DESIGN FOR FUTURE

PRO E LESSON - 2

2011-11-27T22:52:00.001+05:30

Task 1: Develop a protrusion from a 2D Sketch

Task 2: Generate additional features such as a Protrusion and Hole to develop the model

Task 3: Create Rounds

Task 4: Shell the part

Task 5: Explore different design solutions by modifying the model geometry

______________________________________________________________________________

TTASK 1 :sk 1. Generate a Protrusion from a 2D Sketch

Start Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire 4.0 Tryout Edition if necessary.
If Pro/ENGINEER is already running, close all windows then remove all objects from session using File > Erase > Not Displayed...
File > Set Working Directory... , browse to \HANDS-ON_WF4\02-PART_MODELING
Select the New icon on the main toolbar at the top left of the screen. The New object dialog opens.
Accept the default settings in this dialog and select OK.

Default templates are used when a new part or assembly is created. The default templates are an initial design model that contains default features, layers, views, parameters and units.
Select the Sketch Tool icon on the right toolbar to create a sketch.

The Sketch Tool allows the user to define a shape using 2-D entities that can be used later to create a sketched feature
The Sketch dialog opens, and in the message area located at the bottom left of the screen, you are prompted to select a plane or surface to define sketch plane.
Select the datum plane named TOP as the sketch plane, then select Sketch from the Sketch dialog in the upper right corner of the screen. This opens the sketch tool.
Select the Create Rectangle tool from the sketch toolbar on the right of the screen.
Left select once at that center of the intersecting datum planes to begin sketching a rectangle. Move the cursor diagonally up and right and then left select once again to complete the rectangle as shown below.

Select the Select Item tool.

The system automatically creates default dimensions to define the shape. These "weak" dimensions can be strengthened to establish design intent so that the model can be modified with predictable results.

Double click the horizontal dimension and modify the value to 30.
Double click the vertical dimension and modify the value to 20.
Select the Sketch Complete icon to complete the sketch.
Press CTRL+D on the keyboard to return to the default orientation of the model.
With the sketch still highlighted, select the Extrude tool to begin extruding the sketch that was just completed.

An extruded feature is a sketched feature that extrudes a sketch perpendicular to a sketching plane to create a protrusion, cut or surface.
Double click the extruded depth value on the screen and modify it to 10.
Select Complete Feature from the dashboard in the lower right hand corner of the screen.

sTASK 2k 2. Create Additional Features
1. Select the Hole tool from the right toolbar.
  
  Direct features, such as holes and rounds, enable quick placement of features on the model without requiring a predefined shape.
2. Select on the top surface of the part, near the location shown in the following figure.
3. Select and Hold with Left Mouse Button to drag the location handles to the surfaces shown below.
  
  This will create dimensions defining the location of the hole on the surface.
4. Double click the depth dimension and modify the value to 7.
5. Select Complete Feature from the dashboard in the lower right hand corner of the screen.
6. Press CTRL+D on the keyboard to return to the default orientation of the model.
7. Select the Sketch Tool icon on the right toolbar to create a sketch.
8. The Sketch dialog opens, and in the message area located at the bottom left of the screen, you are prompted to select a plane or surface to define sketch plane.
9. Select anywhere on the top surface of the model shown in the figure below, to select the sketch plane.
10. Select Sketch from the Sketch dialog in the upper right corner of the screen.
11. This brings you into the sketch tool.
12. Select the Create Rectangle tool from the sketch toolbar on the right of the screen.
13. Create a rectangular sketch and using the Select Item tool.
14. Double click on the parameter values to modify the dimensions as shown below.
15. Select the Sketch Complete icon to complete the sketch.
16. Press CTRL+D on the keyboard to return to the default orientation of the model.
17. Select the Extrude tool to begin extruding the sketch that was just completed.
18. Double click the extruded depth value shown below on the screen, and modify it to 5.
19. Select Complete Feature from the dashboard in the lower right hand corner of the screen.
20. Select Datum Planes , Datum Points , Datum Axes , and Coordinate Systems in the main toolbar to disable their display.
  
  TASK 3
  Task 3. Create Rounds
  1. Start the Round Tool from the right toolbar.
  Rounds add or remove material by creating smooth transitions between existing geometry. Pro/ENGINEER awaits the selection of edges and/or surfaces to determine round locations.
  1. Press and hold CTRL on the keyboard and select the four vertical edges on the model as shown below.
  2. Double click the radius dimension and modify its value to 2.
  3. Click Complete Feature from the dashboard in the lower right hand corner of the screen.
  4. Start the Round Tool from the right toolbar again.
  5. Select the top edge as shown below.
  The surfaces bordering the edge reference form the rolling tangent attachment for the round. The round propagates across tangent neighbor edges unit it encounters a break tangency.
  1. Click Complete Feature from the dashboard in the lower right hand corner of the screen.
  2. Start the Round Tool from the right toolbar again.
  3. Cursor over the edge at the base of the 2nd extrude feature and while it is highlighted, click the right click once. See the location of the cursor shown below.
  4. While the loops of edges around the base of that feature are highlighted, click once with the left click to select them, as shown below.
  5. Double click the radius value and modify it to 1.
  Aside from single or tangent edges, the user can select an "Intent chain" which enables the round to select the references by the feature rather than by specific entities.
  1. Click Complete Feature from the dashboard in the lower right hand corner of the screen.
    
    TASK 4
    Task 4. Shell the Part
    1. Press MIDDLE-DRAG to rotate the model so the bottom surface is visible as shown below.
      
      Middle-drag implies a middle mouse button "press and hold", while moving the mouse.
    2. Start the Shell Tool from the toolbar on the right of the screen.
      
      Shell features remove surfaces to hollow out a design model, leaving walls with specified thickness values.
    3. Select anywhere on the bottom surface of the part. The model will appear as shown below.
    4. Click Complete Feature from the dashboard in the lower right hand corner of the screen.
    5. This will hollow the part as shown below.
    TASK 5Task 5. Explore Design Options
    1. Press CTRL+D on the keyboard to return to the default orientation of the model.
    2. Right click on SKETCH 2 from the model tree on the left side of the screen and select Edit Definition.
    3. With the Select Item tool selected hold the left mouse button and drag a window to box select the rectangular sketch shown below.
    4. Press DELETE on the keyboard.
    5. Using the down arrow next to the circle tool , select the ellipse tool .
    6. Sketch an ellipse roughly the size and location shown below.
    7. Click the Sketch Complete icon to complete the sketch.
    8. Press CTRL+D on the keyboard to return to the default orientation of the model and see the changes.
      
      Notice that the rounds from the base of the original protrusion were automatically recreated at the base of this new protrusion.
    9. Press MMB-DRAG to rotate the model and see the changes.
      
      Middle-drag implies a middle mouse button "press and hold", while moving the mouse.
    10. Click Save from the main toolbar.
    Congratulations! You have completed the Introduction to Part Modeling Tutorial.

PRO E LESSON - 1

2011-11-27T22:31:00.001+05:30

INTRODUCTION :

Task 1: Browse the Model Structure

Task 2: Experience simple Viewing, Selection, and modification of a design

Task 3: Verify the change is propagated downstream

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

TASK 1 :

Task 1. Open Design and Browse the Model Structure

Start Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire 4.0 Tryout Edition if necessary.
If Pro/ENGINEER is already running, close all windows then remove all objects from session using File > Erase > Not Displayed...
File > Set Working Directory... , and browse to HANDS-ON_WF4\01-INTRODUCTION
Click PULLEY_BRACKET.ASM from the File List to preview the part. Middle-drag in the preview window to spin the model.

Middle-drag implies a middle mouse button "press and hold", while moving the mouse.
Click Open in Pro/E icon from the embedded browser as highlighted above.
When the assembly opens, notice the model structure. The assembly contains three parts namely BASE.PRT, PULLEY.PRT and PIN.PRT.
Right click on the BASE.PRT and click Open.

TASK 2 :

Task 2. Viewing, Selection, and Modification
1. With the BASE.PRT open, MIDDLE-DRAG in the graphics window to spin the model. Spin the model in several directions and notice the model is spinning around the spin center in the center of the model.
2. Press SHIFT + MIDDLE-DRAG to pan the model from the center of the graphic window.
  
  The '+' indicates that the keys are held down simultaneously.
3. To Zoom in, press CTRL + MIDDLE-DRAG vertically toward you.
4. To Zoom out, press CTRL + MIDDLE-DRAG vertically away from you. If you have a wheel mouse. Roll the mouse wheel toward you to zoom in and roll the mouse wheel away from you to zoom out.
5. Click CTRL + D to return the model to the default position.
6. In the model tree, right click on the feature called PROTRUSION and select Edit.
7. The dimension will appear for the protrusion on the model.
8. Double-click on the vertical dimension of 155 and type 250 and click ENTER.
9. Click Regenerate from the main toolbar to incorporate the changes.
10. Click Save from the main toolbar.
11. Click File > Close Window .
  
  TASK 3
  
  Task 3. Verify the design change in the Drawing
  1. Click Regenerate from the main toolbar to incorporate the changes in the assembly.
  2. Click Open from the main toolbar.
  3. Select on PULLEY_BRACKET.DRW and click Open.
  4. To Pan to the changed dimension, click middle-drag and select the view shown below.
  5. To Zoom in, click CTRL+MIDDLE-DRAG vertically toward you.
  6. Click File > Close Windows.
  7. Spin and zoom in the model to observe the change in the model.
  8. To save the current object and all dependents, click Save from the main toolbar, or CTRL+S, then OK.
  9. To clear the models from RAM (In Session), click File > Erase > Current.
  10. Press Select All and OK.
  Congratulations! You have completed the Introduction to Pro/ENGINEER Tutorial.

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 15

2011-11-27T12:12:00.000+05:30

AutoCAD 3D tutorial : USB Cable

Picture

Video

Wanna see FULL Video Download at http://www.fileserve.com/file/f56h8Xt

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 14

2011-11-27T12:08:00.000+05:30

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Tires

Titel : Autocad 3D Tutorial - Tires
Type : Windows Media Video file (WMV)
Duration : 18:56 Minutes
Bit Rate : 466 Kbps
Dimension : 800 x 600
Size : 22.03 MB
Music : Yes
Available for : All Version of Autocad
Author : Mufasu

Information

3D Autocad Tutorial - Tires discusses how to create a 3D object by using the commands easily understandable. So this tutorial can be used for all versions of autocad.

The first time you will make a two-dimensional pattern by using the circle command and pline. Next followed by forming the pattern into three dimensions. There will be a lot of commands that will simplify the use of this command.

Autocad Command Used

Circle, Pline, Extrude, Move, Array, Mirror, Copy, Offset, Pedit, Region, Subtract, Line, Pan, Zoom, View, 3D Orbit, Undo, Redo, Erase/Delete.

ScreenShot

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Tires

Video

Download
Autocad 3D Tutorial - Tires

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 13

2011-11-27T12:06:00.000+05:30

AutoCAD Tutorial: ShuttleCock

Video AutoCAD Tutorial 3D Shuttlecock

Steps
By using the command line, circle and trim shape of an object as shown below.

AutoCAD Tutorial Shuttlecock

Once the object is created, then change the object into polyline by using the pedit command. To change it into a 3D object able to use the Revolve command.

AutoCAD Tutorial Shuttlecock

Now we have formed the head of the shuttlecock, the next is to make the feather on the shuttlecock. The trick is almost the same as making the head of the shuttlecock, the first form of a rod and then by using the command line shape of a feather.

AutoCAD Tutorial Shuttlecock

Combine the two objects into one by using the move command. Previously, tilt the bristles at 15-20 degrees.

AutoCAD Tutorial Shuttlecock

After that, using duplicate array command suttlecock feathers on the head in a circle.

AutoCAD Tutorial Shuttlecock

Setelah objek sudah jadi, lalu ubah objek tersebut menjadi objek polyline dengan menggunakan perintah pedit. Untuk merubah menjadi bentuk 3D dapat menggunakan perintah revolve. To create a binder, can use the command line and Revolve, will be created as shown below.

AutoCAD Tutorial Shuttlecock

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 12

2011-11-27T12:04:00.000+05:30

AutoCAD Tutorial: Plat

Description

AutoCAD Tutorial This plate provides an understanding how to use AutoCAD commands such as Pline, Move, Subtract and extrude.

Expected TO LEARN this tutorial there will be able to form a simple design that you might bE

Video

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 11

2011-11-27T12:01:00.002+05:30

AutoCAD Tutorials 3D Ladder

Video AutoCAD Tutorial 3D Ladder

Ladder AutoCAD 3D Tutorial explains the form of a ladder, short and easy. With this tutorial you will learn to do be able to master a few techniques to help in the form of 3D objects

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 10

2011-11-27T11:59:00.000+05:30

3D I Beam 100x50

This time I will give some idea I Beam forming 3D objects by using AutoCAD 2012.

3D I Beam 100x50

First, the form of 2D objects "I" by using the command line or
pline.

3D I Beam 100x50

Furthermore, by using the fillet command, form each corner as shown below.

3D I Beam 100x50

To transform 2D objects into 3D shapes can use the Extrude command, but the object must be in the form Polyline (if at the beginning of your drawing using the line command, then to form the object into a polyline, use the pedit command).

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 9

2011-11-27T11:57:00.000+05:30

3D Helix Stairs

THIS IS FOR DOWNLOADING ......

Video AutoCAD Tutorial 3D Helix Stairs

Download Video AutoCAD Tutorial 3D Helix Stairs 5.2 MB

About AutoCAD Tutorial 3D Helix Stairs

Before you make a Helix Stairs 3D objects, you need to specify the width, height and number ofsteps that are intended. As an example I give a wide diameter of 15 stairs with a height of 26 and the number of steps as much as 13 pieces.

AutoCAD Tutorial 3D Helix Stairs

Steps to start is as follows:

- In the top view, the shape of a circle with a diameter of 15, and a transverse line from the center of the circle to the side of the circle.

AutoCAD Tutorial 3D Helix Stairs

- Use the array to form a line that wrapped around the whole circle.

AutoCAD Tutorial 3D Helix Stairs

- After that, using the trim command, cut all the circles and objects such as reserving a piece ofpizza. : D Use the command pedit to form a polyline object.

AutoCAD Tutorial 3D Helix Stairs

- Use the array command again to form an object to circular objects.

AutoCAD Tutorial 3D Helix Stairs

- In the front view and use the command 3dorbit, try to view a 3D look. and reserving one object (the others move vertically by 2). Once all the objects to form vertically, you can create a circle on the bottom of the object triangle.

AutoCAD Tutorial 3D Helix Stairs

- Use extrude commands to form a 3D object into a form.

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 8

2011-11-27T11:51:00.002+05:30

Tutorials AutoCAD : Create Simple Flash Disk

THIS VIDEO IS 4 DOWNLOADING ......

Picture

Video

Download Full Video : www.fileserve.com/file/yveKcnt

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 7

2011-11-27T11:50:00.002+05:30

Video Autocad 3D Tutorial - Chair

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Chair

Title : Autocad - 3D Chair
Video : WMA
Duration : 0:19:20
Bit Rate : 618 Kbps
Dimensions : 800 x 600
Size : 32Mb
Music : Yes
Used For : All Versions Autocad
Author : Mufasu

About Autocad - 3D Chair Tutorials:

Autocad - 3D Chair can be used for any version of AutoCAD by using the command - the command is very simple. With the presentation of the dedicated for beginners and intermediate who wants to learn to create three-dimensional objects.

Inside Autocad - 3D Chair you will get a lot of knowledge about the use of command - AutoCAD commands such as Line, Region, Copy, Pan, Views, and others and you learn how to mapping materials to an object.

Screenshot:

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Chair

Video

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 6

2011-11-27T11:49:00.000+05:30

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Catapult

Title : Autocad 3D Tutorial - Catapult
Type : WMA (HQ)
Duration : 41:54 Minutes
Bit Rate : 799 Kbps
Dimensions : 800 x 600 (HQ)
Size : 54 Mb
Music : yes
Available for All Autocad Version.
Author : Mufasu

Information:

Autocad 3D Tutorial-Catapult is a tutorial that is easy to learnfor those users who want to learn Autocad three dimensions. This tutorial can be used from various versions of AutoCAD, so it is your convenience. That can be learned in this tutorial: implementing the system view, and fewuse the system UCS. Hopefully, you can boost the power of imagination to imagine each side ofthe object.

For Autocad:
Autocad 2000, Autocad 2002, Autocad 2004, Autocad 2005, Autocad 2006, Autocad 2007, Autocad 2008, Autocad 2009, Autocad 2010, Autocad 2011 and Autocad 2012.

Command Used:

Circle, Line, Copy, Zoom, Pan, Pedit, Region, Fillet, Extrude, Trim, Move, Undo, Redo, Rotate, Pline.

Screenshot:

Video:

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 5

2011-11-27T10:58:00.002+05:30

AutoCAD Tutorials: Bottle

AutoCAD Tutorial: Bottle

Steps

First set the view in the window as an early form of a 2D object. Here I use the front view.

Then using the command pline to create of a 2D object that is in the form of sketches of a half bottle. To change to the sides of the sketch is not pointy or sharp, use the fillet command to form a smooth side.

Form of 2D sketches into 3D bottle by using the Revolve command.

Video

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 4

2011-11-27T10:49:00.000+05:30

BOLT HEAD :

There is much to ask, how to make the bolt head, to form a chamfer on the circumference of the polygon? Actually do is quite simple, just use a few commands such as revolve and subtract.

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Bolt Head

Here I will explain how to make Bolt Head with AutoCAD.

First form a polyline object with sides 6, and then Extrude object.

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Bolt Head

Furthermore, the shape of a rectangle using Pline command or you can use with your own way. And place the object in the middle side of the polygon.

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Bolt Head

Next rotate the polygon by 30 degrees, then by using the revolve command rectangular shapes into 3D objects through the center of the polygon.

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Bolt Head

The latter is by using a Subtract command, cut polygon objects with the square object.

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Bolt Head

Video Autocad 3D Tutorial - Bolt Head

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 3

2011-11-27T10:33:00.001+05:30

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Basic 3D Building

Title: Autocad 3D Tutorial - Basic Building
Duration: 6:58 Minutes
Bit Rate: 490 kbps
Dimension: 800x600
Size: 6.47 Mb
Available for: All Version Autocad

In this tutorial I will explain how to form 2D into 3D objects, objects that formed here in the form of a simple building. If you have a draft of 2D building you can adopt it to form into 3D.

Commands used in AutoCAD 3D this tutorial is very simple, includes pline, orbit, copy, offset, trim, Extrude, subtract and view. But you can combine it with other commands that you have mastered.

3D AutoCAD tutorial is in the allotment for new users of AutoCAD program in order to know more about the features contained therein. Besides this tutorial can be used for all versions of AutoCAD.

Video Autocad 3D tutorial basic building

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 2

2011-11-27T10:28:00.002+05:30

AutoCAD 3D Tutorial: Basic Gear

Video AutoCAD Tutorial: Basic Gear

Download AutoCAD Tutorial Basic Gear 2.7 MB

Steps

First, with command circle, line and mirror create an object like shown below.

To form becomes as shown below use the Array command (polar array), by determining the midpoint and the objects to be in duplicate in polar as well as specify the number of objects that will be given.

Use the Trim command to cut parts that are not needed, then use the pedit command to form a polyline so that objects can be formed into 3D. And use the circle to make a circle in the middle.

Use the extrude command to transform 2D objects into 3D and use the Subtract command to create a hole in the middle (first select to gear and second select on the circle)

If there's a big question can be left in the comment box, or via the contact us.

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 1

2011-11-27T10:06:00.001+05:30

AutoCAD 3D Text

I will explain how to create 3D Text in AutoCAD by using several commands, such as;

- Text Command (to make the text).

- Txtexp Command (used to create text objects into 2D).

- Explode Command (used to destroy or separate portions of the text).

- Region Command (used to shape into a 3D object plane), you can also use Pedit (to form into a polyline object)

- Extrude Command (used to shape the text into a 3D object).

To form the 3D Text with AutoCAD can follow the steps below;

- Form a word that you want by using the Text Command. As in the picture below, I created a word.

Command Line

Command: TEXT
Current text style: "Standard" Text height: 8.4705 Annotative: No
Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]:
Specify height <8.4705>:
Specify rotation angle of text <270>:

AutoCAD 3D Text

- Then using Txtexp Command, to change the text that previously shaped object plane (3D) objects into 2D.

Command Line

Command: TXTEXP
Select text to be EXPLODED:
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 1 found
Select objects:
1 text object(s) have been exploded to lines.
The line objects have been placed on layer 0.

AutoCAD 3D Text

- To separate the parts of the text object, use the explode command and delete the line across the text.

AutoCAD 3D Text

- After that, use the Region Command to form the whole object into planes, and use the extrude command to create text objects into 3D.

Command Line

Command: EXTRUde
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4, Closed profiles creation mode = Solid
Select objects to extrude or [MOde]: Specify opposite corner: 37 found
Select objects to extrude or [MOde]:
4 objects removed from selection set.
Specify height of extrusion or [Direction/Path/Taper angle/Expression]
<4.0000>: 1

AutoCAD 3D Text

- Use the Subtract Command to form the hole in words like o, A, P and others.

Command Line

Command: SUBTRACT
Select solids, surfaces, and regions to subtract from ..
Select objects: 1 found
Select objects: Select solids, surfaces, and regions to subtract ..
Select objects: 1 found

AutoCAD 3D Text

Now you can create 3D Text WITH WORDS that you created yourself

AUTOCAD LESSON - 10

2011-11-27T09:26:00.001+05:30

SECTIONAL VIEWS :

HERE WE HAVE A VIDEO TUTORIAL FROM CADSITE.COM . . . ITS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED 2010 . . . MAKE USE OF IT

(THE ABOVE FLASH IS WORK JUST YOU INSTALL FLASH PLAYER)

http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/.

Putting your skills to use with Section Views.

In drafting there are a lot times where you want to give a lot of information, but not all of the views are helping to get your message across. Sometimes you just need to slice the object(s) down the middle and show what the guts look like. Using this method, you get a cross section of the part, or a "Section View".

Take a look at the drawing above. You'll see a complex assembly drawing and two different section views. On the far left, you see the line that indicates where Section B-B is. On the right side, you see the section view. Does it make sense to you? What you are seeing is the cross section view of the metal beam part of the of the bracket. It's shown so that you can see what size the area is without having to look at the entire side view of the assembly. Section views are used for clarity.

Look for the indicators for Section A-A. Then look at the top right view. You'll see that the beam part is shown as well as the hole that is drilled through it.

Section views are used in Mechanical and Architechural drafting. Anytime you need to show some detail that isn't readily seen from an exterior view, "cut it up" and draw it.

Looking at Section Views

If you understand Orthographic Projection and Hatching (you read the other two tutorials, right?) then you should be able to handle section views easily. Have a look at the image below and see if it all makes sense.

What you see is a very simple block with a hole drilled. This shows that the section view and the front view are almost the same. In fact, I just copied the Front view down to begin the section view. I changed some linetypes and then hatched it.

If you have more than one part in your view, you will need to make sure that it stands out. Here I have the same part as above, but with another piece placed inside it.

Here's an example of how a section view can be used in Architechural drafting. By using standard hatch patterns, someone else can look at the drawing and see that this shows a concrete foundation with earth on one side.

I think by now you're getting the idea of how section views and hatching help to tell the story of what you are drawing.

Drawing Section views in AutoCAD

For this exercise, we'll start with a simple drawing. Begin by drawing the part below, and as you're drawing, think about what the section view will look like. You do not need to draw the Isometric view, it is just for reference.

To draw the "Cutting Plane" that marks the section, draw a line and then use the leader command to make the arrows. Add text for the "A"s. Ok - what is your section view going to look like?

The Cutting Plane points up from the front view, It doesn't mean that it's pointing at the top view, but in this case it works. Also note the the Cutting Plane is in the middle. So if you chose the Top View, you're correct.

Copy the Top View. Straight up will work fine. You can keep the dimensions. It's a good idea to make sure that it is directly above the other view in case you have to stretch part of it. Then you can do both views at once.

What lines need to be changed? Do you still need hidden lines?

This is what your Section view should look like before hatching:

Is it still making sense? You needed to trim the line where the shaft on the right joins the part, because in the section view, this is solid. You needed to change the lines for the two holes from hidden to solid because they are not hidden any more. You should now be ready to add a Hatch patten to the view.

The Hatch command might be a little different depending upon the version that you are using. This example shows AutoCAD 2012.

Start the Hatch command and pick in the spots shown below. You want all three areas picked at the same time so that the hatch creates one object instead of three. This is needed so that you can edit the hatch and all the areas will look the same.

The areas picked will fill up with the last used hatch pattern and settings that were used. That's fine, we'll edit them now.

This is a big toobar / ribbon for this command. There are really only three items you need to be aware of to make it work:

Pattern: The pattern should indicate what material is used in the area that is hatched.
Angle: Most of the time this will be 0 degrees, but sometimes you want to change it.
Scale: This is the one that gets changed a lot. If your hatch pattern 'looks solid' - then you usually have to increase the scale because the lines are too close together. If the hatch pattern 'looks empty' - then you might have to scale it down because the lines are too far apart. The scale will vary depending upon what size your drawing is.

If everything went well, the Section view you have should look like this:

It's up to you if you want to put your hatch on a separate layer. It can help a lot as you get into more complex drawings. As you learn about printing through Layout Tabs, think about how having your Hatch can be useful on it's own layer - and maybe more than one layer.

Other uses for Section Views

Here is a section view that is used to show a break in a solid bar and a pipe. This is a common way of showing long pipes that don't fit in your drawing, just add a break, but dimention the full length.

Here's an exercise for you: reproduce the image of a foundation below:

More exercises from Textbook of Machine Drawing. Draw these parts out in Orthographic View and then draw the Section view.

Conclusion

Section views are not usually very difficult to draw, because you should have a lot of the information first. You will draw your sections last and try to base them off of existing drawings first.

If you have the opportunity, look at drawing sets and see where they are used. If you are drawing something try out a section view, it's good practice for Hatching and also for developing your "CAD" eye.

Here's a video that shows helps explain the Section view drawing technique.

AUTOCAD LESSON - 9

2011-11-27T09:16:00.003+05:30

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION :

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Putting your skills to use.

So far in this level you have been learning the basic 2D AutoCAD commands. What you learned in this level will be a very large part of what you use in your daily drafting. This tutorial isn't going to teach commands, but will instead show a common technique that is used a lot in 'Mechanical" drafting. It will also ask you to think about what you are drawing, and how it needs to be represented.

Mechanical drafting is a field within the drafting world. In simple terms, it is used to describe the methods for drafting and designing machines, assemblies and in a nut shell, the 'parts' that used in everything from a fork to a Formula 1 race car. It doesn't include anything that involves buildings and structures (Architectural & Structural drafting) or landscapes and roads (Civil drafting and engineering).

Now just because you are dreaming of becoming an Architect, it doesn't mean that you should skip this tutorial. In fact, you will likely need to use these concepts or read diagrams related to this subject. So read on!

What is Orthographic Projection?

If you look at the image below, you will see a drawing for a part. It shows the object with a top view, a front view and a side view. You'll also see an Isometric view that is sometimes used to give a more visual look. This tutorial won't cover Isometric drafting as it is shown in Tutorial 3-2. Save your drawings that you do in this exercise for more practice in that lesson.

The reason that this method is used is that you can take a designed part, draw it, dimension it and then give all the needed information to the manufacturer.

In some cases only 2 views are needed, but for anything more than a simple part, 3 or more views are needed. Very complex parts will need 6 or more.

There are 2 methods of deciding what views are used and where they are placed in the drawing. I'll borrow some info from Wikipedia to show this:

First-angle projection (European Standards)

In first-angle projection, the object is conceptually located in quadrant I, i.e. it floats above and before the viewing planes, the planes are opaque, and each view is pushed through the object onto the plane furthest from it. (Mnemonic: an "actor on a stage".) Extending to the 6-sided box, each view of the object is projected in the direction (sense) of sight of the object, onto the (opaque) interior walls of the box; that is, each view of the object is drawn on the opposite side of the box. A two-dimensional representation of the object is then created by "unfolding" the box, to view all of the interior walls. This produces two plans and four elevations. A simpler way to visualize this is to place the object on top of an upside-down bowl. Sliding the object down the right edge of the bowl reveals the right side view.


Image of object in box, with views of object projected in the direction of sight onto walls using first-angle projection.	Similar image showing the box unfolding from around the object.

Image showing orthographic views located relative to each other in accordance with first-angle projection.

Third-angle projection (USA Standards)

In third-angle projection, the object is conceptually located in quadrant III, i.e. it lurks below and behind the viewing planes, the planes are transparent, and each view is pulled onto the plane closest to it. (Mnemonic: a "shark in a tank", esp. that is sunken into the floor.) Using the 6-sided viewing box, each view of the object is projected opposite to the direction (sense) of sight, onto the (transparent) exterior walls of the box; that is, each view of the object is drawn on the same side of the box. The box is then unfolded to view all of its exterior walls. A simpler way to visualize this is to place the object in the bottom of a bowl. Sliding the object up the right edge of the bowl reveals the right side view.

Here is the construction of third angle projections of the same object as above. Note that the individual views are the same, just arranged differently.


Image of object in box, with views of object projected in the direction of sight onto walls using first-angle projection.	Similar image showing the box unfolding from around the object.

Image showing orthographic views located relative to each other in accordance with third-angle projection.

Ok - that was some fun theory - thank for reading it. One last bit of info before we get back to CAD stuff. Since there are 2 kinds of standards, how do you know which is which when you have a drawing in front of you? There is a standard symbol that is used in the title block to indicate which method was used.

This symbol shows a simple cone and displays the projection. Think about which symbol represents which method, then move your mouse over the images to see if you were correct.

Because I am in North America and was trained to use the "Third Angle Projection" method, that is what I will show in this tutorial. The techniques for drawing are the same, it's just a matter of which direction you 'project' or draw the lines.

Here's a short video for you that explains these concept visually.

Drawing 3 View Orthographic Projection

For these exercises, we'll start by looking at an Isometric drawing of an object and then draw the Front, Side and Top views using the dimensions we're given. In the workplace, you might find that you are given a part to measure and then draw, or you might be designing the part yourself.

Here's the part that we'll draw in this tutorial:

This is a very simple example to get you used to the concepts. You'll have more practice exercises at the bottom.

Ok, the first question that you'll ask yourself, is "Where do I start?". I recommend that you start where you have the most information. This will sometimes be the front or the top - it depends upon each drawing. In this case, I will start with the front and draw it.

You don't need to worry about dimensioning it at this point - wait until you have all of your views drawn. Ok, this should have been easy enough, so now you can start drawing the top view.

To draw the top, you need to 'project' the lines up. Draw lines up from the main points in your front view. Make sure you have your Osnaps on (include "Quadrant").

Now that you have the vertical lines, draw the horizontal lines. Make sure you leave enough room to draw the width (via OFFSET) and space between the views.

Now you almost have 2 views drawn. Trim the lines so that you are left with just the lines you need.

Stop and check to make sure that you didn't forget any lines. It's very easy to miss some.

Now it's time to jump ahead a little and take a side trip. Read Tutorials 4-3 to learn about Linetypes, because you will need them here. After reading the tutorial, return to your drawing and load the Hidden and Center linetypes. These are needed to add more information in your drawing.

If all went well, you should be able to load the linetypes and scale them (LTS with a value of 10 or 12) to fit with your drawing.

What you see above is the completed Top and Front views. Do you understand why there are "Hidden" lines? They are there to indicate that the hole (circle) is drilled right through the block. Where would the lines be in the hole was only drilled half way through? The center lines are used to show the the hole and the arc have the same center point. These are both common and standard CAD methods and you need to understand them.

One more view to draw. This will be the side/right view. Can you picture it yet?

To get started on the side view, you have to establish where it will be placed in the drawing. In this example and using the 3rd Angle projection, it will be shown to the right of the front view. For exact placement, you need to draw more projection lines.

What you see in the image above is that I established the top right corner of my front view by projecting 2 lines. Then I drew a 45 degree line up from the corner.

Now I can start projecting lines from my top view to create the side view. The line that is indicated by the 'Project Down' leader will be the left side of my Right Side View. I would project another from the other side of the top view and that would establish the width of the right side. Also note that by using this technique the top and side views are the same distance from the front view.

From there I just need to project to the right from my front view.

Almost there. Now you just need to trim up some lines and change the linetype for the hidden lines. Final goal is to draw this:

Once you have all of your lines, your center lines and your hidden lines, you are ready to dimension and add any notes that are needed.

Think about what commands you used in this tutorial. You used LINE, CIRCLE, OFFSET & TRIM. You also use Layers and then learned about Linetypes. What this shows is that you don't need to use a lot of commands, but it's your knowledge of how those commands works that makes your reputation as a CAD user.

Extra Practice: Draw the missing Right Side View and the other views (except Isometric) for this drawing.

Extra Practice: Here is a scan from an old (1919) drafting book that I found on Google Books. This image has 4 separate exercise to keep you busy. Draw what you are given, and then draw the missing view.

Extra Practice: Draw the 3 views needed for each of these blocks. Extra 1 - Extra 2

Just one more thing I should mention. This method of drafting can be used in other ways as well.

To the right is a simple piece of duct work drawn in AutoCAD. It's a straight piece that has been cut at an angle so that it can be connected to another piece to form a bend.

Drawing in 3D isn't very hard when you know how. But if I sent this to the manufacturer, he wouldn't really know where to start. So I would have to send him a drawing of the tube rolled out.

This would give him a template to cut the shape and manufacture the part.

Think about what this shape would look like if it was flat. How would you draw it? How would get the curve correct? Do you think that this sounds like a job for Orthographic Projection?

Yes it does.

The drawing below shows how this could be drawn to show all aspects of this part. I have the diameter of the pipe and the length to the top and the length to the bottom. Since I have the diameter, I also have the circumference. The circumference tells me the length of material that will be needed to make the piece.

The part is drawn in Magenta, and the projection lines are in Blue. What I needed to do was use the DIVIDE command to divide both the circle and the line that represents the circumference. Then it was a matter of projecting down and to the right from the circle, and up from the circumference line. This gave me a grid to use for the SPLINE to create the curve. The Auxiliary view was drawn with a few projection lines and anELLIPSE.

Try this if you like and follow the command line for the commands you don't know. This might be tough, but take your time.

Here's a video that shows how to construct a basic Orthographic Projection drawing.

AUTOCAD LESSON - 8

2011-11-27T09:11:00.002+05:30

DIRECT DISTANCE ENTRY AND OBJECT TRACKING :

Direct Distance Entry

As mentioned earlier in the lessons, there are many ways to do things in AutoCAD. To enter distances, you have been shown Absolute, Relative and Polar Coordinates. I've spent the previous 8 lessons showing you foolproof ways to enter data (the hard way). Now you will be shown four more ways to tell AutoCAD where the locate the point you are drawing to (the easy way).

DO NOT FORGET THE BASICS OF MANUAL ENTRY

Direct Distance Entry (or DDE) is a way of bypassing the usual ways of entering in coordinates. and just entering the distance.

The method is quite easy.

Make sure that you have set Ortho (locking your input to vertical and horizontal) by pressing the F8 button and checking to see that the "Ortho" button is depressed (blue) on the status bar like this:
Your F8 key will toggle Ortho on and off.

Lets say you want to draw a line from one point directly to the right 10 units.

Start the Line command and click on the screen anywhere, then more your cursor to the right of that point. If Ortho is turned on, the line should only point directly to the right and not at an angle. Now type in 10 <ENTER>. Press <ENTER> again to exit the command. You now have line that is 10 units long.

That is a very easy way to draw line segments. If Ortho is not set, your drawing will get messed up very quickly and will not be easy to fix. I have seen too many students take this easy route and destroy their projects, fail the class and become homeless. So don't do this.

Polar Tracking

Now wouldn't it be cool to draw angled lines (like the short ones in the above image)? Well you can, but first you have to make change in your settings.

Type in DSETTINGS and you get the Drafting Settings dialog box, go to the "Polar Tracking" tab. :

Then make sure that Polar Tracking is On (press your F10 key to toggle it on and off) and then select the increment angle. I recommend using polar settings with 45° increments unless you specifically need something else.

In the example above, I made 4 lines 1 unit long using Direct Distance Entry (DDE). See if you can duplicate this on the left end of the 10 unit line you just drew. The process is the same as you did for the DDE of the previous line. Make sure your increment angle is 30° and draw a line 1 unit long using DDE..

You can not have Ortho and Polar Tracking on at the same time. As you start to draw more, you will see that these two features are great time savers. There will be times, though, when you have to use absolute and relative coordinate entry (especially in 3D).

Refer back to the assignment in Lesson 1-2 and draw using the methods shown in this lesson.

Now I'm going to repeat this one last time:

Make sure you have either Ortho or Polar tracking on and don't forget how to manually enter points!

View the video for a sample of DDE.

(THE ABOVE FLASH IS WORK JUST YOU INSTALL FLASH PLAYER)

http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/.

Object Snap Tracking

Now you've just seen how you can find distances from points and measure accurately, but what if you want to find specific points based on previously drawn objects? You can use Osnaps, but they don't always find the point you need.

Consider that you want to draw a circle in the middle of a rectangle like the example below:

In the olden days, you would have drawn a line from opposite corners of the rectangle to find the middle, then snapped to the midpoint of that line for the circle's center point, drawn the circle and then erased the reference line.

Now you can use object snap tracking. This is a way of finding reference points and drawing from them. To do this exercise, make sure that your Midpoint Osnap is on.

Draw a RECTANGLE from 0,0 to 4,3

Make sure that the Object Snap Tracking and Osnap button are depressed.

Start the CIRCLE command.

Move your cursor over the midpoint of the bottom line of the rectangle. You should see a light dotted line project vertically through your cursor. Now more your cursor to the midpoint of the right vertical line of the rectangle. As you move your cursor towards the center of the rectangle, you should see the 2 dotted lines cross. It should look like this:

Once you see both lines, you can pick and the center point will be exact center of the rectangle. Give your circle a radius of 1".

This is a very simple example, but as you start drawing more complex shapes, this will be a handy to tool to master, and a great time saver. Object tracking will work with any Osnap that is invoked. But always check to make sure that you are picking the point you want.

Now the fun begins! You can combine Object Snap Tracking with Direct Distance Entry. What if you want to draw a line that starts 10 units above the top right corner of a rectangle? You can just use these techniques in tandem to move up from the corner and and type in10 to get the starting point.

This technique is a great time saver. In older versions, you have needed to offset the rectangle, draw the line and then erase the rectangle. Try this out on your own.

View the video to see object tracking in action.

(THE ABOVE FLASH IS WORK JUST YOU INSTALL FLASH PLAYER)

http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/.

Dynamic Input

Now it's time to put all these concepts together and combine them with on-screen help that's called 'Dynamic Input'. In older versions of AutoCAD, users relied solely on the command for information. Later versions of AutoCAD added Dynamic Input to put a user's keystrokes in the drawing area near their cursor.

Turn on Dynamic Input by clicking on the status bar (toggle with F12):

Now when you draw, you will see all kinds of information on the screen.

In this example, I have drawn a line starting at the midpoint of the bottom line going up 20.5 units (which I manually entered) at 135°. Once I enter the distance, I can press the Tab key to switch over to the Degrees and enter a value there. I could also have typed@20.5<135 using relative coordinates. By default you are in the first field (length) - press the TAB button on your keyboard to be able to enter the angle.

If you are new to AutoCAD, I recommend turning this feature off as it takes your eyes off the command line (which will prompt you for information).

To review, AutoCAD provides some nice tools to enhance your productivity. Use them, master them, but don't forget the basic of inputting points. Especially when you do 3D work, manual entry becomes valuable.

View the video to see how Dynamic Input works.

(THE ABOVE FLASH IS WORK JUST YOU INSTALL FLASH PLAYER)

http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/.

Extra Practice: Try drawing the extra exercises again using these methods. Find out which one works best for you, and when to use the different techniques in various situations. See if you like using Dynamic Input, or if you prefer to have it off. If you can draw all these exercises quickly (about 1-2 minutes) you have learned the lessons and should move on to the next lesson.

AUTOCAD LESSON - 7

2011-11-27T09:07:00.001+05:30

LAYERS / DIMENSIONING / TEXT / SCALE WITH ASSIGNMENTS:

Now that you've learned a lot of the drawing and modifying commands, it's time to go to the next level. This lesson will introduce you to text, dimensioning and the concept of layers. Without dimensions you can not communicate what size your objects are. Is it a real house or a doll house? Text is used to convey information that is needed other than size - materials, manufacturing process, part numbers, etc.

What you will do is take one of your previous assignments, save it to a new name and then add text and dimensions to it. These are the commands you'll be learning.

Command	Keystroke	Icon	Location	Result
Layer	Layer / LA		Home > Layers	Starts the Layer and Linetype property dialog box
Text	Text		Home > Annotate > Single Line Text	Creates a single line of text
Dimension	Dim	Many	Home > Annotate >Dimension > (pick one)	Dimensions previously drawn objects
Scale	Scale / SC		Home > Modify > Scale	Proportionately resizes (or scales) objects

Begin by opening up Assignment #5 from your CAD folder.

Using the SAVE AS option, immediately save it under the name Assign6.dwg

Click HERE for the GIF version of the file.
Click HERE for the DWG version.

The first thing you want to do is create three layers. Layers are used to organize drawings. Imagine a large project for a high-rise tower. The designers would create layers for the electrical, plumbing, landscape and more. It is necessary to control the drawing and turn some layers off and view only the ones you want. This is one reason why layers are needed. When you go on to use AutoCAD professionally, every drawing you deal with will have layers.

You will be creating a layer for the dimensions, one for the objects (lines that were drawn) and another for the text. Start the LAYERcommand (LA). This will bring up the Layer Properties Manager Palette (shown below). We'll cover the things that are used in this lesson.

Looking at the Dialog Box, you will see a lot of information.

From left to right, this is what the columns are for (not everything is used in this level).

Status	This column has a green check to indicate the current layer (all new objects will be drawn on that layer). Double click here to make the layer current.
Name	Give the layer a good, descriptive name (but not too long)
On	Turns the visibility of that layer on (visible) or off (invisible)
Freeze	Similar to 'On', but can be used in Viewports (later tutorial)
Lock	Retain visibility, but disable modifying objects on the locked layer.
Color	Used to select the color for objects drawn on each layer
Linetype	Used to select the linetype for objects drawn on each layer
Lineweight	Used to select the lineweight for objects drawn on each layer
Plot Style	Plot styles are used to define how objects are plotted - this can be different from the properties described above.
Plot	Set the layer to either plot (on) or not (off)
New VP Freeze	When on, it will freeze the selected layer in new viewports when they (viewports) are created
Description	Use this to give a description to your layer system - very important when working with other users.

Now you have the dialog box on your screen, click the 'New' button . This will create a new layer and give you an opportunity to name it. Name this layer TEXT. Click on the small box towards the right and select yellow for the color. Create another layer and call this oneDIMS (for dimensions), and make its color red. Finally, create a third layer and call it OBJECT and make its color green. You have just created three new layers in your drawing. Highlight the TEXT layer and then press the 'Make Current' button . This makes the TEXT layer current and anything you draw will be placed on that layer. Your Dialog box should look like the one above. If it does, press OK to close the dialog box.

Now that you have your layers, select all your objects and then look for the layer tool panel. There is a droplist there with all of your layer names. With your objects selected, change the layer to OBJECT. If all went well, your lines and circles will now be green and on the object layer.

ADDING TEXT

A later tutorial will discuss text in more detail, but for now see what is involved in adding text. TEXT is your current drawing layer now, so what you will be doing is creating some text now. Type in TEXT on the command line. Look at the command line.

Command: TEXT

Justify/Style/<Start point>:

The first thing AutoCAD wants is a starting point for the text. Type: 0,0 to place it at the bottom left corner of your drawing. Notice that there are other options you could make, but ignore them for now.

Height <0.2000>: <ENTER>

Next, AutoCAD wants to know how tall you want your letters to be. For this assignment, you want them to be 1/4" tall. Type in .25 at the Height prompt.

Rotation angle <0>: <ENTER>

One more thing before you start typing in text, tell AutoCAD if you want to have your text rotated. Not this time, so press <ENTER> to accept the default of 0 degrees.

Text: (YOUR NAME - ASSIGNMENT #6)

Finally you can type in what you want to put on the drawing. At the prompt, type your NAME and ASSIGNMENT #6 then press<ENTER>.

You will see that AutoCAD has placed your name in the bottom left corner at 1/4" high and in yellow on the 'Text' layer.

You don't really want your name jammed into the corner like that so move it up and over 1/8" (Remember your MOVE command and relative points : @.125,.125)

Now it's time to start dimensioning your drawing. Bring up the Layer dialog box and make DIM your current layer.

This is one time when I recommend to use the icons. Dimensioning is A LOT easier this way. If you don't see your dimensioning toolbar on the screen, right click on one of your toolbar icons and check the Dimension checkbox. You'll see the toolbar appear. Close the Toolbars dialog box.

There are several different types of dimensions, here are the ones you'll be using in this lesson (Each of the dimensioning icons gives you a quick clue as to which type of dimension it will create.) The image below shows you the standard dimensioning icons. This list below shows you which dimension types are available on the Dimension tool panel.

Here are the ones you'll be using in this lesson.

Linear dimensions are used for dimensioning either horizontal or vertical distances.

Aligned dimensions will measure the actual length of an angled line.

Radius dimensions will give you the radius of either arcs or circles.

Diameter dimensions are used on circles.

Angular dimensions will measure the angle between two lines that you pick.

Baseline dimensions are a special type that will automatically stack dimensions along one plane as you pick points.

Once you have your objects drawn, you need to go to the menu at the top of the screen and click on Annotate. This will show the Dimension tool panel as well as the text panel and others.

The type of dimension you pick will depend entirely upon what information you want to convey to the person reading the drawing. Look at the sample drawing and pick out the different types of dimensions and where they are used.

We'll start with the most common (and easiest): Linear Dimensions. You'll use this type to add dimensions to the rectangle in the bottom left of your drawing. Pick on the icon and then look at the command line.

Command: _dimlinear

Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:

It asks for either the origin of the first dimension line (a starting point) or you can press <ENTER> to select a particular line. Turn yourOSNAPS on to endpoint only. Pick the top left corner of the rectangle. AutoCAD then asks for the second extension line origin. Pick the top right corner. You'll then see the dimension appear and AutoCAD asks for the Dimension line location. Pick somewhere just above the line where you think it fits well.

AutoCAD then shows you the length that it found to be the length of the line you just dimensioned. The following lines show what you should have seen on your command line:

Specify second extension line origin:<SELECT TOP RIGHT CORNER>
Specify dimension line location or
[Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]:<PICK ABOVE THE LINE>
Dimension text = 3.000

Now dimension the line on the left side using the same method.

Now you want to dimension the radius of the fillet on the object above the first box. Pick the icon for radius dimension. AutoCAD asks you to select an arc or circle. Pick the arc on the top left corner. Again AutoCAD then wants you to pick the dimension line location. Pick anywhere outside the arc where the dimension fits well.

Looking at the top left object on the sample sheet, notice that there are a few ways to dimension the corners. Start on the bottom left. Pick the Linear Dimension icon. Instead of picking the two endpoints, press <ENTER> and AutoCAD will ask you to select the object you want to dimension. Pick on the angled line in the bottom left corner. As you move your cursor around, you'll see that you could place it either to the left or below the line. Choose one or the other and place your dimension. Repeat these steps to add the other dimension.

At the top left, you want to add an Aligned dimension. Pick the icon for this. As with the linear dimensions, you can either pick the endpoints or press <ENTER> to choose and object. When you're asked to place the dimension, you'll see that you can only move parallel to the line that you picked. Place the dimension line somewhere outside the object.

Now you're going to dimension the angle on the bottom right corner of the top box. Pick the Angular dimension icon. Pick the bottom line and then the angled line in the bottom right corner. Place the dimension so that it looks like the one in the sample.

Now its time to dimension the circle. Pick the icon for the Diameter dimension. AutoCAD then wants you to select the arc or circle. Pick anywhere on the circle. Then you have to place the dimension line somewhere. Pick a good spot for it.

Dimension the 1" line in the circle as shown using a linear dimension.

Dimension the top left box of the array as shown using Linear dimensions.

Dimension the space (0.75) between the two rows by picking the endpoints of the lines.

Dimension the space (0.75) between the columns as shown.

Now for the tricky part. You want to add baseline dimensions to the column distance dimension you just created. Pick the icon for the baseline dimensions. Look at the command line:

You may be asked to select the base dimension. If so, pick on the 0.75 dimension for the column. Then you're asked to Specify a second extension line origin. Pick where P1 shows you on the sample drawing. AutoCAD then will get you to keep repeating this process until you press <ENTER> to end the command. Pick near P2 to continue, then press <ENTER>. This is what your command line should have looked like:

Command: _dimbaseline

Select base dimension:

Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>): <pick P1>

Dimension text = 1.50

Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>): <pick P2>

<Dimension text = 2.00

Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>): <ENTER>

Your drawing should now look similar to the sample drawing. Check to see if you missed any dimensions.

Now you have dimensioned the drawing, save it and print it.

Next you want to copy everything over 12" to the right. Start the COPY command, and when asked to select objects, type ALL <ENTER>. Then copy it all 12" to the right.

What you want to do next is scale the copy of everything to double its existing size. Start the SCALE command. When asked to select objects, draw a window around the new set of objects and press <ENTER>. When asked for a base point, pick the bottom left corner of the border. Enter 2 for the scale factor. Your command line should look like this:

Command: SC <ENTER>

SCALE

Select objects: Other corner: 38 found

Select objects:<ENTER>

Base point:<Pick the Bottom Left Corner>

<Scale factor>/Reference: 2 <ENTER>

Perform a Zoom Extents (type Z <ENTER> E <ENTER>) at the command line. Now that everything is twice as large, Zoom in on your dimensions and you'll see that they have automatically adjusted to the new sizes! This is called associative dimensioning.

There are many different parameters you can change to get just the right look for your dimensions and text (use the DDIM command). This is will not be covered in this course.

For practice, you can try dimensioning some of your other assignments.

Even if your drawing is 100% accurate, it is still only as good as the dimensions. Some common mistakes when dimensioning are:

Not using your Osnaps. If you don't get the exact endpoint of a line, then your dimension is wrong.
Snapping to the wrong point. In detailed drawings, this can be easy to do if you aren't paying attention.
Incomplete dimensions. If you miss one or two dimensions, you can delay the project while these numbers are located, new drawings made, delivered, etc..
Confusing dimensions. Make sure that your dimensions don't overlap, or aren't too close, or otherwise unclear.

View the video for Assignment 6

(THE ABOVE FLASH IS WORK JUST YOU INSTALL FLASH PLAYER)

http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/.

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Extra_006.gif	Extra_007.gif	Extra_008.gif	Extra_009.gif	Extra_010.gif
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AUTOCAD LESSON - 6

2011-11-27T09:01:00.000+05:30

MODIFYING COMMANDS - 1 :

In this assignment you will be adding some more common commands to your collection. All of these commands are ones that you will use on a regular basis.

Command	Keystroke	Icon	Location	Result
Move	Move / M		Home > Modify > Move	Moves an object or objects
Copy	Copy / CP		Home > Modify > Copy	Copies object(s) once or multiple times
Stretch	Stretch / S		Home > Modify > Stretch	Stretches an object after you have selected a portion of it
Mirror	Mirror / MI		Home > Modify > Mirror	Creates a mirror image of an object or selection set

This is a short assignment to show you how these commands are used. You will recreate the drawing called Assignment #4.

Click HERE to see the file in GIF format.
Click HERE to download the DWG file.

Start up AutoCAD and set up your drawing as you have in the previous assignments.

Turn on your Endpoint Osnap.

This time draw the border first. Draw a 10" wide by 7" high rectangular border using any method. The bottom left corner must be at 0,0

Draw a 2" wide by 3" high rectangle using the
RECTANGLE command. The bottom left corner must be at 0,0

Notice that the small rectangle and the border are overlapping each other at the bottom left of your drawing. What you want to do is move the small rectangle over 1" and up 1" so that it is away from the border.

To do this, start the MOVE command by typing in either M or MOVE <ENTER>. Select all the lines of the rectangle using one of the selection methods described earlier. Press <ENTER>. Now AutoCAD asks for a "base point or displacement". What it is needing is a reference point. Click on the bottom left corner of the rectangle. AutoCAD now asks for a 'second point of displacement'. What it needs to know now is how far you want to move it. This is a great time to use relative coordinates. In this case, you want to move it 1" over and 1" up. So type @1,1 <ENTER> to achieve this. The rectangle will automatically move to its new location.

Now you want to copy this rectangle 3" over to the right. The copy command is very similar to the move command. (The only difference is that the copy command leaves an original behind.)

Start the COPY command. You will be asked to select objects. Select the rectangle you just moved. AutoCAD now needs the "base point or displacement" just like in the move command. Once again, select the bottom left corner of the rectangle. Once you've done this, you need to tell AutoCAD what the second point of displacement is. Since you want to move the rectangle over 3" to the right, type in @3,0 <ENTER> The rectangle has now been copied 3" over.

BREAK TIME : Copy and move are 2 commands that you use a lot with AutoCAD. Both commands work the same way in terms of the steps you take. Learn to use these commands well - you'll need them. Honestly. Being quick with these commands makes you a much better drafter.

But the rectangle is not as tall as the one in the sample drawing, the sample drawing's rectangle is 1" taller. To modify this, you'll use the stretch command.

Start the STRETCH command by typing S <ENTER>. AutoCAD now makes you select objects by using a crossing window or crossing polygon. You're going to use a crossing selection. Remember from the Lesson 1-5 that you make a crossing selection by creating it from the right to left. Left-click just a bit above and to the right of the top right hand corner of the new rectangle (P1). Move your crosshairs down and to the left until your (dotted) crossing window covers the top half of the rectangle completely and then left click again (P2). You'll see that the objects are highlighted now. Press <ENTER> to accept this. Next you're asked for that now familiar base point. Pick on the top left corner of the rectangle. Now give AutoCAD the second point of displacement. In this case, you want to stretch the rectangle 1" up, so type @0,1 <ENTER> to do this. The rectangle is now 1" taller.

The goal when selecting objects to stretch is to draw the window over the vertices or points that you want to stretch. If you miss a corner, you will change the shape of the rectangle. So always be aware of which points need to be stretched. In this example, it was pretty obvious, in more complex drawings - it won't be.

Next you want to draw the polygon on the right side. To do this, you will draw the three lines on the left side first and then mirror those lines over to the right side. Draw the 3 lines any way you like (hint: use absolute coordinates.).

Once they are drawn, begin the MIRROR command. Select the three lines (press <ENTER>) Now you are asked for the first point of the mirror line. With your endpoint Osnap turned on, pick the end of the line at 8,2. Now you are asked for the second point. Select the point on the line at 8,5. Once you've done this, AutoCAD wants to know if you want to delete the old objects. In this case you don't, so accept the default by pressing <ENTER>. The mirror line will be half-way between the object the you are mirroring and where you want it to be. Figuring out where the mirror line is the toughest part of this command.

The assignment is now complete. Review what you have done and practice on these commands. Save and print your assignment. Copy and Move are very common commands. For example, you might create a ceiling light, then have to move it into place, and then copy it to other rooms. Fortunately, these commands work very similar, and once you master one, you have mastered both.

View the video for this assignment.

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Extra Practice: Copy this drawing using the commands you have learned in lessons up to this point - extra_007.gif

View the video for Extra_007.

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Extra Practice: This exercise uses an option of the CIRCLE command called "Tangent Tangent Radius" or TTR. To use it, pick the two tangents of the circle first, then enter the radius. The rest of it uses previous commands. extra_008.gif This one is tricky, so try it a few times before checking the video.

View the video for Extra_008.

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MODIFY COMMAND -2

Now it's time to learn a few more commands. Like all of the commands learnt so far, these too will be ones that you will use regularly.

Here are the commands that you will be learning in this lesson.

Command	Keystroke	Icon	Menu	Result
Rotate	Rotate / RO		Home > Modify >Rotate	Rotates objects to a certain angle
Fillet	Fillet / F		Home > Modify >Fillet	Creates a round corner between two lines
Chamfer	Chamfer / CHA		Home > Modify >Chamfer	Creates an angled corner between two lines
Array	Array / AR		Home > Modify >Array	Creates a repeating pattern of the selected objects

Once again you will recreate a drawing. This one is called Assignment #5.

Click here to see the GIF format file.
Click here for the DWG file.

Follow the steps shown carefully. As these commands require a little more input, make sure that you keep an eye on the command line. You will be asked to provide information throughout the commands.

Start up AutoCAD and load the acad.dwt template like you have for the other lessons.

Start by drawing a horizontal 10" X 7" border with the bottom left corner at 0,0

Draw a rectangle 1" wide by 3" tall with the bottom left corner at .75,.75

You are now going to rotate this rectangle 90° clockwise.

Start the ROTATE command. AutoCAD asks you to select objects. Select all parts of the rectangle and press <ENTER>. Now you must indicate a 'base point'. Think of this as a pivot point around which the rectangle will rotate. In this example, you want to select the bottom right corner (remember to use your Osnap). Once you've selected the base point, the command line shows rotation angle or [Reference]: This means that 'Rotation angle' is the default, so type in the angle you want to rotate the object. Think about howAutoCAD measures angles. Looking at your rectangle and the one on the assignment sheet, you'll see that you want to rotate the rectangle clockwise or: -90 degrees. Enter that number and press <ENTER>.

Command: RO <ENTER>
Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANGBASE=0Select objects: <Select the Rectangle> 1 found
Select objects: <ENTER>
Specify base point:<PICK BOTTOM RIGHT CORNER OF THE RECTANGLE>
Specify rotation angle or [Reference]:-90 <ENTER>

The rectangle is now been rotated -90 degrees from its original position. Picking different base points will give you different results. Undothe last command. Try a few different combinations of base points and angles to see what results you get. When you are done practicing, get the rectangle back to the position that it needs to be in.

Make a COPY of the rectangle 2" above the first one (remember your relative coordinates).

Now you're going to modify the second rectangle so that it has rounded corners. Start the FILLET command. Look at the command line. It will look something like this:

Command: F <ENTER> FILLET

Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 0.0000

Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple]:

AutoCAD first shows you what the current fillet radius is (0.0000). This will be the last value that was used. Once it's changed, it will keep the new value in memory. The next line shows you what options you have in this command. Remember that the Capitol of each option selects that particular option. What you want to do is change the fillet radius to 3/8" (or .375). To do this you have to type R<ENTER>. When you type this AutoCAD will give the chance to enter a new fillet radius. At this point enter .375 and press<ENTER>.

The fillet radius is now .375 (which is what you want). The default option is Select first object. Select the left side of the top rectangle (yes, the whole rectangle will highlight if you drew it as a rectangle). AutoCAD now asks you to select second object. Select the top line and AutoCAD will make a smooth round corner with a radius of .375. AutoCAD automatically ends the command at this point.

Restart the FILLET command and do this to the remaining corners so that you have an object similar to the example.

BREAK TIME : The Fillet command is commonly used with a Zero radius. This can sometimes be much quicker than trimming two lines that meet at endpoints. To practice this, fillet this lines you made with round corners using a Zero radius.

Copy the first rectangle to a point 4-1/2" above. Now you will use the chamfer command to give this rectangle sharp, angled corners.

Start the CHAMFER command.

This is very similar to the fillet command. You have several options available. Want you want is an even 45 degree angle 3/8" in from the corner. Like the fillet command, you first have to tell AutoCAD what distance you want. To do this, type D to select the Distance option. The command line now looks like this:

Specify first chamfer distance <0.5000>: .375 <ENTER> as your first distance.) The command line now asks for the second distance. AutoCAD will automatically change the default of the second distance to match the distance you entered for the first.

Specify second chamfer distance <0.3750>: (Press <ENTER> to accept this)

You will then be asked to Select first line. The chamfer command works just like the fillet command. Select the line on the left of the top rectangle. (Don't worry if the entire rectangle highlights.) When prompted to Select second line: select the top line. You will now have a perfect sharp corner at a 45 degree angle 3/8" in from the corner. Do this to the rest of the corners.

Look at the command line. It should look like this:

Command: CHA <ENTER> CHAMFER
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 0.0000, Dist2 = 0.0000
Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method]: D <ENTER>
Specify first chamfer distance <0.5000>: .375 <ENTER>
<0.3750>: <ENTER>
Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: <select one side of the rectangle>

Now look at the assignment sheet and notice the group of six rectangles on the bottom right. You could draw each one individually, but AutoCAD has a command that will allow you to draw one, and it will make the others.

Create a rectangle that is 1/2" square with the bottom left corner at 6,1.5 (absolute points).

Start the ARRAY command. Look at the dialog box shown below (if you are using AutoCAD 2012, please check these videos for the updated command):

When confronting a new dialog box, I recommend that you look for what is needed from the TOP DOWN to the bottom. This is a great example.

Choose the radio button for "Rectangular Array". This will array the object in a row/column arrangement.
Next select the object you want to array, by picking on the button in the top right corner. (Press enter when done)
Enter the number of rows (going across the page) and column (running up and down the page).
Enter the Row offset. This is this from the bottom left of the original rectangle, to the bottom left of where the first copy will go.
Enter the Column offset
Pick the Preview button to see the array before committing.

Pick or press Esc to return to dialog or <Right-click to accept array>:

If the array is correct (check the sample drawing), press right click. If you need to change anything, press the ESC button, make your changes in the dialog box and preview again.

Now you are going to use the ARRAY (polar) command to create the shape in the top right corner of the assignment.

Start by making a CIRCLE with a center point of 7.5,5.5 and a diameter of 1.5 Next make a LINE from the center of the circle going 1" to the right (remember your relative input and Osnaps).

Start the ARRAY command. When asked to select objects, pick the line you just drew.

Examine the dialog box above. Remember to start from the TOP. In this case, you have to select your objects and select a Center Point for the array. (Select the center of the circle.)

NOTE: Sometimes the Array command can be quicker than the offset command. Think of creating lines for a ceiling grid. You 'could' offset 30 lines one at a time, or you 'should' use the array command to create all 30 lines at once.

ave and print your drawing.

View the video for this assignment .

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So far in seven lessons, you have learned many of the common commands in AutoCAD. It may not seem like a lot, but the idea is to become fluent in them. It should be second nature to run these commands, as these are the ones you will be using most often. With practice, you won't need the command line to help you along. Think of the first time you drove a car with a manual transmission. After time, it got smoother, didn't it. I can't stress enough how important practice is during these early lessons

Extra Practice: Copy this drawing - extra_009.gif

View the video for extra_009.

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Extra Practice: Copy this drawing - extra_010.gif

View the video for extra_010.

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Extra Practice: Copy this drawing using 2 methods. First create the lines using the offset command, then create the lines using the Array command. Compare which method should be easier, and when you might use one over the other - extra_012.gif

View the video for extra_012.

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AUTOCAD LESSON - 5

2011-11-27T08:54:00.001+05:30

ACCURATE INPUT WITH ASSIGNMENT :

By now you have probably seen a colored rectangle appear on your screen when you left-click and the move the crosshairs around. You'll learn all about these in this lesson. AutoCAD uses what's called a selection set to allow you to group objects together and then modify them. For example, if you want to erase several lines, you could press E <ENTER>, pick on the line, press <ENTER> again and repeat until you're done. Another way would be to press E <ENTER>, and then pick the lines one by one until they are all selected, and press <ENTER>. By selecting a group of objects, you have created a selection set. Whenever you want to modify an object, and are asked by AutoCAD to "select objects" you can create a selection set and then apply the command.

REMEMBER TO PRESS ENTER WHEN YOU ARE FINISHED SELECTING THE OBJECTS

There are also a few other ways to create a selection set. The most common way is to use a window.

There are two very different types of windows you can use.

One is a 'crossing window' and the other is a box. If you create the window from right to left, you make a crossing window. This means that any object that crosses the border or is surrounded by the window is added to the selection set. This is shown as a green rectangle with a dotted outline on the screen. If you create the window from left to right, you create a box. Using this method you'll add only the items that are completely within the box. This is shown as a blue box on the screen. The difference is very important.

To summarize:

DIRECTION	CALLED	DISPLAY	EFFECT
RIGHT TO LEFT	CROSSING SELECTION	GREEN (with a dotted outline)	SECLECTS ANY OBJECT THAT EITHER CROSSES THE BOUNDARY OR IS INSIDE IT
LEFT TO RIGHT	WINDOW SELCTION	BLUE	SELECTS ON OBJECTS THAT ARE COMPLETELY WITHIN THE BOX

There are other ways to select objects and here a few of the more common ways. These can also be used in combination.

REMOVE - by typing R when asked to select objects, AutoCAD will select change to allow you to Remove objects from the selection set. You can also remove individual objects by pressing the Shift Key when selecting (known as a 'shift-select')

LAST - by typing L when asked to select objects, AutoCAD will select the last object that you created. This is handy if you create something and want to move or modify it right away.

PREVIOUS - by typing P when asked to select objects, AutoCAD will select the previous selection set. This is used if you select a few objects, modify them and then want to modify them again.

FENCE - by typing F when asked to select objects, AutoCAD allows you to draw a series of lines (called a fence) to select objects. This is convenient if you want to select a group of lines to be trimmed to a single cutting edge.

CROSSING POLYGON - typing CP when you are selecting objects give the ability to create a crossing polygon for object selection. This is similar to a crossing box (drawn like a Fence), but you can pick points on the screen to create a polygon. By default, this is a crossing polygon, therefore any objects that cross the polygon will be added to the selection set.

CROSSING WINDOW - typing WP (window polygon) when you are selecting objects give the ability to create a crossing window for object selection. This is similar to a crossing box, but you can pick points on the screen to create a polygon. This is a crossing window, therefore any objects that are completely within the polygon will be added to the selection set. Newer versions of AutoCAD allow you to use your cursor to create a crossing window without typing in the 'CW'.

CYCLING - When are ready to select objects, hold down the Shift key on your keyboard and then press the Space Bar when your mouse is on top of overlapping objects. Repeatedly press the Space Bar until the one object you want to modify is highlighted. Then pick with the mouse. This is a good approach if you have many objects in a small area.

To deselect everything you have selected, you just press the escape key on your keyboard or right-click and choose "Deselect All" from the menu.

TIP: Zoom in when selecting in tight spaces. Make sure you are 100% sure you are selecting the correct object. Imagine the difference of offsetting an interior wall instead of the exterior wall - the resulting object would be off by over 6 inches! Get used to zooming in, then zooming out quickly.

For practice, open one of your previous drawings and try selecting objects using all of the methods described above. Notice that as you move your cursor over an object the object will highlight.

View the video about selecting objects in AutoCAD (Part 1).

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View the video about selecting objects in AutoCAD (Part 2).

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Changing your selection options

Many people are happy with the default AutoCAD settings. Sometimes you might want to change your settings for things like your grip or pickbox size. This is totally personal and it's your call. I'll show how to change these, but remember where the settings are in case you want to change them back.

Type in OP for Options and look for the Selection tab. You'll see a dialog box that looks like the one below.

As you can see, you can customize a few things. Think about having a drawing that has a lot of blue lines in it. If you want, you can change your grip color so that they are clearer. Some people like a larger pickbox size, but I prefer a smaller box that is more precise. Another option that is used a lot is "Enable grips within blocks" - you'll learn about grips and blocks in later lessons.

AUTOCAD LESSON - 4

2011-11-27T08:12:00.000+05:30

ow it's time to see if you were paying attention in the first lesson. In this lesson you will complete the drawing that will test your knowledge of drawing accurately using different types of precision input. Clients expect 100% accurate drawings from YOU. It is up to the YOU to ensure that YOU have the ability to draw quickly and accurately. There is a lot of room for error when drafting, as you need to read accurately, transfer the numbers to AutoCAD accurately, and draw accurately. It is the job of this exercise to help you learn to draw accurately - speed will come only through practice.

You can download the DWG file HERE and view the image HERE
Print the file out and try to reproduce it. Start at the bottom left corner (1,1). Use the drawing tools you have learned in the previous lessons. You will have to use a combination of absolute, relative, and polar coordinate input.

Open AutoCAD and set up the drawing as you have for the previous assignments.
Complete the assignment by drawing it accurately using the dimensions provided.
If you make an error along the way, remember that you can use your ENDPOINT Osnap to begin where you left off.
Save your drawing.
Print your drawing using the guidelines given in the previous assignments.

Click HERE to check the command line input for this drawing.

View the video for Assignment 3 .

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As mentioned earlier, AutoCAD is accurate. It is up to the user to ensure that they give the proper input to make sure that the drawing is accurate. It can be extremely costly to make mistakes with what seem to be 'minor' errors in accuracy.

By this point in the tutorials, you should able to do the above drawing without referencing other materials. If this isn't the case, you should review the previous lessons. Here are two more practice exercises to work on your input and drawing skills.

Extra Practice: Copy this drawing - extra_005.gif
View the video for extra_005.

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Extra Practice: Copy this drawing - extra_006.gif
View the video for extra_005.

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AUTOCAD LESSON - 3

2011-11-27T08:06:00.001+05:30

MODIFYING COMMANDS - OSNAPS WITH ASSIGNMENTS:

The previous lesson dealt with drawing commands. This lesson will introduce some common modifying commands. In AutoCAD, you may actually use modifying commands more often than drawing commands. Now that you know the basics, here's some more commands to add to your collection. Three commands, Trim, Extend and Offset are used standard AutoCAD work.

Command	Keystroke	Icon	Location	Result
Rectangle	RECTANGLE / REC		H ome > Draw > Rectangle	Draws a rectangle after you enter one corner and then the second.
Trim	TRIM / TR		Home > Modify > Trim	Trims objects to a selected cutting edge.
Extend	EXTEND / EX		Home > Modify > Extend	Extends objects to a selected boundary edge.
Offset	OFFSET / O		Home > Modify > Offset	Offsets an object (parallel) by a set distance.
Object Snaps	OSNAP / OS / F3	CLICK	Tools > Object Snap Settings	Brings up the OSNAP dialog box.

Assignment #2 - Modifying Commands

The purpose of this assignment is to use the commands learned in the previous lesson and learn some new ones.

Duplicate the drawing called Assign_2.
Click HERE to download the DWG file.

Once again, do not worry about title blocks, text or dimensions, draw only what is in yellow.

Start AutoCAD and begin the the drawing by opening up the template file like you did in Lesson 1-2.

Draw a LINE from 1,2 to 3,2 to 3,4 to 1,4 (*Remember to watch the command line as you do this.) For the last line's endpoint , you can either type in 1,2 or C to close the line back to the first point you entered. These are absolute coordinates. Make sure you understand what the points your just entered represent.

Draw the next square using the RECTANGLE command. A rectangle is created by specifying 2 points to represent the opposite corners. Enter the first point as 4.5,2 and then make the opposite corner 2 inches over and 2 inches up @2,2 using relative coordinates. This is much faster and also makes the square one object and not 4 separate lines.

ERASE the rectangle. You will see that all of it is gone with one pick. Redraw it and continue.

For the 3rd square, draw a 1.5 x 1.5 unit square using any of the methods you know. The bottom left corner must be a 8,2.

Draw a line from 2,5 to 2,6.5 Draw another line from 1,6 to 3,6 You should now have two perpendicular lines. What you want to do is trim off the top of the vertical line and create a T.

Start the TRIM command. It will first ask for a cutting edge. Select the horizontal line and press <ENTER>. It will now ask for the object to be trimmed. Select the vertical line anywhere above the horizontal (cutting) line and press <ENTER> to finish the command.

This is what you saw on the command line:

Command: TR <enter> TRIM

Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=None

Select cutting edges ...

Select objects: <Select the Horizontal line> 1 found

Select objects: <enter>

Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/eRase/Undo]:<Select the vertical line>

Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: <enter>

Once again, it is important to keep your eye on the command line as it will guide you through most commands.

Draw a LINE from 4,6.5 to 6,6.5 Draw another line from 5,5 to 5,6 What you want to do now is extend the vertical line up to the meet horizontal line. Start the EXTEND command. AutoCAD asks for a boundary edge; select the horizontal line press<ENTER>. It then asks for an object to extend; select somewhere in the top half of the vertical line. Press <ENTER> to end the command. Your command line history should match what is shown below.

Command: EX <enter> EXTEND

Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=None

Select boundary edges ...

Select objects: <Select the horizontal line> 1 found

Select objects: <enter>

Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]: <Select the top half of the vertical line>

Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: <enter>

Draw a CIRCLE with a center point of 7.5,5.5 with a radius of .5 Now you will use to offset command to make another circle 1/4" larger. Start the OFFSET command (watch the command line) and enter .125 as the offset distance (1/2 of 1/4"). Now select the circle and pick anywhere outside the circle. Press <ENTER> to end the command.

Object Snaps

Suppose you want to draw a line from the center of the circle to the middle of the vertical line you extended earlier. AutoCAD has a feature that makes this very easy. These are the Object Snaps (or Osnaps "Oh-Snaps"). Type OS <ENTER> . You will see this dialog box appear.

ICON	SETTING	ICON	SETTING
	Endpoint		Insertion Point
	Midpoint		Perpendicular
	Center		Tangent
	Node		Nearest
	Quadrant		Apparent Intersection
	Intersection		Parallel
	Extension	M2P	Midpoint between 2 points

You may select whichever points you want to 'snap' on an object. Here is a list of your options. Followed by the command entry to invoke the needed Osnap.

Endpoint - snaps to either the beginning or the end of an object such as a line - END

Midpoint - snaps to the exact middle of a line or an arc - MID

Center - snaps to the center-point of a circle or arc - CEN

Node - snaps to 'nodes' (not covered in this course) - NOD

Quadrant - snaps to any of the four quadrants of a circle - QUA

Intersection - snaps to the point where two object cross - INT

Extension - Snaps to the phantom extension of an arc or line - EXT

Insertion - snaps to the insertion point of an object (such as a block or text) - INS

Perpendicular - will snap so that the result is perpendicular to line selected - PER

Tangent - snaps to create a line tangent to a circle or arc - TAN

Nearest - will find the closest point an object and snap to that point - NEA

Parallel -Snaps parallel to a specified line - PAR

M2P - This isn't technically an 'Object Snap' as you are not snapping to specific point on an object, but it allows you to select 2 points and it will calculate the midpoint between those 2 points. This is a very handy option to have.

Note: Beside each checkbox is a symbol. That symbol will show up on the screen when you have found a valid snap point. (An endpoint will show a small square). If you select the "Options" button, you can change the aperture size and the color of the Osnaps. Depending upon the background you are drawing on, this may be needed.

Check off the boxes as shown in the dialog box above (Object Snaps On, Endpoint, Midpoint, Center) and press OK.
Begin the LINE command. Move your cursor around the screen and you'll see that as you get close to an object, it will 'snap' to one of the points that you had checked off in the dialog box. Place your cursor on the circle (not the middle of the circle) until you see a small purple circle appear at its center. Left-click to make this the start point of the line. Move the cursor towards the middle of the vertical line until you see a small triangle appear. (Remember this is the symbol for 'midpoint'). When you see it left-click to accept this as your endpoint. Press <ENTER> to end the line command.
Save your drawing.
Print your drawing with the same settings as in Assignment #1. Don't forget to use the preview.

View the video for Assignment 2.

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TIP: Before you select the Osnap you want, you can press the TAB key on your keyboard to cycle through the available Osnaps in the area of your cursor.

CAUTION: Although it may seem tempting to turn 'all' the Osnaps on when drawing, you can have too much of a good thing. For example, in shorter lines, Midpoint, Nearest and Perpendicular could all be very close to each other, and you could select the wrong point.

When you have finished the assignment, continue practicing with the commands until they are mastered. These are common commands that you will use in everyday drafting.

Extra Practice: Copy this drawing, using lines, mlines, offset, osnaps - extra_003.gif
View the video for Exercise 3.

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Extra Practice: Copy this drawing, it could a little to figure out, but still uses the commands you have learned so far. - extra_004.gif
View the video for Exercise 4.

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Extra Practice: Have a look at this drawing of a simple reflected ceiling plan (RCF) and see how the offset, trim and extend commands might be used. If you know how to change units to Architectural, try drawing it.
View the video for Bonus 1.

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DESIGN FOR FUTURE

PRO E LESSON - 2

TTASK 1 :sk 1. Generate a Protrusion from a 2D Sketch

TASK 3

Task 3. Create Rounds

TASK 4

Task 4. Shell the Part

TASK 5Task 5. Explore Design Options

Congratulations! You have completed the Introduction to Part Modeling Tutorial.

PRO E LESSON - 1

Task 1. Open Design and Browse the Model Structure

Task 2. Viewing, Selection, and Modification

Task 3. Verify the design change in the Drawing

Congratulations! You have completed the Introduction to Pro/ENGINEER Tutorial.

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 15

AutoCAD 3D tutorial : USB Cable

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 14

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Tires

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 13

AutoCAD Tutorial: ShuttleCock

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 12

AutoCAD Tutorial: Plat

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 11

AutoCAD Tutorials 3D Ladder

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 10

3D I Beam 100x50

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 9

3D Helix Stairs

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 8

Tutorials AutoCAD : Create Simple Flash Disk

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 7

Video Autocad 3D Tutorial - Chair

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 6

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Catapult

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 5

AutoCAD Tutorials: Bottle

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 4

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 3

Autocad 3D Tutorial - Basic 3D Building

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 2

AutoCAD 3D Tutorial: Basic Gear

3D AUTOCAD TUTORIAL - 1

AutoCAD 3D Text

AUTOCAD LESSON - 10

SECTIONAL VIEWS :

Looking at Section Views

Drawing Section views in AutoCAD

Other uses for Section Views

Conclusion

AUTOCAD LESSON - 9

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION :

Putting your skills to use.

What is Orthographic Projection?

First-angle projection (European Standards)

Third-angle projection (USA Standards)

Drawing 3 View Orthographic Projection

AUTOCAD LESSON - 8

Object Snap Tracking

AUTOCAD LESSON - 7

AUTOCAD LESSON - 6

AUTOCAD LESSON - 5

AUTOCAD LESSON - 4

AUTOCAD LESSON - 3

Assignment #2 - Modifying Commands

Object Snaps