.

• Bronchoscopy: A procedure to look inside the trachea and large airways in the lungs for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the nose or mouth into the trachea and lungs. Tissue samples can be taken for biopsy.

• Biopsy: removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope to check for signs cancer.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

The prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:

• The stage of the cancer (whether it affects part of the hypopharynx, involves the whole hypopharynx, or has spread to other places in the body). Hypopharyngeal cancer is usually detected at later stages because early symptoms rarely occur.

• Patient age, gender, and general health.

• The location of the cancer.

• Does the patient smoke during radiation therapy.

Treatment options depend on the following:

• Stage of cancer.

• Keeping the patient's ability to speak, eat, and breathe as normal as possible.

• Patients general health.

Patients who have had hypopharyngeal cancer are at increased risk of developing a second cancer in the head or neck. Frequent and careful follow-up is important.

Signs and symptoms of head and neck cancer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 21 Oct 2012 12:00:00 +0000

The signs and symptoms of head and neck cancer may include a lump or wound that does not heal, a sore throat that does not go away, difficulty swallowing, and change or hoarseness in the voice. These symptoms may also be caused by other, less serious conditions. Important to check with your doctor or dentist about any of these symptoms.

More information about symptoms and risk factors for developing cancer in different regions of the head and neck are listed in the following table:

Kepala dan Leher Kanker
Jenis	Gejala	Faktor Risiko
Oral cavity: Includes lip, the front two-thirds of the tongue, gums, lining inside the cheeks and lips, the floor (bottom) in the mouth under the tongue, hard palate (top of the mouth), and a small area of the gums behind the wisdom teeth.	A white or red patch on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth, swelling of the jaw that causes dentures to fit poorly or become uncomfortable, and abnormal bleeding or pain in the mouth.	Alcohol or tobacco use. Poor oral hygiene and tooth loss may be a weak risk factor for oral cancer. The use of a mouthwash that has a high alcohol content is a factor, perhaps, but not proven risk. Immigrants from Southeast Asia who use paan (betel quid) in the mouth should be aware that this habit has been strongly associated with an increased risk of oral cancer. Consumption of mate, as usual tea beverage consumed by South Americans, has been associated with increased risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and larynx.
Pharynx: The pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and leads to the esophagus. There are three parts: o Nasopharyngeal. The upper part of the pharynx, behind the nose. o oropharynx. The middle of the pharynx, including the soft palate (the back of the mouth), the base of the tongue, and tonsils. o hypopharynx. section bawah faring.	Difficulty breathing or talking; pain on swallowing, pain in the neck or throat that does not go away; frequent headaches, pain, or ringing in the ears, or difficulty hearing.	Alcohol or tobacco use. Descendants of Asia, especially China, are risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer, along with Epstein-Barr virus infection, exposure to wood dust, and the consumption of preserved or marinated foods specified for children. HPV infection is also known to cause oropharyngeal cancer.
Larynx: The larynx, also called the voicebox, is a short path is formed by cartilage just below the pharynx in the neck. The larynx contains the vocal cords. It also has a small piece of tissue, called the epiglottis, which moves to cover the larynx to prevent food from entering the airways.	Pain when swallowing, or ear pain.	Alcohol or tobacco use. Certain industrial exposures, including exposure to asbestos and synthetic fibers, have been associated with cancer of the larynx, but the increased risk remains controversial. People working in certain occupations in the metal, construction, textiles, ceramics, logging, and the food industry may have an increased risk of laryngeal cancer. Consumption of mate, as usual tea beverage consumed by South Americans, has been associated with increased risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and larynx.
Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity: The paranasal sinuses are small empty spaces in the skull around the nose. Nasal cavity is an empty space in the nose.	Sinuses are blocked and unclear; chronic sinus infections that do not respond to treatment with antibiotics; bleeding through the nose, frequent headaches, swelling or other problems with the eyes, pain in upper teeth, or problems with dentures.	Some industrial exposures, such as wood or nickel dust or formaldehyde.
Salivary gland: The major salivary glands located at the base near the mouth and jaw bone. The salivary glands produce saliva.	Swelling under the chin or around the numbness, or paralysis of the jaw bone in the facial muscles, or pain in the face, chin, or neck that does not go away.	Radiation to the head and neck, for non-cancerous conditions or cancer. Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Occasionally, squamous cell cancer can be found in the lymph nodes in the upper neck when there is no evidence of cancer in other parts of the head and neck. When this happens, the cancer is called metastatic squamous neck cancer with unknown (occult) primary.

Familiar with head and neck cancer?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 21 Oct 2012 11:00:00 +0000

Cancers that are known collectively as the head and neck cancer usually begins in squamous cells that line, moist mucosal surfaces in the head and neck (eg, in the mouth, nose, and throat). This cancer is often referred to as squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck squamous cell. Head and neck cancer can also start in the salivary glands, but relatively rare salivary gland cancer. Salivary glands contain various cell types that can become cancerous, so there are various types of salivary gland cancer.

Head and neck cancer further categorized the head or neck area where they started. Areas of the head or neck are listed in the table included in the answer to Question 3. Cancer of the brain, eyes, esophagus, and thyroid gland, as well as those of the skin, scalp, muscles, and bones of the head and neck, are usually not classified as head and neck cancer.

head and neck cancer Cause

The most important risk factor for head and neck cancer are alcohol and tobacco use (including use of smokeless tobacco, sometimes called "chewing tobacco" or "tobacco"). Risk factors are very important for cancer of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. At least 75 percent of head and neck cancers caused by tobacco and alcohol use. People who use both tobacco and alcohol have a greater risk of these cancers than people who use either tobacco or alcohol alone. Tobacco and alcohol are not a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands.

Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor for several types of head and neck cancer, oropharyngeal cancer primarily involving the tonsil or base of the tongue. In the United States, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers caused by HPV infection increased, while the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers associated with other causes of falls.

How to Prevent Cervical Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 21 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000

Prevention of cervical cancer is the most priority in all women. Women can do some simple ways to reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer. Slight changes in lifestyle and with regular health checks is the best way to prevent cervical cancer.

1. Doing Sex Safely

Safe sex does not mean avoiding pregnancy, but to avoid transmission of disease through unprotected sex such as human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a virus is generally transmitted through sexual intercourse and is cause cervical cancer. You can lower the risk of HPV infection by using condoms during sexual intercourse. Using condoms does not mean you are free 100% of HPV, but most do not use condoms is better than nothing. But the safest thing is not to have sex with who are not spouses.

2. Not changing partners
Do not just safe sex by using condoms. It also means not having sex pairs are alternated. Having multiple sex partners increases the risk of being infected with HPV and other diseases that may be transmitted.

3. Perform regularly Cervical Cancer Screening
Do pap smears at regular intervals is the most effective step in reducing the risk of cervical cancer. A Pap smear is a simple test that can detect cervical abnormalities before they become cancerous. The key to the effectiveness of the Pap smear is done on a regular basis. How many times should have a pap smear? Each woman will be different depending on the age, the results of previous Pap smears and cervical cancer risk factors you have. Always consult your doctor about how often you should perform a pap smear. If the results indicate the presence of abnormal pap smears, be sure to follow up the recommendations given by doctors. This means you may have more frequent Pap smears or colposcopy, a test that is performed to view the cervix more clearly.

4. No Smoking

It is simple, smoking does not provide health benefits to you. Even in cases of lung cancer, smoking is a risk factor that is very dominant. You must ask, what is the relationship between smoking and cervical cancer? Several studies show that smoking may accelerate the process of destruction of cervical HPV. By quitting smoking now then you will reduce the risk of several cancers, including cervical cancer.

5. HPV Immunization

HPV is a known virus is transmitted through sexual activity in women. Currently, there are no approved vaccines only protect against viruses that have a high risk, but also the type of virus known to cause genital warts. Gardasil is a vaccine that can be used for women under 27 years, with a target age of 11 to 12 years. The vaccine is administered in serial injections for 3 times for 6 months. The vaccine is most effective when given to young women before they become sexually active.

Recognize Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 20 Oct 2012 23:30:00 +0000

Symptoms of cervical cancer will vary on each woman. Some women experience no symptoms, but others will have symptoms severe enough.

As well as symptoms in other types of cancer, cervical cancer has no specific symptoms so that symptoms that appear similar to symptoms of other diseases. Consult your doctor is one good way to be able to do the act or at least faster disease diagnosis.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

In early-stage cervical cancer symptom usually occurs rarely, although cervical cancer can be diagnosed at an early stage through a pap smear, symptoms usually do not indicate the presence of cancer. It must have been the reasons why doing a pap smear regularly is very important that cancer can be detected earlier.

Cervical Cancer Symptoms In Advanced Stage
Cervical cancer will experience progression to become an advanced stage if it does not get action. At an advanced stage of cancer symptoms began to appear and can be felt. Some symptoms such as:

• Pelvic pain. Pain in the pelvis that are not associated with other conditions such as menstruation can be a symptom of cervical cancer.

• Pain during intercourse, some women will experience pain during sexual intercourse.

• Bleeding is not normal in the vagina, this condition is the most common symptoms experienced in cervical cancer. Women should be wary if there is bleeding after intercourse, excessive bleeding in the menstrual cycle, the rise of blood spotting between menstrual cycles. All of these conditions should receive serious attention and should be reported when you consult with a physician.

• A rash on the vagina, is a common symptom associated with various conditions of womanhood. In advanced stages of cervical cancer, vaginal rash may be accompanied with or without odor.

What should you do if you have symptoms of cervical cancer?

If you experience symptoms of cervical cancer, then immediately consult your doctor. And for your convenience in consulting, record any symptoms that you feel before you visit your doctor. It is also useful for doctors to diagnose diseases and may conclude that you experienced. Thus the treatment steps will be easier to do.

Anal Cancer Treatment Choices by Stage

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 20 Oct 2012 12:45:00 +0000

Anal Cancer Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)

Treatment of stage 0 anal cancer is usually local resection.

Stage I Anal Cancer

Treatment of stage I anal cancer may include the following:
• Local resection.
• External-beam radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. If the cancer persists after treatment, additional chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be given to avoid the need for a permanent colostomy.

• Internal radiation therapy.
• Abdominoperineal resection, if cancer persist or come back after treatment with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
• Internal radiation therapy for cancer that persisted after treatment with external-beam radiation therapy.
Patients who have had treatment that saves the sphincter muscles may receive examinations follow-up every 3 months for the first 2 years, including rectal exams with endoscopy and biopsy, as needed.

Anal Cancer Stage II

Treatment of stage II anal cancer may include the following:
• Local resection.
• External-beam radiation therapy with chemotherapy. If the cancer persists after treatment, additional chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be given to avoid the need for a permanent colostomy.
• Internal radiation therapy.
• Abdominoperineal resection, if cancer persist or come back after treatment with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
• A clinical trial of treatment options are new.
Patients who have had treatment that saves the sphincter muscles may receive follow-examination check-up every 3 months for the first 2 years, including rectal exams with endoscopy and biopsy, as needed.

Stage IIIA Anal Cancer

Treatment of stage IIIA anal cancer may include the following:
• External-beam radiation therapy with chemotherapy. If the cancer persists after treatment, additional chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be given to avoid the need for a permanent colostomy.
• Internal radiation beam.
• Abdominoperineal resection, if cancer persist or come back after treatment with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of treatment options are new.

Stage IIIB Anal Cancer

Treatment of stage IIIB anal cancer may include the following:
• External-beam radiation therapy with chemotherapy.
• Local resection or abdominoperineal resection, if cancer persist or come back after treatment with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Mungin lymph nodes are also removed / discarded.
• A clinical trial of treatment options are new.

Anal Cancer Stage IV

Treatment of stage IV anal cancer may include the following:
• Surgery as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
• Radiation therapy as palliative therapy.
• Chemotherapy with radiation therapy as palliative therapy.
• A clinical trial of treatment options are new.

Treatment Options for Anal Cancer (rectum) The Recurring

Treatment of recurrent anal cancer-times may include the following:
• Radiation therapy and chemotherapy, for recurrence after surgery.
• Operations, for recurrence after radiation therapy and / or chemotherapy.
• A clinical trial of radiation therapy with chemotherapy and / or radiosensitizers.

Treatment for Anal Cancer (rectum)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 20 Oct 2012 01:00:00 +0000

There are types of different treatments for patients with anal cancer

Types of different treatments available for patients with anal cancer. Some treatments are standard (currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A clinical trial treatment is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than standard treatments, new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who still have not started treatment.

Three types of standard treatment are used:

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-powered x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses radioactive elements are sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of cancer being treated.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, by killing the cells or by stopping the cells dividing remedy. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the spinal column (spinal column), organ, or body cavity such as the stomach (abdomen), most drugs affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of cancer being treated.

Operation

• Local resection: A surgical procedure in which the tumor is cut from the anus along with some of the surrounding healthy tissue. Local resection may be used if the cancer is small and has not spread. This procedure may save the sphincter muscles so the patient can still control bowel movements. Tumors that develop in the lower part of the anus can often be removed with local resection.

• Abdominoperineal resection: A surgical procedure in which the anus, rectum, sigmoid colon and part of released / discharged through an incision made in the abdomen. Doctors sewed the tip of the intestine into the opening (mouth), called a stoma, made the surface of the abdomen so body waste can be collected in a disposable bag outside the body. This is called a colostomy. Lymph nodes that contain cancer may also be removed during this operation.

Having the human immunodeficiency virus can affect treatment for anal cancer.
Cancer therapy can further damage the immune systems of patients who are already weakened that have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). For this reason, patients who have anal cancer and HIV are usually treated with doses lower than anticancer drugs and radiation than patients who did not have HIV.

New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.

This concluding section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials. He may not mention every new treatment being studied. Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

Radiosensitizers

Radiosensitizers are drugs that make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. Combining radiation therapy with radiosensitizers may kill more tumor cells.

Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment option. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials conducted to discover whether cancer treatments are safe and effective new or better than standard treatment.

Many of the current standard treatments for cancer are based on clinical trials earlier. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive the new treatment.

Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to new treatments are effective, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.

Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
Some clinical trials only include patients who are currently excluded from receiving treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not become better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from relapse (turning back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.
Clinical trials under way in many parts of the country
The tests follow-up may be needed.
Some of the tests performed to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, modify, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.

This is sometimes called re-staging.
Some of these tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show whether your condition has changed or the cancer has returned. These tests are sometimes called test-follow-up tests or check-ups.

The Prognosis Of Brain Cancer Treated

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 20 Oct 2012 00:30:00 +0000

The survival of brain cancer who are treated varies with cancer type, location, and age and overall health of the patient. In general, most treatment plans rarely result in healing. The survival of greater than five years, which are considered as long-term survival, is less than 10% no matter what treatment plan is used.

So, why use any treatment plan? Without treatment, brain cancer are aggressive and usually result in death within a short span of time. Plans of care can prolong survival and may improve patient quality of life for some time. Once again, patients and care givers-givers should discuss their prognosis when deciding on treatment plans.