Medicine Guide

Bones, Joints, and Muscle Disorders : MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 24 Nov 2011 06:04:00 +0000

Bones, Joints, and Muscle Disorders : MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Musculoskeletal disorders are among the most common of human afflictions. They affect all age groups and frequently cause disability, impairments, and handicaps. They consist of a variety of different diseases that cause pain or discomfort in the bones, joints, muscles, or surrounding structures, and they can be acute or chronic, focal, or diffuse. Approximately 33 percent of U.S. adults are affected by musculoskeletal signs or symptoms, including limitation of motion or pain in a joint or extremity. In one study of Detroit residents who kept track of daily health symptoms in a diary, musculoskeletal symptoms constituted the most frequent category of health symptoms. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders generally increases with age, with the majority of persons aged seventy-five and over having some form of musculoskeletal disorder, especially arthritis.

Not only are musculoskeletal disorders highly prevalent, but, because of their association with aging, they are likely to become more prevalent as the population ages throughout the world. All racial groups are affected. While many of these disorders are not devastatingly disabling to affected individuals, their prevalence is so great that more mobility and other limitations are accountable to these disorders than to any other type. While much of the substantial cost of these disorders is due to the medical care and medications and other treatments required by patients, the preponderance of costs is due to work loss, which is a frequent consequence of these disorders.

Contained within the broad category of musculoskeletal disorders are a number of specific diseases and causes of pain, several of which affect a large percentage of the population. Musculoskeletal disorders range from back pain to rheumatoid arthritis and gout, and include different types of arthritis, tendinitis, and musculoskeletal pain. The most common musculoskeletal disorders are listed in Table 1, along with their point prevalence among adults in Western populations. The most prevalent disorders are low back pain, osteoarthritis, and so-called soft tissue rheumatism. Even though they afflict millions of persons around the world, several of the common musculoskeletal disorders fall into the category of moderately prevalent, including gout, a form of episodic arthritis; fibromyalgia, a disorder of diffuse muscular pain and a subtype of soft tissue rheumatism; and rheumatoid arthritis, an inflammatory systemic disorder that causes widespread joint pain.

LOW BACK PAIN
Low back pain, one of the most frequent of musculoskeletal disorders, affects up to 80 percent of people sometime in their lives, and in any given month 20 to 30 percent of adults have an episode. Generally, the pain is in the lower back on one or both sides, occasionally extending into the buttocks or thighs. In most persons the cause of back pain is unknown. It may arise from any number of pain-sensitive structures in the lumbar spinal column, including joints, ligaments, muscles, and soft tissues.

Generally, back pain is episodic, with half of the episodes remitting within a week and 90 percent going away within a month. Back pain of long duration, which occurs in only a small minority of patients, accounts for most of the societal cost of low back pain and much of the work loss and disability. Persons at high risk of low back pain include those between age twenty and forty, and those whose jobs involve physical labor—especially lifting, pushing, or pulling heavy objects, or twisting during lifting. Truck drivers are the occupational group who experience the most back pain. Another risk factor for low back pain is cigarette smoking, and poor physical fitness may also contribute to its occurrence. The high rate of back pain in particular occupations has suggested

Table 1
The Most Common Musculoskeletal Disorders in Adults Aged 45 Years And Older: Point Prevalence in Adult Populations in Western Europe and the U.S.
SOURCE: Felson, D. T. "Epidemiology of the Rheumatic Diseases." Arthritis & Allied Conditions, W. Koopman, ed. New York: Lippincott, Williams and Collens, 2000.
Extremely common (prevalence > 5%)
Low back pain
Osteoarthritis
Tendinitis or bursitis
Common (prevalence 0.5-5%)
Gout
Fibromyalgia
Rheumatoid arthritis

that altering work tasks may be a successful way to prevent episodes of back pain. Indeed, industry training programs have achieved success in lessening the rate of low back pain in some occupations.
OSTEOARTHRITIS

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and, depending on how it is defined, affects 10 to 20 percent of all adults and a much larger percentage of the elderly.
SOFT TISSUE RHEUMATISM

Among the most common of musculoskeletal disorders are those which cause pain in muscular or tendinous areas of the extremities but not in joints. These are collectively termed "soft tissue disorders" and include a variety of localized forms of tendinitis and bursitis, as well as other more generalized pain disorders. These disorders are common causes of pain in the shoulder, elbow, hip, neck, and foot.

Muscles are attached to the bones they move by string-like structures called tendons. While soft tissue pain can often be localized to particular muscles and their attached tendons, the cause of this pain is poorly understood. For tendinitis, the cause may be related to muscle and tendon over-use. For shoulder and neck pain, overuse may be coupled with an acute or chronic injury. These disorders are often self-limited and respond to anti-inflammatory medications, but they often recur. Seven percent of the U.S. population has had an episode of shoulder pain lasting at least a month. Ten percent of the population reports neck pain of this duration. The prevalence of most of these disorders increases with age, and they are more prevalent in women than men.

Fibromyalgia is a generalized chronic disorder of diffuse muscular pain that constitutes a subtype of soft tissue rheumatism. Fibromyalgia affects up to 2 percent of women of all ages (it is much less prevalent in men) and is associated with a sleep disorder; with diffuse aching in the neck, back and extremities; and with fatigue and depressive symptoms (either as a trigger of the disorder or as a consequence of it). Treatment includes analgesic and sleep medications.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Felson, D. T. (2000). "Epidemiology of the Rheumatic Diseases." In Arthritis & Allied Conditions, ed. W. Koopman. Philadephia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Collens.

What Your Skin Reveals About Your Health

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 09 Nov 2011 12:17:00 +0000

What Your Skin Reveals About Your Health
Acne and eczema aren't just beauty dilemmas--they may actually be your skin's way of sending out an SOS that an illness is lurking in your body. By Karina Giglio, Women's Health Beauty is more than skin deep, and we're not just talking about having a congenial personality. "Our skin can reflect what's going on inside our body," says dermatologist Anne Chapas, M.D., of Union Square Laser Dermatology in New York City. "As part of the immune system, the skin defends against environmental factors. But when your body is fighting an ailment, it can get overwhelmed and things like acne and redness can show up." Here, how to read the signs in the mirror.

Chin Acne
The cause: Hormonal imbalance
There's a reason many women have breakouts on their chin right before their period: That part of the face is particularly sensitive to rises in progesterone and testosterone. Many women simply experience mild acne, but if your breakouts tend to be more severe or painful and are no match for OTC treatments, it's time to see your ob-gyn.

"Deep, cystic acne on the chin or along the jaw line can be a sign of underlying polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] and other types of hormonal abnormalities," says Chapas. Left untreated, the condition can increase your risk for diabetes and infertility.

Get healthy: For certain patients, going on birth control pills is an effective way to balance hormone levels and clear up skin. (The pill is also very effective for treating symptoms of PCOS.) If you prefer a nonhormonal option, ask your M.D. about spironolactone, a prescription med that blocks testosterone receptors, thus preventing the skin's oil glands from going into overdrive in some patients. Skipping dessert can help too, since extra insulin stimulates the hormone production linked to breakouts. "Some studies show that eliminating processed sugars and sticking to whole grains, fruits, and vegetables may also mitigate the hormonal stimuli that can lead to acne," adds Chapas.

Look better now: Chapas recommends using a product that contains salicylic acid and sulfur. Try Murad Acne Spot Treatment ($18, murad .com). Dab it onto the pimple and surrounding area so the salicylic acid can open and clear the pore; sulfur calms the inflammation. In the meantime, cover up with a matte cream-to-powder concealer, which stays put even as your chin moves when you talk, eat, or laugh. "Apply with a tiny brush to get each pimple," recommends makeup artist Emily Kate Warren.

Schizophrenia Drugs Alternative Therapies Complications Prevention.

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 25 Oct 2011 12:11:00 +0000

Schizophrenia : Drugs
Medications are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia. Drug therapy for the disorder, however, is complicated by several factors: the unpredictability of a given patient's response to specific medications, the number of potentially troublesome side effects, the high rate of substance abuse among patients with schizophrenia, and the possibility of drug interactions between antipsychotic medications and antidepressants or other medications that may be prescribed for the patient.

NEUROLEPTICS.The first antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia were introduced in the 1950s, and known as dopamine antagonists, or DAs. They are sometimes called neuroleptics, and include haloperidol(Haldol), chlorpromazine(Thorazine), perphenazine(Trilafon), and fluphenazine(Prolixin). About 40% of patients, however, fail to respond to treatment with these medications. Neuroleptics can control most of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia as well as reduce the frequency and severity of relapses but they have little effect on negative symptoms. In addition, these medications have problematic side effects, ranging from dry mouth, blurry vision, and restlessness (akathisia) to such long-term side effects as tardive dyskinesia(TD). TD is a disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the mouth, lips, arms, or legs; it affects about 15%–20% of patients who have been receiving neuroleptic medications over a period of years. Discomfort related to these side effects is one reason why 40% of patients treated with the older antipsychotics do not adhere to their medication regimens.

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS.The atypical antipsychotics are newer medications introduced in the 1990s. They are sometimes called serotonin dopamine antagonists, or SDAs. These medications include clozapine(Clozaril), risperidone(Risperdal), quetiapine(Seroquel), ziprasidone(Geodon), and olanzapine(Zyprexa). These newer drugs are more effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and have fewer side effects than the older antipsychotics. Clozapine has been reported to be effective in patients who do not respond to neuroleptics, and to reduce the risk of suicide attempts. The atypical antipsychotics, however, do have weight gain as a side effect; and patients taking clozapine must have their blood monitored periodically for signs of agranulocytosis, or a drop in the number of white blood cells. These drugs are now considered first-line treatments for patients having their first psychotic episode.

OTHER PRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS.Patients with schizophrenia have a lifetime prevalence of 80% for major depression; others suffer from phobias or other anxiety disorders. The doctor may prescribe antidepressants or a short course of benzodiazepines along with antipsychotic medications.

Alternative Therapies
Alternative and complementary therapies that are being investigated for the treatment of schizophrenia include gingko biloba, an Asian shrub, and vitamin therapy. One Chinese study reported that a group of patients who had not responded to conventional antipsychotic medications benefited from a thirteen-week trial of gingko extract, with significantly fewer side effects. Vitamin therapy is recommended by naturopathic practitioners on the grounds that many hospitalized patients with schizophrenia suffer from nutritional deficiencies. The supplements recommended include folic acid, niacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin C.

Complications
    * People with schizophrenia have a high risk of developing a substance abuse problem. Use of alcohol or other drugs increases the risk of relapse.
    * Physical illness is common among people with schizophrenia due to side effects from medication and living conditions. These may not be detected because of poor access to medical care and difficulties talking to health care providers.
    * Not taking medication will often cause symptoms to return.

Prevention
The best way to prevent symptoms from coming back is to take the medication your doctor prescribed. Because side effects are one of the most important reasons why people with schizophrenia stop taking their medication, it is very important to find the medication that controls your symptoms without causing side effects. Always talk to your doctor if you are thinking about changing or stopping your medications.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Drug : Definition Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Tests & Diagnostics Treatments Alternative Therapies.

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 21 Oct 2011 11:28:00 +0000

Definition
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).

Symptoms
Symptoms vary, because the location and severity of each attack can be different. Episodes can last for days, weeks, or months. These episodes alternate with periods of reduced or no symptoms (remissions).Fever, hot baths, sun exposure, and stress can trigger or worsen attacks.It is common for the disease to return (relapse). However, the disease may continue to get worse without periods of remission.Because nerves in any part of the brain or spinal cord may be damaged, patients with multiple sclerosis can have symptoms in many parts of the body.

Muscle symptoms:
    * Loss of balance
    * Muscle spasms
    * Numbness or abnormal sensation in any area
    * Problems moving arms or legs
    * Problems walking
    * Problems with coordination and making small movements
    * Tremor in one or more arms or legs
    * Weakness in one or more arms or legs

Bowel and bladder symptoms:
    * Constipation and stool leakage
    * Difficulty beginning to urinate
    * Frequent need to urinate
    * Strong urge to urinate
    * Urine leakage (incontinence)

Eye symptoms:
    * Double vision
    * Eye discomfort
    * Uncontrollable rapid eye movements
    * Vision loss (usually affects one eye at a time)

Numbness, tingling, or pain
    * Facial pain
    * Painful muscle spasms
    * Tingling, crawling, or burning feeling in the arms and legs

Other brain and nerve symptoms:
    * Decreased attention span, poor judgment, and memory loss
    * Diffulty reasoning and solving problems
    * Depression or feelings of sadness
    * Dizziness and balance problems
    * Hearing loss

Sexual symptoms:
    * Problems with erections
    * Problems with vaginal lubrication

Speech and swallowing symptoms:
    * Slurred or difficult-to-understand speech
    * Trouble chewing and swallowing

Fatigue is a common and bothersome symptoms as MS progresses. It is often worse in the late afternoon.

Causes & Risk Factors
Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects woman more than men. The disorder most commonly begins between ages 20 and 40, but can be seen at any age.

MS is caused by damage to the myelin sheath, the protective covering that surrounds nerve cells. When this nerve covering is damaged, nerve impulses are slowed down or stopped.

MS is a progressive disease, meaning the nerve damage (neurodegeneration) gets worse over time. How quickly MS gets worse varies from person to person.

The nerve damage is caused by inflammation. Inflammation occurs when the body's own immune cells attack the nervous system. Repeated episodes of inflammation can occur along any area of the brain and spinal cord.

Researchers are not sure what triggers the inflammation. The most common theories point to a virus or genetic defect, or a combination of both.

MS is more likely to occur in northern Europe, the northern United States, southern Australia, and New Zealand than in other areas. Geographic studies indicate there may be an environmental factor involved.

People with a family history of MS and those who live in a geographical area with a higher incidence rate for MS have a higher risk of the disease.

Tests & Diagnostics
Symptoms of MS may mimic those of many other nervous system disorders. The disease is diagnosed by ruling out other conditions.

People who have a form of MS called relapsing-remitting may have a history of at least two attacks, separated by a period of reduced or no symptoms.

The health care provider may suspect MS if there are decreases in the function of two different parts of the central nervous system (such as abnormal reflexes) at two different times.

A neurological exam may show reduced nerve function in one area of the body, or spread over many parts of the body. This may include:

    * Abnormal nerve reflexes
    * Decreased ability to move a part of the body
    * Decreased or abnormal sensation
    * Other loss of nervous system functions

An eye examination may show:
    * Abnormal pupil responses
    * Changes in the visual fields or eye movements
    * Decreased visual acuity
    * Problems with the inside parts of the eye
    * Rapid eye movements triggered when the eye moves

Tests to diagnose multiple sclerosis include:
    * Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) for cerebrospinal fluid tests, including CSF oligoclonal banding
    * MRI scan of the brain and MRI scan of the spine are important to help diagnose and follow MS
    * Nerve function study (evoked potential test)

Treatments
There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis at this time. However, there are therapies that may slow the disease. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms and help you maintain a normal quality of life.

Medications used to slow the progression of multiple sclerosis are taken on a long-term basis, they include:

    * Interferons (Avonex, Betaseron, or Rebif), glatiramer acetate (Copaxone), mitoxantrone (Novantrone), and natalizumab (Tysabri) are approved for treating MS
    * Methotrexate, azathioprine (Imuran), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) may also be used if the above drugs are not working well

Steroids may be used to decrease the severity of attacks.

Medications to control symptoms may include:
    * Medicines to reduce muscle spasms such as Lioresal (Baclofen), tizanidine (Zanaflex), or a benzodiazepine
    * Cholinergic medications to reduce urinary problems
    * Antidepressants for mood or behavior symptoms
    * Amantadine for fatigue

The following may help MS patients:
    * Physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and support groups
    * Assistive devices, such as wheelchairs, bed lifts, shower chairs, walkers, and wall bars
    * A planned exercise program early in the course of the disorder
    * A healthy lifestyle, with good nutrition and enough rest and relaxation
    * Avoiding fatigue, stress, temperature extremes, and illness

Household changes to ensure safety and ease in moving around the home are often needed.

Alternative Therapies
For additional information, see multiple sclerosis resources.

Alzheimer's Disease : Definition Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Tests & Diagnostics Treatments Complications Prevention.

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:21:00 +0000

Definition : Dementia is a loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD), is one form of dementia that gradually gets worse over time. It affects memory, thinking, and behavior.

Memory impairment, as well as problems with language, decision-making ability, judgment, and personality, are necessary features for the diagnosis.

Symptoms
Dementia symptoms include difficulty with many areas of mental function, including:
    * Language
    * Memory
    * Perception
    * Emotional behavior or personality
    * Cognitive skills (such as calculation, abstract thinking, or judgment

Dementia usually first appears as forgetfulness.
Mild cognitive impairment is the stage between normal forgetfulness due to aging, and the development of AD. People with MCI have mild problems with thinking and memory that do not interfere with everyday activities. They are often aware of the forgetfulness. Not everyone with MCI develops AD.

Symptoms of MCI include:
    * Forgetting recent events or conversations
    * Difficulty performing more than one task at a time
    * Difficulty solving problems
    * Taking longer to perform more difficult activities

The early symptoms of AD can include:
    * Language problems, such as trouble finding the name of familiar objects
    * Misplacing items
    * Getting lost on familiar routes
    * Personality changes and loss of social skills
    * Losing interest in things previously enjoyed, flat mood
    * Difficulty performing tasks that take some thought, but used to come easily, such as balancing a checkbook, playing complex games (such as bridge), and learning new information or routines

As the AD becomes worse, symptoms are more obvious and interfere with your ability to take care of yourself. Symptoms can include:
    * Forgetting details about current events
    * Forgetting events in your own life history, losing awareness of who you are
    * Change in sleep patterns, often waking up at night
    * Difficulty reading or writing
    * Poor judgment and loss of ability to recognize danger
    * Using the wrong word, mispronouncing words, speaking in confusing sentences
    * Withdrawing from social contact
    * Having hallucinations, arguments, striking out, and violent behavior
    * Having delusions, depression, agitation
    * Difficulty doing basic tasks, such as preparing meals, choosing proper clothing, and driving

People with severe AD can no longer:
    * Understand language
    * Recognize family members
    * Perform basic activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, and bathing

Other symptoms that may occur with AD:
    * Incontinence
    * Swallowing problems

Causes & Risk Factors
Age and family history are risk factors for AD.
    * As you get older, yoru risk of developing AD goes up. However, developing Alzheimer's disease is not a part of normal aging.
    * Having a close blood relative, such as a brother, sister, or parent who developed AD increases your risk.
    * Having certain combination of genes for proteins that appear to be abnormal in Alzheimer's disease also increases your risk.

Other risk factors that are not as well proven include:
    * Longstanding high blood pressure
    * History of head trauma
    * Female gender

There are two types of AD -- early onset and late onset.
    * In early onset AD, symptoms first appear before age 60. Early onset AD is much less common than late onset. However, it tends to progress rapidly. Early onset disease can run in families. Several genes have been identified.
    * Late onset AD, the most common form of the disease, develops in people age 60 and older. Late onset AD may run in some families, but the role of genes is less clear.

The cause of AD is not entirely known, but is thought to include both genetic and environmental factors. A diagnosis of AD is made when certain symptoms are present, and by making sure other causes of dementia are not present.

The only way to know for certain that someone has AD is to examine a sample of their brain tissue after death. The following changes are more common in the brain tissue of people with AD:
    * "Neurofibrillary tangles" (twisted fragments of protein within nerve cells that clog up the cell)
    * "Neuritic plaques" (abnormal clusters of dead and dying nerve cells, other brain cells, and protein)
    * "Senile plaques" (areas where products of dying nerve cells have accumulated around protein).

When nerve cells (neurons) are destroyed, there is a decrease in the chemicals that help nerve cells send messages to one another (called neurotransmitters). As a result, areas of the brain that normally work together become disconnected.

The buildup of aluminum, lead, mercury, and other substances in the brain is no longer believed to be a cause of AD.

Tests & Diagnostics
AD can often be diagnosed through a history and physical exam by a skilled doctor or nurse. A health care provider will take a history, do a physical exam (including a neurological exam), and perform a mental status examination.

Tests may be ordered to help determine whether other medical problems could be causing dementia or making it worse. These conditions include:
    * Thyroid disease
    * Vitamin deficiency
    * Brain tumor
    * Stroke
    * Intoxication from medication
    * Chronic infection
    * Anemia
    * Severe depression

Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain may be done to look for other causes of dementia, such as a brain tumor or stroke.
    * In the early stages of dementia, brain image scans may be normal. In later stages, an MRI may show a decrease in the size of different areas of the brain.
    * While the scans do not confirm the diagnosis of AD, they do exclude other causes of dementia (such as stroke and tumor).

Treatments
Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD. The goals in treating AD are to:
    * Slow the progression of the disease (although this is difficult to do)
    * Manage behavior problems, confusion, sleep problems, and agitation
    * Modify the home environment
    * Support family members and other caregivers

DRUG TREATMENT
Most drugs used to treat Alzheimer's are aimed at slowing the rate at which symptoms become worse. The benefit from these drugs is often small, and patients and their families may not always notice much of a change.

Patients and caregivers should ask their doctors the following questions about whether and when to use these drugs:
    * What are the potential side effects of the medicine and are they worth the risk, given that there will likely be only a small change in behavior or function?
    * When is the best time, if any, to use these drugs in the course of Alzheimer's disease?

Two types of medicine are available:
    * Donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne, formerly called Reminyl) affect the level of a chemical in the brain called acetylcholine. Side effects include indigestion, diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, and fatigue.
    * Memantine (Namenda) is another type of drug approved for treating AD. Possible side effects include agitation or anxiety.

Other medicines may be needed to control aggressive, agitated, or dangerous behaviors. These are usually given in very low doses.

It may be necessary to stop any medications that make confusion worse. Such medicines may include painkillers, cimetidine, central nervous system depressants, antihistamines, sleeping pills, and others. Never change or stop taking any medicines without first talking to your doctor.

SUPPLEMENTS
Many people take folate (vitamin B9), vitamin B12, and vitamin E. However, there is no strong evidence that taking these vitamins prevents AD or slows the disease once it occurs.

Some people believe that the herb ginkgo biloba prevents or slows the development of dementia. However, high-quality studies have failed to show that this herb lowers the chance of developing dementia. DO NOT use ginkgo if you take blood-thinning medications like warfarin (Coumadin) or a class of antidepressants called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).

If you are considering any drugs or supplements, you should talk to your doctor first. Remember that herbs and supplements available over the counter are NOT regulated by the FDA.

Alternative Therapies
For additional information and resources for people with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers, see Alzheimer's disease support groups.

Complications
    * Loss of ability to function or care for self
    * Bedsores, muscle contractures (loss of ability to move joints because of loss of muscle function), infection (particularly urinary tract infections and pneumonia), and other complications related to immobility during end stages of AD
    * Falls and broken bones
    * Loss of ability to interact
    * Malnutrition and dehydration
    * Failure of body systems
    * Harmful or violent behavior toward self or others
    * Abuse by an over-stressed caregiver

Prevention
Although there is no proven way to prevent AD, there are some practices that may be worth incorporating into your daily routine, particularly if you have a family history of dementia. Talk to your doctor about any of these approaches, especially those that involve taking a medication or supplement.

    * Consume a low-fat diet.
    * Eat cold-water fish (like tuna, salmon, and mackerel) rich in omega-3 fatty acids, at least 2 to 3 times per week.
    * Reduce your intake of linoleic acid found in margarine, butter, and dairy products.
    * Increase antioxidants like carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C by eating plenty of darkly colored fruits and vegetables.
    * Maintain a normal blood pressure.
    * Stay mentally and socially active throughout your life.
    * Consider taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), sulindac (Clinoril), or indomethacin (Indocin). Statin drugs, a class of medications normally used for high cholesterol, may help lower your risk of AD. Talk to your doctor about the pros and cons of using these medications for prevention.

In addition, early testing of a vaccine against AD is underway

Ensure Good Health : 17 Problems You Can Fix Right Now

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 12 Oct 2011 03:56:00 +0000

17 Problems You Can Fix Right Now
Drill sergeants know it. So do mothers and psychologists. Take care of the small things—maintain that rifle, clean your room, say you're sorry—and life improves in big ways. Little fixes cut stress and build a reassuring sense of control.

"Once I have success with one goal," says Tim Pychyl, Ph.D., an associate professor of psychology at Carleton University, "it increases my happiness, well-being, satisfaction, and self-confidence. And that motivates me to do more."

It's like the broken-window theory that big-city cops swear by: If you correct little eyesores, the community pulls together to overhaul everything in sight. Try it in your life, starting now.

Fix Your Posture (while you work)
Use the 20-20 rule. "Trying to sit up perfectly straight all day is impractical and will only tire you out," says Alan Hedge, Ph.D., a professor of ergonomics at Cornell University. Every 20 minutes, stand for 20 seconds and stretch or shake things out. "Just 20 seconds away from your computer screen reduces fatigue and increases blood circulation," says Hedge. Now you'll have the power to sit up straight.

Recharge Your Workout (and find your abs)
Do something that seems crazy: a one-sided workout. Unilateral training will trick your body into reaching new levels of strength and muscle, says David Jack, director of fitness for Teamworks Centers in Acton, Massachusetts. One-sided exercises demand stabilization, so you'll strength-en your core, improve coordination, and (ironically) prevent muscular imbalances.

Add these exercises to your workout: single-arm dumbbell bench press, single-arm shoulder press, and single-legged squat. Start by performing 8 to 10 repetitions with one side of your body, and then switch sides and repeat to complete the set. Rest for a minute and perform 2 more sets. Complete 3 sets for each exercise. For an extra boost, mix up the order of your unilateral exercises every 4 weeks, and adjust your rep ranges a few times a week. You'll have to decrease the weight you lift initially, but you'll soon pack on new muscle.

Stop Procrastinating (like, now)
Do not make a to-do list. Do not research power tools. Do not clean your desk. Just dive in. That's according to Pychyl, who has studied procrastination. Your to-do list is just another delaying tactic with a short-term rush. "We relieve our anxiety by making this false schedule," Pychyl says. Procrastinators aren't necessarily bad at time management, he says, "they're just not willing to deal with the discomfort of getting started." But starting will ultimately make you feel better about working. "Our emotional well-being and our satisfaction with life," he says, "is based a great deal upon the successful pursuit of our goals."

Fill Your Walls (and cover that stain)
You don't have to pay thousands to a starched, sniffing gallery owner for original paintings. But you really should replace your Alice in Chains poster and Rolling Rock mirror. Starving artists are everywhere, dying to be taken advantage of. Check out local art schools and shows put together by newly minted Masters of Fine Arts, says Alan Bamberger, an art appraiser and author of The Art of Buying Art. Get a sense of what's out there at ugallery.com, where art-school grads showcase their work, priced from $20 to $5,000. It even offers a money-back guarantee. Other affordable alternatives: antique prints and maps (oldprintshop.com), and photographs (gettyimages.com).

Fix Your Budget (and save your credit rating)
New concept: Read your bills. Do you truly understand your cellphone plan? "Most people don't thoughtfully take the time to analyze what they're spending their money on," says J.J. Burns, founder of the wealth management firm J.J. Burns and Co.

1. Cellphone: Analyze how your plan compares to your usage. Not using all your minutes? Opt for a different plan. And remember: If you use fewer than 400 minutes a year, a prepaid plan may be cheaper.

2. Utilities: Do a year-over-year analysis of your bills with Quicken or Microsoft Money. Unexplained jumps? Make sure your meter's not being misread. Burns did this, and his water company cut him a $380 check.

3. Mortgage: Make one extra payment toward your principal every year to save thousands of dollars of interest and pay off your mortgage earlier.

4. Stuff you buy: Anytime you buy something from a company that offers a refund if they lower the price within 30 days, take them up on it. Set your calendar to remind you to call them 28 days later.

Repair Your Scratched Fender (yourself!)
Examine the scratch to see if there's still color left in the groove. Yes? Good—you've only scraped the clearcoat, a finish that protects the paint from sunlight and gives it that glossy sheen. You'll be able to fix it yourself, says Dennis Parks, the author of The Complete Guide to Auto Body Repair.

First, buy a clearcoat polishing compound. Try Meguiars (meguiars.com) or Eagle One (eagleone.com). Using a soft cloth dabbed in the compound, buff out the scratch, using circular motions.

If the scratch has chipped the paint, clean the area with a wax and grease remover. This removes crud and will help the new paint stick. Then pick up a bottle of touch-up paint at a local auto-parts store. (Colors are typically broken down by manufacturer, but for the exact shade, find the tag on your car that lists the paint number. The folks at the store can help you.)

Apply the paint in light coats, allowing it to dry in between. When you've covered the scratch, let the paint dry for at least 24 hours. Moisten a piece of 2,000-grit wet/dry sandpaper and gently smooth out any bumps, ripples, or runs. Finally, rub on some automotive wax. Smile, and inspect your teeth in the reflection.

Fix Your Game (because she's heard it all before)
Relax and set your approach on Deeply Subtle. Make talking to you her decision, which will make her feel better about herself—and you. Never butt in while she's with her friends.

Wait until she's alone, then issue a drive-by compliment (keep it above the neck or below the ankles). "We're used to men approaching us," says Lisa Altalida, the author of The Pocket Idiot's Guide to Getting Girls, "but if a man says something and then walks away like he doesn't want anything, it piques our curiosity." Now she'll feel in control. Is she glancing your way? That means you've been cleared for approach.

Fix Your Hearing (without a Q-tip)
Doctors who peer into ears with otoscopes all day long know a dirty little secret: Lots of men have too much wax in there. And many of those men have jammed the stuff (cerumen, technically) deep into the ear canal by using cotton swabs improperly. At-home kits can't always reach the wax deeply impacted against the eardrum, says Mark Pyle, M.D., a professor of otolaryngology at the University of Wisconsin. So have a doctor remove the buildup with saline or suction. Sometimes docs need to use small scoops called curettes. Whatever the method, it'll be a 10-minute procedure that yields glorious results. (Is your cellphone ringing? No, it's that one across the room!) And while you're at the doctor's office, make an appointment for that full physical you've been putting off for 6 years.

Fix Your Eyesight (without a prescription)
Eyestrain (tired eye muscles) isn't the only cause of poor vision. It could be dry eye. Norwegian researchers recently found that people blink 10 fewer times per minute while they're staring at a computer screen than while they're having a conversation. This causes your "tear film"—the outer layer of moisture on your eyeball—to evaporate more quickly. "When your tear film isn't healthy, your visual acuity won't be as sharp and clear," says Patricia Sabb, M.D., an associate professor of ophthalmology at the University of Wisconsin.

So take a break and close your eyes. (Not napping, boss—just restoring the tear film.) If you still need more moisture, try Visine Pure Tears.

Fix Your Storytelling (before people doze)
Get to the point. Get to the point. Get to the point. Details—about the weather, color of the bike, height of the rosebush—make people's attention spans collapse. A brief story lets them play along and fill in their own details. Start your tale when the conversation provides a segue, and not after someone just scored a big laugh. (If you tank, you're the guy who killed the mood.) Tell the story quickly, make yourself the fool, and exaggerate. "Take it to the edge of believability. Stuff happens every day to people. You need to make it stand out," says Jack Gallagher, comedian and writer/performer of the one-man show What He Left.

Restore Your Endurance (and set a PR)
The secret to improving endurance is to go faster, not lengthen a plodding run. Bill Hartman, P.T., C.S.C.S., suggests breaking your run into intervals at your goal speed. If your 5-K goal is 24 minutes, you must run a mile in 7:40, a half-mile in 3:50, and a quarter in 1:55. Pick the distance you can hit in that time and run those intervals, resting for as long as you ran. Once you can run, say, four quarters in 1:55, move up to a longer interval. Work your way up to your goal distance.

Fix Your Kicks (and save money)
Instead of spending $150 on new shoes, spend less than half of that on new soles or heels for your favorite pair. Not a bad price for saving something you really like. Plus, there's no break-in period.

Go to the Shoe Service Institute of America (ssia.info) to find a cobbler. Or mail off the old shoes americanheeler.com or shoerepairresolecenter.com.

Clean the Coffee Stain (before your 9:30 meeting)
Stain removers like Shout Wipes and Tide to Go are excellent. Don't keep those in your desk? Find a sink fast, says Brian Boye, Men's Health fashion director. Use soap and hot water and blot out the stain, pouring the water through the fabric if you can (take the damn shirt off if you're in the john). "Whatever you do, don't rub it," says Boye. Blot dry with paper towels, or if there's a forced-air hand dryer, crank it up.

Untangle That Mess (because it looks like hell)
Unplug everything. Label each cord. Screw your power strip to the underside of your desk, or to the wall. Tie off excess cordage with bongo ties or cable ties (cableorganizer.com). Reattach your (wisely labeled) connector cords, gathering them as you go and bundling them with more ties or even carabiners to minimize tangle. Now, don't you feel better?

Conquer Your Cravings (and lose your gut)
Toss out all your chips. Then take this tip from Cornell University: You're 2.7 times more likely to eat healthy snacks if you place them on the middle shelf of your refrigerator than if you've hidden them in the crispers. So stock that shelf with some mozzarella sticks and sliced red peppers to cover your cravings for sweet, savory, and crunchy snacks.

Fix a Leaky Faucet (and impress her)
Many single-lever faucets leak when crud collects and causes a gap in the seal so it can't shut off, says Danny Lipford, host of Today's Homeowner. First, shut off the water supply under the sink. Then use an Allen wrench to loosen the screw at the base of the faucet handle and lift it off. Remove the washers and movable parts, soak them in white vinegar, and wipe them down. Reassemble and turn the water back on.

Lose That 5 O'clock Shadow (before your date)
Keep an electric shaver in your desk. They're much better than they were in the Mad Men days. No cords, for starters. The Braun PocketGo is compact, quiet, and can be rinsed clean when you're done buzzing off stubble. She'll love it.

Breast Cancer : 7 Ways to Support Someone With Breast Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 12 Oct 2011 03:51:00 +0000

7 Ways to Support Someone With Breast Cancer
Finding yourself in Cancer World happens very suddenly. The doctor -- or someone close to you -- tells you it's cancer, and all of a sudden everything changes. How are you supposed to know, instantly, how to be supportive to a woman going through something this terrifying?

I thought the best way to offer help to the husbands, other family members, partners, and friends who suddenly find themselves thrust into this role was to ask the cancer patients themselves what was most -- and least -- helpful. Here are seven things women with breast cancer and their partners have discovered about what worked best when it came to supporting them through this ordeal.

1. Support whatever she decides.
Breast cancer involves endless decisions: lumpectomy and radiation or mastectomy? Some women elect to have a bilateral mastectomy (both breasts removed), so they feel safer. These decisions can be really scary for a woman to talk to her partner and friends about. It may sound like she's asking for advice, and you may feel underqualified to give it.

Don't worry -- no one expects you to be a medical expert. Your role is to act as a sounding board. Listen to everything she says without judgment, letting her bounce her thoughts off of you. Help her weigh the pros and cons, but let her make the decisions. And make it clear you'll be behind her 100 percent. Try to listen for the fears and other emotions underlying her decision, and offer as much emotional reassurance as you can.

This is particularly important when it comes to the emotional flashpoint of mastectomy. Many women resist mastectomy even when the doctor advises it, because they fear their partner will find them less attractive. If you're that partner, this is where you come in. Let her know what you really care about: her safety and health, and reassure her that her fears are unfounded. Tell her that her health is paramount and you feel strongly that she not take unnecessary risks where her life and future are concerned.

2. Don't let her go to appointments alone.
No matter how self-reliant or brave she tries to be, no matter how many times she says, "No, you don't need to bother," don't be conned. Going to a cancer appointment alone is no fun. "I told my wife early on that this condition may be in her body, but that it's really something that affects both of us -- she's not going to be going through this alone," one husband told me. "I have been to every single appointment with every doctor with her, just so that I can help with the decision making. Our wives are understandably freaked out by the diagnosis, and we need to be there for reassurance and support."

3. Talk to her openly about her breasts.
Let's be honest: Breasts play a big role in our sex lives, and the loss of one or both breasts can deeply threaten a woman's sense of sexuality. If your wife or partner decides to have a mastectomy or double mastectomy, chances are she's terrified about how you'll react to her changed body. You, and only you, can reassure her that you'll still find her attractive. Trust me on this, guys, you may think it's obvious that your loved one's health is all that really matters, but she needs to hear it -- and will probably need to keep hearing it many, many times over the next few years.

If it's a friend you're supporting, be aware that she needs your reassurance in terms of her looks, her outward shape, and -- if she's single -- her future dating potential. As one woman put it, "Even when you know in your heart that a bilateral mastectomy is the thing to do, there's still the shock and maybe a little anger at what it looks like when you first take the bandages off. Be there to listen or hug her when that time comes."

This is a situation where anticipation may well be worse than reality; things usually get better once time begins its healing action. Your job is to help time along by making her feel loved and sexy, even when you're both trying to get used to the scars.

4. Anticipate when she can't do something and help, or change things so she can do them herself.
"After surgery, I couldn't lift my arms for a long time, so I couldn't reach anything in high cupboards," a friend who's a breast cancer survivor told me. "I'm very independent, so it really bothered me to ask for help. My friends moved everything down onto lower shelves so I could reach things myself. They put my favorite shoes by the door. They set up a table by the bed, so I could reach everything from there. It made such a big difference."

5. Function as the forward guard.
Women tend to be the communicators in their families, fielding phone calls and e-mails, responding to invitations and inquiries. A cancer diagnosis typically triggers an even greater need for communication; it's natural for friends and families to call, e-mail, and request Facebook updates, asking how the cancer patient is doing. And it's all too common for a woman battling cancer to get sucked into taking care of everyone else's reactions when they need to focus on taking care of themselves. One thing practically every breast cancer patient I spoke with said, "I spent too much time taking care of everyone else's feelings and not enough time focusing on my own."

This is where a partner or friend can step in as gatekeeper. Think of yourself in the role of a celebrity handler; it's your job to create a buffer zone of peace and quiet around your loved one. "I've been trying to guard her from too much information and from an overwhelming number of 'how are you' and 'be strong' e-mails," said one husband. "She loves all the notes and e-mails -- but she just can't stand to cry even once more from the outpouring of love and support, so I read them to her and answer them for her."

6. Become her strongest advocate.
Cancer treatment can involve many unpleasant side effects. And sometimes, sadly, these side effects are more unpleasant than they need to be. Yet, for some reason, it's often difficult for cancer patients to get their medical teams to take side effects like nausea, nerve damage, pain, and fatigue as seriously as they should. Many cancer patients encounter a blasé "you'll get through it eventually" attitude when they try to get help, perhaps because doctors and nurses have seen it all before and tend to focus more on big-picture issues, like survival.

But when a cancer patient is too exhausted to get out of bed, too sick to eat, or can't walk due to nerve pain or blisters, it's time to get help. And it can require a fair degree of assertiveness to get that help. Your job? You're the advocate, the fierce, protective papa bear. Don't let the nurse or doctor off the phone until they've answered all your questions and suggested concrete solutions. Your weapons? Lots of questions that begin with "Isn't there something available for . . . " and "What can we do about . . . "

7. Don't expect everything to be fine right away.
Even the "well-adjusted" cancer patient who thinks she's doing great is going to have some really tough days. And delayed reactions are common. Many women steel themselves to handle hair loss and feel strong -- until they first try on a wig or lose their eyebrows. One woman I know told me she thought she was fine with losing her breast until one night, months after surgery, she dreamed she had her old body back and woke in tears, then spent weeks in a deep depression.

Hang in there, for as long as it takes. Help her choose pretty head scarves, buy her some new eye makeup, reassure her that flat is sexy, tell her how beautiful she looks -- over and over again, year after year.

Birth Defects.

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 06 Oct 2011 04:38:00 +0000

Like most expectant parents, you probably alternate between fantasies about a healthy baby and worries that your baby will have a health problem. Or perhaps you've been told through prenatal screening that your baby might be born with a birth defect.

Many parents assume that all birth defects are severe or even fatal, but the fact is that many are treatable, often immediately after birth — and sometimes even before the baby is born.

It's especially important to know the risk factors involved and how to prevent birth defects. However, it's also important to realize that most babies born with congenital defects are born to two healthy parents.

About Birth Defects
Birth defects are defined as abnormalities of structure, function, or body metabolism that are present at birth. Major birth defects are abnormalities that lead to developmental or physical disabilities or require medical or surgical treatment. There are more than 4,000 different known birth defects, ranging from minor to serious, and although many can be treated or cured, they're the leading cause of death in the first year of life.

According to the March of Dimes, about 150,000 babies are born with birth defects each year in the United States. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) says that 3 out of every 100 babies born in the United States have some kind of major birth defect.

Birth defects can be caused by genetic, environmental, or unknown factors. For most birth defects, the cause is believed to be an interaction of a number of genetic and environmental factors.

Structural or metabolic defects are those in which a specific body part is missing or formed incorrectly; metabolic birth defects are those in which there is an inborn problem in body chemistry. The most common type of major structural defects are heart defects, which affect 1 in 150 babies in the United States.

Other common structural defects include spina bifida, cleft palate, clubfoot, and congenital dislocated hip.

Metabolic defects affect 1 in 3,500 babies and usually involve a missing or incorrectly formed enzyme (a protein necessary for processing chemical substances in the body). Most children with a metabolic birth defect do not have any visible abnormalities, but metabolic defects are usually harmful or can be even fatal. Metabolic defects include Tay-Sachs disease, a fatal disease that affects the central nervous system, and phenylketonuria (PKU), which affects the way the body processes protein.

Defects caused by congenital infections result when a mother gets an infection before or during the pregnancy. Infections that can cause birth defects include rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus (CMV), syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, parvovirus, and, rarely, chickenpox. None of these affect 100% of babies whose mothers are infected during pregnancy. If the mother is infected during early pregnancy, rubella carries the highest risk for birth defects (approximately 20%). Because of nearly universal immunization in the United States, rubella is very, very rare and the congenital rubella syndrome is almost never seen. CMV is probably the most common congenital infection and may be associated with intellectual disability (mental retardation) and hearing loss.

Other causes of birth defects include alcohol abuse by the mother. Although a few medications, such as medicines used for epilepsy, are associated with increased risks for certain birth defects, most commonly prescribed drugs are not associated with a significant risk of birth defects.

Can Birth Defects Be Prevented?
Many birth defects can't be prevented; however, you can take some precautions before and during pregnancy:

Before you get pregnant. Women who are planning to become pregnant should make sure their vaccinations are up to date, that they don't have any sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and that they get the daily recommended dose of folic acid. One way to ensure this is to start taking prenatal vitamins several months before you begin trying to conceive.

It's generally best to avoid unnecessary medications during pregnancy, so make sure you talk to your doctor about any and all over-the-counter and prescription medicines you're taking before you get pregnant; you'll want to stop taking any that aren't vital to your health. Don't do this without talking to your doctor, however.

If you or your partner have a history of any kind of birth defects in your family, if you've already had a child with a birth defect, or if you are part of a high-risk group (because of your age, ethnic background, or medical history), consider consulting a genetic counselor before you get pregnant. More is being learned about the genes and other factors involved in birth defects all the time and genetic testing and screening are becoming increasingly useful aspects of pre-pregnancy planning and pregnancy. A genetic counselor can give you advice about prenatal testing and help you deal with any concerns or fears you might have.

While you're pregnant. The best thing that pregnant women can do to increase their likelihood of having a healthy baby is to make sure they take care of their bodies during pregnancy by:

    * not smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke
    * avoiding alcohol
    * avoiding all illicit drugs
    * eating a healthy diet and taking prenatal vitamins
    * getting exercise and plenty of rest
    * getting early and regular prenatal care

Talk to your health care provider about other precautions you can take to protect the health of your baby — don't be afraid to ask questions if you're concerned.

Vitamin D : Oral Capsule, Liquid Filled.

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 06 Oct 2011 04:01:00 +0000

What is this medicine?
ERGOCALCIFEROL (er goe kal SIF e role) is a man made form of vitamin D. It helps your body keep the right amount of calcium and phosphorus for healthy bones and teeth.

This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?
They need to know if you have any of the following conditions:
    * kidney disease
    * liver disease
    * other chronic disease
    * parathyroid disease
    * stomach disease
    * an unusual or allergic reaction to vitamin D, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
    * pregnant or trying to get pregnant
    * breast-feeding

How should I use this medicine?
Take this medicine by mouth with a glass of water. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Take your medicine at regular intervals. Do not take your medicine more often than directed.

Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. While this drug may be prescribed for children for selected conditions, precautions do apply.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.
NOTE: This medicine is only for you. Do not share this medicine with others.

What if I miss a dose?
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, take only that dose. Do not take double or extra doses.

What may interact with this medicine?
Do not take this medicine with any of the following medications:
    * vitamin D
This medicine may also interact with the following medications:
    * digoxin
    * diuretics
    * medicines for cholesterol like colestipol or cholestyramine
    * medicines to treat seizures or nerve pain
    * mineral oil
    * orlistat
    * some over-the-counter supplements

This list may not describe all possible interactions. Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.

What should I watch for while using this medicine?
Visit your doctor or health care professional for regular checks on your progress.Do not take any non-prescription medicines that have vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, or calcium including antacids while taking this medicine, unless your doctor or health care professional says you can. The extra supplements can cause side effects.

What side effects may I notice from receiving this medicine?
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
    * allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
    * bone pain
    * increased thirst
    * increased urination (especially at night)
    * irregular heartbeat, high blood pressure
    * seizures
    * unexpected weight loss
    * unusually weak or tired

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
    * constipation
    * dry mouth
    * headache
    * loss of appetite
    * metallic taste
    * stomach upset

This list may not describe all possible side effects. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Where should I keep my medicine?
Keep out of the reach of children.Store at room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C (59 and 86 degrees F). Protect from light. Keep container tightly closed. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.

NOTE:This sheet is a summary. It may not cover all possible information. If you have questions about this medicine, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or health care provider.

Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed.

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids Oral capsule, liquid filled

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:34:00 +0000

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids Oral capsule, liquid filled

What is this medicine?
FISH OIL, OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS (Fish Oil, oh MAY ga 3 fatty AS ids) are essential fats. It is used to treat high triglyceride levels.

This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions

    * bleeding problems
    * lung or breathing disease, like asthma
    * an unusual or allergic reaction to fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, fish, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
    * pregnant or trying to get pregnant
    * breast-feeding

How should I use this medicine?
Take this medicine by mouth with a glass of water. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Take with food. Take your medicine at regular intervals. Do not take your medicine more often than directed.

Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.
NOTE: This medicine is only for you. Do not share this medicine with others.

What if I miss a dose?
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, take only that dose. Do not take double or extra doses.

What may interact with this medicine?

    * aspirin and aspirin-like medicines
    * herbal products like danshen, dong quai, garlic pills, ginger, ginkgo biloba, horse chestnut, willow bark, and others
    * medicines that treat or prevent blood clots like enoxaparin, heparin, warfarin

This list may not describe all possible interactions. Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.

What should I watch for while using this medicine?
Follow a good diet and exercise plan. Taking this medicine does not replace a healthy lifestyle. Some foods that have omega-3 fatty acids naturally are fatty fish like albacore tuna, halibut, herring, mackerel, lake trout, salmon, and sardines.

If you are scheduled for any medical or dental procedure, tell your healthcare provider that you are taking this medicine. You may need to stop taking this medicine before the procedure.

What side effects may I notice from receiving this medicine?
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:

    * allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
    * breathing problems
    * chest pain
    * fever, infection
    * unusual bleeding or bruising

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):

    * bad or fishy breath
    * belching
    * body odor
    * diarrhea
    * nausea
    * stomach gas, upset
    * weight gain

This list may not describe all possible side effects. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Where should I keep my medicine?
Keep out of the reach of children.

Store at room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C (59 and 86 degrees F). Do not freeze. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.

NOTE:This sheet is a summary. It may not cover all possible information. If you have questions about this medicine, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or health care provider.

Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed.

Is Exfoliation For Everyone?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 22 Sep 2011 06:51:00 +0000

Is Exfoliation For Everyone?
Dead skin cells suck the luster from your face. Not only that, but they clog your pores and highlight fine lines too. "As you age, the rate of cell turnover slows, causing flakiness and dullness—unpretty signs that you need to step up your exfoliation routine," says Annet King, director of global education for Dermalogica and The International Dermal Institute. But you can't go overboard either; too much scrubbing and harsh chemicals may cause inflammation, damage, and sensitivity. "The skin on your face is like a precious orchid, not an old houseplant," says King. Here's how to find your sloughing sweet spot, based on your skin type.

Oily or Acne-Prone Skin
Exfoliation works wonders at decongesting clogged pores, making it a must for zit-prone skin. But taking a sandpaper approach can leave you with even more bumps. Use a scrub with small, nourishing jojoba beads, like the ones found in Neutrogena Naturals Purifying Pore Scrub ($8, at drugstores), which smooths skin and controls oil production. (Large granules can tear acne-riddled skin and even lead to infection, says Kate Somerville, an aesthetician in Los Angeles.) Apply a thin, even layer to wet skin, massage in circular motions with medium pressure, then rinse and pat dry. Don't exfoliate more than once a week; experts say scrubbing too often can put sebaceous glands into overdrive, making breakouts worse.

If your acne is really bad, consider going to a dermatologist for a Vitalize Peel every four to six weeks (expect to pay $250 or more per visit), says Elizabeth Tanzi, M.D., codirector of the Washington Institute of Dermatologic Laser Surgery in Washington, D.C. The high concentration of salicylic acid and retinoic acid will speed cell turnover, causing a few days of peeling followed within a week by glowing, polished skin.

The Best Skincare Tips Ever
Normal Skin
If you're one of the lucky ones who is neither oily nor dry, you can tolerate a variety of exfoliation techniques and deeper pressure, says King. Every other day, apply an alpha-hydroxy-acid cleanser (which loosens and removes dead skin cells) to wet skin and drive it in using a face-massaging device in five-to 10-second intervals. The massager will help the skin-care products penetrate better, even out your skin texture, and give you a rosy glow by stimulating blood flow to your face. Try Olay Pore Minimizing Cleanser + Scrub ($7, at drugstores) and Clarisonic Mia Skin Cleansing System ($149, at Sephora).

To take exfoliation to the max (normal skin can tolerate a more intense approach), add a retinoic acid such as the prescription cream Retin-A to your nightly routine to help speed cell turnover and increase collagen.
"It's great for improving tone and texture and reducing wrinkles," says King.
Eat Your Way to Gorgeous Skin

Dry or Sensitive Skin
Sensitive types require a lighter touch and gentler products, says King. Be sure to avoid using strong exfoliants that contain glycolic acid, which travels quickly into sensitive skin's fragile layers. Instead, look to physical exfoliants made with perfectly round synthetic spherules that are less likely to irritate skin the way natural ones can; try Clarins Gentle Refiner Exfoliating Cream ($28.50, at Nordstrom). Wet your face, then massage the product onto your skin using light pressure and small, circular motions (if your face is red immediately after, you've scrubbed too hard). Remember to keep sloughing to a minimum; once a week is just enough to smooth skin without drying it out.

For even suppler skin, add retinol, a vitamin-A derivative that increases cell renewal and enhances collagen production.

"Choose an OTC formula, which will be gentler than doctor-prescribed Retin-A," says Tanzi, who advises her patients to apply a time-released formula (the skin absorbs a small but steady dose overnight, minimizing potential irritation) twice a week. Try Philosophy Help Me ($45, sephora.com).

Face-Saving Tips for Sensitive Skin
Smooth Sailing
Don't subject your skin to cruel and unusual punishment! Remember these three cardinal rules for optimal results.

1 Go slow Give your skin two weeks to build up a tolerance to your exfoliation routine before introducing another product. This minimizes the chance of irritation, says Tanzi.

2 Be sun-safe Retinols and some products containing acids can make skin sensitive to sunlight. Use them at night and slather on SPF in the morning.

3 Wait to wax Wait at least three days between removing facial hair and exfoliating. Otherwise, you may lift the skin, causing damage that looks like a burn.

Pregnancy : Definition Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Tests & Diagnostics Treatments Complications Prevention.

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 22 Sep 2011 06:47:00 +0000

Definition :
Adolescent pregnancy is pregnancy in girls age 19 or younger.

Download How To Get Pregnant Ebook & Video

Symptoms
Pregnancy symptoms include:
    * Abdominal distention
    * Breast enlargement and breast tenderness
    * Fatigue
    * Light-headedness or actual fainting
    * Missed period
    * Nausea/vomiting
    * Frequent urination

Causes & Risk Factors
The rate of adolescent pregnancy and the birth rate for adolescents have generally declined since reaching an all-time high in 1990, mostly due to the increased use of condoms.

Adolescent pregnancy is a complex issue with many reasons for concern. Younger adolescents (12 - 14 years old) are more likely to have unplanned sexual intercourse and more likely to be coerced into sex. Adolescents 18 - 19 years old are technically adults, and half of adolescent pregnancies occur in this age group.

Risk factors for adolescent pregnancy include:
    * Younger age
    * Poor school performance
    * Economic disadvantage
    * Single or teen parents

Tests & Diagnostics
The adolescent may or may not admit to being involved sexually. If the teen is pregnant, there are usually weight changes (usually a gain, but there may be a loss if nausea and vomiting are significant). Examination may show increased abdominal girth, and the health care provider may be able to feel the fundus (the top of the enlarged uterus).

Pelvic examination may reveal bluish or purple coloration of vaginal walls, bluish or purple coloration and softening of the cervix, and softening and enlargement of the uterus.

    * A pregnancy test of urine and/or serum HCG are usually positive.
    * A pregnancy ultrasound may be done to confirm or check accurate dates for pregnancy.

Treatments
All options made available to the pregnant teen should be considered carefully, including abortion, adoption, and raising the child with community or family support. Discussion with the teen may require several visits with a health care provider to explain all options in a non-judgmental manner and involve the parents or the father of the baby as appropriate.

Early and adequate prenatal care, preferably through a program that specializes in teenage pregnancies, ensures a healthier baby. Pregnant teens need to be assessed for smoking, alcohol use, and drug use, and they should be offered support to help them quit.

Adequate nutrition can be encouraged through education and community resources. Appropriate exercise and adequate sleep should also be emphasized. Contraceptive information and services are important after delivery to prevent teens from becoming pregnant again.

Pregnant teens and those who have recently given birth should be encouraged and helped to remain in school or reenter educational programs that give them the skills to be better parents, and provide for their child financially and emotionally. Accessible and affordable child care is an important factor in teen mothers continuing school or entering the work force.

Complications
Adolescent pregnancy is associated with higher rates of illness and death for both the mother and infant. Death from violence is the second leading cause of death durig pregnancy for teens, and is higher in teens than in any other group.

Pregnant teens are at much higher risk of having serious medical complications such as:
    * Placenta previa
    * Pregnancy-induced hypertension
    * Premature delivery
    * Significant anemia
    * Toxemia

Infants born to teens are 2 - 6 times more likely to have low birth weight than those born to mothers age 20 or older. Prematurity plays the greatest role in low birth weight, but intrauterine growth retardation (inadequate growth of the fetus during pregnancy) is also a factor.

Teen mothers are more likely to have unhealthy habits that place the infant at greater risk for inadequate growth, infection, or chemical dependence. The younger a mother is below age 20, the greater the risk of her infant dying during the first year of life.

It is very important for pregnant teens to have early and adequate prenatal care

Prevention
There are many different kinds of teen pregnancy prevention programs.Abstinence education programs encourage young people to postpone sexual activity until marriage, or until they are mature enough to handle sexual activity, and a potential pregnancy, in a responsible manner.

Knowledge-based programs focus on teaching adolescents about their bodies and their normal functions, as well as provide detailed information about contraceptives and preventing STDs. Research indicates that abstinence-only education without information about contraception does not decrease teen pregnancy rates, but knowledge-based programs do reduce rates.Clinic-focused programs provide easier access to information, counseling by health care providers, and contraceptive services. Many of these programs are offered through school-based clinics.

Peer counseling programs typically involve older teens, who encourage other adolescents to resist peer and social pressures to become sexually involved. These programs tend to take a personal approach, helping teens understand their own risks. For teens who are already sexually active, peer counseling programs also provide negotiation skills for relationships and the information they need to get and successfully use contraceptives.

Osteoporosis : Definition,Symptoms,Causes & Risk Factors, Tests & Diagnostics,Treatments,Complications,Prevention.

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 03 Sep 2011 08:32:00 +0000

Osteoporosis : Definition
Osteoporosis is the thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density over time.

Symptoms
There are no symptoms in the early stages of the disease.Symptoms occurring late in the disease include:
    * Bone pain or tenderness
    * Fractures with little or no trauma
    * Loss of height (as much as 6 inches) over time
    * Low back pain due to fractures of the spinal bones
    * Neck pain due to fractures of the spinal bones
    * Stooped posture or kyphosis, also called a "dowager's hump"

Causes & Risk Factors
Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease.Researchers estimate that about 1 out of 5 American women over the age of 50 have osteoporosis. About half of all women over the age of 50 will have a fracture of the hip, wrist, or vertebra (bones of the spine).Osteoporosis occurs when the body fails to form enough new bone, when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body, or both.

Calcium and phosphate are two minerals that are essential for normal bone formation. Throughout youth, your body uses these minerals to produce bones. If you do not get enough calcium, or if your body does not absorb enough calcium from the diet, bone production and bone tissues may suffer.As you age, calcium and phosphate may be reabsorbed back into the body from the bones, which makes the bone tissue weaker. This can result in brittle, fragile bones that are more prone to fractures, even without injury.

Usually, the loss occurs gradually over years. Many times, a person will have a fracture before becoming aware that the disease is present. By the time a fracture occurs, the disease is in its advanced stages and damage is severe.The leading causes of osteoporosis are a drop in estrogen in women at the time of menopause and a drop in testosterone in men. Women over age 50 and men over age 70 have a higher risk for osteoporosis.

Other causes include:
    * Being confined to a bed
    * Chronic rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney disease, eating disorders
    * Taking corticosteroid medications (prednisone, methylprednisolone) every day for more than 3 months, or taking some anti-seizure drugs
    * Hyperparathyroidism

White women, especially those with a family history of osteoporosis, have a greater-than-average risk of developing osteoporosis. Other risk factors include:

    * Absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) for long periods of time
    * Drinking a large amount of alcohol
    * Family history of osteoporosis
    * History of hormone treatment for prostate cancer or breast cancer
    * Low body weight
    * Smoking
    * Too little calcium in the diet

Tests & Diagnostics
Bone mineral density testing (specifically a densitometry or DEXA scan) measures how much bone you have. Your health care provider uses this test to preduct your risk for bone fractures in the future. For information about when testing should be done, see bone density test.A special type of spine CT that can show loss of bone mineral density, quantitative computed tomography (QCT) may be used in rare cases.

In severe cases, a spine or hip x-ray may show fracture or collapse of the spinal bones. However, simple x-rays of bones are not very accurate in predicting whether someone is likely to have osteoporosis.You may need other blood and urine tests if your osteoporosis is thought to be due to a medical condition, rather than simply the usual bone loss seen with older age.

Treatments
The goals of osteoporosis treatment are to:
    * Control pain from the disease
    * Slow down or stop bone loss
    * Prevent bone fractures with medicines that strengthen bone
    * Minimize the risk of falls that might cause fractures

There are several different treatments for osteoporosis, including lifestyle changes and a variety of medications.Medications are used to strengthen bones when:
    * Osteoporosis has been diagnosed by a bone density study.
    * Osteopenia (thin bones, but not osteoporosis) has been diagnosed by a bone density study, if a bone fracture has occurred.

BISPHOSPHONATES
Bisphosphonates are the primary drugs used to both prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
    * Bisphosphonates taken by mouth include alendronate (Fosamax), ibandronate (Boniva), and risedronate (Actonel). Most are taken by mouth, usually once a week or once a month.
    * Bisphosphonates given through a vein (intravenously) are taken less often.

CALCITONIN
Calcitonin is a medicine that slows the rate of bone loss and relieves bone pain. It comes as a nasal spray or injection. The main side effects are nasal irritation from the spray form and nausea from the injectable form.nCalcitonin appears to be less effective than bisphosphonates.

HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Estrogens or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is rarely used anymore to prevent osteoporosis, and are not approved to treat a woman who has already been diagnosed with the condition.

Sometimes, if estrogen has helped a woman, and she cannot take other options for preventing or treating osteoporosis, the doctor may recommend that she continue using hormone therapy. If you are considering taking hormone therapy to prevent osteoporosis, discuss the risks with your doctor.

PARATHYROID HORMONE
Teriparatide (Forteo) is approved for the treatment of postmenopausal women who have severe osteoporosis and are considered at high risk for fractures. The medicine is given through daily shots underneath the skin. You can give yourself the shots at home.

RALOXIFENE
Raloxifene (Evista) is used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Raloxifene is similar to the breast cancer drug tamoxifen. Raloxifene can reduce the risk of spinal fractures by almost 50%. However, it does not appear to prevent other fractures, including those in the hip. It may have protective effects against heart disease and breast cancer, though more studies are needed.

The most serious side effect of raloxifene is a very small risk of blood clots in the leg veins (deep venous thrombosis) or in the lungs (pulmonary embolus).

EXERCISE
Regular exercise can reduce the likelihood of bone fractures in people with osteoporosis. Some of the recommended exercises include:
    * Weight-bearing exercises -- walking, jogging, playing tennis, dancing
    * Resistance exercises -- free weights, weight machines, stretch bands
    * Balance exercises -- tai chi, yoga
    * Riding a stationary bicycle
    * Using rowing machines

Avoid any exercise that presents a risk of falling, or high-impact exercises that may cause fractures.

DIET
Get at least 1,200 milligrams per day of calcium, and 800 - 1,000 international units of vitamin D3. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium.Your doctor may recommend a supplement to give you the calcium and vitamin D you need.Follow a diet that provides the proper amount of calcium, vitamin D, and protein. While this will not completely stop bone loss, it will guarantee that a supply of the materials the body uses to form and maintain bones is available.

High-calcium foods include:
    * Cheese
    * Ice cream
    * Leafy green vegetables, such as spinach and collard greens
    * Low-fat milk
    * Salmon
    * Sardines (with the bones)
    * Tofu
    * Yogurt

STOP UNHEALTHY HABITS
Quit smoking, if you smoke. Also limit alcohol intake. Too much alcohol can damage your bones, as well as put you at risk for falling and breaking a bone.

PREVENT FALLS
It is critical to prevent falls. Avoid sedating medications and remove household hazards to reduce the risk of fractures. Make sure your vision is good. Other ways to prevent falling include:
    * Avoiding walking alone on icy days
    * Using bars in the bathtub, when needed
    * Wearing well-fitting shoes

MONITORING
Your response to treatment can be monitored with a series of bone mineral density measurements taken every 1 - 2 years.Women taking estrogen should have routine mammograms, pelvic exams, and Pap smears.

RELATED SURGERIES
There are no surgeries for treating osteoporosis itself. However, a procedure called vertebroplasty can be used to treat any small fractures in your spinal column due to osteoporosis. It can also help prevent weak vertebra from becoming fractured by strengthening the bones in your spinal column.

The procedure involves injecting a fast-hardening glue into the areas that are fractured or weak. A similar procedure, called kyphoplasty, uses balloons to widen the spaces that need the glue. (The balloons are removed during the procedure.)

Complications
    * Compression fractures of the spine
    * Disability caused by severely weakened bones
    * Hip and wrist fractures
    * Loss of ability to walk due to hip fractures

Prevention
Calcium is essential for building and maintaining healthy bone. Vitamin D is also needed because it helps your body absorb calcium. Following a healthy, well-balanced diet can help you get these and other important nutrients throughout life.

Other tips for prevention:
    * Avoid drinking excess alcohol
    * Don't smoke
    * Get regular exercise
A number of medications are approved for the prevention of osteoporosis.

Would You Know Skin Cancer If You Saw It?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 03 Sep 2011 04:54:00 +0000

Would You Know Skin Cancer If You Saw It?
Would You Know Skin Cancer If You Saw It?

Skin cancer is sneaky, and not because it doesn't give fair warning. An early -- and curable -- cancer can usually be spotted, but often you never see it (it's hiding on the back of your upper thigh), or you dismiss it as just another freckle. Sure, you've heard the "changing color, ragged edges" litany many times, but do you know exactly what that looks like on your own skin?

Time for some show-and-tell. Now -- when you're still wearing your shorts and flip-flops and showing more skin than usual -- is the perfect time to see whether you can spot skin cancer.

'Anti-ca's&Syndrome : Definition,Causes & Risk Factors,Tests ts,Complications,Prevention.p

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 02 Sep 2011 06:25:00 +0000

'Anti-cancer virus' shows promise
An engineered virus, injected into the blood, can selectively target cancer cells throughout the body in what researchers have labelled a medical first.The virus attacked only tumours, leaving the healthy tissue alone, in a small trial on 23 patients, according to the journal Nature.Researchers said the findings could one day "truly transform" therapies.Cancer specialists said using viruses showed "real promise".

Using viruses to attack cancers is not a new concept, but they have needed to be injected directly into tumours in order to evade the immune system.
Smallpox to cancerScientists modified the vaccinia virus, which is more famous for being used to develop a smallpox vaccine.The virus, named JX-594, is dependent upon a chemical pathway, common in some cancers, in order to replicate.It was injected at different doses into the blood of 23 patients with cancers which had spread to multiple organs in the body.
Continue reading the main story
“Start Quote

I believe that some day, viruses and other biological therapies could truly transform our approach for treating cancer”

In the eight patients receiving the highest dose, seven had the virus replicating in their tumours, but not in healthy tissue.Prof John Bell, lead researcher and from the University of Ottawa, said: "We are very excited because this is the first time in medical history that a viral therapy has been shown to consistently and selectively replicate in cancer tissue after intravenous infusion in humans.

"Intravenous delivery is crucial for cancer treatment because it allows us to target tumours throughout the body as opposed to just those that we can directly inject."Infection prevented further tumour growth in six patients for a time. However, the virus did not cure cancer. Patients were given only one dose of the virus as the trial was designed to test the safety of the virus.It is thought that the virus could be used to deliver treatments directly to cancerous cells in high concentrations.

Prof Bell acknowledges that the research is still in the very early stages, but he said: "I believe that some day, viruses and other biological therapies could truly transform our approach for treating cancer."Cancer Research UK's Prof Nick Lemoine, also director of Barts Cancer Institute, said: "Viruses that multiply in just tumour cells - avoiding healthy cells - are showing real promise as a new biological approach to target hard-to-treat cancers."This new study is important because it shows that a virus previously used safely to vaccinate against smallpox in millions of people can now be modified to reach cancers through the bloodstream - even after cancer has spread widely through the patient's body.

"It is particularly encouraging that responses were seen even in tumours like mesothelioma, a cancer which can be particularly hard to treat."

'Anti-ca's&Syndrome : Definition,Causes & Risk Factors,Tests ts,Complications,Prevention.plications,Prevention'Anti-cancer virus'& Diagnostics,Treatments,Complications,Prevention.

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:51:00 +0000

Sjogren's Syndrome

Definition
Sjogren syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the glands that produce tears and saliva are destroyed. The condition may affect many different parts of the body, including the kidneys and lungs.

Symptoms
Dryness of the mouth and eyes are the most common symptoms of this syndrome.

Eye symptoms:
    * Itching eyes
    * Feeling that something is in the eye

Mouth and throat symptoms:
    * Difficulty swallowing or eating
    * Loss of sense of taste
    * Difficulty speaking
    * Thick or stringy saliva
    * Mouth sores or pain
    * Hoarseness

Other symptoms may include:
    * Fatigue
    * Fever
    * Change in the color of hands or feet
    * Joint pain or joint swelling
    * Swollen glands

Causes & Risk Factors
The cause of Sjogren syndrome is unknown. The syndrome occurs most often in women ages 40 - 50. It is rare in children. Young patients usually have signs of another autoimmune disorder first.

The syndrome may be associated with:
    * Polymyositis
    * Rheumatoid arthritis
    * Scleroderma
    * Systemic lupus erythematosus

Sjogren syndrome affects about 1 - 4 million people in the United States.

Tests & Diagnostics
A physical examination reveals dry eyes and mouth. There may be mouth sores because of the mouth dryness.

Tests:
    * Schirmer's test
    * Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) test
    * Salivary gland biopsy
    * Rheumatoid factor (possible)
    * Tear test
    * Slit lamp examination with rose bengal dye

Treatments
The goal is to relieve symptoms. Dry eyes may be treated with artificial tears, eye-lubricating ointments, or cyclosoporine liquid. Tiny plugs can be placed in the tear drainage ducts to help the tears stay on the surface of the eye.Disease modifying drugs (DMARDs) similar to those used for rheumatoid arthritis may improve the symptoms of Sjogren syndrome. These include tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibiting drugs.

Sipping water throughout the day and chewing sugarless gum may help relieve mouth dryness. Avoid medicines that can cause mouth dryness such as antihistamines and decongestants. Avoid alcohol.

Talk with your dentist about:
    * Solutions to replace minerals in your teeth
    * Saliva substitutes
    * Drugs that help your salivary glands make more saliva

Frequent brushing and flossing of the teeth, and regular dental visits may prevent severe dental cavities caused by dry mouth.Arthritis symptoms are commonly treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physical therapy.

Complications
    * Kidney failure (rare)
    * Lymphoma
    * Pulmonary infection
    * Vasculitis (rare)

Prevention
Since the cause of Sjögren's syndrome is unknown, there are no known ways to prevent this syndrome.

Report: Vaccines generally safe, some side effects

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 26 Aug 2011 08:38:00 +0000

Report: Vaccines generally safe, some side effects
WASHINGTON (AP) — Vaccines can cause certain side effects but serious ones appear very rare — and there's no link with autism and Type 1 diabetes, the Institute of Medicine says in the first comprehensive safety review in 17 years.

The report released Thursday isn't aimed at nervous parents. And the side effects it lists as proven are some that doctors long have known about, such as fever-caused seizures and occasional brain inflammation.

Instead, the review comes at the request of the government's Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, which as the name implies, pays damages to people who are injured by vaccines. Federal law requires this type of independent review as officials update side effects on that list to be sure they agree with the latest science.

"Vaccines are important tools in preventing serious infectious disease across the lifespan, from infancy through adulthood. All health care interventions, however, carry the possibility of risk and vaccines are no exception," said pediatrician and bioethicist Dr. Ellen Wright Clayton of Vanderbilt University, who chaired the institute panel.

Still, the report stresses that vaccines generally are safe, and it may help doctors address worries from a small but vocal anti-vaccine movement. Some vaccine-preventable diseases, including measles, are on the rise.

"I am hopeful that it will allay some people's concerns," Clayton said.

The review echoed numerous other scientific reports that dismiss an autism link.

But it found convincing evidence of 14 side effects:

—Fever-triggered seizures, which seldom cause long-term consequences, from the measles-mumps-rubella, or MMR, vaccine.

—MMR also can cause a rare form of brain inflammation in some people with immune problems.

—The varicella vaccine against chickenpox sometimes triggers that viral infection, resulting in widespread chickenpox or a painful relative called shingles. It also occasionally can lead to pneumonia, hepatitis or meningitis.

—Six vaccines — MMR and the chickenpox, hepatitis B, meningococcal and tetanus-containing vaccines — can cause severe allergic reactions known as anaphylaxis.

—Vaccines in general sometimes trigger fainting or a type of shoulder inflammation.

There's suggestive evidence but not proof of a few other side effects, including anaphylaxis from the human papillomavirus, or HPV, vaccine and short-term joint pain in some women and children from the MMR vaccine.

On the other hand, the report cleared flu shots of blame for two long-suspected side effects: Bell's palsy and worsening of asthma.

That doesn't mean there aren't other side effects — the review couldn't find enough evidence to decide about more than 100 other possibilities. Some vaccines are just too new to link to something really rare. Another example: Flu shots have long come with a caution about rare, paralyzing Guillain-Barre syndrome, but Clayton said research hasn't settled if that's a coincidence since the disorder is more common during the winter.

The Health Resources and Services Administration, which runs the vaccine compensation program, is reviewing the report but said it's too early to predict if it will prompt changes to the injury list.

Carbizol

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 17 Aug 2011 15:02:00 +0000

Carbizol
Active ingredient : Carbimazole

Indications: Management of hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis (including thyroid storm), and also for the preparation of patients for thyroidectomy.
It can also be used in combination with radio-active ablative therapy.

Dosage and Administration: Adults:
The initial dose: 20-60 mg, 2-3 divided doses until the patient is euthyroid. Daily dosage should be divided.
Maintenance regimen: Dose is gradually reduced to maintain a euthyroid state. Final dosage is usually in the range of 5-15 mg/ day which may be taken as a single dally dose .

Neonates and Children below 12 years:
The usual initial dose is 250 mcg/ kg/day in divided doses.

Duration of treatment: 18 to 24 months

Contraindication and Precaution:
Patients with known hypersensitivity to Carbimazole or other thiourea antithyroid agents.

Pregnancy and Lactation:
Recommended but the smallest effective dose should be used least overdosage adversely affects the foetus.

Use in Children:Recommended

Drug interactions
Iodine or iodine excess may decrease the response to Carbimazole.

Adverse reactions
Rarely seen; rash, pruritis, skin pigmentation, paraesthesias, urticaria, headache, arthralga, and gastro-intestinal disturbances.

Overdose
Overdosage or accidental poisoning may result in hypothyroidism and goiter. If blood dyscrasias occur, the drug should be immediately wirhdrawn. Further treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Preparation: 5 mg Tablet.

HIV drug access to Get Boost Through Generic Manufacturing

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 13 Jul 2011 12:54:00 +0000

HIV drug access to Get Boost Through Generic Manufacturing
US pharmaceutical giant Gilead Sciences and an NGO called the Medicines Patent Pool announced a deal on Tuesday aimed at boosting access to HIV drugs in poorer countries through generic manufacturing.

The HIV medicines tenofovir and emtricitabine, as well as two drugs that are still in clinical development, cobicistat and elvitegravir, will be made in low-cost copycat form under the licensing agreement.

Included too is a combination of these drugs in a hoped-for single pill known as the Quad.

The Medicines Patent Pool, founded by AIDS campaign group UNITAID in 2010, seeks to widen access to HIV drugs through voluntary licences with Big Pharma.

The new deal is unusual because pharmaceutical companies very rarely allow licensing of drugs for public health while the product is still in clinical development.

"Today marks a milestone in managing patents for public health. The licence agreement with Gilead Sciences will help make medicines available at a lower cost and in easier-to-use formulations without delays," said Ellen 't Hoen, executive director of the Medicines Patent Pool.

"(...) People in developing countries often have to wait for years before they can access new health technologies. Today's agreement changed that."

Gilead will pick up royalties of three to five percent of generic sales, but will waive royalties for any formulations of the drug that are used for children.

Generic drugs have been essential in the effort to cast a lifeline to the millions of people in poor countries who are badly infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Thanks to generics, the cost of the least expensive first-generation HIV treatment has dropped to less than $86 a patient annually from $10,000 in 2000.
However, doctors need alternatives to these front-line drugs because some patients fail to respond to the treatment. In addition, the AIDS virus mutates, posing a long-term resistance problem.

It is the first agreement between the Medicine Patents Pool and a pharmaceutical company.

UNITAID, headed by former French foreign minister Philippe Douste-Blazy, was set up in September 2006 to boost funding to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Its funding derives from a solidarity levy on airline tickets sold in 15 countries.

Gums - swollen Health Article

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 12 Jul 2011 13:43:00 +0000

Definition
Swollen gums are abnormally enlarged, bulging, or protruding.
Alternative Names

Considerations
Gum swelling is quite common and may involve one or many of the triangular-shaped bits of gum between nearby teeth. These sections are called papillae.

Occasionally, the gums swell significantly, blocking the teeth completely.
Common Causes

    * Gingivitis
    * Infection by a virus or fungus
    * Malnutrition
    * Poorly fitting dentures
    * Pregnancy
    * Sensitivity to toothpaste or mouthwash
    * Scurvy
    * Side effect of a drug such as Dilantin or phenobarbital

Home Care

Improve your nutrition if it is poor.

Avoid gum irritants such as commercial mouthwashes, alcohol, and tobacco. Change your toothpaste brand and avoid using mouthwashes if your swollen gums are caused by sensitivity to toothpaste or mouthwash.

Use good oral hygiene. See a periodontist or dentist at least every 6 months.

If your swollen gums are caused by a reaction to a drug, talk to your doctor about using a different type of medication. Never change medications without first talking to your doctor.
Call your health care provider if

    * Swelling is severe, persistent, or is accompanied by other unexplained symptoms
    * Discomfort is associated with swelling

What to expect at your health care provider's office
The dentist will examine your mouth, teeth, and gums. You will be asked questions about your medical history and symptoms, such as:

    * Quality
          o Do your gums bleed?
    * Time pattern
          o Did the swelling begin recently?
          o Are they always swollen?
          o Does the amount of swelling change?
          o Does it only occur occasionally?
          o Have you had gum problems before?
    * Oral hygiene habits
          o How often do you brush?
          o How often do you floss?
          o How hard of a toothbrush is used?
          o How vigorously do you brush?
          o What are other habits (use of toothpicks or other)?
          o When was the last time you had the teeth professionally cleaned (at the dentist)?
    * Eating habits
          o Have you changed your diet?
          o Do you eat adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables?
          o Do you take supplemental vitamins?
    * Other
          o What medications do you take?
          o Are you pregnant?
          o Have you changed mouthwash or toothpaste recently?
          o What other symptoms do you have? For example, breath odor, sore throat, pain.

Tests may include blood studies such as a CBC or blood differential.

The patient will be taught proper mouth and gum care.

Sunburn : Definition Considerations Common Causes Home Care Prevention

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:04:00 +0000

Definition :
A sunburn is reddening of the skin that occurs after you are exposed to the sun or other ultraviolet light.
Alternative Names

Considerations :
The first signs of a sunburn may not appear for a few hours. The full effect to your skin may not appear for 24 hours or longer. Possible symptoms include:

    * Red, tender skin that is warm to touch.
    * Blisters that develop hours to days later.
    * Severe reactions (sometimes called "sun poisoning"), including fever, chills, nausea, or rash.
    * Skin peeling on sunburned areas several days after the sunburn.

While the symptoms of sunburn are usually temporary (such as red skin that is painful to the touch), the skin damage is often permanent and can have serious long-term health effects, including skin cancer. By the time the skin starts to become painful and red, the damage has been done. The pain is worst between 6 and 48 hours after sun exposure.In severe sunburns, blistering of the skin may occur. Deaths have resulted from acute sun exposure, and significant temporary disability is experienced by millions of sunburned people each year.

Common Causes :
Sunburn results when the amount of exposure to the sun or other ultraviolet light source exceeds the ability of the body's protective pigment, melanin, to protect the skin. Sunburn in a very light-skinned person may occur in less than 15 minutes of midday sun exposure, while a dark-skinned person may tolerate the same exposure for hours.

Keep in mind:
    * There is no such thing as a "healthy tan." Unprotected sun exposure causes premature aging of the skin.
    * Sun exposure can cause first and second degree burns.
    * Skin cancer usually appears in adulthood, but is caused by sun exposure and sunburns that began as early as childhood. You can help prevent skin cancer by protecting your skin and your children's skin from the harmful rays of the sun.

Factors that make sunburn more likely:
    * Infants and children are especially sensitive to the burning effects of the sun.
    * People with fair skin are more likely to get sunburn. But even dark and black skin can burn and should be protected.
    * The sun's rays are strongest during the hours of 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. The sun's rays are also stronger at higher altitudes and lower latitudes (closer to the tropics). Reflection off water, sand, or snow can intensify the sun's burning rays.
    * Sun lamps can cause severe sunburn.
    * Some medications (such as the antibiotic doxycycline) can make you more susceptible to sunburn.

Home Care :
Sunburn is better prevented than treated. Effective sunscreens are available in a wide variety of strengths. Most doctors recommend a sunscreen SPF level of 30 or greater.Sunscreen should be generously applied. If out in the sun for a prolonged period of time during the day, wearing a hat and other protective clothing is recommended. Light clothing reflects the sun most effectively.

If you do get a sunburn:
    * Try taking a cool shower or bath or placing wet, cold wash rags on the burn.
    * Avoid products that contain benzocaine, lidocaine, or petroleum (like Vaseline).
    * If blisters are present, dry bandages may help prevent infection.
    * If your skin is not blistering, moisturizing cream may be applied to relieve discomfort.
    * Over the counter medications, like ibuprofen, may help to relieve pain from sunburn. DO NOT give aspirin to children.

Call your health care provider if
Call a health care provider immediately if you have a fever with sunburn or if there are signs of shock, heat exhaustion, dehydration, or other serious reaction. These signs include:

    * Feeling faint or dizzy
    * Rapid pulse or rapid breathing
    * Extreme thirst, no urine output, or sunken eyes
    * Pale, clammy, or cool skin
    * Nausea, fever, chills, or rash
    * Your eyes hurt and are sensitive to light
    * Severe, painful blisters

What to expect at your health care provider's office
The doctor will perform a physical exam and look at your skin. You may be asked questions about your medical history and current symptoms, including:

    * When did the sunburn occur?
    * How often do you get sunburn?
    * Do you have blisters?
    * How much of the body was sunburned?
    * What medicines do you take?
    * Do you use a sunblock or sunscreen? What type? How strong?
    * What other symptoms do you have?

Prevention :
    * Avoid sun exposure during hours of peak sun ray intensity.
    * Apply generous amounts of sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30. Pay special attention to your face, nose, ears, and shoulders. The higher the SPF, the greater the protection.
    * Apply sunscreen 30 minutes prior to sun exposure to allow penetration. Re-apply after swimming and every 2 hours while you are outdoors.
    * Wear sun hats. There is also SPF clothing and swimwear available.
    * Wear sunglasses with UV protection.
    * Use a lip balm with sunscreen.

The ER Doctor's Guide to a Safer Summer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 02 Jul 2011 13:59:00 +0000

Keep Your Kids Out of the ER
Accidents happen—and in the summer, the risk jumps. A lot. Emergency rooms report 18% more traffic in May through August, when children are outside running, kicking, riding, and swimming. So America's top ER and pediatric doctors want to give you advice about what lands kids in the hospital—and how you can help them avoid the trip.

1. Tune Up Old Bikes
A dusty old bike may up your kid's accident risk.Young cyclists—along with inline skaters and skateboarders—should always wear helmets, period. "But it's not just head injuries that send kids to our doorstep," says Barbara Gaines, MD, surgical director of the pediatric ICU at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. "We see a lot of abdominal injuries that occur when bikers stop short and fly into the handlebars. And if the protective foam covering has worn off the handles, exposed metal edges can cut into skin." At the beginning of each summer, give family bikes a good once-over. Make sure the brakes work, and look for worn parts.

2. Know the Signs of Concussion
Between 1.8 and 3.8 million sports-related concussions go undiagnosed every year in the United States, reports the CDC.Although treatment usually involves only a few days of rest, more serious damage can result if a child suffers a concussion and then reinjures his head before it heals—and this can lead to permanent problems with coordination, speech, and even memory.

If your child receives a blow to the head, watch for concussion symptoms: confusion, memory loss, headache, dizziness, ringing in the ears, slurred speech, nausea, or vomiting. Some can be subtle, so if there's any doubt, play it safe: Take him out of the game, and call his doctor. "Contrary to what people think, you don't always lose consciousness, and often there's no bump or visible sign," explains Shannon. Finally, don't be fooled if your child insists that he feels fine—pain isn't a good guide in this case, since his motivation to get back in the game may make him downplay his symptoms.

3. Make Your Kids Drink
They should guzzle water at least every half hour to prevent dehydration."Kids will play outside until they drop, so you need to be sure they stay hydrated in order to prevent heatstroke and exhaustion," says Gaines. Even thirsty children need nudging: They tend to relax and socialize during game breaks rather than refuel with water, found University of Connecticut researchers who studied the habits of kids at sports camp.

If you're supervising an activity, call a time-out every 20 to 30 minutes, and encourage players to drink up at least 4 to 5 ounces each time. "If you're not there to enforce the rule, pack water bottles and remind kids to sip and refill frequently," says Gaines.

4. Always Designate a Lifeguard
Even if your kid's the next Michael Phelps, don't assume he's safe alone in the pool."One misconception I've seen is parents' belief that once their child is 6 to 8 years old, they can reduce their vigilance at the pool," says Michael Shannon, MD, emergency medicine chief at Children's Hospital Boston. "But even if they've been swimming for years, young children can tire suddenly—to the point where they can't make it to the pool's edge." And don't think it's okay to simply keep an ear tuned in to pool activity, warns Gaines: "People think that a child who falls into the water will splash and make a lot of noise, but the truth is that drowning tends to be silent."

5. Choose the Right Shoes
Your little soccer star may experience leg pain if she doesn't take the proper exercise precautions.If your child wears her cleats during team workouts or for extended runs, the stiff soles and poor support may cause kneecap pain or shin splits, says Rebecca Demorest, MD, an assistant attending physician at the Hospital for Special Surgery and assistant professor of pediatrics at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City. Make sure kids do warm-up or cool-down laps in running shoes, which are much gentler on the body. And tell them to test the ground before a game; in late summer (depending on where you live), it's often hard and dry enough that cleats aren't necessary.

6. Have Young Athletes Cross-Train
Even with proper footwear, child athletes who pound the same pavement every day can quickly develop repetitive-motion injuries.Watch for signs of soreness or inflammation lasting more than a day. "If kids want to exercise daily, make sure they mix things up," says Ted Ganley, MD, orthopaedic director of the Sports Medicine and Performance Center at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. "If basketball is their preferred sport, reserve 2 days a week for activities like swimming or biking, which don't put all their weight on their legs."

Botox and Asthma : Allergic Asthma and IgE

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 01 Jul 2011 06:12:00 +0000

First, What is IgE?
IgE (immunoglobulin E) is a natural substance found in your body that may play a central role in your allergic asthma. IgE works by binding to allergens and then triggering the release of chemicals that can cause inflammation.

Second, how does IgE affect you?
You still might be experiencing symptoms like wheezing and chest tightness—even if you're taking your medicines, including inhaled steroids, the way you should. With allergic asthma, when you are exposed to allergens, such as dust or pet dander, this may cause 2 things to happen:

    * Constriction of the airways
      Tightening of the muscles that surround the airways of the lungs, making it hard to breathe.
    * Inflammation of the airways
      Swelling of the tissue in the airways of the lungs. This process narrows the airways, also making it hard to breathe.

Together, the constriction and inflammation of the airways can lead to an asthma attack.

IgE and your allergic asthma
In some patients, reducing IgE has been shown to be helpful as part of their asthma treatment plan, so it may be important to learn everything you can about IgE, including the level of IgE in your body.

Knowing your IgE level can help you and your doctor decide the most appropriate way to treat your asthma. If you don't know your IgE level, just ask your doctor about a skin or blood test to check your specific IgE level to help determine if your asthma is caused by year-round allergens in the air.

If you have two or more attacks a year that require oral steroids, your asthma is not considered well-controlled. So, to see if your asthma is allergic asthma, make sure you ask your doctor about an IgE test.

Your healthcare provider is your primary source of care and information, and should always be contacted for medical advice and treatment.

Who is XOLAIR for?
XOLAIR® (omalizumab) for subcutaneous use is an injectable, prescription medicine for patients 12 years of age and older. It is for patients with moderate to severe persistent allergic asthma caused by year-round allergens in the air. A skin or blood test is done to see if you have allergic asthma. XOLAIR is for patients who are not controlled by asthma medicines called inhaled steroids.

XOLAIR helps reduce the number of asthma attacks in people with allergic asthma who still have asthma symptoms even though they are taking inhaled steroids.

Important Limitations of Use
    * XOLAIR has not been proven to work in other allergic conditions
    * XOLAIR is not a rescue medicine and should not be used to treat sudden asthma attacks
    * XOLAIR should not be used in children under 12 years of age

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

XOLAIR should always be injected in a doctor's office. You should read the Medication Guide before starting XOLAIR treatment and before each and every treatment.

A severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis has happened in some patients after they received XOLAIR. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening condition and can lead to death, so get emergency medical treatment right away if signs or symptoms of anaphylaxis occur after receiving XOLAIR.
Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis include:

    * wheezing, shortness of breath, cough, chest tightness, or trouble breathing
    * low blood pressure, dizziness, fainting, rapid or weak heartbeat, anxiety, or feeling of "impending doom"
    * flushing, itching, hives, or feeling warm
    * swelling of the throat or tongue, throat tightness, hoarse voice, or trouble swallowing

Anaphylaxis from XOLAIR can happen:
    * right after receiving a XOLAIR injection or hours later
    * after any XOLAIR injection. Anaphylaxis has occurred after the first XOLAIR injection or after many XOLAIR injections.

Your healthcare provider should watch you for some time in the office for signs or symptoms of anaphylaxis after injecting XOLAIR. If you have signs or symptoms of anaphylaxis, tell your healthcare provider right away.

You should not receive XOLAIR if you have ever had an allergic reaction to a XOLAIR injection. Do not use XOLAIR if you are allergic to any of its ingredients.

In clinical studies, a variety of cancer types, including breast, skin, prostate, and parotid (a type of salivary gland), were reported in more patients who received XOLAIR than in patients who did not receive XOLAIR.

XOLAIR is not a rescue medicine and should not be used to treat sudden asthma attacks.

XOLAIR is not a substitute for the medicines you are already taking. Do not change or stop taking any of your other asthma medicines unless your doctor tells you to do so.

Some patients on XOLAIR may have an abnormal increase in eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood or tissues, sometimes causing an inflammation of blood vessels, which can lead to rash, worsening of respiratory symptoms, heart trouble, and/or nerve pain and weakness.

Joint inflammation or pain, rash, fever, and swollen lymph nodes have been seen in some patients taking XOLAIR, after the first or subsequent injections. Talk to your doctor if you've experienced any of these signs and symptoms.

The most commonly seen side effects occurring more frequently in patients receiving XOLAIR than in patients who received placebo (an injection with no active medicine) were joint pain, pain (general), leg pain, tiredness (fatigue), dizziness, fracture, arm pain, itching, inflammation of the skin, and earache.

In asthma studies, the most common side effects in patients, who either needed to stop XOLAIR or needed medical attention, were injection site reaction, viral infections, upper respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, headache, and sore throat. These side effects were seen at similar rates in XOLAIR-treated patients as in patients that did not receive XOLAIR.

There are other possible side effects with XOLAIR. Talk to your doctor for more information and if you have any questions about your treatment.

XOLAIR has not been studied in pregnant women. Pregnant women exposed to XOLAIR are encouraged to enroll in the XOLAIR Pregnancy Exposure Registry. You can get more information by calling 1-866-4XOLAIR (1-866-496-5247) or by speaking with your doctor.

Cancer death rate gap widens based on education

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 18 Jun 2011 07:41:00 +0000

Cancer death rate gap widens based on education
The gap in cancer death rates between college graduates and those who only went to high school is widening, the American Cancer Society reported Friday.

Among men, the least educated died of cancer at rates more than 2 1/2 times that of men with college degrees, the latest data show. In the early 1990s, they died at two times the rate of most-educated men.

For women, the numbers aren't as complete but suggest a widening gap also. The data, from 2007, compared people between the ages of 25 and 64.

People with college degrees are seeing a significant drop in cancer death rates, while people who have spent less time in school are seeing more modest improvements or sometimes none at all, explained Elizabeth Ward, who oversees research done by the cancer society.

The cancer society estimates there will be nearly 1.6 million new cancer cases in the United States this year, and 571,950 deaths. It also notes that overall cancer death rates have been dropping since the early 1990s, but the decline has been greater for some groups more than others.

Experts believe that the differences have to do with education, how much people earn and where they live, among other factors. Researchers like to use education as a measuring stick because death certificates include that information.

"Just because we're measuring education doesn't mean we think education is the direct reason" for the differences among population groups, Ward said.

That said, the cancer death rate connection to education is striking.

For all types of cancer among men, there were about 56 deaths per 100,000 for those with at least 16 years of education compared to 148 deaths per 100,000 for those with no more than 12 years of school.

For women, the rate was 59 per 100,000 for the most educated, and 119 per 100,000 for the least educated.

The gap was most striking when it comes to lung cancer.

People with a high school education or less died at a rate four to five times higher than those with at least four years of college education, the new report said.

More than a third of premature cancer deaths could have been avoided if everyone had a college degree, cancer society officials estimated.

Studies have suggested that less educated people are more likely to do risky things with their health.

They are more likely to smoke, drink and overeat, leading to obesity. All those things raise the risk for various cancers.

As for survival after diagnosis, the least-educated are often poor people without good health insurance. Studies have found that people with no health insurance are more likely to be diagnosed when their cancer is advanced stage, and they are also less likely to receive standard treatment.

Post your comments about this story....

Sleep Apnea : Definition,Symptoms,Causes & Risk Factors,Tests,Diagnostics,Treatments,Complications and Prevention.

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 04 Jun 2011 05:35:00 +0000

Definition : Obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a person has episodes of blocked breathing during sleep.This article discusses obstructive sleep apnea in adults.

Symptoms : A person who has obstructive sleep apnea often is not aware of the apnea episodes during the night. Often, family members, especially spouses, witness the periods of apnea.A person with obstructive sleep apnea usually snores heavily soon after falling asleep. The snoring continues at a regular pace for a period of time, often becoming louder. It is then interrupted by a long silent period during which there is no breathing. This is followed by a loud snort and gasp, and the snoring returns. This pattern repeats frequently throughout the night.

The main symptoms are usually associated with excessive daytime sleepiness:
    * Abnormal daytime sleepiness, including falling asleep at inappropriate times
    * Awakening unrefreshed in the morning

Other symptoms may include:
    * Depression (possibly)
    * Memory difficulties
    * Morning headaches
    * Personality changes
    * Poor concentration
    * Restless and fitful sleep
    * Frequent waking up during the night to urinate
    * Insomnia

Other symptoms that may occur with this disease:
    * Hyperactive behavior, especially in children
    * Leg swelling (if severe)

Causes & Risk Factors :Normally, the muscles of the upper part of the throat help keep the airway open and allow air to flow into the lungs. Even though these muscles usually relax during sleep, the upper throat remains open enough to let air pass by.

However, some people have a narrower throat area. When the muscles in their upper throat relax during sleep, their airway may completely close. This prevents air from getting into the lungs. Loud snoring and labored breathing occur. During deep sleep, breathing can stop for a period of time (often more than 10 seconds). This is called apnea.

An apnea episode is followed by a sudden attempt to breathe, and a change to a lighter stage of sleep. The result is fragmented or interrupted sleep that is not restful. As a result, those with sleep apnea feel more drowsy or sleepy during the day, called excessive daytime drowsiness.

Older obese men seem to be at higher risk, although many people with obstructive sleep apnea are not obese. The following factors may also increase your risk for obstructive sleep apnea:

    * Certain shapes of the palate and jaw
    * Large tonsils and adenoids in children
    * Large neck or collar size
    * Large tongue
    * Narrow airway
    * Nasal obstruction
    * Obesity

Drinking alcohol or using sedatives before sleep may make you more likely to have an episode of apnea.

Tests & Diagnostics : The health care provider will perform a complete history and physical exam. This will involve carefully checking your mouth, neck, and throat. You may be given a survey that asks a series of questions about daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, and bedtime habits.A sleep study (polysomnogram) is used to confirm obstructive sleep apnea.

Other tests that may be performed include:
    * Arterial blood gases
    * Electrocardiogram (ECG)
    * Echocardiogram
    * Thyroid function studies

Treatments : The goal is to keep the airway open so that breathing does not stop during sleep.The following lifestyle changes may relieve symptoms of sleep apnea in some individuals:
    * Avoiding alcohol or sedatives at bedtime
    * Avoiding sleeping on the back
    * Losing weight

CPAP is now regarded as the first-line treatment for obstructive sleep apnea in most people. Many patients cannot tolerate CPAP therapy. Good follow-up and support from a sleep center can often help overcome any problems in using CPAP. For information on this treatment, see: CPAP.Some patients may need dental devices inserted into the mouth at night to keep the jaw forward.

Surgery may be an option in some cases. This may involve:
    * Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) -- to remove excess tissue at the back of the throat
    * More invasive surgeries -- to correct abnormal structures of the face in rare cases when patients have severe sleep apnea or treatment has not helped
    * Tracheostomy -- to create an opening in the windpipe to bypass the blocked airway if there are anatomical problems (rarely done)
    * Surgery on the nose and sinuses

Surgery to remove the tonsils and adenoids may cure the condition in children; it does not seem to help most adults.

Complications : Because of daytime sleepiness, people with sleep apnea have an increased risk of:
    * Motor vehicle accidents from driving while sleepy
    * Industrial accidents from falling asleep on the job

Untreated obstructive sleep apnea may lead to, or worsen cardiovascular disease, such as:
    * High blood pressure
    * Heart failure
    * Stroke
    * Heart arrhythmias

Prevention : Children with very large tonsils and adenoids may develop sleep apnea and related problems. They should be checked by a health care provider to determine whether they need further evaluation.