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GOOGLE 10 UPCOMING PROJECTS

2019-09-22T05:20:00.001-07:00

GOOGLE UPCOMING PROJECTS

Today we will be talking about 10 ambitious google alphabet project you may not have heard about google went through a massive reorganization in October of 2015. when alphabet become its parent company projects that weren’t a part of Google Core businesses such a google search engine and android were spent out into separate alphabet companies with their own CEOs. all of these moonshot projects cover everything from making smarter homes to creating robot that can work alongside humans but even google proper which now falls on the alphabet still has oversight over some of these futuristic projects. here are 10 most ambition projects on the alphabet and what they hope to accomplish.

WHAT IS ALPHABET COMPANY?

Alphabet is an American multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mountain View, California. It was created through a corporate restructuring of Google on October 2, 2015, and became the parent company of Google and several former Google subsidiaries.

1) DELIVERY DRONES

Project wing is alphabets desire to replace your mailman with flying drones a patent filed in October of 2014 gave us better insight as to how the project would work. the drone will lower a package using a which to tiny robot on the ground. These robots will then wheel the packages to safe holding location.

Alphabet planes and releasing the drone delivery service to the public in 2017. Project wing is run by google x the company under alphabet.

2) SMART CONTACT LENSES

Alphabet is pursuing smart contact lenses that are (Solar power) and collect biological data about the wearer. sensors embedded in the contacts could collect information like body temperature and alcohol content. The tech giant announces in 2014 that it was receiving contact lenses that would use tiny. Glucose sensor measure sugar levels in your cheers.

The project is run by alphabets verify company which was originally named “google life sciences”.

3) INTERNET BEAMING HOT AIR BALLOONS (ALSO CALLED LOON PROJECT)

Alphabets desire to bring internet to two-thirds of internet of the world’s population using internet beaming hot air balloons. The project has been in the web since 2011 about two years before it was unveiled to the public. The Soler powered balloons fly at a high altitude to provide broadband to areas without internet access.

Here internet beaming hot air balloons project is one under google x.

4) CANCER DETECTING PILLS

The tech giant designing tiny magnet particles that can look into signs of cancer and other diseases in the human body. Project is at least another four years away from being ready for the final time. The project is being run by google x research lab.

5) INTERNET BEAMING DRONES

Alphabet has two approaches to beaming the internet around the world. Hot air balloons and drones the tech giant bought titan aerospace which makes the solar powered drones that are built to fly non-stop for years.

The titan aerospace, solar 50 has a wingspan of 150 feet and is equipped with 3000 solar cell which can provide sever kilowatts of electricity to stay airborne for five years. They can also take aerial photography the drone project is run as a part of project titan under google.

6) ROBOTS

Google turn alphabet acquired a ton of robotic companies in 2013. One that stands out is boston dynamics. Boston dynamics creates a number of robots inspired by animals to aid in military use the one pictured here is called the cheetah robot the fast-legged robot in the world.

The cheetah robot can get to a speed of 29 miles per hour crushing a 13.1 miles per hour speed record set by MIT. You can see a list of its robotic here all robot projects are run as a part of replicant which is controlled by google x.

7) LONG LASTING BATTERY’S

Creating long lasting batteries may not seems like an ambitious project but it’s actually a pretty difficult one. There is a lot of demand batteries that last longer when it comes to creating popular consumer items like smartphone.

The alphabet CEO Larry page told analysts in 2013 that battery life and mobile devices is a huge issue with real potential to invent new and batter experiences. A small group of just four members is currently working on that issue under google x.

8) GIANT GENOMICS STORING SERVICES

Google will store your genome in the cloud for $25 and the storage system could have a major impact on the scientific community. The hope is to collect millions of genomes to aid in scientific research as MIT review report of the system could aid in collecting cancer geonomy could that would allow scientists to share information and one virtual experiment.

The project is run under google x.

9) AI (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)

Google has made massive strides with refining its AI. in January google beat a human at a complex game of go for the very first time. Google AI was also capable of learning to play and win Atari 2600 games without any prior instruction in 2015.

- More recently a company AI system was able to successfully navigate a maze on a computer game. The same way a human world.

10) SPACE EXPLORATION

The buzz about going to space has been in a hype, every since Richard Branson of Virgin Airlines and Elon Musk of Tesla and Space-X joined the space race. Google too has its eyes set on going back to space. In fact, Google has leased a NASA airfield for 60 years for a cost of $1.16 billion, with a promise to upgrade its facilities and help educate people about the importance of space exploration.

- Basically, Google is offering a cash reward of $20 million to whoever accomplishes three things: land a robot on the surface of the Moon, make it move at least 500 meters on, above, or below the surface of the Moon, and finally send back HDTV streams to Earth for us to enjoy.

Virtual reality (VR) Technology

2019-09-20T03:43:00.004-07:00

Virtual reality Technology

In 1950s, flight simulators were built by US Air Force to train student pilots. In 1988, commercial development of VR began. In 1991, first commercial entertainment VR system was released.

Virtual Reality is a technology based on computer which assimilates specialized input and output devices by allowing the user to interact with and experience an artificial created environment as if

they were in the real world.

A virtual reality system is also allowing the user to search and interact with a three dimensional virtual or artificial environment created by the designer. In the virtual world, the user can do all things similar to routine as throwing a tennis ball or as excellent as flying through space. And all these things can be made to occur only because of a hand gesture or a nod.

Virtual Reality is a three-dimensional computer based interactive environment which simulate reality. Virtual Reality can bring us into an imaginary world which appears exactly similar to our own world.

In practice, it is very difficult currently to get a high experience of virtual reality mostly because of technical limitations on processing power & image resolutions. However, those limitations are expected to eventually be overcome by use of more powerful, cost effective processor and imaging technologies over time.

NEED OF VIRTUAL REALITY

Virtual reality will be used in medicine, architecture and many other spheres of life. Virtual simulators for training future pilots and operators of NPP have existed for a long time. It gives them an opportunity to test themselves in true to life situations. They can also improve their skills without fear to fail.

1) Simulate the real world dynamically by use of computer software, hardware and virtual world integration technologies.

2) Can pretend to have physical presence in places in the real world as well as in imaginary worlds.

3) Without any real danger. we can be part of the action on the virtual safe environment.

4) Virtual reality can help us to visualize working environment where people cannot go especially mars or low temperature environment by making same atmospheric conditions by use of computer graphics software and use of headsets, gloves etc. & make them feel same physical presence.

TYPES OF VIRTUAL REALITY

- Enhanced Virtual Reality

- Quick Time Virtual Reality

- Immersive Virtual Reality

- Desktop Virtual Reality

- Hybrid Virtual Reality

- Fully- immersive virtual reality

- Semi-immersive virtual reality

- Non-immersive virtual reality

- Telepresence

APPLICATION OF VR

- Virtual Reality in the Military

- Virtual Reality in Education

- Virtual Reality in Healthcare

- Virtual Reality in Entertainment

- Virtual Reality in Fashion

- Virtual Reality and Heritage

- Virtual Reality in Business

- Virtual Reality in Engineering

- Virtual Reality in Sport

- Virtual Reality and Scientific Visualization

- Virtual Reality in Construction

- Virtual Reality in Film

How INTERNET Works?

2019-09-19T04:58:00.003-07:00

The Internet was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and the U.S. Department of Defense for scientific and military communications.

The Internet is a network of interconnected networks. Even if part of its infrastructure was destroyed, data could flow through the remaining networks.

The Internet uses high-speed data lines, called backbones, to carry data. Smaller networks connect to the backbone, enabling any user on any network to exchange data with any other user.

TAKE A MOMENT TO THINK ABOUT HOW AMAZING THE INTERNET IS

- It’s always on.

- It is “Free”.

- you can get messages to anywhere in the world instantaneously.

- you can communicate for free, including voice and video conferencing.

- you can stream music, movies, games.

Internet was not designed top-down by a single company or government organization it evolved many alternative technologies/protocols were proposed and tried out eventually, the best was identified and adopted in a democratic Way.

when new people joined, they had to use whatever protocols everybody was using, until it grew into a standard. it is decentralized no one owns it or controls it.

HOW THE INTERNET WORKS?

The single most important fact to understand about the Internet is that it can potentially link your computer to any other computer. Anyone with access to the Internet can exchange text, data files and programs with any other user. For all practical purposes almost everything that happens on the Internet is a variation of one of these activities. The Internet itself is the pipeline that carries the data between computers.

INTERNET

A network is a group of connected computers that can interact with each other and share resources.

The internet is a large network that spans the entire Earth. It is actually a network made up of many smaller networks that are all combined.

The internet is more than just web pages and the WWW (World Wide Web). The internet includes the www, newsgroups, email and other shared resources. So, the world wide web is a part of the internet.

THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

(LAN) Local Area Network

A LAN is two or more connected computers sharing certain resources in a relatively small geographic location, often in the same building. Examples include home networks and office networks.

WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)

A WAN Typically consist of two or more LAN a computer is further apart and are linked by Telephone lines or radio Waves. The internet is the larges wide area network (WAN) In existence.

THE WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)

When most people think of the internet, the first thing they think about is the World Wide Web. Nowadays, the terms "internet" and "World Wide Web" are often used interchangeably—but they're actually not the same thing.

The internet is the physical network of computers all over the world.

The World Wide Web is a virtual network of web sites connected by hyperlinks (or "links"). Web sites are stored on servers on the internet, so the World Wide Web is a part of the internet.

HTML

The backbone of the World Wide Web is made of HTML files, which are specially-formatted documents that can contain links, as well as images and other media. All web browsers can read HTML files. In addition to HTML, it's also very common for websites to use technologies like CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and JavaScript to do more advanced things.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

To get to a web page, you can type the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) in a browser. The URL, also known as the web address, tells the browser exactly where to find the page. However, most of the time, people get to a web page by following a link from a different page or by searching for the page with a search engine.

The World Wide Web was created in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, a software engineer. Before then, computers could communicate over the internet, but there were no web pages.

URL is what you type into your browser to request a page. The URL contains the domain name, and additional path information and the protocol. http (hypertext transfer protocol) tells the browser that you are requesting a document created using hypertext what we will be writing our web pages with.

Most browsers do not require you to write http:// or even www. before typing in the rest of the address.

For example, http://www.google.com should be the same as typing google.com

TCP/IP THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE OF THE INTERNET

The Internet works because every computer connected to it uses the same set of rules and procedures (protocols) to control timing and data format. The protocols used by the internet are called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol universally abbreviated as TCP/IP.

These protocols include the specifications that identify individual computers and that exchange data between computers. They also include rules for several categories of application programs so programs that run on different kinds of computers can talk to one another.

TCP/IP software looks different on different types of computers but it always presents the same appearance to the network. It does not matter if the system at the other end of a connection is a supercomputer, pocket size PC or anything in between as long as it recognizes TCP/IP protocols it can send and receive data through the internet.

WEB PAGE

A web page is a single file or page on the world wide web that can display images and text, links to other web pages and can be designed to be interactive.

A web page is a document that is suitable to act as a web resource on the World Wide Web. In order to graphically display a web page, a web browser is needed. This is a type of software that can retrieve web pages from the Internet

WEB SITE

A web site is a collection of two or more connected or linked web pages.

A website is a collection of related network web resources, such as web pages, multimedia content, which are typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. For Example, Google.com, Amazon.com etc.

BROWSER

A browser is a program that allows a user to view web pages on the World Wide Web.

A web browser is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web. Each individual web resource, such as a web page, image, or video, is identified by a distinct Uniform Resource Locator, enabling browsers to retrieve these resources from a web server and display them on a user device. Different browsers display web pages in different ways.

THE MOST POPULAR BROWSER.

- Google chrome

- Mozilla Firefox

- Internet explorer

- opera

- Safari

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MACHINES

- A server is a computer that shares files and other resources such as a printer with other computers on a on a network.

- A client is a computer on a network that accesses files or resources on another computer (server).

A computer can be both a client and a server at the same time. So, the world wide web is a large network made up of many servers and clients. The servers are storing the web sites, and the clients are viewing those web sites.

There are many servers around the world that store web pages for the world wide web. Every computer whether it’s a server or client is given a unique identification number when it connects to the internet. This unique number is called an I.P. Address I.P Stand for Internet Protocol.

To connect to the internet and receive an IP Address for your computer, you must have an ISP (Internet Service Provider).

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ISP

1) Dial-up

Dial-up internet access requires your computer to dial a phone number to connect and is very slow.

2) Broadband

Broadband internet access is always connected, and has much faster speeds for loading web pages and downloading files.

TYPES OF I.P

DYNAMIC I.P

Every time that you connect to your ISP, whether by calling in to your dial-up connection or restarting your broadband modem you get a new IP address. This is called a dynamic IP address.

STATIC I.P

If your computer keeps the same IP address always and it never changes it is called a static IP address.

Servers that are storing or hosting a website have static IP addresses. This means that if you know the IP address for a server you can always find that webpage.

A DNS Server (Domain Name Service) stores that information.

SUMMERY

You type in the URL for a website into your browser. Your browser is connected to the internet through your ISP. It checks the ISP’s DNS server to see what IP address matches up with the domain name and where it is located. The request is sent to the server at that IP address and the web page is sent back to your browser.

FEATURES OF THE INTERNET

The popularity of the Internet is due more to content than connectivity. As a business tool it has many uses.

Email is an efficient and inexpensive way to send and receive massages and documents around the world. The www is becoming an important advertising medium and channel for distribution.

Databases and online information archives are often more up to date than any library. The Internet also has virtual communities made up of people who share interests. Most individual users connect the computers modem to the phone line and set up an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP) providing local and regional access to the Internet backbone. Many others connect through a school or business LAN.

What is Encryption?

2019-09-17T21:57:00.003-07:00

Data Encryption

Encryption refers to the coding of information in order to keep it secret. Encryption is accomplished by transforming the string of characters comprising the information to produce a new string that is a coded form of the information. This is called a cryptogram or ciphertext and may be safely stored or transmitted. At a later time, it can be deciphered by reversing the encrypting process to recover the original information, which is called plaintext.

Data encryption has been used to send secret military and political messages from the days of Julius Caesar to the present. Recent applications include the, electronic funds transfer, electronic mail, database security, and many other situations in which the transmission of secret data is crucial.

What is Encryption?

Encryption is a formula used to turn data into a secret code. Each algorithm uses a string of bits known as a “key” to perform the calculations. The larger a key is (the more bits in the key), the greater the number of potential combinations that can be created, thus making it harder to break the code and unscramble the contents

Cryptography

Cryptography is the practice of encoding data so that it can only be decoded by specific individuals. A system for encrypting and decrypting data is a cryptosystem. These usually involve an algorithm for combining the original data ("plaintext") with one or more “keys” - numbers or strings of characters known only to the sender and/or recipient. The resulting output is known as “ciphertext”.

The security of a cryptosystem usually relies on the secrecy of the keys rather than the supposed secrecy of the algorithm. A strong cryptosystem has a large range of possible keys so that it is not possible to just try all possible keys. A strong cryptosystem will produce ciphertext which appears random to all standard statistical tests and can resist all known methods for breaking codes.

What is a “key”?

A key is the input to the encryption and decryption methods (or algorithms, in the case of computer security) that guides the specific substitutions and transpositions the encryption and decryption methods perform.10 While the same encryption method may be used to secure a wide array of data, each instance of that method being applied with a different key makes that encrypted data unique.

In implementing a cryptosystem, the user generates a key by creating, and continuing to use, a password, passphrase, or passcode. In these cryptosystems, each user has a unique password, or key, but shares the encryption and decryption methods among all users. Alternatively, the system could generate a key for the user. This second technique is common in securing website connections.

Depending on the implementation of the cryptosystem, the key may be the password (or passphrase or passcode). Or, it could be an element necessary to generate the key used in the cryptosystem, as is the case with the iPhone. In the iPhone’s cryptosystem, the user generated passcode is combined with the phone’s unique identifier to create the key each time the passcode is entered. In this system, the key is not stored on the device.

The secrecy of the key is a crucial element that ensures a cryptosystem is secure. An adversary may intercept the ciphertext and know the encryption standard in use on that system. However, the key will remain a secret, and as a result, so too will the ciphertext.

Another way of thinking about the importance of the key is that those who have access to the key have access to the data. Expanding on this concept, whoever is able to discover the key, can discover the data. That is why the secrecy of a key is so critical to the overall security of a cryptosystem.

It is because the key is so critical to a cryptosystem that keys and data are kept and transmitted separately in secure cryptosystems. If a key was sent along with a ciphertext, an adversary who intercepts that communication would have all elements necessary to decrypt the message.

A key allows the encrypted secret code to be decrypted or allows plaintext (data that can be read by anyone) to be encrypted. There are typically two types used with data encryption--secret keys and public keys.

THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF ENCRYPTION

1) Asymmetric encryption (public-key encryption).

2) Symmetric encryption.

1) Asymmetric encryption (public-key encryption).

Asymmetrical encryption is also known as public key cryptography, which is a relatively new method, compared to symmetric encryption. Asymmetric encryption uses two keys to encrypt a plain text. Secret keys are exchanged over the Internet or a large network. It ensures that malicious persons do not misuse the keys. It is important to note that anyone with a secret key can decrypt the message and this is why asymmetrical encryption uses two related keys to boosting security. A public key is made freely available to anyone who might want to send you a message. The second private key is kept a secret so that you can only know.

A message that is encrypted using a public key can only be decrypted using a private key, while also, a message encrypted using a private key can be decrypted using a public key. Security of the public key is not required because it is publicly available and can be passed over the internet. Asymmetric key has a far better power in ensuring the security of information transmitted during communication.

The longer the “key”, the more computing required to crack the code. For example, using the now industry standard 128-bit encryption key, it would be 4.7 sextillion (4,700,000,000,000,000,000,000) times more difficult than cracking a 56-bit encryption key. Given the current power of computers, a 56-bit key is no longer considered secure whereas a 128-bit key is.

2) Symmetric encryption

Symmetric encryption is a type of encryption where only one key (a secret key) is used to both encrypt and decrypt electronic information. The entities communicating via symmetric encryption must exchange the key so that it can be used in the decryption process. This encryption method differs from asymmetric encryption where a pair of keys, one public and one private, is used to encrypt and decrypt messages.

By using symmetric encryption algorithms, data is converted to a form that cannot be understood by anyone who does not possess the secret key to decrypt it. Once the intended recipient who possesses the key has the message, the algorithm reverses its action so that the message is returned to its original and understandable form. The secret key that the sender and recipient both use could be a specific password/code or it can be random string of letters or numbers that have been generated by a secure random number generator (RNG).

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION ALGORITHMS

1) Block algorithms.

Set lengths of bits are encrypted in blocks of electronic data with the use of a specific secret key. As the data is being encrypted, the system holds the data in its memory as it waits for complete blocks.

2) Stream algorithms.

Data is encrypted as it streams instead of being retained in the system’s memory.

How does encryption work?

For computer systems, encryption works by applying a cryptosystem to the message, or block of data, that the user seeks to encrypt. A cryptosystem is a five-element system which includes a set of plaintexts, keys, encryption methods, decryption methods, and ciphertexts.

In some cryptosystems, the key that encrypts the message and decrypts the message is the same these systems are known as symmetric. In other cryptosystems, one key would encrypt a message while it will take another key to decrypt the message these systems are known as asymmetric.

What is a “hash”?

A hash is separate from but related to encryption. A hash uses similar mathematical functions as an encryption method to produce a string of characters as an output. This output can only occur one way, so a hash value may be derived from a message, but knowing the hash value will not allow one to know the message.

Hash values are used to validate the integrity of a message. If the hash value for a message changes, then the message itself is altered. This allows a user to determine whether or not they will trust the message.

One may encrypt a message and hash a message, or only do one or the other. Although they use similar mathematical functions, they are not required to be used in tandem. The encryption is a way of achieving confidentiality, while the hash is a way of achieving integrity.

Server

2019-09-17T04:39:00.001-07:00

What Is Server?

In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the client–server model, and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices.

Nearly all personal computers are capable of serving as network servers. Usually software/hardware system dedicated computers have features and configurations just for this task. A dedicated server may have high-performance RAM, a faster processor and several high-capacity hard drives. dedicated servers may be connected to redundant power supplies, several networks and other servers. Such connection features and configurations are necessary as many client machines and client programs may depend on them to function efficiently, correctly and reliably.

In order to operate in the unique network environment where many computers and hardware/software systems are dependent on just one or several server computers, a server often has special characteristics and capabilities, including

- The ability to update hardware and software without a restart or reboot.

- Advanced backup capability for frequent backup of critical data.

- Advanced networking performance.

- Automatic data transfer between devices.

- High security for resources, data and memory protection.

Server computers often have special operating systems not usually found on personal computers.

What is Server Platform?

Server often used synonymously with operating system. A platform is the underlying hardware or software for a system and is thus the engine that drives the server.

TYPES OF SERVERS

A Server is a computer or device on a network that manages network resources. For example, a file server is a computer and storage device dedicated to storing files Any user on the network can store files on the server. A print server is a computer that manages one or more printers and a network server is a computer that manages network traffic. Servers are often dedicated, meaning that they perform no other tasks besides their server tasks. On multiprocessing operating systems however, a single computer can execute several programs at once. A server in this case could refer to the program that is managing resources rather than the entire computer.

Web Servers

At its core, a Web server serves static content to a Web browser by loading a file from a disk and serving it across the network to a user's Web browser. The browser and server talking to each other using HTTP mediate this entire exchange.

Audio/Video Servers

Audio/Video servers bring multimedia capabilities to Web sites by enabling them to broadcast streaming multimedia content.

Streaming is a technique for transferring data such that it can be processed as a steady and continuous stream. Streaming technologies are becoming increasingly important with the growth of the Internet because most users do not have fast enough access to download large multimedia files quickly. With streaming, the client browser or plug-in can starts displaying the data before the entire file has been transmitted. For streaming to work, the client side receiving the data must be able to collect the data and send it as a steady stream to the application that is processing the data and converting it to sound or pictures. This means that if the streaming client receives the data more quickly than required, it needs to save the excess data in a buffer If the data doesn't come quickly enough, however, the presentation of the data will not be smooth. There are a number of competing streaming technologies emerging. For audio data on the Internet, the de facto standard is Progressive Network's RealAudio.

Audio/Video Servers Audio/Video servers bring multimedia capabilities to Web sites by enabling them to broadcast streaming multimedia content. Streaming is a technique for transferring data such that it can be processed as a steady and continuous stream.

Chat Servers

Chat servers enable a large number of users to exchange information in an environment similar to Internet newsgroups that offer real-time discussion capabilities. Real time means occurring immediately. The term is used to describe a number of different computer features. For example, real-time operating systems are systems that respond to input immediately. They are used for such tasks as navigation, in which the computer must react to a steady flow of new information without interruption. Most general-purpose operating systems are not real-time because they can take a few seconds, or even minutes, to react. Real time can also refer to events simulated by a computer at the same speed that they would occur in real life. In graphics animation, for example, a real-time program would display objects moving across the screen at the same speed that they would actually move.

Fax Servers

A fax server is an ideal solution for organizations looking to reduce incoming and outgoing telephone resources but that need to fax actual documents.

FTP Servers

One of the oldest of the Internet services, File Transfer Protocol makes it possible to move one or more files securely between computers while providing file security and organization as well as transfer control.

Groupware Servers

A GroupWare server is software designed to enable users to collaborate, regardless of location, via the Internet or a corporate Intranet and to work together in a virtual atmosphere.

IRC (Internet Relay Chat) Servers

Internet Relay Chat consists of various separate networks (or "nets") of servers that allow users to connect to each other via an IRC network.

List Servers

List servers offer a way to better manage mailing lists, whether they are interactive discussions open to the public or one-way lists that deliver announcements, newsletters, or advertising.

Mail Servers

Almost as ubiquitous and crucial as Web servers, mail servers move and store mail over corporate networks via LANs and WANs and across the Internet.

News Servers

News servers act as a distribution and delivery source for the thousands of public news groups currently accessible over the USENET news network. USENET is a worldwide bulletin board system that can be accessed through the Internet or through many online services The USENET contains more than 14,000 forums called newsgroups that cover every imaginable interest group. It is used daily by millions of people around the world.

Proxy Servers

Proxy servers sit between a client program typically a Web browser and an external server (typically another server on the Web) to filter requests, improve performance, and share connections.

Telnet Servers

A Telnet server enables users to log on to a host computer and perform tasks as if they're working on the remote computer itself.

Application Servers

Sometimes referred to as a type of middleware, application servers occupy a large chunk of computing territory between database servers and the end user, and they often connect the two.

Middleware is a software that connects two otherwise separate applications For example, there are a number of middleware products that link a database system to a Web server This allows users to request data from the database using forms displayed on a Web browser and it enables the Web server to return dynamic Web pages based on the user's requests and profile.

The term middleware is used to describe separate products that serve as the glue between two applications. It is, therefore, distinct from import and export features that may be built into one of the applications. Middleware is sometimes called plumbing because it connects two sides of an application and passes data between them.

Common middleware categories

- TP monitors

- DCE environments

- RPC systems

- Object Request Brokers (ORBs)

- Database access systems

- Message Passing

WHAT IS DNS?

2019-09-16T21:51:00.002-07:00

WHAT IS DNS?

DNS Stand for DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM, People prefer to use easy-to-remember names instead of IP Addresses, Domain names are alphanumeric names for IP addresses e.g., www.Microsoft.com, www.google.com.

The domain name system (DNS) is an Internet-wide distributed database that translates between domain names and IP addresses.

Domain Name System are usually used to translate a hostname or Domain name (Ex. microsoft.com) into an IP address (Ex. 131.107.0.89). Domain name comprise a hierarchy so that names are unique, yet easy to remember.

DNS makes it possible to refer to the Internet protocol(IP) based system(hosts) by human friendly names (domain names). Name resolution is that act of determining the IP address of a given hostname.

Two Benefits of DNS

1) Domain Name can be logical and easily remembered.

2) should an IP address for a host change, the domain name can still resolve transparently to the users or application.

DNS name resolution is a critical Internet service. Many network services require functional name service for correct operation.

Label	Description
Com	Commotional origination
Coop	Cooperative Business Origination
Edu	Education institutions
Gov	Government institutions
Info	Information Service provider
Int	International origination
Mil	Military groups
Museum	Museum and other nonprofit origination
Name	Personal name (individual)
Net	Network support center
Org	Nonprofit origination
Pro	Professional nonprofit origination
Aero	Airline and aerospace companies
Biz	Businesses or firms

1. Domain Name System

DNS is a large network of servers located across the globe that contain a distributed database of domain names and IP addresses. Often referred to as the Internet’s address book, DNS connects domain names to IP addresses. So, when you type in a site’s URL into your browser, the DNS will find the IP address that matches the domain name. Your browser can then contact the right server and retrieve the website and its content.

2. IP Address

An IP address is a unique group of numbers, separated by full stops. Each computer and server that uses the Internet has its own IP address, and this enables computers to communicate over the network. As computers deal in numbers, it makes sense that computers are identified via IP addresses. But for humans, remembering a string of numbers each time you want to visit a website just doesn’t work. That’s where domain names come in.

3. Domain Name

A domain name is the name of your website (Ex.google.com). Domains can be purchased through a domain registrar, or are often provided for free through your hosting provider. Without domain names, to open a website you would need to remember and type in a site’s IP address Using domain names makes visiting websites quick and straight forward and gives the process a human approach by using words instead of numbers.

Fully Qualified Domain Name

If a label is terminated by a null string, it is called a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). An FQDN is a domain name that contains the full name of a host. It contains all labels, from the most specific to the most general, that uniquely define the name of the host. For example, the domain name www.microsoft.com. is the FQDN of a computer named Microsoft installed at the NEC Collate. A DNS server can only match an FQDN to an address. Note that the name must end with a null label, but because null means nothing, the label ends with a dot (.).

Partially Qualified Domain Name

If a label is not terminated by a null string, it is called a partially qualified domain name (PQDN). A PQDN starts from a node, but it does not reach the root. It is used when the name to be resolved belongs to the same site as the client. Here the resolver can supply the missing part, called the suffix, to create an FQDN. For example, if a user at the Microsoft.com. site wants to get the IP address of the challenger computer, he or she can define the partial name server1.

The DNS client adds the suffix Microsoft.com before passing the address to the DNS server. The DNS client normally holds a list of suffixes. The following can be the list of suffixes at NEC College. The null suffix defines nothing. This suffix is added when the user defines an FQDN.

Generic Domains

The generic domains define registered hosts according to their generic behavior. Each node in the tree defines a domain, which is an index to the domain name space database.

Country Domains

The country domains section uses two-character country abbreviations (e.g., np for Nepal and us for United States). Second labels can be organizational, or they can be more specific, national designations.

Inverse Domain

The inverse domain is used to map an address to a name. This may happen, for example, when a server has received a request from a client to do a task. This type of query is called an inverse or pointer (PTR) query. To handle a pointer query, the inverse domain is added to the domain name space with the first-level node called arpa (for historical reasons). The second level is also one single node named in-address (for inverse address). The rest of the domain defines IP addresses.

DNS Process

DNS follows a strict process when performing a query. The process is as follows.

1. The local DNS cache on the host is queried first.

2. If there is no entry in the local cache, the local HOSTS file is queried next.

3. If there is no entry in the local HOSTS, the query is forwarded to any configured DNS servers on the host. If no DNS servers are configured, the query will fail.

4. If the configured DNS server is not authoritative for that domain, and does not have that DNS entry locally cached, the query will be forwarded up the DNS hierarchy. DNS servers can be configured with one or more forwarders. Organizations often point to their ISP’s DNS servers for DNS forwarding purposes.

5. If no forwarders are available, the query is forwarded to the Root DNS server(s), which will likely have the entry cached.

6. In the rare circumstance that the Root servers do not have a cached entry, the query will be forwarded back down the hierarchy to the authoritative DNS server for that domain.

HTTP Vs HTTPS

2019-09-15T07:51:00.002-07:00

What is HTTP?

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), is the application-level protocol that is used to transfer data on the Web. HTTP comprises the rules by which Web browsers and servers exchange information. Although most people think of HTTP only in the context of the World-Wide Web, it can be, and is, used for other purposes, such as distributed object management systems.

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.

How Does HTTP Work?

HTTP Is a request-response protocol. For example, a Web browser initiates a request to a server, typically by opening a TCP/IP connection. The request itself comprises

- A request line,

- A set of request headers

- An entity.

The server sends a response that comprises

- A status line,

- A set of response headers

- An entity.

The entity in the request or response can be thought of simply as the payload, which may be binary data. The other items are readable ASCII characters. When the response has been completed, either the browser or the server

HTTP Request and HTTP Response

Communication between clients and servers is done by requests and responses

1) A client (a browser) sends an HTTP request to the web

2) A web server receives the request

3) The server runs an application to process the request

4) The server returns an HTTP response (output) to the browser

5) The client (the browser) receives the response

HTTPS (Secure HTTP)

HTTPS denotes the use of HTTP with SSL (Secure Socket Layer) protocol or its successor protocol Transport Layer Security TLS (Transport-Layer Protocol). Either of these protocols, which use encryption, can be used to create a secure connection between two machines. The browser uses SSL or TLS when connecting to a secure part of a website indicated by an HTTPS URL, that is, a URL with the prefix https://. The browser then uses HTTP to send and receive requests over this secure connection.

HTTP is a Stateless Protocol

HTTP is called a stateless protocol because each command is executed independently, without any knowledge of the commands that came before it. This is the main reason that it is difficult to implement Web sites that react intelligently to user input. This shortcoming of HTTP is being addressed in a number of new technologies, including ActiveX, Java, JavaScript and cookies.

Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

SSL is the standard security technology for establishing an encrypted link between the two systems. These can be browser to server, server to server or client to server. Basically, SSL ensures that the data transfer between the two systems remains encrypted and private.

The https is essentially http over SSL. SSL establishes an encrypted link using an SSL certificate which is also known as a digital certificate.

How does a '404 error' come about?

The typical trigger for an error 404 message is when website content has been removed or moved to another URL. There are also other reasons why an error message could appear.

The URL or its content (such as files or images) was either deleted or moved (without adjusting any internal links accordingly)

The URL was written incorrectly (during the creation process or a redesign), linked incorrectly, or typed into the browser incorrectly

The server responsible for the website is not running or the connection is broken

The requested domain name can’t be converted to an IP by the domain name system (DNS)

The entered domain name doesn’t exist (anymore)

Dead links are often left for long periods of time since operators have no idea that the linked content has been deleted or moved. Many websites still appear in the search engine results pages (SERPs) even though they aren’t available online anymore (or at least not at the specified URL). Other linked websites such as blogs, news portals, etc. are often not informed that the site has been removed or can now be found under a new URL. Many website operators don’t check their external links regularly and therefore a functioning link could easily become a dead one.

What is HTTPS?

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is used for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on the Internet. In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security or formerly, its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer.

HTTPS is primarily designed to provide enhanced security layer over the unsecured HTTP protocol for sensitive data and transactions such as billing details, credit card transactions and user login etc. HTTPS encrypts every data packet in transition using SSL (Secure Socket Layer) or TLS (Transport-Layer Protocol) encryption technique to avoid intermediary hackers and attackers to extract the content of the data; even if the connection is compromised.

HTTPS is configured and supported by default in most web browsers and initiates a secure connection automatically if the accessed web servers requests secure connection. HTTPS works in collaboration with certificate authorities that evaluates the security certificate of the accessed website

Advantage of https

Secure Communication: - https makes a secure connection by establishing an encrypted link between the browser and the server or any two systems.

Data Integrity: - https provides data integrity by encrypting the data and so, even if hackers manage to trap the data, they cannot read or modify it.

Privacy and Security: - https protects the privacy and security of website users by preventing hackers to passively listen to communication between the browser and the server.

Faster Performance: - https increases the speed of data transfer compared to http by encrypting and reducing the size of the data.

SEO: - Use of https increases SEO ranking. In Google Chrome, Google shows the Not Secure label in the browser if users' data is collected over http.

Future: - https represents the future of the web by making internet safe for users and website owners.

HTTP Vs HTTPS

OPERATING SYSTEM

2019-09-13T23:23:00.000-07:00

OPERATING SYSTEM

WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.

An operating System is a collection of system programs that together control the operations of a computer system.

OPERATING SYSTEM GOALS

- Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.

- Make the computer system convenient to use.

- Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

1. Hardware - provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).

2. Operating system - Controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users.

3. Applications programs - Define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs).

4. Users – people

OPERATING-SYSTEM STRUCTURES

- System Components

- Operating System Services

- System Calls

- System Programs

- System Structure

- Virtual Machines

- System Design and Implementation

- System Generation

Common System Components

- Process Management

- Main Memory Management

- File Management

- I/O System Management

- Secondary Management

- Networking

- Protection System

- Command-Interpreter System

Functions of operating system

1) Process management

2) Main memory management

3) File management

4) Input/output system management

5) Secondary storage management

6) Networking

7) Protection system

1) Process management

Process management is an integral part of any modern-day operating system. The OS must allocate resources to processes, enable processes to share and exchange information, protect the resources of each process from other processes and enable synchronization among processes.

2) Main memory management

In operating systems, memory management is the function responsible for managing the computer's primary memory. The memory management function keeps track of the status of each memory location, either allocated or free.

3) File management

A file management system is a type of software that manages data files in a computer system. It has limited capabilities and is designed to manage individual or group files, such as special office documents and records.

4) Input/output system management

In computing, input/output, refers to the communication between an information processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world possibly a human, or another information processing system. The OS must maintain security of the devices.

5) Secondary storage management

Secondary storage devices are non-volatile devices where the data is stored for long-term storage. Disks are the mainly used secondary storage devices. They provide the bulk of secondary storage in operating systems today. The main activity that is performed in secondary storage management is disk scheduling.

6) Networking

A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system (OS) that is designed primarily to support workstations, personal computers and, in some instances, older terminals that are connected on a local area network (LAN).

7) Protection system

Security refers to providing a protection system to computer system resources such as CPU, memory, disk, software programs and most importantly data/information stored in the computer system. So a computer system must be protected against unauthorized access, malicious access to system memory, viruses, worms etc.

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1) Batch operating system

2) Time sharing operating system

3) Distributed operating system

4) Network operating system

5) Real time operating system

1) Batch operating system

The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches.

To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches. Lack of interaction between the user and the job.

Advantage of Batch operating system

- Processor consume good time while processing that mean it knows which job to process next. In real time system we don’t have expectation time of how long the job is and what is estimated time to complete it. But in Batch system the processor knows how long the job is as it is queued.

- Sharing the batch system for multiple users.

- The idle time batch system is very less.

- The batch system can manage large repeated work easily.

- You can assign specific time for batch jobs so when the computer is idle its start processing the batch jobs.

Disadvantage of Batch operating system

- Computer operator must be trained for using batch system.

- It is difficult to debug batch system

- Batch system are sometime costly

- If some jobs take too much time. Ex, if error occurs in job then other job will wait for unknown time.

2) Time Sharing operating system

Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.

The main difference between Multiprogram med Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case of Multiprogram med batch systems, the objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems, the objective is to minimize response time.

Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches occur so frequently. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing, the processor executes each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation. That is, if n users are present, then each user can get a time quantum. When the user submits the command, the response time is in few seconds at most.

The operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of a time. Computer systems that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to time-sharing systems.

Advantages of Time-sharing operating systems

- Provides the advantage of quick response

- Avoids duplication of software

- Reduces CPU idle time

Disadvantage of Time-Sharing operating system

- Problem of reliability

- Problem of data communication

- Question of security and integrity of user program and Data

3) Distributed operating system

A distributed operating system is a software over a collection of independent, networked, communicating, and physically separate computational nodes. They handle jobs which are serviced by multiple CPUs. Each individual node holds a specific software subset of the global aggregate operating system.

Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.

The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function.

Advantage of Distributed operating system

- With resource sharing facility user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another.

- Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.

- If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.

- Better service to the customers.

- Reduction of the load on the host computer.

- Reduction of delays in data processing.

Disadvantage of Distributed operating system

- Network reliance

- Complexities

- Security

- Multiple point of failure

4) Network operating system

A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.

Advantage of network operating system

- Centralized servers are highly stable.

- Security is server managed.

- Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.

- Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.

Disadvantages of network operating systems

- High cost of buying and running a server.

- Dependency on a central location for most operations.

- Regular maintenance and updates are required.

5) Real time operating system

A real-time operating system is an operating system intended to serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without buffer delays. Processing time requirements are measured in tenths of seconds or shorter increments of time.

A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the response time. So, in this method, the response time is very less as compared to online processing.

Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or the flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device in a dedicated application. A real-time operating system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the system will fail. For example, Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS.

Hard real-time systems

Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time. In hard real-time systems, secondary storage is limited or missing and the data is stored in ROM. In these systems, virtual memory is almost never found.

Soft real-time systems

Soft real-time systems are less restrictive. A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains the priority until it completes. Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard real-time systems. For example, multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea exploration and planetary rovers, etc.

Advantage of Real Time operating system

- Task scheduling and shifting

- Deterministic behavior

- Inter task communication

- Maximum consumption

- Error free

- Task can have priority

- Scalable

- Portable

- Provision of interrupts

Disadvantage of Real Time operating system

- Sometime cost is more

- Availability of development tool

- Low multi-tasking

- Limited task

- Multiple user

- Multiple modes

- Not easy to program

ALGORITHAM

2019-09-12T23:50:00.000-07:00

The word algorithm derives from the name of the mathematician, Mohammed ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi, who was part of the royal court in Baghdad and who lived from about 780 to 850.

WHAT IS ALGORITHAM?

Step by step procedure designed to perform an operation, and which (like a map or flowchart) will lead to the sought result if followed correctly. Algorithms have a definite beginning and a definite end, and a finite number of steps. An algorithm produces the same output information given the same input information, and several short algorithms can be combined to perform complex tasks such as writing a computer program.

Algorithm can be defined as outline of the essence of procedure represented in step by step instructional manner. When you implement this algorithm using any programming language, then it is said to be program. A certain problem can be solved using many different algorithms.

Informally, an algorithm is a well defined computational procedure that takes some value or set of values as input and gives or produces some value or set of values as output. That is an algorithm is a sequence of computational steps that transform the input in to output.

An algorithm (pronounced AL-go-rith-um) is a procedure or formula for solving a problem, based on conducting a sequence of specified actions. A computer program can be viewed as an elaborate algorithm. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm usually means a small procedure that solves a recurrent problem.

Algorithms are widely used throughout all areas of information technology. A search engine algorithm, for example, takes search strings of keywords and operators as input, searches its associated database for relevant web pages, and returns results.

Some Q & A

1) What is an example of an algorithm?

- An algorithms is a step by step procedure to solve logical and mathematical problems. A recipe is a good example of an algorithm because it tells you what you need to do step by step. It takes inputs and produces an output

2) What is an algorithm used for?

- An algorithm is a step by step method of solving a problem. It is commonly used for data processing, calculation and other related computer and mathematical operations. An algorithm is also used to manipulate data in various ways, such as inserting a new data item, searching for a particular item or sorting an item.

3) What is algorithm and its types?

- Well there are many types of algorithm but the most fundamental types of algorithm are

- Recursive algorithms.

- Dynamic programming algorithm.

- Backtracking algorithm.

- Divide and conquer algorithm.

- Greedy algorithm.

- Brute Force algorithm.

- Randomized algorithm.

4) How do you write an algorithm?

- Keep in mind that algorithm is a step-by-step process.

- Depending upon programming language, include syntax where necessary.

- Begin.

- Include variables and their usage.

- If they are any loops, try to give sub number lists.

- Try to give go back to step number if loop or condition fails.

5) What is a good algorithm?

- The characteristics of a good algorithm are : Precision the steps are precisely stated. Uniqueness results of each step are uniquely define and only depend on the input and the result of the preceding steps. Finiteness the algorithm stops after a finite number of instructions are executed.

6) Why algorithm is important in programming?

- The best chosen algorithm makes sure computer will do the given task at best possible manner. In cases where efficiency matter a proper algorithm is really vital to be used. An algorithm is important in optimizing a computer program according to the available resources.

7) What is algorithm and its features?

- Algorithm and its Characteristics. ... Input − An algorithm should have 0 or more well-defined inputs. Output − An algorithm should have 1 or more well-defined outputs, and should match the desired output. Finiteness − Algorithms must terminate after a finite number of steps.

8) What is the algorithm in computer?

- An algorithm is a well-defined procedure that allows a computer to solve a problem. Another way to describe an algorithm is a sequence of unambiguous instructions. ... A search engine uses algorithms. In fact, it is difficult to think of a task performed by your computer that does not use algorithms.

9) What is difference between flowchart and algorithm?

- An algorithm involves a combination of sequential steps to interpret the logic of the solution. In contrast, a flowchart is the pictorial illustration of the algorithm. A flow chart is more understandable as compared to the algorithm. The algorithm is written in a language that can be perceived by humans.

10) What is an algorithm used for?

- It is commonly used for data processing, calculation and other related computer and mathematical operations. An algorithm is also used to manipulate data in various ways, such as inserting a new data item, searching for a particular item or sorting an item.

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

2019-09-12T07:36:00.002-07:00

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

Historically, the first public blockchain was Bitcoin, which was launched in 2009. Any computer, regardless of where it is located, can freely access this blockchain and be involved in the process of approving new blocks. New blockchain concepts have emerged since the Bitcoin launch. These new types of distributed ledger offer the advantages of blockchain technology but restrict access to the network and the rights of the different users.

WHAT IS BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY?

Blockchain is a technology that allows data to be stored and exchanged on a peer-to-peer1 (P2P) basis. Structurally, blockchain data can be consulted, shared and secured thanks to consensus-based algorithms2. It is used in a decentralised manner and removes the need for intermediaries, or "trusted third parties".

BLOCKCHAIN HAVE TWO CONCEPTS

1. Asymmetrical cryptography,

which allows the use of a paired public and private key system. Asymmetrical cryptography enables users who do not know each other to exchange encrypted information. The system is based on a public key that can be made available to all, and allows encrypted data to be sent to a third party. The third party accesses the encrypted data via a paired private key. The public key is similar to a bank account number, which can be provided to anyone. The private key, which remains secret, acts as the password to the same bank account.

2. Distributed IT architecture.

A distributed system is a series of independent computers (nodes) that connect to a network and can communicate with each other. It is similar to the Internet, which also has

no central node. Downtime for one server does not affect the other users.

The blockchain network is a P2P (peer-to-peer) distributed system. Information is shared among the different users.

The blockchain is open-ended and operates in a decentralised, ongoing manner thanks to the activity of its users who can store information, and to consensus algorithms (notably

"proof-of-work" and "proof-of-stake"3) which certify the information per block (unit). Users running these algorithms are known as miners. When a block has been validated, it is added to the blockchain and shared with the network. Blocks are connected to each other in such a way that if users wish to change one block, the entire blockchain must also be changed.

On the Bitcoin blockchain, network security is guaranteed by the availability of massive computer power.

These two pillars asymmetrical cryptography and distributed IT architecture make it possible to create a secure environment that establishes a new basis for trust and allows for new ways of exchanging data, new types of transactions and new forms of contracts.

ADVANTAGE OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

1) Transparency

The Blockchain Offer an audit trail that can be consulted at any time by all blockchain members.

2) Automation

The rules set upstream by blockchain members via smart contracts allow for automatic settlement.

3) Autonomy

The blockchain works according to the rules set by its members. There is no need for a central decision-making body.

4) Security

Operating data input on the blockchain is deemed secure owing to the stacking of the blocks.

5) Client accountability

Each blockchain participant has rights and obligations with regard to the blockchain community.

THERE ARE CURRENTLY THREE CATEGORIES OF BLOCKCHAIN.

1) PUBLIC BLOCKCHAINS

All participants are able to access the database, store a copy, and modify it by making available their computing power. Bitcoin, for example, is a public blockchain.

2) CONSORTIUM BLOCKCHAINS

These are open to the public but not all data is available to all participants. User rights differ and blocks are validated based on predefined rules. Consortium blockchains are therefore "partly decentralised". R3 consortium, which brings together 70 of the world's largest financial institutions to pilot the technology using a semi private blockchain, is a good example of this category.

3) PRIVATE BLOCKCHAINS

These are where a central authority manages the rights to access or modify the database. The system can be easily incorporated within information systems and offers the added benefit of an encrypted audit trail. In private blockchains, the network has no need to encourage miners to use their computing power to run the validation algorithms.

Now Some Q & A

1) What is Blockchaining?

- A blockchain is a decentralized, distributed and public digital ledger that is used to record transactions across many computers so that any involved record cannot be altered retroactively, without the alteration of all subsequent blocks.

2) How do you implement Blockchain?

- 6 strategies to successfully implement blockchain

1) Understand what blockchain is. A well-designed blockchain stores records in blocks that are linked to one another using a cryptographic technique that creates a digital, distributed ledger.

2) Develop a business case

3) Choose your blockchain carefully

4) Build an ecosystem

5) Design deliberately

6) Navigate uncertainty.

3) Why is Blockchain so important?

- Blockchain is essential because it allows us to own digital goods, assets, and data.

4) Can Blockchain be hacked?

- Blockchain Cannot Be Hacked. While the details will vary between Blockchain protocols, the core of the technology is that it is a decentralized digital ledger of transactions. These transactions are verified in whatever way is deemed appropriate for the particular Blockchain application.

5) What is Blockchain in simple words?

- Blockchain is the technology the underpins digital currency (Bitcoin, Lite coin, Ethereum, and the like). The tech allows digital information to be distributed, but not copied. You may hear it described as a “digital ledger” stored in a distributed network.

6) How safe is Blockchain?

- Yes, blockchain is innately secure. Private keys are even more secure as they are considerably longer. It is in this way that blockchain offers a greater level of security to the individual user as it removes the need for weak and easily compromised passwords and online identities.

7) How can companies use the Blockchain?

- 4 Ways Any Business Can Use Blockchain

1) Better supply chain management. When a small-business owner places an order with a supplier, it's clear who's on the other end of the transaction.

2) More transparent contracts.

3) Faster payments.

4) Quicker background checks.

8) What is so special about Blockchain?

- Transparency and Privacy. Since blockchain decentralizes the system and enables everybody to arrive on the same network, the ability for people to view transactions becomes easier. Blockchain is a technology that increases transparency of transactions, as everybody on the network has a copy of the ledger

9) How is data stored in a Blockchain?

- The blockchain ledger serves as a decentralized database that maintains details about each transaction. The transactions are added to the ledger in chronological order and stored as a series of blocks. Each block references the preceding block to form an interconnected chain.

10) What are the three key advantages of Blockchain?

- The basic advantages of Blockchain technology are decentralization, immutability, security, and transparency. The blockchain technology allows for verification without having to be dependent on third-parties. The data structure in a blockchain is append-only.

WHAT IS AI?

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What is AI (Artificial intelligence)?

Artificial intelligence is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans.

In computer science, artificial intelligence, sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans.

Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines.

Machines can often act and react like humans only if they have enough information relating to the world.

Machine learning is also a core part of AI.

AI can be categorized as either weak or strong.

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) Or Weak AI

Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is an AI system that is designed and trained for a particular task. Virtual personal assistants, such as Apple's Siri, are a form of weak AI.

Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) Or Strong AI

Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence, is an AI system with generalized human cognitive abilities. When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system is able to find a solution without human intervention.

EXAMPLE OF AI (Artificial intelligence) TECHNOLOGY

Robotics

Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue; researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots are built to do jobs that are hazardous to people, such as defusing bombs.

These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions. Robots can be used in many situations and for lots of purposes

Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of robots. This field overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology and bioengineering.

Self-Driving Cars

A self-driving car, also known as an autonomous car, driverless car, or robotic car, is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with little or no human input.

These use a combination of computer vision, image recognition and deep learning to build automated skill at piloting a vehicle while staying in a given lane and avoiding unexpected obstructions, such as pedestrians.

AI (Artificial intelligence) Application

Artificial intelligence has made its way into a number of areas. Here are Some Example

AI In Manufacturing

Artificial intelligence technology is now making its way into manufacturing, and the machine-learning technology and pattern-recognition software at its core could hold the key to transforming factories of the near future.
AI will perform manufacturing, quality control, shorten design time, and reduce materials waste, improve production reuse, perform predictive maintenance, and more.
today’s very short time-to-market deadlines and a rise in the complexity of products, manufacturing companies are finding it increasingly harder to maintain high levels of quality and to comply with quality regulations and standards

Artificial Intelligence Transforms Manufacturing. Artificial intelligence has the potential to transform manufacturing tasks like visual inspection, predictive maintenance, and even assembly.

AI In Healthcare

Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is the use of complex algorithms and software to estimate human cognition in the analysis of complicated medical data.

AI is the ability for computer algorithms to approximate conclusions without direct human input.

AI programs have been developed and applied to practices such as diagnosis processes, treatment protocol development, drug development, personalized medicine, and patient monitoring and care.

AI In Education

Education has no limits, and AI can help to eliminate boundaries. Technology brings drastic transitions by facilitating the learning of any course from anywhere across the globe and at any time. AI-powered education equips students with fundamental IT skills.

AI can assess students and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own pace. AI tutors can provide additional support to students, ensuring they stay on track.

GAMING PC BUILT IN 35k

2019-09-10T02:17:00.002-07:00

GAMING PC BUILT IN 35k

Today, I’m going to Tell you guys a Budget Gaming PC Build in which you can easily play most of the modern games at a respectable frame rate in HD Resolutions without any problem & Lag.

In This Pc Built we not consider Graphic card. If you want to use Graphic Card so You can go With GTX 1050ti.

1) Processor

AMD Ryzen™ 5 3400G with Radeon™ RX Vega 11 Graphics

- AMD is using the Zen+ architecture, meaning these APUs are manufactured using the 12nm process, which offers improved clock speeds and thermals. The Ryzen 5 3400G gets a cooler upgrade out of the box with the Wraith Spire.

- The 3400G CPU cores have been overclocked by 8% from 3.9 GHz to 4.2 GHz, while the Vega 11 graphics engine comes clocked at 1.4 GHz, a 12% boost from the 2400G.

- AMD Ryzen 5 you Don’t Need External Graphic Card.

Technical Detail

Brand	AMD RAYZEN
Model Year	2019
Lunch Date	7/7/2019
Weight	508g
Processor Socket	AM4
Graphic Interface	Integrated
Compatible Device	AM4 Motherboard BIOS Update
Wattage	65 Watts
CPU Cores	4
Threads	8
GPU Cores	11
Base Clock	3.7GHz
Max Boost Clock	4.2GHz
Total L1 Cache	384KB
Total L2 Cache	2MB
Total L3 Cache	4MB
Unlocked	Yes
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor)	12nm
Package	AM4
Max Temperature	95°C
Graphics Frequency	1400MHZ
Graphic Model	Radeon™ RX Vega 11 Graphics
Graphics Core Count	11

Rs.14,440/- At Amazon

2) Motherboard

GIGABYTE GA-A320M-S2H AMD A320 AM4 MAX-32GB DDR4 Micro ATX PCIE16

- Supports AMD Ryzen™ 2nd Generation/ Ryzen™ with Radeon™ Vega Graphics/ Athlon™ with Radeon™ Vega Graphics/ Ryzen™ 1st Generation/ 7th Generation A-series/ Athlon X4 Processors

- Dual Channel Non-ECC Unbuffered DDR4, 2 DIMMs

- Ultra-Fast PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 with PCIe NVMe & SATA mode support

- High Quality Audio Capacitors and Audio Noise Guard

- Realtek® Gigabit LAN with cFosSpeed Internet Accelerator Software

- Smart Fan 5 features 5 Temperature Sensors and 2 Hybrid Fan Headers

- GIGABYTE™ UEFI BIOS

Technical Detail

Brand	GIGABYTE
Model	GA-A320M-S2H
Weight	454g
Product dimension	7 × 2 × 0.5cm
Batteries	1 Lithium ion batteries required. (included)
Item model number	GA-A320M-S2H
Computer Memory Type	DDR4 SDRAM
Processor Socket	Am4
Wattage	125
Batteries Required	Yes
Wireless Type	5.8 GHz Radio Frequency

Rs.4,585/- At Amazon

3) HHD (Hybrid Hard Drive)

Seagate New Barracuda ST1000DM010 1TB 64MB Cache SATA 6.0Gb/s 3.5" Hard Drive Bare Desktop Drive Latest

- Cost-effective storage upgrade for desktop computers

- Store all your games, music, movies and more with up to 1TB of storage

- SATA 6Gb/s interface optimizes burst performance; 64MB Cache, Multi-Tier Caching

- Seagate Secure models for hardware-based data security

- Instant Secure Erase allows safe and easy drive retirement

- Warranty: 2Years.

Technical Details

Brand	SEAGATE
Series	ST1000DM010
Item Height	20 mm
Item Width	10.2 cm
Screen Size	3.50 Inches
Item Weight	191 g
Product Dimensions	14.7 x 10.2 x 2 cm
model number	ST1000DM010
Hard Drive Size	1 TB
Wattage 5.3	5.3

Rs.2990/- At Amazon

4) SSD (Solid State Drive)

Western Digital WDS240G2G0A 240GB SATA III 6GB/s 2.5 7mm Internal SSD (Green)

- Improved performance for everyday computing

- Solid state reliability, ultra-low power-draw so you can use your laptop PC for longer periods of time

- Less power, more play

- Free WD SSD Dashboard

- 3-year limited warranty

Technical Details

Brand	Western Digital
Item Height	7 mm
Item Width	7 Ce
Weight	31.8 g
Product Dimensions	10.1 x 7 x 0.7 cm
Item model number	WDS240G2G0A
RAM Size	240 GB
Hard Drive Interface	Serial ATA-600
Number of USB 2.0 Ports	1
Hardware Platform	PC

Rs.2,290/- At Amazon

5) Power Supply

Corsair CP-9020170-UK 450W

- 80 plus efficiency: Runs cooler and uses less power than non-certified power supplies

- Thermally controlled 120mm fan: Quiet operation across a wide range of loads

- Black housing, cable sleeves and connectors: Give your build the high-end look without breaking the bank

- AC input from 200~240VAC

- Over-voltage, under-voltage, over-current, and short circuit protection provide maximum safety for your critical system components

- High-quality capacitors provide uncompromised performance and reliability

- 3-year warranty

Technical Detail

Brand	Corsair
Item Height	9.7 cm
Item Width	18.4 cm
Item Weight	2.16 Kg
Product Dimensions	25 x 18.4 x 9.7 cm
Item model number	CP-9020170-UK
Wattage	450 Watts
Included Components	VS Power Supply, Power Cord and 4 Mounting Screws

Rs. 2734/- At Amazon

6) Cabinet

- A cabinet is really important because this is the only thing that others going to see on your desk So, At least buy a decent looking cabinet with solid build structure which reduces PC noise while full load.

1) Corsair Carbide Series CC-9011050-WW Mid-Tower Steel Gaming Case with Red LED (Black)

Rs.3099/-

2) Antec NX200 Mid Tower Gaming Cabinet Support ATX, Micro-ATX, Mini-ITX with RGB Amazing Lighting, 1 x 120 mm Rear Fan Preinstalled

Rs.2694/-

7) RAM

CorsairVengeance LPX 8GB DDR4 3000Mhz for Intel 7th, 8th Gen & Ryzen SeriesMotherboard, High Speed Ram CMK8GX4M1D3000C16

- Designed For High-Performance Overclocking

- Support Intel 7Th 8Th Gen And Ryzen Series Motherboard, Capacity 8Gb

- Aluminum Heat Spreader, Compatibility Tested

- Xmp 2.0 Support, Tested Latency: 15-17-17-35, 10 Yrear Warranty

- Compatible With Intel 100 Series,Intel 200 Series,Intel 300 Series,Intel X299 & Ryzen Series

Rs.3,627/- At Amazon

Component	Price
1) Processor	Rs.14,440/-
2) Motherboard	Rs.4,585/-
3) HHD	Rs.2990/-
4) SSD	Rs.2290/-
5) Power Supply	Rs.2734/-
6) Cabinet	Rs.3099/- (Consider 1th Cabinet)
7) RAM	Rs.3,627/-
	Total: -Rs.33,765/-

what is BIOS?

2019-09-08T22:52:00.003-07:00

What is BIOS?

- Full Form of BIOS Is Basic Input Output System.

- BIOS is non-volatile firmware used to perform hardware initialization during the booting process, and to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs. The BIOS firmware comes pre-installed on a personal computer's system board, and it is the first software to run when powered on.

- BIOS is A Program Stored in Small Chip & The Small Chip Is Connected with Your Mother Board. It also called Firmware of motherboard. Hardware & Software Are Communicate Through Firmware.

Function Of BIOS

- BIOS Does very Basic Work. BIOS is very Important for computer Booting. When you switch on Your Computer or Laptop BIOS is Activate. After Activation BIOS Check the CDM Chip Setting Check all hardware are working or not then it Run POST (Power on Self-Test).

- After RUN POST If All hardware is in place and operational then It give Signal through one Beep (If Mother Board has Speaker) to process computer For Further process.

- If all hardware is not in place or operational it continues beep and give you warning.

- In today latest motherboard You get small Display to give you Error code so You can fix the error.

- After completing POST BIOS search for bootable device. In Bootable device It check Hard Drive so it can boot operating system.

- After operating System is start BIOS work is over. Today Latest operating system are capable to handle All Hardware. So, after starting Operating system BIOS Handover all Work to Operating System.

- BIOS makes sure all the other chips, hard drives, ports and CPU function together.

- When BIOS starts up your computer, it first determines whether all of the attachments are in place and operational and then it loads the operating system into your computer RAM from your hard disk.

TYPES OF BIOS

COMMON TYPES OF BIOS

1) AWARD

2) AMI

3) Phoenix

SOME OTHER TYPES OF BIOS

1) ALFAROME

2) BIOSTAR

3) CMOS

4) LKWPETER

5) SETUP

6) Syxz

7) Wodj

What is BIOS Update?

- If your computer is working properly, you probably shouldn’t update your BIOS. You likely won’t see the difference between the new BIOS version and the old one. In some cases, you may even experience new bugs with a new version of the BIOS, as the BIOS that came with your computer may have gone through more testing.

- BIOS updates aren’t big software upgrades that add new features, security patches, or performance improvements. BIOS updates typically have very short change logs – they may fix a bug with an obscure piece of hardware or add support for a new model of CPU.

- Flashing a BIOS isn’t as easy as installing a normal software update.

- If your computer loses power while flashing the BIOS, or you Flashing Wrong BIOS your computer could become Broken and unable to boot.

INTEL PROCESSOR COMPARISON & PROCESSOR SPEED

2019-09-07T22:23:00.003-07:00

INTEL PROCESSOR COMPARISON & PROCESSOR SPEED

INTEL PROCESSORS GENERATION

1) Intel Pentium (1993 – 1999)

2) Intel Pentium Pro (1995 – 1998)

3) Intel Pentium MMX (1996 – 1999)

4) Intel Pentium II (1997 – 1999)

5) Intel Celeron (1998–present)

6) Intel Xeon (1998–present)

7) Intel Pentium III (1999 – 2003)

8) Pentium 4 (2000 – 2008)

9) Pentium 4 (2000 – 2008)

10) Pentium M (2003 – 2008)

11) Pentium D/EE (2005 – 2008)

12) Intel Core (2006 – 2008)

13) Intel Pentium Dual-Core (2006 – 2009)

14) Intel Core 2 (2006 – 2011)

15) Intel i3 (2010)

16) Intel i5 (2009)

17) Intel i7 (2008)

18) Intel i7 (Extreme Edition) (2011)

INTEL CPU GENERATION

1) Intel Celeron

- Celeron G4950 (2/2 Core)

- Celeron G4930 (2/2 Core)

- Celeron G4930T (2/2 Core)

- Celeron G4920 (2/2 Core)

- Celeron G4900 (2/2 Core)

- Celeron G4900T (2/2 Core)

2) Intel Pentium

- Pentium Gold (2/4 Cores)

- Pentium Gold G5620 (2/4 Cores)

- Pentium Gold G5620T (2/4 Cores)

- Pentium Gold G5600 (2/4 Cores)

- Pentium Gold G5500 (2/4 Cores)

- Pentium Gold G5500T (2/4 Cores)

- Pentium Gold G5420 (2/4 Cores)

- Pentium Gold G5420T (2/4 Cores)

- Pentium Gold G5400 (2/4 Cores)

- Pentium Gold G5400T (2/4 Cores)

3) Intel Core i3

- Core i3-8350K (4/4 Cores)

- Core i3-8320 (4/4 Cores)

- Core i3-8320T (4/4 Cores)

- Core i3-8300T (4/4 Cores)

- Core i3-8120 (4/4 Cores)

- Core i3-8120T (4/4 Cores)

- Core i3-8100 (4/4 Cores)

- Core i3-8100T (4/4 Cores)

- Core i3-8020 (4/4 Cores)

- Core i3-8020T (4/4 Cores)

- Core i3-8000 (4/4 Cores)

- Core i3-8000T (4/4 Cores)

4) Intel Core i5

- Core i5-8650K (6/6 Cores)

- Core i5-8650 (6/6 Cores)

- Core i5-8600K (6/6 Cores)

- Core i5-8550 (6/6 Cores)

- Core i5-8500 (6/6 Cores)

- Core i5-8500B (6/6 Cores)

- Core i5-8500T (6/6 Cores)

- Core i5-8420 (6/6 Cores)

- Core i5-8420T (6/6 Cores)

- Core i5-8400 (6/6 Cores)

- Core i5-8400B (6/6 Cores)

- Core i5-8400T (6/6 Cores)

5) Intel Core i7

- Core i7-8700K (6/12 Cores)

- Core i7-8700 (6/12 Cores)

- Core i7-8700B (6/12 Cores)

- Core i7-8700T (6/12 Cores)

- Core i7-8670 (6/12 Cores)

- Core i7-8670T (6/12 Cores)

6) Intel Core i9

- Core i9-9900T (4.40 GHz) (8 Cores)

- Core i9-9900 (5 GHz) (8 Cores)

- Core i9-9880H (4.80 GHz) (8 Cores)

- Core i9-9980HK (5 GHz) (8 Cores)

- Core i9-9900K (5 GHz) (8 Cores)

- Core i9-8950HK (4.80 GHz) (6 cores)

INTEL PROCESSORS COMPARISON

Core i3 vs Core i5 vs Core i7

- Most Intel CPUs you'll see on laptop And Desktop are i3, i5 & i7.

- Core i3 is the slowest, i5 is in the middle and i7 is fastest.

- The i5 model is more than Reliable for a regular, user who is not doing intensive graphics work, or gaming.

- Both Core i5 and Core i7 support turbo boost, which allows the clock speed to go higher based on the task, and Hyper-Threading, which gives you two unique threads for each core.

- Core i3 does not provide either of those features. In addition, Intel's 8th Gen Core platform is available in Core i5, Core i7 and Core i9.

INTEL PROCESSORS LIST BY SPEED

PROCESSOR	BUS SPEED
Intel Celeron	66 MHz, 100 MHz, 133 MHz, 400 MHz, 533 MHz, 800 MHz
Intel Atom	400 MHz, 533 MHz, 667 MHz, 2.5 GT/s
Intel Pentium	50 MHz – 66 MHz
Intel Pentium MMX	60 MHz – 66 MHz
Intel Pentium Pro	60 MHz, 66 MHz
Intel Pentium II	66 MHz, 100 MHz
Intel Pentium III	100 MHz, 133 MHz
Pentium 4	400 MHz, 533 MHz, 800 MHz, 1066 MHz
Pentium 4	800 MHz, 1066 MHz
Pentium M	400 MHz, 533 MHz
Pentium D/EE	533 MHz, 800 MHz, 1066 MHz
Intel Pentium Dual-Core	533 MHz, 667 MHz, 800 MHz, 1066 MHz
Intel Pentium (2009)	800 MHz, 1066 MHz, 2.5GT/s, 5 GT/s
Intel Core	533 MHz, 667 MHz
Intel Core 2	533 MHz, 667 MHz, 800 MHz, 1066 MHz, 1333 MHz, 1600 MHz
Intel Core i3	1066 MHz, 1600 MHz, 2.5 – 5 GT/s
Intel Core i5	2.5 – 5 GT/s
Intel Core i7	4.8 GT/s, 6.4 GT/s
Intel Core i7(Extreme Edition)	2.5GT/s – 6.4 GT/s
Intel Core i9	8 GT/s

what is the latest intel CPU?

- Intel's next generation of desktop processors company announcing its new 9th Gen Core chips. Intel revealed its new Core i9-9900K, which Intel says is “the best gaming processor in the world.

what is most powerful Intel CPU?

- The Intel® Core™ i9 X-series processor is most powerful ever.

Which one is better i5 or i7?

- For most people, a Core i5, is going to be the most sensible choice especially since the latest-generation i5s are typically comparable to the previous one’s i7.

- While there are a lot of factors in determining overall system performance, a Core i5 processor won’t usually end up bottlenecking your day-to-day performance. Most people, including gamers, will find a Core i5 perfectly adequate.

- A Core i7 CPU, makes sense only for users who don’t mind paying a premium for more power or for users who often run demanding software like video games at high framerates, perform video editing, or render 3D objects. If the best performance is what you’re looking for, its Core i7.

- Intel i5 and Intel i7 are, simply put, processor brains for fitting inside a laptop or a desktop computer. This i5 or i7 chipset isn't the only component that determines the computer's speed, but it is the most important one as far as performance goes.

- Both Intel i5 and Intel i7 refer to families of processors, so you'll come across a lot of different model names and numbers. As Intel refreshes its chips, It keeps the i5 and i7 labels, so when you're making a choice between them it's important to know their year of release and generation codename as well as the numbering.

- Intel i7 chips are typically more powerful and will cost you more money than Intel i5 chips.

DESKTOP VS LAPTOP Which one is better?

2019-09-07T01:36:00.002-07:00

DESKTOP VS LAPTOP Which one is better?

1) COST

Laptop

If you buy laptop the decision of component use in laptop is depend on company.

You get some limited capacity component in your laptop.

Laptop is costly in price compare to Desktop.

Desktop

In desktop you get Power Full, Big Component, in cheap price You can Chose Different Different component of Different different company.

This choice is only available in desktop.

In Desktop the selection Of Component is easy to decide.

Desktop is Less costly compare to laptop.

2) GAMING

LAPTOP

In laptop the graphic Card is Less power full compare to desktop. Because Less Power Full Graphic Card Consume Less power.

DESKTOP

No Doubt in this because in Gaming the Desktop is Best.

Gaming Is Directly Depend on graphic Card When We talk about Graphic Card Big and Power full Graphic Card Is Only Available for in Desktop. Because in desktop there is more space in CPU Cabinet the Heat dissipate is vary easy.

3) PROCESSING

LAPTOP

In processing Both Are same.

In Laptop the latest processor is lunch in market Its take time to get in Laptop.

If new processor is lunched in market you have to Wait to get in laptop.

DESKTOP

In processing Both Are same.

The latest processer is Lunch in market is only Available for Desktop.

If you are pc builder you know that every year a new processor Are lunched with batter Processing power.

If you want latest or greatest processor so the Desktop are Best.

4) UPGRADIBILITY

LAPTOP

Laptop are upgradable but it complicated.

RAM and HHD (Hard Drive) Are About only component that can be upgrade in laptop.

The other component is non-removable or Laptop are not design to work with upgradable version of component.

DESKTOP

Upgradability of Desktop is more Easy compare to laptop.

If you want to upgrade your desktop You have to Remove only 2 Or 3 screw

And upgradability is very easy in Desktop.

Most component in desktop are easily removable, making it easy to upgrade.

Desktop cases are big in size and easy to work.

5) EASY TO ASSEMBLE

LAPTOP

Laptop are built to easy to use & Required little time to set-up.

Within a minuet Laptop is ready to use.

DESKTOP

Desktop take more space to Set-up compare to laptop But easy to Assemble.

6) KEYBOARD

LAPTOP

In Laptop you get limited size of Keyboard.

In Some Laptop You Get don’t get Number Pad on right side.

Laptop Are Bulky and Heavy in weight.

DESKTOP

Desktop can make full-size of keyboard.

There are No limit in Desktop keyboard.

7) POWER USAGE

LAPTOP

Laptop Consume less power Compare to desktop.

In laptop if power goes out any document you worked on or not save are not lost.

DESKTOP

Desktop use more Power Compare to laptop. The power consumptions are High in desktop.

If power goes out Any document you worked on or not saved are lost.

8) REPAIR

LAPTOP

Repairing of Desktop is very easy Compare to Laptop.

The hardware component is easily available in any local computer Retail store.

DESKTOP

Repairing of Laptop is Very complicated And Required Good Laptop Hardware Knowledge to repair. Laptop Parts are not easily Available in Local computer Retail Store. You Have To contact Laptop manufacturing company for Particular parts.

TYPES OF RAM

2019-09-06T03:04:00.002-07:00

TYPES OF RAM

There are two main types of RAM

1) DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory)

2) SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory)

1) DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory)

- Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a type of memory that is typically used for data or program code that a computer processor needs to function. DRAM is a common type of random access memory (RAM) used in personal computers, workstations and servers.

2) SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory)

- Static random-access memory is a type of semiconductor random-access memory that uses bistable latching circuitry to store each bit. SRAM exhibits data remanence, but it is still volatile in the conventional sense that data is eventually lost when the memory is not powered.

What is DDR1, DDR2, DDR3 & DDR4?

DDR1

- DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory), officially abbreviated as DDR SDRAM, is a DDR (DOUBLE DATA RATE) SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory) class of memory integrated circuit used in computer. DDR SDRAM, also retroactively called DDR1 SDRAM, has been superseded by DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM and DDR4 SDRAM.

- Double Data Rate-SDRAM, or simply DDR1, was designed to replace SDRAM.

- DDR1 was originally referred to as DDR-SDRAM or simple DDR. When DDR2 was introduced, DDR became referred to as DDR1. Names of components constantly change as newer technologies are introduced.

- The principle applied in DDR is exactly as the name implies “double data rate”. The DDR actually doubles the rate data is transferred by using both the rising and falling edges of a typical digital pulse. Earlier memory technology such as SDRAM transferred data after one complete digital pulse. DDR transfers data twice as fast by transferring data on both the rising and falling edges of the digital pulse. Look at figure below.

DDR2

- Double Data Rate 2 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory, officially abbreviated as DDR2 SDRAM, is a double data rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory interface. It superseded the original DDR SDRAM specification, and is superseded by DDR3 SDRAM.

- DDR2 is the next generation of memory developed after DDR.

- DDR2 increased the data transfer rate referred to as bandwidth by increasing the operational frequency to match the high FSB (front-side bus) frequencies and by doubling the prefetch buffer data rate.

- DDR2 is a 240 pin DIMM design that operates at 1.8 volts. The lower voltage counters the heat effect of the higher frequency data transfer.

- DRR operates at 2.5 volts and is a 188 pin DIMM design.

- DDR2 uses a different motherboard socket than DDR, and is not compatible with motherboards designed for DDR.

- The DDR2 DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module) key will not align with DDR DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module) key. If the DDR2 is forced into the DDR socket, it will damage the socket and the memory will be exposed to a high voltage level. Also be aware the DDR is 188 pin DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module) design and DDR2 is a 240 pin DIMM design.

What is FSB?

- A FRONT-SIDE BUS is a computer communication interface that was often used in Intel-chip-based computers during the 1990s and 2000s. The competing EV6 bus served the same function for AMD CPUs. Both typically carry data between the central processing unit and a memory controller hub, known as the northbridge.

DDR3

- Double Data Rate 3 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory, officially abbreviated as DDR3 SDRAM, is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory with a high bandwidth interface, and has been in use since 2007.

- DDR3 was the next generation memory introduced in the summer of 2007 as the natural successor to DDR2.

- DDR3 increased the pre-fetch buffer size to 8-bits an increased the operating frequency once again resulting in high data transfer rates than its predecessor DDR2. In addition, to the increased data transfer rate memory chip voltage level was lowered to 1.5 V to counter the heating effects of the high frequency. By now you can see the trend of memory to increase pre-fetch buffer size and chip operating frequency, and lowering the operational voltage level to counter heat.

- The physical DDR3 is also designed with 240 pins, but the notched key is in a different position to prevent the insertion into a motherboard RAM socket designed for DDR2.

- DDR3 is both electrical and physically incompatible with previous versions of RAM. In addition to high frequency and lower applied voltage level, the DDR3 has a memory reset option which DDR2 and DDR1 do not.

- The memory reset allows the memory to be cleared by a software reset action. Other memory types do not have this feature which means the memory state is uncertain after a system reboot. The memory reset feature insures that the memory will be clean or empty after a system reboot. This feature will result in a more stable memory system. DDR3 uses the same 240-pin design as DDR2, but the memory module key notch is at a different location.

DDR4

- DDR4 is a new memory standard designed to eventually replace DDR3. While it’s true that when running at the JEDEC (Joint Electron Device Engineering Council) specified speeds of 2133MHz and 2400MHz DDR4’s higher latencies may produce slightly lower performance clock-for-clock than DDR3, DDR4 is designed to reliably run at much higher speeds that more than offset the increased latency.

- In virtually every way, DDR4 is superior to DDR3: it’s capable of being much faster, more efficient, more scalable, and even more reliable. As for cost, much like the transitions to DDR, DDR2, and DDR3, DDR4 will become progressively cheaper as economies of scale take effect.

- Physically, a DDR4 module, or DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module), is very similar to a DDR3 DIMM.

- DDR4 can use a slightly taller printed circuit board and ups the pin count from DDR2 and DDR3’s 240 pins to 288. The key notch (to ensure the DIMM is not improperly installed) is also in a different place, and the overall shape of the connector has a slight “V” contour to aid installation.

- Architecturally, DDR4 is designed to operate at higher speeds and capacities with lower voltage and adds reliability features not present in DDR3.

- Double Data Rate 4 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory, officially abbreviated as DDR4 SDRAM, is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory with a high bandwidth interface.

- DDR4 Improvements

1) Transfer Rate

2) Data Integrity

3) Power Consumption

4) Memory Size

5) Command Encoding

- DDR Bandwidth Growing Over Time

Why Do We Need DDR4?

- When DDR4 is introduced, the initial 2133MHz and 2400MHz speeds will be accompanied by another increase in latency, just as each previous memory technology transition has been. These speeds are essentially the top of the ladder for DDR3, though; while DDR3 kits can be obtained at speeds as high as 3200MHz, ICs capable of performing at those levels are extremely rare.

- Meanwhile, DDR4 is expected to scale well beyond 3200MHz. What DDR4 offers is scalability for the future: individual DIMM densities start at 4GB and 8GB and are expected to scale to 16GB in 2015.

- Bandwidth is also capable of scaling up tremendously. 2666MHz DDR3 isn’t especially common right now; it operates outside of JEDEC spec and requires carefully selected ICs, yet already situations exist that demonstrate a need for increased bandwidth beyond that speed.

- DDR4 comes out of the gate at 2400MHz, with 2666MHz, 2800MHz, and 3000MHz SKUs already planned.

- Finally, DDR4 operates at a nominal 1.2V and scales up to 1.35V, a reduction in operating power from DDR3’s 1.5V standard and 1.65V mainstream high-performance spec. Power efficiency has become increasingly important with each subsequent generation of CPU and GPU architecture from Intel, AMD, and NVIDIA, and DDR4 helps to enable that.

Compare DDR Prefetch, Chip Voltage and Data Rates for Motherboard FSB (front-side bus).

GENERATION	PREFETCH BUFFER	VOLTAGE LEVEL	FSB DATA RATES EXPRESSED (Mhz)
DDR1	2-Bits	2.5 V	200,266,333,400
DDR2	4-Bits	1.8	400,533,677,800
DDR3	8-Bits	1.5	800,1066,1330,1600

Future of Memory DDR5?

- Increased speed

- Higher density

- Lower voltage

- More focus here in coming future as mobile device market increases.

32bit vs 64bit OPERATING SYSTEM

2019-09-05T04:11:00.002-07:00

32bit vs 64bit OPERATING SYSTEM

Now First We discuss What is Operating system (OS)?

- An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.

- Some Well Known Operating System (OS).

- 1) Microsoft Windows

- 2) Linux

- 3) MacOS

- 4) Android

- 5) IOS

What Is Difference Between 32bit Vs 64bit?

- The terms 32Bit and 64Bit Refer to how a computer's (CPU) handles information. A 64-bit processor can handle much more (RAM) than a 32-bit processor can.

- A 32-bit processor can run only 32-bit software And operating system.

- A 64-bit processor can run both compatible 32-bit and 64-bit software And operating system.

- To run 64-bit software, you must have a 64-bit operating system.

- 64-bit installation can be slightly faster and more stable. I will recommend you to install 64Bit operating system in your Pc.

- 64Bit processor can handle twice the amount of data compared to 32Bit processor.

- 32Bit processor can process 32 digits at a time whereas 64Bit can handle 64 digits.

- If you want to see which operating system you have in your computer. Then follow the step.

- 1) In Windows 10 Right Click on This PC Icon & select Properties. & Check system Type

What is a bit?

- A bit, short for BINARY DIGIT, is the smallest unit of measurement used for information storage in computers. A bit is represented by a 1 or a 0 with a value of true or false, sometimes expressed as on or off. Eight bits form a single byte of information, also known as an octet. Thus, the difference between a bit and a byte is size, or the amount of information stored.

- For example, it takes eight bits (1 byte) to store a single character. The capital letter “A” is expressed digitally as 01000001. A small case “a” is represented in binary code as 01100001. Notice the third bit is different in each octet. By rearranging the bits within the octet, a byte is capable of producing 256 unique combinations to form letters, numbers, special characters and symbols.

- It can get confusing keeping units of storage straight, but if you have trouble remembering which is a bit and a byte, note that the smaller word is the smaller unit of storage. Once the difference between a bit and a byte is understood, this helps to remember the difference between greater units such as the kilobit and kilobyte.

- 8 Bit = 1 bytes

- 32 Bit = 4 bytes

- 64 Bit = 8 bytes

1) 64-bit operating system + 64-bit processor, you CAN run 64-Bit software.

2) 32-bit operating system + 64-bit processor, you CANNOT run 64-Bit software.

3) 32-bit operating system + 32-bit processor, you CANNOT run 64-Bit software.

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

2019-08-31T05:28:00.005-07:00

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

A graphics processing unit is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device.

GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles.

CPU vs GPU

- A GPU is tailored for highly parallel operation while a CPU executes programs serially

- For this reason, GPUs have many parallel execution units and higher transistor counts, while CPUs have few execution units and higher clock speeds.

- A GPU is for the most part deterministic in its operation (though this is quickly changing)

- GPUs have much deeper pipelines (several thousand stages vs 10-20 or so for CPUs)

- GPUs have significantly faster and more advanced memory interfaces as they need to shift around a lot more data than CPUs

Graphics Definitions

- Transform is the task of converting spatial coordinates, which in this case involves moving three-dimensional objects in a virtual world and converting the coordinates to a two-dimensional view. Clipping means only drawing things that might be visible to the viewer. Lighting is the task of taking light objects in a virtual scene, and calculating the resulting colour of surrounding objects as the light falls upon them.

- A pixel shader serves to manipulate a pixel color, usually to apply an effect on an image, for example; realism, bump mapping, shadows, and explosion effects. It is a graphics function that calculates effects on a per-pixel basis. Depending on resolution, an excess of 2 million pixels may need to be rendered, lit, shaded, and colored for each frame.

- A vertex shader is a graphics processing function used to add special effects to objects in a 3D environment by performing mathematical operations on the objects' vertex data. Each vertex can be defined by many different variables. Vertices may also be defined by colors, textures, and lighting characteristics. Vertex Shaders don't actually change the type of data; they simply change the values of the data, so that a vertex emerges with a different color, different textures, or a different position in space.

- Graphics primitive -An elementary graphics building block, such as a point, line or arc. In a solid modeling system, a cylinder, cube and sphere are examples.

- Rasterization -is the process of taking an image described in a vector graphics format and converting it into a raster image (pixels or dots) for output on a video display.

- Culling –a GPU pipeline step that determines whether a polygon of a graphical object is visible.

- Geometry shader is a relatively new type of shader. This type of shader can generate new graphics primitives, such as points, lines, and triangles, from those primitives that were sent to the beginning of the graphics pipeline. They take as input a whole primitive, possibly with adjacency information. For example, when operating on triangles, the three vertices are the geometry shader's input. The shader can then emit zero or more primitives, which are rasterized and their fragments ultimately passed to a pixel shader.

- Z-buffer -also known as depth buffering, is the management of image depth coordinates in three-dimensional (3-D) graphics, usually done in hardware, sometimes in software. It is one solution to the visibility problem, which is the problem of deciding which elements of a rendered scene are visible, and which are hidden.

- Fragment (pixel) shader –a graphics processing function a computer program that is used to do shading: the production of appropriate levels of color within an image.

- Viewport -the 2D rectangle used to project the 3D scene to the position of a virtual camera. A viewport is a region of the screen used to display a portion of the total image to be shown.

- Interpolation is a process where the software adds new pixels to an image based on the color values of the surrounding pixels. Interpolation is used when an image is up sampled to increase its resolution. Resampling through interpolation is not ideal and often results in a blurry image.

Barycentric coordinates

- Barycentric coordinates are triples of numbers corresponding to masses placed at the vertices of a reference triangle. These masses then determine a point, which is the geometric centroid of the three masses and is identified with coordinates.

- Barycentric coordinates are coordinates defined by the vertices of a simplex.

- Barycentric or areal coordinates are extremely useful in engineering applications involving triangular subdomains. These make analytic integrals often easier to evaluate, and Gaussian quadrature tables are often presented in terms of area coordinates.

- A simplex (plural simplexes or simplices) or n-simplex is an n-dimensional analogue of a triangle.

A 3-simplex

WHAT IS STREAM PROCESSOR?

- Stream processing is a computer programming paradigm, equivalent to dataflow programming, event stream processing, and reactive programming, that allows some applications to more easily exploit a limited form of parallel processing.

- Stream processors are highly efficient computing engines that perform calculations on an input stream and produces an output stream that can be used by other stream processors

- Stream processors can be grouped in close proximity, and in large numbers, to provide immense parallel processing power.

The GPU receives geometry information from the CPU as an input and provides a picture as an output

CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

2019-08-31T00:18:00.001-07:00

CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

CPU Is a very Large topic to Discuss So Today we will cover some important thing About CPU.

WHAT IS CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)?

The brain of any computer system is the CPU. It controls the functioning of the other units and process the data. The CPU is sometimes called the processor, or in the personal computer field called “microprocessor”. It is a single integrated circuit that contains all the electronics needed to execute a program. The processor calculates (add, multiplies and so on), performs logical operations (compares numbers and make decisions), and controls the transfer of data among devices.

COMPONANT OF CPU

1) Register Set

- It is an Electric component that is use to hold the information As bits.

- A Register Can be 2-bit, 4-Bit & 8-Bit Register.

- Register uses the cell to hold the bit that is called flip-flop.

- A processor register (CPU register) is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of the computer processor. A register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any kind of data (such as a bit sequence or individual characters). Some instructions specify registers as part of the instruction.

2) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

- It is a digital circuit use to perform Arithmetic and logic operation.

- ALU is also called the core of CPU.

- An arithmetic logic unit is a combinational digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers. This is in contrast to a floating-point unit, which operates on floating point numbers.

3) Control Unit (CU)

- CU Directs the Operation of Processor.

- CU work by receiving the input information that is convert in to control signal.

- A control unit or CU is circuitry that directs operations within a computer's processor. It lets the computer's logic unit, memory, as well as both input and output devices know how to respond to instructions received from a program.

TYPES OF REGISTER

1) MAR (Memory Address Register)

2) MBR (Memory Buffer Register )

3) MDR (Memory Data Register)

4) PC (Program Counter)

5) AR (Accumulator Register)

1) (MAR) Memory Address Register

- In a computer, the Memory Address Register (MAR) is the CPU register that either stores the memory address from which data will be fetched from the CPU, or the address to which data will be sent and stored. In other words, MAR holds the memory location of data that needs to be accessed.

2) (MBR) Memory Buffer Register

- A memory buffer register (MBR) is the register in a computer's processor, or central processing unit, CPU, that stores the data being transferred to and from the immediate access store. It contains the copy of designated memory locations specified by the memory address register.

3) (MDR) Memory Data Register

- Memory Data Register (MDR) MDR is the register of a computer's control unit that contains the data to be stored in the computer storage (e.g. RAM), or the data after a fetch from the computer storage. It acts like a buffer and holds anything that is copied from the memory ready for the processor to use it.

4) (PC) Program Counter

- The program counter, commonly called the instruction pointer in Intel x86 and Itanium microprocessors, and sometimes called the instruction address register, the instruction counter, or just part of the instruction sequencer, is a processor register that indicates where a computer is in its program sequence.

5) (AR) Accumulator Register

- An accumulator is a register for short-term, intermediate storage of arithmetic and logic data in a computer's CPU (central processing unit).

SAN (Storage area network)

2019-08-30T06:54:00.001-07:00

SAN (Storage area network)

WHAT IS SAN (STORAGE AREA NETWORK)?

SAN (Storage area network) is a specialized, High Speed, High Availability, network that uses Fibre channel (FC) technology to connect servers to storage disks.

WHAT IS FIBRE CHANNEL?

Fibre Channel is a high-speed data transfer protocol providing in-order, lossless delivery of raw block data, primarily used to connect computer data storage to servers. Fibre Channel is mainly used in storage area networks in commercial data centers.

SAN ARCHITECHURE

1) Storage is access at block level not at file level.

2) Very high performance.

3) Storage is shared.

4) Good management tool.

5) Interoperability issues.

SAN COMPONENT

1) Servers with Host Bus Adaptor (HBAs)

In computer hardware, a host controller, host adapter, or host bus adapter connects a computer, which acts as the host system, to other network and storage devices. The terms are primarily used to refer to devices for connecting SCSI, Fibre Channel and SATA devices.

2) Storage system

- RAID (REDUNDENT ARRAY OF INDEPANDANT DISKS)

RAID is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical disk drive components into one or more logical units for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement,

- JBOD (JUST A BUNCH OF DISKS)

JBOD (just a bunch of disks) is used to refer to a computer's hard disks that haven't been configured according to the RAID (redundant array of independent disks) system to increase fault tolerance and improve data access performance.

- TAPE (MAGNETIC TAPE DATA STORAGE)

Magnetic tape data storage is a system for storing digital information on magnetic tape using digital recording. Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes. The device that performs writing or reading of data is a tape drive. Autoloaders and tape libraries automate cartridge handling.

- OPTICAL DISK

In computing and optical disc recording technologies, an optical disc is a flat, usually circular disc which encodes binary data in the form of pits and lands on a special material on one of its flat surfaces.

3) Hubs

An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, multiport repeater, or simply hub is a network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single network segment

4) Switches

5) SAN Management Software

HOW A SAN (STORAGE AREA NETWORK) WORKS

1) When a host wants to access a storage device on the SAN, it sends out a block‐based access request for the storage device.

2) SCSI commands are encapsulated into FC packets. The request is accepted by the HBA for that host and is converted from its binary data form to the optical form required for transmission on the fiber optic cable.

3) At the same time, the request is packaged according to the rules of the FC protocol.

4) The HBA transmits the request to the SAN.

5) Depending on which port is used by the HBA to connect to the fabric, one of the SAN switches receives the request and sends it to the storage processor, which sends it on to the storage device.

BENEFIT OF SAN (STORAGE AREA NETWORK)

1) Eliminates restriction on the amount of data that can be accessed by individual server as oppose to server with direct attach disk.

2) Storage can be access by multi servers simultaneously with more robust, faster processing.

3) Storage resource can be centrally managed and storage space can be allocated and deallocated to hosts as needed.

4) Component are host swappable, eliminating down time.

5) Any number of storage device can be added to store Hundreds of terabits.

6) SAN provide long Distance connectivity with fibre channel capable of running up to 10 kilometres, we can keep our data in a remote, physically secure location.

DRAWBACK OF SAN (STORAGE AREA NETWORK)

1) SAN is very expensive as fibre channel technology tends to be pricier and maintenance required a higher degree of skill.

2) Management of SAN system has proved to be a real tough one due to various reasons.

also, for some having A SAN storage facility seems to be wasteful one.

3) Also, there some san product vendors due to its very price and very few mega enterprises Need SAN setup.

SAN Is literally a separate network devoted entirely to store. Almost all SAN communicated and connect to servers via Fibre channel host adaptor card and switches.

NETWORK ATTECHMENT STORAGE (NAS)

2019-08-29T23:40:00.002-07:00

NAS (NETWORK ATTECHMENT STORAGE)

- NETWORK ATTECHMENT STORAGE (NAS) is an IP-based file-sharing device attached to a local area network.

- NAS provides the advantages of server consolidation by eliminating the need for multiple file servers. It provides storage consolidation through file-level data access and sharing.

- NAS is a preferred storage solution that enables clients to share files quickly and directly with minimum storage management overhead. NAS also helps to eliminate bottlenecks that users face when accessing files from a general-purpose server.

- NAS uses network and file-sharing protocols to perform filing and storage functions. These protocols include TCP/IP for data transfer and CIFS and NFS for remote file service. NAS enables both UNIX and Microsoft Windows users to share the same data seamlessly. To enable data sharing, NAS typically uses NFS for UNIX, CIFS for Windows, and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and other protocols for both environments. in Recent networking technology have enabled NAS to scale up to enterprise requirements for improved performance and reliability in accessing data.

- A NAS device is a dedicated, high-performance, high-speed, single-purpose file serving and storage system. NAS serves a mix of clients and servers over an IP network. Most NAS devices support multiple interfaces and networks.

- A NAS device uses its own operating system and integrated hardware, software components to meet specific file service needs. Its operating system is optimized for file I/O and, therefore, performs file I/O better than a general-purpose server.

- NAS device can serve more clients than traditional file servers, providing the benefit of server consolidation.

WHAT IS NAS?

An NAS (NETWORK ATTECHMENT STORAGE) device is a storage device connected to a network that allows storage and retrieval of data from a central location for authorized network users and varied clients. NAS devices are flexible and scale out, meaning that as you need additional storage, you can add to what you have. NAS is like having a private cloud in the office. It’s faster, less expensive and provides all the benefits of a public cloud on site, giving you complete control.

File Systems and Remote File Sharing

A file system is a structured way of storing and organizing data files. Many file systems maintain a file access table to simplify the process of finding and accessing files.

BENEFITS OF NAS

1) Supports comprehensive access to information: Enables efficient file sharing and supports many-to-one and one-to-many configurations. The many-to-one configuration enables a NAS device to serve many clients simultaneously. The one-to-many configuration enables one client to connect with many NAS devices simultaneously.

2) Improved efficiency: Eliminates bottlenecks that occur during file access from a general-purpose file server because NAS uses an operating system specialized for file serving. It improves the utilization of general-purpose servers by relieving them of file-server operations.

3) Improved flexibility: Compatible for clients on both UNIX and Windows platforms using industry-standard protocols. NAS is flexible and can serve requests from different types of clients from the same source.

4) Centralized storage: Centralizes data storage to minimize data duplication on client workstations, simplify data management, and ensures greater data protection.

5) Simplified management: Provides a centralized console that makes it possible to manage file systems efficiently.

6) Scalability: Scales well in accordance with different utilization profiles and types of business applications because of the high performance and low-latency design.

7) High availability: Offers efficient replication and recovery options, enabling high data availability. NAS uses redundant networking components that provide maximum connectivity options. A NAS device can use clustering technology for failover.

8) Security: Ensures security, user authentication, and file locking in conjunction with industry-standard security schemas.

COMPONANTS OF NAS

- NAS head (CPU and Memory)

- One or more NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS (NICs), which provide connectivity to the network. Examples of NICs include Gigabit Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, ATM, and FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI).

- An optimized operating system for managing NAS functionality

- NFS (NETWORK FILE SYSTEM) and CIFS (COMMON INTERNET FILE SYSTEM) protocols for file sharing.

- Industry-standard storage protocols to connect and manage physical disk resources, such as ATA(ANALOG TELEPHONE ADAPTER), SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), Fc.

RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

2019-08-29T05:15:00.001-07:00

RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

WHAT IS RAM?

- RAM (Random Access Memory) is the hardware location in a computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can be quickly reached by the computer's processor.

- RAM is much faster to read from and write to than most other kinds of storage in a computer (the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM). However, the data in RAM stays there only as long as it has power.

- When you turn the computer off, RAM loses its data. When you turn your computer on again, your operating system and other files are once again loaded into RAM, usually from your hard disk.

RAM is short-term memory and the hard disk is a long-term memory. The short-term memory focuses on work at hand, but can only keep so many facts in view at one time. if RAM fills up, the processor needs to continually go to the hard disk to overlay old data in RAM with new, slowing down the computer's operation.

- Every computer comes with a small amount of ROM that holds just enough programming (BIOS) so that the operating system can be loaded into RAM each time the computer is turned on.

- RAM is acronym used for Random Access Memory. Virtually all the computers now or then depend on memory to perform all its functions. Without RAM it becomes impossible to get very far, from the moment the Computer is turned ON. The software applications installed on the computer depends largely on the RAM. It is responsible for holding the data while any application is running. Once the application is closed without saving, the data gets lost.

HOW THE DATA IN RAM IS ACCESSED

- When the processor or CPU gets the next instruction it is to perform, the instruction may

contain the address of some memory or RAM location from which data is to be read

(brought to the processor for further processing). This address is sent to the RAM

controller.

- The RAM controller organizes the request and sends it down the appropriate

address lines so that transistors along the lines open up the cells so that each capacitor

value can be read. In DRAM a capacitor with a charge over a certain voltage level

represents the binary value of 1 and a capacitor with less than that charge represents a 0.

For dynamic RAM, before a capacitor is read, it must be power-refreshed to ensure that

the value read is valid. Depending on the type of RAM, the entire line of data may be

read that the specific address happens to be located at or, in some RAM types, a unit of

data called a Page is read.

- The data that is read is transmitted along the data lines to the processor's nearby data buffer known as level-1 cache and another copy may be held in level-2 cache. For video RAM, the process is similar to DRAM (Dynamic RAM) except that, in some forms of video RAM, while data is being written to video RAM by the processor, data can simultaneously be read from RAM by the video controller. example, refreshing the display image.

DYNAMIC RAM (DRAM)

DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY has memory cells with a paired transistor and capacitor requiring constant refreshing. Because reading a DRAM discharges its contents, a power refresh is required after each read. Apart from reading, just to maintain the charge that holds its content in place, DRAM must be refreshed about every 15 microseconds. This simple architecture makes DRAM the least expensive kind of RAM.

What is DDR & SDRAM?

Double Data Rate (DDR) Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (SDRAM), officially abbreviated as DDR SDRAM, is a DOUBLE DATA RATE (DDR), SYNCHRONOUS DYNAMIC RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY (SDRAM) class of memory integrated circuits used in computers.

RAM SPEED REALLY MATTER?

RAM frequency is measured in MHz and usually immediately follows the DDR version in the RAM specification. For example, 8GB DDR4-2400 RAM is running at a frequency of 2400MHz. This is why though higher frequency RAM is technically faster.

AIR COOLER FOR PC

2019-08-28T23:37:00.006-07:00

AIR COOLER FOR PC

What is Air Cooling?

Air cooling is a process of lowering air temperature by dissipating heat. It provides increased air flow and reduced temperatures with the use of cooling fins, fans or finned coils that move the heat out of a casing such as a computer case.

Air CPU cooler are made of Two section

1). Heat Sink

2). FAN

1). Heat Sink.

Which material are is use to made your Heat sink?

- in budget CPU cooler most of Heat sink Are made of Aluminum. Whenever we increase price of air cooler The Expensive Air Cooler Are Made of Copper. Copper is expensive in Cost Because of Copper is easily Transfer Heat.

- A Heat Sink is a passive HEAT exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing regulation of the device's temperature at optimal levels.

- If you want good heat Transfer Thane you go for Expensive Air cooler. And you want to over clock your CPU then you Chose Expensive Air Cooler.

- In expensive Air Cooler the Base of Cooler Is very good finished. Shown in image.

- The Base of air cooler very important because In your CPU surface Are Flat so you required Flat Surface Air Cooler for Good Attachment. In Most Of the coolers Flat surface is not there & Little little Gap Is There. Gap is not good.

- If you want to decide any Heat sink Quality Is depend open How muck quantity Heat is removing From Heat sink. Who much effectively Remove the Heat. Is no matter how much your Fan Run very fast.

- Heat sink are some limitation It depend on how much heat it can Transfer. Heat Sink it also Depend on its Surface Area if you are increase surface Area the heat Transfer rate is Also Increase.

- Above Image show the Heat sink. You Can see in between two plate Some Gap is provided. The Gap in between two Plate is help to remove heat very easy.

2) FAN

- A computer fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling. Fans are used to draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, and move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component.

- Fan Is one of the important components of Air CPU Cooler. In Fan The speed controller Should Be very Good. RPM of Fan Is depend On Speed Controller. Fan quality is most Important How much noise it generate.

- Air Cooler Is most Important Part of CPU.

- If you have good combination of Heat sink & Fan Then you have good CPU cooler. If you not have good combination and Have some fault in your design of fan Or Heat sink then your Air cooler is not Good.

LIQUID COOLER FOR PC

2019-08-28T06:59:00.001-07:00

LIQUID COOLER FOR PC

- Liquid provides some unique advantages to high-performance computers that deliver speed, power, and graphics and require a more advanced cooling solution.

In this Article we are talking about 2 liquid cooling system

1). AIO (All IN ONE) liquid cooler.

- ALL IN ONE Cooling system Consists of Few key Part water block, pump, and fluid reservoir.

- The advantage of these systems is their ease of use and self-contained fluid.

- AIO (ALL IN ONE) Is all about easy to install or remove.

- in AIO’s you can increase surface area it’s give better cooling.

2). Custom liquid Cooling.

- Custom Liquid Cooling typically features the similar radiator sizes to common AIO.

- A custom loop can offer truly crazy levels of cooling.

- AIO’s you can design a custom cooling system that integrations your CPU, GPU, and even RAM or board component.

- You can also combine multiple radiators in different positions into one single massive liquid cooling system.

BEnIFIT OF LIQUID COOLER

1). High level efficiency

- water cooling is actually much more efficient than air.

- Water transfers heat more effectively because of its high thermal conductivity, which means the water works to diffuse heat from various components in your gaming computer build.

- the liquid route means your computer is operating at a consistently cool temperature, while a fan typically only kicks into gear as the computer overheats.

2. Improves overclocking potential

- overclocking is the process of setting your CPU multiplier at a higher frequency, which speeds up your processor and other components. However, this process can damage your computer if you’re not careful, because it increases the heat generated by your system.

- Liquid cooling keeps your overclocked hardware cooler, so you won’t crash your computer or damage your hardware because of overheating.

3). WATER Cooling looks cool

- water Cooling is looks cool and more Attractive.

4. Cools off high-performance GPUs.

- A HIGH-END GPU can generate two or three times the amount of heat of a CPU. As a result, you’re bound to notice a major increase in fan noise when you’re in the midst of an extended gaming session like when you playing PUBG Or Fortnight.

5). Liquid cooling Takes less Space then Air cooler

- A traditional air-cooled system relies on a series of fans cooling various components within the gaming PC case. More fans are needed when you get into custom, high-powered PCs, which makes for a bulky and cluttered case.

- liquid units take up less space than fans, their construction is a bit more complex and consists of Pump, Radiator, Hoses, Fan.

6). Less noise

- A water cooling kit will reduce the need to use more than one fan in your PC case. The self-contained loop of water cools quietly, so you don’t have to worry about loud fans breaking your focus while fighting that last big boss in your favorite game.
- Most liquid-cooled units do include one fan in the build, though. The liquid system takes on the bulk of the work, while the fan circulates the air. This causes the fan to operate at a lower RPM, so you likely won’t even realize it’s there.

SSD (SOLID STATE DRIVE)

2019-08-27T04:29:00.002-07:00

WHY WE NEED SSD (SOLID STATE DRIVE)?

- Why we Buy SSD (solid State Drive), Hard drive is also work same as SSD.

- The biggest improvement of OS (operating system) Operation Is depend on How Fast or smooth our computer is Work is Depend on SSD.

- If you have hard Drive on your computer you Feel that your Computer operate slowly & leggy. And It’s Give Response slowly and take too much time in boot Process (Slow start).

- Now the Hard drive technology is too old. nothing much to develop in hard Drive, the only thing that you can do in Hard drive is You can increase the Data Storage capacity of hard drive.

- The hard drive Size available in Market 1TB,2TB,3TB,4TB,5TB,6TB,8TB,10TB,12TB,14TB Maximum size Is 16TB. The only thing is improving in Hard Drive its Size.

- when we start Computer, the Small Files Are Start To run. If you have hard drive in your computer you know that its take some second or Minuet To start. After Computer start You see the desktop screen and you Click on any ware on screen it not give fast Response It take some time to Give Response And system is non Responsive For some Time it Means Your not able to click on screen.

What Is SSD (SOLID STATE DRIVE)?

- A storage device containing non-volatile flash memory, used in place of a hard disk because of its much greater speed. Most SSDs instead use NAND flash memory, which is relatively stable and will last for years.

- SSD work on Another level. in past few Years SSD Are the technology we need from long time.

- SSD is completely Different thing in storage device. SSD is increase your Boot Time (Start Time). SSD load your computer Very fast Compare to Hard Drive. Even it takes less time to start your computer.

- If you are using heavy software or playing games on your computer SSD is reduce Your software Or Game Loading time and give Better performance compare to Hard drive. And you Feel that your Software Or game Run Very smoothly.

- If you think SSD is not much effective in our computer Then you are wrong. If you have old computer and using SSD your computer works very smoothly and Boot time is faster than Hard drive.

- SSD is Small in Size & Less in Weight Compare to Hard drive.

if you think SSD is only Increase Boot speed?

- No, SDD is also Reduce the loading time of pre-install software & Games it Works very Smooth.

- An SSD is able to read and write data much faster than a mechanical hard drive.

BEST SSD (SOLID STATE DRIVE) TO BY IN 2019

SSD	READ SPEED	WRITE SPEED	CAPACITY	TYPE
1). SAMSUNG 860 evo	550 MB/S	520 MB/S	250 GB 500 GB 1 TB 2 TB 4 TB	NAND
2). SAMSUNG 860 qvo	550 MB/S	520 MB/S	1TB 2TB 4 TB	NAND
3). SAMSUNG 970 EVO PLUS	3500 MB/S	3300 MB/S	250 GB 500 GB 1TB 2TB	NVMe
4). INTEL 660P	1500 MB/S	1000 MB/S	512 GB 1TB 2TB	NVMe
5). KINGSTON A400	500 MB/S	450 MB/S	120 GB 240 GB 480 GB 960 GB	NAND
6). WD BLUE	560MB/S	520 MB/S	250 GB 500 GB 1 TB 2TB	NAND