ITs Easy

Array in data structure mcq (Multiple choice questions)

2021-08-06T15:30:00.010+05:30

Array in data structure mcq (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTONS)

1.Which operation can be performed on an array.
a.Traversing
b.Merging
c.Sorting
d.All of the Above

2.Merging of two arrays means arranging arrays in some logical order?
a.True
b.False

3.Bubble sort method in array is used for __________ .
a.Merging two arrays
b.Sorting array
c.Inserting an element in an array
9.None of above

4.Which is not a searching method in array ____________
a.Linear search
b.Average search
c.Binary search
d.None of above

5.The elements of the array must be in any sorted order in __________
a.Linear search
b.Binary search
c.Both a and b
d.None of above

6.Another name of bubble sort algorithm is __________ .
a.Quick sort
b.Exchange sort
c.Selection sort
d.Insertion sort

7.Which one is not a sparse matrix __________ .
a.Diagonal matrix
b.Upper traingular matrix
c.Lower triangular matrix
d.None of above

8.Method of linearization is a technique in which elements of matrix stored in a one dimensional array.
a.True
b.False

9.Memory used by array cannot be increased or decreased at run time or compile time.
a.Yes
b.No

10.The elements of the array not need to be in sorted order in __________ search.
a.Linear
b.Binary
c.Both a and b
d.Tree

Constructor in c++

2021-05-15T00:06:00.010+05:30

Constructor

A constructor is a 'special' member function whose task is to initialize the objects of its class. It is special because its name is same as the class name. The constructor is invoked whenever an object of its associated class is created. it is calles constructor because it Constructs the value of data members of the class.

Types of constructors

Default constructor
Parametrized construtor
Copy contructor

Special characteristics of constructor function:

They should be declared in the public section.
They are invoked automatically when the objects are created.
They do not have return type, not even void and therefore, and they cannot return values.
They cannot be inherited, though a derived class can call the base class constructor.
Like others c++ function, they can have default arguments.
Constructors cannot virtual.(meaning of virtual will be discussed on another page please refer link below)
Virtual function in c++
we cannot refer to their addresses
An object with a constructor or (distructor) cannot be used as a member of a union.
They make 'implicit calls' to the operators new and deleted when memory allocation required.

Remember, when a constructor is declared for a class, initialzed of the class objects becomes mandatory.


        // A construcotr is declared and defined as follows:

        class integer

        {

        int m, n;

        public:

        integer(void);   //Constructor declared

        .......

        };

        integer::integer(void)  // constructor deifned

        {

            m=0; n=0;

        }

When a class conatins a costructor like one defined above, it is guranteed that an object created bt the class will be initialized automatically. for example, the declaration

integer int1; // object int1 created

not only creates the object int1 of type integer but also initializes its data members m and n to zero. There is no need to write any statement to invoke the constructor function (as we do with the normal member functions). if a 'normal' member function is defined for zero initializatin, we would need to invoke the function for each function for each object of the object separately. This would be very inconvenient, it there are a large number of onjects.

Parameterized constructor

The constructor integer(), defined above, initialize the data memeber of all the object to zero. However, in practice it may be necessary to initialize the various data element of different object with different values when they are created. C++ permits us to achieve this objective by passing argument to the constructor function when the object are created. The constructor that can take arguments are called parameterized constructor.

The contructor integer() may be modified to take argument as shown below:


            class integer

            {

                int m, n;

                public:

                integer(int x, int y); // parameterized constructor

                .......

                .......

            };

            integer::integer(int x, int y);

            {

                m = x; n = y;


            }

When a constructor has been parameterized, the object declaration statement such as

integer int1;

may not work. we much pass the initial values as argument to the constructor function when an object is declared. This can be done in two ways

By calling the constructor explicitly
By calling the constructor implicitly

The following declaration illustrates the first method:

integer int1 = integer (0,100); // explicit call

The statement creates an integer object int1 and passes the value 0 and 100 to it. The second is implemented to as follows:

int1(0,100); //implicit call

This method, someitmes called the shorthand method, is used very often as it is shorter, looks better and is easy to impliment.
Remember, when the construtor is parameterized, we must provide appropriate argument fo the constructor.

Copy constructor

A copy constructor is used to declare and initialize an object from another object for example, the statement

integer I2 (I1);

would define the object I2 and at the same time initialize it to the value of I1. Another form of this statement is

integer I2 = I1;

The process of initialize through a copy construcor is known as copy initialization. Remember, the statement

I2 = I1;

will not invoke the copy condtrucotr. However if 01 and I2 are objects, this statement is legal and simply assigns the value of I1 and I2, member-by-member. This is the task of the overloaded assignment operator(=). We shall see more about this later.

copy construtor takes a reference to an object of the same class as itself as an argument, Let us consider a simple example of constructing and using a copy constructor as shown in below program.


      #include <iostream>

        using namespace std;


        class code

        {

            int id;

            public:

            code(){}  // constructor

            code(int a)  //constructor again

            {

                id=a;

            }


            code(code & x) //copy constructor

            {

                id=x.id;  // copy in the value

            }


            void display(void)

            {

                cout<<id;


            }


        }; 


        int main()

        {

        code A(100); //object A is created and initialzed

        code B(A);  //copy constructor called

        code C = A; //copy constructor called again

        code D;  // D is created, not initilized

        D = A;  // copy construtor not called


        cout<<"\n id of A: "; A.display();

        cout<<"\n id of B: "; B.display();

        cout<<"\n id of C: "; C.display();

        cout<<"\n id of D: "; D.display();

        return 0;

        }

Output: id of A : 100 id of B : 100 id of C : 100 id of D : 100

Note:

A reference variable has been used as an argument to th copy constructor, We cannot pass the argument by value to a copy constructor.

What is virtual function in c++

2021-04-30T02:24:00.055+05:30

Polymorphism refers to the property by which objects belonging to different classes are able to respond to the same message, but in different forms. An essential requirement of polymorphism is therfore the ability to refer to object without any regards to their classes. This necessities the use of a single pointer variable to refer to the objects of different classes.

Here, we use pointers to base class to refer to all the derived objects. But, we just discovered that a base pointer, even when it is made to contain the address of a derived class, always executes the function in a base class. The compiler simply ignores the content of the pointer and chooses the member function that matches the type of pointer. How do we then achieve polymorphism? it is achieved using what is known as Virtual function.

Virtual function details

When we use the same function name in both the base and derived classes, the function in base class is declared as virtual using keyword virtual preceding its normal declaration . When a function is made virtual, C++ determines which function to use at run time based on the type of object pointed by the base pointer, rather than the type of the pointer. Thus, by making the base pointer to point to different objects, we can execute different versions of the virtual function.


        // Virtual-funtion


        #include <iostream>
        

        using namespace std;
        

        

        class Base{
            

            public:

            void display(){

                cout<< "\n DISPLAY base";
                

            }
                virtual void show(){
                    

                    cout << "\n show base";
                    

                }

            };
            


            class Derived : public Base{

                public:

                void display()

                {
                    

                    cout <<"\n DIPSLAY derived";
                    

                }

                void show(){
                    

                    cout << "\n show derived";
                    

                }

            };
            


            int main()

            {

                Base B;

                Derived D;

                Base *bptr;

                cout << "\n bptr points to base \n";
                

                bptr = &B;

                bptr-> display(); //calls base version

                bptr-> show();  //calls abse version

                

                cout << "\n bptr points to derived \n";
                bptr= &D;

                bptr-> display(); // calls derived version

                bptr-> show(); //calls derived version

                return 0;
                

            }

Output: bptr points to base Display base Show base bptr points to Derived Display base Show derived

Note:

When bptr is made to point to the object D, the statement
bptr-> display();
calls only the function associated with the Base(i.e, Base::display()), Whereas the statement
bptr->show();
calls the derived version to show(). This is because the funtion display() has not been made virtual in the Base class.

One of the important point to remember is that, we must access virtual function through the use of a pointer declared as a pointer to the abse class. Why can't we use object name (with the dot operator) the same way as any other member function to cal the virtual function? We can't, but remember, run time polymorphsim is achieved only when a virtual fucntion is accessed through a pointer to the base class.

Runtime Polymorphism


            //Runtime-polymorsphism


            #include <iostream>
            

            using namespace std;
            

            

            class media{
                

                protected:

                char title[50];

                float price;


                public:

                media(char *s, float a){

                 srtcpy(title, s);

                 price = a;

                    

                }

                    virtual void display(){  }
 // empty virtual function
                };

                


                class book: public media{

                    int pages;


                    public:

                    book(char *s, float a, int p) : media(s,a)

                    {
                        

                    pages = p;
                        

                    }

                    void display(){  }

                };
                


                class tape: public media{

                float time;
                

                public:
                

                tape(char *s, float a, float t) : media(s,a)

                {

                    time=t;
                    

                }
                

                void display(){  };


                };

                void book:: display()

                {

                    cout <<"\n Title:">>title;
                    cout <<"\n Pages:">>pages;
                    cout <<"\n Price:">>price;


                }


                void tape:: display()

                {

                    cout <<"\n Title:">>title;
                    cout <<"\n Play Time:">>time>>mins;
                    cout <<"\n Price:">>price;


                }

                


                int main()

                {

                   
                    char *title = new char[30];

                    float price, time;

                    int pages;

                    //Book details

                    cout <<"\n ENTER BOOK DETAILS\n";

                    cout <<"Title:"; cin>> title;

                    cout <<"Price:"; cin>> price;

                    cout <<"pages:"; cin>> pages;

                    

                    book book1(title, price, pages)
                    

                    // Tape details
                    

                    cout<<"\n ENTER TAPE DETAILS\n";
                    

                    cout<<"Title:";cin>> title;
                    

                    coyt<<"Price:"; cin>> price;
                    

                    cout<<"PLay time (mins):"; cin>> time;
                    

                    tape taprl(title, price, time);
                    


                    media* list[2];

                    list[0]= &book1;

                    list[1]=&tape1;

                    cout<< "\n MEDIA DETAILS";

                    

                    cout<<"\n ......BOOK........";
                    

                    list[0] -> display();  //display book details
                    

                    cout<<"\n..... TAPE.....";

                    list[1] -> display(); //display tape details
       
                    return 0;
                    

                }

Output: ENTER BOOK DETAILS Title:Programming_in_ANSI_C Price: 88 Pages: 400 ENTER TAPE DETAILS Title: Computing_concepts Price:90 Play time (mins):55 MEDIA DETAILS .......BOOK...... Title:Programming_in_ANSI_C Pages: 400 Price: 88 ......TAPE...... Title: Computing_concepts Play time: 55mins Price:90

Rules for virtual functions

When virtual functions are created implementing late binding, we should observe some basic rules that stisfy the compiler requirements:

The virtual functions must be member of some class.
They cannot be static members.
They are accessed by using object pointers.
A virtual function can be friend of another class.
A vitual fucntion in a base class must be defined, even though it may not be used
The prototypes of the base class version of a virtual function and all derived class versions must be identical. if two functions with the same name have different prototypes, C++ considered them as overloaded function, and the virtual function mechanism is ignored.
We cannot have virtual constuctors, but we can have virtual destructors.
While a base pointers can point to any type of the derived object, the reverse is not true. That is to say, we cannot use a pointer to a derived class to access an object of the base type.
When a base pointer point to a derived class, incrementing or decrementing it will not make it to pont to the next object of the derived class. it is incemented to all decremented only relative to its base type. Therefore, we should not use this method to move the pointer to the next object.
If a virtual function is deifned in the base class, it need not be necessarily redefined in the derived class. In suh cases, call will invoke the base function.

Secant method multiple choice questions with answers

2021-04-28T02:04:00.022+05:30

Secant method multiple choice questions with answers

What is secant method?

Secant method in numerical analysis used to find the roots of the polynomials
• Secant method is a recursive method for finding the root for the polynomials by successive approximation.
• It’s similar to the Regula-falsi method but here we don’t need to check f(x1)f(x2)<0 again.
• It is also calles as 2 point method.
• Secant method is faster than bisection method and newton raphson method.
• Newton's method will fail in cases where the derivative is zero.

Multiple choice questions

1.What is the region of convergence of Secant Method?
a) 1.5
b) 1.26
c) 1.62
d) 1.66

2.Secant method converges faster than Bisection method.
a)True
b)False

3.Secant Method is slower than Newton Raphson Method.
a)True
b)False

4.The number of iterations in Secant Method are less as compared to Newton Raphson.
a)True
b)False

5.Secant method is a bracketing method.
a)True
b)False

6.A quadratic equation x²-4x+4=0 is defined with an initial guess of 10 and 20. Find the approximated value of x2 using Secant Method.
a) 7.538
b) 7.853
c) 7.358.
d) 7.835

7.A quadratic e quation x²-4x+4=0 is defined with an initial guess of 3 and 2.5. Find the approximated value of root using Secant Method.
a) 1.33
b) 2.33
c) 3.33
d) 4.33

8.A quadratic equation x⁴-x-8=0 is defined with an initial guess of 1 and 2. Find the approximated value of x2 using Secant Method.
a) 7.538
b) 7.853
c) 7.358
d) 1.571

9.A quadratic equation x²-4x+4=0 is defined with an initial guess of 2 and 2.5. Find the approximated value of root using Secant Method.
a)1
b)2
c)3
d)4

Newton raphson method multiple choice questions with solutions

2021-04-28T01:52:00.025+05:30

Newton raphson method multiple choice questions with solutions

What is Newton raphson method method?

Newton's raphson method, also known as the Newton's method, named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a root-finding algorithm which produces successively better approximations to the roots of a real-valued function.
Newton raphson method is one of the fastest convergence method. It is faster than bisection method. It is a linear method of convergence.

Multiple choice questions

1. Rate of convergence of the Newton-Raphson method is generally __________
a) Linear
b) Quadratic
c) Super-linear
d) Cubic

2.Newton-Raphson method is used to find the root of the equation x^2 - 2 = 0. If iterations are started from - 1, then iterations will be
A.converge to -1
B.converge to √2
C.converge to -√2
D.no coverage

3.The Newton-Raphson method of finding roots of nonlinear equations falls under the category of which of the following methods?
a) bracketing
b) open
c) random
d) graphical

4.Using Newton-Raphson method, find a root correct to three decimal places of the question x^3-3x-5=0 .
a.2.275
b.2.279
c.2.222
d.None of these

5. The Iterative formula for Newton Raphson method is given by __________
a) x1 = x0-f(x0)/f’(x0)
b) x0 = x1-f(x0)/f‘(x0)
c) x0 = x1+f(x0)/f’(x0)
d) x1 = x0+f(x0)/f‘(x0)

6. We wish to solve x^2 - 2 = 0 by Newton Raphson technique. If initial guess is x0 = 1.0, subsequent estimate of x (i.e. x1) will be
A.1.414
B.1.5
C.2.0
D.None of these

7.In Newton Raphson method if the curve f f(x) is constant then __________
a) f’(x)=0
b) f(x)=0
c) f’'(x)=0
d) f’(x)=c

8. Double (Repeated) root of 4x^3- 8x^2- 3x + 9 = 0 by Newton-raphson method is
A. 1.4
B. 1.5
C. 1.6
D. 1.55

9. For what values of 0 the initial guess will be equal to the next iterative values?
a) 70 degrees
b) 90 degrees
c) 100 degrees
d) 55 degrees

10.At which point the iterations in the Newton Raphson method are stopped?
a) When the consecutive iterative values of x are not equal
b) When the consecutive iterative values of x differ by 2 decimal places
c) When the consecutive iterative values of x differ by 3 decimal places
d) When the consecutive iterative values of x are equal

11.Using Newton-Raphson method, find a root correct to three decimal places of the equation sin x = 1 - x.
A. 0.511
B. 0.500
C. 0.555
D. None of these

12.The Newton Raphson method fails if __________
a) f’(x0)=0
b) f’’(x0)=0
c) f(x0)=0
d) f’’’(x0)=0

13.In which of the following methods proper choice of initial value is very important?
A. Bisection method
B. False position
C. Newton-Raphson
D. Bairsto method

14.The value of y’/x’ in terms of the angle 0 is given by _____________
a) tanθ
b) secθ
c) cotθ
d) cosecθ

15.The Newton Raphson method is also called as ____________?
a) Tangent method
b) Secant method
c) Chord method
d) Diameter method

16. The equation f(x) is given as x²-4=0. Considering the initial approximation at x=6 then the value of x1 is given as __________
a) 10/3
b) 4/3
c) 7/3
d) 13/3

17.For decreasing the number of iterations in Newton Raphson method.
a) The value of f’(x) must be increased
b) The value of f’’(x) must be decreased
c) The value of f’(x) must be decreased
d) The value of f’’(x) must be increased

18.In Newton Raphson method f’(x) for a given point is given by the formula ____________
a) y/x’
b) y’/x
c) y/x
d) y’/x’

19.If f(x) = x2-117 = 0 then the iterative formula for Newton Raphson Method is given by ____________
a) x(n+1)=0.25 [x(n)+166x(n)]
b) x(n+1)=0.5 [x(n)+166x(n)]
c) x(n+1)=0.5 [x(n)-166x(n)]
d) x(n+1)=0.25 [x(n)-166x(n)]

20.The points where the Newton Raphson method fails are called?
a) floating
b) continuous
c) non-stationary
d) stationary

Html and css multiple choice questions

2021-04-28T01:41:00.022+05:30

Html And css multiple choice questions with answers

What is web programming?

Web programming refers to the writing, markup and coding involved in Web development, which includes Web content, Web client and server scripting and network security. The most common languages used for Web programming are XML, HTML, CSS,JavaScript, Perl5 and PHP.

What is HTML?

1.HTML (hyper text markup language) defines what the content to be shown on web page.
i.e. It it is use to define the structure of a web page.
2.HTML5 is the latest evolution of the standard HTML that defines HTML.

What is CSS?

1.CSS (cascading style sheet) defines how the content to be shown.
i.e. CSS is used to style the web pages using different styling features.

Types	Uses	Example
Inline	An inline CSS is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element. An inline CSS uses the style attribute of an HTML element.	<h1 style="color:red">
Internal	An internal CSS is used to define a style for a single HTML page. An internal CSS is defined in the section of an HTML page, within a <style> element	<style> h1{ color:red; } </style>
External	An external stylesheet is a standalone . css file that is linked from a web page. The advantage of external stylesheets is that it can be created once and the rules applied to multiple web pages.	Filename.css <style> h1{ color:red; } </style>

Multiple choice questions

HTML and CSS Part-1

1. Which attribute specifies a unique alphanumeric identifier to be associated with an element?
a) class
b) id
c) article
d) html

2. The _____________ attribute specifies an inline style associated with an element, which determines the rendering of the affected element.
a) div
b) style
c) class
d) article

3. Which attribute is used to provide an advisory text about an element or its contents?
a) tooltip
b) dir
c) title
d) head

4. The __________ attribute sets the text direction as related to the lang attribute.
a) lang
b) sub
c) dir
d) ds

5. Which of the following is the attribute that specifies the column name from the data source object that supplies the bound data?
a) dataFormatAs
b) datafld
c) disabled
d) datasrc

6. Which of the following is the attribute that indicates the name of the data source object that supplies the data that is bound to this element?
a) dataFormatAs
b) datafld
c) disabled
d) datasrc

7. Which of the following is the attribute that specifies additional horizontal space, in pixels, to be reserved on either side of an embedded item like an iframe, applet, image, and so on?
a) height
b) hspace
c) hidefocus
d) datasrc

HTML and CSS Part-2

8. The accesskey attribute specifies a keyboard navigation accelerator for the element.
a) True
b) False

9. Which of the following is the attribute that is used to set a global identifier for a microdata item?
a) key
b) id
c) itemclass
d) itemid

10. Which of the following is the attribute that is used to add a name/value pair to a microdata item?
a) itemscope
b) itemref
c) itemprop
d) itemid

11. With which element width attribute is not define?
a) <input>
b) <object>
c) <embed>
d) <textarea>

12. Which of the following defines a default value on page load?
a) <object>
b) <input>
c) <progress>
d) <area>

13. Which attribute is not for overriding the actions?
a) Formaction
b) Style
c) Tabindex
d) Slot

14. srclang attribute is used with the element ____________
a)
b) <input>
c) <iframe>
d) <table>

15. Which parameter is commonly used for size attribute?
a) centimeter
b) pixels
c) inch
d) millimeter

16. Which attribute indicates a descending order of displaying a list?
a) reversed
b) forward
c) straight
d) circular

Bisection method multiple choice questions with answers

2021-04-28T01:09:00.028+05:30

Bisection method multiple choice questions with answers

What is bisection method?

In mathematics, the bisection method is a root-finding method that applies to any continuous functions for which one knows two values with opposite signs
The bisection method is used to find the roots of a polynomial equation.
• It separates the interval and subdivides the interval in which the root of the equation lies.

• The principle behind this method is the intermediate theorem for continuous functions.
• It works by narrowing the gap between the positive and negative intervals until it closes in on the correct answer.
• This method narrows the gap by taking the average of the positive and negative intervals.
• It is a simple method and it is relatively slow. The bisection method is also known as interval halving method, root-finding method, binary search method or dichotomy method.

Multiple choice questions

1. If a function is real and continuous in the region from a to b and f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs then there is no real root between a and b.
a)True
b)False

2. A function is given by x – e^-x = 0. Find the root between a = 0 and b =1 by using Bisection method.
a) 0.655
b) 0.665
c) 0.565
d) 0.656

3. Use Bisection Method to find out the root of x – sinx – 0.5 = 0 between 1 and 2.
a) 1.497
b) 1.947
c) 1.479
d) 1.974

4. The Bisection method is also known as ___________________.
a) Binary Chopping
b) Quaternary Chopping
c) Tri region Chopping
d) Hex region Chopping

5. The function on which we use the bisection method is not necessary to be continuous on the interval we choose.
a)True
b)False

6.If it is provided that f(3) = 4 is one of the initial points. What can be the choice of second point for solving by Bisection Method?
a) -5 such that f(-5) = -26
b) 0 such that f(0) = 5
c) -3 such that f(-3) = -2
d) 13 such that f(13) = 2

7.What is the percentage decrease in an interval containing root after iteration is applied by Bisection Method?
a) 20%
b) 30%
c) 40%
d) 50%

8.The algorithm provided to find the roots of the function using Bisection Method is given by ____________
a) Bolzano’s theorem
b) Mean Value theorem
c) Bisection theorem
d) Secant theorem

9. The Bisection method has which of the following convergences?
a) Linear
b) Quadratic
c) Cubic
d) Quaternary

10.Which of the following statements applies to the bisection method used for finding roots of functions?
a.Converges within a few iterations
b.Guaranteed to work for all continuous functions
c.Is faster than the Newton-Raphson method
d.Requires that there be no error in determining the sign of the function

11.Using Bisection method, negative root of x^3 - 4x + 9 = 0 correct to three decimal places is
a. -2.506
b. -2.706
c. - 2.406
d. None of these

12.2 and 4 such that f(2) = 4 and f(4) = 16 are appropriate initial points for the bisection method.
a)True
b)False

13.Using Bisection method find the root of cos(x) – x * e^x = 0 with a = 0 and b = 1.
a) 0.617
b) 0.527
c) 0.517
d) 0.717

14. Find the root of x^4-x-10 = 0 approximately upto 5 iterations using Bisection Method. Let a = 1.5 and b = 2.
a) 1.68
b) 1.86
c) 1.88
d) 1.66

15. Use Bisection Method to find out the root of x – sinx – 0.5 = 0 between 1 and 2.
a) 1.497
b) 1.947
c) 1.479
d) 1.974

16.Find the approximated value of x till 4 iterations for e^(-x) = 3 log(x) using Bisection Method
a) 1.197
b) 1.187
c) 1.167
d) 1.176

17.Using Bisection method find the root of 3x^(2) = 5x+2 in the interval [0,3].
a) 0.617
b) 0.527
c) 0.517
d) 0.717

18. If a function is defined at 2 points 3 and 7 as f(3)=8 and f(7)=12, it is sufficient to find the roots through Bisection Method.
a)True
b)False

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