<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503</id><updated>2026-10-01T21:49:38.405+08:00</updated><category term="Malay concept"/><category term="Program Seramik&#xa;Ceramic Department&#xa;Diploma Seramik&#xa;Kursus Seramik&#xa;Ceramic Course&#xa;UiTM Perak&#xa;FSSR&#xa;Seramik&#xa;Ceramic&#xa;AD115&#xa;Seramik Perak&#xa;Bidang Seramik&#xa;Seni Lukis dan Seni Reka"/><category term="artwork"/><category term="ceramic"/><category term="childhood"/><category term="clay"/><category term="digital glazing"/><category term="gerlis"/><category term="hybrid technique"/><category term="pembakaran"/><category term="proses seramik"/><category term="sculpture"/><title type='text'>Khairi Baharom | Ceramic Sculpture</title><subtitle type='html'>Ceramic Sculpture, Studio-Based Research, Art Education</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>36</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-8314205681975597495</id><published>2026-09-10T14:01:18.834+08:00</published><updated>2026-09-10T14:01:18.835+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Rahsia Gerlis Seramik yang Sempurna: Memahami Fungsi Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Oleh: Mohd Khairi Baharom&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1_zV9RS_JPVIbRObSWWRX76avlZL-S9a7n4a5prU3sRGIoeLRvb97EKUhnQiO84aiBLZ2rSj0ZirTWCfreF9susBYCqU0Z_qDbzvue2DC7UQ_uFg7dwdEDsK5WkcjeCYBRgS0LomB2THC2cEhgNLQiNTHqXgIp2blSc4pR1JqhCUu7WB2hmUhPTBLLlZZ/s1448/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%2010,%202026%20at%2001_58_02%20PM.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1086&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1448&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1_zV9RS_JPVIbRObSWWRX76avlZL-S9a7n4a5prU3sRGIoeLRvb97EKUhnQiO84aiBLZ2rSj0ZirTWCfreF9susBYCqU0Z_qDbzvue2DC7UQ_uFg7dwdEDsK5WkcjeCYBRgS0LomB2THC2cEhgNLQiNTHqXgIp2blSc4pR1JqhCUu7WB2hmUhPTBLLlZZ/w400-h300/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%2010,%202026%20at%2001_58_02%20PM.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 data-path-to-node=&quot;9&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Pendahuluan&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dalam dunia seni tembikar dan pengilangan seramik, resipi gerlis yang sempurna bukan hanya bergantung kepada ketepatan sukatan serbuk kaca, tanah liat, dan pigmen warna semata-mata. Kadangkala, cabaran terbesar bagi seorang pembuat seramik bukanlah pada pembentukan warna di dalam relau, tetapi pada peringkat penyediaan dan aplikasi cecair gerlis itu sendiri ke atas permukaan biskut seramik (&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;394&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;10&quot;&gt;bisqueware&lt;/i&gt;). Masalah seperti bahan gerlis termendap keras di dasar baldi, kesukaran menyapu gerlis dengan berus tanpa meninggalkan kesan garisan, atau lapisan gerlis yang kering lalu berdebu dan merekah sebelum sempat dibakar adalah mimpi ngeri yang sering berlaku.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;11&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Bagi menyelesaikan masalah teknikal ini, industri seramik secara meluas bergantung kepada sejenis bahan pengikat dan pengubahsuai kelikatan yang sangat berkesan. Bahan tersebut ialah &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;183&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;11&quot;&gt;Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Walaupun istilah kimia CMC mungkin kedengaran asing bagi penggemar seramik yang baru bermula, ia sebenarnya merupakan antara agen penstabil, pemekat, dan hidrokoloid yang paling menonjol bukan sahaja di dalam makmal kejuruteraan bahan, malah dalam barangan harian seperti makanan dan kosmetik (Saha &amp;amp; Bhattacharya, 2010). Artikel ini akan merungkai secara terperinci apakah itu CMC, sains di sebalik fungsinya dalam seramik, dan panduan praktikal cara mengaplikasikannya dalam studio seramik anda.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-path-to-node=&quot;13,0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Glosari Istilah (Berdasarkan Piawaian DBP &amp;amp; Industri)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Bagi memastikan pemahaman teks yang lebih jitu, penulisan ini telah diselaraskan dengan glosari berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,2&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,2&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;1. Istilah Bahasa Melayu Piawai DBP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul data-path-to-node=&quot;13,3&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,3,0,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,3,0,0&quot;&gt;Gerlis:&lt;/b&gt; Lapisan bahan berkaca yang disapukan pada permukaan tembikar dan dibakar (sebelum ini lebih dikenali dengan istilah Inggeris &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;133&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,3,0,0&quot;&gt;glaze&lt;/i&gt; atau istilah umum licau).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,3,1,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,3,1,0&quot;&gt;Kelikatan:&lt;/b&gt; Keadaan likat atau pekat sesuatu bendalir; rintangan cecair terhadap aliran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,3,2,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,3,2,0&quot;&gt;Pemendakan:&lt;/b&gt; Proses pemisahan bahan pepejal berat daripada cecair yang turun dan terkumpul di dasar bekas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,3,3,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,3,3,0&quot;&gt;Relau:&lt;/b&gt; Tempat pembakaran bersuhu tinggi untuk membakar bata, tembikar, dan seramik (sepadan dengan &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;99&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,3,3,0&quot;&gt;kiln&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,4&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,4&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;2. Padanan Istilah Teknikal &amp;amp; Sains DBP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul data-path-to-node=&quot;13,5&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,5,0,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,5,0,0&quot;&gt;Reologi:&lt;/b&gt; Cabang sains fizikal yang mengkaji tentang ubah bentuk dan aliran jirim (bendalir).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,5,1,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,5,1,0&quot;&gt;Penipisan Ricih:&lt;/b&gt; Sifat bendalir di mana kelikatannya berkurang (menjadi cair) apabila daya tekanan atau ricihan dikenakan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,5,2,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,5,2,0&quot;&gt;Hidrokoloid:&lt;/b&gt; Bahan polimer mikroskopik yang tersebar di dalam air untuk membentuk jaringan gel pelindung.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,6&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,6&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;3. Kata Pinjaman / Peristilahan Industri Khusus (Ditulis Condong)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul data-path-to-node=&quot;13,7&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,7,0,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,7,0,0&quot;&gt;&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,7,0,0&quot;&gt;Bisqueware&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: Tembikar biskut; seramik yang telah melalui pembakaran pertama pada suhu rendah dan belum disapu gerlis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,7,1,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,7,1,0&quot;&gt;&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,7,1,0&quot;&gt;Crawling&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: Kecacatan pada permukaan gerlis di mana ia merekah, menggulung, dan tertanggal semasa pembakaran, membiarkan badan biskut terdedah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13,7,2,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,7,2,0&quot;&gt;&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13,7,2,0&quot;&gt;Engobe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: Slip tanah liat (lazimnya berwarna) yang disapukan pada permukaan seramik sebelum proses pembakaran atau sebelum aplikasi gerlis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 data-path-to-node=&quot;14&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Apa Itu Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)?&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Secara saintifiknya, &lt;b&gt;Carboxymethyl Cellulose&lt;/b&gt; atau sering disebut sebagai &lt;b&gt;Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Na-CMC) &lt;/b&gt;adalah sejenis polimer organik larut air. Ia dihasilkan melalui proses modifikasi bahan selulosa semula jadi—yang lazimnya diekstrak daripada pulpa kayu, kapas, atau sisa gentian biosumber seperti tangkai sisa agrikultur (Klunklin et al., 2020).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;16&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dari segi sifat fizikalnya, CMC tulen hadir dalam bentuk serbuk atau butiran halus berwarna putih kekuningan yang tidak berbau dan tidak bertoksik. Apabila CMC didedahkan kepada air, struktur kimianya yang bersifat hidrofilik (suka akan air) akan menyerap molekul air dengan cepat, mengembang, dan membentuk rantaian polimer yang panjang. Rantaian ini saling berselirat di dalam cecair, mengubah air biasa menjadi larutan hidrokoloid berstruktur gel atau sirap yang sangat likat (Saha &amp;amp; Bhattacharya, 2010).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Di dalam industri seramik, sifat kelikatan dan interaksi polimer CMC menjadikannya ramuan yang sangat penting. Ia secara rasminya diklasifikasikan sebagai bahan pengikat, agen pengekal air, dan pengubahsuai reologi yang diaplikasikan secara meluas di dalam penghasilan slip tuangan, &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;283&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;17&quot;&gt;engobe&lt;/i&gt;, dan campuran gerlis (Vitali &amp;amp; Giorgini, 2019).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;17&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 data-path-to-node=&quot;18&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sains dan Mekanisme Fungsi CMC dalam Gerlis Seramik&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Menambahkan CMC ke dalam air dan campuran gerlis mencetuskan beberapa perubahan fizikal dan kimia yang kritikal. Terdapat empat fungsi utama CMC yang memberikan kelebihan mutlak kepada pembuat seramik:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-path-to-node=&quot;20&quot;&gt;3.1&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Penggantungan Bahan Berketumpatan Tinggi (Suspension)&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;21&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Serbuk gerlis seramik tidak larut di dalam air. Ia merupakan campuran mekanikal bahan-bahan berat seperti silika, feldspar, frit kaca, dan oksida logam. Jika campuran gerlis ini dibiarkan cair tanpa sebarang agen pengikat, tarikan graviti akan menyebabkan zarah-zarah berat ini tenggelam ke dasar baldi dengan pantas. Ia akan membentuk lapisan simen yang keras melalui proses pemendakan, menjadikannya mustahil untuk dikacau semula.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;22&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dengan adanya CMC, polimer panjangnya menghasilkan &quot;rangkaian sarang labah-labah&quot; secara mikroskopik di dalam air. Jaringan hidrokoloid ini bertindak sebagai pelindung yang menangkap dan menampung zarah-zarah serbuk kaca daripada jatuh ke dasar bekas (Vitali &amp;amp; Giorgini, 2019). Ini memastikan adunan gerlis sentiasa stabil, sekata, dan komposisi kimianya tepat pada setiap kali proses celupan dilakukan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-path-to-node=&quot;23&quot;&gt;3.2&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pengubahsuaian Reologi dan Penipisan Ricih&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;24&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Reologi adalah elemen penting yang menentukan kualiti sapuan seramik. Campuran gerlis yang ideal memerlukan sifat bendalir yang unik, yang dikenali sebagai penipisan ricih (Vitali &amp;amp; Giorgini, 2019).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;25&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sifat penipisan ricih bermaksud: apabila tiada tekanan dikenakan (seperti semasa ia berada di dalam baldi), cairan gerlis menjadi pekat dan stabil. Tetapi, apabila tekanan ricih dikenakan (contohnya ketika ia dikacau atau disapu menggunakan berus cat), ikatan rantaian polimer CMC akan tersusun mengikut arah aliran, menyebabkan cairan tersebut serta-merta menjadi lebih cair dan mudah mengalir dengan sangat lancar (Vitali &amp;amp; Giorgini, 2019). Apabila sapuan berus dihentikan, ia serta-merta kembali menjadi pekat dan tidak menitik ke bawah objek seramik. Ini memberikan kawalan maksimum kepada pengkarya seramik ketika mewarna perincian halus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-path-to-node=&quot;26&quot;&gt;3.3 &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Kekuatan Hijau (Green Strength) dan Cengkaman Permukaan&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;27&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sebelum seramik dibakar di dalam relau (&lt;i&gt;kiln&lt;/i&gt;), lapisan gerlis yang sudah kering adalah sangat sensitif. Tanpa bahan pengikat, lapisan serbuk kering ini akan mudah tertanggal, berdebu, atau merekah apabila dipegang dengan jari. Rantaian polimer CMC bertindak sebagai &quot;gam sementara&quot; yang sangat kuat (Klunklin et al., 2020), mengikat zarah-zarah serbuk kaca dengan kukuh antara satu sama lain dan melekat erat pada dinding badan &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;421&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;27&quot;&gt;bisqueware&lt;/i&gt;. Kelengkapan ini melindungi hasil karya anda semasa anda menyusun ratusan pasu ke dalam tungku pembakaran.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-path-to-node=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;28&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Satu lagi sifat luar biasa CMC ialah proses pembakarannya. Sebagai komponen organik yang berasaskan karbon, CMC akan meruap dan terbakar secara bersih apabila suhu relau mencecah julat 300°C hingga 500°C. Ia tidak meninggalkan sisa abu, karbon, atau menyebabkan sebarang perubahan warna kepada hasil seramik.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-path-to-node=&quot;29&quot;&gt;3.4 &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pengekalan Air (Water Retention) untuk Pengeringan Sekata&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;30&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Tanah liat biskut (seramik yang telah dibakar kali pertama tanpa gerlis) bersifat sangat poros dan berliang seperti batu karang. Apabila anda menyapu cat gerlis biasa, badan biskut akan menyedut air dengan kelajuan yang sangat mendadak, menyebabkan sisa serbuk cat mengeras pada berus dalam sekelip mata, meninggalkan tekstur tidak rata dan kecacatan &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;352&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;30&quot;&gt;crawling&lt;/i&gt; (rekahan gerlis).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;31&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kehadiran polimer hidrofilik CMC menghubung ketat molekul air melalui ikatan hidrogen, menentang kuasa sedutan daripada badan biskut (Saha &amp;amp; Bhattacharya, 2010). Proses pelepasan air yang diperlahankan ini membenarkan cecair gerlis berada dalam keadaan basah untuk tempoh masa beberapa saat lebih lama, membolehkannya diratakan secara mendatar dengan sempurna.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 data-path-to-node=&quot;32&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Panduan Penggunaan dan Sukatan CMC dalam Gerlis&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;33&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Salah satu kesilapan yang kerap dilakukan oleh pengguna baharu ialah menabur serbuk CMC kering secara langsung ke dalam cecair gerlis basah. Serbuk CMC kering yang terkena air akan secara mendadak terhidrasi pada bahagian luar, membentuk kepompong gel bergetah yang dipanggil &quot;mata ikan&quot;. Ketulan bergetah ini akan memerangkap serbuk kering di bahagian tengahnya dan tidak akan larut walaupun dikisar menggunakan pengisar berkelajuan tinggi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;34&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kaedah industri yang sebenar adalah dengan menyediakan &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;55&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;34&quot;&gt;Larutan Stok CMC (CMC Gum Solution)&lt;/b&gt; terlebih dahulu, dan menggunakan cairan hidrokoloid tersebut bagi mencairkan serbuk gerlis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;35,0&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;35,0&quot;&gt;Resipi Larutan Stok CMC (Kepekatan 2%)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;35,1&quot;&gt;Campurkan bahan berikut untuk menghasilkan larutan stok yang serba boleh:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul data-path-to-node=&quot;35,2&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;35,2,0,0&quot;&gt;Air Panas: 500 ml&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;35,2,1,0&quot;&gt;Serbuk CMC Kering: 10 Gram&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;35,3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;35,3&quot;&gt;Cara-cara:&lt;/i&gt; Panaskan air sehingga suhu suam-suam kuku atau sedikit panas. Sambil mengacau air menggunakan pemukul, taburkan serbuk CMC secara perlahan-lahan ke permukaan air. Tutup balang dan biarkan ia pada suhu bilik tanpa diganggu selama 12 hingga 24 jam. Selepas tempoh tersebut, ia akan bertukar menjadi sirap jernih yang pekat dan bebas ketulan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-path-to-node=&quot;36&quot;&gt;4.1&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Menambah Stok Ke Dalam Gerlis Berdasarkan Teknik&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;37&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nisbah penambahan cecair CMC ini sangat bergantung kepada kaedah aplikasi yang anda gunakan di studio anda:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul data-path-to-node=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;38,0,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;38,0,0&quot;&gt;Teknik Sapuan Berus:&lt;/b&gt; Tambahkan &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;31&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;38,0,0&quot;&gt;10 ml hingga 15 ml&lt;/b&gt; larutan stok CMC ke dalam setiap 100 ml gerlis cair. Kadar yang tinggi ini memanjangkan masa pengeringan, mengelakkan berus tersangkut, dan menghasilkan kualiti sapuan ibarat cat lateks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;38,1,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;38,1,0&quot;&gt;Teknik Celupan atau Tuangan:&lt;/b&gt; Tambahkan jumlah yang amat minimum, iaitu sekitar &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;79&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;38,1,0&quot;&gt;2 ml hingga 5 ml&lt;/b&gt; larutan stok bagi setiap 100 ml gerlis. Gerlis jenis celupan direka khas untuk mengering dan menetap ke badan seramik dalam tempoh kurang dari 5 saat supaya ketebalan pelapisan dapat dikawal; kadar CMC berlebihan hanya akan menyebabkan ia terlalu melekit, lambat kering, dan menitik.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;38,2,0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;38,2,0&quot;&gt;Teknik Semburan Udara:&lt;/b&gt; Gunakan sekitar &lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;39&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;38,2,0&quot;&gt;1 ml hingga 3 ml&lt;/b&gt; larutan stok sahaja. Sedikit CMC mencukupi untuk memberikan cengkaman lekatan dan mengelakkan serbuk gerlis berterbangan kembali ke udara.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;35,3&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sukatan berikut adalah berasaskan larutan stok CMC 2% piawai (10 gram CMC kering yang dilarutkan dalam 500 mL air):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table data-path-to-node=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 32px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 32px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Isi Padu Gerlis Cecair&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Teknik Sapuan Berus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Teknik Celupan / Tuangan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Teknik Semburan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,1,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;0,1,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;100 mL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,1,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;10 – 15 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,1,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;2 – 5 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,1,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;1 – 2 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,2,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;0,2,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;200 mL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,2,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;20 – 30 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,2,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;4 – 10 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,2,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;2 – 4 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,3,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;0,3,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;300 mL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,3,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;30 – 45 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,3,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;6 – 15 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,3,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;3 – 6 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,4,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;0,4,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;500 mL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,4,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;50 – 75 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,4,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;10 – 25 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,4,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;5 – 10 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,5,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;0,5,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;750 mL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,5,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;75 – 112 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,5,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;15 – 37 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,5,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;8 – 15 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,6,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;0,6,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;1,000 mL (1 L)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,6,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;100 – 150 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,6,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;20 – 50 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(196, 199, 197); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: 0px; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: relative; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; text-align: center; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;0,6,3,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: auto ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #eeeeee; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 3px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rule: 1.5px rgb(31, 31, 31); rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;10 – 20 mL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 data-path-to-node=&quot;39&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Isu-Isu Berkaitan dan Langkah Penyelesaian&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;40&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Walaupun CMC menawarkan kestabilan kelikatan yang luar biasa, penggunaannya masih memerlukan penelitian. Masalah yang sering terjadi adalah sifat penguraian semula jadinya (biodegradasi). Disebabkan CMC adalah produk organik, mikroorganisma dan bakteria sangat menggemarinya (Saha &amp;amp; Bhattacharya, 2010). Sekiranya larutan gerlis bercampur CMC disimpan pada suhu bilik atau persekitaran lembap lebih daripada tiga minggu, bakteria akan mula memakan polimer selulosa tersebut. Proses ini menyebabkan cairan berbau masam, berkulat, dan gerlis tersebut tiba-tiba hilang kelikatannya akibat penurunan struktur polimer dan kembali cair seperti air.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;41&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sebagai langkah pencegahan bagi studio yang mencampurkan stok dalam kuantiti yang banyak, anda disarankan mencampurkan setitik dua bahan pengawet komersial (ejen antibakteria atau biosid (&lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;102&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;0&quot;&gt;biocide&lt;/i&gt;) cecair seperti &lt;i&gt;Clorox)&lt;/i&gt; ke dalam bancuhan stok. Ini akan memanjangkan jangka hayat campuran CMC sehingga berbulan-bulan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 data-path-to-node=&quot;42&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Kesimpulan&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;43&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Seni pembuatan seramik adalah satu pertembungan halus antara keindahan estetika dan sains bahan. Menguruskan reologi bendalir (Vitali &amp;amp; Giorgini, 2019) dan struktur polimer menggunakan tambahan Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) membolehkan pengkarya seramik mengawal sepenuhnya sifat teknikal bendalir, sekaligus membebaskan minda mereka untuk terus fokus kepada penghasilan karya seni yang memukau. Berbekalkan ilmu pengetahuan yang tepat mengenai CMC, anda kini mampu menghindari masalah kerosakan gerlis di peringkat awal, memacu standard kualiti produk di studio anda ke tahap industri yang profesional, mapan, dan sangat tahan lasak.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-path-to-node=&quot;45&quot;&gt;Rujukan&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Saha, D., &amp;amp; Bhattacharya, S. (2010). Hydrocolloids as thickening and gelling agents in food: a critical review. &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;112&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;46&quot;&gt;Journal of Food Science and Technology&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;152&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;46&quot;&gt;47&lt;/i&gt;, 587–597. &lt;response-element class=&quot;no-md&quot; ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c4113592580=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c4113592580=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c935023329=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-010-0162-6&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:W1sicl80NDFmZTUxZGRjNzk2N2IyIiwiY19jYTYzZDQyNWRmMzVkZWVjIixudWxsLCJyY183NzYwMGJkZmJlMTA4M2Q5IixudWxsLG51bGwsIm1zIixudWxsLDEsbnVsbCxudWxsLDEsMF1d&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-010-0162-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;48&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Vitali, S., &amp;amp; Giorgini, L. (2019). Overview of the rheological behaviour of ceramic slurries. &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;94&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;48&quot;&gt;FME Transactions&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;112&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;48&quot;&gt;47&lt;/i&gt;, 42–47. &lt;response-element class=&quot;no-md&quot; ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c4113592580=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c4113592580=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c935023329=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.5937/fmet1901042v&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:W1sicl80NDFmZTUxZGRjNzk2N2IyIiwiY19jYTYzZDQyNWRmMzVkZWVjIixudWxsLCJyY183NzYwMGJkZmJlMTA4M2Q5IixudWxsLG51bGwsIm1zIixudWxsLDEsbnVsbCxudWxsLDEsMF1d&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5937/fmet1901042v&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;50&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Klunklin, W., Jantanasakulwong, K., Phimolsiripol, Y., Leksawasdi, N., Seesuriyachan, P., Chaiyaso, T., Insomphun, C., Phongthai, S., Jantrawut, P., Sommano, S. R., Punyodom, W., Reungsang, A., Ngo, T. M. P., &amp;amp; Rachtanapun, P. (2020). Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Asparagus Stalk End. &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;333&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;50&quot;&gt;Polymers&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;343&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;50&quot;&gt;13&lt;/i&gt;(1), 81. &lt;response-element class=&quot;no-md&quot; ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c4113592580=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c4113592580=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c935023329=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010081&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:W1sicl80NDFmZTUxZGRjNzk2N2IyIiwiY19jYTYzZDQyNWRmMzVkZWVjIixudWxsLCJyY183NzYwMGJkZmJlMTA4M2Q5IixudWxsLG51bGwsIm1zIixudWxsLDEsbnVsbCxudWxsLDEsMF1d&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010081&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/8314205681975597495/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/8314205681975597495' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/8314205681975597495'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/8314205681975597495'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2026/09/rahsia-gerlis-seramik-yang-sempurna.html' title='Rahsia Gerlis Seramik yang Sempurna: Memahami Fungsi Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1_zV9RS_JPVIbRObSWWRX76avlZL-S9a7n4a5prU3sRGIoeLRvb97EKUhnQiO84aiBLZ2rSj0ZirTWCfreF9susBYCqU0Z_qDbzvue2DC7UQ_uFg7dwdEDsK5WkcjeCYBRgS0LomB2THC2cEhgNLQiNTHqXgIp2blSc4pR1JqhCUu7WB2hmUhPTBLLlZZ/s72-w400-h300-c/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%2010,%202026%20at%2001_58_02%20PM.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-2203644370146152144</id><published>2026-09-08T12:08:00.004+08:00</published><updated>2026-09-08T12:08:00.004+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Fakta Menarik Tentang Seramik</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFxGTADBtL_NNOu3A2_czZidKuf3L-eUHFd8oc1HzpNON49EeietZUYRpCagNDB0Dqo38i-oqL3HYZl7LuyuaMjBP-99iWEtBYHcQTl0gQq7PhxvGd6HRV7o51eqcjLu-b-qrPDnoU9XrV9PbaN-2YdQGEnFmwcDINIVWVi_XddcHCAvrC-AS5moCY_SrY/s1374/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%208,%202026%20at%2010_33_38%20AM.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1374&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1145&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFxGTADBtL_NNOu3A2_czZidKuf3L-eUHFd8oc1HzpNON49EeietZUYRpCagNDB0Dqo38i-oqL3HYZl7LuyuaMjBP-99iWEtBYHcQTl0gQq7PhxvGd6HRV7o51eqcjLu-b-qrPDnoU9XrV9PbaN-2YdQGEnFmwcDINIVWVi_XddcHCAvrC-AS5moCY_SrY/w534-h640/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%208,%202026%20at%2010_33_38%20AM.png&quot; width=&quot;534&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/2203644370146152144/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/2203644370146152144' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/2203644370146152144'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/2203644370146152144'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2026/09/fakta-menarik-tentang-seramik.html' title='Fakta Menarik Tentang Seramik'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFxGTADBtL_NNOu3A2_czZidKuf3L-eUHFd8oc1HzpNON49EeietZUYRpCagNDB0Dqo38i-oqL3HYZl7LuyuaMjBP-99iWEtBYHcQTl0gQq7PhxvGd6HRV7o51eqcjLu-b-qrPDnoU9XrV9PbaN-2YdQGEnFmwcDINIVWVi_XddcHCAvrC-AS5moCY_SrY/s72-w534-h640-c/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%208,%202026%20at%2010_33_38%20AM.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-5624283588039376185</id><published>2026-09-07T20:42:58.754+08:00</published><updated>2026-09-07T22:02:36.017+08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="digital glazing"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gerlis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pembakaran"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="proses seramik"/><title type='text'>&quot;Digital Glazing&quot;: Inovasi Baharu Dalam Proses Penggerlisan Seramik</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;Penulis: Mohd Khairi Baharom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNNK2QOMiMKIcDO13Q1JE_AvSP1VR54yXVG1cxq9aV9k8uQVv62lCGyJIPoxFs7jIW7VuJwSnLdHFL9Rg045NJUcgT60O_SyQNpKSQPW_q-eWDcDmIdl8HRRgSzZkXkwfoC7t2Dqb3qeER-qOOMqWfyUvKzhK0Fq8mNjzB5AanlhVflWQFEPXhJDJSQpgN/s1672/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%207,%202026%20at%2004_55_41%20PM.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;941&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1672&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNNK2QOMiMKIcDO13Q1JE_AvSP1VR54yXVG1cxq9aV9k8uQVv62lCGyJIPoxFs7jIW7VuJwSnLdHFL9Rg045NJUcgT60O_SyQNpKSQPW_q-eWDcDmIdl8HRRgSzZkXkwfoC7t2Dqb3qeER-qOOMqWfyUvKzhK0Fq8mNjzB5AanlhVflWQFEPXhJDJSQpgN/w640-h360/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%207,%202026%20at%2004_55_41%20PM.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1. Pengenalan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Gerlis merupakan salah satu komponen penting dalam penghasilan produk dan karya seramik. Selain memberikan warna dan nilai estetik pada permukaan, gerlis juga berfungsi membentuk lapisan berkaca yang dapat melindungi permukaan badan seramik selepas proses pembakaran. Dalam amalan seramik, gerlis boleh diaplikasikan melalui beberapa kaedah seperti celupan, sapuan, tuangan dan semburan. Setiap kaedah memberikan kesan yang berbeza dari segi ketebalan, warna, tekstur dan kualiti permukaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Walaupun kaedah penggerlisan secara konvensional masih digunakan secara meluas dalam studio dan industri seramik, perkembangan teknologi telah membuka ruang kepada kaedah aplikasi yang lebih terkawal. Salah satu perkembangan yang semakin diberi perhatian ialah penggerlisan digital atau &quot;digital glazing&quot;. Teknologi ini membolehkan gerlis diaplikasikan pada permukaan seramik melalui sistem yang dikawal secara digital, berbanding bergantung sepenuhnya kepada kemahiran tangan atau sistem semburan biasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Perkembangan teknologi dekorasi digital dalam industri jubin seramik telah menjadi asas kepada perkembangan &quot;digital glazing&quot;. Jaramillo Nieves et al. (2020) menjelaskan bahawa selepas penggunaan teknologi dekorasi digital menjadi semakin stabil dalam industri jubin seramik, penggerlisan digital dilihat sebagai langkah seterusnya ke arah pembangunan sistem dekorasi seramik yang lebih lengkap secara digital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Perubahan ini menarik untuk diperhatikan kerana inovasi penggerlisan tidak lagi hanya melibatkan penciptaan warna atau formulasi gerlis baharu. Ia kini turut melibatkan bagaimana gerlis disediakan, dikawal, diaplikasikan dan disepadukan dengan teknologi digital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2. Apakah Yang Dimaksudkan Dengan &quot;Digital Glazing&quot;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Penggerlisan digital atau &quot;digital glazing&quot; merujuk kepada penggunaan sistem digital untuk mengawal aplikasi gerlis pada permukaan seramik. Dalam pendekatan ini, mesin dapat menentukan lokasi gerlis, jumlah bahan yang diaplikasikan dan pola permukaan berdasarkan data digital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Konsep ini mempunyai persamaan dengan teknologi cetakan digital &quot;inkjet&quot;, tetapi fungsi kedua-duanya tidak semestinya sama. Dalam dekorasi digital biasa, bahan pewarna seramik atau &quot;ceramic ink&quot; digunakan untuk menghasilkan imej, warna atau corak pada permukaan. Dalam &quot;digital glazing&quot;, bahan yang diaplikasikan mempunyai fungsi sebagai lapisan gerlis itu sendiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Salah satu sistem yang digunakan ialah kaedah &quot;drop-on-demand&quot;. Dalam pendekatan ini, titisan bahan hanya dikeluarkan apabila diperlukan pada lokasi tertentu. Sistem seperti ini membolehkan penggunaan bahan dikawal dengan lebih tepat dan mengurangkan pengeluaran gerlis pada bahagian permukaan yang tidak diperlukan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Projek Glazetile yang dibangunkan dengan sokongan Kesatuan Eropah, sebagai contoh, telah meneroka penggunaan sistem digital untuk mendepositkan suspensi gerlis berasaskan air secara terus pada permukaan jubin seramik. Teknologi tersebut dibangunkan bagi menghasilkan sistem penggerlisan yang lebih tepat dan mengurangkan kehilangan bahan semasa proses aplikasi (European Commission, 2021).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Oleh itu, &quot;digital glazing&quot; tidak seharusnya difahami sekadar sebagai mencetak imej pada seramik. Ia merupakan perubahan dalam cara gerlis dihantar, diletakkan dan dikawal pada permukaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3. Daripada Penggerlisan Konvensional Kepada Penggerlisan Digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kaedah penggerlisan konvensional mempunyai kelebihan tersendiri. Kaedah celupan, sebagai contoh, dapat menghasilkan salutan gerlis dengan cepat pada keseluruhan permukaan. Sapuan pula memberikan kebebasan kepada pengkarya untuk menghasilkan kesan yang lebih spontan. Teknik tuangan boleh menghasilkan pergerakan gerlis yang tidak sekata tetapi menarik, manakala semburan membolehkan lapisan yang lebih lembut dan beransur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa kaedah ini mempunyai kekangan dari segi penggunaan bahan dan kawalan ketebalan. Dalam proses semburan, sebahagian gerlis mungkin tidak sampai kepada permukaan objek. Keadaan ini menyebabkan pembaziran bahan dan menghasilkan partikel halus dalam persekitaran kerja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sebaliknya, &quot;digital glazing&quot; menggunakan sistem yang lebih terkawal. Gerlis dapat diletakkan pada kawasan tertentu sahaja berdasarkan data yang telah ditetapkan. Dalam pengeluaran industri, pendekatan ini mempunyai potensi untuk meningkatkan ketepatan dan mengurangkan penggunaan bahan yang tidak diperlukan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;European Commission (2021) melaporkan bahawa teknologi Glazetile direka untuk mengurangkan kehilangan gerlis melalui proses aplikasi yang lebih tepat. Sistem tersebut juga menggunakan suspensi berasaskan air sebagai satu usaha mengurangkan kebergantungan kepada bahan pembawa organik tertentu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Namun, ini tidak bermaksud kaedah konvensional sudah tidak relevan. Dalam seramik studio dan karya seni, variasi yang terhasil daripada sapuan tangan, celupan atau tuangan boleh menjadi sebahagian daripada bahasa visual pengkarya. Penggerlisan digital menawarkan jenis kawalan yang berbeza, khususnya apabila ketepatan, pengulangan dan variasi berdasarkan data diperlukan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Rajah 1 menunjukkan perubahan asas daripada aplikasi gerlis secara konvensional kepada sistem penggerlisan digital. Walaupun kaedah aplikasi berubah daripada kawalan tangan kepada kawalan berasaskan data, proses pengeringan dan pembakaran masih menjadi faktor utama yang menentukan pembentukan serta kualiti permukaan gerlis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCHc1GUaA4K8heM49yrqATWF6aLUbrB3WMIKhWKXKzmjmNJZzpHyue2Hjw_fBUHaDVz0B5KLlREluj4dOJsVK7JfgfAEKUIKWghpBXSe_TyACuAASi9338nhxNSHC0Hn8hlVOtpQwnhek5HEsRKs8iM-OpQzcX4h4iFIbtJOQ9YekqxgJXipX7Run8XsrU/s1774/Rajah%201.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;887&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1774&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCHc1GUaA4K8heM49yrqATWF6aLUbrB3WMIKhWKXKzmjmNJZzpHyue2Hjw_fBUHaDVz0B5KLlREluj4dOJsVK7JfgfAEKUIKWghpBXSe_TyACuAASi9338nhxNSHC0Hn8hlVOtpQwnhek5HEsRKs8iM-OpQzcX4h4iFIbtJOQ9YekqxgJXipX7Run8XsrU/w640-h320/Rajah%201.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rajah 1.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Perkembangan proses penggerlisan daripada kaedah konvensional kepada penggerlisan digital dan pembakaran.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nota. &lt;/b&gt;Rajah dibangunkan oleh penulis berdasarkan konsep penggerlisan digital yang dibincangkan oleh Jaramillo Nieves et al. (2020) dan European Commission (2021).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;4. Bagaimanakah Proses &quot;Digital Glazing&quot; Dilakukan?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Walaupun sistem penggerlisan digital bergantung kepada teknologi mesin, kejayaannya masih berkait rapat dengan pengetahuan asas bahan seramik. Gerlis yang digunakan perlu mempunyai ciri tertentu supaya dapat bergerak melalui sistem aplikasi dan membentuk lapisan yang baik pada permukaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;4.1 Penyediaan Permukaan Seramik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Badan seramik perlu berada dalam keadaan yang sesuai sebelum gerlis diaplikasikan. Permukaan yang terlalu berdebu atau tercemar boleh mengganggu lekatan gerlis. Tahap penyerapan badan juga penting kerana ia mempengaruhi bagaimana air daripada suspensi gerlis diserap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dalam amalan studio biasa, keadaan badan biskut sering dinilai melalui pengalaman. Dalam sistem digital, kawalan terhadap permukaan perlu lebih konsisten kerana perubahan kecil pada penyerapan dan tekstur boleh mempengaruhi hasil aplikasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;4.2 Penyediaan Suspensi Gerlis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Gerlis untuk sistem digital perlu berada dalam bentuk suspensi yang stabil. Ini bermaksud partikel pepejal perlu tersebar dengan baik dalam medium cecair dan tidak mendap dengan terlalu cepat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Beberapa ciri penting termasuk:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul data-spread=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;saiz partikel atau &quot;particle size&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;kelikatan atau &quot;viscosity&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;sifat aliran atau &quot;rheology&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;kestabilan suspensi atau &quot;suspension stability&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ketegangan permukaan atau &quot;surface tension&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Perkara ini penting kerana gerlis perlu bergerak melalui saluran atau bahagian penghantaran mesin tanpa menyebabkan penyumbatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Jaramillo Nieves et al. (2020) menyatakan bahawa salah satu isu penting dalam pembangunan gerlis untuk aplikasi digital ialah saiz partikel. Partikel dalam suspensi perlu dikawal kerana saiz yang terlalu besar boleh menimbulkan masalah pada sistem aplikasi digital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;4.3 Kawalan Saiz Partikel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Saiz partikel bukan hanya penting untuk memastikan gerlis dapat melalui sistem aplikasi. Ia juga boleh mempengaruhi struktur lapisan gerlis selepas diaplikasikan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kajian Jaramillo Nieves et al. (2020) menunjukkan bahawa perubahan dalam taburan saiz partikel mempengaruhi kecekapan susunan partikel dalam lapisan gerlis. Apabila struktur lapisan berubah, tahap keliangan turut berubah. Keadaan ini kemudiannya memberi kesan kepada bagaimana bahan dekorasi digital diserap dan tersebar di atas permukaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kajian yang lebih terkini oleh Yıldız (2024) turut menunjukkan bahawa taburan saiz partikel boleh memberi kesan kepada ciri gerlis seperti struktur mikro, kekilatan, pembentukan kristal dan sifat permukaan selepas pembakaran. Ini menunjukkan bahawa proses pengisaran dan pengawalan saiz partikel bukan sekadar perkara teknikal sebelum aplikasi, tetapi boleh mempengaruhi hasil visual akhir gerlis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Bagi pelajar seramik, perkara ini penting untuk difahami. Gerlis yang kelihatan sama dari segi komposisi kimia belum tentu menghasilkan permukaan yang sama jika saiz partikelnya berbeza.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;4.4 Aplikasi Gerlis Secara Digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Selepas suspensi disediakan, sistem digital mengawal bagaimana bahan diletakkan pada permukaan. Melalui kawalan digital, jumlah bahan pada sesuatu kawasan boleh ditambah atau dikurangkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Keadaan ini membuka kemungkinan untuk menghasilkan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul data-spread=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;lapisan yang berbeza ketebalan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;kawasan gerlis terpilih atau &quot;selective glazing&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;permukaan bertekstur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;pola berulang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;perubahan antara matte dan berkilat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;kesan relief&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;variasi permukaan berdasarkan imej atau data digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dalam konteks reka bentuk, perkara ini mempunyai potensi yang besar kerana permukaan boleh dirancang sejak peringkat awal melalui fail digital dan kemudiannya diterjemahkan kepada aplikasi bahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;4.5 Pengeringan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Selepas aplikasi, air daripada suspensi gerlis perlu dikeluarkan secara terkawal. Jika pengeringan berlaku secara tidak sekata, lapisan gerlis mungkin mengalami keretakan atau pemisahan daripada badan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Walaupun sistem aplikasi telah menjadi digital, isu asas seperti pengeringan masih kekal penting. Ini menunjukkan bahawa teknologi digital tidak menghapuskan prinsip asas dalam teknologi seramik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;4.6 Pembakaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Tahap akhir masih melibatkan proses pembakaran. Semasa pembakaran, komponen dalam gerlis mula bertindak balas, mencair dan membentuk permukaan berkaca atau separa berkaca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kualiti akhir bergantung kepada hubungan antara:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul data-spread=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;komposisi gerlis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;badan seramik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;saiz partikel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ketebalan aplikasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;suhu pembakaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;kadar kenaikan suhu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;atmosfera pembakaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;tempoh pembakaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Yıldız (2024) menunjukkan bahawa saiz partikel boleh mempengaruhi proses pembentukan fasa dan struktur mikro gerlis selepas pembakaran. Oleh itu, ketepatan sistem digital masih perlu disokong oleh kefahaman terhadap ilmu bahan dan pembakaran seramik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;5. Mengapa &quot;Particle Size&quot; Dan &quot;Rheology&quot; Sangat Penting?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Salah satu perkara yang menarik dalam &quot;digital glazing&quot; ialah hubungan yang sangat rapat antara teknologi mesin dengan sains bahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Mesin yang canggih tidak akan dapat menghasilkan gerlis yang baik jika suspensi bahan tidak mempunyai sifat aliran yang sesuai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&quot;Rheology&quot; secara mudah merujuk kepada bagaimana sesuatu bahan mengalir apabila dikenakan daya. Dalam gerlis, sifat ini berkait dengan kelikatan, jumlah pepejal, saiz partikel dan interaksi antara partikel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Jika suspensi terlalu cair, gerlis mungkin merebak terlalu jauh selepas menyentuh permukaan. Jika terlalu pekat, ia mungkin sukar bergerak melalui sistem aplikasi. Jika partikel mendap terlalu cepat, komposisi bahan yang keluar daripada mesin boleh berubah sepanjang proses pengeluaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Jaramillo Nieves et al. (2020) menunjukkan bahawa perubahan saiz partikel gerlis boleh mempengaruhi struktur lapisan dan seterusnya bagaimana titisan bahan dekorasi bergerak pada permukaan. Ini menunjukkan bahawa pengawalan &quot;particle size&quot; dan &quot;rheology&quot; merupakan sebahagian daripada reka bentuk proses, bukan hanya isu penyediaan bahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: verdana; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-MeX2Si0K8sipTYuMg7GJmfGE5Huivn64wNXkjU4cpRnfH0qpz5WiKdgQ2sXCQEWgsRMilZQ2H8JJPdBoSyjCs3Sw5lNKkumJK1WIZaNlKBWznaIrksqVI0S18eR0z-YaRhBHXhBjQ8o9HzUSY9l9wBa7dhx64aqiEdsMVh6oIMhJhsB4eUKUzAmnSEFq/s1448/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%207,%202026%20at%2009_41_58%20PM.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1086&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1448&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-MeX2Si0K8sipTYuMg7GJmfGE5Huivn64wNXkjU4cpRnfH0qpz5WiKdgQ2sXCQEWgsRMilZQ2H8JJPdBoSyjCs3Sw5lNKkumJK1WIZaNlKBWznaIrksqVI0S18eR0z-YaRhBHXhBjQ8o9HzUSY9l9wBa7dhx64aqiEdsMVh6oIMhJhsB4eUKUzAmnSEFq/w640-h480/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%207,%202026%20at%2009_41_58%20PM.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;6. Inovasi Gerlis Berasaskan Air&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Salah satu perkembangan penting dalam &quot;digital glazing&quot; ialah penggunaan suspensi gerlis berasaskan air atau &quot;water-based&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dalam sesetengah teknologi aplikasi digital terdahulu, penggunaan bahan pembawa organik diperlukan untuk memastikan sifat aliran sesuai dengan sistem mesin. Namun, penggunaan bahan tersebut boleh meningkatkan isu pelepasan wap dan keperluan sistem pengudaraan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Projek Glazetile memberi perhatian kepada pembangunan suspensi gerlis berasaskan air yang dapat diaplikasikan secara digital. Menurut European Commission (2021), sistem tersebut direka untuk menggunakan suspensi berasaskan air dan mengurangkan kehilangan gerlis melalui kawalan kawasan aplikasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sistem DigiGlaze dalam projek tersebut menggunakan mekanisme &quot;drop-on-demand&quot; yang membolehkan bahan dikeluarkan berdasarkan keperluan proses. Pendekatan ini juga dikembangkan supaya dapat mengendalikan saiz partikel yang lebih hampir kepada gerlis konvensional berbanding sistem cetakan digital yang memerlukan partikel sangat halus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Perkembangan ini menarik kerana ia menunjukkan bahawa inovasi tidak semestinya bermaksud menghasilkan bahan yang semakin kompleks. Dalam keadaan tertentu, inovasi juga boleh bermaksud mencari sistem yang membolehkan bahan berasaskan air digunakan dengan lebih berkesan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCsXM4qmWQK37iW32JdAaqAWQLx0dE8rh0MXyVTv3jrcpjgwGeDDlwUifHkHLRxLrtq_CKQJxpaYE1Q0YmZP0kKXsIcwwFZAc4jEVDNAMjhtPMelskJC1DHNSKdDgU-J35oRmj33LuHDCrrE4h6FMih56KTgjZ1hXsUMS63KdMAJm8CuKrx8_DaOhA2xFS/s1448/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%207,%202026%20at%2009_48_33%20PM.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1086&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1448&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCsXM4qmWQK37iW32JdAaqAWQLx0dE8rh0MXyVTv3jrcpjgwGeDDlwUifHkHLRxLrtq_CKQJxpaYE1Q0YmZP0kKXsIcwwFZAc4jEVDNAMjhtPMelskJC1DHNSKdDgU-J35oRmj33LuHDCrrE4h6FMih56KTgjZ1hXsUMS63KdMAJm8CuKrx8_DaOhA2xFS/w640-h480/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%207,%202026%20at%2009_48_33%20PM.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: verdana; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7. &quot;Digital Glazing&quot; dan Kelestarian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Perbincangan mengenai teknologi seramik masa kini semakin berkait dengan isu kelestarian. Industri seramik menggunakan bahan mentah, air dan tenaga dalam jumlah yang besar, terutamanya pada peringkat pengisaran, pengeringan dan pembakaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Penggerlisan digital mempunyai beberapa potensi dari sudut penggunaan bahan. Sistem yang hanya mengeluarkan gerlis pada kawasan yang diperlukan dapat mengurangkan pembaziran berbanding proses yang menghasilkan lebihan semburan atau gerlis terbuang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dalam pembangunan Glazetile, antara sasaran yang diberikan ialah mengurangkan kehilangan gerlis serta penggunaan sistem berasaskan pelarut organik tertentu. Penggunaan gerlis berasaskan air turut dilihat sebagai satu cara untuk mewujudkan persekitaran kerja yang lebih baik dan mengurangkan pelepasan wap daripada medium organik (European Commission, 2021).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Walau bagaimanapun, &quot;digital glazing&quot; tidak seharusnya terus dianggap sebagai teknologi yang sepenuhnya mesra alam. Mesin digital masih memerlukan tenaga, penyelenggaraan, komponen elektronik dan sistem kawalan. Gerlis juga masih melibatkan bahan mentah yang perlu diproses dan akhirnya melalui pembakaran pada suhu tertentu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Oleh itu, nilai kelestarian lebih tepat dilihat melalui peningkatan kecekapan penggunaan bahan, pengurangan sisa dan peningkatan kawalan proses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;8. Potensi &quot;Digital Glazing&quot; dalam Seni Seramik dan Amalan Studio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Penggerlisan digital pada masa ini lebih banyak dikembangkan untuk industri jubin seramik. Namun, prinsip di sebalik teknologi tersebut mempunyai potensi untuk diterokai dalam seni seramik dan reka bentuk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dalam amalan studio, pengkarya biasanya mengawal gerlis melalui gerakan tangan. Ketebalan sapuan, arah tuangan atau jarak semburan boleh menghasilkan variasi yang sukar diulang dengan tepat. Keadaan ini sering menjadi sebahagian daripada nilai ekspresif karya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Teknologi digital menawarkan pendekatan yang berbeza. Permukaan boleh dibina melalui data dan arahan yang telah ditetapkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Contohnya, seorang pengkarya boleh menghasilkan permukaan yang mempunyai kawasan gerlis tebal dan nipis berdasarkan imej digital. Bahagian tertentu boleh dibiarkan tanpa gerlis manakala bahagian lain mempunyai lapisan yang sangat tepat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Pengkarya juga boleh menggabungkan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul data-spread=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&quot;digital glazing&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;cetakan seramik digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;tekstur tiga dimensi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;gerlis matte&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;gerlis berkilat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;relief&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;imej fotografi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;corak yang dihasilkan melalui komputer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kemungkinan ini membuka satu persoalan yang menarik dalam seni seramik. Jika sebelum ini gerlis banyak dikawal melalui tangan, apakah bentuk visual yang dapat dihasilkan apabila penggerlisan dikawal melalui data?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Teknologi ini tidak seharusnya hanya digunakan untuk menghasilkan permukaan yang sempurna. Dalam konteks seni, sistem digital juga boleh digunakan secara eksperimental untuk menghasilkan ketidakteraturan, perbezaan ketebalan dan hubungan antara kawalan mesin dengan sifat semula jadi bahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh96lBGDfa4d3cPjsHkNQb9u37Ac3xyEiYPwwYWHG1nm8oOyATeTMfGWMrQT553l-mqlB7yVjOIrrV52L-_jBioHmUQ5FoB4EKH6EIkyIyG9q8DtPJL5NOSalI2sbUaPMDJ1JmD4sGWyR0Nz7VL5s5uMYPYr2IptDBPUtQQbHcxKKcL2rc3d1bRvRyjpuuq/s1402/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%207,%202026%20at%2009_56_15%20PM.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1402&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1122&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh96lBGDfa4d3cPjsHkNQb9u37Ac3xyEiYPwwYWHG1nm8oOyATeTMfGWMrQT553l-mqlB7yVjOIrrV52L-_jBioHmUQ5FoB4EKH6EIkyIyG9q8DtPJL5NOSalI2sbUaPMDJ1JmD4sGWyR0Nz7VL5s5uMYPYr2IptDBPUtQQbHcxKKcL2rc3d1bRvRyjpuuq/w512-h640/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%207,%202026%20at%2009_56_15%20PM.png&quot; width=&quot;512&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;9. Perkembangan Lain dalam Teknologi Gerlis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Selain penggerlisan digital, penyelidikan berkaitan gerlis turut berkembang dalam beberapa arah lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Salah satu pendekatan yang menarik ialah penggunaan teknologi &quot;sol-gel&quot;. Sfez et al. (2022) membangunkan sistem gerlis berasaskan matriks aluminosilikat &quot;sol-gel&quot; yang membolehkan pewarna organik tertentu digunakan pada permukaan porselin dan kaca. Kajian tersebut menunjukkan bahawa lapisan yang dihasilkan mempunyai warna yang terang, lekatan yang baik dan kestabilan kimia, serta boleh dihasilkan melalui proses bersuhu lebih rendah berbanding beberapa pendekatan pewarnaan seramik konvensional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Apa yang menarik ialah penyelidikan tersebut turut melihat potensi teknologi tersebut untuk aplikasi artistik. Penggunaan pewarna organik membuka kemungkinan warna yang berbeza daripada sistem pewarna seramik tradisional yang banyak bergantung kepada oksida logam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Walaupun pendekatan &quot;sol-gel&quot; berbeza daripada &quot;digital glazing&quot;, kedua-duanya menunjukkan bahawa inovasi gerlis kini bergerak dalam pelbagai arah. Satu arah memberi perhatian kepada ketepatan aplikasi melalui digitalisasi, manakala satu lagi meneroka perubahan dalam bahan dan proses pembentukan lapisan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kajian berkaitan prestasi permukaan juga semakin penting. Fabris et al. (2025), sebagai contoh, mencadangkan pendekatan penilaian terhadap sifat tribomekanikal gerlis jubin seramik. Ini menunjukkan bahawa penyelidikan gerlis masa kini tidak hanya melihat warna dan kekilatan, tetapi juga prestasi permukaan seperti ketahanan terhadap geseran dan kehausan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;10. Kelebihan dan Cabaran &quot;Digital Glazing&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Penggerlisan digital mempunyai beberapa kelebihan yang jelas. Ia memberikan kawalan yang lebih tinggi terhadap lokasi dan jumlah gerlis. Corak dapat diulang dengan lebih konsisten dan variasi permukaan dapat dibina berdasarkan data digital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Penggunaan bahan juga boleh menjadi lebih cekap kerana gerlis tidak semestinya perlu diaplikasikan pada keseluruhan permukaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Namun, teknologi ini mempunyai beberapa cabaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Pertama ialah kos mesin dan sistem kawalan. Teknologi ini masih lebih sesuai untuk pengeluaran industri berbanding studio kecil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kedua ialah keperluan penyediaan gerlis yang lebih terkawal. Gerlis konvensional tidak semestinya boleh terus digunakan dalam mesin digital tanpa perubahan terhadap saiz partikel dan sifat aliran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Ketiga ialah penyelenggaraan. Sistem digital mempunyai bahagian mekanikal dan saluran bahan yang perlu sentiasa berada dalam keadaan baik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Keempat ialah keperluan kemahiran baharu. Pengguna bukan sahaja perlu memahami gerlis dan pembakaran tetapi juga perlu memahami pengurusan fail digital, parameter mesin dan hubungan antara data dengan bahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dengan kata lain, &quot;digital glazing&quot; tidak mengurangkan keperluan pengetahuan seramik. Sebaliknya, ia menambahkan satu lagi lapisan pengetahuan yang perlu dikuasai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;11. Adakah &quot;Digital Glazing&quot; Akan Menggantikan Penggerlisan Tradisional?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kemungkinan besar tidak.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kaedah tradisional dan digital mempunyai kekuatan yang berbeza.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dalam penghasilan tembikar studio, kesan sapuan berus, aliran gerlis dan tindak balas bahan yang sukar diramal mempunyai nilai estetik tersendiri. Kesan sebegini mungkin tidak perlu dikawal secara sempurna.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dalam pengeluaran industri pula, ketepatan dan kebolehulangan merupakan perkara yang penting. Dalam keadaan ini, &quot;digital glazing&quot; menawarkan kelebihan yang jelas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Bagi seni seramik kontemporari, pendekatan yang lebih menarik mungkin bukan memilih salah satu antara tradisional dan digital, tetapi menggabungkan kedua-duanya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sebagai contoh, lapisan pertama boleh diaplikasikan secara digital untuk membentuk pola yang tepat. Lapisan kedua pula boleh disapu atau dituang secara manual. Selepas pembakaran, interaksi antara kedua-dua lapisan boleh menghasilkan permukaan yang menggabungkan ketepatan teknologi dengan sifat spontan bahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Pendekatan seperti ini menunjukkan bahawa teknologi digital tidak semestinya menghapuskan sentuhan tangan. Sebaliknya, ia boleh menambah satu lagi alat kepada proses kreatif pengkarya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;12. Implikasi terhadap Pendidikan Seramik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Perkembangan &quot;digital glazing&quot; turut memberi implikasi terhadap pendidikan seramik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Pengajaran seramik secara tradisional biasanya bermula dengan pengenalan kepada tanah liat, pembentukan, pengeringan, pembakaran biskut, penggerlisan dan pembakaran akhir. Pengetahuan ini masih merupakan asas yang sangat penting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Namun, perkembangan teknologi menunjukkan bahawa pelajar seramik pada masa hadapan mungkin perlu memahami lebih daripada proses studio konvensional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Antara pengetahuan tambahan yang boleh diperkenalkan ialah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul data-spread=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;reka bentuk digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;pemodelan tiga dimensi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;pengurusan warna digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;asas &quot;particle size&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;asas &quot;rheology&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;sistem cetakan digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&quot;digital fabrication&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;kelestarian bahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;analisis permukaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;pengujian bahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Ini amat relevan kepada bidang reka bentuk seramik industri kerana seorang pereka pada masa hadapan mungkin perlu berkomunikasi dengan ahli sains bahan, jurutera, juruteknik mesin dan pakar digital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Pada masa yang sama, pelajar dalam bidang seni seramik juga boleh mendapat manfaat daripada perkembangan ini. Teknologi boleh dilihat sebagai satu lagi medium eksperimen yang membuka cara baharu untuk membina permukaan, imej dan pengalaman visual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Pendidikan seramik dengan itu tidak harus meninggalkan kemahiran tradisional. Sebaliknya, pembelajaran boleh menghubungkan pengetahuan tangan dengan pengetahuan digital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;13. Kesimpulan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Perkembangan &quot;digital glazing&quot; menunjukkan bahawa proses penggerlisan seramik sedang bergerak ke arah aplikasi yang lebih terkawal, tepat dan berasaskan data. Teknologi ini berkembang daripada kemajuan dekorasi digital dalam industri seramik dan kini mula memberi perhatian kepada aplikasi gerlis itu sendiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Walaupun mesin digital merupakan komponen penting, kejayaan proses masih bergantung kepada asas teknologi seramik seperti komposisi gerlis, &quot;particle size&quot;, &quot;rheology&quot;, pengeringan dan pembakaran. Ini menunjukkan bahawa teknologi baharu tidak menggantikan pengetahuan bahan. Sebaliknya, teknologi memerlukan pemahaman bahan yang lebih mendalam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Penggunaan sistem berasaskan air turut menunjukkan potensi untuk mengurangkan beberapa bentuk pembaziran dan pelepasan bahan dalam proses penggerlisan. Pada masa yang sama, perkembangan seperti teknologi &quot;sol-gel&quot; menunjukkan bahawa inovasi gerlis turut berlaku pada tahap formulasi dan pembentukan lapisan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Bagi pengkarya seramik, persoalan yang lebih menarik bukan sekadar sama ada teknologi digital boleh menghasilkan permukaan yang lebih sempurna. Persoalan yang boleh diterokai ialah bagaimana teknologi ini boleh digunakan sebagai sebahagian daripada bahasa seni.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Mungkin pada masa hadapan, perbezaan antara proses manual dan digital menjadi semakin kecil. Pengkarya boleh menggunakan tangan untuk membentuk tanah liat, data untuk mengawal gerlis dan pembakaran untuk membenarkan bahan memberikan tindak balas terakhir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Di sinilah teknologi dan sifat semula jadi seramik boleh bertemu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Persoalannya, adakah &quot;digital glazing&quot; pada masa hadapan hanya menjadi teknologi industri, atau ia juga akan berkembang menjadi satu lagi medium kreatif dalam seni seramik kontemporari?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Rujukan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;European Commission. (2021).&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Innovative approach for the digital ceramic tile glazing process, using a continuous inline glazer: Glazetile&lt;/em&gt;. Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Fabris, R., Masi, G., Mazzini, D., Sanseverino, L., &amp;amp; Bignozzi, M. C. (2025). Tribomechanical properties of glazes for ceramic tiles: A novel protocol for their characterization.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Materials, 18&lt;/em&gt;(1), Article 60.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-rich-text-autolink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010060&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010060&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Jaramillo Nieves, L. J., Lot, A. V., Melchiades, F. G., &amp;amp; Boschi, A. O. (2020). Digital decoration for ceramic tiles: The effect of glazes particle size distribution on the inkjet decoration.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio, 59&lt;/em&gt;(1), 44–48.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-rich-text-autolink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2019.06.005&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2019.06.005&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;isSelectedEnd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Sfez, R., De-Botton, S., Avnir, D., &amp;amp; Wakshlak, R. (2022). Sol-gel glazes: A safe glass and ceramics coloring approach.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 102&lt;/em&gt;, 562–573.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-rich-text-autolink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05699-4&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05699-4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Yıldız, B. (2024). Effect of particle size distribution on the properties of celsian based glazes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, 60&lt;/em&gt;, 1495–1504.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-rich-text-autolink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-024-01058-y&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-024-01058-y&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/5624283588039376185/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/5624283588039376185' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/5624283588039376185'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/5624283588039376185'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2026/09/digital-glazing-inovasi-baharu-dalam.html' title='&quot;Digital Glazing&quot;: Inovasi Baharu Dalam Proses Penggerlisan Seramik'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNNK2QOMiMKIcDO13Q1JE_AvSP1VR54yXVG1cxq9aV9k8uQVv62lCGyJIPoxFs7jIW7VuJwSnLdHFL9Rg045NJUcgT60O_SyQNpKSQPW_q-eWDcDmIdl8HRRgSzZkXkwfoC7t2Dqb3qeER-qOOMqWfyUvKzhK0Fq8mNjzB5AanlhVflWQFEPXhJDJSQpgN/s72-w640-h360-c/ChatGPT%20Image%20Sep%207,%202026%20at%2004_55_41%20PM.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-2070350769188166399</id><published>2020-09-25T17:42:00.010+08:00</published><updated>2020-09-27T01:31:06.610+08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Program Seramik&#xa;Ceramic Department&#xa;Diploma Seramik&#xa;Kursus Seramik&#xa;Ceramic Course&#xa;UiTM Perak&#xa;FSSR&#xa;Seramik&#xa;Ceramic&#xa;AD115&#xa;Seramik Perak&#xa;Bidang Seramik&#xa;Seni Lukis dan Seni Reka"/><title type='text'>Bidang Pengajian Seramik Di UiTM </title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Disediakan oleh: Mohd Khairi Baharom (PhD)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pengenalan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Bidang seni seramik di Malaysia bukanlah suatu bidang yang asing atau baru. Bidang ini telah lama wujud sejak sekian lama. Akan tetapi ramai yang tidak begitu mengenali bidang seramik ini serta fungsi kepakaran dari bidang ini kepada negara dan kehidupan menyebabkan masyarakat kurang berminat untuk mendekati bidang seramik ini. Jika ditanya kepada masyarakat tentang seramik, ramai akan memberikan contoh pasu bunga, labu sayong, tempayan dan jubin. Jawapan ini adalah berdasarkan jawapan majoriti orang ramai tentang seramik yang selalu saya dengar. Hakikatnya, di peringkat pengajian tinggi seperti di UiTM, mahasiswa program seramik tidak mempelajari menghasilkan produk kraf tradisional. Mereka menghasilkan sesuatu produk atau karya yang lebih berinovatif mempunyai konsep gaya moden kontemporari serta memperlihatkan potensi kreativiti tinggi seperti produk &lt;i&gt;tableware, kitchenware, &lt;/i&gt;inovasi produk baru berfungsi, karya estetik (arca), dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;giftware.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Di Malaysia, tidak banyak institusi pengajian tinggi (IPT) yang menawarkan kursus bidang seramik ini. Universiti Teknologi MARA merupakan &lt;i&gt;pioneer&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;menawarkan program seramik yang telah melahirkan ramai artis atau pengkarya dan pereka seramik tanah air. Persoalannya apakah bidang seramik ini? Saya akan cuba memberikan jawapan yang terbaik berdasarkan pengalaman saya sebagai tenaga pengajar di dalam bidang ini sejak tahun 2000 hingga kini di UiTM Cawangan Perak.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieBTmCY5rI2D5_OX9E6ubbURd25_enXP5pLKh7r5YEr9LciEz3asmmK-t9LmfHvq0xg5PVFmSUzjXwmlceY4fZPRi7X-_KqvN1BjWH9xr3r6FLKXtOxIf4mdcDKetw6b9B7HKL7TwtD04x/s1668/9C779ECD-D9EE-4E7A-B54A-12D6EA337E9D.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;926&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1668&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieBTmCY5rI2D5_OX9E6ubbURd25_enXP5pLKh7r5YEr9LciEz3asmmK-t9LmfHvq0xg5PVFmSUzjXwmlceY4fZPRi7X-_KqvN1BjWH9xr3r6FLKXtOxIf4mdcDKetw6b9B7HKL7TwtD04x/s320/9C779ECD-D9EE-4E7A-B54A-12D6EA337E9D.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Jabatan Seramik, Fakulti Seni Lukis dan Seni Reka UiTM Cawangan Perak&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Bidang Seni Seramik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Terma seramik yang secara mudahnya didefinisikan sebagai suatu bahan tanah liat (bukan organik) yang dibakar pada suhu yang tinggi menyebabkan bahan tanah liat ini berubah menjadi kaca dan keras. Berdasarkan terma ini telah memberikan satu gambaran bahawa bahan seramik ini mempunyai kaitan secara langsung dengan teknologi bahan atau kimia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Apabila dikatakan berkaitan dengan teknologi, maka, ianya adalah benar bahawa pembuatan seramik merupakan satu pencapaian teknologi termaju yang pernah manusia lakukan sejak 20,000 tahun dahulu. Manusia menghasilkan teknik pembakaraan untuk mendapatkan suhu tertentu untuk pencapaian sesuatu peringkat kualiti produk seperti gerlis (permukaan kaca bewarna), penyediaan kualiti tanah liat untuk kegunaan kaedah penghasilan produk dan jenis produk untuk fungsi-fungsi tertentu. Pencapaian manusia dengan teknologi seramik ini masih berkembang sehingga sekarang di mana kebanyakkan peralatan elektronik rumah, kenderaan dan hingga ke teknologi angkasa lepas menggunakan bahan seramik seperti &lt;i&gt;break &lt;/i&gt;kenderaan, &lt;i&gt;bearings, &lt;/i&gt;bahan pelindung enjin kenderaan,&amp;nbsp;kapasitor, RAM (Random Access Memory), &lt;i&gt;processor&lt;/i&gt;, sebagai bahan pelindung dinding luaran kapal angkasa (tahan haba yang tinggi), ekzos jet, penebat haba dan lain-lain lagi. Jika dibaca kenyataan ini boleh dikatakan bidang seramik ini merupakan luas diperkembang dan digunakan dalam bidang kejuruteraan. Akan tetapi bagaimana pula untuk bidang seramik di IPT?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Apa yang saya bincangkan di sini adalah tentang bidang seramik yang ditawarkan di UiTM sahaja. Program seramik di UiTM bermatlamatkan menghasilkan graduan yang berpengetahuan, berkemahiran, beretika serta profesional di dalam bidang. Secara keseluruhannya, kursus-kursus yang terdapat di dalam program ini berfokuskan kepada kemahiran menghasilkan karya kreatif dan reka bentuk produk berinovatif moden kontemporari dan bukannya menghasilkan produk kraf tradisional seperti labu sayong atau tempayan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKfEA_Ik3HpWKC52jPx2bqKdcmZAquyGpHeGu5GcS2dQqfJ3em7bIVKaqeND7zZVY-EhL1080oLEmAi_-mcpsG3TeJyHDbjyhMIiA1pIEGgEGpOZog_tXlbNXF-siU5J4l1XzMBk5NVs3f/s3264/IMG_20170411_110511.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;3264&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2448&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKfEA_Ik3HpWKC52jPx2bqKdcmZAquyGpHeGu5GcS2dQqfJ3em7bIVKaqeND7zZVY-EhL1080oLEmAi_-mcpsG3TeJyHDbjyhMIiA1pIEGgEGpOZog_tXlbNXF-siU5J4l1XzMBk5NVs3f/s320/IMG_20170411_110511.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Karya Arca Mahasiswa Program Seramik&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Program Seni Seramik&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Para mahasiswa di dalam program ini didedahkan dengan pengetahuan terkini serta digalakkan menghasilkan karya estetik (arca) atau rekaan produk inovatif berdasarkan kreativiti masing-masing. Mahasiswa menggunakan minat kreatif masing-masing dalam menghasilkan produk atau karya akhir berdasarkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang diperolehi. Sebagai contoh, terdapat mahasiswa yang menggunakan minat terhadap &lt;i&gt;anime&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Jepun dan menghasilkan karya figura mengikut tema yang diberikan. Daya kreativiti pelajar mengolah reka bentuk asas &lt;i&gt;anime&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;yang dipilih digabungkan dengan tema yang disediakan menjadikan kelainan reka bentuk dan konsep karya yang dihasilkan. Contoh lain; terdapat mahasiswa yang minat terhadap produk pembahagi air (&lt;i&gt;water dispenser&lt;/i&gt;). Mahasiswa ini akan mengolah membuat asas penyelidikan rekabentuk berdasarkan rujukan reka bentuk yang sedia ada untuk memastikan fungsi pada rekaan terbaru akan lebih efisyen dan mempunyai gaya reka bentuk moden kontemporari berdasarkan tema yang diberi.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUJtDqqpsilfSlc6JFMUYXHkCC_DMB0hZnT2L9YilOJVxZuPD44DF66uoDOlE2Es2sCiYaK267BF__UqvjPhuuSQQUq5UrDnkboNpOAJAU9dVAOCv4_asEpvHk0AUUWVY9t8ZbNfr_A9NL/s3264/IMG_20180702_112825.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;2448&quot; data-original-width=&quot;3264&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUJtDqqpsilfSlc6JFMUYXHkCC_DMB0hZnT2L9YilOJVxZuPD44DF66uoDOlE2Es2sCiYaK267BF__UqvjPhuuSQQUq5UrDnkboNpOAJAU9dVAOCv4_asEpvHk0AUUWVY9t8ZbNfr_A9NL/s320/IMG_20180702_112825.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Karya Arca Mahasiswa Seramik&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Apakah kaedah penghasilan seramik? Mahasiswa akan mempelajari proses penghasilan produk atau karya seramik menggunakan kaedah formal pembuatan. Terdapat tiga jenis kaedah utama penghasilan seramik yang perlu difahami dan diperolehi kemahiran oleh mahasiswa iaitu; teknik buatan tangan (&lt;i&gt;handbuilding method; studio&lt;/i&gt;), teknik lemparan alin (&lt;i&gt;throwing method; studio&lt;/i&gt;) dan teknik tuangan slip (&lt;i&gt;slip casting method; industry&lt;/i&gt;). Kesemua kaedah ini merupakan kaedah wajib yang akan dipelajari oleh mahasiswa semasa di UiTM dan juga merupakan kaedah yang sama digunakan oleh industri seramik di seluruh dunia. &amp;nbsp;Secara tidak langsung, para graduan program seramik ini telah dilengkapi pengetahuan dan kemahiran global membolehkan mereka bekerja dengan industri seramik tempatan dan antarabangsa. Terdapat beberapa orang graduan program seramik UiTM telah menyambung pelajaran mereka di dalam bidang yang sama di peringkat sarjana muda, sarjana dan PhD ke luar negara seperti Jepun, Australia, dan United Kingdom&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMisboEEsVEHIE5Dsy3gxaVXtwj9nl0kB4nAyb6pc2hrbq2ND2Kjx-Bf7rWigiOMobz7CtOVmT5nr5FAY7vLVdg87LufNKGAgKgE9EnQBoL-Vzg5cbLi7g0V7Vvyj0ZbD8Hr6_xcN5MeNE/s2048/292832F7-4A45-48EB-9EF1-0909015441F9.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;2048&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1536&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMisboEEsVEHIE5Dsy3gxaVXtwj9nl0kB4nAyb6pc2hrbq2ND2Kjx-Bf7rWigiOMobz7CtOVmT5nr5FAY7vLVdg87LufNKGAgKgE9EnQBoL-Vzg5cbLi7g0V7Vvyj0ZbD8Hr6_xcN5MeNE/s320/292832F7-4A45-48EB-9EF1-0909015441F9.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Kaedah Lemparan Alin (Throwing Method)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bonus Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Mahasiswa Program Seni Seramik&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Apa yang menarik lagi, mahasiswa di dalam program ini juga akan mempelajari reka bentuk 3-D menggunakan komputer. Antara perisian 3-D (CAD/CAM) yang diajar adalah AutoCAD dan SOLIDWORK 3D, menjadikan mereka dilengkapi kemahiran tambahan yang membolehkan mereka bergraduat dan bekerja dengan mana-mana industri yang memerlukan pekerjaan merekabentuk produk 3-D yang tidak semestinya &amp;nbsp;dalam industri seramik, seperti produk plastik, produk mainan, animasi, dan lain-lain yang memerlukan lukisan secara 3-D (CAD/CAM).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIjjj0ymUJVNyU-GutOUSSlHkBqeYPSzCE8zS5-VD3fKIcmKiHrYwaFNYtXxkjbOyN9OE7elfPkUovsRC7HDxPUUdd-7hTjOPGJdsmj5Dwglf4Ge7PVLhOHecspLxhheBShHJ8ldekCfyH/s900/E21B4084-8D79-45DA-973A-908E3A690282.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;675&quot; data-original-width=&quot;900&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIjjj0ymUJVNyU-GutOUSSlHkBqeYPSzCE8zS5-VD3fKIcmKiHrYwaFNYtXxkjbOyN9OE7elfPkUovsRC7HDxPUUdd-7hTjOPGJdsmj5Dwglf4Ge7PVLhOHecspLxhheBShHJ8ldekCfyH/s320/E21B4084-8D79-45DA-973A-908E3A690282.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Lukisan 3-D Projek Menggunakan Aplikasi SOLIDWORKS 3D&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz_BOLb5NaS9r56JVux8_u4b0xUaZVMFaWGK-k4uvq71cr-xS5iRhyeg7ANDOU5y_H9Y08poLzxluJgVUu0dn13Nr7M5oOXIIz_naSrP6swrz8fkQ2CPOx8WgsvJcb4sCbtA8o8RTWO8dY/s2048/F01D4FE9-1F3E-493C-8AC0-BDD301BAF6CE.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1536&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2048&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz_BOLb5NaS9r56JVux8_u4b0xUaZVMFaWGK-k4uvq71cr-xS5iRhyeg7ANDOU5y_H9Y08poLzxluJgVUu0dn13Nr7M5oOXIIz_naSrP6swrz8fkQ2CPOx8WgsvJcb4sCbtA8o8RTWO8dY/s320/F01D4FE9-1F3E-493C-8AC0-BDD301BAF6CE.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Selain dari perisian 3-D yang diajar, apakah kelebihan lain yang diperolehi oleh mahasiswa program ini? Di dalam kurikulum program ini terdapat beberapa kemahiran lain yang diajar seperti kursus pengkomersilan. Kursus ini membolehkan mahasiswa meneroka produk-produk yang berada dipasaran dan membuat inovasi penghasilan produk baru yang setanding dipasaran. Secara tidak langsung, kursus ini membolehkan mahasiswa menguasai kemahiran keusahawanan yang boleh membuka peluang mereka menjadi usahawan seramik jika berminat secara hobi ataupun sepenuh masa setelah bergraduat. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6RtPSMq48HMVcz7OQGr9g1DYsAwk9TTZ-zVLlXXJyATdW9hKl9gi-pxys6_03vX_BDSpa0UgE64lwdm67rC9EAtjPT7UcEMuiFxc9iK9RUJq5WM_og6U1NliXK291H_b-3uDQIJSYSa_J/s2048/05213251-3599-4EC7-AD60-85F71CAF5AB6.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1536&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2048&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6RtPSMq48HMVcz7OQGr9g1DYsAwk9TTZ-zVLlXXJyATdW9hKl9gi-pxys6_03vX_BDSpa0UgE64lwdm67rC9EAtjPT7UcEMuiFxc9iK9RUJq5WM_og6U1NliXK291H_b-3uDQIJSYSa_J/s320/05213251-3599-4EC7-AD60-85F71CAF5AB6.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Mahasiswa Didedahkan Dengan Program Keusahawanan&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Diperingkat awal pembelajaran dan pengajaran program seramik, mahasiswa dilatih melukis dan mempelajari teori prinsip dan elemen seni lukis dan seni reka menjadikan mereka lebih berpengetahuan dan berkemahiran dalam lukisan. Kursus-kursus ini melengkapkan mereka untuk menguasai terma seni lukis dan seni reka secara khusus dan membolehkan mereka membuat persembahan secara lisan dan visual menggunakan pengetahuan ini. Ilmu pengetahuan ini adalah penting untuk mana-mana mahasiswa seni menguasainya sebagai pelengkap untuk pekerjaan dalam bidang seni di masa depan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PROJEK SERAMIK YANG DIHASILKAN PELAJAR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bahagian ini saya akan memberikan penerangan proses asas projek seramik studio (teknik buatan tangan atau teknik lemparan alin) sahaja. Untuk proses projek seramik industri (teknik tuangan slip) agak berbeza. Setiap semester pengajaran dan pembelajaran di dalam program seni seramik akan mempunyai projek-projek penghasilan karya atau produk seramik berdasarkan konsep atau tema yang diberikan. Keperluan mahasiswa menghasilkan karya atau produk mengikuti tema ini adalah sebagai satu proses pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;case study&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;untuk membiasakan mahasiswa cuba menghasilkan sesuatu produk atau karya berdasarkan penyelidikan tema atau konsep berkenaan. Kaedah ini adalah satu simulasi seperti pelanggan atau majikan memberikan tugasan konsep penghasilan karya atau produk kepada pereka/pengkarya (mahasiswa).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_xpNQCs6mcql0KOXXSr17TPNmx-KUf-D4cK6p5AX8ixumCLr_RbQXPrtXBbZ1k4nsQFmyMt0KuqTMaEGkQJYlHmY0EDj5cKI6BwNoxoAmwZVcWSsuTHPJkmDkVwCfjJSg0LgvpMM4b_r8/s1600/54E783FC-B43E-48A1-A722-B6B238652758.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1124&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_xpNQCs6mcql0KOXXSr17TPNmx-KUf-D4cK6p5AX8ixumCLr_RbQXPrtXBbZ1k4nsQFmyMt0KuqTMaEGkQJYlHmY0EDj5cKI6BwNoxoAmwZVcWSsuTHPJkmDkVwCfjJSg0LgvpMM4b_r8/s320/54E783FC-B43E-48A1-A722-B6B238652758.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Penyelidikan Merupakan Asas Mengenalpasti Projek di Peringkat Awal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkF5DE0TduUYzNnm5frmmJ_A78r14cKKtXO4DvwDLmnbOK1qhchyphenhyphenv-mXW1R0ko4x58dLrHbGGpWgV8LFqr1hpRsYjPAJo5HwW_7RjAcJ5zpWamL7Tm4_t0ioCQ1elIb4Jucj5MtvmqZCcI/s1588/DE7DE827-2C6D-408C-8FCC-EBC0F6C6C3EC.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1132&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1588&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkF5DE0TduUYzNnm5frmmJ_A78r14cKKtXO4DvwDLmnbOK1qhchyphenhyphenv-mXW1R0ko4x58dLrHbGGpWgV8LFqr1hpRsYjPAJo5HwW_7RjAcJ5zpWamL7Tm4_t0ioCQ1elIb4Jucj5MtvmqZCcI/s320/DE7DE827-2C6D-408C-8FCC-EBC0F6C6C3EC.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Berdasarkan tema atau konsep ini, mahasiswa akan menghasilkan satu dokumentasi penyelidikan konsep berkenaan dan membuat persembahan dokumentasi berkenaan dalam bentuk &lt;i&gt;moodboard.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Persembahan ini akan disemak dan dikomen oleh pensyarah yang mengajar. Mahasiswa lain juga akan membantu memberikan cadangan atau komen yang mungkin boleh dipertimbangkan untuk penambahbaikan. Kaedah persembahan ini melatih &lt;i&gt;soft skills &lt;/i&gt;mahasiswa secara berterusan menjadikan mereka lebih berkeyakinan tinggi dalam sesuatu pembentangan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Selepas &lt;i&gt;moodboard, &lt;/i&gt;mahasiswa akan mula menghasilkan lukisan perkembangan idea berdasarkan komen dan cadangan pensyarah dan rakan-rakan. Satu jumlah lukisan perkembangan idea dihasilkan dan mahasiswa akan memilih beberapa lukisan yang terbaik dibincangkan dengan pensyarah untuk memilih reka bentuk produk atau karya akhir. Kriteria pemilihan lukisan reka bentuk karya atau produk akhir ini berdasarkan rekaan yang mempunyai penterjemahan yang baik antara konsep dan reka bentuk.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCVgJ2OwYKM17fmzQAsP2RETYmimBQ5gg5zNOLsuUY26JCuj7wvRay17ll8Tlq-XB1wk8p2ccTIE_mmp6UG-OQm0O1CN_niUo0VmURoPx_KjQsbwGUCymohNjCbre0SuC3zByt7R2i5eRC/s1239/6551381B-FE0D-45AA-8D1A-72E37A1A2A07.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1239&quot; data-original-width=&quot;878&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCVgJ2OwYKM17fmzQAsP2RETYmimBQ5gg5zNOLsuUY26JCuj7wvRay17ll8Tlq-XB1wk8p2ccTIE_mmp6UG-OQm0O1CN_niUo0VmURoPx_KjQsbwGUCymohNjCbre0SuC3zByt7R2i5eRC/s320/6551381B-FE0D-45AA-8D1A-72E37A1A2A07.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Lukisan Perkembangan Idea&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh345512CsbZRSNuc_qeJ7MQfMWhYQa_zWC4Mzq4p4j6YCL-1z0gGG0fdsOfQLIm1SMnj9aFAdlDYThsHIyXzwwaqbqqSR97PV2mplTAfeXr7ZbHo_CE09e4lnxZdP7G9EfKM84XQ1Z3VYp/s1600/F4028F98-2FF1-4316-A74A-3A78DE5A806F.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1135&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh345512CsbZRSNuc_qeJ7MQfMWhYQa_zWC4Mzq4p4j6YCL-1z0gGG0fdsOfQLIm1SMnj9aFAdlDYThsHIyXzwwaqbqqSR97PV2mplTAfeXr7ZbHo_CE09e4lnxZdP7G9EfKM84XQ1Z3VYp/s320/F4028F98-2FF1-4316-A74A-3A78DE5A806F.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Setelah reka bentuk akhir dipilih maka mahasiswa akan mula menghasilkan model atau prototaip menggunakan tanah liat. Tujuan menghasilkan model atau prototaip ini adalah untuk membolehkan mahasiswa memahami proses penghasilan seramik mengikut reka bentuk yang dipilih serta untuk mengelakkan atau mengurangkan masalah teknikal bentuk semasa menghasilkan reka bentuk produk atau karya akhir nanti. Pengalaman menghasilkan prototaip juga akan memberikan satu pengalaman teknikal bahan tanah liat yang perlu difahami oleh mahasiswa. Ini kerana tanah liat mempunyai sifat plastik yang unik dan perlukan fokus dan pemahaman kebolehannya oleh mahasiswa sebelum dapat menjayakan sesuatu bentuk. Kefahaman proses yang diperolehi melalui pengalaman mahasiswa menghasilkan model atau prototaip ini adalah amat penting membolehkan mereka dapat menghasilkan reka bentuk akhir yang berkualiti dan mengikut terjemahan daripada lukisan akhir yang dibuat. Kualiti reka bentuk produk atau karya akhir adalah berdasarkan beberapa faktor yang telah dicadangkan di dalam penyelidikan dan lukisan seperti saiz, warna, bentuk, fungsi, kesan permukaan, gerlis dan persembahan. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_SJFjvFM47eG8ANOrumCfR9f9mnn0QBDaBBJvZS-djQ2SlCeSEURjcSEKvUM5QlYrb_2RxEQG8FvisJlCaX-5IFxWUYzWTH8vJIJZPrupFwrOrgMCd_gNqNBhXTEbcsR5nz1chrPI4ebd/s1920/6CFA0BA8-AF35-466D-B496-FF1063D00DB4.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1920&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1080&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_SJFjvFM47eG8ANOrumCfR9f9mnn0QBDaBBJvZS-djQ2SlCeSEURjcSEKvUM5QlYrb_2RxEQG8FvisJlCaX-5IFxWUYzWTH8vJIJZPrupFwrOrgMCd_gNqNBhXTEbcsR5nz1chrPI4ebd/s320/6CFA0BA8-AF35-466D-B496-FF1063D00DB4.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Contoh Karya Yang Telah Siap Dihasilkan oleh Mahasiswa&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8SjXAgo_foh1vXFb7hVJK8yewiHtRK7KP5ZuCOgJxXBMFDuY1YbbQpCso0CUep0gVHR1F6DgLdpuwuaZUqxUGReHr_Qez1uG_OaLzaQ27OnQkPE1BrZcUchuwTyZ8H0855bTkT9-dNIxw/s1600/25242E6E-DC76-4A0C-AC2B-1CC2960A4189.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1600&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1200&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8SjXAgo_foh1vXFb7hVJK8yewiHtRK7KP5ZuCOgJxXBMFDuY1YbbQpCso0CUep0gVHR1F6DgLdpuwuaZUqxUGReHr_Qez1uG_OaLzaQ27OnQkPE1BrZcUchuwTyZ8H0855bTkT9-dNIxw/s320/25242E6E-DC76-4A0C-AC2B-1CC2960A4189.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-2Mno99J-USyewVk1KXe6Mz7yko-ye3la5n5mwB_at8L0rv9GM7GmXJHUTTD-3Lqnn6VEPC-B7QGI-DmVmJQncWe2mD4JXKXBs0waAyGUMDDh4MTeOYoZrBwIIL42fJalLzXXcxyl-dgE/s1920/B1479B0B-0801-4EC7-8105-BD40E8A4B168.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-2Mno99J-USyewVk1KXe6Mz7yko-ye3la5n5mwB_at8L0rv9GM7GmXJHUTTD-3Lqnn6VEPC-B7QGI-DmVmJQncWe2mD4JXKXBs0waAyGUMDDh4MTeOYoZrBwIIL42fJalLzXXcxyl-dgE/s320/B1479B0B-0801-4EC7-8105-BD40E8A4B168.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Proses karya ini membantu mendidik mahasiswa sentiasa berfikiran jauh dan peka untuk mendapatkan keputusan karya atau produk akhir yang lebih berkualiti tinggi dan berpotensi untuk dikomersilkan. Produk akhir yang didapati mencapai kualiti potensi pasaran seramik secara tidak langsung akan motivasikan mahasiswa menghasilkan karya dan produk berkualiti yang lebih tinggi di masa hadapan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Proses penghasilan produk atau karya seramik memerlukan ruang masa yang agak lama dan boleh dinyatakan seperti berikut (kaedah projek studio):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1. Proses penyediaan bahan tanah liat; uli (teknik kepala kambing (ox head) atau teknik pusingan (spiral)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2. Proses proses pembuatan prototaip; teknik buatan tangan / lemparan alin.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3. Proses rawatan permukaan dan pengeringan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4. Proses pembakaran; &lt;i&gt;bisque&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;5. Proses menggerlis; penyediaan gerlis dan aplikasi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6. Proses pembakaran; gerlis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;7. Proses persembahan akhir (&lt;i&gt;display as its function&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Jenis-Jenis Produk Atau Karya Seramik&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Mahasiswa di dalam program seramik ini bebas memilik jenis produk atau karya akan tetapi mereka perlu mengikut konsep atau tema yang diberikan oleh pensyarah. Produk atau karya seramik yang dipilih oleh mahasiswa adalah sebaiknya mengikut minat mereka dan disesuaikan dengan tema atau konsep yang diberi. Tujuan ini adalah untuk menggalakkan mereka fokus dengan proses penghasilan produk atau karya mereka. Jika menghasilkan sesuatu yang kurang minat akan menyebabkan mahasiswa cepat bosan dengan proses pembuatan dan mengakibatkan produk atau karya yang dihasilkan tidak capai kualiti yang memuaskan. Berdasarkan pengalaman saya, mahasiswa yang membuat reka bentuk berdasarkan minat mereka amat membantu menghasilkan karya mereka dan mencapai kualiti yang diperlukan berbanding mahasiswa yang memilih reka bentuk yang bukan minat mereka.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sebagai contoh; ada mahasiswa memilih robot sebagai idea produk jar. Beliau menghasikan rekaan produk yang menggabungkan reka bentuk mekanikal robot berfungsi sebagai penutup. Idea kreatif beliau ini telah berjaya menghasilkan satu rekaan baru jar yang mempunyai fungsi seakan mekanikal robot (berdasarkan kajian fungsi robot). Ini bermakna, beliau menggabungkan idea robot dan jar untuk projek akhir. Beliau dilihat begitu bersemangat menyiapkan karya ini memandangkan beliau amat meminati robot.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSna50K1yPOmWdl21nxbbsXj_OsDoBmgd4A74cg7xOFFEwiAGz0KQbXp1fOG8-KqqPT8zIle6MXt8OWKIN5lYhTeXIObD-sffI8NsHHn4AF7_FgbyvsGT7HMl674zKXnwwhTPqWFFH6iIm/s2048/6D950F3E-2B36-4FDA-8989-BF22394B9365.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1437&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2048&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSna50K1yPOmWdl21nxbbsXj_OsDoBmgd4A74cg7xOFFEwiAGz0KQbXp1fOG8-KqqPT8zIle6MXt8OWKIN5lYhTeXIObD-sffI8NsHHn4AF7_FgbyvsGT7HMl674zKXnwwhTPqWFFH6iIm/s320/6D950F3E-2B36-4FDA-8989-BF22394B9365.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM8a9pLEi2z7Ql8CWfn23tJOZMl8PJdHpOhd3LvopZ1MKSk5W9UhLqbn5NRMJ17zD2u6_lbdqP_W2mAHILDPa7cpm9sKd30ZQDcF0gS17mFttY0wwJgNOKq0D6YfK88GjgrmbzPKICoJ2b/s2048/C947CB97-A311-4733-B185-7104A5AEFA46.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1152&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2048&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM8a9pLEi2z7Ql8CWfn23tJOZMl8PJdHpOhd3LvopZ1MKSk5W9UhLqbn5NRMJ17zD2u6_lbdqP_W2mAHILDPa7cpm9sKd30ZQDcF0gS17mFttY0wwJgNOKq0D6YfK88GjgrmbzPKICoJ2b/s320/C947CB97-A311-4733-B185-7104A5AEFA46.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;Antara produk yang pernah dihasilkan oleh mahasiswa program seramik adalah seperti berikut:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tableware&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;; set makan malam, set teko, set sushi, set mangkuk sup dan sudu, set kole (mug), set pinggan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Kitchenware&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;; bekas penyimpanan sudu serta sudu, tempat penyimpanan span basuhan dan sabun pencuci, &lt;i&gt;laddle, storage jar, &lt;/i&gt;tempat pemanggang (BBQ)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Giftware&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;; &lt;i&gt;decorative bowl, deco plate&lt;/i&gt;, trofi, vase&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4. Perhiasan Rumah (&lt;i&gt;Home Deco&lt;/i&gt;); &lt;i&gt;oil burner, potpouri, candle holder, mini garden, terrarium, lantern, keys holder, wind chime.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;5. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Arca (sculpture)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;; &lt;/i&gt;arca awam, arca berfungsi, panel dinding, figura&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_Oaef0yQzkB4PhSXw-Ht3T7FvkTKLW9WDyEV0qThWAHyun5lCV-2j9YbCxlpeK-sB54YrCY7D9A4f0riKS4lTbHq6R-dwP0iNJIN1xYVqfG4rWnADMpaZlK-L8OATmoxsJ1LjX7MgBS-/s2048/811FBCB2-B995-4706-B11A-CCB24A074B87.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1365&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2048&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_Oaef0yQzkB4PhSXw-Ht3T7FvkTKLW9WDyEV0qThWAHyun5lCV-2j9YbCxlpeK-sB54YrCY7D9A4f0riKS4lTbHq6R-dwP0iNJIN1xYVqfG4rWnADMpaZlK-L8OATmoxsJ1LjX7MgBS-/s320/811FBCB2-B995-4706-B11A-CCB24A074B87.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Mahasiswa Digalakkan Menyertai Pertandingan Reka Bentuk Produk Atau Pameran Seni. Mahasiswa Ini Telah&amp;nbsp; Memenangi Hadiah Utama Pertandingan Cenderamata Tahun Melawat Negeri Perak 2019&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Penutup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Program seni seramik ini dilihat semakin berkembang di Malaysia. Graduan daripada program ini mempunyai kemahiran yang mencukupi untuk mereka menceburi bidang kerjaya berkaitan. Statistik daripada Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi tahun 2019, bidang seramik telah mencapai antara bidang yang mudah mendapat peluang pekerjaan. Ini membuktikan bahawa penambahbaikan kurikulum program yang dihasilkan mempunyai potensi membentuk graduan memiliki kepelbagaian kemahiran dari aspek penghasilan seramik studio dan industri, lukisan, lukisan komputer 3-D, soft skills, kreativiti, dan pengetahuan bahan seramik menjadikan mereka bersedia dan laku dipasaran pekerjaan. Antara potensi kerjaya di dalam bidang seramik ialah sebagai pereka, konsultan seni, pengarah seni, juruteknik makmal seramik, pengarca, guru seni, pensyarah, jurulatih seni, pelukis illustrasi, kurator, &lt;i&gt;clay animator&lt;/i&gt; dan usahawan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/2070350769188166399/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/2070350769188166399' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/2070350769188166399'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/2070350769188166399'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2020/07/bidang-pengajian-seramik.html' title='Bidang Pengajian Seramik Di UiTM '/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieBTmCY5rI2D5_OX9E6ubbURd25_enXP5pLKh7r5YEr9LciEz3asmmK-t9LmfHvq0xg5PVFmSUzjXwmlceY4fZPRi7X-_KqvN1BjWH9xr3r6FLKXtOxIf4mdcDKetw6b9B7HKL7TwtD04x/s72-c/9C779ECD-D9EE-4E7A-B54A-12D6EA337E9D.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Kampus Seri Iskandar, Bandar Baru Seri Iskandar,, 32610 Bota, Negeri Perak, Malaysia</georss:featurename><georss:point>4.3555839 100.9568444</georss:point><georss:box>-22.308022840580488 65.8005944 31.019190640580486 136.1130944</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-3352118014047235462</id><published>2014-08-21T00:47:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2014-08-21T00:50:38.206+08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="artwork"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ceramic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="childhood"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="clay"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="hybrid technique"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Malay concept"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sculpture"/><title type='text'>Solo Exhibition: Retrospection &amp; Prodigy, MADA Gallery, Caulfield, Australia</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;By Mohd Khairi Baharom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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This exhibition comprises the practical component of my studio research.&lt;br /&gt;
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This research project investigate my childhood memory. The notion of play as expressed in self-made toys and their relationship to sculptural practice. The studio research component has been engaged in modelling and constructing object-based ceramic work that form a group of hand-built artwork incorporating various materials in the process. This process derives from personal engagement with select childhood memory as a basis of investigation alongside ceramic history and tradition. The concepts underpinning studio production, use flora and Malay culture - as a starting point for a series of sculpture that reference the organic in a controlled and animated condition as well as pursuing technical advances.&lt;br /&gt;
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The exhibition date : 14 - 23 April 2014&lt;br /&gt;
Venue: MADA Gallery, Monash Art Design &amp;amp; Architecture, Caulfield, Australia&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBi7uXZFCm8AggYTcxwDDS91GKTe1vLi-h6cZRlDxzHAZmEJiNDjTyX3W47xYaP9W8B34n1aDGMm6gUx07JofJrW_JT85VrXfzN0rWiThX-3GxSkYpMXxUo7YgC_OzwLN9fmxS4kkKmlyL/s1600/IMG_20140422_232150.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBi7uXZFCm8AggYTcxwDDS91GKTe1vLi-h6cZRlDxzHAZmEJiNDjTyX3W47xYaP9W8B34n1aDGMm6gUx07JofJrW_JT85VrXfzN0rWiThX-3GxSkYpMXxUo7YgC_OzwLN9fmxS4kkKmlyL/s1600/IMG_20140422_232150.JPG&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; width=&quot;173&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/3352118014047235462/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/3352118014047235462' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/3352118014047235462'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/3352118014047235462'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2014/08/solo-exhibition-retrospection-prodigy.html' title='Solo Exhibition: Retrospection &amp; Prodigy, MADA Gallery, Caulfield, Australia'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYD8NtF2_U9n87snQ2lHshbkmlnKQENlcDj8NvT7-cP5OrWuDhGt5vujmNKk01R9bZcIm6qZJrJOuIyipnHcbNd5zgErFm1hgW_yaz9VLXXDaySmmymQOPXrnR7Y6dS64ill5yvidLrEtC/s72-c/IMG_20140422_230350.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-9083234496276811922</id><published>2012-06-21T22:29:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2012-06-21T22:29:53.353+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Peringkat Suhu Pembakaran Seramik</title><content type='html'>100 darjah selsuis&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Seluruh kandungan air akan menjadi wap.&lt;br /&gt;
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200 darjah selsuis&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Air yang terdapat di dalam jasad produk mengering.&lt;br /&gt;
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300 darjah selsuis&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Bahan organik menjadi karbon.&lt;br /&gt;
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400 darjah selsuis&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Produk dipanaskan menjadi kehitaman (karbon).&lt;br /&gt;
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500 darjah selsuis&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Produk dipanaskan menjadi sedikit kemerahan.&lt;br /&gt;
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600 darjah selsuis&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - TANAH LIAT BERTUKAR MENJADI SERAMIK.&lt;br /&gt;
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700 darjah selsuis&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Proses perubahan bahan menjadi seramik terus berlaku.&lt;br /&gt;
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800 darjah selsuis&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Proses &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintering&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sintering&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;inter-crystallization&lt;/i&gt;) iaitu proses percantuman partikel bahan.&lt;br /&gt;
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900 darjah selsuis&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Proses percantuman partikel terus berlaku.&lt;br /&gt;
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1000 darjah selsuis - Kebanyakkan bahan &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonite&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;carbonites&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; berpisah.&lt;br /&gt;
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1100 darjah selsuis - Perbentukkan bahan &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullite&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;mullite&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristobalite&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;cristobalite&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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1200 darjah selsuis - Pencantuman menjadi kaca (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrification&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;vitrification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) bagi kebanyakkan tanah berwarna merah.&lt;br /&gt;
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1300 darjah selsuis - Pencantuman menjadi kaca bagi kebanyakkan jenis &lt;a href=&quot;http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/secondary+clay&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;secondary clay&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; seperti stoneware.&lt;br /&gt;
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1400 darjah selsuis - &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-paste_porcelain&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hard-paste porcelain&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; menjadi kaca.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Rujukan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;1) Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, 4th Edition, London: Craftman House, 2000.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;2) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, &quot;Sintering&quot; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintering (accessed June 22, 2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;3) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, &quot;Carbonite&quot; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonite (accessed June 22, 2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;4) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, &quot;Mullite&quot; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullite (accessed June 22, 2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;5) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, &quot;Cristobalite&quot; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristobalite (accessed June 22, 2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;6) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, &quot;Vitrification&quot; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrification (accessed June 22, 2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;7) The Free Dictionary by Farlex, &quot;secondary clay&quot; http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/secondary+clay (accessed June 22, 2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;8) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, &quot;Hard-paste Porcelain&quot; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-paste_porcelain (accessed June 22, 2012)&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/9083234496276811922/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/9083234496276811922' title='113 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/9083234496276811922'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/9083234496276811922'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2012/06/peringkat-suhu-pembakaran-seramik.html' title='Peringkat Suhu Pembakaran Seramik'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>113</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-6163114492483485094</id><published>2012-06-12T13:50:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2012-06-12T13:55:42.571+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Patung Terracotta zaman Dinasti Qin, Kurun ke-3 dijumpai di China (Utusan Malaysia, 12 Jun 2012, 31)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZoQIZmJ7cwvivNdPN40wnzyXY0Dax7xbQ7C6pg65YNBa40y7NHxo3UYhc2-BrHlNwrizr7FLVHTKCyzJZiYvHiwWpI0sgR4RtWif5zcQHtTDGHU0L0Q-0XTDVoScFrfw2HyFOZ2fzNAWJ/s1600/Terracotta+dijumpai+Utusan+Malaysia+12+Jun+2012+ms+31.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;334&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZoQIZmJ7cwvivNdPN40wnzyXY0Dax7xbQ7C6pg65YNBa40y7NHxo3UYhc2-BrHlNwrizr7FLVHTKCyzJZiYvHiwWpI0sgR4RtWif5zcQHtTDGHU0L0Q-0XTDVoScFrfw2HyFOZ2fzNAWJ/s640/Terracotta+dijumpai+Utusan+Malaysia+12+Jun+2012+ms+31.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/6163114492483485094/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/6163114492483485094' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/6163114492483485094'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/6163114492483485094'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2012/06/patung-terracotta-zaman-dinasti-qin.html' title='Patung Terracotta zaman Dinasti Qin, Kurun ke-3 dijumpai di China (Utusan Malaysia, 12 Jun 2012, 31)'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZoQIZmJ7cwvivNdPN40wnzyXY0Dax7xbQ7C6pg65YNBa40y7NHxo3UYhc2-BrHlNwrizr7FLVHTKCyzJZiYvHiwWpI0sgR4RtWif5zcQHtTDGHU0L0Q-0XTDVoScFrfw2HyFOZ2fzNAWJ/s72-c/Terracotta+dijumpai+Utusan+Malaysia+12+Jun+2012+ms+31.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-2774305546966088954</id><published>2012-06-04T10:12:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2012-06-04T18:47:31.423+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Rekabentuk Teko (Teapot)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Oleh: Mohd Khairi Baharom &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Teko merupakan satu bekas berpenutup yang mempunyai pelbagai bentuk. Ianya digunakan sebagai bekas merebus dan sajian teh serta mempunyai satu bahagian bercorong (spout) dan bahagian pemegang (handle) yang berkedudukan bertentangan. Bahagian corong tradisinya dipasang (jika corong dan induk teko dibentuk secara berasingan) hampir dengan bahagian tapak yang bertujuan untuk memudahkan aliran air teh tanpa diganggu daun teh (tanpa uncang) yang terapung. Reka bentuk induk teko sebelum corong dipasang, dihasilkan lubang-lubang kecil sebagai penapis untuk mengelakkan daun teh keluar bersama aliran air.&lt;br /&gt;
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Rekabentuk bahagian corong memerlukan ketelitian pereka supaya aras air teh dapat diisi di dalam induk mengikut kesesuaian aras. Kesesuaian rekabentuk corong adalah berdasarkan ketinggian aras mulut corong yang perlu melebihi induk untuk mengelakkan kekurangan pengisian isipadu air teh dan menjadikan rekaan teko ekonomikal. Manakala rekaan mulut corong pula perlu berbentuk condong (diagonal) supaya memudahkan aliran air keluar dari corong tanpa tumpahan yang tak diingini berlaku. Rekaan bahagian pemegang pula, pereka perlu meneliti rekabentuk corong sebelum menghasilkan pemegang. Rekaan teko terbaik perlu mempunyai keseimbangan antara rekabentuk pemegang dan corong supaya rekaan yang dihasilkan memiliki formal estetika rekabentuk teko yang kontemporari.&lt;br /&gt;
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Bahagian penutup (lid) teko (atas induk) dihasilkan dengan rekaan berselak iaitu selak direka dibahagian bawah tapak penutup. Selak ini berfungsi untuk mengelakkan penutup tertanggal dari induk semasa tuangan teh. Rekaan selak penutup perlu diteliti supaya ianya selari dengan mulut induk agar selak yang dihasilkan dapat berfungsi dengan baik. Bahagian permukaan penutup ini kebiasaannya dihasilkan satu lubang kecil bertujuan untuk memudahkan aliran udara keluar masuk dari dalam dan luar induk. Ianya juga dapat mengelakkan ruang dalam induk daripada kedap udara supaya aliran air teh dapat berfungsi dengan baik tanpa sekatan.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/2774305546966088954/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/2774305546966088954' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/2774305546966088954'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/2774305546966088954'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2012/06/rekabentuk-teko-teapot.html' title='Rekabentuk Teko (Teapot)'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid251lqZ-lJhAEv_f3DUlP6jQ8Ga2iHZ4czRiiM_5xpY4KJtDYfce8dpjv0MgN5LvrTCkLisS9y9OYjwyfyKqBAEvtfYP7ZvLNYXBf5EN1Vqa3Ht9dzR5bSehpOzkfOzObf_u7stTbuZbB/s72-c/2012-06-04+13.27.57.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-837706582296246139</id><published>2012-06-01T12:02:00.002+08:00</published><updated>2012-06-01T12:05:25.212+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Keunikan Pasu Alhamra: Petikan Daripada Akhbar Utusan Malaysia, Ruangan Mega 1 Jun 2012</title><content type='html'>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwXkZnxXzDVwcJ86MG8cGwn5GxYFuG4R8vivbB6qwL_p_OHeWVRcjUQmPY4vkMR9i6XqJxxesCSrGw_pnQe3c6xryZhN-TEAb6qMwW9Eo6RR98EhkhBvpSCdCQaFRu2JnbDnQpyH3A7foE/s1600/Pasu+Alhamra+Utusan+Malaysia+Mega++1+Jun+2012+pg+12.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwXkZnxXzDVwcJ86MG8cGwn5GxYFuG4R8vivbB6qwL_p_OHeWVRcjUQmPY4vkMR9i6XqJxxesCSrGw_pnQe3c6xryZhN-TEAb6qMwW9Eo6RR98EhkhBvpSCdCQaFRu2JnbDnQpyH3A7foE/s640/Pasu+Alhamra+Utusan+Malaysia+Mega++1+Jun+2012+pg+12.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Ros Mahwati Ahmad Zakaria, Keunikan Pasu Alhamra, Utusan Malaysia, Mega, 1 Jun 2012, pg 12&quot; width=&quot;503&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Rujukan: Ros Mahwati Ahmad Zakaria, Keunikan Pasu Alhamra, Utusan Malaysia, Mega, 1 Jun 2012, 12&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/837706582296246139/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/837706582296246139' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/837706582296246139'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/837706582296246139'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2012/05/keunikan-pasu-alhamra-petikan-daripada.html' title='Keunikan Pasu Alhamra: Petikan Daripada Akhbar Utusan Malaysia, Ruangan Mega 1 Jun 2012'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwXkZnxXzDVwcJ86MG8cGwn5GxYFuG4R8vivbB6qwL_p_OHeWVRcjUQmPY4vkMR9i6XqJxxesCSrGw_pnQe3c6xryZhN-TEAb6qMwW9Eo6RR98EhkhBvpSCdCQaFRu2JnbDnQpyH3A7foE/s72-c/Pasu+Alhamra+Utusan+Malaysia+Mega++1+Jun+2012+pg+12.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-8182149561654036742</id><published>2012-05-30T21:26:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2012-05-30T20:48:29.347+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Tanah Liat Sebagai Medium Penghasilan Karya dan Produk Seramik</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;Oleh: Mohd Khairi Baharom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Tanah liat merupakan bahan asas dalam pembuatan seramik sejak zaman pra sejarah lagi. Bahan ini dihasilkan secara semulajadi hasil kegiatan alam seperti debuan daripada batuan dipindahkan jauh melalui angin atau juga melalui hasil pergerakan ais. Terdapat beberapa jenis tanah liat yang digunakan untuk penghasilan produk berdasarkan kualiti tertentu. Pengkarya atau pereka seramik perlu memahami kualiti sifat plastik tanah liat sebelum menghasilkan produk. Pengetahuan tentang tanah yang bersifat plastik, poros dan suhu pembakaran amat penting dalam memastikan kejayaan menghasilkan produk seramik.&lt;br /&gt;
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Terdapat tiga jenis tanah liat yang utama iaitu jenis earthenware, stoneware dan porselin. Tanah ini dikenalpasti berdasarkan kekuatan dan kebolehan jasad ketika pembakaran. Sejarah membuktikan bahawa tanah jenis earthenware digunakan secara meluas sebagai produk berfungsi sejak zaman pra sejarah lagi. Tanah ini mempunyai kandungan kepelbagaian komposisi yang hanya sesuai untuk pembakaran pada suhu yang rendah. Ia tidak mampu bertahan pada suhu melebihi 1150 darjah selsuis kerana mempunyai bahan flux yang mampu memberikan kecacatan pada jasad jika melebihi suhu tersebut ketika proses vitrifakasi (perubahan menjadi kaca).&lt;br /&gt;
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Tanah jenis stoneware mempunyai berlainan sifat daripada tanah earthenware. Tanah stoneware ini dihasilkan melalui perkembangan teknologi tanur masa dahulu iaitu berupaya melakukan proses pembakaran pada suhu yang tinggi. Tanah ini mempunyai sifat fizikal yang kuat serta bebas calar jika dibakar pada suhu melebihi 1200 darjah selsius. Komposisi tanah ini mempunyai campuran bahan tanah liat, mineral dan grog iaitu daya poros serapan air pada jasad amat rendah berbanding tanah jenis earthenware. Walaupun sifat tanah stoneware dan earthenware ini berbeza tetapi kedua-dua tanah ini dihasilkan oleh alam semulajadi.&lt;br /&gt;
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Marco Polo memberikan terma porselin yang berasal daripada perkataan Itali iaitu &#39;porselino&#39; bermaksud &#39;anak khinzir&#39;. Nama ini diberi berdasarkan jasad porselin ini bersifat translusen seumpama kulit siput jenis &#39;cowrie&#39; dan bentukkannya seperti anak khinzir atau porselino. Tanah ini dihasilkan pada kurun ke 10 ketika pemerintahan Maharaja Hou Zhou Shi Zong, China. Masyarakat awal Cina mempercayai bahawa porselin ini dihasilkan daripada tanah stoneware halus (fine stoneware) yang berupaya memberikan sifat translusen tersebut. Tanah poselin ini nyata berbeza daripada tanah yang terdahulu iaitu earthenware dan stoneware bukan hanya dari aspek translusen sahaja malah berupaya memberikan warna putih dan mempunyai lebih kekuatan jasad selepas melalui proses vitrifikasi pada suhu melebihi 1300 darjah selsius. Tanah porselin ini juga dikenali dengan nama lain iaitu &#39;hard-paste porcelain&#39; dan &#39;soft-paste porcelain&#39;&lt;br /&gt;
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Bone china adalah salah satu tanah jenis porselin. Bahan bone china terdiri daripada bahagian porselin tetapi diubah dengan menggunakan bahan debu tulang (bone ash) yang telah melalui proses &#39;calcine&#39;. Proses &#39;calcine&#39; ini adalah proses pembakaran pada suhu 700 darjah selsius. Tanah jenis bone china ini dicipta oleh Josiah Spode di Britain pada akhir abad ke 18. Resepi bahan menghasilkan porselin diubah dengan menggunakan 50 peratus bahan debu tulang lembu. Debu tulang lembu ini berupaya menjadi agen flux di dalam jasad semasa proses vitrifikasi yang memberikan sifat putih dan translusen selepas pembakaran. Penciptaan tanah bone china ini membawa penjimatan kos bahan pembakaran dengan suhu pembakaran &#39;bisque&#39; yang tinggi pada 1280 darjah selsius dan suhu pembakaran gerlis yang rendah iaitu pada 1080 darjah selsius. Walaubagaimanapun, tanah bone china ini hanya sesuai untuk penghasilan produk menggunakan teknik tuangan slip (slip casting) berbanding teknik lain oleh kerana sifat tanah ini yang mudah pecah ketika kering dan kurang sifat plastik.&lt;br /&gt;
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Jasad bone china ini hampir seakan porselin tetapi bahan utama porselin ini ditukar dengan menggunakan abu tulang. Walaubagaimanapun, jasad bone china dan porselin mempunyai kesamaan dari aspek kekuatan jasad dan bersifat tranlusen ketika nipis. Sebelum penciptaan bone china ini, beberapa siri eksperimentasi telah dijalankan menggunakan beberapa bahan seperti debu kaca, pasir dan kulit siput tetapi bahan-bahan ini tidak berupaya memberikan kesempurnaan pada jasad produk sehingga penemuan abu tulang lembu yang mampu memberikan kelengkapan sifat bagi produk seramik. Eksperimentasi ini yang dijalankan adalah untuk mencari bahan yang setara dengan produk porselin serta murah daripada negara China kerana produk dan bahan porselin yang diimport dari negara tersebut mahal.&lt;br /&gt;
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Dokomentasi sejarah seramik telah mencatatkan bahawa produk bone china pada asalnya dihasilkan oleh orang Inggeris di Britain yang menggunakan tulang lembu yang dikisar menjadi abu. Produk bone china telah menjadi satu isu kepada masyarakat Islam tentang bahan yang digunakan seperti yang nyatakan oleh beberapa pihak iaitu penggunaan tulang babi. Mungkin bahan yang digunakan oleh industri kini telah mengenalpasti bahawa tulang babi mungkin sesuai untuk menghasilkan produk seramik. Tetapi maklumat ini tiada dokumentasi yang wujud dapat diperolehi untuk dirujuk. Cuma sejarah membuktikan bahawa hanya tulang lembu yang sesuai untuk tujuan ini berdasarkan eksperimentasi bahan yang telah dijalankan.&lt;br /&gt;
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Pada 7 Mei 2012, Jawatankuasa Majlis Fatwa Kebangsaan telah mengumumkan bahawa produk bone china adalah haram sama sekali digunakan oleh umat Islam di Malaysia. Produk bone china ini walaupun menggunakan bahan dari abu tulang lembu (bovine bone ash), ianya tetap diharamkan jika ianya tidak disembelih. Kenyataan ini telah memberikan tamparan hebat kepada peminat pengumpul set &#39;tableware&#39; ekslusif bone china ini.&lt;br /&gt;
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Pada masa kini, pasaran produk seramik dilihat wujudnya satu lagi jenis produk &#39;tableware&#39; iaitu produk fine china. Produk ini sebenarnya tiada dokumentasi secara formal. Berkemungkinan ianya dibentuk oleh pihak industri dan memperlihatkan kualiti seakan bone china. Berdasarkan maklumat yang diperolehi, produk ini juga adalah bahan formula porcelain cuma formula fine china ini ditambahkan beberapa peratus bone ash di dalam formula jasad dan gerlis untuk mendapatkan sedikit persamaan dengan produk bone china. Melalui informasi ini dapat dikatakan bahawa produk fine china ini tidak banyak bezanya dengan kualiti produk porcelain. Kenyataannya bahawa, produk fine china ini hanyalah satu ciptaan bertujuan mempelbagaikan pengkomersilan produk industri ekslusif dipasaran. &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;Rujukan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;1) Glen C Nelson, Ceramic, A Potter&#39;s Handbook 2nd Edition (New York: Holt, Rine Hart and Winston, 1966)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;2) Frank and Janet Hamer, The Potter&#39;s Dictionary of Materials and Techniques (London: A &amp;amp; C Black, 1997)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;3) Steve Mattison, The Complete Potter (london: Apple Press, 2003)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;4) Anne Lightwood, Working With Paperclay and Other Additives (Marlborough: The Crowood Press Ltd, 2000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;5) Hugo and Marjorie Munsterberg, World Ceramic, From Prehistoric to Modern Times (Canada: Penguin Books Ltd, 1998)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;6) Emmanuel Cooper, A History of World Pottery (Pennsylvania: Chilton Trade Book, 1988)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;7)Tableking.com.au, &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;It is Fine China or Porcelain,&quot; http://support.tableking.com.au/article.aspx?cid=6213&amp;amp;aid=11888&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/8182149561654036742/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/8182149561654036742' title='1 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/8182149561654036742'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/8182149561654036742'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2010/06/tanah-liat-sebagai-medium-penghasilan.html' title='Tanah Liat Sebagai Medium Penghasilan Karya dan Produk Seramik'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-3465959486114195987</id><published>2011-08-13T04:24:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2011-08-13T05:19:45.111+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Satu Panduan Tentang Bahan Mentah Seramik Bertoksik</title><content type='html'>Panduan kepada artis atau pereka seramik tentang keselamatan mengendalikan bahan-bahan seramik. Anda perlu berhati-hati apabila menggunakan bahan-bahan seramik berikut:&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Berhuruf besar merupakan bahan asas yang bertoksik, manakala yang bersebelahan adalah bahan berkaitan dengan bahan asas tersebut)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;-----------------------------------------------&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ALUMINIUM OXIDE - feldspar, tanah liat&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ANTIMONY - antimony oxide&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;BARIUM - barium carbonate, barium oxide&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;BORON - borax (sodium borate), boric acid, calcium borate frit, colemanite&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;CADMIUM - bahantara cadmium&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;CALCIUM OXIDE - whiting, dolomite&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;CHROMIUM - chromium oxide&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;COBALT - cobalt carbonate, cobalt oxide&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;FLUORINE - fluorspar (calcium fluoride) yang dikesan di dalam bahan-bahan mineral. Pengudaraan bilik yang baik dapat menghilangkan kesan fluorine ini dalam atmosfera tanur.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;LITHIUM OXIDE - spodumene, lepidolite&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;MAGNESIUM OXIDE - magnesite, dolomite talc&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;MANGANESE - bahan-bahan yang mengandungi manganese (seperti manganese dioxide) boleh menjejaskan kesihatan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;NICKEL - nickel oxide&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;SELENIUM - bahan-bahan yang mengandungi selenium&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;SILICON - quartz (pasir), flint, cristobalite (mengandungi bersama silica bebas  di dalam kebanyakan tanah liat)  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;SODIUM OXIDE - soda feldspar, debu mutiara, nitre (soda nitre)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;STRONTIUM - strontium oxide, strontium carbonate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;TITANIUM OXIDE - rutile&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;VANADIUM - vanadium pentoxide&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ZINC - zinc oxide&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;--------------------------------------------&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;BAHAN-BAHAN GABUNGAN BERTOKSIK&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ramai artis atau pereka seramik menggunakan bahan-bahan lead frit yang mempunyai kadar larutan rendah dan tidak mendatangkan kesan buruk kepada kesihatan. Tetapi bahan-bahan ini akan bertoksik sekiranya dicampurkan dengan bahan lain seperti copper dan chromium. Risiko pada kesihatan juga akan berlaku jika tindakbalas asid dalam makanan apabila di simpan di dalam bekas seramik bergerlis yang menggunakan bahan lead frit tadi. Bahan-bahan ini sering digunakan di dalam gerlis kerana ia berupaya memberikan kelebihan kepada artis atau pereka seramik dengan mendapatkan tahap pembakaran yang luas, tahap pencairan (melting) gerlis pada suhu yang rendah dan memberikan kesan licin serta berkilat (high gloss). Ia juga dapat meningkatkan kualiti warna gerlis dan jika digunakan secara yang betul ia berupaya meninggikan tahap kalis asid pada permukaan seramik.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bahantara seperti barium, antimony and zinc dan bahan pewarna oxide; copper, manganese, cobalt dan cadmium adalah bertoksik. Penjagaan kebersihan bengkel perlu dititikberatkan dengan kaedah selalu mengelap lantai, meja dan peralatan sebagai pelindung kesihatan terhadap pencemaran bahan toksik ini. Sarung tangan getah perlu dipakai ketika mengendalikan bahan-bahan soda yang tidak ber-frit. Ketika mengendalikan bahan-bahan gerlis serbuk, topeng pernafasan perlu dipakai .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jika ragu-ragu terhadap bahan-bahan seramik ini samada bertoksik atau tidak, anda perlu mendapatkan kepastian dengan menghubungi pengedar atau pengilang yang melabelkan bahan-bahan ini supaya ianya selamat dikendalikan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Rujukan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Wensley, Doug. &lt;i&gt;Pottery, The Essential Manual. &lt;/i&gt;Marlborough: The Crowood Press, 2002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/3465959486114195987/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/3465959486114195987' title='9 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/3465959486114195987'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/3465959486114195987'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2011/08/satu-panduan-tentang-bahan-mentah.html' title='Satu Panduan Tentang Bahan Mentah Seramik Bertoksik'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>9</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-6727762902142387221</id><published>2011-05-31T09:33:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2011-06-04T12:14:28.204+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Pameran Arca Toorak Village 2011, Melbourne Australia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Oleh: Mohd Khairi Baharom&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;Pameran Arca &lt;i&gt;Toorak Village&lt;/i&gt; 2011 di Melbourne, Australia merupakan hasil karya arca yang dipertandingkan dan dipamerkan setiap tahun. Pameran yang telah bermula 1 hingga 31 Mei 2011 ini boleh dikatakan amat unik sekali jika dibandingkan dengan pameran lain yang pernah diadakan sepeti di dalam galeri seni atau di laman seni. Pameran Arca &lt;i&gt;Toorak Village&lt;/i&gt; ini diadakan secara tahunan di sekitar sepanjang jalan Toorak. Apa yang menariknya, karya-karya yang dipamerkan ditempatkan dipelbagai lokasi sepanjang jalan Toorak iaitu di dalam lot kedai (karya instalasi dan individu) yang mempunyai tingkap cermin pamer dan di kaki lima (karya arca awam).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;Pameran kali ini telah memasuki kali ke sepuluh dengan mempamerkan karya-karya daripada pelbagai artis termasuk yang mana sebelum ini pernah memenangi hadiah di dalam pameran ini. Beberapa artis telah memenangi dalam pameran ini antaranya ialah E&lt;i&gt;liza-Jane Gilchrist&lt;/i&gt; mempersembahkan karya beliau yang bertajuk &#39;&lt;i&gt;Softcore&lt;/i&gt;&#39;. Karya ini memperlihatkan artis ini memanipulasikan bahan fabrik dengan menjadikannya bentuk kemeja dan susunan bentuk tulang belakang. Jahitan pada tulang baju yang dimasukkan besi dawai sebagai struktur sokongan kemeja ini membolehkan ia berdiri kukuh telah memperlihatkan kekemasan persembahan karya. Jahitan benang merah pada beberapa bahagian kemeja seolah menampakkan pembuluh darah menjadikan karya ini diolah dengan unik sekali.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;Keseluruhan karya di dalam pameran ini amat baik sekali dan terdapat juga beberapa karya yang dipamerkan melalui cermin tingkap kedai diganggu dengan refleksi cahaya luar agak menjejaskan kualiti visual penonton yang berada di kedudukan luar premis. Tetapi pihak pengusaha premis perniagaan telah memberikan ruang untuk penonton masuk dan mengamati karya dengan lebih dekat membuktikan bahawa mereka juga berupaya berkerjasama menjayakan pameran ini. Pameran ini seolah membawa penonton menyertai program memburu harta karun di mana ia mengajak penonton mencari karya-karya yang dipamerkan berdasarkan peta lokasi karya di dalam risalah pameran yang diberikan secara percuma. Semoga senario pameran seumpama ini boleh diadaptasikan di Malaysia sebagai salah satu pelonjak usaha memartabatkan nilai seni ke dalam sanubari rakyat dan pelancong asing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiErln-7cYQjEFmQM9unY5bj4VW7CiLSa4fsqJTNl3nbaEZEoTdF7h7kZxi2zrK1aJeEs0I91LL0qHKmSJDpCoSFicbDbtHwYes2O30_wuB9lEueIKXr7CU1zEd99AAy7cL-geTWo_o-GuU/s320/P1040086.JPG&quot; style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 264px;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5614211978388373426&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitLlBEoFso9Za-E1oWFOgMFHIWHRyyzphDTAbT6gPUnBotIabFinw1qg8QSxFpi1Sx37KAUxdZ6GyW9uUDzUghl_2aoTnZ2NyHjD3j3bcFH_gBemnz5MhulJWaDbKJQJJpOHTHnVYVwD-f/s1600/1.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 199px; height: 320px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitLlBEoFso9Za-E1oWFOgMFHIWHRyyzphDTAbT6gPUnBotIabFinw1qg8QSxFpi1Sx37KAUxdZ6GyW9uUDzUghl_2aoTnZ2NyHjD3j3bcFH_gBemnz5MhulJWaDbKJQJJpOHTHnVYVwD-f/s320/1.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5613939722071270850&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHNkRwN_CVQpmgT9q-wCmCe8cLy0OKw0NKRrmSr4Uilvcu9WeWr-CnwKIdx0OjXhThcE4hkTYpqlrLjDSG0-Hfjq8NvIvwztRwZveUyDEGwqhTWAcnNy_A34LlulHVkRIMMQKVOex4mNMa/s1600/1a.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 209px; height: 320px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHNkRwN_CVQpmgT9q-wCmCe8cLy0OKw0NKRrmSr4Uilvcu9WeWr-CnwKIdx0OjXhThcE4hkTYpqlrLjDSG0-Hfjq8NvIvwztRwZveUyDEGwqhTWAcnNy_A34LlulHVkRIMMQKVOex4mNMa/s320/1a.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5613939713622485970&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Damian Vick&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#39;Crash&#39;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Steel&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQf8YpCuf-xKw6zXGJA0HmiYOz0zMscR9v50HwTgFXQ5y2vXRQB0evhz548tHl2TY5IqAqeQGTJvaxJB5PXJZf3frYwRy4c-iUcQDFOKt6aY_ZO8MbkyIMz4DY7TLtENVC2jXgfFgQA7UR/s1600/2.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 254px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQf8YpCuf-xKw6zXGJA0HmiYOz0zMscR9v50HwTgFXQ5y2vXRQB0evhz548tHl2TY5IqAqeQGTJvaxJB5PXJZf3frYwRy4c-iUcQDFOKt6aY_ZO8MbkyIMz4DY7TLtENVC2jXgfFgQA7UR/s320/2.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5613939708484942546&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; &quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;Katy Bowman&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#39;&lt;b&gt;Untitled (Box)&#39;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;Painted MDF&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: underline; text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: underline; text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQf8YpCuf-xKw6zXGJA0HmiYOz0zMscR9v50HwTgFXQ5y2vXRQB0evhz548tHl2TY5IqAqeQGTJvaxJB5PXJZf3frYwRy4c-iUcQDFOKt6aY_ZO8MbkyIMz4DY7TLtENVC2jXgfFgQA7UR/s1600/2.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkbaunyHxJdLJvVWhDcHFg6ksytMjJJwerDx5N6qhc_DaTgdCbNiy9taD-ddvJ5xQQ1uFT4ISyYDkxXp_imw-b9MN3o-5lwexxBSvqbdsQTySmiIJIDy6kvfA7adjZVdihwfof9ev8a2PD/s1600/3.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 229px; height: 320px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkbaunyHxJdLJvVWhDcHFg6ksytMjJJwerDx5N6qhc_DaTgdCbNiy9taD-ddvJ5xQQ1uFT4ISyYDkxXp_imw-b9MN3o-5lwexxBSvqbdsQTySmiIJIDy6kvfA7adjZVdihwfof9ev8a2PD/s320/3.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5613939698428453234&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Mark Cowie&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#39;Cloud Tree&#39;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Bronze, Granite&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 166px; height: 320px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAzikzJPJuMIQzcdAQ4ygBU6911-ObnRbwaYdAI06ys7hFjsHEb2K_Rj17aPs1Frby11RxReGcW2CuaJUoa_Zt0e3020KzwvRWLNbLAMYCC5kZQ8Lpe6HhOF4JzXCLUeJhWUIqrkazwR48/s320/4.JPG&quot; 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/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihrNxkirvzO8vbGbX23KGqyzldMkZalI3xTVtB_nnoIy9vN53gbG6Nxb68-6xMsWzl0PiO-SMqxs0AqAsQi_XU5uwRXATGGaA9upOWHVzyQihARwV55ghA0ZJJXmSH-xpKYaYAWbWXzZVK/s1600/20a.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihrNxkirvzO8vbGbX23KGqyzldMkZalI3xTVtB_nnoIy9vN53gbG6Nxb68-6xMsWzl0PiO-SMqxs0AqAsQi_XU5uwRXATGGaA9upOWHVzyQihARwV55ghA0ZJJXmSH-xpKYaYAWbWXzZVK/s320/20a.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5613555662754362530&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;John Gardner&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#39;Starship&#39;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Bronze, Steel, Granite&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVsvMyite8cqm9c5jx0m-N1g8cMYl6yNvvhoFpyFoOWQIan13JVfzHVReQ9XMhQ9Iq5HSh2h0czkVLWmyPZVkVdyAySeSR7UIuI2GFrDQHWDuoCOOk7tN5KJDRtC7HyrUeEDwdwbN9qK-Y/s1600/21.JPG&quot; 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My Ex Partner&#39;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;S. Steel, Steel&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR2PIfJOJLEJDcKIveKmv4jbUceoLHpOWnTx-NxefZmsfbN9MyBJ-0f7T_KFqvUZtDbznK103kb5Kn5U-WOwOqF7uTomttHW9Q-2Z5hDARyLDac4230iIF1brXXTvUCZAV-vu3El9OrLqF/s1600/32.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR2PIfJOJLEJDcKIveKmv4jbUceoLHpOWnTx-NxefZmsfbN9MyBJ-0f7T_KFqvUZtDbznK103kb5Kn5U-WOwOqF7uTomttHW9Q-2Z5hDARyLDac4230iIF1brXXTvUCZAV-vu3El9OrLqF/s1600/32.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;text-align: left;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 240px; height: 320px; &quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR2PIfJOJLEJDcKIveKmv4jbUceoLHpOWnTx-NxefZmsfbN9MyBJ-0f7T_KFqvUZtDbznK103kb5Kn5U-WOwOqF7uTomttHW9Q-2Z5hDARyLDac4230iIF1brXXTvUCZAV-vu3El9OrLqF/s320/32.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5613550904627445794&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Ana Jorge-Moore&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#39;Muse&#39;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Metal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR2PIfJOJLEJDcKIveKmv4jbUceoLHpOWnTx-NxefZmsfbN9MyBJ-0f7T_KFqvUZtDbznK103kb5Kn5U-WOwOqF7uTomttHW9Q-2Z5hDARyLDac4230iIF1brXXTvUCZAV-vu3El9OrLqF/s1600/32.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-gYKDF_CqS7pMEEaIqiCv-NkxN1T-gh1MAQB61Ex8DaWXffxb2dWj8VUITqf95c2MTK8je6vpNQe1tugA37huyBlX6wCkCHh68s_X0gWPHA1wKRclKH25IMBfnOn0SZTBQqnBQnF8UGSX/s1600/33.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 219px; height: 320px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-gYKDF_CqS7pMEEaIqiCv-NkxN1T-gh1MAQB61Ex8DaWXffxb2dWj8VUITqf95c2MTK8je6vpNQe1tugA37huyBlX6wCkCHh68s_X0gWPHA1wKRclKH25IMBfnOn0SZTBQqnBQnF8UGSX/s320/33.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5613550902861751970&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Scott Murrells&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#39;Forkball&#39;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;S. Steel, Wood&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-gYKDF_CqS7pMEEaIqiCv-NkxN1T-gh1MAQB61Ex8DaWXffxb2dWj8VUITqf95c2MTK8je6vpNQe1tugA37huyBlX6wCkCHh68s_X0gWPHA1wKRclKH25IMBfnOn0SZTBQqnBQnF8UGSX/s1600/33.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE9ulYol8bnCB5HSqWv31XZQUD1vHdxu_KVxZaGQuDRHFEKaX6WqxzR1C7t3NOu7C6eD_KeJBpEQvDtunYDyjbJcVLF0MdwncSa5DjW8QWRv1EqHm5K8AJEVndnTnwDdUxJMAG3oNAEhO3/s1600/34.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; 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Lena&#39;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Bronze&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxpbdvrtP9tlXRPv7QlCw1OY4ET1xncbmkv_SqOsSnoHd7xGWpMIhau8dGZpjgHdPnj_MOpq0E09rAbZVg1eY8vvMXWBnEwl2RlwD-_ZSErpX3LnKa8jEmlILZTXrtsEp8OVEmFqVsSbEj/s1600/37.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwQKnwVlGYzkv3UFVoK2eK-YrzWOGTJi4-m_lT-sTnF-W1hRrzeNeQ3l0SEQZLPk-2lNXwYhZ4nolqI2ouqnFqHAVzeXyJ0MupSLc63LWli4PX9lFtE3Yefbjh2qpP-OVuFIb15r1aNCLM/s1600/38.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; 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Anderson&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#39;Future: Fertility Totem&#39;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwQKnwVlGYzkv3UFVoK2eK-YrzWOGTJi4-m_lT-sTnF-W1hRrzeNeQ3l0SEQZLPk-2lNXwYhZ4nolqI2ouqnFqHAVzeXyJ0MupSLc63LWli4PX9lFtE3Yefbjh2qpP-OVuFIb15r1aNCLM/s1600/38.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-93sAAazTADLP_aDC1zORqyVryJoFkXljbnFKMn_h3jlRwZKpXc9OQ6AFHbWzTw7Q72mb8i2xIPyGXX8Y2ajuhvGptlnzEs92G9n6bOslM06dV34Xi0V-EVoYj1eH7FsU-DRHFAcawldO/s1600/39.JPG&quot; 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Dupuis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#39;Diverting Figures&#39;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Metal Wire&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Tq0Wv1AbAGlwzdl8ksVCgyJXqUKvvOOxCOlekRJMBeVyTjvFg4mSjkbHcpOpJLPfqo0KppRsht5QZzgZgEFYDjJmIqNUlFKS-3-vL_BKVexEKK9F5hXLW-DkaCx_Jz98TD6XxxJT9IMd/s1600/80d.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm1UFTXtyUC25ZErJImeHwlTTkoqoZJTHeaQ7D9vCgtcV0gTAAfu_WFkaP6Z1ezLp9EPeh1ez8rA-Tpxw3v44C9XI1gz4MgJo8ZuQUwyQpRwCYsihwgrRwReZeAho5gZT525RcIamcAUXE/s1600/81.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; 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2&#39;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Plaster, Beads&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfTsX59Z2T3UCNSIfwnhpRthCJHKOG-01E2mPYq9xiR43M4LCBSm_ayPcF9i17YZmrU-RvzzEmgY1UhK5ralh36MsiHl4WSlp0TDq8vOGIVCxNSQ-dl3NrntHsahqBtqkh0bQODDG_lQxy/s1600/98.JPG&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Rujukan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Pamphlete of Toorak Village Sculpture Exhibition 1-31 May 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/6727762902142387221/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/6727762902142387221' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/6727762902142387221'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/6727762902142387221'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2011/05/pameran-arca-toorak-village-2011.html' title='Pameran Arca Toorak Village 2011, Melbourne Australia'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiErln-7cYQjEFmQM9unY5bj4VW7CiLSa4fsqJTNl3nbaEZEoTdF7h7kZxi2zrK1aJeEs0I91LL0qHKmSJDpCoSFicbDbtHwYes2O30_wuB9lEueIKXr7CU1zEd99AAy7cL-geTWo_o-GuU/s72-c/P1040086.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-4368651541208317559</id><published>2011-04-24T11:19:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2011-04-24T13:01:48.568+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Hyper-Realism Sculpture by Ron Mueck - National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne - April 2010</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj16XAUqRUj015u9YWkNepnjhjoOY7pOoIyN3zfCxfS93NQ2fi0_-Y0abjK_YokOdmEkM69wVLgrqGYkvqonx3RX1pxrkB1e2kbK5ByT26bVDT1selfxxSZBrRATTBOXbsR5_JRUXgcNcYi/s1600/15042010070.jpg&quot; 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border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5599004695975478754&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/4368651541208317559/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/4368651541208317559' title='1 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/4368651541208317559'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/4368651541208317559'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2011/04/hyper-realism-sculpture-by-ron-mueck.html' title='Hyper-Realism Sculpture by Ron Mueck - National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne - April 2010'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj16XAUqRUj015u9YWkNepnjhjoOY7pOoIyN3zfCxfS93NQ2fi0_-Y0abjK_YokOdmEkM69wVLgrqGYkvqonx3RX1pxrkB1e2kbK5ByT26bVDT1selfxxSZBrRATTBOXbsR5_JRUXgcNcYi/s72-c/15042010070.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-7295965066636941926</id><published>2011-01-26T18:48:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2011-01-26T19:59:51.241+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Arca Awam Sekitar Bandaraya Melbourne, Australia</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAmBKW6FqTddNQYzuEtYwJxbsISQBx1wUgG-xmUt6wMylJ0rxh7mDaWDHQ0sVTAAdBn2O-0v4AJXAj2wobZA-w2PWYURd-j5k15AFLBb2SnOPuUAxAnFVnA7OIR2Q-slVTkCg4S63U9D2S/s1600/IMG_2459.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; 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/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdy-bGUBRtm7uahWlRVtsDjUmwcYzzxA1DHmqtx1oqtkVYLGxM8awwLVeZ1_CIPSycWWWOecmjbcn_uYCqekV56qeUAdx-nPSihkHCpn2bkZJM6dTf9HPwQmnegAXtokBuomFVQWfM1X9N/s1600/IMG_2409.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566446578249521506&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdy-bGUBRtm7uahWlRVtsDjUmwcYzzxA1DHmqtx1oqtkVYLGxM8awwLVeZ1_CIPSycWWWOecmjbcn_uYCqekV56qeUAdx-nPSihkHCpn2bkZJM6dTf9HPwQmnegAXtokBuomFVQWfM1X9N/s320/IMG_2409.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoh3lIZao15Kpc_rKdbDXX19SA3GbAlRRjkamvSzgbaMrgNKURVciRvLUnBwzK_RJnCcwtUzun5kogFl4PJnmKYzEc_UtPHeWs1yoOpmlfAUkytD4A-eXKL1rGMKzAV13MvrCk0bjselsB/s1600/IMG_2404.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; 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/&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi250C3SXqfUd3i9STmZzW-3RV98CkheP_BaPV8omUjTZkhqyw2PcmsXImiyKO6MWCWt9VH7LQa13YjVCjmbud33TtLeZHRC_DTONa2YWWN4hfA8B8rupykn-yQSiTvp-eQAlglchCqpbY-/s1600/IMG_2408.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 240px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566445999899436018&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi250C3SXqfUd3i9STmZzW-3RV98CkheP_BaPV8omUjTZkhqyw2PcmsXImiyKO6MWCWt9VH7LQa13YjVCjmbud33TtLeZHRC_DTONa2YWWN4hfA8B8rupykn-yQSiTvp-eQAlglchCqpbY-/s320/IMG_2408.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfqVp36F9zZoWX-IExR87mpQzmw78nht6mDNQ8RjuaKp_Sg4VSAe8KRduflCYJexH4Ql2-E5isPummep2NbL0MxAALe46TPbcrIqBy_-ayUIVDpMqGfiKscyMIB3zNfulVPz7cexyJLSOz/s1600/IMG_2411.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; 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/&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/7295965066636941926/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/7295965066636941926' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/7295965066636941926'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/7295965066636941926'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2011/01/arca-awam-sekitar-bandaraya-melbourne.html' title='Arca Awam Sekitar Bandaraya Melbourne, Australia'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAmBKW6FqTddNQYzuEtYwJxbsISQBx1wUgG-xmUt6wMylJ0rxh7mDaWDHQ0sVTAAdBn2O-0v4AJXAj2wobZA-w2PWYURd-j5k15AFLBb2SnOPuUAxAnFVnA7OIR2Q-slVTkCg4S63U9D2S/s72-c/IMG_2459.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-985379826231902945</id><published>2010-12-20T10:08:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2010-12-20T18:54:14.838+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Pameran Koleksi Tetap Seramik Pra Sejarah di National Gallery of Victoria (NGV), Melbourne</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Oleh: Mohd Khairi Baharom&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) mempunyai pameran koleksi tetap produk sejarah seramik dunia. Terdapat pelbagai objek sejarah yang diperbuat daripada tanah liat dipamerkan yang berasal dari pelbagai tamadun manusia dahulukala. Seperti yang diketahui bahawa produk seramik telah dihasilkan sejak zaman dahulu untuk tujuan tertentu sebagai kegunaan harian dan untuk tujuan upacara tertentu. Produk seramik yang dipamerkan oleh NGV ini memang mengkagumkan. Produk buatan tangan zaman dahulu ini yang kekurangan teknologi menampakkan kehalusan buatan yang mengabungkan lukisan dekorasi pada permukaan jasad seramik. Beberapa produk sejarah dari sudut Tamadun Greece sekadar diambil untuk tatapan pembaca mengetahui informasi produk-produk ini. Untuk pengetahuan, Tamadun Greece dahulu terkenal dengan empat gaya dekorasi seramik iaitu geometric, black-figure, red-figure dan white ground ware.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 222px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5552714619565694658&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj71dGHhb3HnK12Gu4T5mT_KrQ4r2eUdkA5a9DDXtBd2SlWRw4iLQJeblDdLopC2c0jFbwsH-z4oIlUQo9k141GBA_vgGDuKALeYBDkEclriXcskqcP64t69Twmkw-KEwnl3tSk48XbYjei/s320/IMG_2742.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#39;Volute Krater&#39;&lt;br /&gt;(Lucanian Red-Figure Ware)&lt;br /&gt;Zaman Hellenistic (340-320 BC)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#39;Volute&#39; bermaksud tangkai yang berlingkar dan &#39;Krater&#39; bermaksud pasu yang digunakan sebagai bekas untuk mencampurkan &#39;wine&#39; dan air. Krater ini mempunyai tangkai yang berdekorasikan kepala angsa (swan) dibahagian bawah tangkai. Bahagian atas tangkai mempunyai bentuk kepala Silenus. Bahagian bawah menunjukkan figura Dionysus bersama maenad sedang memberikan persembahan minuman kepada dewa (Silenus). Bahagian belakang krater mempunyai senario yang sama tetapi figura Herakles dan Nike. Dekorasi permukaan krater ini dihasilkan oleh The Primato Painter yang merupakan seorang pelukis yang terkenal di zaman ini yang amat terkenal dengan dekorasinya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 218px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5552714610673379858&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLdXjscb15yIkCbAMBw-rw7_vHislm5vQFlZxgl-1JxtRah0gOmBJiQ4CEP6PcskyAFdLaZ-h0yBOcFamoorAN_etWkkugltmYPwR0aSRassfrHjCBhHlsjwQi5hHKo2NKvqBGSeGdgWfM/s320/IMG_2746.JPG&quot; /&gt;&#39;Volute Krater&#39;&lt;br /&gt;Faliscan Red-Figure Ware&lt;br /&gt;Zaman Helenistic, 375-350 BC&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seramik ini dihasilkan di Etruria, dibahagian utara Rome antara Tiber dan Sungai Arno. Adegan pada kedua-dua bahagian pasu ini menggambarkan tipikal Faliscan yang diadaptasi daripada adegan lagenda Greek. Adegan utama menggambarkan perlawanan permainan muzik antara Apollo dan Marsyas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 256px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5552712467991986050&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihdnd8TjIE63OiTVJxPEXRYudvVI5oiYjACLV54qt8qlZ7lwK2uJLOfJche7y5Dz6pGkXr-0-XRxjKJT0_IRH3ppnSWEphBgCLcLqRTnnygSP2sYjePJxnjtEy_5iWOx4j2_4GQBJjD5_F/s320/IMG_2748.JPG&quot; /&gt;&#39;Bell Krater&#39; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Paestan Red-Figure ware&lt;br /&gt;Zaman Hellenistik,&lt;br /&gt;350-325 BC&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adegan utama pada seramik ini menggambarkan dewa &#39;wine&#39; iaitu Dionysus. Seramik ini dihasilkan oleh Asteas yang merupakan pengeluar seramik tertinggi di Paestum ketika zaman ini. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 200px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5552712451737412530&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8fishfLZkwu_VJGGeHm1yoOhP3oqRNpaz-Oq2nX4iJigPakud9vTBAQpR8NpqzdZsI-wN1P6F9qU5j31JBYoJMXoQw-cLgDSQNEZ3nfm2WyCSfWcWQbXq1_8ikAWt_9jPXx-2P7zV_DFF/s320/IMG_2750.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#39;Oinochoe&#39;&lt;br /&gt;Apulian Red-Figure Ware&lt;br /&gt;Zaman Hellenistic, Pertengahan Abad ke-4 BC&lt;br /&gt;Seramik ini merupakan bekas &#39;wine&#39;. Dekorasinya dihasilkan oleh The Varrese Painter&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 213px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5552712447475026978&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnWVlvEPjRes0Rd-M6tRnJdLEsmRfpVYB73PXh-z5c7CiWzw8igx5PGGygUonkV6jYYTuDNg_hYxdTHRrcSlltchrvGr1tYnXe0Yq7oPpCSNfPk8I7xUKk4tX_8BEB33O-OYTfxVVtMOqK/s320/IMG_2752.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#39;Oenocheo&#39;&lt;br /&gt;Apulian Red-Figure Ware&lt;br /&gt;Zaman Hellenistic, 375-350 BC&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oenochoe atau Oinochoe merupakan bekas &#39;wine&#39;. Dekorasi seramik ini dihasilkan oleh The Felton Painter. Adegan mitos yang digambarkan adalah tentang perlawanan antara Dewa Marsyas dan Dewa Apollo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 253px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5552712444001252226&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOj3VWfuWewEhENHcj_gjjYsB8ofpgcRgHRngxY5NhN3GvurwED2xzqLgaLh_eLkkGTbX3HQfKiUpfHbzMaMxMHxisFmE00C5jgp6GRWn9DDWW1XGZGCHd2eGAZWUaE2u3FYXg6IJlYwcp/s320/IMG_2754.JPG&quot; /&gt;&#39;Pelike&#39;&lt;br /&gt;Apulian Red-Figure Ware&lt;br /&gt;Zaman Klasikal, 420 BC&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pelike merupakan bekas simpanan air seakan amphora Peperangan antara Greek dan Amazon menjadi subjek utama tema dekorasi seramik pada abad ke 5 BC di Athens. Adegan utama dekorasi menunjukkan Telamon menyerang Permaisuri Andromache dari Amazon untuk mendapatkan pendingnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 198px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5552712441270357890&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhav0ePLpBFKzpfievPC3EjOglzaHs7cYjIRSMQRm0dni77o7NQgRXpJp-tAbjXKqaQbbdTrsTQA9u_V80Ffior8dPvAVxyvvlItSj-ufEhcpOd7gVZtK0nwp-eJ0DFIfLjTQxUTghOc7im/s320/IMG_2764.JPG&quot; /&gt;&#39;Hydria&#39;&lt;br /&gt;Attic Geometric Black-Figure Ware&lt;br /&gt;Zaman Geometrik (Proto-Attic), 700 BC&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#39;Hydria&#39; ini mempunyai 3 pemegang - satu berkedudukan menegak dan 2 lagi dibahagian perut seramik. Hydria adalah bekas untuk membawa air (water-carrying jar) iaitu untuk tujuan upacara kematian seperti yang digambarkan melalui lukisan gaya geometrik pada leher seramik. Adegan yang digambarkan adalah satu figura mayat lelaki yang terbaring di atas usungan mayat dan dikelilingi oleh beberapa figura wanita yang sedang menangis. Bahagian utama seramik ini menunjukkan 2 ekor singa garang yang sedang mencakar di udara. Imej singa menjadi motif dekorasi dari Timur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Rujukan:&lt;br /&gt;1) National Gallery of Victoria (NGV), Melbourne&lt;br /&gt;2) Emmanuel Cooper, Ten Thousand Years of Pottery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000)&lt;br /&gt;3) Hugo and Marjorie Munsterberg, World Ceramic, From Prehistoric to Modern Times (New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1998)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/985379826231902945/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/985379826231902945' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/985379826231902945'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/985379826231902945'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2010/12/pameran-koleksi-tetap-seramik-sejarah.html' title='Pameran Koleksi Tetap Seramik Pra Sejarah di National Gallery of Victoria (NGV), Melbourne'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj71dGHhb3HnK12Gu4T5mT_KrQ4r2eUdkA5a9DDXtBd2SlWRw4iLQJeblDdLopC2c0jFbwsH-z4oIlUQo9k141GBA_vgGDuKALeYBDkEclriXcskqcP64t69Twmkw-KEwnl3tSk48XbYjei/s72-c/IMG_2742.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-1106735315028850495</id><published>2010-06-02T22:16:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2010-07-21T17:06:21.742+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Sejarah Perkembangan dan Pengaruh Seramik Terawal Dunia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Oleh: Mohd Khairi Baharom &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Perkataan seramik adalah berasal daripada perkataan Greek iaitu &lt;em&gt;Keramos &lt;/em&gt;bermaksud tanah liat yang digunakan untuk pembuatan produk. Perkataan ini juga membawa maksud yang serupa dengan perkataan tembikar tetapi terma seramik lebih menggambarkan segalanya yang berkaitan dengan bahan tanah liat berbanding tembikar. Produk tanah liat akan bertukar menjadi seramik apabila didedahkan pada suhu yang tinggi melebihi 600 darjah selsuis. Seramik merupakan salah satu objek seni yang tertua sekali pernah dihasilkan oleh manusia sejak zaman pra sejarah lagi. Bentukan seramik yang terawal dijumpai oleh ahli arkeologi kebanyakkannya adalah berbentuk figura. Para pakar mempercayai bahawa figura-figura ini pada masa dahulu digunakan bertujuan sebagai objek kepercayaan terhadap kesuburan dan digunakan semasa upacara-upacara tertentu. Produk seramik yang tertua di dunia dijumpai oleh ahli arkeologi adalah produk zaman &lt;em&gt;Jomon, &lt;/em&gt;Jepun&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;iaitu bertarikh 10,000 Sebelum Masihi. &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Masyarakat terawal telah mengalami perubahan di dalam kehidupan seharian dan mula menggunakan tanah liat sebagai bahan untuk menghasilkan bekas makanan dan cecair. Terdapat 3 teori yang telah dinyatakan oleh Emmanuel Cooper (1988) tentang wujudnya produk seramik terawal manusia; a) teori pendiang; oleh kerana sumber api merupakan yang terpenting untuk kehidupan masyarakat zaman dahulu dan dipercayai bahawa kawasan pendiang mereka telah dihasilkan lubang untuk ditempatkan sumber api. Hasil ciptaan lubang ini menyebabkan tanah pendiang (tanah liat) tersebut menjadi keras seakan produk seramik akibat pendedahan terhadap api pendiang. b) Teori bakul; masyarakat terdahulu menggunakan bakul yang diperbuat daripada bahan tumbuhan. Untuk memastikan bakul ini kalis air, msyarakat terdahulu menggunakan tanah liat basah (cecair) dan dilumurkan pada permukaan bakul tersebut. Selepas ianya kering sepenuhnya, mereka meletakkannya ke dalam api dan akhirnya bahan tumbuhan yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bakul tadi terbakar menyebabkan yang tinggal hanya bahan tanah liat berbentuk produk bakul seramik. c) Teori figura; kepercayaan masyarakat dahulu terhadap figura-figura seramik yang melibatkan upacara tertentu berkemungkinan menggunakan bersama unggun api. Berkemungkinan figura-figura yang diperbuat daripada tanah liat ini dimasukkan ke dalam api sebagai salah satu acara upacara ini menyebabkan secara tidak langsung perubahan vitrifikasi (perubahan menjadi kaca) terhadap jasad figura seramik berlaku. Pengalaman masyarakat melihat perubahan jasad ini berlaku menyebabkan mereka menggunakan bahan tanah liat sebagai medium untuk menghasilkan produk seramik untuk kegunaan harian mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, teori daripada Cooper (2000) lagi menyatakan bahawa masyarakat terawal merupakan masyarakat yang masih mengamalkan berpindah-randah dari satu tempat ketempat yang lain dalam satu jangka masa mungkin menyebabkan produk seramik tidak diamalkan sebagai peralatan harian. Apabila masyarakat ini telah menetap di sesuatu tempat tertentu serta kekal hingga beranak-pinak serta menjadikan pertanian sebagai satu cara hidup menyebabkan mereka mula menghasilkan produk harian yang berupaya menyimpan makanan serta cecair.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Penemuan ini mungkin menjelaskan tentang kemungkinan masyarakat menemui atau menghasilkan produk seramik yang terawal. Pada masa tersebut mereka mula menghasilkan produk yang berfungsi atau untuk kegunaan harian daripada bahan tanah liat. Kebanyakannya adalah berbentuk bekas simpanan makanan dan minuman serta bekas untuk tujuan keagamaan. Seramik pada masa ini dipercayai dibakar menggunakan kaedah pembakaran api secara terbuka (bonfire) dan kaedah pembakaran di dalam lubang tanah (pit fire). Pada masa ini tanur pembakaran belum lagi dicipta dan dipercayai produk seramik ini dibakar pada suhu antara 600 hingga 700 darjah selsuis. Penemuan penting ini telah membuktikan bahawa bermulanya salah satu perkembangan seni dan kraf manusia pada zaman dahulu. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan kenyataan ahli arkeologi, tamadun manusia yang terawal juga ditemui menghasilkan produk seramik selain daripada zaman &lt;em&gt;Jomon&lt;/em&gt; iaitu di Anatolia, Syria dan di beberapa kawasan kecil Asia sekitar tahun 6000 Sebelum Masihi. Penemuan ini adalah menemukan rekabentuk produk seramik yang paling mudah pada abad tersebut. Masyarakat pada masa ini menghasilkan produk seramik menggunakan teknik lingkaran dan picitan (hasilakn permukaan rata). Kebanyakkan rekabentuk produk terawal adalah jenis bundar atau bulat walaupun mesin lemparan alin belum diciptakan lagi dan selepas itu bentukan lain pula dihasilkan seperti segi empat tepat dan bujur. Bentuk Jar dan mangkuk berbentuk bulat adalah yang terkenal pada zaman terawal ini dan didekorasikan dengan catan warna merah dan hitam. Rekabentuk produk seramik dan bahan mula berkembang semasa tamadun Mesopotamia dan Mesir sekitar tahun 5000 Sebelum Masihi. Pada zaman ini, masyarakat mula menyediakan tanah liat dengan lebih berhati-hati. Dekorasi seramik diperbaharui dengan catan yang dituris. Pada zaman tersebut juga berlakunya perkembangan terhadap ciptaan mesin lemparan alin, tanur dan kaedah pembakaran di dalam tamadun-tamadun lain. Perkembangan seramik di Persia mula berlaku sekitar tahun 4000 Sebelum Masihi. &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Tamadun Mesopotamia mempunyai tiga zaman yang menunjukkan perkembangan seramik berlaku iaitu yang pertama adalah zaman Hassuna (5000-4500 SM) iaitu masyarakat pada zaman ini menghasilkan rekabentuk seramik paling mudah dengan dekorasi berunsurkan alam sekeliling. Zaman kedua adalah Halaf (4500-4000 SM) yang telah menunjukkan peningkatan terhadap produk seramik melalui perkembangan yang berlaku terhadap teknologi tanur pembakaran serta penemuan ciptaan gerlis dan kaca. Zaman Ubaid (4000-3500 SM) adalah yang terakhir dengan berlakunya perkembangan terhadap teknologi penyediaan tanah liat, mesin lemparan alin dan tanur pembakaran. Pada zaman ini juga dekorasi produk seramik makin bertambah baik. &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Sebelum kaedah bahan kalis air seperti bahan gerlis ditemui, masyarakat pada zaman dahulu mempunyai cara yang tersendiri menghasilkan produk seramik yang mempunyai kebolehan sebagai bekas simpanan cecair. Terdapat dua kaedah utama yang sering digunakan iaitu; a) menggunakan batu sungai yang licin digosok pada permukaan produk seramik iaitu jasad produk dalam keadaan hampir kering. Kaedah ini mampu menghasilkan produk seramik kurang poros serta menjadi berkilat selepas proses pembakaran. Kaedah kedua adalah menggunakan tanah liat halus yang dicairkan dijadikan sebagai slip (tanah liat keadaan cecair yang likat) dengan melitupi permukaan seramik. Kaedah ini berupaya menghasilkan permukaan seramik menjadi berkilat dan juga sebagai dekorasi produk. &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Apa yang menakjubkan, ahli arkeologi menjumpai produk seramik daripada zaman tamadun Lembah Indus iaitu masyarakatnya juga menghasilkan produk seramik untuk sekali pakai bertujuan perniagaan minuman pada zaman tersebut. Satu longgokkan produk seramik yang pecah dijumpai disekitar kawasan dipercayai ruang perniagaan minuman zaman tersebut. Kesemua produk ini mempunyai rekabentuk yang mudah seakan untuk disiapkan secara cepat oleh pereka pada zaman ini. &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Perkembangan dan pengaruh seramik telah banyak berlaku pada masa dahulu. Mesopotamia merupakan tamadun yang mempunyai pengaruh seramik yang kuat terhadap tamadun lain yang wujud di sekitarnya pada zaman itu. Elemen budaya dan kepercayaan juga mempengaruhi rekabentuk dan dekorasi produk seramik tamadun manusia. Perkembangan terhadap dunia seramik ini berterusan dan membuktikan bahawa manusia sememangnya dilahirkan dengan sikap ingin tahu dan berusaha untuk memuaskan hati mereka tanpa jemu. &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%;&quot;&gt;Rujukan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%;&quot;&gt;1) Frank Hamer &amp;amp; Janet Hamer, The Potter&#39;s Dictionary of Materials and Techniques (London: A&amp;amp;C Black 1997)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%;&quot;&gt;2) Emmanuel Cooper, A History of World Pottery (Pennsylvania: Chilton Trade Book, 1988)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%;&quot;&gt;3) Emmanuel Cooper, Ten Thousand Years of Pottery (Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%;&quot;&gt;4) Hugo &amp;amp; Marjorie Munsterbag, World Ceramics, From Prehistoric to Modern Times (New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1998)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%;&quot;&gt;5) St John Simpson et al, Pottery in The Making, World Ceramic Tradition (London: British Museum, 1997)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/1106735315028850495/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/1106735315028850495' title='3 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/1106735315028850495'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/1106735315028850495'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2010/06/sejarah-perkembangan-dan-pengaruh.html' title='Sejarah Perkembangan dan Pengaruh Seramik Terawal Dunia'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-4117291916183937330</id><published>2010-03-16T15:46:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2010-04-01T23:23:59.742+08:00</updated><title type='text'>CATATAN PENGALAMAN DIRI: REKA CIPTA DAN INOVASI SEPANJANG TAHUN 2006-2009</title><content type='html'>&lt;span xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pertandingan inovasi merupakan satu platform yang mengketengahkan ciptaan-ciptaan terbaru daripada pelbagai agensi dan institusi pengajian tinggi. Penyertaan yang semakin banyak dari tahun ke tahun membuktikan bahawa manusia pada masa kini cuba memperbaiki kehidupan untuk lebih maju dan efisyen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Catatan perjalanan ini mungkin sebagai satu ruang untuk memberikan panduan atau dorongan kepada sesiapa yang membaca artikel ini. Saya merasakan bahawa catatan ini perlu dikongsi semua terutama kepada mereka yang masih berjuang di dalam inovasi atau pelajar seni lukis dan seni reka. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Untuk pengetahuan semua, inovasi bagi diri saya pada awal tahun 2005 merupakan satu perkara yang amat tinggi serta melibatkan keseluruhan pengetahuan terhadap sains dan teknologi yang tiada kena mengena dengan seni lukis dan seni reka. Anggapan ini mungkin menjadi satu penghalang atau sikap yang tiada kemahuan untuk mengetahui atau mencuba nasib melibatkan diri sebagai penggiat seni seramik di dalam bidang inovasi ini. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Siapa sangka pada tahun 2006 telah merubah anggapan ini bukan sahaja pada diri malah seluruh warga UiTM Perak. Tahun 2006 ini juga bermulalah keinginan saya untuk terus menceburkan diri dalam bidang inovasi ini. Pada tahun 2006, rakan sekerja (Khairul Nizan Mohd Aris) dan Pengarah Kampus UiTM Perak (Prof. Dr. Abdullah Mohamad Said) telah memberikan galakkan untuk menyertai pertandingan ini. Bermulalah episod penyertaan inovasi melalui karya Muezzin Series iaitu karya arca seramik yang berinspirasikan daripada senibina Islam (menara masjid). Penyertaan inovasi saya ini adalah yang pertama kalinya di dalam pertandingan &#39;Invention Innovation Design 2006&#39; (IID 2006) UiTM Shah Alam Selangor. Pertandingan ini disertai lebih kurang 70 buah produk inovasi daripada serata UiTM di Malaysia. Pertandingan ini buat pertama kali juga bagi saya dan UiTM Perak memenangi pingat perak. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs_2kLdkIvvCi78ggYnIZLWbM9PBWPFiKnY97CLEV0HL5hHSKf0ocx5SusEv0avMrTuFm2_eEd4VSAybZd7FAEqrDcgAW2mDbaNql_CGEGBDtxoN6f2WGoU7l5ISjebV8aTBT3Iz_MmNsn/s1600/Picture+3.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455185899115035362&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs_2kLdkIvvCi78ggYnIZLWbM9PBWPFiKnY97CLEV0HL5hHSKf0ocx5SusEv0avMrTuFm2_eEd4VSAybZd7FAEqrDcgAW2mDbaNql_CGEGBDtxoN6f2WGoU7l5ISjebV8aTBT3Iz_MmNsn/s320/Picture+3.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Tahun 2006 merupakan sebagai satu batu loncatan terhadap bidang inovasi. Selepas IID 2006, karya &#39;Muezzin Series&#39; ini telah terpilih ke pertandingan seterusnya iaitu 18&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; International Invention Innovation Technology Exhibition (ITEX) 2006 di Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. Pertandingan ini agak lebih sukar berbanding dengan IID memandangkan para hakim yang terdiri daripada pihak industri. Keperluan yang dinyatakan oleh para hakim ini lebih fokus kepada kemampuan karya ini dalam penghasilan secara industri. Tambahan pula penyertaan ini dilihat dari sudut harta intelek (paten). Walaupun serba kekurangan dan tiada pingat yang berjaya diperolehi di pertandingan ini dan sebenarnya karya &#39;Muezzin Series&#39; ini juga bukannya untuk dikomersilkan secara &#39;mass-production&#39; serta lebih kepada bentukan astetika tetapi penyertaan di peringkat ini telah membuka mata dan minda kami tentang apakah produk inovasi yang telah dihasilkan di Malaysia serta keperluan industri pada masa kini. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHissqUX6t2CrY_bzAPR3oT8nK0nQkyssGM_NbQSZ_qVkfnS9Ae15KhtAmxHEgSHYD_hU-Z2sbk649Trch7CP8z36E0fS3oBKNDh-aHT3YeZZb4eeELkn_CtN67dY4uIwgleFZkuaKNFQb/s1600/642_4229.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455185887471527698&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHissqUX6t2CrY_bzAPR3oT8nK0nQkyssGM_NbQSZ_qVkfnS9Ae15KhtAmxHEgSHYD_hU-Z2sbk649Trch7CP8z36E0fS3oBKNDh-aHT3YeZZb4eeELkn_CtN67dY4uIwgleFZkuaKNFQb/s320/642_4229.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Selepas itu karya &#39;Muezzin Series&#39; ini juga menyertai beberapa pameran di dalam negara seperti Pameran Islam Sempena Tilawah Al-Quran Peringat Antarabangsa di PWTC Kuala Lumpur, Pameran Terbuka Pulau Pinang, Pameran KAMI (Staf UiTM Perak), Pameran Terbuka Malaysia dan Pameran Terbuka Shah Alam. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Pada Tahun 2007, Pertandingan IID 2007 akan bermula kembali. Saya telah mengajak beberapa orang staf FSSR UiTM Perak untuk turut serta. Tetapi ramai yang menolak disebabkan kesibukan dan tiada karya atau projek inovasi yang boleh dipertandingkan. Pada tahun ini saya dan 3 orang rakan (secara berkumpulan) iaitu; Inatul Salmy Ibrahim, Khairul Nizan Mohd Aris dan Zahirah Harun mencuba nasib dengan dua projek inovasi iaitu &#39;Ceramic Forming Using Waste Materials&#39; dan &#39;Seni Rumah Kutai: Inspirasi Di Dalam Karya Seramik&#39;. Dan seorang lagi pensyarah yang berjaya saya ajak untuk turut serta ialah Nur Hisham Ibrahim dengan projek inovasinya; &#39;Kempen Sebatang Rokok Satu Nyawa&#39;. Penyertaan kali ini kami berjaya membawa pulang satu pingat Perak dan dua pingat Gangsa. Projek ini juga berjaya terpilih ke pertandingan ITEX 2007. Di pertandingan ITEX ini kami masih juga belum berjaya membawa balik sebarang pingat. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUTQ-1MRtPo-uZYncsPSG0LDA3z5beADVmzYM2266OWq8wClGodwQBdKVJpYT5rlJreReODz3YK0o84ac-Db4XN0DroenG8SzE1r7mqbwEAbQ-dlA302aiuCRwdG1f3-XNdj4NbNb3dpQY/s1600/DSCN1867.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455185884352400418&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUTQ-1MRtPo-uZYncsPSG0LDA3z5beADVmzYM2266OWq8wClGodwQBdKVJpYT5rlJreReODz3YK0o84ac-Db4XN0DroenG8SzE1r7mqbwEAbQ-dlA302aiuCRwdG1f3-XNdj4NbNb3dpQY/s320/DSCN1867.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUEh0JKNfCw6aXnAThApEaIW4yXpBv1-7U2Lg_kd1HNtxcfeRGgaEO0fI-vNPtWolOeqi-e1yQEsqgIXdf30mUmkyRAu-94xDNW4bV-HgbNTdmZNwh6EswdRLTLzV0iKxm63wdlQ6UFcwq/s1600/DSCN1865.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455185873654357506&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUEh0JKNfCw6aXnAThApEaIW4yXpBv1-7U2Lg_kd1HNtxcfeRGgaEO0fI-vNPtWolOeqi-e1yQEsqgIXdf30mUmkyRAu-94xDNW4bV-HgbNTdmZNwh6EswdRLTLzV0iKxm63wdlQ6UFcwq/s320/DSCN1865.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Kemudiaannya projek kedua iaitu &#39;Ceramic Forming Using Waste Material&#39; telah terpilih pula ke peringkat kebangsaan iaitu di pertandingan Malaysia Technology Expo 2007 di PWTC Kuala Lumpur dan International Exposition of Research and Invention of Institutions of Higher Learning (PECIPTA) 2008 di Pusat Konvensyen Kuala Lumpur. Pada peringkat ini beberapa peningkatan terhadap produk telah dilakukan untuk memenuhi kehendak pertandingan. Pertandingan ini agak sengit dan anugerah yang disediakan oleh penganjur agak terhad. Pertandingan ini masih menjadi ukuran produk kami untuk pertama kalinya. UiTM kali ini agak kurang bernasib baik untuk memungut pingat dan kebanyakkan produk yang pernah bertanding dan berjaya di peringkat antarabangsa juga tidak berjaya membawa pulang apa-apa anugerah dipertandingan ini. Pertandingan ini juga menjadi satu persoalan terhadap kriteria pemarkahan dan penilaian hakim. Peristiwa ini tidak menjadi satu penghalang kepada UiTM untuk terus menghantar penyelidik pergi bertanding. Malah setiap tahun sehingga sekarang telah menunjukkan peningkatan penyertaan penyelidikan inovasi yang tinggi daripada UiTM. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKMkW2ivDA7WIAQjFrH1GGvf1d7hFd8oSZEswlSn-LD2Z1iDKpdDQHts5RIdy5g0kJUKHAddqaugq9SM9QaL1-gN7FjsCoHYgJri-gG3d47GfhLGrWMBUuHwja7ZV-JVnZpXzH1WYmkdAd/s1600/DSCN1863.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455183867336718594&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKMkW2ivDA7WIAQjFrH1GGvf1d7hFd8oSZEswlSn-LD2Z1iDKpdDQHts5RIdy5g0kJUKHAddqaugq9SM9QaL1-gN7FjsCoHYgJri-gG3d47GfhLGrWMBUuHwja7ZV-JVnZpXzH1WYmkdAd/s320/DSCN1863.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrG3av-n8yjYh1KfOE-stwLq1EPsH7KCAi-Iq2CxsfKHIoqEprkXi007ffXEMabgVp-XzS8_cFcs0VcEO0MQv67_ktCqQldf8MadyxefKRuV0n0uTxnZyHJgpK-2qAtuThhyEYZMDftKvz/s1600/IID+2007+Perak+dan+Gangsa.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455183864001605090&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrG3av-n8yjYh1KfOE-stwLq1EPsH7KCAi-Iq2CxsfKHIoqEprkXi007ffXEMabgVp-XzS8_cFcs0VcEO0MQv67_ktCqQldf8MadyxefKRuV0n0uTxnZyHJgpK-2qAtuThhyEYZMDftKvz/s320/IID+2007+Perak+dan+Gangsa.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Tahun 2008 bermulanya penyertaan yang terbanyak daripada Fakulti Seni Lukis dan Seni Reka UiTM Perak serta iaitu dengan jumlah penyertaan sebanyak 7 penyelidikan inovasi. Saya sendiri menghantar 2 penyertaan produk inovasi iaitu Soft Pastel using Natural Substance (Local Mineral) designed for Ceramic Underglaze Decoration dan Ceramic Installation Flower Pot. Melalui pertandingan IID 2008 ini Alhamdulillah buat pertama kali kumpulan kami iaitu saya, Nur Hisham, Eilidh Isphahani dan Mohd Shahrol Hanafi mendapat pingat emas dengan projek inovasi &#39;soft pastel&#39; dan pingat perak dengan projek &#39;flower pot&#39; tersebut. Kemudiannya projek &#39;soft pastel&#39; ini terpilih ke peringkat seterusnya iaitu ITEX 2008 dan memenangi pingat gangsa, Alhamdulillah. Bermula detik ini juga projek inovasi &#39;soft pastel&#39; berjaya didaftarkan untuk perlindungan harta intelek (paten). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJstVMLmlfNp4x8Y5wwac6DQzYJajJYwzxZiEZN2rVm83jvZrhekH8RGd8EvjBweeGvZ-QAAKB-E2GkfNKILnJYu4Zq8-8Hbtvuw3C93N84Y9lBm1q88NJ2RaOj8eZVvtUJfbKptK2IqrJ/s1600/Ahli+Research+Khairi+%26+Pingat.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455183853420329026&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJstVMLmlfNp4x8Y5wwac6DQzYJajJYwzxZiEZN2rVm83jvZrhekH8RGd8EvjBweeGvZ-QAAKB-E2GkfNKILnJYu4Zq8-8Hbtvuw3C93N84Y9lBm1q88NJ2RaOj8eZVvtUJfbKptK2IqrJ/s320/Ahli+Research+Khairi+%26+Pingat.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM7KTxa0usfQJ9mH7lp_KtUoXv4KBWVQRje3a7M7aO8D4Oz3bcVTkimdOr-7v73xboBGAacQvCr-TjupT3Z2SIs4fNJxu9-W2yuqSLlgoQ3r3tCbRIHe5NuJ6SPmhhszECe-dgooQL96rB/s1600/Booth+Khairi.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455183842992000370&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM7KTxa0usfQJ9mH7lp_KtUoXv4KBWVQRje3a7M7aO8D4Oz3bcVTkimdOr-7v73xboBGAacQvCr-TjupT3Z2SIs4fNJxu9-W2yuqSLlgoQ3r3tCbRIHe5NuJ6SPmhhszECe-dgooQL96rB/s320/Booth+Khairi.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Walaupun produk inovasi &#39;soft pastel&#39; ini hanya tamat di ITEX 2009, semangat kami terus membara untuk terus menghasilkan projek seterusnya. &#39;Soft pastel&#39; ini menjadi satu platform dan panduan untuk menghasilkan projek seumpama dimasa hadapan. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHR7aeSt3ZDx4lpm2id08Y9nvtnJjqqwDMnH9OPvtffiEpIa6dEQDWz1wxiiLAlgQjWpu7CYU-zHKqXUvPXWgYiFliwkgf3nrtvOOkWnu4_3MPLB60bwlJ3riwlIzcTONCJsHgeaREhotl/s1600/Anugerah+Khairi.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 262px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455183832758272114&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHR7aeSt3ZDx4lpm2id08Y9nvtnJjqqwDMnH9OPvtffiEpIa6dEQDWz1wxiiLAlgQjWpu7CYU-zHKqXUvPXWgYiFliwkgf3nrtvOOkWnu4_3MPLB60bwlJ3riwlIzcTONCJsHgeaREhotl/s320/Anugerah+Khairi.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG5HXNm2_E8ENzr6MDnvJrfModUfCa2j7A3Fqa9iO3QprfCrjUS6B_x_XRas-jh2Z6HVFBeeihc4YcEuujCGSZdKFmOlkTp2F0o7CRop3PSThB7VrV8Pe-TTmQ4RF_Lp9jDz0mTT5B0BEJ/s1600/DSCN3690.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455177322759410434&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG5HXNm2_E8ENzr6MDnvJrfModUfCa2j7A3Fqa9iO3QprfCrjUS6B_x_XRas-jh2Z6HVFBeeihc4YcEuujCGSZdKFmOlkTp2F0o7CRop3PSThB7VrV8Pe-TTmQ4RF_Lp9jDz0mTT5B0BEJ/s320/DSCN3690.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Bermula tahun 2008 juga, saya mula mengorak langkah untuk mencuba projek pelajar Diploma Seni Reka Seramik dihantar bertanding ke pertandingan IID 2009. Persiapan serta panduan diberikan kepada pelajar. Pengenalan kepada inovasi telah dijadikan sebagai asas projek pelajar tahun akhir. Saya telah memperkenalkan projek inovasi kepada pelajar tahun akhir dan dibantu oleh rakan-rakan pensyarah yang lain. Detik pengenalan ini juga merubah persepsi pelajar tentang produk seramik dan juga memberikan kesan kepada pensyarah di jabatan seramik. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE1SRLyiKpVSakbLnTOPQZZ1_zJu1ypL34jN3Y3lhd43U0rGdpuZgpCqNiIDDkBj0aP4yKvSPW-zTU2ztCOHV9CSwQKUujB_ZG9QGObP3_BxTIZfd7np3jfApPoU71bJiPB-33Jj5WQ3iv/s1600/DSCN3495.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455177311648041698&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE1SRLyiKpVSakbLnTOPQZZ1_zJu1ypL34jN3Y3lhd43U0rGdpuZgpCqNiIDDkBj0aP4yKvSPW-zTU2ztCOHV9CSwQKUujB_ZG9QGObP3_BxTIZfd7np3jfApPoU71bJiPB-33Jj5WQ3iv/s320/DSCN3495.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRK92165tFa5YxUtwq8OtMhyphenhyphen72siZGixWquzqBRE94-5t4qNtcsbgZHQJ8gFAyWDi9zz9tHWgyQQNV-NZhgvbFkHXAbY-wRFVFc09IVa7ZCSNZlizvXE7jH56tYOwJohfLcPZM_jMrwGEa/s1600/DSCN3500.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455177302364457730&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRK92165tFa5YxUtwq8OtMhyphenhyphen72siZGixWquzqBRE94-5t4qNtcsbgZHQJ8gFAyWDi9zz9tHWgyQQNV-NZhgvbFkHXAbY-wRFVFc09IVa7ZCSNZlizvXE7jH56tYOwJohfLcPZM_jMrwGEa/s320/DSCN3500.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Pada peringkat awal saya memperkenalkan projek ini, ada juga rakan pensyarah merasakan ianya nampak &#39;berat&#39; bagi pelajar peringkat diploma. Saya cuba memberikan satu kelainan dengan mengurangkan beberapa pemberat kursus agar projek yang dijalankan oleh pelajar diploma ini seiring dengan keperluan silibus kursus. Mungkin perubahan projek ini menjadi sesuatu yang baru dan belum pernah dilakukan sebelum ini. Melalui pengalaman saya melibatkan diri di dalam beberapa pertandingan inovasi daripada tahun 2006 hingga 2008 serta mendapat maklumbalas daripada pengunjung serta pandangan professional terhadap bidang seramik ini, saya mula merasakan perlunya ada beberapa penambahbaikan di dalam struktur kursus dan projek pelajar. Penambahbaikan ini dapat memberikan manfaat kepada pelajar serta projek mereka mampu berdaya saing diperingkat industri walaupun diperingkat diploma. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCfL8yLCcKzh4l_pns_bdQD2yBAxIPrug1hcqglEYsMCogbZx03Lv2re1QPxCN11g1gfKoyjv-GatTBg8kuZp4cFab0kXicyX5l__gqkvJXpew5RaW0N-P8GpcyFmDjsORLaKsspc2sub/s1600/DSCN3487.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455177294720428178&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCfL8yLCcKzh4l_pns_bdQD2yBAxIPrug1hcqglEYsMCogbZx03Lv2re1QPxCN11g1gfKoyjv-GatTBg8kuZp4cFab0kXicyX5l__gqkvJXpew5RaW0N-P8GpcyFmDjsORLaKsspc2sub/s320/DSCN3487.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5faQqT87yiTIE5_TY1GZKfLAHUeM5zmaki9x_tS98k_S02LppFnFrAQU2UqV6fD4w4gtWd2WtK8yGFd2_0pqTaXyCQf2Tv31ii3s8UM3dgcdEVe-ifK3Q2FWqQxM2RIEjuI4RHnOX10vP/s1600/DSCN3490.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455177289460049666&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5faQqT87yiTIE5_TY1GZKfLAHUeM5zmaki9x_tS98k_S02LppFnFrAQU2UqV6fD4w4gtWd2WtK8yGFd2_0pqTaXyCQf2Tv31ii3s8UM3dgcdEVe-ifK3Q2FWqQxM2RIEjuI4RHnOX10vP/s320/DSCN3490.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Inovasi dan seramik merupakan satu perhubungan yang perlu berlaku memandangkan pada masa kini amat sedikit jumlah yang boleh kita lihat produk inovasi yang dilakukan. Mungkin di dalam dunia teknologi seramik termaju mempunyai pelbagai bentuk inovasi terbaru tetapi bagi rekabentuk produk seramik consumer seperti &#39;kitchenware&#39;, &#39;tableware&#39;, &#39;sanitaryware&#39; dan &#39;giftware&#39; tidak melalui proses evolusi yang melibatkan inovasi secara total. Bagi saya sebagai satu-satunya universiti di Malaysia yang menghasilkan graduan universiti dalam bidang seramik sejak dahulu lagi perlu membuat sesuatu agar bidang ini makin menyerlah. Mungkin cara pengajaran dan pembelajaran perlu dilakukan penambahbaikan agar graduan ini menjadi produk yang &#39;laris&#39; oleh industri pada masa kini. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaypwTi6RFLaHLMu6qpE7UjKbcqsc9fR1vcepr_laxbG3ggwdzim2MJguot3ZDg2t0EvQZFjGkRG9ECDX-gXJNVl8m_co5x1VhYUHOjZ9Sdvv7eT3bW0BSa8HBPAed9cqJErHKskUQFozp/s1600/Emas+dan+Gangsa+IID+2008.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455166802047710610&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaypwTi6RFLaHLMu6qpE7UjKbcqsc9fR1vcepr_laxbG3ggwdzim2MJguot3ZDg2t0EvQZFjGkRG9ECDX-gXJNVl8m_co5x1VhYUHOjZ9Sdvv7eT3bW0BSa8HBPAed9cqJErHKskUQFozp/s320/Emas+dan+Gangsa+IID+2008.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Selama ini pelajar hanya mampu menghasilkan projek atau karya berdasarkan pemahaman bentuk dan teknikal sahaja. Tetapi mereka ini tidak menyelesaikan masalah kegunaan dan objektif produk. Ramai pensyarah merasakan peringkat menyelesaikan masalah kegunaan dan objektif produk agak berat dan menyukarkan pelajar. Tetapi jika dilihat dalam aspek kajian yang diberikan secara khusus akan dapat memberikan kemudahan kepada pelajar untuk menghasilkan idea produk inovasi yang baik dan lebih fokus. Sebagai contoh sebelum ini pelajar hanya menghasilkan produk seperti &#39;storage jar&#39; yang menggunakan subjek pilihan siput. Akhirnya produk yang dihasilkan adalah &#39;storage jar&#39; yang mempunyai dekorasi siput pada bahagian penutup dan sebahagian jasad produk. Tetapi tujuan utama kegunaan produk ini tidak dilakukan kajian. Saya berpendapat projek seperti ini telah banyak dilakukan oleh pelajar sebelum ini. Jika pelajar ini cuba mencari kelemahan &#39;storage jar&#39; ini seperti aspek fungsi, saiz produk merujuk fungsi, kelemahan fungsi pada produk seumpama dipasaran atau ruang penyimpanan yang kurang ekonomik. Kelemahan ini sebagai satu kajian dan dilakukan penambahbaikan dengan menghasilkan &#39;storage jar&#39; dengan nafas baru adalah lebih fokus dan relevan. Subjek pilihan mungkin boleh di gabungkan untuk meberikan nilai astetika produk berkenaan. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge028RGarjOeoTq8-v-9capr3yCPQZkMSAn6B7eE-kh4DJhF1itPdOYmpEPALbPFRS9OxZkR0z5PmYlKlD0qYe5ceUa4qUwZgIJVXaBVn1aijdA71WFkQg776puJz-NldJ8FQLrUXlvXRB/s1600/DSCN3909.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455166792170265778&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge028RGarjOeoTq8-v-9capr3yCPQZkMSAn6B7eE-kh4DJhF1itPdOYmpEPALbPFRS9OxZkR0z5PmYlKlD0qYe5ceUa4qUwZgIJVXaBVn1aijdA71WFkQg776puJz-NldJ8FQLrUXlvXRB/s320/DSCN3909.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKJhzPWL8ypJBCc5k_5jpcg1iCiMIdLTFEmjlU3i9rdQZPJKQZqvK0vRM6ItXhmBjPGC1Q-PssIufy7OCAfcNjM1mGmy7KewIk8rtDnhb6yL_Snr3QyqfebncmpHZfKBo_eWH1fZ4UF01L/s1600/DSCN3910.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455166783260430290&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKJhzPWL8ypJBCc5k_5jpcg1iCiMIdLTFEmjlU3i9rdQZPJKQZqvK0vRM6ItXhmBjPGC1Q-PssIufy7OCAfcNjM1mGmy7KewIk8rtDnhb6yL_Snr3QyqfebncmpHZfKBo_eWH1fZ4UF01L/s320/DSCN3910.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Melalui projek inovasi pelajar ini, peringkat pemulaan ini terdapat seorang sahaja pelajar yang saya rasakan berpotensi untuk dimajukan ke pertandingan inovasi IID 2009. Produk pelajar yang bernama Syaza Abdul Rahim iaitu Ceramic Fresh Fruit Bowl (CFFB) menampakkan satu penambahbaikan produk seumpamanya di dalam pasaran. Produk pelajar lain pada penilaian tahun akhi&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge028RGarjOeoTq8-v-9capr3yCPQZkMSAn6B7eE-kh4DJhF1itPdOYmpEPALbPFRS9OxZkR0z5PmYlKlD0qYe5ceUa4qUwZgIJVXaBVn1aijdA71WFkQg776puJz-NldJ8FQLrUXlvXRB/s1600/DSCN3909.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;r agak kurang memberangsangkan dari aspek persiapan dan kekemasan menyebabkan hanya seorang sahaja pelajar yang layak ke pertandingan inovasi tersebut. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheAfTeF3puEE0u2NteqFqA2LErR9jsoQ7sm25GQYphm3qm8niob9Ryxv-voBqqL0vxpZmzPbJeC4C9mv_KwRp2u1acrsKYLj7BW0Ard9exoa-HVdTpgWCtQ2GmrBejvo6K9B9PcBe1Nxdt/s1600/DSCN3915.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455166772908483762&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheAfTeF3puEE0u2NteqFqA2LErR9jsoQ7sm25GQYphm3qm8niob9Ryxv-voBqqL0vxpZmzPbJeC4C9mv_KwRp2u1acrsKYLj7BW0Ard9exoa-HVdTpgWCtQ2GmrBejvo6K9B9PcBe1Nxdt/s320/DSCN3915.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn6hKITIwvaX3W78TVqQmlOveRMuUCFK-VmjdJpu2xmpTpsJm68fRr_OOFA-EVIHM1pzepCgmgxsQQWey2qwiNTYMfq8u-95nGycqfejvu_V1gHNR5BP0iyYXkPvhApSOOori7XYXDCh5M/s1600/DSCN3932.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455166780434755010&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn6hKITIwvaX3W78TVqQmlOveRMuUCFK-VmjdJpu2xmpTpsJm68fRr_OOFA-EVIHM1pzepCgmgxsQQWey2qwiNTYMfq8u-95nGycqfejvu_V1gHNR5BP0iyYXkPvhApSOOori7XYXDCh5M/s320/DSCN3932.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Pertandingan inovasi IID 2009 menunjukkan peningkatan penyertaan daripada UiTM Perak iaitu sebanyak 17 penyelidikan inovasi (daripada FSSR) iaitu 16 projek daripada pensyarah dan 1 daripada pelajar tersebut. Peringkat ini saya mula mengorak langkah dengan menghantar 5 projek inovasi iaitu projek pelajar sebagai &#39;supervisor&#39;; &#39;Ceramic Fresh Fruit Bowl&#39;, &#39;Soft Pastel using Oxide Colorant designed for Ceramic Underglaze Decoration&#39;, Gerlis daripada Abu Sampah Incinerator, &#39;Plas-Cel&#39; dan &#39;Egg Shellware&#39;. Selain projek pelajar, projek-projek saya ini adalah secara berkumpulan iaitu disertai oleh; Mohd Shahrol Hanafi, Nur Miswarini, Zahirah, Nor Nazida, Noor Hafifah dan Khairul Nizan Mohd Aris. Peringkat IID 2009 ini projek &#39;Soft Pastel using Oxide Colorant designed for Ceramic Underglaze Decoration&#39; berjaya membawa pulang pingat emas dan semua 4 projek lain termasuk pelajar memenangi pingat perak. Projek soft pastel kali ini menggunakan konsep yang sama tetapi berbeza dari aspek bahan iaitu menggunakan oksida sebagai pewarna. Projek soft pastel ini telah terpilih ke peringkat ITEX 2009 dan mendapat pingat perak. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Dz2_m4yO9yu6N0MEKg7OR_0yT-VMokH90bK3lr3m91gZtz-BkAtzm3Z6taNIFLtPINBRgU-7gbfmTddRHSR2LTaZ42EkmfJbGoQ256m13V17j1k8qRgwxGQMzmx7XuHd40EUCmP8sCRr/s1600/DSCN3917.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455161730999961858&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Dz2_m4yO9yu6N0MEKg7OR_0yT-VMokH90bK3lr3m91gZtz-BkAtzm3Z6taNIFLtPINBRgU-7gbfmTddRHSR2LTaZ42EkmfJbGoQ256m13V17j1k8qRgwxGQMzmx7XuHd40EUCmP8sCRr/s320/DSCN3917.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-bE1FEm4RLrqP4bvTydeHEflx4Ums1hQVLmooRzJnD_8uYp4sVQxcj5OeqFByhLu3x4STE-hAoflsALU_vKspZCEtdt3DjMWVPfr1792vEFbvbuysFUJr-RDnGIydEia53Dsc6kiKnhw4/s1600/DSCN3919.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455161724558787490&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-bE1FEm4RLrqP4bvTydeHEflx4Ums1hQVLmooRzJnD_8uYp4sVQxcj5OeqFByhLu3x4STE-hAoflsALU_vKspZCEtdt3DjMWVPfr1792vEFbvbuysFUJr-RDnGIydEia53Dsc6kiKnhw4/s320/DSCN3919.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS04WU8pVpHZRSsyo_xG25VuGvNUlkTjLpOXRRv2ieXhByMS_Mo4sMyeGNr-YbWW6nWNtYsYAjeJiQSx7y0DNR7m5Y_vC1aRMaUNSe3mefZyMjSW_pl1vpVkbShx5RwCApO1HayJpB6vBw/s1600/DSCN3921.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455161716787580338&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS04WU8pVpHZRSsyo_xG25VuGvNUlkTjLpOXRRv2ieXhByMS_Mo4sMyeGNr-YbWW6nWNtYsYAjeJiQSx7y0DNR7m5Y_vC1aRMaUNSe3mefZyMjSW_pl1vpVkbShx5RwCApO1HayJpB6vBw/s320/DSCN3921.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVxorlESVDiClawBcs9dAuS7onvPrWqCsmOX6ISel1ukxaSE3ELE9Pax3aaIrdnsQTaQFaXsX60aM9Vg9l6uS0d6rbI3hltLm0tyGGDs2cvrKXbRjWZcSPEUZOAA0AhEWNRug7E-kP9EFV/s1600/DSCN3925.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455161706181731250&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVxorlESVDiClawBcs9dAuS7onvPrWqCsmOX6ISel1ukxaSE3ELE9Pax3aaIrdnsQTaQFaXsX60aM9Vg9l6uS0d6rbI3hltLm0tyGGDs2cvrKXbRjWZcSPEUZOAA0AhEWNRug7E-kP9EFV/s320/DSCN3925.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Apa yang membanggakan di sini, projek pelajar yang mendapat pingat perak ini mencipta sejarah yang tersendiri iaitu merupakan projek diploma pertama yang masuk bertanding ke pertandingan IID ini dan memenangi pingat perak. Kemenangan ini amat bererti bagi jabatan dan juga bagi diri saya. Bagi saya, kemenangan ini menunjukkan projek inovasi pelajar diploma mampu bersaing di peringkat yang tinggi. Para juri juga memberikan banyak komen yang positif memandangkan projek pelajar ini menunjukkan kualiti yang tinggi serta berupaya untuk di komersilkan. Kemenangan projek pelajar ini bagi saya ketika itu lebih bererti daripada pingat emas yang saya perolehi. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWbOLJ0hVF0BD03rdCEmT0Z_GWSa5iUU76fezbim-jIbgPL-viz-xX98sPMTLWzdzLix_j1jVSII_5zQ71fWt_16dPXEjL_c_GZDFULrfAxsKazHQbDOOpBGn0_6nGHk0NIoGjpcIHUjPy/s1600/DSCN3913.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455149353879206866&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWbOLJ0hVF0BD03rdCEmT0Z_GWSa5iUU76fezbim-jIbgPL-viz-xX98sPMTLWzdzLix_j1jVSII_5zQ71fWt_16dPXEjL_c_GZDFULrfAxsKazHQbDOOpBGn0_6nGHk0NIoGjpcIHUjPy/s320/DSCN3913.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhURN7GPojU6gCeEl10OW3qNoTQZLWSBIUOvXmC2rXXrvEVSRUfHQTBGp1z7ogSpxhse4dc791Id6-JO8Vsbz5qKohnsR57_490j9euG_p6-FpLWo2eeU5EbuwAW3ZV4cN5FOj4SxfSPoZD/s1600/DSCN3933.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455149349514953202&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhURN7GPojU6gCeEl10OW3qNoTQZLWSBIUOvXmC2rXXrvEVSRUfHQTBGp1z7ogSpxhse4dc791Id6-JO8Vsbz5qKohnsR57_490j9euG_p6-FpLWo2eeU5EbuwAW3ZV4cN5FOj4SxfSPoZD/s320/DSCN3933.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSacXatBiwiRHXfqWycwqj__Cq-KRGjJ0k_0pWuogIDfNMTcJmML16PM4Yfb9qD9H0TdHg8cWusq8-Tl3ghhQMi_BCLuyUY0eGAKJM8dcHyHMBkEHRPdZvXrRlX3TMTxL0GvPd-Jv93svk/s1600/IMG_0232.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455149342364204210&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSacXatBiwiRHXfqWycwqj__Cq-KRGjJ0k_0pWuogIDfNMTcJmML16PM4Yfb9qD9H0TdHg8cWusq8-Tl3ghhQMi_BCLuyUY0eGAKJM8dcHyHMBkEHRPdZvXrRlX3TMTxL0GvPd-Jv93svk/s320/IMG_0232.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Alhamdulillah, projek pelajar ini telah terpilih ke pertandingan inovasi peringkat IPT seluruh Malaysia iaitu di International Exposition of Research and Invention of Institutions of Higher Learning (PECIPTA) 2009 di Pusat Konvensyen Kuala Lumpur. Peringkat ini juga memberikan satu persepsi dan pengalaman baru kepada Syaza tentang penerimaan industri terhadap produk inovasi seramik. Ramai yang memuji produk yang beliau pamerkan dan ramai yang tidak menyangka bahawa UiTM menghasilkan pelajar seni seramik yang berupaya menghasilkan produk inovasi yang berkualiti. Alhamdulillah peringkat ini, projek inovasi beliau berjaya mendapat pingat perak.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZnfDLRstXSMFDDSO1j0RVf4vH0KFILGaZv4Wv5K_JWexInBf10iYJaoRmbj1vxopkRwG283yruOz45OOBToPUAykdk8Pi-R_KxvCNdtnhlwkZRd12N8wB0wEZqUVPap7PVrkYW3iq_2q9/s1600/16052009210.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455149335778729778&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZnfDLRstXSMFDDSO1j0RVf4vH0KFILGaZv4Wv5K_JWexInBf10iYJaoRmbj1vxopkRwG283yruOz45OOBToPUAykdk8Pi-R_KxvCNdtnhlwkZRd12N8wB0wEZqUVPap7PVrkYW3iq_2q9/s320/16052009210.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqoNmHVf9fZhGwK80TcNL59SFkYN9gnKJwEuWIxzQvxTdeB-GBX8H-R_6S_2DxBgiVdXZ7lmPCrOMbFeCVTEHjNkEzvmYvDWSTMW-19m0sqYs0nmrrf62AWCGMajMlfLEDR3r3HeT1dqcW/s1600/Picture+021.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455149331913024882&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqoNmHVf9fZhGwK80TcNL59SFkYN9gnKJwEuWIxzQvxTdeB-GBX8H-R_6S_2DxBgiVdXZ7lmPCrOMbFeCVTEHjNkEzvmYvDWSTMW-19m0sqYs0nmrrf62AWCGMajMlfLEDR3r3HeT1dqcW/s320/Picture+021.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz9bUZnLzC3MEYZoJM4qVf8VcwExXqaGVqBDS2KcCprtk1Vru3oFqobejJFOdSz93FTUA6XJ_nmAbdVzsqYXme4zpHHWAWl6-YxVWDF_6IZ_ndwpWAHe_4scGq6m2m_RXgWEPoVzEYMaps/s1600/Picture+020.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455141509613635426&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz9bUZnLzC3MEYZoJM4qVf8VcwExXqaGVqBDS2KcCprtk1Vru3oFqobejJFOdSz93FTUA6XJ_nmAbdVzsqYXme4zpHHWAWl6-YxVWDF_6IZ_ndwpWAHe_4scGq6m2m_RXgWEPoVzEYMaps/s320/Picture+020.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Pertandingan PECIPTA ini juga merupakan pertama kalinya projek diploma daripada UiTM di hantar bertanding. Tidak lama kemudian, kami mendapat berita bahawa projek pelajar ini telah berjaya ke pertandingan peringkat antarabangsa iaitu di Seoul International Invention Fair (SIIF) 2009 di Korea Selatan. Sesungguhnya, seluruh warga UiTM Perak gembira mendapat berita ini. Saya mengambil keputusan dengan mendaftarkan projek pelajar ini dibawah perlindungan harta intelek (paten) sebagai persediaan kami ke Seoul nanti.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbPm7EHjI4CEQOfRA_IYKBbp-UgwJMwimq5Llrlpqe5TLVlmdjqKeX4T-e0KPjCnEpGdH3nizd8XRBUNGOmmD-71gc6hfj-PCf_k931yjSVJpReTT_YNjY0Wnths7i2ZMCmc12G9g_PIUR/s1600/09102009387.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455141497593954962&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbPm7EHjI4CEQOfRA_IYKBbp-UgwJMwimq5Llrlpqe5TLVlmdjqKeX4T-e0KPjCnEpGdH3nizd8XRBUNGOmmD-71gc6hfj-PCf_k931yjSVJpReTT_YNjY0Wnths7i2ZMCmc12G9g_PIUR/s320/09102009387.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2YkKv6F6d_7qaJ321rzTLKcaRSiAkTX66mUuhhmcZDhrYilJmuboqLpSQJ3CVXWUlhLPuR_dNShkDY30VftXHyfevxXDOqNu9KV1i_97DavsDQZjztrivqi_fF35IM1Umq39FwRshgHu0/s1600/10102009391.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455141489410745954&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2YkKv6F6d_7qaJ321rzTLKcaRSiAkTX66mUuhhmcZDhrYilJmuboqLpSQJ3CVXWUlhLPuR_dNShkDY30VftXHyfevxXDOqNu9KV1i_97DavsDQZjztrivqi_fF35IM1Umq39FwRshgHu0/s320/10102009391.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrQfMlTAlG4HE8UUAaG4mKPxLhYqKhycTd8sgtZAtI6SkI2TNbndCSnC-6KuLNLiU99v-nTY4SjOM-O_k1rEeMV10aZ55K3sidaiH-WIA3mh591WOHF9G7UgMDnQRf-kXY_R35-ssH9vz2/s1600/10102009392-001.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 191px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455141486075177826&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrQfMlTAlG4HE8UUAaG4mKPxLhYqKhycTd8sgtZAtI6SkI2TNbndCSnC-6KuLNLiU99v-nTY4SjOM-O_k1rEeMV10aZ55K3sidaiH-WIA3mh591WOHF9G7UgMDnQRf-kXY_R35-ssH9vz2/s320/10102009392-001.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Persediaan ke Seoul, Korea untuk pertandingan seterusnya bukan sekadar pertandingan biasa. Peringkat ini bukan sahaja menguji mental dan keupayaan produk inovasi pelajar ini malah membawa imej dan nama UiTM ke peringkat antarabangsa. Saya berbincang dengan Syaza dan merombak semula beberapa bahagian rekaan supaya produk inovasi tersebut lebih matang dan efisyen. Perubahan ini dirasakan perlu walaupun hanya &#39;mock-up&#39; sahaja yang akan dibawa ke Seoul nanti. Perubahan ke atas produk CFFB ini juga dilakukan untuk mendapatkan perlindungan harta intelek (paten). Proses dokumentasi untuk mendapatkan paten pada kali ini menggunakan kaedah baru oleh pihak UiTM agak memudahkan penyelidik untuk memohon perlindungan ini berbanding kaedah terdahulu yang banyak menggunakan borang. Alhamdulillah, berdasarkan maklumbalas daripada pihak UiTM bahawa produk pelajar ini tiada masalah untuk didaftarkan. Memandangkan proses penghasilan rekaan baru yang agak memakan sedikit masa tetapi berdasarkan perbincangan dan tumpuan yang diberikan, produk inovasi ini berjaya disiapkan dalam masa yang ditetapkan. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Pertandingan kali ini sebenarnya benar-benar juga menguji keupayaan saya dan Syaza dalam menghasilkan perkembangan rekabentuk baru memandangkan kebanyakkan masa perbincangan kami adalah melalui telefon. Lakaran rekaan dan dokumentasi yang dihasilkan oleh Syaza dihantar kepada saya untuk dikomen dan disemak semuanya melalui email. Saya merasakan kaedah penyeliaan dan perbincangan secara &#39;on-line&#39; ini juga efektif jika kedua-dua pihak memberikan kerjasama yang baik.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Sedar atau tidak masa berlalu amat pantas. Produk inovasi CFFB ini berjaya dihasilkan tetapi satu masalah lagi yang timbul iaitu pembiayaan perjalanan Syaza yang tidak dapat ditanggung oleh pihak UiTM. Memandangkan projek inovasi yang dipertandingkan selama ini jarang disertai oleh pelajar maka malang sekali bajet untuk pelajar tidak disediakan. Alhamdulillah, terima kasih kepada Dekan FSSR iaitu Prof. Madya Dr. Mustafa Halabi yang banyak membantu mendapatkan bajet perbelanjaan Syaza ke Seoul.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt; Masalah yang dihadapi telah pun selesai. Saya menarik nafas lega kerana Syaza sendiri yang akan mempersembahkan projek inovasinya kepada hakim pertandingan itu nanti. Terdetik dihati perasaan bangga melihat hasil usaha pelajar diploma jabatan seramik berjaya ke peringkat antarabangsa. Beberapa kali saya telah mengingatkan Syaza supaya benar-benar bersedia untuk melakukan persembahan produk itu nanti.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt; Perjalanan ke Korea merupakan satu pengalaman pertandingan inovasi kali terakhir yang saya alami sebelum cuti melanjutkan pelajaran ke peringkat PhD 2010 nanti. Pengalaman ke negara ini telah memberikan pelbagai impak kepada kami terutama sekali bersama-sama dengan rakan sekerja baru dikenali daripada pelbagai bidang. Mereka ini ada yang selalu terlibat di peringkat antarabangsa tidak lokek memberikan motivasi dan semangat kepada kami yang baru pertama kali ke pertandingan luar ini. Mereka ini juga amat mengambil berat terhadap satu sama lain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz5BOQWwYIuJChY-tRp8ZFHXuuL2ou7_ysXLA3k-4jjxiGZENxCI6YeRzwDlqFitmTN5BZMci34q_BTjWo86EE0eWdhxNYFmwRzjSp1BFMgIb1g3CPZQcLHRNZP0KdOGpcnPU0ZGdynelL/s1600/DSCN4377.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455141477841498210&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz5BOQWwYIuJChY-tRp8ZFHXuuL2ou7_ysXLA3k-4jjxiGZENxCI6YeRzwDlqFitmTN5BZMci34q_BTjWo86EE0eWdhxNYFmwRzjSp1BFMgIb1g3CPZQcLHRNZP0KdOGpcnPU0ZGdynelL/s320/DSCN4377.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Alhamdulillah, pertandingan SIIF 2009 di Seoul Korea Selatan ini kami telah mendapat pingat Gangsa. Saya amat berbangga dengan pencapaian ini memandangkan projek diploma pelajar ini berjaya mendapat pengiktirafan antarabangsa. Kejayaan ini juga amat bermakna untuk Jabatan Seramik UiTM yang julung-julung kali menghantar pelajar menyertai pertandingan inovasi. Terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah bertungkus lumus menjayakan penyertaan projek pelajar ini ke Korea terutama sekali pihak Dekan FSSR dan Pengarah Kampus UiTM Perak.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Pengalaman saya sepanjang penglibatan dalam inovasi banyak memberikan motivasi dan meningkatkan pengetahuan dalam bidang seramik secara lebih mendalam terutama sekali dari aspek inovasi bahan dan rekabentuk. Sepanjang penglibatan ini juga bagi saya masih belum cukup dan saya perlu memperbaiki lagi supaya setiap penyelidikan inovasi yang dihasilkan berupaya pergi lebih jauh iaitu ke peringkat pengkomersilan antarabangsa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIBIp_k6ewlO_M0lPVvFY3VkHn-R2qjDjok4hCfn6PpSe_Y6xfhehgYVRInpIFywnRfXvhamC2Ionmi9_zVJpK1FlIFPFsypdQbN9vCLmKReDZ9rU4o0j6b7fJfObTzNx2kfR2nHWAd5mb/s1600/DSCN4284.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455134494096012402&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIBIp_k6ewlO_M0lPVvFY3VkHn-R2qjDjok4hCfn6PpSe_Y6xfhehgYVRInpIFywnRfXvhamC2Ionmi9_zVJpK1FlIFPFsypdQbN9vCLmKReDZ9rU4o0j6b7fJfObTzNx2kfR2nHWAd5mb/s320/DSCN4284.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZM-k_55wwGiwx1RRMUnEh6G8HUv5f9aFByPDZj-WsAtzKnVFwODSq7cf7WTQNghPB5_rdepdq6aedZZhFzKR6ynexoXyo0deKCjPzwbkowl2V03qumPvJQ0F-3YnBpToQrXb3xeuGplNY/s1600/DSCN4270.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455134483475847010&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZM-k_55wwGiwx1RRMUnEh6G8HUv5f9aFByPDZj-WsAtzKnVFwODSq7cf7WTQNghPB5_rdepdq6aedZZhFzKR6ynexoXyo0deKCjPzwbkowl2V03qumPvJQ0F-3YnBpToQrXb3xeuGplNY/s320/DSCN4270.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Setakat ini, saya telah mendaftarkan dua produk inovasi dibawah perlindungan harta intelek iaitu Ceramic Fresh Fruit Bowl dan Natural Substance Soft Pastel. Sepanjang penglibatan dalam inovasi ini yang bermula pada 2006, tahun 2009 merupakan tahun yang membanggakan bagi diri saya. Bukan kerana pencapaian saya tetapi saya berjaya membawa produk inovasi pelajar diploma sehingga ke peringkat antarabangsa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSnRYIBBeoInrzYSN4KLw5vyrjUCqZQfamF7g-TNjPheSrOyKftXFHWj6XLXb4j4CqL53jGlfqEy5VuFszb3cyuRqKUD9Y_IfIs7btODnV1KlcHlx6cGhfYngAUIe43sge_CLGYgGACNmC/s1600/DSCN4379.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 232px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455134481531805202&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSnRYIBBeoInrzYSN4KLw5vyrjUCqZQfamF7g-TNjPheSrOyKftXFHWj6XLXb4j4CqL53jGlfqEy5VuFszb3cyuRqKUD9Y_IfIs7btODnV1KlcHlx6cGhfYngAUIe43sge_CLGYgGACNmC/s320/DSCN4379.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbXqF583IWQJ1qM90lvjtvUzb4ROogtuwYa2uzI3tFCcXmBnlg4-LtT2Xz7gptht22pXnW4gqtEZyXuQWaThB9jaDVDyXzKO2R-e1EazlQZndVFQcm_e4qK9u_3HFzkgwHO0ttPxOjf7dC/s1600/07122009641.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455134472023876114&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbXqF583IWQJ1qM90lvjtvUzb4ROogtuwYa2uzI3tFCcXmBnlg4-LtT2Xz7gptht22pXnW4gqtEZyXuQWaThB9jaDVDyXzKO2R-e1EazlQZndVFQcm_e4qK9u_3HFzkgwHO0ttPxOjf7dC/s320/07122009641.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;Setelah melihat pencapaian projek inovasi pelajar ini, ia telah memotivasikan saya untuk terus membawa projek inovasi pelajar ke peringkat kebangsaan dan antarabangsa. Jika penglibatan pelajar ini berterusan dan secara tidak langsung minat dan motivasi diri pelajar juga akan bertambah. Mereka akan lebih yakin untuk menghasilkan dan mempersembahkan hasil kerja mereka secara realistik untuk perkembangan seni seramik tanah air. Saya yakin jika scenario penglibatan inovasi pelajar berterusan, perkembangan seni seramik tanah air akan berlaku dengan hebat dan secara tidak langsung, produk seramik Malaysia berupaya bersaing di peringkat global. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMg-HveJQ63Ay3BK4bRVaCHSbT6chYDpTHgyvVTP7D7Hq9Zy2nGiLmRgUjhtxm5luXYWh0Rb1qWM4ffeSJFNGRZAujZ3Y_Z-H8b7cGk-CKrFtMkLrOv1AicuS4lnMBs9QfKDGbMTOeB6k5/s1600/PC030300.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455134463381129090&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMg-HveJQ63Ay3BK4bRVaCHSbT6chYDpTHgyvVTP7D7Hq9Zy2nGiLmRgUjhtxm5luXYWh0Rb1qWM4ffeSJFNGRZAujZ3Y_Z-H8b7cGk-CKrFtMkLrOv1AicuS4lnMBs9QfKDGbMTOeB6k5/s320/PC030300.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/4117291916183937330/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/4117291916183937330' title='2 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/4117291916183937330'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/4117291916183937330'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2010/03/catatan-pengalaman-diri-reka-cipta-dan.html' title='CATATAN PENGALAMAN DIRI: REKA CIPTA DAN INOVASI SEPANJANG TAHUN 2006-2009'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs_2kLdkIvvCi78ggYnIZLWbM9PBWPFiKnY97CLEV0HL5hHSKf0ocx5SusEv0avMrTuFm2_eEd4VSAybZd7FAEqrDcgAW2mDbaNql_CGEGBDtxoN6f2WGoU7l5ISjebV8aTBT3Iz_MmNsn/s72-c/Picture+3.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-2882674804814651549</id><published>2009-11-02T16:01:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2009-11-02T16:30:35.908+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Toxic Tableware: Danger Stalks You at Home</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimMMClP-RWMEPae6b-GFLzv-MRvPYwW7q6oDy8QVK_KSMmvbICsHAXjFcHHdc_3vFTLihN18FHzGjkwqmXpI4r9n_9AmTzzzhPw9ZxMHCCkc1L4Jwkkt4JLoMzGstvx0fJ6SSErAHLUo5m/s1600-h/article+in+blog.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 400px; HEIGHT: 235px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5399416185614915826&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimMMClP-RWMEPae6b-GFLzv-MRvPYwW7q6oDy8QVK_KSMmvbICsHAXjFcHHdc_3vFTLihN18FHzGjkwqmXpI4r9n_9AmTzzzhPw9ZxMHCCkc1L4Jwkkt4JLoMzGstvx0fJ6SSErAHLUo5m/s400/article+in+blog.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;New Sunday Times, November 1, 2009 (Page 14 &amp;amp; 15)&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/2882674804814651549/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/2882674804814651549' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/2882674804814651549'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/2882674804814651549'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2009/11/toxic-tableware-danger-stalks-you-home.html' title='Toxic Tableware: Danger Stalks You at Home'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimMMClP-RWMEPae6b-GFLzv-MRvPYwW7q6oDy8QVK_KSMmvbICsHAXjFcHHdc_3vFTLihN18FHzGjkwqmXpI4r9n_9AmTzzzhPw9ZxMHCCkc1L4Jwkkt4JLoMzGstvx0fJ6SSErAHLUo5m/s72-c/article+in+blog.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-658507328830282390</id><published>2009-10-30T17:29:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2009-10-30T18:14:30.982+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Tip Untuk Pelajar: Menghasilkan Perkembangan Idea Untuk Projek Kursus Seni Reka Seramik</title><content type='html'>Oleh: Mohd Khairi Baharom&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seni Seramik memerlukan daya kreativiti dalam penghasilan karya atau produk yang kreatif. Produk atau karya yang dihasilkan oleh individu kreatif akan melahirkan karya yang bermutu. Setiap pereka dan pengkarya memerlukan cetusan idea yang kreatif serta bagus untuk menghasilkan karya atau produk yang mempunyai ciri-ciri estetika dan unik. &lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNH-b9kFzzbCRIlhvwQFNmZm7lMrbOfbvZdkCZsryQMIqucN7PQThVaUkDAVXJNng5vVjSi2rRoUhk-gGwIRruKeLTEM26ozuWBcgQkTtZPDPyx_Koeta1yaUpkfTvtVbYAza50XBYXH8Q/s1600-h/Picture10.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398331766070372706&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNH-b9kFzzbCRIlhvwQFNmZm7lMrbOfbvZdkCZsryQMIqucN7PQThVaUkDAVXJNng5vVjSi2rRoUhk-gGwIRruKeLTEM26ozuWBcgQkTtZPDPyx_Koeta1yaUpkfTvtVbYAza50XBYXH8Q/s320/Picture10.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk mendapatkan cetusan idea kreatif ini individu memerlukan satu dorongan yang kuat. Terdapat segelintir pelajar seni reka seramik merasakan untuk mendapatkan idea kreatif ini agak sukar dan memerlukan masa yang panjang. Di sini saya ingin memberikan beberapa tip yang mungkin boleh dijadikan panduan kepada pelajar yang ingin mendapatkan cetusan idea. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgue7oAXrByusK2Tgy0U4ZFrVIgqDHn-wPBck6I3lHnjMTMbqf1OCXez3LZI4d9eLVYhev4SOrN0KUIu-no9g_8L_Sl6Y3cVT5ecDcC1mf8Tvq3GFrNhCcJYA6AtreFgaFgsLZdZaIBuIQd/s1600-h/DSCN2206.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398328065656720098&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgue7oAXrByusK2Tgy0U4ZFrVIgqDHn-wPBck6I3lHnjMTMbqf1OCXez3LZI4d9eLVYhev4SOrN0KUIu-no9g_8L_Sl6Y3cVT5ecDcC1mf8Tvq3GFrNhCcJYA6AtreFgaFgsLZdZaIBuIQd/s320/DSCN2206.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Senario sebagai pelajar selalunya mempunyai sedikit pengalaman yang dilaluinya dalam menghasilkan idea kreatif. Pelajar selalu memulakan mendapatkan idea dengan menghasilkan penyelidikan. Kadang kala pelajar ini tidak mengetahui apa yang ingin dicarinya. Memulakan penyelidikan idea tanpa perancangan boleh melambatkan proses mendapatkan idea yang baik. Memulakan lakaran idea tanpa penyelidikan juga boleh ‘menyesatkan idea’. Ada kalanya beberapa pelajar ini tidak memahami projek yang perlu dilaksanakan dan terus menghasilkan penyelidikan juga akan mengalami kegagalan mencapai objektif projek tersebut. Apakah langkah pertama anda untuk menghasilkan idea kreatif?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;color:#ffcc66;&quot;&gt;1) Objektif Projek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Objektif projek diperolehi berdasarkan maklumat yang diterima anda daripada pensyarah. Penerangan lanjut tentang objektif projek mungkin mempunyai beberapa terma dan informasi yang mengelirukan anda. Pastikan anda benar-benar faham dan jelas tentang apa yang dikehendaki anda persiapkan sepanjang melalui proses penghasilan produk / karya anda. Sebagai contoh, anda diarahkan menghasilkan sejenis produk tableware. Pastikan anda jelas projek yang telah diarahkan. Kemungkinan persoalan yang jelas sekali anda perlu tahu sebagai contohnya; apakah dimaksudkan produk tableware? Adakah anda perlu menghasilkan satu set produk atau hanya satu produk utama sahaja? Bagaimana teknik penghasilan yang akan digunakan? Apakah batasan kerja di dalam projek ini? Persoalan ini memerlukan perbincangan mendalam dengan pensyarah anda supaya informasi yang diterima begitu jelas. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Z0NpcJW7iT0SOVfp3fsjpcScx3ePBf6pBC2yljeaZEKyye2kUo1GxeQWL1fbmsCg8BaX1gog1-HGs_3TzeFJkvoEdl-6ne3Ds-dMEo2wdPZwr9PXjnJRsq1xpMFkRjC9RswV8_FGZozk/s1600-h/Picture4.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398331078532992434&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 241px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Z0NpcJW7iT0SOVfp3fsjpcScx3ePBf6pBC2yljeaZEKyye2kUo1GxeQWL1fbmsCg8BaX1gog1-HGs_3TzeFJkvoEdl-6ne3Ds-dMEo2wdPZwr9PXjnJRsq1xpMFkRjC9RswV8_FGZozk/s320/Picture4.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cuba anda lakukan ‘brainstorming’ dengan kaedah senaraikan segala objektif secara tersusun seperti kaedah ‘mind-map’. Dengan susunan yang teratur akan memudahkan anda melakukan aktiviti seterusnya. Kaedah senarai ini juga secara tidak langsung akan menjadi checklist sepanjang proses menyiapkan projek tersebut. Pastikan senarai ini sentiasa bersama. Amalkan segala nota-nota yang diambil semasa syarahan projek setiap minggu dicatat. Sebaik-baiknya jadikan buku ‘sketch’ sebagai buku nota. Dengan ini segala rekod projek, perbincangan dengan pensyarah, ‘brainstorming’, lakaran serta penyelidikan berada di dalam satu tempat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmPbC7ttohyphenhyphenRpr8Wa3dDjcrdZqrl8jdPtdG8suLOeOc-ViGBs8Y_BB8v7pa016u-O8dgDz4kPVWf4RNC25CexK_taiPHoMRmF4kVwcw7p3aPxGK51i8CpuA7KOp3HZQK-7YB2MP77sgsNs/s1600-h/Picture5.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398331083429146306&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 241px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmPbC7ttohyphenhyphenRpr8Wa3dDjcrdZqrl8jdPtdG8suLOeOc-ViGBs8Y_BB8v7pa016u-O8dgDz4kPVWf4RNC25CexK_taiPHoMRmF4kVwcw7p3aPxGK51i8CpuA7KOp3HZQK-7YB2MP77sgsNs/s320/Picture5.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;color:#ffcc66;&quot;&gt;2) Jenis Karya atau Produk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kebiasaan pelajar akan memilih subjek pilihan (subjek matter) dahulu untuk menghasilkan perkembangan idea. Menggunakan langkah ini adalah kurang berkesan dan boleh mengelirukan pada pertengahan projek. Adalah lebih mudah jika seseorang pelajar ini melakukan pemilihan jenis karya atau produk terlebih dahulu sebelum melalui proses pemilihan subjek. Pastikan apakan jenis karya yang ingin digunakan sebagai idea utama. Senaraikan jenis mengikut keutamaan. Kaedah ini membantu memberikan pilihan alternatif jika anda mengalami masalah dalam mendapatkan maklumat terperinci. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3mqRtaDnge4dXBNAjXuOV19azyv-es3_O4UPf_Q_WQhMjKGuYCLL6I33f_z427GsRS6IkNQkvSQmiKtLiItQJV-BM9kXGpx4PClaek-e9cl4l1nqU4gi_AJxLj4ZovdqkYkjUn9BHIdJz/s1600-h/Picture1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398331061601476066&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 226px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3mqRtaDnge4dXBNAjXuOV19azyv-es3_O4UPf_Q_WQhMjKGuYCLL6I33f_z427GsRS6IkNQkvSQmiKtLiItQJV-BM9kXGpx4PClaek-e9cl4l1nqU4gi_AJxLj4ZovdqkYkjUn9BHIdJz/s320/Picture1.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saya ingin nasihatkan anda jika memilih jenis karya atau produk, yang pertama biarlah berdasarkan minat. Minat terhadap sesuatu jenis karya akan membuatkan pelajar ini akan terus berusaha mendapatkan maklumat dan menghasilkan karya atau produk dengan lebih baik. Yang kedua, nilai kemahiran diri dalam penghasilan produk atau karya seramik berdasarkan jenis karya atau produk yang akan dihasilkan. Kemahiran asas dalam diri pelajar juga membantu meningkatkan kualiti produk atau karya seramik ini. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkvi-STJqTaZb1ywpZWVHOyZUk_5vCvbMT8iglFvmHejuvwxtoTKLm5h7BQnyoUHVMH49BSGbA6ERnlq87tcjd24f1jYaxmQqKihda_Hm39ppgzgKaX_P2F_L6gHo4QTbWI_rt0Q_q3Mk8/s1600-h/Picture3.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398331074728177298&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 227px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkvi-STJqTaZb1ywpZWVHOyZUk_5vCvbMT8iglFvmHejuvwxtoTKLm5h7BQnyoUHVMH49BSGbA6ERnlq87tcjd24f1jYaxmQqKihda_Hm39ppgzgKaX_P2F_L6gHo4QTbWI_rt0Q_q3Mk8/s320/Picture3.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;color:#ffcc66;&quot;&gt;3) Subjek Pilihan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Subjek pilihan merupakan asas dalam menghasilkan karya atau produk. Kadangkala proses ini tidak perlu digunakan berdasarkan idea yang akan dihasilkan. Penggunaan subjek pilihan juga jika tidak aplikasi secara terancang akan menghasilkan karya atau produk yang kurang berjaya. Apakah subjek pilihan yang baik? Jawapan persoalan ini sebenarnya adalah berdasarkan minat dan kesukaan anda. Lakukan penyelidikan yang mendalam tentang subjek pilihan dan jenis produk yang dipilih supaya anda benar-benar faham tentang karya atau produk anda. Tetapi di sini saya akan memberikan beberapa pandangan jenis-jenis subjek pilihan yang sesuai; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi38NKHAWmsSc6T4OX7s55mKntFfLWUjboOTIuf1AhIJ0xzmy8hWOJoEnqn38wZ8ZRWhRgj-KhykHYaN10_jNqUZ3Hgurr8e3yxN_l_Sjz7-97enxZ6WgOhsvZ0Sykauyft_9WCbu7lh2nB/s1600-h/Picture7.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398331752713521922&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi38NKHAWmsSc6T4OX7s55mKntFfLWUjboOTIuf1AhIJ0xzmy8hWOJoEnqn38wZ8ZRWhRgj-KhykHYaN10_jNqUZ3Hgurr8e3yxN_l_Sjz7-97enxZ6WgOhsvZ0Sykauyft_9WCbu7lh2nB/s320/Picture7.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffcc66;&quot;&gt;a) Alam sekeliling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pemilihan subjek ini tidak mempunyai hadnya. Anda boleh mendapati apa yang terdapat disekeliling. Berjayanya sesuatu produk seramik ini bukan berdasarkan subjek pilihan tetapi bagaimana anda berjaya mengolah produk anda bersama karektor subjek pilihan. Ramai pelajar hanya melihat ‘luaran’ subjek pilihan sahaja. Mereka tidak benar-benar mengenali subjek yang dipilih dan tidak melihat bahagian subjek yang mempunyai keistimewaan serta unik. Ini akan merugikan pelajar. Alam sekeliling merupakan subjek yang sering menjadi tumpuan pelajar. Antara contoh-contoh subjek daripada alam sekeliling; siput laut, buah-buahan, sayuran, tumbuhan hutan / liar, bungaan, barangan buatan manusia, haiwan, serangga, riak air, dan sebagainya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffcc66;&quot;&gt;b) Permasalahan atau Penambahbaikan Fungsi Produk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kadangkala jenis karya pun sudah cukup dijadikan sebagai inspirasi. Sebenarnya ramai pelajar yang kurang didedahkan tentang perkara ini iaitu permasalahan fungsi produk sebagai subjek pilihan. Untuk mendapatkan permasalahan fungsi produk, anda hanya perlu melakukan kajian terhadap sesuatu jenis karya yang dipilih dan melihat permasalahan fungsi yang berlaku. Sebagai contohnya penutup teko yang sering tertanggal semasa proses penuangan. Permasalahan penutup teko ini dikaji dan dilakukan pembaharuan dalam rekabentuk yang baru untuk memastikan penutup ini tidak lagi mudah tertanggal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mungkin jenis karya yang dipilih tidak mempunyai sebarang masalah. Anda mungkin boleh mencadangkan penambahbaikan yang boleh dilakukan ke atas produk berkenaan. Sebagai contoh pinggan yang mempunyai komponen tambahan untuk kemudahan meletakkan sudu, garpu dan chopstik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Subjek daripada permasalahan dan penambahbaikan ini jika ingin dihasilkan, produk yang difikirkan ini mestilah mempunyai kemudahan kepada pengguna dan bukannya menambahkan kesukaran. Jika sebelum ini produk yang difikirkan bermasalah lebih menyenangkan pengguna berbanding idea anda yang terbaru, adakah idea anda lebih mesra pengguna? Hasilkan ‘brainstorming’ untuk memudahkan anda melihat permasalahan dan penyelesaian ini dengan lebih efektif. Projek yang menggunakan subjek ini lebih dikenali sebagai inovasi dan rekacipta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffcc66;&quot;&gt;c) Konsep karya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ramai yang tidak mengetahui bahawa konsep karya juga boleh dijadikan sebagai satu inspirasi dalam menghasilkan produk atau karya seramik yang kreatif. Konsep yang dimaksudkan seperti produk untuk perkahwinan, pertunangan, hotel, pejabat, istana, restoran, cenderahati VIP dan sebagainya. Bagaimana hendak menggabungkan konsep karya dengan jenis karya? Apabila anda sudah mengesahkan jenis karya yang ingin dihasilkan, pilih konsep karya yang akan digunakan (senaraikan konsep yang difikirkan sesuai dengan jenis karya anda).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pastikan konsep yang akan digunakan ini bersesuaian dengan jenis karya, dekorasi, penggunaan dan fungsi. Semua ini perlu fikirkan sebagai memastikan karya ini mempunyai objektif terhadap konsep. Sebagai contoh; jika anda memilih mangkuk buah sebagai jenis karya, anda memilih ruang bilik hotel sebagai konsep. Karya mangkuk buah anda mestilah mempunyai ciri-ciri yang jelas dan hanya sesuai untuk ruang bilik hotel. Perkara yang perlu difikirkan dari sudut warna, saiz, keselamatan, moden (rata-rata dekorasi dalaman hotel masa kini berbentuk moden) dan yang paling penting produk tersebut hanya untuk mangkuk buah sahaja dan bukannya boleh diletakkan pelbagai jenis makanan lain (sup atau gula-gula).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;color:#ffcc66;&quot;&gt;4) Lukisan Subjek Pilihan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lukisan subjek pilihan yang dimaksudkan adalah lukisan analitikal. Lukisan analitikal diperlukan untuk menjana perkembangan idea anda serta mendapatkan ‘bahagian istimewa atau unik’ subjek pilihan anda. Proses lukisan ini akan mengambil masa memandangkan pengamatan yang mendalam diperlukan. Anda boleh melakukan eksplorasi ke atas subjek dengan melihat kepelbagaian sudut pandangan dan termasuk juga bahagian dalaman subjek jika boleh. Kaedah ini dapat memudahkan anda fahami subjek pilihan secara mendalam. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Lx8HAqSkKsu7RcOYe2jARtWVZhkjJUJAEdVMscb3pwth3IGZOKQPRKfKTv2r-FCgNlg_EpCABCEVgDNlRRLF36sXIOgQpMCBMI3iAOZYjqLPcwwpPb9buVfgmMywaZJSgFiofMIqc3Cc/s1600-h/Picture2.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398331064553696114&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 231px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Lx8HAqSkKsu7RcOYe2jARtWVZhkjJUJAEdVMscb3pwth3IGZOKQPRKfKTv2r-FCgNlg_EpCABCEVgDNlRRLF36sXIOgQpMCBMI3iAOZYjqLPcwwpPb9buVfgmMywaZJSgFiofMIqc3Cc/s320/Picture2.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lakukan perbincangan dengan pensyarah apabila anda sudah menghasilkan lukisan subjek pilihan untuk mendapatkan pandangan serta idea. Kadangkala mungkin anda terlepas pandang sesuatu yang amat bagus dijadikan sebagai inspirasi dan mungkin pensyarah anda nampak. Jadikan perbincangan ini sebagai satu rutin untuk kejayaan produk anda nanti.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;color:#ffcc66;&quot;&gt;5) Lakaran Perkembangan Idea ‘Thumbnail’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah lukisan analitikal sudah siap sepenuhnya dan diterima oleh pensyarah, proses menghasilkan perkembangan idea perlu dilakukan. Tip untuk mendapatkan perkembangan idea dengan cepat, cuba gunakan kaedah lakaran ‘thumbnail’ (thumbnail sketch). Lakaran sebesar ibu jari secara pantas akan mempercepatkan proses mendapatkan idea dengan jelas berbanding menggunakan kaedah lukisan bersaiz sederhana. Pengalaman dalam pengajaran di jabatan seramik selama ini telah membuktikan bahawa kaedah ini telah mempercepatkan pelajar mendapatkan idea dengan banyak. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzIlVVByv7gIAXdeC9OPMHbxPQ-sHXtVfIRKlEH2rpJrJ0L45QYz_mFSaS-MxOUA1F_jF2LXdj2LLlfMDBDl2hhjJGkZqPHfdaxFLfYoDWVBNc3klDhRb7u_8Y8awxlyGnt-ILrByguBlE/s1600-h/Picture8.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398331758053759506&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 226px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzIlVVByv7gIAXdeC9OPMHbxPQ-sHXtVfIRKlEH2rpJrJ0L45QYz_mFSaS-MxOUA1F_jF2LXdj2LLlfMDBDl2hhjJGkZqPHfdaxFLfYoDWVBNc3klDhRb7u_8Y8awxlyGnt-ILrByguBlE/s320/Picture8.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proses lakaran ini hanya dilakukan dengan memberikan tumpuan kepada reka bentuk asas produk sebelum memasuki fasa dekorasi permukaan. Reka bentuk asas produk merupakan proses utama yang perlu dihasilkan oleh pelajar untuk mendapatkan percambahan idea. Proses ini mungkin akan menghasilkan jumlah lakaran yang banyak dan pelbagai. Satu peringkat lakaran yang dihasilkan akan dipilih sebagai saringan. Beberapa lakaran idea yang dipilih ini diolah dan dikembangkan semula supaya penambahbaikan dapat dihasilkan. Proses ini memerlukan kesabaran jika ingin melihat hasil karya atau produk yang baik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;color:#ffcc66;&quot;&gt;6) Mock-Up Perkembangan Idea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perkembangan idea selalunya melibatkan lakaran atau lukisan secara 2 dimensi. Perkembangan idea ini juga boleh dihasilkan dengan menggunakan kaedah pembuatan ‘mock-up’ atau model berskala kecil secara 3 dimensi. Walaupun penghasilan ‘mock-up’ ini bersaiz yang kecil berbanding saiz sebenar, teknik pembuatan yang digunakan mestilah sama dengan yang sebenar. Ini kerana anda akan mengalami pengalaman menghasilkan produk tersebut dan mengetahui sedikit sebanyak teknikal pembuatan berdasarkan ‘mock-up’ ini. Pengalaman ini akan memudahkan anda membuat penambahbaikan terhadap produk atau karya akhir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selain itu, menghasilkan ‘mock-up’ akan mempermudahkan anda melihat bentuk karya yang sebenar dan dapat melakukan pertambahan perkembangan idea. Dengan melakukan eksperimentasi ini memudahkan anda faham sifat bahan yang digunakan serta bentuk yang akan dihasilkan. Proses menghasilkan ‘mock-up’ ini mungkin melibatkan kos bahan yang tinggi. Walaupun demikian, ‘mock-up’ juga boleh dijadikan sebagai sampel ujikaji untuk mendapatkan warna gerlis. Tetapi ingat, ‘mock-up’ bukanlah karya atau produk akhir anda. Tetapi ianya boleh diberi markah penilaian untuk proses perkembangan idea dan kreativiti. Maka, pembuatan ‘mock-up’ bukanlah satu kerja yang sia-sia serta ia mempermudahkan anda di dalam proses perbincangan tentang teknikal bersama pensyarah berdasarkan sampel ‘mock-up’ yang sedia ada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;color:#ffcc66;&quot;&gt;7) Lukisan Idea Terperinci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebelum menghasilkan produk akhir, lukisan idea secara terperinci perlu dilakukan untuk memperlihatkan reka bentuk, dekorasi serta warna. Peringkat ini anda akan memasukkan beberapa elemen warna dan dekorasi seperti yang dicadangkan. Lukisan perincian ini akan menampakkan kesesuaian serta pilihan sebelum ianya dihasilkan ke dalam karya atau produk yang sebenar. Kegagalan menghasilkan lukisan ini akan banyak memberi impak terhadap kerja-kerja penghasilan karya atau produk. Proses menyiapkan karya atau produk dengan pantas boleh terganggu jika kegagalan ini dipandang ringan. Pendek kata, pastikan segala proses ini disiapkan sebagai kemudahan anda di masa depan. Pastikan segala lukisan idea ini sentiasa dirujuk semasa proses pembuatan sebagai satu komunikasi idea dengan karya untuk memastikan produk atau karya akhir yang dihasilkan adalah seperti yang dirancangkan. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7PyPGult_1Sbo7JLdjhMmwJ7Lfgp6GvkxJASwCM87jakJQzJpmI2FOJelqyDKKw5Glm7o_FmD3pFU4VXGlnDeO9C5RGVVY1Pse5akLJypGv0uUztTQHBtYEBLYvVvjZAIqtCs-cY_f9Q1/s1600-h/Picture6.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398331747908066530&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 294px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7PyPGult_1Sbo7JLdjhMmwJ7Lfgp6GvkxJASwCM87jakJQzJpmI2FOJelqyDKKw5Glm7o_FmD3pFU4VXGlnDeO9C5RGVVY1Pse5akLJypGv0uUztTQHBtYEBLYvVvjZAIqtCs-cY_f9Q1/s320/Picture6.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;color:#ffcc66;&quot;&gt;Kesimpulan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proses penghasilan projek yang diberikan memerlukan tumpuan sepenuhnya. Anda perlu mendidik diri untuk berusaha dan tidak mudah berputus asa. Penghasilan karya atau produk seramik bukanlah sesuatu yang mudah jika tanpa minat dan usaha. Penghasilan produk seramik ini memerlukan kesabaran yang tinggi memandangkan proses pembuatan yang panjang dan merisikokan. Anda boleh menarik nafas lega jika produk yang dihasilkan selamat sehingga berada di atas meja untuk penilaian akhir tanpa mengalami kerosakkan. Banyak karya yang mengalami kegagalan sama ada pecah, sumbing, retak, melengkung dan sebagainya atau lenyap terus dicuri orang. Pastikan anda menguruskan diri dan menyiapkan karya dengan lebih awal. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3MtFAfx_TdBseAbJda1oujy2cl-UI7zHgkeN9ElRac2iMEDQ-bsZe6sC81QvARbv2Wa_6Kivg6wsMtBctIK7oWH07RFSNXJJw0efWZwm-uHh25xUqcJYbBP5aMly5LjuMTn_ykQt9oHL6/s1600-h/Picture9.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5398331759912451538&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 241px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3MtFAfx_TdBseAbJda1oujy2cl-UI7zHgkeN9ElRac2iMEDQ-bsZe6sC81QvARbv2Wa_6Kivg6wsMtBctIK7oWH07RFSNXJJw0efWZwm-uHh25xUqcJYbBP5aMly5LjuMTn_ykQt9oHL6/s320/Picture9.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tip-tip ini ditulis berdasarkan pengalaman diri saya sebagai pensyarah di Jabatan Seramik UiTM Perak selama ini. Pengalaman melalui proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan dikumpul dan ditulis untuk rujukan pelajar. Pelajar mampu berjaya dengan cemerlang jika mempunyai minat yang tinggi serta ingin berusaha untuk berjaya. Didikan pensyarah tidak akan mencukupi jika tanpa usaha. Proses pembelajaran universiti berasaskan ‘problem-based learning’ memerlukan penglibatan pelajar yang menyeluruh. Pastikan diri anda berdisiplin, aktif di dalam bilik kuliah serta minat akan meletakkan diri anda dikalangan orang yang berjaya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Semua imej di atas adalah karya pelajar dan koleksi di Jabatan Seramik UiTM Perak. Hakcipta Terpelihara)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/658507328830282390/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/658507328830282390' title='1 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/658507328830282390'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/658507328830282390'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2009/10/tip-tip-menghasilkan-produk-seramik.html' title='Tip Untuk Pelajar: Menghasilkan Perkembangan Idea Untuk Projek Kursus Seni Reka Seramik'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNH-b9kFzzbCRIlhvwQFNmZm7lMrbOfbvZdkCZsryQMIqucN7PQThVaUkDAVXJNng5vVjSi2rRoUhk-gGwIRruKeLTEM26ozuWBcgQkTtZPDPyx_Koeta1yaUpkfTvtVbYAza50XBYXH8Q/s72-c/Picture10.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-5997099644731544153</id><published>2009-10-09T17:52:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2009-10-10T17:29:02.792+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Karya Seni dan Harta Intelek</title><content type='html'>Sebenarnya ramai yang tidak mengetahui bahawa karya seni ini boleh didaftarkan di bawah perlindungan harta intelek. Ungkapan paten, hakcipta, cap dagangan dan lain-lain telah lama disebut. Tetapi apakah sebenarnya harta intelek ini? Bagaimana nak dapatkan kelulusan semua harta intelek ini? Atau bagaimana karya seni ini boleh didaftarkan sebagai harta intelek?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perkara ini merupakan salah satu perkara pokok di dalam kebajikan sebagai pengkarya seni. Kita tidak pernah didedahkan tentang ini. Macam-macam spekulasi atau &#39;fatwa&#39; diberikan pendapat tapi tak pernah menampakkan jalan. Kita yang tahu pun bila disebut paten terus terfikir SIRIM. Sebenarnya, harta intelek merupakan satu bentuk perlindungan terhadap pereka atau pengkarya. Terdapat pelbagai jenis harta intelek berdasarkan fungsi dan kriteria yang membolehkan sesuatu produk atau karya sebelum ia didaftarkan atau dilindungi. Paten merupakan salah satu jenis harta intelek.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mungkin ramai individu yang menganggap karya seni ini sesuatu yang mustahil dilindungi berdasarkan karya yang dihasilkan. Kepelbagaian teknik dan proses penghasilan dirasai terlalu rumit diguna oleh individu, kumpulan atau organisasi lain. &#39;Zaman dah berubah...&#39; amat benarlah kata-kata ini yang dipetik daripada petikan iklan di televisyen. Zaman sains dan teknologi mampu menzahirkan segalanya. Walaupun sebegitu rumit teknik datau proses penghasilan karya atau hanya individu pengkarya tertentu sahaja yang mampu menghasilkan karyanya, ia tetap boleh dilindungi sebagai harta intelek.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Persoalan lain seperti perbelanjaan yang tinggi untuk mendapatkan perlindungan harta intelek juga menjadi satu persoalan. Benarkah kosnya yang tinggi? Sebenarnya, kos untuk mendapatkan perlindungan ini tidakpun sampai RM2,000. Jumlah kos ini sebenarnya jika pendaftarannya dilakukan oleh individu yang berkenaan. Tetapi untuk karya seni sebenarnya tidak dikenakan sebarang caj penyediaan dokumen. Saya akan dedahkan dibawah ini bagaimana proses untuk mendapatkan perlindungan harta intelek ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bagaimana pula persoalan dengan organisasi yang menguruskan segala pendaftaran dan perlindungan harta intelek ini. Benarkah SIRIM adalah organisasi yang bertanggungjawab melindungi harta intelek hasil inovasi dan karya seni? Pihak SIRIM merupakan salah satu agen yang dilantik untuk membantu pereka dalam permohonan mendapatkan perlindungan harta intelek ini. Tetapi organisasi yang sebenarnya adalah pihak Perbadanan Harta Intelek Malaysia (MyIPO) yang memainkan peranan dalam menguruskan perihal harta intelek ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seperti yang saya katakan tadi, harta intelek ini bukan hanya paten tetapi mempunyai beberapa jenis seperti Cap Dagangan (Trade Mark), Paten (Patent), Hakcipta (Copyright), Pengetahuan Tradisi (Traditional Knowledge), Petunjuk Geografi (Geographical Indications), Reka Bentuk Susun Atur Bersepadu (Layout-Designs of Intergrated Circuits), Penyataan Kebudayaan Tradisional (Traditional Cultural Expressions) dan Reka Bentuk Industri (Industrial Designs) (petikan daripada laman web MyIPO)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di sini saya hanya ingin menguraikan jenis harta intelek yang boleh digunakan untuk bidang seni estetik sahaja. Berdasarkan senarai yang diberikan cuba anda teka, yang manakah boleh digunakan untuk kategori karya seni jenis estetik? jawapannya adalah harta intelek jenis Hakcipta (Copyright).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan perbincangan saya dengan wakil MyIPO di dalam pameran rekacipta PECIPTA 2009 di Pusat Konvensyen Kuala Lumpur semalam, barulah saya fahami bahawa bagi artis atau pengkarya seni tidak kira samada bidang seni arca, seni catan, seni seramik, kraftangan, karya sastera (contohnya puisi), karya muzik, filem, siaran (broadcasts), rakaman bunyi atau karya terbitan (buku atau apa-apa dokumentasi secara diterbitkan) boleh diletakkan dibawah kategori hakcipta ini. Menurut wakil MyIPO ini, pengiktirafan kategori ini tidak perlu didaftarkan seperti harta intelek kategori lain. Pengkarya seni hanya perlu menyediakan beberapa keperluan yang membuktikan karya seni yang dihasilkan adalah milik pengkarya berkenaan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk mendapatkan perlindungan berdasarkan kategori hakcipta ini, pengkarya diperlukan mendokumentasikan segala hasil karya seni mereka dalam bentuk penulisan. Di sini saya simpulkan bahawa keperluan dokumentasi ini berkemungkinan seperti berikut:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) Tajuk karya&lt;br /&gt;2) Objektif Karya&lt;br /&gt;3) Keterangan Karya (Bentuk, Isi dan Makna)&lt;br /&gt;4) Ciri-Ciri Karya (saiz dan tarikh ia disiapkan)&lt;br /&gt;5) Gambar Karya (pelbagai sudut pandangan dan lukisan teknikal jika ada)&lt;br /&gt;6) Butiran penting pengkarya (senaraikan jika lebih dari seorang)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karya yang telah didokumentasikan ini perlu diperakukan oleh mana-mana pesuruhjaya sumpah untuk mendapatkan pengesahan tarikh karya dan butiran dokumentasi karya berkenaan. Tiada borang yang perlu diisi untuk pendaftarannya. Kemudian pengkarya perlu menyimpan dokumen yang disediakan dengan melakukan penghantaran secara pos berdaftar ke alamat sendiri untuk memastikan tarikh penghantaran itu adalah sama dengan tarikh pengesahan pesuruhjaya sumpah untuk tujuan pengesahan dokumen tersebut dan pastikan surat atau dokumen yang diterima disimpan dengan selamat dan jangan dibuka sehingga diperlukan untuk tuntutan perlindungan pada masa hadapan. Untuk tujuan tuntutan, dokumen ini akan dibuka oleh pihak berkuasa sebagai bukti hakcipta terpelihara adalah milik anda.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan keperluan perlindungan oleh MyIPO, karya seni ini dilindungi tanpa mengira kualiti dan tujuan karya yang dihasilkan tetapi mestilah menepati bentuk yang dizahirkan. Ia bukannya dalam bentuk idea, prosedur, kaedah operasi atau konsep matematik. Cara perlindungan yang diberikan oleh MyIPO ini adalah secara Afidavit, Akuan Bersumpah dan Peti Simpanan Keselamatan Bank. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan MyIPO, pengkarya mempunyai hak dalam mengawal selia perkara-perkara berikut:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Penghasilan semula karya dalam apa jua bentuk termasuk fotokopi, rekod semula dan sebagainya.&lt;br /&gt;2. Melakukan persembahan, permainan atau pameran kepada masyarakat umum&lt;br /&gt;3. Komunikasi umum&lt;br /&gt;4. Pengedaran salinan kepada umum melalui penjualan atau pindahmilik&lt;br /&gt;5. Sewaan secara komersil kepada umum&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan pernyataan MyIPO:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#39;&lt;em&gt;Hakcipta adalah hak eksklusif yang diberikan kepada pemilik karya berhakcipta dan tempoh perlindungan bergantung kepada jenis karya tersebut, samada sepanjang hayat pemilik ditambah 50 tahun selepas kematian atau 50 tahun selepas karya dibuat atau diterbitkan. Perlindungan adalah secara automatik sebaik sahaja memenuhi syarat-syarat yang diperuntukkan di bawah Akta Hakcipta 1987.&#39; (Poster MyIPO)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Semoga artikel ini dapat membantu para pengkarya tanah air untuk mendapatkan hak mereka dengan betul. Saya bukanlah agen MyIPO, tetapi ingin berkongsi pengetahuan harta intelek yang telah lama menjadi persoalan dalam diri pengkarya. Apa yang saya fahami tentang hakcipta ini bahawasanya karya kita walaupun dijual lebih molek dipastikan ada perjanjian jualbeli untuk tujuan jika diperlukan apa-apa tuntutan hak anda sebagai pengkarya seni berkenaan. Mengikut keterangan pihak MyIPO, imej karya jika diterbitkan dalam bentuk promosi umum oleh sesiapa pun mahupun pembeli, perlu memaklumkan atau mendapatkan kebenaran pengkaryanya. Jika ada organisasi atau individu yang tidak mengikut saluran yang tepat ini bolehlah diambil tindakan yang sewajarnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perlindungan hakcipta ini masih lagi belum berkembang di negara kita. Semoga diharapkan pengkarya seni tanahair agar dapat menghasilkan karya bersama-sama dengan dokumentasi karya untuk tujuan perlindungan harta intelek jenis hakcipta ini. Semoga pengkarya kita mendapat pembelaan sewajarnya. Jika anda mahukan maklumat lanjut tentang perkara ini, hubungilah pihak MyIPO.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Majulah Seni Untuk Negara!!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/5997099644731544153/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/5997099644731544153' title='6 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/5997099644731544153'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/5997099644731544153'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2009/10/karya-seni-dan-harta-intelek.html' title='Karya Seni dan Harta Intelek'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-7787719915081701161</id><published>2009-09-03T17:15:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-03T17:16:22.961+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Order Please! Eat Here or Take Away?... Keterangan Karya</title><content type='html'>Karya ‘Order Please! Eat Here or Take Away?’ ini mengungkap satu kritikan isu semasa terhadap senario peperangan pada masa kini. Subjek pilihan utama adalah peluru atau bom merupakan ikonografi secara langsung iaitu peperangan. ‘Order Please! Eat Here or Take Away?’ mengajak penonton berada seolah-olah di restoran makanan segera yang mana perlu membuat keputusan segera untuk memilih makanan. Apakah set makanan yang boleh membuka selera?. Sebelum melakukan pesanan makanan, kita akan terus berfikir serta menunggu giliran. Menu yang dipilih adalah yang tertera. Ia membawa kesamaan di dalam scenario peperangan di mana mangsa peperangan terpaksa membuat keputusan untuk terus hidup sebagai pelarian atau terus menunggu nasib di situ untuk mati dengan dibom atau ditembak dengan senapang. Namun begitu mangsa peperangan juga dijamu sesuatu tetapi dengan bom dan peluru.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mengamati karya ini terdapatnya element yang dibentukan di dalam bom tersebut seperti paip air perlambangan kepada minuman atau dahaga, tempat simpanan makanan (‘storage jar’ terdapat beras di dalam) interpretasi makanan atau kelaparan, pot kopi (&#39;coffee pot&#39;) sebagai mangsa mengingati detik bahagia menikmati minuman bersama keluarga, pil kapsul sebagai simbol keperluan perubatan dan roti hubung kait dengan keperluan makanan diperlukan untuk mengalas perut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karya ini mengajak penghayat seni atau penonton untuk menyelami dunia peperangan  serta memahami nasib mangsa peperangan. Secara tidak langsung membangkitkan kesedaran nasionalisma, menentang kekejaman serta peperangan terhadap penonton.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karya ini dihasilkan menggunakan tanah liat sebagai media utama. Pemilihan media tanah liat ini sebagai satu ungkapan kehidupan yang ‘fragile’ di mana ianya sesuai dikaitkan dengan konsep karya..</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/7787719915081701161/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/7787719915081701161' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/7787719915081701161'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/7787719915081701161'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2009/09/order-please-eat-here-or-take-away_03.html' title='Order Please! Eat Here or Take Away?... Keterangan Karya'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-3843646206630021470</id><published>2009-09-03T14:56:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-03T17:18:01.974+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Order Please! Eat Here or Take Away?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsAqeDBSzYuaN8yB5ZUmUW3t8gK2O3oPtldtvXMTp3bNzWcfgtVbvKua3NELfGw_-H5QxOcHVgt4e3ahLDi4xb1rHXLKqXrkdLuIn6xGEcmA3jeA7CVQloXE2On7afg8KOLNpk3H0wzFf/s1600-h/DSCN3089.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5377167012244133746&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 240px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsAqeDBSzYuaN8yB5ZUmUW3t8gK2O3oPtldtvXMTp3bNzWcfgtVbvKua3NELfGw_-H5QxOcHVgt4e3ahLDi4xb1rHXLKqXrkdLuIn6xGEcmA3jeA7CVQloXE2On7afg8KOLNpk3H0wzFf/s320/DSCN3089.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3a3Fv6P2b0xdsboH3rJXP___W6Yo9xMGj-lJNNiBTUWwY5HjzIhVJKhnqWI2Zz-U-Kxjzm_bW1x9KcuGY76I99fFu4XwbSKeBHmVsgBo0iTeGWB3Ud0LZDguOEGM535dixJYyCiLUoFRe/s1600-h/DSCN3086.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5377166529571061266&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3a3Fv6P2b0xdsboH3rJXP___W6Yo9xMGj-lJNNiBTUWwY5HjzIhVJKhnqWI2Zz-U-Kxjzm_bW1x9KcuGY76I99fFu4XwbSKeBHmVsgBo0iTeGWB3Ud0LZDguOEGM535dixJYyCiLUoFRe/s320/DSCN3086.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3BmTBgTssprJ5Py6mciDlmttUVSS-rXFebBrhkvKcabm2Mz9Xq7cBtggHT4IvRIDYTNesPmOC0utL0BwF15eGCl1TwFtbmOsnMYCkGHZZbUyICKDvDawRFRh2QpwQUsPKcxkS8W-CIocL/s1600-h/DSCN3090.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5377147250770425506&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 217px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 326px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3BmTBgTssprJ5Py6mciDlmttUVSS-rXFebBrhkvKcabm2Mz9Xq7cBtggHT4IvRIDYTNesPmOC0utL0BwF15eGCl1TwFtbmOsnMYCkGHZZbUyICKDvDawRFRh2QpwQUsPKcxkS8W-CIocL/s320/DSCN3090.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/3843646206630021470/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/3843646206630021470' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/3843646206630021470'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/3843646206630021470'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2009/09/order-please-eat-here-or-take-away.html' title='Order Please! Eat Here or Take Away?'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsAqeDBSzYuaN8yB5ZUmUW3t8gK2O3oPtldtvXMTp3bNzWcfgtVbvKua3NELfGw_-H5QxOcHVgt4e3ahLDi4xb1rHXLKqXrkdLuIn6xGEcmA3jeA7CVQloXE2On7afg8KOLNpk3H0wzFf/s72-c/DSCN3089.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-8784489011937942010</id><published>2009-09-03T12:51:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-03T12:53:37.943+08:00</updated><title type='text'>MUEZZIN SERIES... Experience and Expression</title><content type='html'>Although there are many mosques where some of the traditional functions are slowly disappearing, the mosque is still the most important architectural building for Islamic countries. Islamic history has shown that the mosque was the place where all government activities happened such as political, administrative, social and educational activities in addition to its function as a place for prayer. The strength of Muslims was based on their belief and unity. My experience in this foreign country has made me conscious of my religion (Islam) in many perspectives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My ceramic work is a reflection from that and its connection with my developing experience. Now, I am making work with a different technique than before. My past work involved a thrown technique, but now I am using a hand building technique.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The selection of the mosque minaret as a subject is very appropriate conceptually. The function of the minaret is a place for the muezzin or bilal (the person who works as the mosque assistant) to perform adhan (the calling of all Muslim people to gather at the mosque). The minaret is a central part of Muslim worship and is a most important central feature of town or city. If anyone is looking for a mosque to perform salat (prayer), it is easy to identify the location of the mosque because anyone can see the top of the minaret first. I have a strong feeling of Islam inside myself and I was trying to express this feeling into my work. What is the significance of adhan for Muslim people? Why does the adhan have an important role for Muslims? These are spiritual things, which a Muslim can feel inside.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the early stage, I had difficulty solving some technical problems, which occurred like cracking and warping. Obviously, I have learned deeply previously about technical finishing and the appropriate clay for working with hand building. Talking about clay, I have experienced worked with different type of clays. Working with the earth stone clay was fascinating for me. This clay has given me a new experience and it was much more convenient for hand building works. I think it has solved the technical problem that I had previously, especially working with large clay form. In the early stages I had a problem to make a good twist form. The twist form of my work in the early phase was not really producing a good form. Making this kind of form was not as easy as I had imagined. It needed concentration and conscientious work. I have slowly come to understand the technical problems and solutions. Looking at different perspectives is needed to build the perfect form and as a guide to get accurate shape and form.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My past work was not too deeply involved with conceptual things. This has caused me difficulty in realising the conceptual element in my work. Conceptual development occurred when I looked at my work in different perspectives. Argument and discussion are important for developing the concept. Interaction with drawing too is important to create the perfect idea. In early ideas, I only looked at geometrical things, of course looked at the architecture only. My forms looked rigid. Now I know the significance of looking at the both views, geometrical and organic. Finally, new ideas were developed and have given life to my work.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have incorporated elements and principles of design into my works. I have created movement sometimes with the body or decoration. This movement I am interpretating as the journey of a Muslim in his spiritual approach to God (Allah) to get His blessing. The creations of repetitions in decoration such as calligraphy and geometry show the expression of Muslim daily prayer. Each day a Muslim needs to pray five times. These repetitions of everyday prayer I have interpreted as an expression of decoration. Another of repetitions is the repetition of needles (mixed media), which form a sphere as a symbol of Muslim unity. Unity gives Muslims strength for their life and relationships and builds a strong spirit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The consolidation of these concepts and techniques has given me a lot of knowledge how to develop a good idea.  As the result, the work that I have made has developed. Movement, repetition and unity have appeared and given life to my works.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/8784489011937942010/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/8784489011937942010' title='0 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/8784489011937942010'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/8784489011937942010'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2009/09/muezzin-series-experience-and.html' title='MUEZZIN SERIES... Experience and Expression'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-8215638832279771679</id><published>2009-09-03T09:44:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-09T15:08:54.918+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Muezzin Series</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZS9UGmqafN_tyamOLD9h6C3MGl58TYFq4QeDcWeGhQKDz9dZfoFG38vhzISv663ZCTxy7h_WiL6VU0mZ3KQEm4IJIG8FbsB8VkMppRYzjCWLPL4EB8f5RZA9lc-GkMZ98kb7VgIci7K8s/s1600-h/10.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5377094225133756946&quot; style=&quot;WIDTH: 125px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 326px&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZS9UGmqafN_tyamOLD9h6C3MGl58TYFq4QeDcWeGhQKDz9dZfoFG38vhzISv663ZCTxy7h_WiL6VU0mZ3KQEm4IJIG8FbsB8VkMppRYzjCWLPL4EB8f5RZA9lc-GkMZ98kb7VgIci7K8s/s320/10.jpg&quot; 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PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZS9UGmqafN_tyamOLD9h6C3MGl58TYFq4QeDcWeGhQKDz9dZfoFG38vhzISv663ZCTxy7h_WiL6VU0mZ3KQEm4IJIG8FbsB8VkMppRYzjCWLPL4EB8f5RZA9lc-GkMZ98kb7VgIci7K8s/s72-c/10.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5769179520307494503.post-4938434855702705828</id><published>2009-08-28T10:16:00.003+08:00</published><updated>2009-09-17T13:53:01.267+08:00</updated><title type='text'>KUTAI SERIES... History and Expression</title><content type='html'>Word &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;kutai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; was derived from &lt;em&gt;Perak&lt;/em&gt; Malay word which means &#39;old&#39;. Kutai series was produced using the kutai house as inspiration of subject matter. &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kutai &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;house is a &lt;em&gt;Perak&lt;/em&gt; Heritage Malay House which is still existing quite long time in state of &lt;em&gt;Perak &lt;/em&gt;about more than 150 years old. The uniqueness all of these houses because of it have never been used any nail during the house building. There is a house that only built using woods from the one whole big tree which selected from a forest by traditional carpenter. There are several interesting the house structure such as &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;lebah tergantung&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (hanging bee), &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tingkap jengok &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;(peep window), and ornamental decorative which are never have by others Malay traditional houses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nowadays, these house are slowly become extinction. People are now looking for modern houses. Thus, most of people in Malaysia nowadays are did not realize the existing of these traditional houses in &lt;em&gt;Perak&lt;/em&gt; state. But the state government has do preserving some of the houses and built the &lt;em&gt;Perak&lt;/em&gt; heritage village to save these traditional houses for reference of future generation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The houses’ joints and woods structure were completely spectacular me as a young generation.  Perhaps, the woods strength and the carpenter capability to build this kutai house give main distinctiveness here. Wood texture is the strongest surface which is influence in my series. Clay durability after firing also gives a philosophy as much close to this heritage house which is older more than 150 years. I&#39;m observed one of this houses before and has been found that the house is still strong with joints structure all over the house. The joints and the faded of old color also inspired me in these series.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kutai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; series are ceramic works which has been used as a platform to introduce this heritage to public. Several works are completely done inspired by using some specific house structure and Malay spiritual as an idea. The idea that house was made by using one whole big tree inspired me also to create works with fully wood textured. The enigmatic of Malay feeling are included in some of these series.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kutai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; series are to express the house heritage value using my interpretation and also to introduce &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;kutai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; house to public which have enormous aesthetic and Malay traditional spiritual value.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/feeds/4938434855702705828/comments/default' title='Catat Ulasan'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5769179520307494503/4938434855702705828' title='6 Ulasan'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/4938434855702705828'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5769179520307494503/posts/default/4938434855702705828'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sculp2r.blogspot.com/2009/08/kutai-series-history-and-expression_27.html' title='KUTAI SERIES... History and Expression'/><author><name>Mohd Khairi Baharom. PhD.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16758172426145612617</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry></feed>