<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682</id><updated>2024-11-06T04:05:52.276+01:00</updated><category term="مكتبة الفيزياء ( كتب في الفيزياء )"/><category term="المجلة"/><category term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category term="محاكاة"/><category term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category term="السنة الثالثة ثانوي"/><category term="دروس 3"/><category term="دروس 1"/><category term="دروس 2"/><title type='text'>فيزياء الجزائر</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>94</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-8660927044409878358</id><published>2013-10-02T22:43:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:45:30.880+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثالثة ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 3"/><title type='text'>عمل تطبيقي : متابعة تحول كيميائي عن طريق قياس الناقلية</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;عمل تطبيقي : متابعة تحول كيميائي عن طريق
قياس الناقلية&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;متابعة تطور &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;تفاعل 2- كلورو-2- ميثيل بروبان مع الماء&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/8660927044409878358/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/10/blog-post_7622.html#comment-form' title='1 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/8660927044409878358'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/8660927044409878358'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/10/blog-post_7622.html' title='عمل تطبيقي : متابعة تحول كيميائي عن طريق قياس الناقلية'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgl-7KJ55GBlpCMf9ZVFXJFBS2klE1PhOvlI0LUhCFu_e7WKtqRB2XkcUwDSMbUMwoj0m95asr0eOhHIuTExp54vVFOw1n6af7JLcE1rdLgieYF8B9HPPsLWmztOEbdDeDDPldYPKllT4/s72-c/icone_texte_doc.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-3624511040024025282</id><published>2013-10-02T22:40:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:56:05.275+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثالثة ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 3"/><title type='text'>عمل تطبيقي : متابعة تحول كيميائي عن طريق  المعايرة اللونية</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;عمل
تطبيقي : متابعة تحول كيميائي عن طريق &amp;nbsp;المعايرة اللونية الأستاذ كانم&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;متابعة أكسدة شوارد اليود في وسط
حمضي بواسطة الماء الأوكسيجيني&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/3624511040024025282/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/10/blog-post_2.html#comment-form' title='3 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/3624511040024025282'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/3624511040024025282'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/10/blog-post_2.html' title='عمل تطبيقي : متابعة تحول كيميائي عن طريق  المعايرة اللونية'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgl-7KJ55GBlpCMf9ZVFXJFBS2klE1PhOvlI0LUhCFu_e7WKtqRB2XkcUwDSMbUMwoj0m95asr0eOhHIuTExp54vVFOw1n6af7JLcE1rdLgieYF8B9HPPsLWmztOEbdDeDDPldYPKllT4/s72-c/icone_texte_doc.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-380212359343845536</id><published>2013-10-02T22:31:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:56:05.281+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثالثة ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 3"/><title type='text'>ملخص المكتسبات القبلية السنة الثالثة ثانوي الأستاذ كانم</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
ملخص المكتسبات القبيلية السنة الثالثة ثانوي الأستاذ كانم&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;كمية المادة &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;علاقة كمية
المادة بالكتلة : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;حالة مادة صلبة , سائلة . غازية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #5f497a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;علاقة كمية
المادة بالحجم&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;حالة غاز فقط&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;الكتلة
الحجمية &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;II.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;المحاليل المائية &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;التركيز
المولي و التركيز الكتلي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;التركيز
المولي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;التركيز
الكتلي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 72pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;علاقة
التركيز المولي و التركيز الكتلي &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;قانون التمديد :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;معامل
التمديد&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -36pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;III.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;جدول تقدم التفاعل &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -36pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;IV.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;طرق تعيين كمية المادة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 54pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;عن طريق
الضغط &quot; قانون الغاز المثالي &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 54pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;عن طريق
قياس الناقلية الكهربائية &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #4f81bd; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 54pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;عن طريق
المعايرة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 46.35pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;الأكسدة و
الإرجاع&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 46.35pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;خطوات
موازنة تفاعلات أكسدة إرجاع :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 46.35pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;المعايرة
اللونية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 46.35pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #e36c0a; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;&quot;&gt;المعادلات
النصفية لبعض الثنائيات :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/380212359343845536/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/10/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='1 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/380212359343845536'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/380212359343845536'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/10/blog-post.html' title='ملخص المكتسبات القبلية السنة الثالثة ثانوي الأستاذ كانم'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgl-7KJ55GBlpCMf9ZVFXJFBS2klE1PhOvlI0LUhCFu_e7WKtqRB2XkcUwDSMbUMwoj0m95asr0eOhHIuTExp54vVFOw1n6af7JLcE1rdLgieYF8B9HPPsLWmztOEbdDeDDPldYPKllT4/s72-c/icone_texte_doc.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-318327665450349980</id><published>2013-01-21T22:19:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2013-03-31T23:44:55.350+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="المجلة"/><title type='text'>طرائف عن علماء فيزيائيين </title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: teal;&quot;&gt;طرائف عن علماء فيزيائيين&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;اولا&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;ارخميدس والملك&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: royalblue;&quot;&gt;وجدتها وجدتها&lt;/span&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;يقال انه كان هناك ملك طاغية في عصر العالم ارخميدس . جمع هذا الملك المجوهرات و الذهب الذي يملكه وطلب من اكبر الصائغين أن يصنع له تاجا عظيما لا يوجد له مثيل . و اشترط الملك على الصائغ أن يصنع التاج من الذهب الخالص وهدده &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;بالقتل لو ثبت أنه قام بغش الذهب بإضافة أي شوائب عليه. قام الصائغ بعمله على أكمل وجه وقام بصناعة التاج كما أراد الملك الطاغية , و لكن هذا الملك لم يهدا له بال و قام بإستدعاء العالم ارخميدس وطلب منه ان يثبت له ان هذا التاج مصنوع من الذهب النقي الخالص و منح ارخميدس يومين لا ثبات ذلك و الا فإنه سوف يقتل ارخميدس&lt;br /&gt;.مر يوم على العالم ارخميدس و هو في اسوء حال و لكم ان تتخيلو مدى قلقه كانه مسجون ينتظر حكم الاعدام&lt;br /&gt;و في اليوم الاخير من المهلة المحددة. كان العالم ارخميدس يستحم في احد الحمامات العامة, و في اثناء ذلك خطرت له فكرة عبقرية عن قياس احجام الاجسام الغير منتظمة, و من شدة فرح العالم الكبير خرج من الحما م مسرعاً الى الشارع و هو يصرخ بكلماته المشهورة &quot;أوريكا أوريكا أي وجدتها وجدتها&lt;br /&gt;و بعد ذلك و في اجتماع ضخم اجتمع الملك و حاشيته و ارخميدس و الصائغ و جميع سكان البلدة لمشاهدة من الذي سوف يموت يا ترى هل هوالصائغ أم ارخميدس؟&lt;br /&gt;و على رؤوس الاشهاد و على الرغم من نظرات الدهشة التي تحيط به احضر العالم ارخميدس و عاء مملوء بالماء و ميزان فقط !!&lt;br /&gt;فكرة العالم ارخميدس كانت بسيطة جداً و لكنها عبقريه و تفي بالغرض.&lt;br /&gt;و كانت فكرته تقول أن حجم الجسم يتناسب طردياً مع كتلته&lt;br /&gt;.أي انه لو قسمنا حجم الفلز على كتلته فان الناتج يكون ثابتا مهما كان حجم الفلز&lt;br /&gt;الحجم/ الكتلة = ثابت&lt;br /&gt;و لكي يقيس الحجم قام العالم ارخميدس بإحضار التاج و قام بوضعه داخل الاناء المملوء بالماء ثم جمع الماء المنسكب من الاناء و قام بحساب حجمه ( الذي يساوي حجم التاج ), ثم قام بقياس كتلة التاج و في النهاية قسم الحجم على الكتلة ليستخرج الثابت للتاج.&lt;br /&gt;و احضر سبيكة من الذهب الخالص و قام بإستخراج الثابت لها ثم قارن بين ثابت السبيكة و ثابت التاج , و من سوء حظ الصائغ ان الثابتين لم يتطابقا , و اعترف الصائغ انه قام بغش الذهب المصنوع منه التاج , و نجى العالم الكبير ارخميدس&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;في النهاية احب أن أقول أن الثابت الذي اكتشفه ارخميدس الى الان يستخدم في الفيزياء و يسمى الكتلة الحجمية&lt;br /&gt;.و لكل فلز من الفلزات كتلة حجمية خاصة به&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;طوماس اديسون&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: royalblue;&quot;&gt;صاحب المصباح الكهربائي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;أديسون كان ضعيف الذاكرة..!&lt;br /&gt;كان أديسون ضعيف الذاكرة لاسيما في شبابه,ففي المدرسة كان ينسى كل مايتعلمه لذلك كان دائما يأتي في مؤخرة زملائه من حيث الدرجة.&lt;br /&gt;ويئس منه أستاذه,وصرحو بأنه خفيف العقل أبله,لافائدة من تعليمه. أما الأطباء فتكهنوا أنه مصاب بمس.نظرا لشكل رأسه الغريب.&lt;br /&gt;وذات يوم-كان منهمكا في حل معضلة علمية- اضطر للذهاب إلى المحكمة ليؤدي ماعليه من ضرائب,ولبث وقتا قصيراواقفا في (الصف) منتظرا دوره,فلما جاء دوره لم يتذكر إسمه. ولاحظ أحد الواقفين بجانبه ارتباكه فذكره بأن اسمه (توماس أديسون) وقد صرح وقتئذ بأنه لم يستطع تذكر اسمه حتى لوكانت حياته معلقة على ذلك..!&lt;br /&gt;اعتاد أديسون أن يمضي الليل وهو يعمل في مختبره,وفي صباح يوم من الأيام، وكان ينتظر افطاره ليأكل إذا به يستسلم للنوم. فأراد أحد مساعديه أن يمازحه فوضع أمامه على المائدة الطبق وعليه الصحون الفارغة،بعد أن أكل هو طعامه.&lt;br /&gt;ولما استيقظ أديسون رأى الصحون الفارغة وفنجان القهوة الفارغ,وكسرات الخبز فظن أن أكل قبل أن ينام..فتراجع قليلا عن المائدة وتناول سيجارا فأشعله ثم انصرف إلى عمله دون أن يخامره الشك في شيء. ولم يعلم بحقيقة ماحدث إلا بعد أن انفجر مساعدوه ضاحكين ........&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;انشتاين&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: royalblue;&quot;&gt;صاحب نظرية النسبية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;سئم العالم اينشتاين من تقديم المحاضرات بعد أن تكاثرت عليه الدعوات من الجامعات والجمعيات العلمية، وذات يوم وبينما كان في طريقه إلى المحاضرة..&lt;br /&gt;قال له سائق سيارته:&lt;br /&gt;أعلم يا سيدي أنك مللت تقديم المحاضرات وتلقي الأسئلة،&lt;br /&gt;فما قولك في أني أنوب عنك في محاضرة اليوم ،&lt;br /&gt;خاصة أن شعري منكوش ومنتف مثل شعرك..&lt;br /&gt;وبيني وبينك شبه ليس بالقليل ..&lt;br /&gt;ولأني استمعت إلى العشرات من محاضراتك فإن لدي فكرة لا بأس بها عن النظرية النسبية…؟؟؟&lt;br /&gt;فأعجب أينشتاين بالفكرة وتبادلا الملابس..&lt;br /&gt;فوصلا إلى قاعة المحاضرة حيث وقف السائق على المنصة وجلس العالِم العبقري الذي كان يرتدي بزة السائق في الصفوف الخلفية. ....&lt;br /&gt;وسـارت المحاضرة على ما يرام...&lt;br /&gt;إلى أن وقف بروفيسور مغرور ... وطرح سؤالاً من الوزن الثقيل وهو يحس بأنّه سيحرج به أينشتاين....&lt;br /&gt;هنا ابتسم السائق الظريف وقال للبروفيسور:&lt;br /&gt;سؤالك هذا ساذج إلى درجة أنني سأكلّف سائقي الذي يجلس في الصفوف الخلفية بالردّ عليه..&lt;br /&gt;وبالطبع فقد قدّم &quot;السائق&quot; رداّ جعل البروفيسور يتضاءل خجلاً&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;عبقرية طالب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;في امتحان الفيزياء في جامعة كوبنهاجن بالدانمرك جاء أحد أسئلة الامتحان كالتالي : كيف تحدد ارتفاع ناطحة سحاب باستخدام الباروميتر (جهاز قياس الضغط الجوي)؟&lt;br /&gt;الإجابة الصحيحة : بقياس الفرق بين الضغط الجوي على سطح الأرض وعلى سطح ناطحة السحاب.&lt;br /&gt;إحدى الإجابات استفزت أستاذ الفيزياء وجعلته يقرر رسوب صاحب الإجابة بدون قراءة باقي إجاباته على الأسئلة الأخرى.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;الإجابة المستفزة هي : أربط الباروميتر بحبل طويل وأدلي الخيط من أعلى ناطحة السحاب حتى يمس الباروميتر الأرض .ثم أقيس طول الخيط&lt;br /&gt;غضب أستاذ المادة لأن الطالب قاس له ارتفاع الناطحة بأسلوب بدائي ليس له علاقة بالمباروميتر أو بالفيزياء , تظلم الطالب مؤكدا أن إجابته صحيحة 100% وحسب قوانين الجامعة عين خبير للبت في القضية&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;أفاد تقرير الحكم بأن إجابة الطالب صحيحة لكنها لا تدل على معرفته بمادة الفيزياء . وتقرر إعطاء الطالب فرصة أخرى لإثبات معرفته العلمية&lt;br /&gt;ثم طرح عليه الحكم نفس السؤال شفهيا&lt;br /&gt;فكر الطالب قليلا وقال: &quot; لدي إجابات كثيرة لقياس ارتفاع الناطحة ولا أدري أيها أختار&quot; فقال الحكم:&quot;هاتكلماعندك&quot;&lt;br /&gt;فأجاب الطالب&lt;br /&gt;يمكن إلقاء الباروميتر من أعلى ناطحة السحاب على الأرض ، ويقاس الزمن الذي يستغرقه الباروميتر حتى يصل إلى الأرض ، وبالتالي يمكن حساب ارتفاع الناطحة .باستخدام قانون الجاذبية الأرضية&lt;br /&gt;إذا كانت الشمس مشرقة ، يمكن قياس طول ظل الباروميتر وطول ظل ناطحة السحاب فنعرف ارتفاع الناطحة من قانون التناسب بين الطولين وبين الظلين&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;إذا أردنا حلا سريعا يريح عقولنا ، فإن أفضل طريقة لقياس ارتفاع الناطحة باستخدام الباروميتر هي أن نقول لحارس الناطحة &quot;سأعطيك هذا الباروميتر الجديد هدية إذا قلت لي كم يبلغ ارتفاع هذه الناطحة&quot;؟&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;أما إذا أردنا تعقيد الأمور فسنحسب ارتفاع الناطحة بواسطة الفرق بين الضغط الجوي على سطح الأرض وأعلى ناطحة السحاب باستخدام الباروميتر&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;كان الحكم ينتظر الإجابة الرابعة التي تدل على فهم الطالب لمادة الفيزياء ، بينما الطالب يعتقد أن الإجابة الرابعة هي أسوأ الإجابات لأنها أصعبها وأكثرها تعقيدا.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;بقي أن نقول أن اسم هذا الطالب هو &quot; نيلز بور&quot; وهو لم ينجح فقط في مادة الفيزياء ، بل إنه الدانمركي الوحيد الذي حاز على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(1886 - 1806 ) Otto von guerick أوطو فان جريك&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;أوطو فان جريك هو عالم ومخترغ ورجل سياسة ، ولد بمدينة ماغدبورغ الالمانية ، هذه الاخيرة اشتهرت بالتجربة التي قام بها هذا العالم ، والتي تعرف بتجربة نصفي كرة ماغدبورغ ، والتي أنجزها بحضور الامبراطور و أمرائه ، وقد اعتمد خلالها على مايلي : أخذ نصفي كرة قطر كل منهما يساوي تقريبا 30 سنتيمترا ، ثم قام بإلصاقهما ، ليحصل على كرة أفرغها بعد ذلك من الهواء ، ثم قام بإحضار 16 حصانا تحاول وبكل قوة فصل نصفي الكرة الملتصقتين ببعضهما ( 8 أحصنة من جهة و 8 أحصنة من الجهة الاخرى ) ، لكن ذلك كان بدون جدوى . وهذه التجربة تبرز بوضوح تأثير الضغط الجوي على الاجسام ، حيث ان الكرة فارغة من الهواء، وبالتالي فالضغط الداخلي منعدم ، ونظرا لخضوعها للضغط الجوي ، فقد كان من غير الممكن فصل نصفي الكرة . وطبعا إذا تم إدخال الهواء الى الكرة ، فسيكون بعد ذلك من السهل فصل نصفي الكرة&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;آينشتاين والنظرية النسبية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;دُعي آينشتين إلى حفل اقامته إحدى السيدات، وفي أثناء الحفل، طلبت منه أحداهن أن يشرح لهن النظرية النسبية، فروى القصة التالية&lt;br /&gt;سرت مرة مع رجل مكفوف البصر، فذكرت له أنني أحب اللبن، فسألني: ما هو اللبن؟&lt;br /&gt;فقلت: أنه سائل أبيض&lt;br /&gt;فقال: أنني أعرف ما هو السائل، ولكن ما هو اللون الأبيض؟&lt;br /&gt;قلت: أنه لون ريش البجع&lt;br /&gt;قال: أما الريش فأنني أعرفه، ولكن ما هو البجع؟&lt;br /&gt;قلت: انه طائر برقبة ملتوية&lt;br /&gt;قال: أما الرقبة فأنني أعرفها، ولكن ما معنى ملتوية؟&lt;br /&gt;.... عندئذ أخذت ذراعه ومددتها، ثم ثنيتها، وقلت له: هذا معنى الألتواء، فأقتنع، وقال: الآن عرفت ما هو اللبن&lt;br /&gt;ثم التفت الى السيدة وقال: إلا تزالين ترغبين بمعرفة ما هي النظرية النسبية؟&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: darkorchid;&quot;&gt;منقول&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/318327665450349980/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_939.html#comment-form' title='1 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/318327665450349980'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/318327665450349980'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_939.html' title='طرائف عن علماء فيزيائيين '/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-5764560982164518817</id><published>2013-01-16T18:07:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2013-01-16T18:07:25.786+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="محاكاة"/><title type='text'>برامج عروض فلاش و محاكاة التحولات النووية</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;برامج عروض فلاش و محاكاة التحولات النووية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;مجموعة من عروض فلاش و برامج درس التحولات النووية تفيد التلميذ في الفهم السريع و تفيد الأستاذ في تفادي الشرح المطول ربحا للجهد و ربحا للوقت &amp;nbsp;يكفي الصورة تتحدث عن نفسها &amp;nbsp;ملمة بكل الوحدة&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;برنامج محاكاة التناقص الإشعاعي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;يمكن التغيير في بعض القيم كعدد الانوية الإبتدائية و ثابت النشاط الإشعاعي و غيرها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;كما يمكن نسخ القيم و معالجتها بمجول آخر&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;برنامج محاكاة أيظا للتناقص الإشعاعي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;فلاش خصائص أشعة ألفا - بيطا - غاما&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;فلاش 1 مخطط سوقري &amp;nbsp;N-Z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;فلاش 2 مخطط سوقري &amp;nbsp;N-Z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;فلاش 01 الإنشطار النووي&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;التفاعل المتسلسل&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;فلاش 02 الإنشطار النووي&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;التفاعل المتسلسل&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;فلاش الاندماج النووي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;فلاش عداد جيجر&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;فلاش يبين الجدول الدوري للعناصر و كتلة كل نواة بوحدة الكتل الذرية والطاقة الكتلية لكل نواة &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/5764560982164518817/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_16.html#comment-form' title='4 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/5764560982164518817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/5764560982164518817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_16.html' title='برامج عروض فلاش و محاكاة التحولات النووية'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_sgVoBPx6I4GvgXLCdbfPsl2EMb_6kuyYYkYYJFaPvNrnTiDYpTagiJduTeRoi_K724P1v6QsXv_3cl6CrGFJr6ODluvU2DEgI1m2S-nAc11n_sGXAkTAhA8GO8WkeOs5S7eyYGNwFao/s72-c/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC+%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582%25D8%25B5+%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-3709453297751703975</id><published>2013-01-16T13:06:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2013-01-16T13:06:35.850+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="محاكاة"/><title type='text'>برنامج محاكاة التناقص الإشعاعي lancer de dés  </title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;برنامج
محاكاة التناقص الإشعاعي &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;lancer de dés &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCRosgGw1kYWwOq_7GuZ3wgfRFp4Mx5DjkUjAHHlocpvw4FseP9f02ycDoU8pfL7Q3N1Zpq3TzkV_Qs1HLj-qoLvlvh6Ruq0NYn4aDvxNot1PMRdy2LtnLBQFppK7oj3940OnB-DR6e1I/s1600/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC+%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+lancer+de+d%C3%A9slancer+de+d%C3%A9s.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;156&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCRosgGw1kYWwOq_7GuZ3wgfRFp4Mx5DjkUjAHHlocpvw4FseP9f02ycDoU8pfL7Q3N1Zpq3TzkV_Qs1HLj-qoLvlvh6Ruq0NYn4aDvxNot1PMRdy2LtnLBQFppK7oj3940OnB-DR6e1I/s200/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC+%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+lancer+de+d%C3%A9slancer+de+d%C3%A9s.PNG&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;برنامج رمي
النرد أو محاكاة التناقص الإشعاعي المقرر من الوزارة في حصة الأعمال التطبيقية
حاصة بدرس التناقص الإشعاعي برنامج يوضح الطابع العشوائي و الحتمي للظاهرة اليكم
الصور لاكثر شرح&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 27px;&quot;&gt;الصور&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/3709453297751703975/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/lancer-de-des.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/3709453297751703975'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/3709453297751703975'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/lancer-de-des.html' title='برنامج محاكاة التناقص الإشعاعي lancer de dés  '/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCRosgGw1kYWwOq_7GuZ3wgfRFp4Mx5DjkUjAHHlocpvw4FseP9f02ycDoU8pfL7Q3N1Zpq3TzkV_Qs1HLj-qoLvlvh6Ruq0NYn4aDvxNot1PMRdy2LtnLBQFppK7oj3940OnB-DR6e1I/s72-c/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC+%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+lancer+de+d%C3%A9slancer+de+d%C3%A9s.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-6119228183896738311</id><published>2013-01-14T19:30:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2013-01-14T19:30:24.290+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="محاكاة"/><title type='text'>محاكاة المعايرة ph مترية</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5o1whWXAVjwgrdZLhBIHTb5hEhnlY-j2ux6IIm6eUYmHmudTIt7jkWln_E_O7-KQRU0DRkca2-z9vGGuk-QPuOhIOd0uHvXq_sFpa3AWtjEcgcYUnjUFTN8TcdFOfTsvD_K9xuPa5Nx8/s1600/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+2+ph%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;133&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5o1whWXAVjwgrdZLhBIHTb5hEhnlY-j2ux6IIm6eUYmHmudTIt7jkWln_E_O7-KQRU0DRkca2-z9vGGuk-QPuOhIOd0uHvXq_sFpa3AWtjEcgcYUnjUFTN8TcdFOfTsvD_K9xuPa5Nx8/s200/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+2+ph%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.PNG&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;محاكاة
المعايرة &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; مترية &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;يمكن بواسطة
البرنامج اجراء محاكاة للمعايرة باستعمال جهاز &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;ph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; متر و هذا بتتبع
تغيرات &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;ph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; بدلالة الحجم المضاف من المحلول
الموجود في السحاحة اذن يمكننا من اجراء معايرة &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;ph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; مترية &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;معايرة حمض قوي مع اساس قوي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;معايرة حمض قوي مع اساس ضعيف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;معايرة اساس قوي مع حمض ضعيف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;معايرة اساس ضعيف مع حمض ضعيف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;معايرة مؤكسد مع مرجع&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;صورة عن
البرنامج&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7hcBmArKumH9RfBMJAMWNNRiCN_UWiRAnD2Xtgwwh9mUHgv4jRfiJXYQG1WofiyRBPUVzDrfQdd_WPrgZCPbKkuZqyy7x1Q1xpI1gt35Q1rr213G_r9OV3bXr_7oGEdFX60ki1sNnJhQ/s1600/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9+ph%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7hcBmArKumH9RfBMJAMWNNRiCN_UWiRAnD2Xtgwwh9mUHgv4jRfiJXYQG1WofiyRBPUVzDrfQdd_WPrgZCPbKkuZqyy7x1Q1xpI1gt35Q1rr213G_r9OV3bXr_7oGEdFX60ki1sNnJhQ/s320/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9+ph%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9.PNG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 27px;&quot;&gt;شرح البرنامج&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 27px;&quot;&gt;اختيار المحلول في البيشر&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO8bNIr5pvOJOIHzMJpZ8Yr8nFdMucgZI0FYKjZhkqAJYBK6R3IyIOqT3qAiqZfE7tskJwc67bIgpkl8yh5oCuyfl8vcyyJHwOlDe4Ua6sirAffKviR8CQlB_wjNVB6T3Y8SowX8voLrg/s1600/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO8bNIr5pvOJOIHzMJpZ8Yr8nFdMucgZI0FYKjZhkqAJYBK6R3IyIOqT3qAiqZfE7tskJwc67bIgpkl8yh5oCuyfl8vcyyJHwOlDe4Ua6sirAffKviR8CQlB_wjNVB6T3Y8SowX8voLrg/s1600/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9.PNG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 27px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;من هنا يمكن
اختيار المحلول في البيشر &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;bécher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;هناك عدة
محاليل موجودة في القائمة&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;أحماض قوية &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;أحماض ضعيفة&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;أساس ضعيف&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;أساس قوي&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;مؤكسدات &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;مرجع&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;ويمكن تعيين
تركيز المحلول وحجم المحلول وحتى حجم الماء المضاف&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;اختيار المحلول في السحاحة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif6r2WNMrvTGt9Jf9vmqxym2opeK121Bu0iQtZ761vm7TUO3kXFy6g6VXhIyWC_eNUEZCakLKjhQ_6nrkHBWdLY4_FfN-CCQmwIfoH2nR2YXASWWL9BUqr04nxRYnyW3fEG8Kbn2IFBjY/s1600/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25B6.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif6r2WNMrvTGt9Jf9vmqxym2opeK121Bu0iQtZ761vm7TUO3kXFy6g6VXhIyWC_eNUEZCakLKjhQ_6nrkHBWdLY4_FfN-CCQmwIfoH2nR2YXASWWL9BUqr04nxRYnyW3fEG8Kbn2IFBjY/s1600/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25B6.PNG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;بنفس الطريقة
من هنا يمكن اختيار المحلول الموضوع في السحاحة &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;burette&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;أحماض قوية &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;أحماض ضعيفة&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;أساس ضعيف&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;أساس قوي&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;مؤكسدات &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;مرجع&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;ويمكن تعيين
تركيز المحلول وحجم المحلول&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;اختيار الكاشف المناسب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv19vr-XzMc9NHb9PNu3Qp_bxRaIYZQubrzJRE9cCdsPDMGlmMwQ-08Km2zcwJH7Sk-ZZu6_G09ZbS6y-wqjJsa9oDkRNY_1wHebYIqV1CyHb9pNa5G8PugLvIPHP_zFUDzNZuZoxS5IY/s1600/bbb.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv19vr-XzMc9NHb9PNu3Qp_bxRaIYZQubrzJRE9cCdsPDMGlmMwQ-08Km2zcwJH7Sk-ZZu6_G09ZbS6y-wqjJsa9oDkRNY_1wHebYIqV1CyHb9pNa5G8PugLvIPHP_zFUDzNZuZoxS5IY/s320/bbb.PNG&quot; width=&quot;96&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;من هذا الجزء
من البرنامج يمكن اختيار الكاشف المناسب من القائمة حسب نقطة التكافؤ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;الكواشف هي&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;الهليانتين&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;فينول فتاليين&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;ازرق البروموتيمول&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;اختيار نوع المنحنى&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB_iE3xBIalxAQ5h4xzT482_dBT8a4r2J7-GGCX-7hbAuh2B3RBiKxNAkdY7EJIX7tSXUWq8FSbIth9Lxl8VEBNYN7wVhrv5sR4hlnhV_MyaHHT8AlbSDeHdWG0Y1sz5VX6za8f91xNOw/s1600/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AE%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1+%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25AD%25D9%2586%25D9%2589.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB_iE3xBIalxAQ5h4xzT482_dBT8a4r2J7-GGCX-7hbAuh2B3RBiKxNAkdY7EJIX7tSXUWq8FSbIth9Lxl8VEBNYN7wVhrv5sR4hlnhV_MyaHHT8AlbSDeHdWG0Y1sz5VX6za8f91xNOw/s1600/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AE%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1+%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25AD%25D9%2586%25D9%2589.PNG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;كما يمكن
اختيار من الجزء السفلي من القائمة المنحنى المراد مشاهدته&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;منحنى تغيرات &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;ph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; بدلالة الحجم المضاف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;منحنى نسبة الحمض والاساس بدلالة الحجم
المضاف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;منحنى مشتقة &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;ph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; بدلالة الحجم المضاف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;في الأخير الضغط على زر الحساب calculer حتى يظهر المنحنى&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;برنامج جد
رائع فهو يحاكي التجربة الواقعية يسهل العمليات &amp;nbsp;الحسابية &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;ملاحظة&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;البرنامج موجود مع عدة تطبيقات أخرى خاصة بالفيزياء و الكيمياء يمكن اختيار هذا التطبيق من القائمة نجد dosage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;للتحميل
برنامج محاكاة المعايرة &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;ph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; مترية اضغط هلى زر التحميل ادناه&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/6119228183896738311/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/ph_14.html#comment-form' title='2 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/6119228183896738311'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/6119228183896738311'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/ph_14.html' title='محاكاة المعايرة ph مترية'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5o1whWXAVjwgrdZLhBIHTb5hEhnlY-j2ux6IIm6eUYmHmudTIt7jkWln_E_O7-KQRU0DRkca2-z9vGGuk-QPuOhIOd0uHvXq_sFpa3AWtjEcgcYUnjUFTN8TcdFOfTsvD_K9xuPa5Nx8/s72-c/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+2+ph%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-3360429829363867045</id><published>2013-01-12T23:45:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2013-01-12T23:52:30.246+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="محاكاة"/><title type='text'>محاكاة عروض فلاش و فيديو درس القوة و الحركة والمرجع</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;محاكاة عروض فلاش و فيديو درس القوة و الحركة والمرجع&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;- يميز بين المرجع الغاليلي والمرجع غير الغاليلي.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;- يختار مرجعا مناسبا لوصف حركة حسب شروط ابتدائية
محدّدة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;ع.م:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; دراسة
حركة كرة يلقيها دراج:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;–&amp;nbsp; في
حركة مستقيمة منتظمة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp; في حركة مستقيمة متغيرة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;يمكن تحميل مجموعة من الفيديو من الرابط أدناه خاصة برمي كرة من طرف دراج&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;صورة ملتقطة من الفيديو&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://lyceedz.opendrive.com/files?N183ODkyODI0X2h0ckYy&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdA63330ciYlZOfdr-1AbCfi2cJMaRPn64v10eUkVegvQlhActXAF2XR9C4R9rW-J13ZrswEX2qoIWYLjqMuaSBC1OeCN_Xtylzfak_ZhrrZmqSxsHUas499aC_pre15H2IxL6-hvXlEo/s1600/915b03c00fc8fa019eb3ead4f52ec7db.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;كما يمكن استعمال برنامج &lt;a href=&quot;http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2012/12/httpswwwgooglecom.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;avimeca&lt;/a&gt; أو برنامج &lt;a href=&quot;http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2012/12/avistep.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;avistep&lt;/a&gt; &amp;nbsp;لمعالجة الفيديو و استخراج التصوير المتعاقب ثم دراسة الحركة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;عرض فلاش لسقوط جسم من طائرة كما يراها مراقب خارج الطائرة وكما يراها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;مراقب داخل الطائرة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;عرض فلاش لحركة نقطة من اطار عجلة دراجة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;عرض فلاش لحركة كرة يرميها شخصان في الرصيف و على متن قطار متحرك&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;عرض فلاش يبين أنواع المراجع الغاليلية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;المرجع المركزي الشمسي ( المرجع الهليومركزي)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;المرجعي المركزي الأرضي ( المرجع الكوبرنيكي)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;المرجع السطحي الأرضي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/3360429829363867045/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_2901.html#comment-form' title='6 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/3360429829363867045'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/3360429829363867045'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_2901.html' title='محاكاة عروض فلاش و فيديو درس القوة و الحركة والمرجع'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrdq6rg2camen6LKpLjv2Ab3xapc4RfmShMNq_utTLl98a1-P_9li_sWAIp_YMwAyx1OvwFAkdiMm25DYd1qlpkSuINa740aZ2oxZWJBqeK2vDrbe_EAYWCj2ZD23vcgMKGv3GRiO4k_g/s72-c/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-4193065322138516087</id><published>2013-01-12T23:04:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:45:50.183+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 2"/><title type='text'>قياس الناقلية الأستاذ قزوري guezouri</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;قياس&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الناقلية الأستاذ قزوري &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;guezouri&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;ماذا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;يجب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أعرف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;حتى&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أقول&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;إني&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;استوعبت&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;هذا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الدرس&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;يجب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أعرف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الناقلية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;لا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;تخصّ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;إلا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;المحاليل&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الشاردية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;المحاليل&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;التي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;تنقل&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;التيار&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الكهربائي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;لا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;تخصّ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;إلا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الجزء&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;من&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;المحلول&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;المحصور&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;بين&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;صفيحتي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الخلية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; . G &lt;b&gt;2 &lt;/b&gt;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;يجب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أعرف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الناقلية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;تخص&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;آل&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;المحلول&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;محلول&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;معيّن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;وليس&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;جزءا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;منه&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) . &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;σ
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;3 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;يجب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أعرف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الناقلية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;النوعية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;لا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;تتعلّق&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;بترآيز&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;المحلول&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;إذا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;آان&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;هذا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الأخير&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;ممدّدا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; . (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;λ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;) &lt;b&gt;4 &lt;/b&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;يجب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أعرف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الناقلية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;النوعية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;المولية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الشاردية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;5 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;يجب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;أعرف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;آيفيّة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;استنتاج&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;ترآيز&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;محلول&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;من&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;بيان&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;معايرة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;خلية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الهدف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الرئيسي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;في&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;هذا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الدرس&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;هو&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;معرفة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;آمية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;المادة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;في&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;محلول&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;بقياس&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;ناقليته&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;الدرس&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/4193065322138516087/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/guezouri.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/4193065322138516087'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/4193065322138516087'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/guezouri.html' title='قياس الناقلية الأستاذ قزوري guezouri'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMawW-hnQt969kfi8I992_WywA63MMnEjtTFGeuttAFv3jGITQvUzRFG13uuvD5kP6_uTNPIxe8we7F3nOnnu_iddh4toHhZNJaGm6vYFVFc9XHbp-8NTdFyD9UxA-SzCg7tWUDZgLLg/s72-c/pdf+ico.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-6102937436936031941</id><published>2013-01-12T22:58:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:44:55.610+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 2"/><title type='text'>درس الطاقة الداخلية الأستاذ العربي احميدة</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;درس الطاقة الداخلية
الأستاذ العربي احميدة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMawW-hnQt969kfi8I992_WywA63MMnEjtTFGeuttAFv3jGITQvUzRFG13uuvD5kP6_uTNPIxe8we7F3nOnnu_iddh4toHhZNJaGm6vYFVFc9XHbp-8NTdFyD9UxA-SzCg7tWUDZgLLg/s1600/pdf+ico.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMawW-hnQt969kfi8I992_WywA63MMnEjtTFGeuttAFv3jGITQvUzRFG13uuvD5kP6_uTNPIxe8we7F3nOnnu_iddh4toHhZNJaGm6vYFVFc9XHbp-8NTdFyD9UxA-SzCg7tWUDZgLLg/s200/pdf+ico.PNG&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;المركبة
الحرارية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;للطاقة الداخلية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;.&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;-
العلاقة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;السعة الحرارية، السعة الحرارية الكتلية (أو
الحرارة الكتلية).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;-
فعل جول.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;مركبة
الطاقة الداخلية المنسوبة إلى الحالة الفيزيائية- الكيميائية لجملة لجملة &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;التحولات
الناشرة والماصة للحرارة&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;-
طاقة رابطة كيميائية(بين الجزيئات)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;-
طاقة التماسك(داخل الجزيئات): السعة الكتلية لتغير الحالة(أو حرارة تغير الحالة).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;التفسير
المجهري لتغير الحالة الحرارية المرافقة لتحول فيزيائي و/أو كيميائي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/6102937436936031941/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_179.html#comment-form' title='2 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/6102937436936031941'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/6102937436936031941'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_179.html' title='درس الطاقة الداخلية الأستاذ العربي احميدة'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMawW-hnQt969kfi8I992_WywA63MMnEjtTFGeuttAFv3jGITQvUzRFG13uuvD5kP6_uTNPIxe8we7F3nOnnu_iddh4toHhZNJaGm6vYFVFc9XHbp-8NTdFyD9UxA-SzCg7tWUDZgLLg/s72-c/pdf+ico.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-7412417815210016981</id><published>2013-01-12T22:51:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:45:50.221+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 2"/><title type='text'>الوحدة 2: قياس الناقلية: طريقة جديدة لقياس كمية المادة في المحاليل الشاردية</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arabic Transparent&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;الوحدة
2: قياس الناقلية: طريقة جديدة لقياس كمية المادة في المحاليل الشاردية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;درس&amp;nbsp;+ مذكرات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arabic Transparent&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;الأستاذ بوشري حمزة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arabic Transparent&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;المحاليل المائية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;- تحضيرها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-&amp;nbsp;
بنيتها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;التفسير المجهري(تسمية
الشوارد)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;النقل الكهربائي
للمحاليل الشاردية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;- التفسير المجهري للنقل الكهربائي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;- الناقلية &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; لجزء من محلول شاردي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;- دراسة العوامل المؤثرة على
ناقلية محلول شاردي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 8.2pt; tab-stops: list 8.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.2pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;الناقلية النوعية &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;لمحلول شاردي&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;- الناقلية النوعية
المولية &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;λ الشاردة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/7412417815210016981/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/2.html#comment-form' title='1 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/7412417815210016981'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/7412417815210016981'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/2.html' title='الوحدة 2: قياس الناقلية: طريقة جديدة لقياس كمية المادة في المحاليل الشاردية'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDrcZe17aueK9X8_X74zFj_ruEusv1I_9iaG6AxiJ3Pd7BRvtpIP3XO1MBffOmZboWlZs7MWVjkyI32gyZI6RJUMpUo6FZ1qYRlcSq7Hsa9UQHdYvfSLkPdumMKfpCWNqXX4llJOl80PU/s72-c/pdf-icon.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-4796586632672292137</id><published>2013-01-09T20:56:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2013-01-09T20:58:25.857+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="محاكاة"/><title type='text'>برنامج avogadro لرسم نماذج ثلاثية الأبعاد للجزيئات</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;برنامج avogadro لرسم نماذج ثلاثية الأبعاد للجزيئات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;يمكنك هذا البرنامج من بناء واستعراض نماذج ثلاثية الأبعاد للجزيئات بسهولة تامة وتحديد بعض من خصائصها الكيميائية مثل الهندسة الفضائية المثلى والطاقة وأنماط الاهتزاز الخ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;صور للبرنامج&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/4796586632672292137/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/avogadro.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/4796586632672292137'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/4796586632672292137'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/avogadro.html' title='برنامج avogadro لرسم نماذج ثلاثية الأبعاد للجزيئات'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvEKMYXLOEdSM0YVr4IXSKUfz8p7JgA-weHHQcZlnIow4nsDeeSJCPNWjSxoRq5YADSIQQ_Cl1ZFpM4M5XKj4MAHQpNMfQtJqJs7GmylEHnzFvMFKDI9qQdGK0oQEJ8I7tpARWCwILkxU/s72-c/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC+avogadro.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-7005312583904480591</id><published>2013-01-08T22:32:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:56:05.308+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثالثة ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 3"/><title type='text'>تطور كمیات مادة المتفاعلات والنواتج خلال تحول كیمیائي في محلول مائي</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;تطور&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;جملة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;عن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;طریق&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;قیاس&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;الناقلیة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;الأستاذ زقير دراجي &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;ثانوية احمد شريف&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;منتوري
عين مليلة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/7005312583904480591/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_8.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/7005312583904480591'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/7005312583904480591'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_8.html' title='تطور كمیات مادة المتفاعلات والنواتج خلال تحول كیمیائي في محلول مائي'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMawW-hnQt969kfi8I992_WywA63MMnEjtTFGeuttAFv3jGITQvUzRFG13uuvD5kP6_uTNPIxe8we7F3nOnnu_iddh4toHhZNJaGm6vYFVFc9XHbp-8NTdFyD9UxA-SzCg7tWUDZgLLg/s72-c/pdf+ico.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-4218769063332303273</id><published>2013-01-07T22:49:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2013-01-07T22:49:36.865+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="المجلة"/><title type='text'>النظرية التي كانت تسمى أوتارا  إن «نظرية كل شيء» تبدو للعيان الآن كنظرية  لا تؤدي فيها الأوتار وحدها دورا، وإنما  تشاركها فيه الأغشية والثقوب السوداء.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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في هذا الوقت الذي يتنبأ به بعض المتفلسفين بنهاية العلم بحجة أن جميع الاكتشافات المهمة أُنْجِزت فعلا، يجدر بنا التذكير بتعارض دعامتي فيزياء القرن العشرين: الميكانيك الكمومي (ميكانيك الكم) ونظرية آينشتاين في النسبية العامة. إذ لا تخضع النسبية العامة لقواعد الميكانيك الكمومي التي تتحكم في سلوك الجسيمات الأولية، كما تتحدى الثقوب السوداء ـ على صعيد آخر ـ الأسس التي قام عليها الميكانيك الكمومي. ولا بد إذًا من حدوث أمر جلل. ويوحي هذا المأزق بحدوث ثورة علمية أخرى أكثر مما يوحي بالمستقبل البائس الذي يتنبأ به المتشائمون.&lt;/div&gt;
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كان الأمل معتمدا إلى أمد قريب على نظرية الأوتار لتوحيد النسبية العامة والميكانيك الكمومي ولتوصيف جميع الظواهر الفيزيائية. والأوتار أشياء ببعد واحد تمثل أنماط اهتزازاتها مختلف الجسيمات الأولية. وفي العامين 1996 و1997 صارت الأوتار جزءا من نظرية أكثر شمولا هي نظرية الأغشية&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;M-theory&lt;/span&gt;. وكما يقول الرائد في نظرية الأوتار &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;. ويتن&amp;gt; (من معهد پرينستون للدراسات المتقدمة في نيوجرسي) فإن الحرف&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;يشير حسب المزاج إلى السحر أو الغموض أو الغشاء. (صَنّفت مجلة لايف&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;Life&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;ويتن سادس أهم الشباب الأمريكيين أصحاب النفوذ). ولا يكاد يمر يوم من دون ظهور براهين جديدة مؤيدة لهذه النظرية مما يمثل تطورا مثيرا للغاية منذ ظهور نظرية الأوتار.&lt;/div&gt;
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وتعتمد نظرية الأغشية، مثلها مثل نظرية الأوتار، على فكرة التناظر الفائق: يصنف الفيزيائيون الجسيمات إلى صنفين حسب قيمة العزم الزاوي الصميمي للجسيم «السپين»، وتقضي نظرية التناظر الفائق بوجود جسيمٍ مقابلٍ لكل جسيم معروف ذي سپين صحيح 0، 1، 2 إلخ (مقيس بوحدات كمومية). وللجسيم المقابل الكتلة نفسها إلا أن سپينه نصف عدد صحيح2/1، 2/3، 2/5 إلخ. وعلى العكس يكون عددا صحيحا سپينُ الجسيم المقابل لجسيمٍ سپينه نصفُ عدد صحيح.&lt;/div&gt;
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وحتى الآن، لم يستطع أحد اكتشاف هذه الجسيمات الفائقة الشراكة&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;superpartner&lt;/span&gt;. إن التناظر، بفرض وجوده، سينكسر حتما وهذا يعني أن كتل الجسيمات المفترضة أكبر من كتل الجسيمات المعروفة، وهي من الثقل بحيث لا يمكن رؤيتها في المسرعات الحالية. ومع ذلك فمازال الفيزيائيون يؤمنون بهذه النظرية؛ لأنها تقدم الإطار الذي نستطيع من خلاله توحيد القوى الضعيفة والكهرمغنطيسية والقوية مع قوة التثاقل المحيّرة.&lt;/div&gt;
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تبقى تحولات إحداثيات الزمكان الناتجة من التناظر الفائق لقوانين الفيزياء من دون تغيير من راصد إلى آخر. وتنبثق النسبية العامة أساسا من هذا الشرط، وهكذا ينطوي التناظر الفائق على التثاقل. وفي واقع الأمر فإن التناظر الفائق يتنبأ بفائقية التثاقل. وفي هذه النظرية يكون للگراڤيتون&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;graviton&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;ـ وهو الجسيم ذو السپين 2 المسؤول عن التفاعلات التثاقلية ـ شريك التناظر الفائق، وهو الگراڤيتينو ذو السپين 2/3.&lt;/div&gt;
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لا تحدد نظرية التثاقل المتعارفة أبعاد الزمكان، ويمكن ـ من حيث المبدأ ـ كتابة معادلاتها مهما كان عدد الأبعاد. إلا أن الأمر يختلف في التناظر الفائق الذي يضع حدًّا أعلى للأبعاد وهو 11 بُعْدًا. إن أبعاد الكون المألوف هي بطبيعة الحال أربعة: ثلاثة أبعاد مكانية، الطول والعرض والارتفاع، وبُعْد زمني واحد. إلا أن الفيزيائيَيْْن &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;T.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;كالوزا&amp;gt; (البولندي) و&amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;. كلاين&amp;gt; (السويدي) اقترحا منذ أوائل العشرينات وجود بعد خامس مختف. وهذا البعد الإضافي غير متناه، على خلاف الأبعاد الأخرى، فهو ينغلق على نفسه مكوِّنا دائرة. تنطبق الأمواج الكمومية حول الدائرة على شكل عروة. ولا ينطبق إلا عدد صحيح من الأمواج على الدائرة؛ ويقابل كل موجة جسيم ذو طاقة معينة. وهكذا تبدو الطاقات «مكمَّمة» أو منفصلة.&lt;/div&gt;
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يمكن للحياة والكون ولكل شيء أن ينشأ عن التأثير المتبادل للأوتار والفقاعات والسطوح بعدة أبعاد في الزمكان.&lt;/div&gt;
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يرى الراصد المقيم في الأبعاد الأربعة الأخرى مجموعة جسيمات ذات شحنات منفصلة، بدلا من الطاقات. ويتوقف كموم الشحنة ـ أو الوحدة ـ على قطر الدائرة. إن الشحنات الكهربائية مكممة أيضا في العالم الحقيقي، ووحدة الشحنة هي شحنة الإلكترون&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;. يجب أن يكون نصف قطر الدائرة بمنتهى الصغر، بحدود&lt;sup&gt;33-&lt;/sup&gt;10 سنتيمتر، للحصول على قيمة&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;الصحيحة.&lt;/div&gt;
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يفسر صِغَر هذا البعد عدم إحساس البشر وحتى الذرات به. ولكنه سيؤدي إلى توحيد الكهرمغنطيسية والتثاقل الموجودين أصلا في عالم الأبعاد الأربعة.&lt;/div&gt;
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وفي عام 1978 اتضح للفيزيائيين &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;. كريمر&amp;gt; و &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;. جوليا&amp;gt; و &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;. شيرك&amp;gt; (من المدرسة العليا للأساتذة في باريس) أن أفضل اختيار لأبعاد التثاقل الفائق هو 11 بعدًا: عشرة أبعاد مكانية وبعد زماني واحد. أما نوع العالم الحقيقي ذي الأبعاد الأربعة، الذي تصل إليه النظرية في نهاية المطاف، فيتوقف على الكيفية التي تلتف بها الأبعاد الإضافية على طريقة كالوزا ـ كلاين. ولا شيء يمنعنا من تصور استخلاص القوى النووية الضعيفة والقوية، إضافة إلى القوى الكهرمغنطيسية من الأبعاد المتعددة الملتفة. لذا أخذ الفيزيائيون يهتمون بالتثاقل الفائق بأحد عشر بعدا آملين أن يكون هو نظرية التوحيد المنشودة.&lt;/div&gt;
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إلا أن أسس هذه النظرية اهتزت بعنف عام 1984. ذلك أن إحدى خصائص العالم الحقيقي هي تمييز الطبيعة بين اليمين واليسار: لا تبدو قوانين التفاعل النووي الضعيف على الشكل نفسه إذا ما نُظِر إليها من خلال مرآة (فللنيوترينو على سبيل المثال سپين أعسر). وقد بيّن ويتن وآخرون أنه لا يمكن استخلاص هذا التمييز عندما نختزل أبعاد الزمكان من 11 إلى أربعة.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;تعدد الوجوه&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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حلَّت نظرية الأوتار الفائقة بعشرة أبعاد محل نظرية التثاقل الفائق. وسيطرت خمس نظريات متنافسة نُعرّفها بخصائصها الرياضياتية، وهي الأوتار&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;8 x&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;8 متباينة الشدة (العرّة)&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;heterotic&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;والأوتار(&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;SO&lt;/span&gt;(32 متباينة الشدة والأوتار(&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;SO&lt;/span&gt;(32 من النوع&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;والأوتار من النوع&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;IIA&lt;/span&gt;، وأخيرا من النوع&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;IIB&lt;/span&gt;. (فالأوتار من النوع&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;أوتار «مفتوحة» مؤلفة من مقطع فقط، أما الأوتار الأخرى «فمغلقة» تشكل عروات.) ويبدو أن أحد هذه الأوتار (&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;8 x&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;8) قادر، من حيث المبدأ على الأقل، على تفسير جميع الجسيمات والقوى المعروفة بما في ذلك اليمنة ـ اليسرة. وعلى ما يبدو، وخلافا لما هو عليه الأمر في التثاقل الفائق فإن الأوتار تعطينا نظرية للتثاقل تتفق والمفاعيل الكمومية. أدت ميّزات نظرية الأوتار هذه إلى تأييد الفيزيائيين القوي لها ووضعت حدا للحظوة التي كانت نظرية التثاقل الفائق بأحد عشر بُعْدا تتمتع بها لديهم.&lt;/div&gt;
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ولكن البهجة بنظرية الأوتار لم تدم طويلا وبدأت الشكوك المنغصة تتسرب إليها، فهناك أولاً أسئلة مهمة عديدة، منها على وجه الخصوص كيفية مجابهة النظرية بالتجربة، لا يمكن الإجابة عنها، على ما يبدو، باتباع طرق الحساب التقليدية وتتطلب تقنيات جديدة بشكل جذري. وثانيا ما سبب وجود خمس نظريات أوتار مختلفة؟ وإذا كان الهدف هو البحث عن نظرية موحَّدة لكل شيء فنحن في وفرة مربكة. وثالثا مادامت نظرية التناظر الفائق تسمح بأحد عشر بعدا فَلِمَ تتوقف الأوتار الفائقة عند عشرة أبعاد؟ وأخيرا مادامت النظرية تتيح لنا الانتقال من مفهوم الجسيم النقطي إلى مفهوم الوتر فلماذا لا نتصور الجسيم كغشاء أو بشكل أعم كأشياء ذات&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;بُعْد نسميها تغشية (&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;brane&lt;/span&gt;)؟&lt;/div&gt;
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إن جسيما صفر الأبعاد يعين أثرا ببعد واحد أو منحنيا كونيا&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;world&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;line&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;وذلك في أثناء تطوره في الزمكان [انظر الشكل في هذه الصفحة]. وعلى النحو نفسه يمسح الوتر ذو البعد الواحد (الطول) «ملاءة كونية» ويمسح الغشاء ذو البعدين «حجما كونيا» بثلاثة أبعاد. وبصورة عامة تمسح التغشية ذات ال&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;بُعْد حجما كونيا بـ&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ 1 بُعْد. (بطبيعة الحال، لكي تستطيع التغشية بـ&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;p&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;بُعْد التحركَ في الزمكان يجب ألا تقل أبعاد الزمكان هذا عن&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ 1.)&lt;/div&gt;
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وفي عام 1962، أنشأ &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;M .A .P&lt;/span&gt;. ديراك&amp;gt; (وهو أحد مؤسسي الميكانيك الكمومي) نموذجا بارعا يقوم على الغشاء. وأتى بمقولة، تنفي تشبُّه الجسيم بنقطة، مفادها أن الإلكترون هو في واقع الأمر فقاعة صغيرة، غشاء منغلق على نفسه، وأن اهتزازات هذا الغشاء هي التي تولد جسيمات كالميون&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;muon&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(وهو نسخة ثقيلة عن الإلكترون.) وعلى الرغم من أن محاولات ديراك فشلت فإن المعادلات التي وضعها للغشاء هي أساسا المعادلات التي نستعملها حاليا. يمكن للغشاء أن يأخذ شكل فقاعة كما يمكنه التمدد في اتجاهين مثل ملاءة من المطاط.&lt;/div&gt;
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يرسم مسار جسيم في الزمكان منحنيا كونيا، وكذلك يمسح مسار الوتر ملاءةَ كونية ومسار الغشاءِ حجمًا كونيا.&lt;/div&gt;
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يحد التناظر الفائق وبصرامة عدد أبعاد التغشية الممكنة. وقد اكتُشفت رياضياتيا تغشية ببعدين مكانيين فقط تسبح في الزمكان ذي الأحد عشر بعدا وتبدو على شكل صفيحة. والمكتشفون هم &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;. بيرگشوف&amp;gt; (من جامعة كرونينگن) و &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;. سيزگين&amp;gt; (الموجود حاليا في جامعة&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;M&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;ـ تكساس) و &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;K .P&lt;/span&gt;. تاونسند&amp;gt; (من جامعة كامبريدج). كما استطعت برفقة &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;S .P&lt;/span&gt;. هاو&amp;gt; (من كينگ كوليج بلندن) و&amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;. إنامي&amp;gt; (من جامعة كيوتو) و &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;K&lt;/span&gt;. ستيل&amp;gt; (من الأمبريال كوليج بلندن) البرهان على أنه إذا كان واحدٌ من الأبعاد الأحد عشر دائرةً فمن الممكن لف الغشاء حولها مرة واحدة ولصق الحافتين لتشكيل أنبوب. وعندما يصبح قطر الدائرة صغيرا بما فيه الكفاية سيبدو الغشاء الملتف كَوَتَرٍ بعشرة أبعاد، وسينتج في الواقع ـ وعلى وجه التحديد ـ الوتر الفائق من النوع II&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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وعلى الرغم من هذه النتائج فلم يُبْدِ أصحاب نظرية الأوتار التقليديون اهتماما بمشروع الغشاء. إلا أن الوضع تغيَّر لحسن الحظ نتيجة لتقدم جرى في مجال ليس له علاقة ظاهرية بالموضوع.&lt;/div&gt;
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في عام 1917 برهنت الرياضياتية الألمانية &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;.&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;. نوتر&amp;gt; أن انحفاظ كتل وشحن الجسيمات الأولية وغيرها من الصفات المميزة للجسيمات ناتج من التناظر. فإذا ما قبلنا بتناظر قوانين الفيزياء، أي بعدم تغيرها بمرور الزمن مثلا، فإن الطاقة منحفظة. وينتج انحفاظ الشحنة الكهربائية من تناظر التابع الموجي للجسيم.&lt;/div&gt;
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يمكن للتقلص الواقع في آن واحد لغشاء ولأحد أبعاد الزمكان أن ينتج وترا. وإذا لُوي (عقص) الجزء المكاني من الزمكان والممثََّّل هنا بسطح ذي بعدين فإنه سيشكل أسطوانة ويصبح البعد الملوي دائرة صغيرة إلى حد يبدو فيه الفضاء ذو البعدين فضاء ببعد واحد على شكل خط. وسيبدو الغشاء الملتف حوله بإحكام على شكل وتر.&lt;/div&gt;
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يمكن الإبقاء أحيانا على صفات مميزة نتيجة تشويهٍ في الحقول، ونقول عندئذ عن قوانين الانحفاظ إنها طبولوجية؛ لأن الطبولوجيا فرع الرياضيات الذي يُعنى بأشكال الأشياء. وهكذا فقد يستعصي فك عقدة في مجموعة من خطوط الحقل؛ ولهذه العقدة التي لا يمكن تبديدها خواص كخواص الجسيمات وتسمى سوليتون (جسيم منعزل، موجة منفردة). والمثل التقليدي على السوليتون هو وحيد القطب المغنطيسي ـ عزل أحد قطبي قضيب مغنطيسي عن الآخر. لم يُكْتشف وحيد القطب حتى الآن ولكنه يظهر بجلاء كهيئات ملتوية في عدد من نظريات الحقول.&lt;/div&gt;
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ومن جهة النظر التقليدية، فإن الجسيمات التي تحمل شحنات نوتر&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;Noether&lt;/span&gt;، كالإلكترون والكوارك، تعتبر أساسية، في حين تعتبر الجسيمات التي تحمل شحنات طبولوجية مشتقةً. ولكن &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;. مونتونن&amp;gt; (وهو الآن في معهد الفيزياء بهلسنكي) و&amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;.&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;. أوليڤ&amp;gt; (وهو الآن في جامعة ويلز) تقدَّما عام 1977 بطرحٍ جريء مفاده: لو أمكن صياغة الفيزياء على نحو آخر تؤدي فيه شحنات نوتر (كالشحنة الكهربائية) والشحنات الطبولوجية (كالشحنة المغنطيسية) أدوارا متعاكسة، لبدا لنا في هذه الصورة «المثناة» وحيدو القطب كجسيمات أساسية، في حين تظهر الجسيمات المألوفة مثل الكواركات والإلكترونات، على شكل سوليتونات.&lt;/div&gt;
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ولكي نكون أكثر دقة: فإن جسيما أساسيا شحنته&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;سيكافئ سوليتونا شحنته&lt;span lang=&quot;en-us&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1/e. وبما أن الشحنة تقيس شدة تفاعل الجسيمات فسيكون تفاعل وحيد القطب ضعيفا حين يكون تفاعل الجسيم الأصلي قويا (عندما تكون قيمة&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;كبيرة) والعكس بالعكس.&lt;/div&gt;
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إن هذا الطرح، في حال تحققه، سيقود إلى تبسيطٍ رياضياتي عميق. ففي نظريات الكواركات مثلا، يصعب على الفيزيائيين إجراء أي حساب في تفاعلات الكواركات القوية. إلا أن تفاعلات وحيدي الأقطاب ستكون ضعيفة حتما في هذه النظرية. يمكننا إذًا أن نتصور إجراء الحسابات في نظرية «ثنوية» مبنية على وحيدي الأقطاب والحصول أوتوماتيكيا على الأجوبة المتعلقة بالكواركات؛ نظرا لتطابق النتائج في النظرية الثنوية.&lt;/div&gt;
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ومع الأسف، فإن هذه الفكرة لم تُفعَّل جيدا. وكانت في الواقع مسألة البيضة والدجاجة. ولكنه يمكن لطرح مونتونن ـ أوليڤ، إذا ثبتت صحته، أن يقفز بنا أبعد بكثير من قضايا الحسابات العادية. لذا كان من الضروري قبل كل شيء البرهان عليه بطريقة أخرى.&lt;/div&gt;
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وكما ثبت في النهاية فمن الممكن النظر إلى التغشية ب&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;بُعْد (ونرمز لها&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;ـ تغشية) كسوليتون. وفي عام 1990، وجد &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;. سترومينگر&amp;gt; (من معهد الفيزياء النظرية في سانتا باربارا) أنه يمكن لوتر بعشرة أبعاد أن ينتج سوليتونا، وهو تغشية بخمسة أبعاد (5 ـ تغشية). وأحيا سترومينگر طرحًا كنت قد تقدمتُ به عندما اقترح أن ينظر إلى وتر متفاعل بقوة كثنوي مكافئ لتغشية بخمسة أبعاد متفاعلة بضعف.&lt;/div&gt;
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إن البعد الإضافي الملوي (مشكلا أنبوبا) يعطي فكرة متبصرة في بنية الزمكان.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;يقف في وجه هذه الثنوية عائقان أساسيان. أحدهما أن الثنوية التي اقترحها مونتونن وأوليڤ بين الكهرباء والمغنطيسية في الأبعاد الأربعة العادية لم تبرهن بعد. لذا فإن الثنوية بين الأوتار والتغشية بخمسة أبعاد في العشرة أبعاد تبقى أكثر غموضا. والآخر وجود مشكلات عدة ومتنوعة تقف أمام معرفة الخصائص الكمومية للتغشية بخمسة أبعاد، وبالتالي أمام البرهان على الثنوية الجديدة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;تم التغلب على العائق الأول عندما أثبت &amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;. سن&amp;gt; (من معهد تاتا للأبحاث الأساسية في بومباي) أن نظريات التناظر الفائق تتطلب وجود أنواع من السوليتونات تحمل في آن واحد شحنات كهربائية ومغنطيسية. وقد تنبأ طرحُ مونتونن وأوليڤ بهذه الأشياء. قضت هذه النتيجة، الحذرة على ما يبدو، على تشكك البعض وأطلقت العنان لسيل من المقالات. وألهمت على وجه الخصوص&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;. سايبرگ&amp;gt; (من جامعة روتجرز) و ويتن للبحث عن الثنوية في صيغ لنظريات الكوارك أكثر واقعية (مبنية هي أيضا على التناظر الفائق.) وقدم هذان الفيزيائيان وفرة من المعلومات عن الحقول المكمَّمة لم يكن ليُحلم بها قبل بضع سنوات.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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يعطي تفحص «التغشية» قائمةً بالأغشية التي تنشأ في الزمكانات ذات الأبعاد المختلفة. فالتغشية -p ببعد صفري هي جسيم، وتغشية ببعد واحد هي وتر، وببعدين هي ملاءة أو فقاعة. لا يمتلك عدد من التغشيات أي سپين (الأحمر) في حين يكون لتغشيات ديريكلي سپين 1 (الأزرق).&lt;/div&gt;
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ثنوية&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;الثنويات&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;color: #663300; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Duality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;color: #663300; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;color: #663300; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Dualities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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وفي عام 1990 عمم عدة نظريين فكرة ثنوية مونتونن وأوليڤ إلى الأوتار ذات التناظر الفائق بأربعة أبعاد حيث تصبح الفكرة أقرب إلى الطبيعة. لاتزال هذه الثنوية الجديدة تتسم بطابع التخمين وتعرف باسم الثنوية -&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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الثنوية&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;بين&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;الكبير&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;والصغير&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;تربط الثنوية -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;color: #663300; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;بين فيزياء الزمكانات الكبيرة والزمكانات الصغيرة. لنتخيل الزمكان الملوي على شكل أسطوانة. إن الوتر الملتف حولها له نوعان من حالات الطاقة. ينشأ أحدهما عن موجات الوتر المنطبق حول الأسطوانة ولنسمها النمط «الاهتزازي». عندما تكون الأسطوانة غليظة ستأخذ الاهتزازات أطوال موجة كبيرة وستتجه بالتالي نحو الطاقات الأصغر. وهكذا تفصل الطاقات المقابلة لمختلف أعداد الموجات حول الأسطوانة مقادير صغيرة، أي إن الطاقات «متقاربة».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;وبإمكان الوتر أن يلتف أيضا حول الأسطوانة كعصابة مطاطية مشدودة. فإذا كانت الأسطوانة غليظة وجب شد الوتر وهذا ما يتطلب طاقة إضافية. وهكذا تفصل الطاقات المقابلة لمختلف أعداد اللفات مسافات كبيرة&amp;nbsp; وتكون الطاقات متباعدة. نسمي هذا النمط النمط «الالتفافي».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;لننظر الآن إلى مستويات طاقة أسطوانة رقيقة. فالموجات المنطبقة عليها قصيرة وطاقتها بالتالي عالية والحالات الاهتزازية متباعدة نتيجة لذلك. ولكن اللفات تتطلب طاقة أقل؛ لذا تكون طاقات النمط الالتفافي متقاربة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;لا يتبين الراصدُ الخارجي المنشأَ الفيزيائي للحالات الاهتزازية والالتفافية. تُنتج الأنابيب الغليظة والدقيقة على حد سواء المستويات نفسها للطاقة التي يفسرها الفيزيائيون على أنها جسيمات. وهكذا تولِّد الأبعاد الدقيقة في الزمكان الرقيق الفيزياء نفسها التي تولِّدها الأبعاد الكبيرة في الكون الذي نعيش فيه.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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وفي الواقع فقد اعتاد منظرو الأوتار على نوع آخر من الثنويات يختلف كليا عن سابقه يعرف باسم الثنوية -&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;. تربط هذه الثنوية بين نوعين من الجسيمات يظهران للوجود عندما يلتف الوتر حول بعدٍ متراص. النوع الأول (ولنسمه الجسيمات المهتزة) شبيه بالجسيمات التي تنبأ بها كالوزا وكلاين، وينتج من اهتزازات عروة الوتر [انظر الشكل في هذه الصفحة]. وترتفع طاقة هذه الجسيمات إذا كانت الدائرة صغيرة. أضف إلى هذا أنه يمكن للوتر أن يلتف عدة مرات حول الدائرة كما تلتف العصابة المطاطية حول الرسغ. وتزداد طاقة الوتر بازدياد عدد اللفات وباتساع الدائرة. ثم إن كل مستوى للطاقة يمثل جسيما جديدا (لنسم هذه الجسيمات الجسيمات «اللفيفة»).&lt;/div&gt;
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تتقارب ثلاث قوى نحو الشدة نفسها عندما تبلغ طاقة الجسيمات10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;جيگاإلكترون ڤلط. وكان يظن إلى وقت قريب أن التثاقل يتجنب نقطة الالتقاء هذه. ولكن الحسابات التي تشتمل البعد الحادي عشر في نظرية الأغشية توحي بتقارب التثاقل، على غرار القوى الأخرى، نحو هذه النقطة.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #663300; direction: rtl; font-family: &#39;Traditional Arabic&#39;; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25px;&quot;&gt;
تنص الثنوية -&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;على تطابق الجسيمات اللفيفة على دائرة نصف قطرها&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;مع الجسيمات المهتزة على دائرة نصف قطرها&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-us&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-us&quot;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;. وهكذا لا يمكن للفيزيائي التمييز بين هذين النوعين من الجسيمات: يُنتج البعد السميك والمتراص الجسيمات نفسَها التي ينتجها البعد الرقيق.&lt;/div&gt;
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تترتب على هذه الثنوية نتائج مهمة. فقد بذل الفيزيائيون جهودا كبيرة امتدت عشرات السنين لمحاولة فهم الحوادث الطبيعية في الأبعاد الصغيرة جدا القريبة من طول پلانك وهو&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;33-&lt;/sup&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;سنتيمتر. وكان يفترض دوما عدم صلاحية قوانين الفيزياء كما نعرفها عندما تصبح الأبعاد في هذا الصِّغر. إلا أن ما تفترضه نظرية الثنوية -&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;هو عدم اختلاف الكون في الأبعاد الكبيرة عنه في الأبعاد الصغيرة. حتى إنه يمكننا أن نتخيل أنه في حالة تقلص الكون إلى أبعاد تقل عن طول پلانك فإنه سيتحول عندئذ إلى كونٍ ثنوي يكبر بقدر ما ينهار الكون الأصلي.&lt;/div&gt;
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لاتزال الثنوية بين الأوتار والتغشية بخمسة أبعاد مجرد طرحٍ نظرا لمشكلة تكميم التغشية بخمسة أبعاد. استطاعت مجموعة (تشكلت عام 1991 في جامعة&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/span&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;ـ تكساس، وضمت &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;. لو&amp;gt; و &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;. ميناسيان&amp;gt; و &amp;lt;رمزي خوري&amp;gt; ومؤلف المقال) حل المشكلة بتجنبها. فإذا اندرجت أربعة أبعاد من الأبعاد العشرة والتفت حولها التغشية بخمسة أبعاد ستبدو هذه الأخيرة في نهاية المطاف كشيء ببعد واحد ـ وتر سوليتوني ـ في زمكان بستة أبعاد. أضف إلى ذلك أن الوتر الأساسي في عشرة أبعاد يبقى أساسيا حتى في ستة أبعاد. وهكذا يفتح مفهوم الثنوية بين الأوتار والتغشية بخمسة أبعاد المجال لطرحٍ آخر، ألا وهو الثنوية بين الوتر السوليتوني والوتر الأساسي.&lt;/div&gt;
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والميزة هنا هي أننا نعرف كيف نكمم الوتر ويمكننا، من ثَمَّ، وضع تنبؤات ثنوية الوتر ـ الوتر على المِحكَّ. وعلى سبيل المثال، يمكننا البرهان على التساوي بين شدة تفاعل الأوتار السوليتونية ومقلوب شدة تفاعل الأوتار الأساسية. وهو ما يتفق تماما مع الطرح المذكور.&lt;/div&gt;
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إن الأبحاث التي قام بها &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;.&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;Ch&lt;/span&gt;. هول&amp;gt; (من كوليج كوين ميري و ويستفيلد) وتاونسد عام 1994 أوحت بما يلي: يمكن لوترٍ متباين الشدة ضعيف التفاعل أن يكون ثنوي وتر من النوع&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;IIA&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;قوي التفاعل. وهكذا بدأت تنهار الحواجز بين مختلف نظريات الأوتار.&lt;/div&gt;
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خطر لي أن الثنوية وتر ـ وتر، جاءت بمكافأة أخرى لم تكن مرتقبة. فإذا اختزلنا الزمكان ذا الستة أبعاد إلى زمكان بأربعة أبعاد بليّ بعدين فسيكتسِب كل من الوتر الأساسي والوتر السوليتوني الثنوية -&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;. وهنا تقع المعجزة فعلا: فالثنوية -&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;بالنسبة إلى الوتر السوليتوني هي بالضبط الثنوية -&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;S&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;بالنسبة إلى الوتر الأساسي، والعكس بالعكس. يسمى هذا الحادث ـ الذي يقابل فيه تبادل الشحنات في إحدى الصور انقلاب الأطوال في الصورة الأخرى ـ بثنوية الثنويات، ويضع الثنوية -&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;التي كانت ضربا من المقامرة على صف الثنوية -&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;الموطد. كما أنه يُنبِئ بارتباط شدةِ تفاعل الأشياء ـ أي شحناتها ـ بقياس الأبعاد غير المرئية. إن الشحنة في كونٍ ما هي قياس البعد في كون آخر.&lt;/div&gt;
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وفي عام 1995 جمع ويتن في عرض تقدم به في جامعة ساوث كاليفورنيا الأعمال المتعلقة بالثنوية -&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;والثنوية -&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;والثنوية وتر ـ وتر تحت مفهوم نظرية الأغشية بأحد عشر بعدا. وظهرت فعلا على الإنترنت في الأشهر التالية مئات من المقالات لتؤكد احتواء نظرية الأغشية أيا كانت، على الأغشية بطريقة مهمة.&lt;/div&gt;
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وحتى نظرية الأوتار&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;8 x&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;8 التي كان يظن باستحالة اشتقاق اليمنة ـ اليسرة فيها من أحد عشر بُعدا وجدت منشأ لها في نظرية الأغشية. وقد أوضح ويتن و&amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;. هوراڤا&amp;gt; (من جامعة پرينستون) كيف يمكن تقليص البعد الإضافي في نظرية الأغشية إلى مقطع من خط. والصورة الناتجة عبارة عن كونين (على طرفي الخط)، لكل منهما عشرة أبعاد يصل بينهما زمكان بأحد عشر بعدا. لا توجد الجسيمات والأوتار إلا في الكونين المتوازيين على طرفي الخط، ولا يتصل أحد الكونين بالآخر إلا عبر التثاقل. يمكننا تخيل المادة المرئية كلها في كوننا وكأنها على حائط، أما «المادة السوداء»، وهي التي تأخذ المادة غير المرئية في الكون بعين الاعتبار فهي في الكون الموازي على الحائط الآخر.&lt;/div&gt;
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يمكن أن تترتب على هذا التوصيف نتائج مهمة لمجابهة النظرية بالتجربة. فمثلا، يعرف الفيزيائيون أن الشدات الفعلية للقوى تتغير بتغير طاقة الجسيمات المتفاعلة، ونجد في نظريات التناظر الفائق تقارب شدة التفاعلات القوية والضعيفة والكهرمغنطيسية من بعضها في طاقة&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;E&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;تبلغ 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;جيگاإلكترون ڤلط. من جهة أخرى فإن شدات التفاعل تساوي تقريبا ـ وليس تماما ـ قيمة عدد ليس له أي أبعاد هو&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;GE&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، حيث&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;ثابتة نيوتن التثاقلية. يحتاج هذا الفرق الطفيف إلى تفسير، وهو على أغلب الظن ليس وليد مصادفة. وقد كان سببا لإحباطٍ كبير عند الفيزيائيين.&lt;/div&gt;
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تتولد من نظرية الأغشية بأحد عشر بعدا خمس نظريات للأوتار بعشرة أبعاد. عندما يُلوى البعد الإضافي مشكلا دائرة تنتج نظرية الأغشية الأوتار الفائقة التناظر من النوع IIA؛ ويرتبط هذا النوع عبر الثنوية بالوتر من النوع IIB. أما إذا تقلص البعد الإضافي إلى مقطع خطي فتصبح نظرية الأغشية حينذاك الوتر E8 x E8 متباين الشدة المقبول فيزيائيا. تصل الثنويات بين هذا الوتر ونظريات الأوتار (SO(32.&lt;/div&gt;
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إلا أنه يمكن في هذا الزمكان الغريب الذي ارتآه هوراڤا و ويتن اختيار قياس البعد الحادي عشر بشكل يجعل القوى الأربع تلتقي في هذه القيمة المشتركة. وهي أقل بكثير من طاقة پلانك البالغة&amp;nbsp; 10&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;جيگاإلكترون ڤلط ـ وهي طاقة كان يفترض أن يصبح فيها التثاقل تفاعلا قويا ـ (يربط الميكانيك الكمومي بين الطاقة العالية والمسافة القصيرة. وهكذا فإن طاقة پلانك هي ببساطة طول پلانك معبرا عنه بالطاقة.) ينتج من ذلك أنه يمكن لطاقة التأثيرات التثاقلية الكمية الاقتراب كثيرا من طاقات الأحداث اليومية أكثر بكثير مما كان يتخيل أغلب الفيزيائيين، وقد تترتب على هذه النتيجة أمور عديدة في الكوسمولوجيا (علم الكون).&lt;/div&gt;
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ومؤخرا، تحقق &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;. پولشينسكي&amp;gt; (من معهد الفيزياء النظرية في سانتا باربارا) من تشابه بعض التغشية بـ&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;p&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;بُعْد مع سطح اكتشفه الرياضياتي الألماني &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;L .G .P&lt;/span&gt;. ديريكلي&amp;gt; في القرن الماضي. ويمكن في بعض الأحوال تفسير هذه التغشيات على أنها ثقوب سوداء أو بالأحرى تغشية سوداء لا يفلت منها شيء، بما في ذلك الضوء.&lt;/div&gt;
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يمكن اعتبار الأوتار المفتوحة، مثلا، أوتارا مغلقة اختفى جزء منها خلف تغشية سوداء. وقد أدت أمثال هذه الوثبات إلى تفسير جديد للثقوب السوداء باعتبارها تغشية سوداء ملتفة حول سبعة أبعاد مندرجة. وهذا يشير إلى وجود دلائل قوية على قدرة نظرية الأغشية على تفسير مفارقات الثقوب السوداء التي أثارها &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;W .S&lt;/span&gt;. هوكينگ&amp;gt; من جامعة كيمبريدج.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #663300; direction: rtl; font-family: &#39;Traditional Arabic&#39;; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25px;&quot;&gt;
في عام 1974، بيّن هوكينگ أن الثقوب السوداء ليست تامة السواد في الواقع وهي قادرة على إصدار الطاقة. ولا بد أن يكون لها، والحال هذه، أنتروپية. والأنتروپية تقيس اضطراب نظام ما وتعطي عدد الحالات الكمومية المتاحة. إلا أن المنشأ المجهري لهذه الحالات الكمومية بقي لغزا. ولكن تقانة تغشيات ديريكلي مكَّنت سترومينگر و&amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;. ڤافا&amp;gt; (من جامعة هارڤارد) من حساب عدد الحالات الممكنة في التغشيات السوداء. ووجدا أنتروپية تتفق تماما وتنبؤات هوكينگ، وأضافا بذلك ميزة جديدة لنظرية الأغشية.&lt;/div&gt;
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والأمل معقود الآن بحل إحدى أكبر قضايا نظرية الأوتار بوساطة التغشيات السوداء: يبدو أن هناك بلايين الطرق لطحن الأبعاد العشرة وجعلها أربعة أبعاد فقط. وبالتالي هناك تصورات متضاربة لكيفية سير العالم الحقيقي، أو بعبارة أخرى لا توجد تنبؤات إطلاقا. ومع ذلك فقد اتضح أنه يمكن لكتلة التغشية السوداء أن تتلاشى عندما ينهار الثقب الذي تلتف حوله. وبأعجوبة تؤثر هذه الظاهرة في الزمكان نفسه وتتيح لزمكان بعددٍ ما من الثقوب التحول إلى زمكان آخر بعدد مختلف من الثقوب ناقضا بذلك قوانين الطبولوجيا الكلاسيكية.&lt;/div&gt;
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وهكذا تصبح قضية إيجاد الزمكان الملائم أسهل منالا فيما إذا كانت جميع الزمكانات مرتبطة ببعضها على هذا الشكل. يمكن للوتر في نهاية المطاف اختيار الزمكان ذي الطاقة الدنيا والإقامة فيه. وتنشأ عن تموجاته عندئذ الجسيمات والقوى التي نعرفها: أي العالم الحقيقي.&lt;/div&gt;
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من 10 أبعاد إلى 11:&lt;/div&gt;
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لم يفت الأوان بعد&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #663300; direction: rtl; font-family: &#39;Traditional Arabic&#39;; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25px;&quot;&gt;
وعلى الرغم من كل ما تحقق من نجاح فلم يلمح الفيزيائيون بعد إلا بعض الزوايا الصغيرة في نظرية الأغشية، ولاتزال الصورة الكبيرة غائبة عن العيان. ومؤخرا اقترح الفيزيائيون &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;. بانكس&amp;gt; و &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;H .S&lt;/span&gt;. شينكر&amp;gt; (من جامعة روتجرز) و &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;W&lt;/span&gt;. فيشلر&amp;gt; (من جامعة تكساس) و &amp;lt;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;. سوسكيند&amp;gt; (من جامعة ستاندفورد) تعريفا دقيقا لنظرية الأغشية. تقوم نظرية «مصفوفاتهم» على عدد لانهاية له من التغشيات الصفرية (أي جسيمات). وعوضا عن كون إحداثيات، أو مواضع، هذه الجسيمات أعدادا عادية فإنها تكون مصفوفات غير تبديلية، بمعنى أن&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;xy&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;لا يساوي&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;body_EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;yx&lt;/span&gt;. والزمكان نفسه مفهوم غامض في هذه الصورة لا تُعرَف الإحداثيات فيه بالأعداد المعتادة وإنما بالمصفوفات.&lt;/div&gt;
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منذ أمد طويل، يشعر الفيزيائيون بأن توحيد التثاقل ـ وبعبارة أخرى هندسة الزمكان ـ مع الفيزياء الكمومية سيؤدي إلى علة تصيب تعريف الزمكان لن تزول إلا مع اكتشاف تعريف جديد له. أثارت طريقة المصفوفات اهتماما كبيرا ولكنها لا تبدو حتى الآن وكأنها الكلمة الفصل؛ ذلك أننا نأمل، خلال بضع سنوات، اكتشاف فحوى نظرية الأغشية.&lt;/div&gt;
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إن ويتن مغرم بتخيل تطور الفيزياء على كوكب آخر حصلت فيه الاكتشافات الأساسية كالنسبية العامة والميكانيك الكمومي والتناظر الفائق بترتيب مختلف عما هو عليه على الأرض. وأود أن أتخيل في السياق نفسه كواكب منطقها أقوى من منطقنا يكون الأحد عشر بعدا نقطة الانطلاق فيها وتنبثق منه نظرية الأوتار بعشرة أبعاد. حقا قد يحكم المؤرخون في المستقبل على نهاية القرن العشرين بقولهم إنه الزمن الذي كان فيه النظريون يلعبون كالأطفال على شاطئ البحر لاهين بأكثر الحصى ملاسة أو بأجمل صدفات الأوتار الفائقة التناظر في حين ينبسط المحيط الكبير لنظرية الأغشية أمامهم منتظرا الاكتشاف. ▪&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;e .j.=&quot;&quot; .l.=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: tahoma; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;right&quot; color=&quot;#CC6600&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; /&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;المؤلف&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;hamesh_EN&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;Michael J. - Duff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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يُجري أبحاثا في نظرية الجسيمات الأولية الموحدة والتثاقل الكمومي والتثاقل الفائق التناظر والأوتار الفائقة التناظر والأغشية الفائقة التناظر ونظرية الأغشية. حصل عام 1972 على الدكتوراه في الفيزياء النظرية من الأمبريال كوليج بلندن وأصبح عام 1980 عضوا في كليتها. ثم انتقل عام 1988 إلى الولايات المتحدة، وفي عام 1992 أصبح أستاذا في جامعة M &amp;amp; A ـ تكساس. كان دُف الناطق باسم العلميين البريطانيين في الخارج، وهي فئة من العلميين المهاجرين القلقين من النقص في تمويل العلم ببريطانيا وما يترتب على ذلك من هجرة الكفاءات العلمية. وهو عضو في جمعية الفيزيائيين الأمريكيين.&lt;/div&gt;
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من مجلة العلوم&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/e&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/4218769063332303273/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_7322.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/4218769063332303273'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/4218769063332303273'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_7322.html' title='النظرية التي كانت تسمى أوتارا  إن «نظرية كل شيء» تبدو للعيان الآن كنظرية  لا تؤدي فيها الأوتار وحدها دورا، وإنما  تشاركها فيه الأغشية والثقوب السوداء.'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-7708262528275937417</id><published>2013-01-07T22:44:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2013-01-07T22:44:16.015+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="المجلة"/><title type='text'>السمفونية الكونية لا شيء سوى الموسيقى ناصر منذر الجمعية الكونية السورية  </title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;لقد
وفرت الموسيقى منذ زمن بعيد الاستعارات الممتازة للذين أعملوا فكرهم لحل المعضلات
المتعلقة بالكون، من &quot;موسيقى الكرات&quot; الفيثاغورثية القديمة إلى نظرية &quot;تجانس
الطبيعة&quot; التي حكمت كثيراً من الأبحاث عبر العصور، حيث بحث الإنسان في أغنية
الطبيعة عن التجوال الرقيق للأجرام السماوية وعن الانفجارات الصاخبة للجسيمات تحت الذرية.
(العالم الألماني يوهانس كبلر –في القرن السابع عشر- كان يؤمن بالجمال والتناغم في
السماوات لدرجة أنه أعطى في أحد كتبه النوتة الموسيقية المفصّلة للأنغام السماوية
الصادرة عن مجموعة الكواكب أثناء انتقالها عبر مداراتها) وباكتشاف نظرية الأوتار
الفائقة اتخذت التعبيرات الموسيقية منحىً مدهشاً وواقعياً حيث تقترح النظرية أن
المشهد المجهري تغمره أوتار دقيقة، تتحكم أنساق اهتزازها في تطور الكون.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;مشكلة
الفيزياء الحديثة:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;




&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;تقوم
الفيزياء الحديثة على ركيزتين رئيسيتين، الأولى هي النظرية النسبية العامة
لآينشتاين وهي التي تمنحنا الإطار النظري لفهم الكون في أبعاده الكبرى. أما
الركيزة الثانية فهي ميكانيك الكم وهي التي تزودنا بالإطار النظري لفهم الكون في
أصغر أبعاده. وعلى مدى سنوات من البحوث والتجارب تم إثبات صحة كل التنبؤات التي
بشرت بها كل من هاتين النظريتين. غير أنه وفقاً للصياغة الحالية للنسبية العامة ولميكانيك
الكم فإنهما غير متوافقتين!! حيث يقوم العلماء عادة إما بدراسة الأجسام الصغيرة الخفيفة
–كالذرات ومكوناتها- أو بدراسة الأجسام الضخمة الثقيلة –كالنجوم والمجرات- وليس
الأمرين معاً. لكن هاتين النظريتين غير متوافقتين! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;موسيقى
الوتر هي الحل: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;كل
الأحداث العجيبة التي تجري في الكون بدءاً من الرقص العشوائي للكواركات (الجسيمات
تحت الذرية) إلى الفالس التقليدي لمنظومة مكونة من نجمين يدوران حول بعضهما،
وبداية من كرات الله البدائية في الانفجار العظيم (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Big Bang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
إلى الدوران المهول للمجرات في السماء، كل هذا مجرد انعكاس لمبدأ عظيم وسيادة
لمعادلة واحدة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;تفرض
علينا نظرية الأوتار الفائقة أن نغير مفاهيمنا عن المكان والزمان والمادة تغييراً
جذرياً، وهذا ما فعلته قبلاً نسبية آينشتاين والنظرية الكمومية.. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ولكي
نقر بفضل نظرية الأوتار الفائقة بإزالة هذه التناقضات ورسم صورة جديدة للزمان
والمكان.. فإننا نحتاج إلى: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;العودة
إلى بدء قصة تعرفنا على بنية الكون..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;لمحة
تاريخية عن &quot;مادة بناء الكون&quot;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;بدأت
فيزياء الجسيمات في القرن الخامس قبل الميلاد مع فلاسفة الإغريق لوسيبوس وديمقريطس
ونظريتهما الذرية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Atomism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) والتي وصفت الكون بأنه مؤلف من فراغ وذرات
فقط، أي أن مادة الكون تتألف من ذرات عنصرية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Elementary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
لا يمكن تجزئتها إلى مكونات أصغر، هذه الذرات تبقى في حالة حركة في الخلاء، وعندما
تتلاقى يمكن أن تلتصق ببعضها لتولد الانطباع بتواصل المادة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;عارض
هذه الرؤية أتباع الفلسفة المدرسانية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Scholastic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
وأبرزهم أرسطو، الذي رفض فكرة المادة الحبيبية، حيث كان يعتقد بأن المادة مستمرة،
أي أن بالإمكان تجزئة أي قطعة مادية إلى فتات أصغر فأصغر إلى ما لانهاية، وقد طال
الجدل في هذا الشأن قروناً عديدة، دون أي برهان حقيقي، مع أن أفكار أرسطو كانت
سائدة أكثر بسبب تبني الكنيسة لجميع أفكاره!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;تغليب
النظرية الذرية بدأ في القرن السابع عشر بفضل أعمال غاليليو غاليليه وإسحاق نيوتن،
واكتشاف قوانين حركة الأجسام المادية، فقد أصبح بالإمكان إدراك أن حركة الذرات
أيضاً تخضع لقوانين فيزيائية معروفة، فإذا علمنا في لحظة معينة موضع وسرعة كل جسيم
مادي في الكون، مع الأخذ بعين الاعتبار التأثيرات الخارجية، لأمكننا أن نستنتج
موضع وسرعة كل جسيم مادي في كامل الكون في لحظة معينة، تحدد بصورة تامة ما سيؤول
إليه هذا الكون. يعني ذلك أن الكون يتبع مساراً حركياً وحيداً محدداً سلفاً، وقد
عبّر العالم الفرنسي بيير سيمون لابلاس في القرن الثامن عشر عن هذه الفكرة بقوله: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;إذا عرف كائن ذكي، في لحظة معينة جميع
القوى التي تحرك الطبيعة والمواضع النسبية لكائناتها وسرعاتها فيها، وكانت خبرة
هذا الكائن كافية لتحليل كل المعطيات فإنه يستطيع أن يجمع حركة أكبر الأجسام في
الكون، وحركة أخف ذرة فيه، حتى في صيغة واحدة، ولن يكون أمام هذا الشخص عندئذ أي
شيء غير مؤكد ولسوف ينبسط المستقبل أمام ناظريه كما ينبسط الماضي تماماً&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;وبالرغم
من أن نظرية نيوتن في الثقالة لم تكن ملائمة لتفسير القوى بين الذرات (لأن كتل هذه
الجسيمات بالغة في الصغر، وقانون التجاذب الثقالي ينص على أن كل جسمين يتجاذبان
بقوة تتناسب طرداً مع جداء الكتلتين وعكساً مع مربع البعد بينهما)، وبالرغم من
تجاهل هذه النظرية لسبب تواجد هذه الذرات وعدم تطرقها للمكان والزمان الذي تتحرك
فيه هذه الذرات، إلا أن إسهامات مكسويل في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر وإدخال قوة الكهرطيسية
إلى جانب ثقالة نيوتن قد أعادت فكرة لابلاس إلى الصدارة، بالاستناد إلى الظن بأن
كل القوى في الطبيعة يمكن أن تكون مظاهر للثقالة والكهرطيسية، ورغم أن وجود الذرات
ظل دون تفسير، وبقي الزمان والمكان خارج الفيزياء، فقد اعتقد عدة فيزيائيين أن
عملهم القادم يقتصر على ربح رقم عشري جديد في قياس المقادير الفيزيائية، وقد عبّر
العالم الإنكليزي لورد كلفن عن ذلك بقوله في محاضرة له عام 1900 في الجمعية
البريطانية لتقدم العلوم: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;لم يبقَ أمامنا الآن شيء جديد نكتشفه في
الفيزياء، بقي علينا فقط أن نزيد في دقة القياسات&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ولكن
بالرغم مما ذهب إليه كالفن استناداً إلى الإنجازات الرائعة التي حققتها فيزياء
القرن التاسع عشر إلا أن تلك الفيزياء الاتباعية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Classical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
كانت ذات محدودية كبيرة، فمعظم الكيمياء مثلاً كانت خارج نطاق تلك الفيزياء، إذ
كان كيميائيو القرن التاسع عشر يعرفون نحواً من ثمانين نوعاً مختلفاً من الذرات،
وكانوا استنتجوا كثيراً من قواعد سلوكها، ويدخل في هذا بوجه خاص طرق اتحادها
لتكوين جزيئات ولم تكون القوانين المعروفة في الفيزياء عاجزة عن تفسير هذه الأشياء
فحسب، وإنما كانت تبدو خارجة عن الصدد تقريباً.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;أواخر
القرن التاسع عشر بدأت تظهر سلسلة كاملة من الظواهر، التي لم تكن في الحسبان حتى
ذلك الحين، فقد حدث اكتشافان مهمان نتيجة مصادفتين ميمونتين هما: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;اكتشاف
ف.رونتغن للأشعة السينية في فرتسبورغ سنة 1895.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;اكتشاف
هنري بكرل في باريس سنة 1896 لإشعاع غريب منبعث من اليورانيوم، جعل الصفيحة
الفوتغرافية غبشاء. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ومن
جهة أخرى فقد اكتشف جوزيف تومسون عام 1897 في مختبر كافندش في كمبردج جسيم مادي
صغير مشحون كهربائياً (الإلكترون) له كتلة أقل من واحد بالألف من كتلة أخف الذرات،
وقد استخدم في ذلك أنبوبة إنفراغ الأشعة المهبطية. ومن ثم وكثمرة متابعة منظمة
لمشاهدات بكرل اكتشف الزوجان بيير وماري كوري سنة 1898 عنصرين كيميائيين جديدين
هما البولونيوم والراديوم، اللذان يصدران إشعاعاً أشد بكثير من إشعاع اليورانيوم،
وأطلقا على هذه الظاهرة اسم النشاط الإشعاعي (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Radioactivity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;).
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;وقد
كان الكيميائي والفيزيائي البريطاني دالتون أول من أشار إلى أن كون المركبات
الكيميائية ذات نسب داخلية معينة يمكن أن يتفسر إذا قبلنا بفكرة ذرات (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Atoms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
تتجمع معاً لتشكل وحدات جزيئات (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Molecules&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;).
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;في
العام 1905 وقبيل أسابيع من بحث &quot;حول الديناميات الكهربائية للأجسام المتحركة&quot;
(الذي ندعوه اليوم النظرية النسبية الخاصة)، نشر آينشتاين مقالة عالجت موضوع ذرات
الغبار وما شابهها في السائل (وتسمى بالحركة البراونية) وهي حركة اضطراب فوضوية
تقوم بها حبيبات غبار صغيرة سابحة في سائل راكد، يمكن أن تفسر على أنها ناجمة عن
اصطدام ذرات السائل بحبيبات الغبار، وفي العام 1908 تحقق العالم الفرنسي جان بيرين
من صيغة آينشتاين في الحركة البراونية تجريبياً. وبعد ذلك بثلاثة أعوام برهن
العالم رذرفورد في العام 1911 أن ذرات المادة ذات بنية داخلية مصنوعة من نواة
بالغة الصغر ذات شحنة موجبة ويدور حولها عدد من الإلكترونات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ولكن
بالرغم مما ذهب إليه كالفن استناداً إلى الإنجازات الرائعة التي حققتها فيزياء
القرن التاسع عشر إلا أن تلك الفيزياء الكلاسيكية كانت ذات محدودية كبيرة، فمعظم
الكيمياء مثلاً كانت خارج نطاق تلك الفيزياء، إذ كان كيميائيو القرن التاسع عشر
يعرفون نحواً من ثمانين نوعاً مختلفاً من الذرات، وكانوا استنتجوا كثيراً من قواعد
سلوكها، ويدخل في هذا بوجه خاص طرق اتحادها لتكوين جزيئات ولم تكون القوانين
المعروفة في الفيزياء عاجزة عن تفسير هذه الأشياء فحسب، وإنما كانت تبدو خارجة عن
الصدد تقريباً.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;وقد
كان الكيميائي والفيزيائي البريطاني دالتون أول من أشار إلى أن كون المركبات
الكيميائية ذات نسب داخلية معينة يمكن أن يتفسر إذا قبلنا بفكرة ذرات (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Atoms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
تتجمع معاً لتشكل وحدات جزيئات (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Molecules&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;).
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;أواخر
القرن التاسع عشر بدأت تظهر سلسلة كاملة من الظواهر، التي لم تكن في الحسبان حتى
ذلك الحين، فقد حدث اكتشافان مهمان نتيجة مصادفتين ميمونتين هما: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;اكتشاف
ف.رونتغن للأشعة السينية في فرتسبورغ سنة 1895.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;اكتشاف
هنري بكرل في باريس سنة 1896 لإشعاع غريب منبعث من اليورانيوم، جعل الصفيحة
الفوتغرافية غبشاء&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;وظن
في البدء أن نواة الذرة تتألف من إلكترونات وعدد من الجسيمات المشحونة إيجابياً،
سموها بروتونات (على أساس أن كلمة بروتون &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Proton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
اليونانية تعني الأول) ليكتشف العالم تشادويك عام 1932 أن النواة تحوي جسيماً آخر،
سمي النيترون (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Neutron&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) له كتلة البروتون تقريباً لكنه عديم الشحنة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ظل
الاعتقاد بأن البروتون والنترون عنصران أساسيان سائداً حتى ستينات القرن العشرين،
لكن تجارب التصادم العنيف فيما بين البروتونات، ومع الإلكترونات السريعة بينت أن
البروتونات مؤلفة من جسيمات أصغر منها، دعيت هذه الجسيمات باسم الكواركات (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Quarks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
باقتراح من الفيزيائي موري جيل-مان. وبسبب عظم أطوال موجات الضوء المرئي بالنسبة
لحجم الذرة، لن نستطيع رؤية مكوناتها هذه، لتكون النظرية الكمومية (أو ميكانيك
الكم) وسيلتنا في فهمها والتعامل معها.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;النظرية
الكمومية: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; بدأت هذه النظرية رحلتها عام 1900 مع اقتراح
الألماني ماكس بلانك فكرة أن الإشعاع الكهرطيسي ينبثق على شكل رزم أو كموم نسميها فوتونات،
أي مكن اعتبار أن الفوتون (بمعنى ما) هو جسيم الضوء، وإذا كانت هذه الفكرة صعبة الإنسجام
مع الافتراض القديم بأن الضوء والإشعاعات الكهرطيسية الأخرى تتألف من موجات، فقد
حل هذا التناقض الظاهري بمفهوم المثنوية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Duality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
موجة/جسيم التي تعني أن الضوء يمكن أن يتجلى كموجات أحياناً وكجسيمات أحياناً أخرى
وذلك تبعاً للطريقة المتبعة في رصده، لكن الضوء لا يستطيع أن يتصرف كموجة وكجسيم
في آن واحد معاً.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; وصف نيلز بوهر هذه الظاهرة بأن الموجة والجسيم
وجهان متتامان (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Complementary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
لحقيقة واحدة، فإذا كانت الإلكترونات والبروتونات وسواها من الجسيمات الذرية ومادونها
تتجلى بشكل موجات في بعض الظروف فإن الفوتون لا يختلف عن شأن هذه الكائنات، حيث
يمكن أن يوضع معها في مصاف الأنواع الجسيمية. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; يشكل مبدأ فيرنر هايزنبرغ المسمى بمبدأ الارتياب
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Uncertainty Principle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) حجر الزاوية في النظرية الكمومية ويمكن أن
نعبر عنه كما يلي: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;تعاني
المقادير الفيزيائية لدى قياسها تفاوتات تغلّف قيمها، ولا يمكن التنبؤ بهذه القيم،
فإذا كان (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;∆X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
الارتياب في موضع الجسم، وكان (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;∆P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
الارتياب في اندفاعه (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Momentum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) فإن الجداء (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;∆X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;∆P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) لا يمكن أن يقل عن مقدار ثابت، يسمى ثابت بلانك
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;h = 6063×10&lt;sup&gt;-34&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;وكذلك
ينطبق مبدأ الارتياب على زوج آخر من المقادير هما الطاقة (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
والزمن (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) أي أن الجداء (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;∆t×∆E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
أيضاً لن يقل عن ثابتة بلانك، أي أن هذه الثابتة هي كم الضبابية في الطبيعة. إذن،
يقضي مبدأ هايزنبرغ على المفهوم الحتمي في النظرية الاتباعية، لأن تصغير الارتياب
في موضع الجسيم لأبعد حدود سيجعل الارتياب في اندفاعه كبيراً جداً (والعكس صحيح)،
وكذلك الأمر فإن الارتياب في الزمن سيكون على حساب ازدياد الارتياب في الطاقة (والعكس
صحيح). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;إذن
بسبب تلك الارتيابات اللاصقة بالمنظومات الكمومية، تفشل قوانين نيوتن الميكانيكية
في حال جسيمات كالالكترونات، ويجب إستبدالها بميكانيك كمومي جديد، وقد تم هذا على
أيدي هايزنبرغ وشرودنغر ولوي دوبرويه وغيرهم في عشرينات القرن الماضي.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;النسبية
العامة: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;كان
هناك نواقص في نظام نيوتن لتفسير قوة الجاذبية. أحدها أن النظام كان يقول بأن قوة
الجاذبية لحظية، أي كأن هنالك حبل يربط الأرض بالشمس فلا تحتاج قوة الجاذبية إلى
مدة للانتقال، وأن الجاذبية تعمل فقط على المدى الضخم كالكواكب والنجوم والمجرات،
و تصبح هذه القوة معدومة في الجزيئات الصغيرة و داخل الذرات. وأنه على الرغم من أن
الجاذبية تبدو هي القوة الأكثر وضوحاً إلا أنها تعتبر ضعيفة جداً مقارنة بالقوى الأخرى.
لكن آينشتاين رأى خلاف ذلك و هو أن سرعة الضوء هي السرعة القصوى في هذا&amp;nbsp; الكون، فلا يمكن للجاذبية بأن تكون أسرع من
الضوء فقام آينشتاين بتفسير أدق لهذه الجاذبية و هي بأن الكتلة تصنع انحناء في
الفضاء و يتسبب هذا في تدحرج (انجذاب) الأجسام الأخرى إلى الكتلة على هذا المنحدر،
فكان هذا الاكتشاف مدخل إلى فكرة توحيد القوى في هذا العالم تحت قوة واحدة تحكم
هذا الكون ولكن آينشتاين توفي قبل أن يحقق ذلك&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;تناقض
رئيسي: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;عدم
التوافق بين النسبية العامة وميكانيك الكم، حيث أنه في بعض الظروف التي تستوجب
تطبيق النسبية العامة وميكانيك الكم (مثلاً.. لحظة بداية الكون التي تجمعت فيها
كتلة هائلة في حجم متناه الصغر، أو في الظروف المتواجدة قرب مركز ثقب أسود) تظهر
بعض الإجابات غير منطقية أبداً، كأن تأتي تنبؤات حول احتمال حدوث بعض العمليات في ميكانيك
الكم لا نهائية (وكل احتمال أكبر من الواحد هو مستحيل، فما بالنا باحتمال
لانهائي)!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;الجسيمات
دون الذرية: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;تصنف
الجسيمات وفقاً لعدد اللف الذاتي (السبن) إلى نوعين: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;جسيمات
فيرمي: (نسبة إلى العالم الإيطالي أنريكو فيرمي) وهي الجسيمات التي سبنها يساوي
عدد فردي من&amp;nbsp; وحدة السبن، أي جميع الجسيمات
التي سبنها: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;3/2, 1/2, -1/2, -3/2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;... وهذه الجسيمات تخضع لقانون باولي للانتفاء.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;جسيمات
بوز:&amp;nbsp; (نسبة إلى العالم الهندي بوز) وهي
الجسيمات التي سبنها يساوي عدد زوجي من وحدة السبن أي الجسيمات التي سبنها: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-2, -1, 0, 1, 2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;…&amp;nbsp; وهذه الجسيمات لا تخضع لمبدأ باولي. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;كما
تصنف الجسيمات التي تساهم في بناء المادة تصنيفاً آخراً: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;اللبتونات
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Leptons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) أي الخفيفات وأشهرها: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;اللبتونات
المشحونة: الإلكترون والميون والتاوون، أما الميون فهو جسيم قلق كتلته 206 أضعاف
كتلة الإلكترون ويتفكك بسرعة، والتاوون هو أيضاً جسيم قلق وثقيل جداً.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;اللبتونات
غير المشحونة: وتسمى النترينوهات، وهي النترينو الإلكتروني والنترينو الميوني والنترينو
التاوي (ولم تحدد كتلة النيترينوهات تجريبياً حتى الآن). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;الهدرونات
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Hadrons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) : وتشمل الجسيمات النووية والجسيمات الناتجة
عن التفاعلات النووية، والهدرونات أثقل بكثير من اللبتونات فمثلاً البروتون أثقل
من الالكترون بـ 1836 مرة، وتقسم إلى نوعين حسب عدد السبن: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;باريونات
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Baryons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) (أي الثقيلات): وهي الهدرونات الفرميونية (من
نوع فيرمي)، ومنها البروتون والنترون وسبين كل منهما &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1/2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ميزونات
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Mesons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) (المتوسطات): وهي الهدرونات البوزونية (من نوع
بوز) ومنها البيون &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Pion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; وهو أخف الميزونات وسبنه 0.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;والهدرونات
هي أجسام مركبة وليست عنصرية كاللبتونات.. فالهدرونات مصنوعة من كواركات. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;الكواركات:&amp;nbsp; هي جسيمات من نوع فيرمي سبنها &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1/2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، وهي بستة نكهات (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Flavors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;):
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;علوي
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;up&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;سفلي
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;down&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ذروي
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;top&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;قعري
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;bottom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;غريب
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;strange&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;مفتون
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;charm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ولكل
نكهة ثلاثة ألوان: أحمر، أزرق، وأصفر، ولا تدل هذه التسميات على شيء محدد!! وتجتمع
الكواركات لتشكل الهدرونات وفق طريقتين: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;اجتماع
ثلاثة كواركات: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;لتشكل
الباريونات (وسيكون سبنها &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1/2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
أو &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;3/2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
مثل اجتماع كواركين علويين(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;up&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) وكوارك سفي (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;down&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
لتشكيل البروتون: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;UUD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; أو النترون:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;DDU&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; أو
الجسيم &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;SSS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;اجتماع
كواركين: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;كوارك
مع كوارك مضاد، لتشكل الميزونات (وسيكون سبنها 0 أو 1).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;لماذا
كل هذه الجسيمات؟ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; لماذا يوجد هذا العدد الكبير من الجسيمات الأساسية؟
خصوصاً وأن الغالبية العظمى من الأشياء في العالم لا تحتاج إلا للإلكترونات والكواركات
العليا أو السفلى؟ ولماذا تملك هذه الجسيمات كتلة مختلفة عشوائية؟ ولماذا تزين
جسيمة التاو 3520 مرة أثقل من الإلكترون؟ ولماذا تزن كواركات القمة 40200 مرة أثقل
من الكواركات العليا؟ هل حدث هذا بالصدفة؟ أم باختيار إلهي؟ أم هل هناك تفسير علمي
شامل لهذه السمات الأساسية لعالمنا؟ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;تصبح
الأشياء أكثر تعقيداً عندما نتعامل مع القوى التي تجمع هذه الجسيمات..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;القوى
الأساسية: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;يمكن
أن ترجع القوى التي تساهم في تشكيل الكون إلى أربعة قوى هي: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;الثقالة:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; وهي قوة عالمية تعمل بين جميع الجسيمات،
وتتعلق بالكتلة والمسافة، فتزداد بتراكم الكتلة وتتناسب عكساً مع مربع المسافة،
مداها كبير لذا هي القوة السائدة في المدى الكوني الكبير، والجسيم الحامل لهذه
القوة يسمى الغرافيتون (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Graviton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) وهو بوزون عديم الكتلة سبنه 2 وتتفاعل الغرافيتونات
مع كل الجسيمات بما فيها الغرافيتونات، لكن اقترانها مع بعضها ضعيف جداً حتى أنها
لم تلاحظ حتى الآن في المختبرات.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;الكهرطيسية:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; هي قوة تعمل بين الجسيمات المشحونة فقط، مداها
كبير، تتناسب عكساً مع مربع المسافة، وتزداد بزيادة الشحنة، لكن الشحنات المختلفة
تتراكم بما يعدل بعضها بعضاً لذلك هي تعمل فقط في المجال دون الذري، وهي قوة كبيرة
فنجد قيمتها بين الكترون وبروتون أكبر بـ 1040 من قوة الثقالة بينهما (على سبيل
المثال المغناطيس نرفع المسمار من على سطح الأرض، أي &lt;a href=&quot;http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3&quot;&gt;المغناطيس&lt;/a&gt;
الصغير تغلب على جاذبية كوكب الأرض). والجسيم الحامل للقوة الكهرطيسية هو الفوتون
وهو بوزون أساسي سبنه يساوي 1 وكتلته (السكونية) معدومة ويسير بسرعة الضوء ولا
يقترن إلا بالجسيمات المشحونة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;النووية
الشديدة: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; تعمل فقط في المستوى دون الذري، ومداها قصير
إذ إنها تتلاشى تماماً بعد مسافة من رتبة&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;m 10-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
وتؤثر هذه القوة في جميع الجسيمات النووية (الهدرونات)، وهي المسؤولة عن ترابط
البروتونات والنترونات داخل النواة، وهي المسؤولة عن ترابط الكواركات في الباريونات،
كموم حقل القوة الشديدة تسمى غليونات (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Gluons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
وهي بوزونات سبينها 1 كالفوتون. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;النووية
الضعيفة: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; تعمل فقط في المستوى دون الذري، مداها قصير
جداً إذ لا يتعدى &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;10-17
m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; وهي أضعف بكثير من القوة الكهرطيسية، لكنها أشد من الثقالة، وتؤثر
في الكواركات واللبتونات. هي القوة التي تتحكم بتحلل الجسيمات الأولية داخل الذرة والمسؤولة
عن نشاط الذرات. وتمتلك القوة النووية الضعيفة ثلاثة مراسيل: وهي جسيمات من نوع بوز
سبنها يساوي 1 ورموزها: (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;W-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;و (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) و (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;W+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
وتختلف هذه الحوامل عن غيرها بأن كتلها غير معدومة بل أن كتلها كبيرة جداً فالجسيم
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) تقارب كتلته 80 كتلة بروتونية والجسيم (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
تقارب كتلته 90 كتلة بروتونية وهو يماثل الفوتون بكل شيء عدا الكتلة، أما الجسيمين
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;W&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) فهما جسيمان مشحونان كهربائياً ولكل منهما
شحنة تساوي شحنة الإلكترون، و (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;W+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) هو المضاد لـ (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;W-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;حسناً..
مرة أخرى: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;لماذا
توجد أربع قوى أساسية؟ لماذا ليست خمساً أو أثلاثاً أو واحدة فقط؟ لماذا ينحصر
تأثير كل قوة في مجال معين؟ لماذا القوى القوية أقوى من الكهرطيسية بمئة مرة وأقوى
من الضعيفة بمئة ألف مرة؟ أين المنطق ليكون العالم بهذه السمات؟ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;هذا
ليس تساؤلاً فلسفياً عديم الجدوى.. فالكون كان ليصبح مكاناً مختلفاً جداً لو تغيرت
خواص المادة وجسيمات القوى تغيراً طفيفاً.. فمثلاً: إن تغير النسبة بين شدة القوى
القوية والقوى الكهرطيسية ولو تغيراً طفيفاً سيؤدي إلى اختفاء أكثر من مئة عنصر في
الجدول الدوري!! ولو كانت كتلة الإلكترونات أكبر بضع مرات مما هي عليه فإنها ستتحد
مع البروتونات لتكون نيوترونات لتلتهم أنوية الهيدروجين ليضطرب إنتاج العناصر
الأكثر تعقيداً، وبما أن النجوم تعتمد على دمج الأنوية المستقرة فهذه النجوم سوف
لن تتواجد!! وأيضاً.. إن كانت شدة الجاذبية أكثر مما هي عليه فإن تجمع المادة داخل
النجم سيتم بصورة أقوى مما سيزيد من سرعة التفاعلات النووية بشكل ملحوظ!! وكذلك
التفاعل النووي إذا زادت سرعته فسيتسبب بأن نجوماً مثل الشمس ستحترق بمعدلات أسرع
بكثير مما سيحدث تأثيراً مدمراً في الحياة كما نعرفها!! ومن ناحية أخرى.. إن نقصت
الجاذبية بشكل ملحوظ فلن تتجمع المادة أبداً.. وبالتالي سيمنع هذا من تكون النجوم والمجرات!!
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;إذن..أصبحت
الفكرة واضحة الآن: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;العالم
هو ما هو لأن المادة وجسيمات القوى لها من الخواص ما لها.. لكن هل هناك من تفسير
علمي يقول لنا لماذا هذه الخواص؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;جذور
نظرية الأوتار: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;تعود
جذور النظرية الوترية إلى أواخر الستينات، وإلى أعمال غابرييل فينـزيانو كان عدة
فيزيائيين آنئذ يحاولون العثور على مغزى لكثرة الهادرونات، تلك الجسيمات ذات
التفاعل الشديد فيما بينها والتي كانت تظهر تباعاً في التصادمات العالية الطاقة في
المسرعات الجسيمية، كان ذلك قبل أن تتوطد النظرية الكواركية في بناء المادة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; كان الشيء المحير في هذا الشأن هو الهادرونات
التي فترة حياتها قصيرة جداً، من رتبة 10-23 ثانية، وهي معروفة جماعياً باسم تجاوبات
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Resonances&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) أو جسيمات التجاوب، لأنها كما هو واضح جداً،
ليست جسيمات أولية، بل إنها تبدو بالأحرى ضرباً من الحالات المثارة (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Excited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
لهادرونات أخرى، إذ يمكن أن نتصور أن مكنونات الهادرونات أثيرت إلى مستويات كمومية
طاقية عالية بفعل تصادمات عالية الطاقة، وقد بينت التحريات أن بعض هذه الكائنات
ذات سبن عال جداً وفوق ذلك تم العثور على علاقة نظامية بين سبن هذه الهادرونات
وكتلها.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ولتفسير هذه الوقائع اقترحت فينيـزيانو
نموذجاً وفق مقتضى الحال، لم يكن هذا العمل وقتئذ سوى إجراء رياضي خال من أية صورة
فيزيائية، لكن اتضح في سياق التحريات اللاحقة أن نموذج فينيـزيانو يحوي أوصاف حركة
وتر كمومية، فكان ذلك خروجاً ملحوظاً من أطر النظريات السابقة التي كانت تصر كلها
على نمذجة المادة بلغة الجسيمات، هذا رغم أن النموذج الوتري كان في بعض جوانبه على
الأقل، على وفاق مع التجربة أحسن من وفاق النموذج الجسيمي.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;لم
يكن في ذلك الوقت المبكر يوجد أحد يرى في النموذج الوتري أكثر من عملية تقريبية
فجة، وفد بدا كمشكلة أخرى، أنه مقصور على توصيف البوزونات فقط، لكن بعض النظريين
درسوا النموذج بعناية وعثروا على نتائج تخص مقدرة النظرية، ففي عام 1970 اكتشف جون
شوارتز ونوفو نظرية وترية ثانية تحوي أوصاف الفرميونات. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; وفي حوالي 1974 حصل تطوير للكروموديناميك الكمومي
وتوقف الاهتمام بالنظرية الوترية كنموذج للهادرونات، وكان يمكن أن تموت لولا
اكتشاف شوارتز وشريكه شيرك إمكان استخدامها في مجال آخر أكثر أهمية بكثير، فقد كان
من مشكلات النظرية المبكرة أن الجسيمات التي بدت مستمدة منها تحوي جسيماً عديم
الكتلة وسبنه 2، ولم يكن في تشكيلة الهادرونات أي شي من هذا القبيل، لكن هذا
الجسيم له أوصاف الغرافيتون بكل دقة الجسيم الحامل للثقالة، فهل النظرية الوترية
هي حقاً نظرية ثقالية؟ كما ادعى شيرك وشوارتز، أو هل هي نظرية كل شيء؟؟ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; لقد كان على هذه الفكرة الجريئة أن تنتظر زهاء
عشر سنوات كي تكتسب مصداقية أوسع، وفي أثناء ذلك عكفت مجموعة صغيرة من الباحثين
بمن فيهم جون شوارتز ومايكل غرين على دراسة كل أنواع مسائل التماسك الرياضي، التاخيونات
واللانهائيات والشذوذات والحاجة إلى أبعاد إضافية وإلى تناظر فائق، ومن سخرية
القدر أن أعمالهم كانت تعتبر مضيعة للوقت في نظرية معتوهة، لكن كل ذلك تغير اليوم،
فقد أصبحت بصورتها الحديثة المعروفة باسم نظرية الأوتار الفائقة، تلفت انتباه نفر
من أمهر الفيزيائيين النظريين في العالم.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;نظرية
الأوتار الفائقة.. الفكرة الأساسية: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; تقدم نظرية الأوتار نموذجاً قوياً مبنياً على
الفهم يتضمن لأول مرة ظهور إطار يجيب عن تلك التساؤلات.. ولنبدأ بالفكرة الأساسية..
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; إن الجسيمات الدقيقة التي تبدو لنا كأنها &quot;حروف&quot;
جميع المواد، وفق النظرية الوترية هي ليست مجرد &quot;نقطة&quot; بل تتكون من أنشوطة
أحادية البعد مغلقة أو مفتوحة وطولها أصغر بمئة مليار مليار مرة من نواة الذرة (1020
مرة). وكل جسيمة تتكون من من فتيل (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;string&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)
يتذبذب ويهتز ويتراقص مثل حلقة من المطاط متناهية النحافة (صورة الأوتار ثم صورة
تسلسل البناء من تفاحة إلى وتر) وهذا الإحلال المباشر للجسيمات محل جدائل الأوتار
كعناصر أساسية يؤدي إلى نتائج بعيدة المدى أولها وأهمها أنه يزيل التناقض بين
النسبية العامة وميكانيك الكم حيث أن الطبيعة الفراغية الممتدة للوتر هي العنصر
الحرج الجديد الذي يسمح بإطار فريد متجانس يربط بين النظريتين. وثانيهما أن نظرية
الأوتار تقد نظرية موحدة تقترح أن كل المادة وكل القوى تنشأ من مكون أساسي واحد هو
الأوتار المتذبذبة وأخيراً فإن هذه النظرية تغير مرة أخرى وبصورة جذرية فهمنا للزمكان.
(الأوتار هنا كـ أحرف اللغة، أو كـ اللعبة الروسية &quot;ماتروشكا&quot;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;استناداً
إلى نظرية الأوتار الفائقة فإن الكون ما هو إلا سيمفونية أوتار فائقة متذبذبة،
فالكون عزف موسيقي ليس إلا ومن الممكن معرفة الكون ومما يتكوّن من خلال معرفتنا
للأوتار ونغماتها، فالكون يتصرف على نمط العزف على الأوتار.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/7708262528275937417/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_1350.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/7708262528275937417'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/7708262528275937417'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_1350.html' title='السمفونية الكونية لا شيء سوى الموسيقى ناصر منذر الجمعية الكونية السورية  '/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUiCpQUZWpK_QOfi3GQ-jpK8l9c6KuiyUraPCiP3XYPfjxk31prDo3JF9_CVidR_nngnzYTB6Bw0qZQYyG5r85mN0pjcvtVFcw5o0V90cB0OIZp29s9XOLtZOcq7nqfKNgGihuikFUrTk/s72-c/%25D9%2586%25D8%25B8%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9+%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1+%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-3863087496045017638</id><published>2013-01-07T22:06:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:45:50.176+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 2"/><title type='text'>حلول تمارين الكتاب المدرسي السنة الثانية علوم تجريبية</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;حلول تمارين الكتاب المدرسي السنة الثانية علوم تجريبية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;r&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.111112594604492px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;الأستاذ&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;قزوري&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;من الوحدة الأولى الى الوحدة الخامسة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/3863087496045017638/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_9870.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/3863087496045017638'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/3863087496045017638'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_9870.html' title='حلول تمارين الكتاب المدرسي السنة الثانية علوم تجريبية'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcjlT5YcqggnV1CHmGvixa9hpy8e0CK2-fjRb8Ihi-9PHqaSnG1bf2-a6U_08hR6mdnCjTee-ZsPkBOrPcjOR3v8RSkNTy69LMtNKZT4sAU-7MChDPdE3U4rcPWnVlavuhi4281_DPt7k/s72-c/3daaae513a0031975674d1d7f59544df.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-5566046575417286126</id><published>2013-01-07T21:48:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:45:50.198+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 2"/><title type='text'>درس الطاقة الداخلية</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;درس
الطاقة الداخلية&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;الأستاذ
بطاهر محمد مغنية&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;مفهوم&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;الطاقة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;الداخلية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;&quot;&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;التفسير&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;ا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ;&quot;&gt;لمج&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;هري&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;لدرجة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;الحرارة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;&quot;&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;المركبة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;الحرارية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;للطاقة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;الداخلية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;&quot;&gt;4 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;التحويل&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;الحراري&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;والتوازن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: TraditionalArabic-Bold;&quot;&gt;الحراري&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/5566046575417286126/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_1883.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/5566046575417286126'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/5566046575417286126'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_1883.html' title='درس الطاقة الداخلية'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMawW-hnQt969kfi8I992_WywA63MMnEjtTFGeuttAFv3jGITQvUzRFG13uuvD5kP6_uTNPIxe8we7F3nOnnu_iddh4toHhZNJaGm6vYFVFc9XHbp-8NTdFyD9UxA-SzCg7tWUDZgLLg/s72-c/pdf+ico.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-2424882471577003764</id><published>2013-01-07T21:30:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:44:55.554+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 1"/><title type='text'>جميع دروس السنة الأولى أدبي في ملف واحد</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;جميع دروس السنة الأولى جذع مشترك أداب &amp;nbsp;في ملف واحد&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arabic Transparent&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 26pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;الأستاذ سعد الله أحمد&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arabic Transparent&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 26.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;1- مجال الإنسان والبيئة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;الوحدة 1 :&amp;nbsp; الماء في الطبيعة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -4.1pt;&quot;&gt;1 -1 مصادر المياه ودورة الماء&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -4.1pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -4.1pt;&quot;&gt;في الطبيعة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -4.1pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -4.1pt;&quot;&gt;1 -2 تـنــوع&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -4.1pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -4.1pt;&quot;&gt;المــاء&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -4.1pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;1– 3 .النشاط&amp;nbsp; الإدماجى &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;1 – 4 البحوث &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;الوحدة 2 : الهواء&amp;nbsp; من حولنا&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2 - 1 وجود وتنوع الهواء &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2 – 2 مكونات الهواء&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2 – 3 بعض خواص الهواء واستخداماته&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2 – 4 مفهوم الضغط الجوي&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2 – 5 بحوث حول تلوث الهواء: &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;النصوص الخاصة بموضوع : مكونات الهواء&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2- مجال الإنسان والاتصال&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;الوحدة 01 : الضوء للرؤية&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 43.9pt; text-indent: 7.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;1.1-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;مصادر الضوء&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2.1- بعض مستقبلات الضوء&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;3.1 - انتشار الضوء &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;§&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;إجراء وضعية إشكالية حول الحزم الضوئية.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt left 77.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;§&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;إجراء وضعية إشكالية حول الانتشار المستقيم للضوء.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;الوحدة2: الضوء للاتصال&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 49.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;- حول مواضيع البحث&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 49.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2.2- حول الأطياف&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 49.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;- حول الأمواج الكهرومغناطيسية&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;الوحدة3: الضوء وأبعاد الكون&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 49.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;1.3- تحديد محيط الأرض بطريقة&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&quot; إيراتوستين&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Eratosthene&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-indent: 49.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;2.3-الاستخدام التعليمي للطريقة&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &quot;قياس سرعة الضوء –&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;طريقة &quot;فيــزو&quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Fizeau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;3-&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;مجال الإنسان والطاقة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;الوحدة 1: ما هي الطاقة؟&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 78.0pt; text-indent: -28.1pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;1.1-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;مفهوم الطاقة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 36.0pt; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;.2- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;مصادر الطاقة وأشكالها&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;الوحدة 2: السلاسل الطاقوية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;1.2-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;السلاسل الوظيفية&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 2.2- السلاسل الطاقوية.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 49.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;2- الاستطاعة.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;· &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;البحوث.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/2424882471577003764/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_6656.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/2424882471577003764'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/2424882471577003764'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_6656.html' title='جميع دروس السنة الأولى أدبي في ملف واحد'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMawW-hnQt969kfi8I992_WywA63MMnEjtTFGeuttAFv3jGITQvUzRFG13uuvD5kP6_uTNPIxe8we7F3nOnnu_iddh4toHhZNJaGm6vYFVFc9XHbp-8NTdFyD9UxA-SzCg7tWUDZgLLg/s72-c/pdf+ico.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-7141332994796752553</id><published>2013-01-07T21:13:00.004+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:44:55.624+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 1"/><title type='text'>المقاربة الكمية لتحول كيميائي</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s1600/icone_texte_doc.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s200/icone_texte_doc.gif&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;المقاربة الكمية لتحول كيميائي&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;مؤشرات
الكفاءة : &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;يصف جملة كيميائية في حالة ما . &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;ينمذج التحول الكيميائي بتفاعل كيميائي و يكتب معادلته .
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;يستعمل تقدم التفاعل&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;الكيميائي كوسيلة لتقديم حصيلة المادة خلال تحول كيميائي
.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;مراحل
سير الدرس&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt; :&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;І&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;- وسائل وصف جملة
كيميائية وتطورها خلال تحول كيميائي . &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;–&amp;nbsp; مفهوم الجملة الكيميائية . &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-
تطور جملة كيميائية . &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-
أمثلة عن جمل كيميائية مختلفة .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-
الخلاصة . &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;- أسئلة التصحيح الذاتي. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;П&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;. مفهوم التقدم لتفاعل كيميائي و حصيلة المادة . &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-
مقاربة أولى لمفهوم التقدم الكيميائي .&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/7141332994796752553/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_1477.html#comment-form' title='1 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/7141332994796752553'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/7141332994796752553'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_1477.html' title='المقاربة الكمية لتحول كيميائي'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s72-c/icone_texte_doc.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-3608355298176895776</id><published>2013-01-07T21:11:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:44:55.561+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 1"/><title type='text'>مفهوم المول كوحدة لكمية المادة</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;h1 align=&quot;center&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;مفهوم المول كوحدة
لكمية المادة&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;1 / -&amp;nbsp; تعريف المول&amp;nbsp;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 26.65pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ا – تمهيد &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 26.65pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ب – تعريف المول &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 26.65pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; جـ - عدد افوقادرو&lt;u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2 / - تعريف الكتلة
المولية الذرية &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 35.2pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ا – تعريف &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: 35.2pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ب -
حساب الكتلة المولية الذرية لمجموع نظائر عنصر&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;3 / - &amp;nbsp;تعريف الكتلة المولية
الجزيئية &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ا - تعريف &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;4 / - تعيين كمية المادة لعينة من نوع كيميائي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/3608355298176895776/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_4348.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/3608355298176895776'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/3608355298176895776'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_4348.html' title='مفهوم المول كوحدة لكمية المادة'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s72-c/icone_texte_doc.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-5241257891592011911</id><published>2013-01-07T21:09:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:44:55.585+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 1"/><title type='text'>درس التركيز المولي لمحلول</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s1600/icone_texte_doc.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s200/icone_texte_doc.gif&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;درس التركيز المولي لمحلول&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 113.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-
المحلول المائي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 113.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2- طبيعة المحلول المائي &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 113.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;3- مميزات المحلول : تجارب – أمثلة &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 113.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;4- التركيز الكتلي والمولي لمحلول &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 113.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;5- المحلول الممدد&amp;nbsp;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 113.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-&amp;nbsp; مثال&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 113.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
أ-المحلول الممدد 1/10&amp;nbsp; مثال &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 113.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ب- المحلول
الممدد 1/100&amp;nbsp; مثال&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 113.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;6- أسئلة التصحيح الذاتي &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 113.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;7-&amp;nbsp; أجوبة التصحيح الذاتي&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 113.65pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;تمارين&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-DZ; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/5241257891592011911/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_5342.html#comment-form' title='1 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/5241257891592011911'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/5241257891592011911'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_5342.html' title='درس التركيز المولي لمحلول'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s72-c/icone_texte_doc.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-5721549602867880141</id><published>2013-01-07T21:06:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:44:55.599+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 1"/><title type='text'>درس البنية الالكترونية و هندسة أفراد  بعض الأنواع الكيميائية   </title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s1600/icone_texte_doc.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s200/icone_texte_doc.gif&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h1 align=&quot;center&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;البنية
الالكترونية و هندسة أفراد&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 align=&quot;center&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;بعض
الأنواع الكيميائية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;مؤشرات
الكفاءة&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
يوظف النماذج ( لويس ، جليسبي ، كرام ) لتمثيل بعض الجزيئات وتبرير بعض
الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;خطوات
سير الدرس&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-
بنية جزيئات بعض الأنواع الكيميائية.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt; قاعدة
لويس &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;LEWIS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;( القاعدة الثمانية ) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt; الرابطة
التكافئية :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;la liaison covalente &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;نموذج لويس لتمثيل الجزيء&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt; تمثيل الصيغ
المفصلة لبعض الجزيئات&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt; التماكب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/5721549602867880141/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_235.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/5721549602867880141'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/5721549602867880141'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_235.html' title='درس البنية الالكترونية و هندسة أفراد  بعض الأنواع الكيميائية   '/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s72-c/icone_texte_doc.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-900473935164380119</id><published>2013-01-07T21:03:00.005+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:44:55.673+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 1"/><title type='text'>درس هندسة بعض الجزيئات</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:rect id=&quot;_x0000_s1026&quot; style=&#39;position:absolute;
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 z-index:-1&#39; filled=&quot;f&quot; fillcolor=&quot;#ccf&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:rect&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt;هندسة بعض الجزيئات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; line-height: 200%; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;/ نموذج جزيئي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; line-height: 200%; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;أ- نموذج التنافر الأصغري للأزواج الإلكترونية (نموذج
جليسبي &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Gillespie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; ب- نموذج &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;كرام &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(Cram)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; لتمثيل الجزيئات.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/900473935164380119/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_6451.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/900473935164380119'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/900473935164380119'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_6451.html' title='درس هندسة بعض الجزيئات'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s72-c/icone_texte_doc.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-8393604726545684515</id><published>2013-01-07T21:01:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:44:55.661+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 1"/><title type='text'>درس تقدم التفاعل المنمذج لتحول  كيميائي </title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s1600/icone_texte_doc.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s200/icone_texte_doc.gif&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;تقدم
التفاعل المنمذج لتحول&amp;nbsp; كيميائي&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;مقاربة
اولى لمفهوم التقدم لتحول الكيميائي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;جدول
التقدم: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; يمثل تقدم التفاعل.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://lyceedz.opendrive.com/files?N183NjM0Nzg3X0ljRWhj&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdA63330ciYlZOfdr-1AbCfi2cJMaRPn64v10eUkVegvQlhActXAF2XR9C4R9rW-J13ZrswEX2qoIWYLjqMuaSBC1OeCN_Xtylzfak_ZhrrZmqSxsHUas499aC_pre15H2IxL6-hvXlEo/s1600/915b03c00fc8fa019eb3ead4f52ec7db.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;رسم
البيان&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/feeds/8393604726545684515/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/httpslyceedzopendrivecomfilesn183njm0nz.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/8393604726545684515'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7671803244832194682/posts/default/8393604726545684515'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://physicdz.blogspot.com/2013/01/httpslyceedzopendrivecomfilesn183njm0nz.html' title='درس تقدم التفاعل المنمذج لتحول  كيميائي '/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01690435394463411362</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s72-c/icone_texte_doc.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671803244832194682.post-4583887755150760558</id><published>2013-01-07T20:57:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2015-05-06T18:44:55.579+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الأولى ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="السنة الثانية ثانوي"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="دروس 1"/><title type='text'>درس الكشف عن بعض الأنواع الكيميائية  الاولى ثانوي</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin-right: -2.0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s1600/icone_texte_doc.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnOh4OFlLfnZ7Z5uY6rRg0Aen5bK6MFciPT6CK0zsPLE_BGoogmqRAoObaYyKxvtITov3_GYqbkSvwQ5BbxepyJj13HWGeYwjV8mQ7BeY9OGHMJyBW1oDHeJuRkL3M6p8gETq8xN07FFs/s200/icone_texte_doc.gif&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;– مفهوم النوع
الكيميائي &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-تعريف النوع
الكيميائي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;الاجسام
&amp;nbsp;و الأنواع الكيميائية &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;التحليل
الكيميائي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;الكشف
عن بعض الأنواع الكيميائية :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;أ)-
منتوج طبيعي :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 36pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;باستعمال كبريتات النحاس &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
اللامائية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;CuSO4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;باستعمال محلول فهلنغ:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 36pt 10pt 0cm; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;باستعمال ورق الـ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;pH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-DZ&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype
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