All About Your Workstation

How to Make Computer Music With VST Plugins and VSTi Instruments

2009-11-06T15:45:00.003+08:00

VST plugins are beginning to gather a lot more interest as music buffs/computer buffs put these two interests together. What was once thought impossible by many astute computer operators is now beginning to appear as not being all that difficult.

VST plugins in its simple terminology means Virtual Studio Technology by Steinberg. Imagine being able to have your very own virtual studio. The VST is actually the interface that allows the use of software consisting of action synthesizers and effects the plugins with audio editors and recording systems.

Software is the catalyst between the VST and the simulation of a traditional recording studio. If you wee to compare the VST plugins with the actual switches and knobs on the actual hardware you would see the similarities. It would then not appear quite so foreign to you if you are familiar with the hard version of the studio equipment. The VST plugins are hosted within a workstation that is a digital audio type.

If you think that there are only a few plugins to choose from, you are mistaken. You are going to be quite surprised to learn there are thousands of various types to choose from. I bet you are thinking about your pocket book right now, but the nice thing is there are may that are freeware, and of course, there are commercial ones available as well.

Being as VST is so popular it's good to know that there are many audio applications that support them. If you are going to become involved in VST plugins then you will need a VST host. This is just simply a software or hardware application that permit's the plugins to be loaded and controlled during use. If you shop around you will find some excellent VST host providers.

One of the many cost advantages of using plugins is the fact they really help to cut down your hard based equipment costs. Plus think of the space you can save, not having to store tons of equipment.

You can get some great VST plugins that are like a package deal. For example there is a package available that includes shuffling, panning, panoramas width along with comb filters and many other inclusions as well.

Its important for you to learn that plugins are not software that stand alone. They will usually come with DLL files. This stands for dynamic link library. As we mentioned you can find lots of free software on the internet. It is not difficult to use. You simply follow the instructions for the download. Many of these will walk you through the stages of how to get the best benefits from them.

If you are totally new to the creation of music with your computer then you may want to do some research before you start. It doesn't mean that you have to do months of learning. In fact, if you start visiting some of the music blogs you will be intrigued at not only how easy it is, but what you can do and create with things like VST plugins.

As featured In Computer Music Magazine, VSTPlatinum provides a goldmine of over 1700 VST plugins and VSTi effects for home studios or professional recordings

Greg Hoffman is a former BMG sound engineer and the founder of VSTPlatinum.com - http://www.VSTPlatinum.com

Discover the easiest way to create cutting edge music in the next 5 minutes with the VSTPlatinum package

Turn your music vision into reality with over 4000 sound effects, loops, drum samples and synths...

VSTPlatinum.com - Making Music May Be Easier Than You Think!

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Greg_K_Hoffman

What Is a Hacker?

2009-02-14T18:02:00.000+08:00

The Jargon File contains a bunch of definitions of the term ‘hacker’, most having to do with technical adeptness and a delight in solving problems and overcoming limits. If you want to know how to become a hacker, though, only two are really relevant.

There is a community, a shared culture, of expert programmers and networking wizards that traces its history back through decades to the first time-sharing minicomputers and the earliest ARPAnet experiments. The members of this culture originated the term ‘hacker’. Hackers built the Internet. Hackers made the Unix operating system what it is today. Hackers run Usenet. Hackers make the World Wide Web work. If you are part of this culture, if you have contributed to it and other people in it know who you are and call you a hacker, you're a hacker.

The hacker mind-set is not confined to this software-hacker culture. There are people who apply the hacker attitude to other things, like electronics or music — actually, you can find it at the highest levels of any science or art. Software hackers recognize these kindred spirits elsewhere and may call them ‘hackers’ too — and some claim that the hacker nature is really independent of the particular medium the hacker works in. But in the rest of this document we will focus on the skills and attitudes of software hackers, and the traditions of the shared culture that originated the term ‘hacker’.

There is another group of people who loudly call themselves hackers, but aren't. These are people (mainly adolescent males) who get a kick out of breaking into computers and phreaking the phone system. Real hackers call these people ‘crackers’ and want nothing to do with them. Real hackers mostly think crackers are lazy, irresponsible, and not very bright, and object that being able to break security doesn't make you a hacker any more than being able to hotwire cars makes you an automotive engineer. Unfortunately, many journalists and writers have been fooled into using the word ‘hacker’ to describe crackers; this irritates real hackers no end.
The basic difference is this: hackers build things, crackers break them.

If you want to be a hacker, keep reading. If you want to be a cracker, go read the alt.2600 newsgroup and get ready to do five to ten in the slammer after finding out you aren't as smart as you think you are. And that's all I'm going to say about crackers.

Computer Network Training

2009-01-31T15:00:00.000+08:00

Computer network training is one of the latest gateways to jump into the competitive IT world. Network is a media for computers to communicate with each other by sending files, instant messages and other information. This is accomplished through LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN (Wide Area Network). Nowadays, many companies use networks of computers to run their operations smoothly. So, computer networking is a good job option. Basically, there are two main networks, namely Microsoft and Novell.

Specialized degree and certificate network training programs are available through several institutions, schools and online coaching. Many schools conduct training courses as part of regular programs and vocation courses. Some of these schools have labs outside the classroom that students can attend during designated hours. Online training courses allow students to take their courses anytime, anywhere. In addition, you can purchase training courses individually or bundled, available on CD-ROM. Each regular training program extends from six months to one year.

Each networking training course comprises fundamental programs about the working plans of network, wiring and the types of software installed in computers. Normally, these basic courses run just for a few weeks. Students learn about workstations, servers, their functions, and different types of networking such as client server and peer to peer.

After the fundamental program, the training moves gradually toward the next higher part. In this phase, students can learn about individual systems and their differences. Many schools divide this phase into two operating systems, for Novell and Microsoft. Students can take either one or both. Each operating system course normally extends up to 3 months. But some schools concentrate on one system. Practical procedures such as installing workstation software, installing server software, wiring and finally, making a simple computer network are involved.

The students are prepared for the certification exams. The examination has a number of practice tests. Most centers allow their students to continue the training until they have passed the exams.

Computer Training provides detailed information on Computer Training, Computer Internet Training, Computer Graphic Training, Computer Forensics Training and more. Computer Training is affiliated with Computer Science Education.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ken_Marlborough

For All Muslimin And Muslimat

2009-01-10T21:17:00.003+08:00

Pemimpin Hisbullah Libanon Syed Hasan Nasrallah meminya seluruh Muslim untuk melafazkan Al-Quran surah Al-Fath ayat 26-27, surah Yunus ayat 85,86 dan88 malam ini. Tolong sebarkan pesanan ini agar Israel hancur.

Alert - Attention - Perhatian

2008-10-06T10:26:00.004+08:00

mycomputer4u.blogspot.com

meanpc.blogspot.com

History Of Microsoft

2008-10-06T09:52:00.000+08:00

Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation, which rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Windows line of operating systems.

Throughout its history the company has been the target of criticism for various reasons, including monopoly status and anti-competitive business practices including refusal to deal and tying. The U.S. Justice Department and the European Commission, among others, have ruled against Microsoft for various antitrust violations.

It develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices. Microsoft's best-selling products are the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office suite of productivity software.

History

The company released an initial public offering (IPO) in the stock market, which, due to the ensuing rise of the stock price, has made four billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Main article: History of Microsoft

See also: History of Microsoft Windows

1975–1985: Founding

Following the launch of the Altair 8800, William Henry Gates III, (called Bill Gates) called the creators of the new microcomputer, Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), offering to demonstrate an implementation of the BASIC programming language for the system. After the demonstration, MITS agreed to distribute Altair BASIC.^[15] Gates left Harvard University, moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico where MITS was located, and founded Microsoft there. The company's first international office was founded on November 1, 1978, in Japan, entitled "ASCII Microsoft" (now called "Microsoft Japan").^[15] On January 1, 1979, the company moved from Albuquerque to a new home in Bellevue, Washington.^[15] Steve Ballmer joined the company on June 11, 1980, and later succeeded Bill Gates as CEO.^[15]

DOS (Disk Operating System) was the operating system that brought the company its first real success. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP/M operating system, which was set to be used in the upcoming IBM Personal Computer (PC). For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, which IBM renamed to PC-DOS. Later, the market saw a flood of IBM PC clones after Columbia Data Products successfully cloned the IBM BIOS, and by aggressively marketing MS-DOS to manufacturers of IBM-PC clones, Microsoft rose from a small player to one of the major software vendors in the home computer industry.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22] The company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as a publishing division named Microsoft Press.^[15]

1985–1995: IPO, OS/2 and Windows

In August 1985, Microsoft and IBM partnered in the development of a different operating system called OS/2.^[23] On November 20, 1985, Microsoft released its first retail version of Microsoft Windows, originally a graphical extension for its MS-DOS operating system.^[15] On March 13, 1986 the company went public with an IPO, with a starting initial offering price of $21.00 and ending at the first day of trading as at US $28.00. In 1987, Microsoft eventually released their first version of OS/2 to OEMs.^[24]

IPO

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.
Please improve this article if you can. (August 2008)

Microsoft's Initial Public Offering took place on March 14, 1986 (or it was the first trading day). The stock, which eventually closed at $27.75 a share, peaked at $29.25 a share shortly after the opening. Microsoft's two founders - Bill Gates and Paul Allen - were made instant millionaires by the offering, but they didn't seem fazed by all the hoopla. Allen went to work as usual at Asymetrix, the company he founded the year before in Bellevue. Gates was in Australia on business. At that time, Bill Gates owned 45 percent of the company's 24.7 million outstanding shares and Paul Allen owned roughly 25 percent of the shares. ^[25] Gates' Microsoft stake was $233.9 million at the time of Microsoft's 1986 IPO, ^[26]making Microsoft's total-value worth $519,777,778 at that time (1986).

Post-IPO

The sign at a main entrance to the Microsoft corporate campus. The Redmond Microsoft campus today includes more than 8 million square feet (approx. 750,000 m²) and over 30,000 employees.^[27]

In 1989, Microsoft introduced its flagship office suite, Microsoft Office. This was a bundle of separate office productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.^[15] On May 22, 1990 Microsoft launched Windows 3.0.^[28] The new version of Microsoft's operating system boasted such new features as streamlined user interface graphics and improved protected mode capability for the Intel 386 processor; it sold over 100,000 copies in two weeks.^[29] Windows at the time generated more revenue for Microsoft than OS/2, and the company decided to move more resources from OS/2 to Windows.^[30] In the ensuing years, the popularity of OS/2 declined, and Windows quickly became the favored PC platform.

During the transition from MS-DOS to Windows, the success of Microsoft's product Microsoft Office allowed the company to gain ground on application-software competitors, such as WordPerfect and Lotus 1-2-3.^[31]^[32] According to The Register, Novell, an owner of WordPerfect for a time, alleged that Microsoft used its inside knowledge of the DOS and Windows kernels and of undocumented Application Programming Interface features to make Office perform better than its competitors.^[33] Eventually, Microsoft Office became the dominant business suite, with a market share far exceeding that of its competitors.^[34]

In 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT 3.1, a business operating system with the Windows 3.1 user interface but an entirely different kernel.^[31] In 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95, a new version of the company's flagship operating system which featured a completely new user interface, including a novel start button; more than a million copies of Microsoft Windows 95 were sold in the first four days after its release.^[31] The company also released its web browser, Internet Explorer, with the Windows 95 Plus! Pack in August 1995 and subsequent Windows versions.^[35]

1995–2005: Internet and legal issues

On, May 26, 1995, following Bill Gates's internal "Internet Tidal Wave memo"^[36], Microsoft began to expand its product line into computer networking and the World Wide Web. On August 24, 1995, it launched a major online service, MSN (Microsoft Network), as a direct competitor to AOL. MSN became an umbrella service for Microsoft's online services.^[15]^[31]^[37] The company continued to branch out into new markets in 1996, starting with a joint venture with NBC to create a new 24/7 cable news station, MSNBC.^[31]^[38] Microsoft entered the personal digital assistant (PDA) market in November with Windows CE 1.0, a new built-from-scratch version of their flagship operating system, specifically designed to run on low-memory, low-performance machines, such as handhelds and other small computers.^[39] Later in 1997, Internet Explorer 4.0 was released for both Mac OS and Windows, marking the beginning of the takeover of the browser market from rival Netscape. In October, the Justice Department filed a motion in the Federal District Court in which they stated that Microsoft had violated an agreement signed in 1994, and asked the court to stop the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows.^[15]

The year 1998 was significant in Microsoft's history, with Bill Gates appointing Steve Ballmer as president of Microsoft but remaining as Chair and CEO himself.^[15] The company released Windows 98, an update to Windows 95 that incorporated a number of Internet-focused features and support for new types of devices.^[15] On April 3, 2000, a judgment was handed down in the case of United States v. Microsoft,^[9] calling the company an "abusive monopoly"^[40] and forcing the company to split into two separate units. Part of this ruling was later overturned by a federal appeals court, and eventually settled with the U.S. Department of Justice in 2001.

In 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, the first version that encompassed the features of both its business and home product lines. Before XP was released, Microsoft had to maintain both the NT and the 9x codebase. XP introduced a new graphical user interface, the first such change since Windows 95.^[15]^[41] In late 2001, with the release of the Xbox, Microsoft entered the multi-billion-dollar game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo.^[15] Microsoft encountered turmoil in March 2004 when antitrust legal action was brought against it by the European Union for abusing its current dominance with the Windows operating system (see European Union Microsoft antitrust case), eventually resulting in a judgment to produce new versions of its Windows XP platform—called Windows XP Home Edition N and Windows XP Professional N—that did not include its Windows Media Player, as well as a fine of €497 million ($613 million).^[42]^[43]

2006–present: Vista and other transitions

On June 27, 2008, Bill Gates retired from day-to day activities in the company, following a two year transition period from his role as Chief Software Architect, which was taken by Ray Ozzie, but remained the company's chairman, head of the Board of Directors and would act as an adviser on key projects.^[44] Windows Vista, released in January 2007, is Microsoft's latest operating system and has sold 140 million copies to date.^[45] Microsoft Office 2007, released at the same time, features a "Ribbon" user interface which is a significant departure from its predecessors. Relatively strong sales of both titles helped to produce a record profit in 2007.^{[citation needed]}

On February 1, 2008, Microsoft made an unsolicited bid to purchase internet services competitor Yahoo! for up to $44.6 billion,^[46] though this offer was rejected on February 10. On May 3, 2008, Microsoft withdrew their offer.^[47]

Microsoft announced on February 21, 2008 that it will share more information about its products and technology in order to make it easier for developers to create software that works with its products.^[48] However, the European Union continued to demonstrate its dissatisfaction with the company for its lack of compliance with the March 2004 judgment and subsequently, on February 27, 2008 imposed an additional fine of €899 million ($1.4 billion), the largest fine in the history of EU competition policy.^[49]

On June 26, 2008, Microsoft announced it would buy Mobicomp, a Portuguese company operating in cell phone software.^[50] In its 2008 Annual Report Microsoft stated that open source software business models challenge its license-based software model and that the firms who use this business models do not bear cost for their software development.^[51]^[52]

Product divisions

To be more precise in tracking performance of each unit and delegating responsibility, Microsoft reorganized into seven core business groups—each an independent financial entity—in April 2002. Later, on September 20, 2005, Microsoft announced a rationalization of its original seven business groups into the three core divisions that exist today: the Windows Client, MSN and Server and Tool groups were merged into the Microsoft Platform Products and Services Division; the Information Worker and Microsoft Business Solutions groups were merged into the Microsoft Business Division; and the Mobile and Embedded Devices and Home and Entertainment groups were merged into the Microsoft Entertainment and Devices Division.^[53]^[54]

Platform Products and Services Division

The current logo of Microsoft Windows, one of the company's best-known products.

This division produces Microsoft's flagship product, the Windows operating system. It has been produced in many versions, including Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows Server 2003, Windows XP and Windows Vista. Almost all IBM compatible personal computers come with Windows preinstalled. The current desktop version of Windows is Windows Vista. The online service MSN, the cable television station MSNBC and the Microsoft online magazine Slate are all part of this division. (Slate was acquired by The Washington Post on December 21, 2004.) At the end of 1997, Microsoft acquired Hotmail, the most popular webmail service, which it rebranded as "MSN Hotmail". In 1999, Microsoft introduced MSN Messenger, an instant messaging client, to compete with the popular AOL Instant Messenger. Along with Windows Vista, MSN Messenger became Windows Live Messenger.^[11]

Microsoft Visual Studio is the company's set of programming tools and compilers. The software product is GUI-oriented and links easily with the Windows APIs, but must be specially configured if used with non-Microsoft libraries. The current version is Visual Studio 2008. The previous version, Visual Studio 2005 was a major improvement over its predecessor, Visual Studio.Net 2003, named after the .NET initiative, a Microsoft marketing initiative covering a number of technologies. Microsoft's definition of .NET continues to evolve. As of 2004, .NET aims to ease the development of Microsoft Windows-based applications that use the Internet, by deploying a new Microsoft communications system, Indigo (now renamed Windows Communication Foundation). This is intended to address some issues previously introduced by Microsoft's DLL design, which made it difficult, even impossible in some situations, to manage, install multiple versions of complex software packages on the same system (see DLL-hell), and provide a more consistent development platform for all Windows applications (see Common Language Infrastructure). In addition, the Company established a set of certification programs to recognize individuals who have expertise in its software and solutions. Similar to offerings from Cisco, Sun Microsystems, Novell, IBM, and Oracle Corporation, these tests are designed to identify a minimal set of proficiencies in a specific role; this includes developers ("Microsoft Certified Solution Developer"), system/network analysts ("Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer"), trainers ("Microsoft Certified Trainers") and administrators ("Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator" and "Microsoft Certified Database Administrator").^[11]

Microsoft offers a suite of server software, entitled Windows Server System. Windows Server 2003, an operating system for network servers, is the core of the Windows Server System line. Another server product, Systems Management Server, is a collection of tools providing remote-control abilities, patch management, software distribution and a hardware/software inventory. Other server products include:

Microsoft SQL Server, a relational database management system;
Microsoft Exchange Server, for certain business-oriented e-mail and scheduling features;
Small Business Server, for messaging and other small business-oriented features; and
Microsoft BizTalk Server, for business process management.^[11]

Business Division

Front entrance to building 17 on the main campus of the company's Redmond campus.

The Microsoft Business Division produces Microsoft Office, which is the company's line of office software. The software product includes Word (a word processor), Access (a personal relational database application), Excel (a spreadsheet program), Outlook (Windows-only groupware, frequently used with Exchange Server), PowerPoint (presentation software), and Publisher (desktop publishing software). A number of other products were added later with the release of Office 2003 including Visio, Project, MapPoint, InfoPath and OneNote.^[11]

The division focuses on developing financial and business management software for companies. These products include products formerly produced by the Business Solutions Group, which was created in April 2001 with the acquisition of Great Plains. Subsequently, Navision was acquired to provide a similar entry into the European market, resulting in the planned release of Microsoft Dynamics NAV in 2006. The group markets Axapta and Solomon, catering to similar markets, which is scheduled to be combined with the Navision and Great Plains lines into a common platform called Microsoft Dynamics.^[11]

Entertainment and Devices Division

The Xbox 360, Microsoft's second system in the gaming console market.

Microsoft has attempted to expand the Windows brand into many other markets, with products such as Windows CE for PDAs and its "Windows-powered" Smartphone products. Microsoft initially entered the mobile market through Windows CE for handheld devices, which today has developed into Windows Mobile 6. The focus of the operating system is on devices where the OS may not directly be visible to the end user, in particular, appliances and cars.

The company produces MSN TV, formerly WebTV, a television-based Internet appliance. Microsoft used to sell a set-top Digital Video Recorder (DVR) called the UltimateTV, which allowed users to record up to 35 hours of television programming from a direct-to-home satellite television provider DirecTV. This was the main competition in the UK for British Sky Broadcasting's (BSkyB) SKY + service, owned by Rupert Murdoch. UltimateTV has since been discontinued, with DirecTV instead opting to market DVRs from TiVo Inc. before later switching to their own DVR brand.^[11]

Microsoft sells computer games that run on Windows PCs, including titles such as Age of Empires, Halo and the Microsoft Flight Simulator series. It produces a line of reference works that include encyclopedias and atlases, under the name Encarta. Microsoft Zone hosts free premium and retail games where players can compete against each other and in tournaments.

Microsoft entered the multi-billion-dollar game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo in late 2001,^[55] with the release of the Xbox. The company develops and publishes its own video games for this console, with the help of its Microsoft Game Studios subsidiary, in addition to third-party Xbox video game publishers such as Electronic Arts and Activision, who pay a license fee to publish games for the system. The Xbox also has a successor in the Xbox 360, released on 2005-11-22 in North America and other countries.^[56]^[57] With the Xbox 360, Microsoft hopes to compensate for the losses incurred with the original Xbox. However, Microsoft made some decisions considered controversial in the video gaming community, such as releasing the console with high failure rates, selling two different versions of the system, one without the HDD and providing limited backward compatibility with only particular Xbox titles.^[58]^[59] .

In addition to the Xbox line of products, Microsoft also markets a number of other computing-related hardware products as well, including mice, keyboards, joysticks, and gamepads, along with other game controllers, the production of which is outsourced in most cases. As of November 15, 2007, Microsoft announced the purchase of Musiwave, Openwave's mobile phone music sales business.^[60]

Economic impact

One of Bill Gates' key visions for the company was to "to get a workstation running our software onto every desk and eventually in every home".^[61]^[62]^[40] Because of their huge market share in home and business operating systems, they play an important role in the economics of software.

Microsoft has footholds in other markets besides operating systems and office suites, with assets such as the MSNBC cable television network, the MSN Internet portal, and the Microsoft Encarta multimedia encyclopedia. The company also markets both computer hardware products such as the Microsoft mouse and home entertainment products such as the Xbox, Xbox 360, Zune and MSN TV.^[11]

Business model

User base

Just as readership is of paramount importance to Newspapers, user base is key to the Microsoft business model. Microsoft attempts to appeal to as wide an audience as possible, while carefully avoiding opportunity costs.^{[citation needed]}

Adoption and repackaging

Several popular Microsoft products were bought and repackaged. For example, PowerPoint.^{[citation needed]}

Partnerships and symbiosis

Microsoft is involved in several partnerships. It has a symbiotic relationship with several companies and products, e.g. flash.^{[citation needed]}

Economic analysis

The Microsoft operating system, development products and various component technologies represent significant inputs and context for software development and deployment. Due to their dominance as a computing platform, this affects the majority of business software and markets, and therefore the economy as a whole.^{[citation needed]}

User culture

Technical reference for developers and articles for various Microsoft magazines such as Microsoft Systems Journal (or MSJ) are available through the Microsoft Developer Network, often called MSDN. MSDN also offers subscriptions for companies and individuals, and the more expensive subscriptions usually offer access to pre-release beta versions of Microsoft software.^[63]^[64] In recent years, Microsoft launched a community site for developers and users, entitled Channel9, which provides many modern features such as a wiki and an Internet forum.^[65] Another community site that provides daily videocasts and other services, On10.net, launched on March 3, 2006.^[66]

Most free technical support available through Microsoft is provided through online Usenet newsgroups (in the early days it was also provided on CompuServe). There are several of these newsgroups for nearly every product Microsoft provides, and often they are monitored by Microsoft employees. People who are helpful on the newsgroups can be elected by other peers or Microsoft employees for Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status, which entitles people to a sort of special social status, in addition to possibilities for awards and other benefits.^[14]

Corporate affairs

Corporate structure

The company is run by a Board of Directors consisting of ten people, made up of mostly company outsiders (as is customary for publicly traded companies). Current members of the board of directors are: Steve Ballmer, James Cash, Jr., Dina Dublon, Bill Gates, Raymond Gilmartin, Reed Hastings, David Marquardt, Charles Noski, Helmut Panke, and Jon Shirley.^[67] The ten board members are elected every year at the annual shareholders' meeting, and those who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation. There are five committees within the board which oversee more specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues with the company including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposing mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters including nomination of the board; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws.^[68]^[69]

There are several other aspects to the corporate structure of Microsoft. For worldwide matters there is the Executive Team, made up of sixteen company officers across the globe, which is charged with various duties including making sure employees understand Microsoft's culture of business. The sixteen officers of the Executive Team include the Chairman and Chief Software Architect, the CEO, the General Counsel and Secretary, the CFO, senior and group vice presidents from the business units, the CEO of the Europe, the Middle East and Africa regions; and the heads of Worldwide Sales, Marketing and Services; Human Resources; and Corporate Marketing. In addition to the Executive Team there is also the Corporate Staff Council, which handles all major staff functions of the company, including approving corporate policies. The Corporate Staff Council is made up of employees from the Law and Corporate Affairs, Finance, Human Resources, Corporate Marketing, and Advanced Strategy and Policy groups at Microsoft. Other Executive Officers include the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the various product divisions, leaders of the marketing section, and the CTO, among others.^[70]^[11]

Stock

Microsoft Corp (NYSE:MSFT) stock price (source: ZenoBank.com)

When the company debuted its IPO in March 13, 1986, the stock price was US $21.^[71]^[72] By the close of the first trading day, the stock had closed at $28, equivalent to 9.7 cents when adjusted for the company's first nine splits.^[72] The initial close and ensuing rise in subsequent years made several Microsoft employees millions.^[13] The stock price peaked in 1999 at around US $119 (US $60.928 adjusting for splits).^[72] While the company has had nine stock splits, the first of which was in September 18, 1987, the company did not start offering a dividend until January 16, 2003.^[72]^[73] The dividend for the 2003 fiscal year was eight cents per share, followed by a dividend of sixteen cents per share the subsequent year.^[73] The company switched from yearly to quarterly dividends in 2005, for eight cents a share per quarter with a special one-time payout of three dollars per share for the second quarter of the fiscal year.^[73]

Around 2003 the stock price began a slow descent. Despite the company's ninth split on February 2, 2003 and subsequent increases in dividend payouts, the price of Microsoft's stock continued to fall for the next several years.^[73]^[74]

Diversity

Flags raised in front of the Microsoft Sammamish Campus in Issaquah, Washington. The flag on the left is the flag of Microsoft's gay and lesbian employees group GLEAM.

In 2005, Microsoft received a 100% rating in the Corporate Equality Index from the Human Rights Campaign, a ranking of companies by how progressive the organization deems their policies concerning LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual) employees. Partly through the work of the Gay and Lesbian Employees at Microsoft (GLEAM) group, Microsoft added gender expression to its anti-discrimination policies in April 2005, and the Human Rights Campaign upgraded Microsoft's Corporate Equality Index from its 86% rating in 2004 to its current 100% rating.^[75]^[76]

In April 2005, Microsoft received wide criticism for withdrawing support from Washington state's H.B. 1515 bill that would have extended the state's current anti-discrimination laws to people with alternate sexual orientations.^[77] Microsoft was accused of bowing to pressure from local evangelical pastor Ken Hutcherson who met with a senior Microsoft executive and threatened a national boycott of Microsoft's products.^[78] Microsoft also revealed they were paying evangelical conservative Ralph Reed's company Century Strategies a $20,000 monthly fee.^[79] Over 2,000 employees signed a petition asking Microsoft to reinstate support for the bill.^[80] Under harsh criticism from both outside and inside the company's walls, Microsoft decided to support the bill again in May 2005.^[81]^[80]

Microsoft hires many foreign workers as well as domestic ones, and is an outspoken opponent of the cap on H1B visas, which allow companies in the United States to employ certain foreign workers. Bill Gates claims the cap on H1B visas make it difficult to hire employees for the company, stating "I'd certainly get rid of the H1B cap."^[82]

Logos and slogans

In 1987, Microsoft adopted its current logo, the so-called "Pacman Logo" designed by Scott Baker. According to the March 1987 Computer Reseller News Magazine, "The new logo, in Helvetica italic typeface, has a slash between the o and s to emphasize the "soft" part of the name and convey motion and speed." Dave Norris, a Microsoft employee, ran an internal joke campaign to save the old logo, which was green, in all uppercase, and featured a fanciful letter O, nicknamed the blibbet, but it was discarded.^[83]

Microsoft's logo with the "Your potential. Our passion." tagline below the main corporate name, is based on the slogan Microsoft had as of 2008. In 2002, the company started using the logo in the United States and eventually started a TV campaign with the slogan, changed from the previous tagline of "Where do you want to go today?."^[84]^[85]^[86]

Microsoft "blibbet" logo, used until 1987.

Microsoft "Pac-Man" logo, designed by Scott Baker and used since 1987, with the 1994–2002 slogan "Where do you want to go today?"^[84]^[85]

Microsoft logo as of 2008, with the current slogan "Your potential. Our passion."^[85]

Environmental record

Microsoft is ranked the 2nd worst company for the environment in Greenpeace's Greener Electronics guide. It received a score of 2.2/10 merely ahead of Nintendo. ^[87]

Microsoft has taken actions to become more environmentally friendly.^[88] Some examples include:

Microsoft's newest building on its campus in Hyderabad, India was built as an environmentally friendly structure.^[89]
Microsoft has phased out the use of polyvinyl chloride plastic in its packaging material, due to environmental concerns. Polyvinyl chloride, also referred to as PVC or vinyl, can release toxins into the environment during production and if it is burned after production. These toxins are synthetic chemicals that can be linked to cancer, and issues with the reproductive and immune systems. In six months time, Microsoft was able to eliminate approximately 361,000 pounds of polyvinyl packaging by transitioning to a packaging utilizing polyethylene terephthalate plastic (PET). The company continues to research further eco-friendly packaging made of corn starch, sugar, and vegetable oil.^[90]
Microsoft is using some renewable energy sources in its Silicon Valley campus, where the company has installed over 2,000 solar panels spanning 30,000 square feet on top of its buildings.^[91] These panels supply 480 kilowatts of power, generating approximately 15 percent of the total energy needed by the campus and cutting the greenhouse gasses that would otherwise be produced to supply that power.^[88]
Microsoft employs a free mass transit system for its 35,000 employees in the Seattle area and shuttles its workers with hybrid cars on its main campus.^[88]
The company uses an irrigation system at its Redmond campus that senses upcoming weather changes, saving 11 million gallons of water per year.^[92] The company has received a silver certification from the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED program for environmental design.^[88]
Beginning in June 2008, Microsoft has added compost bins in all cafeterias on its Redmond campus, and replaced all polystyrene plates and cups and plastic flatware with biodegradable alternatives. In the two months since this transition, the Redmond campus has reduced its non-compost trash output by 50%.

Criticism

It has been suggested that some of the information in this article's Criticism or Controversy section(s) be merged into other sections to achieve a more neutral presentation. (Discuss)

Main article: Criticism of Microsoft

Anti-competitive

Since the 1980s, Microsoft has been the focus of much controversy in the computer industry. The majority of criticism has been for its business tactics, often described with the motto "embrace, extend and extinguish". Microsoft initially embraces a competing standard or product, then extends it to produce their own version which is then incompatible with the standard, which in time extinguishes competition that does not or cannot use Microsoft's new version.^[93] These and other tactics have resulted in lawsuits brought by companies and governments, and billions of dollars in rulings against Microsoft.^[94]^[43]^[9]

Freedom and Privacy

Free software proponents point to the company's joining of the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance (TCPA) as a cause of concern. A group of companies that seek to implement an initiative called Trusted Computing (which is claimed to set out to increase security and privacy in a user's computer), the TCPA is decried by critics as a means to allow software developers to enforce any sort of restriction they wish over how their customers use the software they purchased.

“ Large media corporations, together with computer companies such as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make your computer obey them instead of you.”

Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation^[95]

Advocates of free software also take issue with Microsoft's promotion of Digital Rights Management (DRM) and total cost of ownership (TCO) comparisons with its "Get the facts" campaign. Digital Rights Management is a technology that allows content providers to impose restrictions on the methods by which their products are used on consumer hardware; and subsequently, detractors contend that such technology may infringe on fair use and other rights, especially given that it restricts legal activities such as re-mixing or reproduction of material for use in slide shows or the resale of the goods by the customer.^[96]

Misrepresentation

The "Get the facts" campaign argues that Windows Server has a lower TCO than Linux and lists a variety of studies in order to prove its case.^[97] Proponents of Linux unveiled their own study arguing that, contrary to one of Microsoft's claims, Linux has lower management costs than Windows Server.^[98] Another study by the Yankee Group claims that upgrading from one version of Windows Server to another costs a significant fraction (a quarter to a third) of the switching costs from Windows Server to Linux, even for large enterprises, and that the other major reasons for a switch away from Windows servers were the increased security and reliability of Linux servers and a chance to escape the Microsoft "lock-in".^[99]

In 2004, the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) of the UK warned Microsoft that an ad from the campaign which claimed that "Linux was ... 10 times more expensive than Windows Server 2003", was "misleading", as the hardware chosen for the Linux server was needlessly expensive.^[100] The ASA's complaint was that "the measurements for Linux were performed on an IBM zSeries [mainframe], which was more expensive and did not perform as well as other IBM series." The comparison was to Windows Server 2003 running on two 900MHz Intel Xeon CPUs.^[101]

Dubious Innovation

Microsoft has been criticized^[who?] for applying for patents of pre-existing technologies, such as a 2008 patent application for the ability to progress in page-up or page-down increments with a single keystroke^[102]--a method that has been pervasive for decades. ^[103].

Products

For criticism of Windows Vista, see Criticism of Windows Vista
For criticism of Windows XP, see Criticism of Windows XP
For criticism of Windows 2000, see the criticism section of that article
For criticism of Windows Me, see the criticism section of that article
For criticism of Windows 9x, see the criticism section of that article
For criticism of Microsoft Office, see Criticism of Microsoft Office
For criticism of the Xbox 360, see Xbox 360 technical problems

Affiliate Marketing, and Your Own Website for Business Growth

2008-08-13T20:05:00.003+08:00

There are some myths in affiliate marketing, which attract a lot of people to it believing they are true. First is they think managing an online business is easy and second, they think that one can make a fortune through online marketing in an instant. Probably not even 10% of those who are into affiliate marketing became rich overnight. There may be some who fortunately achieved overwhelming success in just a short span of time after setting up an affiliate program, but not a majority of them can confidently say they only had luck. Anyone who is successful in this kind of business would say he worked hard to get to where he is right now. Success in affiliate marketing takes time and hard work, but it’s worth it.

If you are planning to start an affiliate program, one of the things you have to consider is having your own website, not just an ordinary website but a professional looking one. How do you build an affiliate marketing website? What are the easy steps to build one? First, you must have already decided on the theme or niche of your website. It would be better if you already have an idea what products or services to promote as this would help you plan the design and lay-out of your web pages. The next thing to do is to choose a domain name and get it hosted. The domain name is a unique name used to label the actual address of your website on the Internet. In deciding what domain name to register, look into the type of products you are endorsing and the theme of your site. Having the right keywords in your domain name would give you better chances of drawing more visitors to your website. Also, choose a top level domain or extension, such as .com because it is more popular. In selecting your web host, consider the security of servers and up time guarantees.

Now, you can start creating your webpages. Don’t be disheartened when you know a little in this field. There are page generation tools and fast launch sites available online; you just have to search for them. Countless online sources could help you build an affiliate marketing website, though you might need time to study and learn the whole process. This is one of the reasons why your site or the products you are going to promote must match your interest. Building your marketing website for the first time would be a lot more fun if you know very well the theme of your site. If you don’t have time to make your own website, you can use templates or purchase readily available websites. The latter, however, is a more expensive option.

Creating an affiliate website on your own would be cheaper and more interesting. In the process of building your website, you may also increase your knowledge in Information Technology and the use of computers, softwares and the Internet. As you educate yourself in these fields, you are increasing your advantage against other affiliate marketers. It helps a lot, though, if you already know the basics in web page development like programming languages and graphics softwares because you can make your site extra corporate-looking, more convenient to use or easier to navigate. Furthermore, if you are knowledgeable and skillful in this area, you can already concentrate more on the content of the page rather than the design.

The key to draw visitors to your website is to have high quality content; thus, the next thing you must pay attention to in building your marketing website is this. There may be several other factors that contribute to the success of your affiliate marketing site, but a good content tops the list. This is precisely the reason why users choose to enter your site. They want to get information and so when they don’t find it, they would definitely go elsewhere. Write interesting articles related to your theme as this would make them frequent your site. If you have already looked for affiliate programs that complement your site, add links to the business sites and other very good informative sites. Links contribute to how well you will be listed in major search engines as well. Also, create pages for the products you are endorsing, but don’t just promote the products by putting hyped-up ads. Keep your readers interested by injecting lots of relevant and useful information. This would make them click the link to the business site and buy the product. Remember that no good content means no frequent visitors, no sales and ultimately, no commission.

Grow from where you started. Learn about use of keywords for search engine optimization and apply them in your content. Update your site regularly or add new webpages. Make sure to inform your prospects about the latest updates in your site. You can use newsletters to accomplish this. The Internet offers a huge source of information about just anything, make use of it. Continue to educate yourself on how to improve your website and soon you’ll find yourself successful in affiliate marketing.

Author: Prakash Singh Author Ranking Bronze Posted: 07-08-2008 Comments: 0 Views: 1 Rating: (288)

How Safe is it to be Online?

2008-08-13T19:56:00.002+08:00

Sometimes it seems that you can never be safe on the Internet. You update your antivirus program, then read some story about the dangers of cookies or something. You download a ‘cookie crusher’ utility, then find out about port scanning. And spyware. And all the scary things hackers can do too your system. It’s amazing that anyone has the courage to go online at all.

Or at least it would be if all these things were actually true. Look more closely and you discover that many of these threats are exaggerations at best, and don’t apply to most people. Learning to pick these out is very useful, because it enables you to concentrate on the real threats, and there are plenty of those.

Understanding which problems really are scary isn’t the end of the matter, though – you need to know where to go for help. Unfortunately, there are plenty of sites with misleading security information, or others trying to sell you protection software based on promises that simply cannot be true. Picking fact from fiction can be difficult, so what should you do?

Networking Basics

All computers on the Internet have a unique IP address, represented by four numbers between 0 and 255 and separated by periods – for example, 217.46.129.21. When you enter a URL in your browser, it must be translated to an IP address before you can reach the site. It’s not only big websites that have IP addresses, of course – you have one too. Whenever your browser requests a page from a website, it also tells that site what your IP address is, so the site can send the information back to you.

There’s more to Internet identities than IP addresses. Let’s take a web server as an example; as well as letting you view web pages, it might have FTP server software running so that you can browse for files to download. The same computer might even function as a mail server, sending and receiving messages. Information relating to any of these functions can arrive at any time – receiving a web page request right in the middle of being sent a large email, for example. So, how do you keep them organized?

The answer is ports (a port doesn’t refer to a physical connection, like the serial port on your PC – it’s purely a virtual thing). When your browser sends a command to a web server, it will use the default http port 80, while FTP commands go to port 21. On the server, each program is said to be ‘listening’ to a particular port only, and will ignore commands from anywhere else.

Once again, this scheme applies just as much to the humble home based PC or Mac as a big web server. Both have these ports, and both may be giving out more information than you realize – unless you know how to close them down.

The Risks

Are you really at risk by other Internet computers using your IP address and ports? One measure of protection is provided by the way IP addresses are typically allocated. If you use a standard modem connection to dial up your ISP over a normal telephone line then you’ll find most ISPs give you a different IP address every time you connect, making it very difficult for anyone to target you specifically.

On the other hand, anyone with an ‘always on’ connection, perhaps via ADSL or a cable modem may have one IP address which stays the same (for a while anyway). And with the existence of programs called port scanners that can quickly check thousands of IP addresses for unsecured PCs, going online has to involve some level of risk, doesn’t it?

Well, it depends on how your system is set up. Don’t forget that while you can browse a web or FTP server freely; it’s because that computer is running special software to make it possible, and PCs aren’t set up this way by default.

Learn About Computers With Free Computer Learning Courses

2008-08-13T19:38:00.002+08:00

“There’s too much to learn!” “Everything changes so quickly!” “I just don’t understand!”

These are all common reactions to the overwhelming challenge of learning to use a personal computer. The volume of information, the pace of change and the intimidating technical language can make learning about computers seem like an unattainable and unrealistic goal.

However, with the right strategy, learning about computers doesn’t have to be impossible. In fact, thanks to numerous opportunities on the Internet, free computer learning courses are available to everyone and, with a structured approach; you can overcome the barriers to learning about computers and find yourself mastering computer skills quickly and painlessly.

The first step on your path to learning about computers is to tune out all of the ridicule from your friends, forget your precocious eight-year-old niece’s computer skills and focus on yourself. You can do this by defining what success means to you. Do this by setting a few compelling and attainable goals that are relevant to you and assigning them realistic timelines. Make sure these goals are observable and measurable so that you know when you’ve achieved them and can celebrate your success.

For example, if you’ve never touched a computer before, you might set a goal of being able to turn the machine on and to launch three of your favorite programs by the end of your first month of learning. Or you might focus on a specific area of learning about computers, such as navigating the Internet, and set a goal of being able to find two free computer learning courses on a program you would like to learn. Your first goal should be challenging, but not overwhelming. If you stay in your comfort zone, you won’t advance, but if you set goals you can’t achieve, you’ll quickly become discouraged. By achieving some success early on, you’ll be more motivated to challenge yourself to learn faster. This will also make learning about computers fun, which will keep your motivation at a high level.

After you’ve met your first goal – and you will! – take a little time out to celebrate your success. Brag to a friend or family member. Treat yourself to a reward for overcoming all the fear, doubt and uncertainty that comes with tackling such a daunting task. Once you’ve tasted a little success and gotten your feet wet, you’ll have a much clearer idea of what you want and need to learn. If you’ve learned how to launch your three favorite programs, you might realize that you really want or need to master one of those programs. If your goal was to navigate to some free computer learning courses, you might soon realize that you need to understand the features and functionality of a specific site. While it’s tempting at this point to dive in and learn all there is to know, resist that temptation, or you’ll risk becoming overwhelmed. Remember to read sections of the web site that will teach you how to use the site properly. You can often find these under sections like FAQs, How it Works and Getting Started.

To keep your learning on track, identify your ultimate goal and then break that down into smaller steps and goals to get you there. Once you’ve broken down your end goal into a collection of smaller, bite-size chunks of skills to learn, make sure you assign dates to each of them so that you have a timeline with which to work. Again, it’s important to challenge yourself, but don’t set timelines that are so aggressive that they seem unrealistic. Once you know all the things that you need to learn and by when, it’s simply a matter of finding the resources for learning about computers by exploring the Internet, bookstores, libraries and classroom options, such as local community colleges. There are also several free computer learning courses online that will get you started in the right direction. Most of these courses allow you to learn at your own pace and will give you a great start to learning computers with little or no financial obligation. With a little research, you can find a reputable online computer learning courses, and be on your way to materializing your goals for learning about computers in no time.

Tackling the enormous undertaking of learning how to use your computer can be overwhelming. However, by breaking it down into manageable tasks and setting your own pace for learning, you’ll be a computer guru on your own terms in no time.

Bagaiman Status Komputer Anda

2008-08-08T15:31:00.009+08:00

Banyak yang kita fikirkan mengenai perkakasan komputer yang kita sering gunakan pada masa kini. Pasti anda terfikir bebaloikah kita menggunakan teknologi ini. Bagaimana pula dengan kualiti peralatan tersebut. Dari manakah ianya dihasilkan. Siapa yang menghasilkannya.

Kita sebagai pengguna boleh membicarakan perkara ini. dengan harga komputer yang ada dipasaran sekarang adalah ditahap yang mampu dimiliki oleh semua lapisan masyarakat tidak kira apa kegunaannya. Harga komputer tidak seperti dulu yang mahal. Sekarang hanya dengan RM 999 anda boleh memiliki komputer berkemampuan tinggi.

Dahulu kita menympan komputer sehinggan 10 tahun masih boleh digunakan lagi. Tetapi komputer sekarang 2 tahun sekurang-kurangnya pasti ada yang perlu ditukar. Perlu difikirkan lagi.... Kami menunggu komen anda...

Editor's Message

2007-08-29T23:36:00.000+08:00

Software piracy :

...a question of supply
and demand ...

There is no question that software piracy is truly well and alive among us. Just visit any hypermarket at Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur or Penang. the multitude of stall selling pirated intellectual property, be it music, movie or computer software, will astound you.

While the theft and counterfeiting of intellectual property as alarming, perhaps event more frighterning is the fact that is not limited to software. Consumer-product companies lose billions each year to criminals who would copy any imaginable produst to turn a quick, illicit profit. Everything from medicines to motocyles!

"The counterfiet trade is not a 'harmless' industry as some peoplr would believe. It is nasty and vacious business that dupes customer, defrauds brand owners and robs goverment of tax revenue,"said the brand intergrity manager of leading multi-national company recently. There can be little disagreement about the truth of this statement.

There seems to be easy solution to the problem in sight. It boils down to a question of basic economics. Where they is demand for a commodoty someone will try to make money by supplying it. The vast resources in term of moneyand manpower devoted to combating intelectual property theft will never be totaly effective as long as economic principles is not given more consideration.

This is not a new idea and it has been suggested before. The millions of dolars software companies spent to combat piracy could be put to better use to benefit the end-users by lowering the price of their product. With reduced pricing and regular public education to respect intelectual property, the end user will encouraged to buy original instead of pirated products if the price difference is marginal. This is our viewis a win-win situation and the most creative way to combat intellectual theft.

When there is equal, aggordable acceess to intellectual property, there will be true respectfor intellectual property rights.

Ahmad Ya Amri Yaccob

Manager
Macode Technology

PC Promotion ( 29 Ogos - 29 Sept 2007 )

2007-08-29T08:14:00.000+08:00

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Gayapos Computer Learning-Malay Version

2007-08-27T09:55:00.000+08:00

Msg : This Computer Course Only In Malay Language.

KURSUS IT GAYAPOS KEPADA YANG BERMINAT :
Untuk ketahui bagaimana anda boleh menikmati diskaun sehingga 50% dari harga setiap kursus (tawaran diskaun ini adalah untuk masa terhad sahaja), hubungi kami segera.

KELEBIHAN KURSUS IT GAYAPOS :
1. Paling mudah ! Belajar dengan selesa di rumah sendiri. Tidak perlu ikuti kelas luaran.
2. Paling murah ! Harga paling rendah di kalangan mana-mana IPTA / IPTS
3. Tiada pengalaman diperlukan ! Pelajaran bermula dari asas dan menigkat ke lanjutan.
4. Paling lengkap ! Nota penuh , lengkap dan banyak bahan sokongan percuma diberikan !
5. Bahasa Melayu ! Semua nota dan arahan dalam bahasa Melayu.
6. Berkualiti ! Bahan kursus setaraf atau lebih baik dari yang diberikan oleh IPTA / IPTS.
7. SIJIL diberikan. Setaraf dengan sijil IPTA /IPTS dan boleh diperlakukan untuk temuduga.
8. Jaminan pulangan wang anda : Jika anda tidak puas hati ( dalam tempoh 2 minggu )

MAKLUMAT KURSUS
Bahan kursus ini disediakan oleh Compu Studies yang berpengalaman lebih sepuluh tahun dalam mengajar kursus berkaitan Teknologi Maklumat (IT). Setiap kursus yang anda sertai akan diberikan sijil yang diperlakukan untuk temuduga.
Kursus yang ditawarkan

1. Kursus Pengetahuan IT + Multimedia Gayapos (Khas buat yang tiada asas IT)
2. Kursus Windows Desktop Gayapos (Belajar menguruskan Windows)
3. Kursus Pengetahuan DVA Multimedia Gayapos (Buat wang dengan komputer anda)

4. Kursus Microsoft Word Gayapos (Tingkatkan produktiviti anda)

Harga Biasa Satu Kursus RM 160

Harga Tawaran Istimewa
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Computer Component

2007-08-26T01:51:00.000+08:00

CPU(Central Processing Unit)

A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer capable of executing a program.(Knott 1974) It interprets computer program instructions and processes data. CPUs provide the fundamental digital computer trait of programmability, and are one of the necessary components found in computers of any era, along with primary storage and input/output facilities. A CPU that is manufactured as a single integrated circuit is usually known as a microprocessor. Beginning in the mid-1970s, microprocessors of ever-increasing complexity and power gradually supplanted other designs, and today the term "CPU" is usually applied to some type of microprocessor.
The phrase "central processing unit" is a description of a certain class of logic machines that can execute computer programs. This broad definition can easily be applied to many early computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever came into widespread usage. However, the term itself and its initialism have been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s (Weik 1961). The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation has remained much the same.
Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, usually one-of-a-kind, computer. However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of mass-produced processors that are suited for one or many purposes. This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit (IC). The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured in very small spaces (on the order of millimeters). Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to cell phones to children's toys.

Mainboard / Motherboard / Mobo

A motherboard is the central or primary circuit board making up a complex electronic system, such as a modern computer. It is also known as a mainboard, baseboard, system board, or, on Apple computers, a logic board, and is sometimes abbreviated as mobo.
Most after-market motherboards produced today are designed for so-called IBM-compatible computers, which hold over 96% of the personal computer market today. Motherboards for IBM-compatible computers are specifically covered in the PC motherboard article.
The basic purpose of the motherboard, like a backplane, is to provide the electrical and logical connections by which the other components of the system communicate.
A typical desktop computer is built with the microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components on the motherboard. Other components such as external storage, controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices are typically attached to the motherboard via edge connectors and cables, although in modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate these "peripherals" into the motherboard.

Random Access Memory

Random access memory (usually known by its acronym, RAM) is a type of data storage used in computers. It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order — that is, at random and without the physical movement of the storage medium or a physical reading head.
The word "random" refers to the fact that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.This contrasts with storage mechanisms such as tapes, magnetic discs and optical discs, which rely on the physical movement of the recording medium or a reading head. In these devices, the movement takes longer than the data transfer, and the retrieval time varies depending on the physical location of the next item.

Hard Disk

Hard drive is o place we put all our saved data. All data will be process to give us output like display or printing. So many data can be saved on the hard disk. The capacity of the hard disk is 40gb, 80gb, 160gb and many more.

Computer Type

2007-08-26T00:08:00.000+08:00

Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap:

Personal computer : A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.

Workstation : A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.

Minicomputer : A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.

Mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

Supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

What Is Computer

2007-08-25T23:40:00.001+08:00

A computer is a programmable machine that takes in data and processes it into information we can use. Computers take many physical forms. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (and were nowhere near as advanced). Today, computers can be made small enough to fit into a wrist watch and be powered from a watch battery. Society has come to recognize personal computers and their portable equivalent, the laptop computer, as icons of the information age; they are what most people think of as "a computer". However, the most common form of computer in use today is by far the embedded computer. Embedded computers are small, simple devices that are often used to control other devices—for example, they may be found in machines ranging from fighter aircraft to industrial robots, digital cameras, and even children's toys.