OZ World

TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF DENGUE CASES at BGHMC FROM YEAR 2011 to JULY 29, 2016

2016-07-31T18:56:00.000-07:00

TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF DENGUE CASES at BGHMC FROM YEAR 2011 to JULY 29, 2016

Purpose of the report: To describe the Time table and analyzed the series of dengue cases who were admitted and discharge at BGHMC

Scope of the cases: The data adopted in this study are patients who were diagnose to have contracted the dengue virus as primary diagnosis upon discharge from the year 2011 to July 29, 2016.

Table 1. Monthly discharges of dengue cases from Year 2011 to July 29, 2016

Year/Month	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
January	15	8	19	9	29	81
February	11	8	14	3	7	55
March	9	4	9	3	7	32
April	7	6	11	6	3	34
May	8	22	30	6	11	88
June	25	98	180	14	38	215
July	72	141	288	38	113	285
August	180	71	285	36	223
September	90	43	172	34	136
October	25	44	71	18	108
November	19	36	47	26	77
December	12	43	35	42	59
Total	473	524	1161	235	811	790

From the data obtained from the Mortality and Morbidity Spreadsheet shows that the peak cases were during the year 2013 from with 1161 cases, while the year 2016 have a total of 790 cases as of July 29, 2016 which have a high probability to increase on the succeeding months since it was observed in the table that June to November have high number of dengue cases usually during the wet season. The data might suggest that there is a seasonality of dengue cases every 3 years.

However to describe the series of this dengue case time series analysis should be done to have an Idea about the trend, and the future increase of this dreaded disease as illustrated below.

Figure 1. Time series plot of Dengue Cases From year 2011 to July 29, 2016

Figure 1 shows the time series plot of dengue cases from 2011 to July 29, 2016 wherein we can see a lot of spikes which would suggest a seasonality per month, however some of the spikes or its peak are quite higher than the other months suggesting that unusual increase of dengue discharges. Those unusual graph where seen during the months of 31-34 and 65-67 which are on the months of July to October 2013 and May to July 2016.

Due to irregular increase and decrease of dengue cases monthly it’s hard to forecast for the next few months. However smoothening and other techniques the Figure below give a rough forecast for the next 6 months.

From table 2 and figure 2 denotes an increase for the next 5 months if the data would have same flow or in normal circumstance. The peak may be seen during the month of October and November and hopefully would decline during the end of the month till the dry season.

Figure 2.Time Series Forecast for the Next Month

Table 2 Rough forecast of dengue cases

Forecast Value
From	To	Month	Year
129	265	August	2016
100	237	September	2016
132	270	October	2016
169	308	November	2016
148	288	December	2016

Conclusion:

Dengue fevercases have a significant increase this year comparing last year.

The viral disease might have yearly seasonal characteristics every three years aside from the monthly seasonality which often increases during the wet season.

The viral disease would continually increase until the end of the month unless there would be an intervention.

Darius T. Muñoz

HIMO (July 29, 2016)

All data needs consent to the author

Comparison of Amniotic Fluid Gram Stain and Leukocyte Esterase Activity in the Prediction of Subclinical Intraamniotic Infection

2013-05-14T21:43:00.001-07:00

Chorioamnionitis is frequently associated with prolonged rupture of membranes, prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM), preterm prelabor rupture of memebranes (PPROM), maternal urinary tract infection, prematurity and maternal fever. Though may be absent, signs and symptoms of chorioamnionitis include fever >37.8°C, significant maternal tachycardia (>120 beats per minute), fetal tachycardia, purulent or foul-smelling amniotic fluid or vaginal discharge, maternal leukocytosis (15,000-18,000 cells/mm³) or uterine tenderness (Sherman and Otsuki 2003).

Several serologic tests can be done on the mother or tests on the amniotic fluid can confirm clinical suspicion of chorioamnionitis. Amniotic fluid gram stain and culture is reliable in the setting of chorioamnionitis. Detecting glucose levels in the amniotic fluid is also an indirect indicator of chorioamnionitis as glucose is consumed by the rapidly dividing bacteria. Another indicator for infection is an elevation of cytokines. C-reactive protein determination was found to have a sensitivity and specificity of 80% as an early predictor of subclinical chorioamnionitis (Saini et. al. 2003). In a study done by Grable and Heine in 2003, maternal plasma levels of defensin, a neutrophil granule product, is 76% sensitive and 94% specific in predicting histologic chorioamnionitis. Other studies have related amniotic fluid glucose concentration below 5 mg/dl (Kiltz et. al. 1991), elevated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-12 (Harirah et. al. 2002, McNamara 2003) as markers for subclinical chorioamnionitis. Unfortunately, many of these markers are routinely available especially in a developing country like ours, thus the need for cheaper alternatives for early diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07919.x/abstract

Berhman et. al. describes neonatal infections that manifested in the first week of life is usually attributable to microorganisms transmitted from mother to infant. Epidemiologic studies have subdivided neonatal infections to two: 1) early-onset, occurring within the first 72hrs of life and is assumed to have been transmitted perinatally from the mother, and 2) late-onset, occurring between 3-7 days. It is assumed that late-onset infections are acquired post-natally from an environmental source. Microorganisms most commonly associated with early-onset infection include group B Streptococcus (GBS), Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Listeria monocytogenes.

Signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis are often nonspecific and subtle. Behavioral abnormalities manifested by the neonate may include lethargy, hypotonia, weak cry, and poor suck. Specific organ involvement may be manifest by 1) Pulmonary - tachypnea, respiratory distress, cyanosis, hemorrhage, and/or apnea; 2) Cardiovascular - tachycardia, hypotension, cool and clammy skin, pale or mottled appearance, and/or oliguria; 3) Gastroinstestinal symptoms - abdominal distension, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or bloody stools; 4) CNS - thermal regulatory abnormalities (hypothermia or hyperthermia), behavioral abnormalities, apnea, and/or seizures; 5) Hematopoietic system - pallor, petechiae or purpura (Anderson-Berry et. al. 2006)

Between the two simple and rapid tests, gram stain of amniotic fluid was superior to leukocyte esterase activity as predictors of subclinical intraamniotic infection in terms of higher sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values.

Although leukocyte esterase activity and gram stain had positive correlation with the detection of subclinical intraamniotic infection (p value 0.012 and 0.000 respectively), results are insufficient to be a basis for decision making. Clinical signs and symptoms are still needed for proper evaluation and management of patients.

Among patients positive for leukocyte esterase activity and microorganisms on gram stain, it would be prudent to provide mothers with extra education to be more observant with their babies on the development of subtle signs of infection. Likewise both pediatricians and obstetricians are advised to be more vigilant in monitoring these patients to prevent morbidities

Evaluation on the House

2013-05-14T21:29:00.002-07:00

Interpretation of tables

May

From the result for the month of May 2012 respondents Clearly rate mainly in excellent and very good ratings. In terms of food and meal they rate the meal excellent for delicious, presentable and nutritious and very good for sufficient. In terms of their accommodation they rate also an excellent rating in terms if rooms and buddings however the rate the bathroom as VERY Good slightly lower than the others which have the total perception in terms of accommodation as Very Good. Facilities Staff and Lay Person and Ambiance they also answer generally with weighted mean of Excellent. In general the overall perception of visitor for the house service having a mean of 4.32 or excellent. As for the ranking of Ambiance rank first with a mean weight of 4.47, followed by facilities with mean weight of 4.35, food and meal and accommodation rank 3 and 4 and Staff and Lay personnel rank last.

June

For the month of June the weighted mean of in terms of food are generally Very Good. While other categories such as the Accommodation, Facilities Staff and ambiance have a total rate of excellent. This implicate that visitors for house service rate Food and meal slightly low than the other category which rank as the lowest for the month within a mean of 4.18 , and Ambiance of the house was rank as first with a rated mean of 4.60 which is the highest than the other category.

July

The month of July have an excellent rating in general, the Food and .meal all have excellent mean. Accommodations also have an excellent rating for each category except for the cleanliness of the bath and cr with have a very good rating. And other categories all are excellent descriptive interpretation which means all the mean of each category including the total is above 4.3. In terms of rating Ambiance rank first with 4.69 mean averages, followed by staff and lay personnel with 4.62 mean 3^rd for food and meal and Accommodation and Facilities rank 4 and 5. Ambiance ranked as number 1 which conclude that visitor solidly precept it as more excellent than the other category.

September

The month of September 2012 have similar rating as to the month of June since all of the categories except for Food and meals evaluate the categories as excellent. However even though Food and meal is ranked number 5 lowest from the other category the mean of 4.24 also suggest that the mean is closer than 4.3 near excellent rating. From the table suggest that Ambiance still ranked 1 with 4.70 mean, followed by the service of Staff and Lay personnel with 4.69 mean and Accommodation and Facilities tied 3rd and 4^th with a total mean of 4.57 and last is Food and meal with the lowest mean 4.24.

October

The month of October may have a very appreciative visitor since almost all the categories answered all categories in general as excellent except for the dryness of the Bath and CR. In terms of rating they ranked the Ambiance as 1, ranked 2 for the Facilities, ranked 3 for Staff and Lay personnel, 4^th ranked for Food and Meals and the Accommodation as ranked 5.

November 2012

A November mean and weighted value also gives a highly appreciative evaluation from very good to excellent rate. From the evaluation there are only 3 categories which have Very Good mean ranked and they are as follows the cleanliness and dryness of the Bathroom and Comfort room and the clearness of the sound system. And all other categories are evaluated as excellent. In their ranking other they ranked The Friendliness and Courtesy of the Staff and Lay Personnel as ranked 1 , followed by the Ambiance ranked 2 , ranked the for the Food and Meal , 4^th the facilities and the last 5^th ranked was the evaluation for Accommodation.

December 2012

From the table in the month of December the staff and personnel may have arrange the Facilities and all areas of the house service perfectly since the visitors or the individuals who accommodate the house evaluate the house generally as excellent from the Food and Meal to the Ambiance of the House. This means that their weighted means are above 4.3 statistical limits. In terms of ranking the Categories the Ambiance again ranked as number 1 followed by the Facilities, and Accommodation Ranked 5. The different in ranking are based from the individual assessment for each category. Since some individuals answered the categories defiantly aside from excellent which could lessen; the mean value. So we can conclude that most visitors’ appreciate the ambiance of the house, Than the Accommodation since the mean is higher than the other. However the difference between the highest ranked and the lowest is not significantly huge since the qualitative description is still excellent.

January 2013

The same results are also obtained during the evaluation for the month of January 2013. They all answered the evaluation in general as excellent. Again the ambiance of the house ranked 1^st followed by the Facilities and Food/Meals and Staff and Lay Personals ranked 3 and 4 and Accommodation have the last ranked since individually some evaluators answered the paper otherwise.

February 2013

During the month of February also give a high rating since almost all the evaluator answers the questionnaire as excellent and some answered otherwise. However in term of the nutrition for food and meals evaluators mostly answered the evaluation sheet as very good this affected the overall ranking to ranked number 5. More evaluator or most evaluator answered the questionnaire as excellent in terms of abidance to gain the 1^st ranked with a mean of 4.69 followed by Staff and Lay Personnel’s with 4.59 weighted mean.

March 2013

Same with other months march also have a highly favorable evaluation. Since the total number of respondents mostly answered the evaluation sheet more favorably either excellent or Very Good.

April 2013

April 2013 also had a highly favorable evaluation since all the categories from food to the ambiance have an excellent rating since the mean value is more than 4.3 statistical limits for excellence. The difference among the categories are the rankings , Ambiance of the House Service is highly appreciated more with rank number 1 followed by the Service of personnel and Staff , 3^rd and 4^th ranked are tied with a mean value of 4.53 each and the least rank or the 5^th rank goes to Food and Meals.

Evaluation for the House Service for the Months of May 2012 to April 2013

As for the months of May 2012 to April 2013 gives the summary to the 11 months evaluation. Since the Data are the cumulative sum of each month, in which would eventually change the weighted mean, and Qualitative interpretation? From the table it is noteworthy to see that all of the qualitative interpretation belongs to Very Good Evaluation from the statistical limit of 3.5 to 4.2. Thus the ranking of each category are needed to determine who ranks the fist in terms of their service. Rank No. 1 goes to Ambiance of the house with a mean total of 3.74, in which the evaluators say in general that the house is peaceful and quiet with a mean value of 3.74 and the house is conductive to prayer and Contemplation with a mean of 3.73. The 2^nd in ranked are tied with the Food/meal in the house and its facilities with a mean weight of 3.66. Followed by the Staff and lay personnel with has a mean weight of 3.63 which also have a Very Good average evaluation from 5402 respondents with 19621 weighted value? The last in ranked is from the Accommodation of the visitors in the house with a 3.58 weighted mean. Thus we could conclude the best service that the house could give is the Ambiance of the house followed by the Food and its Facilities and the Accommodated had the least rank. However even though The accommodation have the least rank the evaluation of the visitors are not far off since the mean value are closed enough to say that there is a statically difference from rank to rank 5.

The Political Power of being Number One

2013-05-11T02:19:00.002-07:00

The Political Power of being Number One

The election is fast approaching , the aspiring leaders of the of the senate and local government are doing their best campaigning to be number one in their own political arena . They have their own number one platform if they were elected. Truly being number one in the political slot can boozed their personality can change their perspective, from being a dreamer to be an achiever, in serving their number one country the Philippines.

However if we are dealing with numbers , being number one can also be favorable to the politicians not only in the pooling counts but in the ballot. The official voters’ ballot this 2013 election is just like in 2010 presidential election. A long elongated electronic paper where the politician are arrange alphabetically and the voters have to do is to block the oval beside their preferred politician. Of course the politicians whose surname begins with letter A are the first person in the ballot and have an advantage to be voted by voters who prefer also to be number one (” number one to go out and finished the process of voting ” ). I don’t underestimate the campaign plan of each team or politician because if the campaign strikes the tender hearts of the voters such us the action plan on the current problem in the locality, the live and jolly advertisement, the jingles that catch every person and child and the presentation of their achievements can mold the mindset of the voter to vote for them. But if their name is in the first line or let us say or in the first five in the list of 20 and above category of a certain position they would much probably not be left off. Good name in the list and exaggerated campaign plan could put any politician in the position unless their are only five running. The reason for number one sickness is because, the eyes can see only what the brain wants you to see. Just like if you are hearing a lecture, your attention could only go for the first 5 to ten minutes span, just like our feelings, first impression could last, so as to our eyes we favor who are the first in line. Have we noticed during our school days most achievers sits in the front or first row. (Except to the people who are born achievers like THEM) And often time during our exam if it is a multiple choice we answer letter a at first question and true in question number 1 for true or false question. So during election I predict that voters would shade what their mind could see, the first in line if there are more than 15 candidates. I would not be surprised if candidate whose surname are in the first five in the official ballot would be elected like Aquino and Angara for senatorial bet, Hon. Aliping in congressional slot in the city Baguio, if there are more than 15 contenders like the councilors so I go with Hon. Alangsabwould have good number, and others who may not be elected but their number of vote is much better than candidates whose name belong to the last alphabetical order. And this could be true if the candidates level of exposure is same in terms of public airtime, campaign propaganda and agenda.

I am not endorsing any candidate but this is just my opinion to our Official Ballot , their are about 50 million voters, for each voters and many of them in my point of view would just follow the flow to vote what their mind could see.

Twelve hours Postpartum Feeding After Cesarean Section

2013-04-29T16:50:00.000-07:00

Twelve hours Postpartum Feeding After Cesarean Section

Globally, one of the fastest rising operative procedure is cesarean section. In the southeast asian countries, Cesarean rate varied from 12-39% based on a study of nine hospitals in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand. The Philippines showed a 22.7% Cesarean section rate which was conducted at Philippine General Hospital.³ Caesarean section is a common operation in obstetric care. Caesarean section rates are around 25–40% in some of the large Asian countries which included two hospitals from China, three from India , four from South Korea and five from Thailand . Delayed initiation of oral fluids and food may be uncomfortable for women in the postoperative period. Women who have regional anesthesia for caesarean section may be more comfortable with taking oral fluids and food early⁴. However, established hospital routines often restrict early intake of food and fluids for the fear of abdominal distention and possible vomiting. In Thailand, the general policy after caesarean section is to keep the women "nil per mouth" for 12–24 hours or until bowel sounds return. After this, oral fluids and clear diet are initiated, later followed by regular diet.^5-8

Several recent prospective studies have demonstrated that after cesarean delivery early feeding both clear liquids and food is well treated and is associated with a faster recovery thus lessening the hospital stay. However, a challenge of possible post-operative ileus is anticipated. The 2009 -2010 Records Section Census at the Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center showed that cesarean section rate is 21.53% for 2009 and 23.69% for 2010. In these cases, most of the patients were confined at an average of 3-5 days duration⁹.This study herefore aims to assess the benefits of early feeding versus traditional diet protocol with regards to acceptability of early 12 hours post-operative feeding, with reduction of length of hospital stay and with possible gastro-intestinal complications of early feeding.

Traditional post-operative care maintains patient who have had uncomplicated surgery may be given clear liquids on the first post-operative day if bowel sounds are present, if abdominal examination reveals presence of bowel sounds and there is no abdominal distention and if patient is no longer nauseated from her anesthesia. After flatus is passed, patient is given soft diet.And, if first bowel movement is observed, the diet should be as tolerated.

Opening the peritoneal cavity completely abolishes coordinated gut motility. Intestinal manipulation appears to increase the duration of post-operative ileus, with the degree of bowel manipulation during surgery being directly proportional to the duration of ileus. Small intestinal motor function typically returns first, often within several hours of surgery. Gastric motility may return 24-48 hours after surgery. Colonic function is last to return, generally occurring 48-72 hours after surgery. The return of colonic motility is thought to be frequent rate-limiting step in the resolution of post-operative ileus.^1,4,10 Food intake elicits a reflex response that is propulsive in action. Several intestinal reflexes connecting various parts of the gastrointestinal tract respond to food intake, producing coordinated propulsive activity¹¹. In addition, the presence of food stimulates the secretion of various intestinal hormones, with an overall stimulating effect on gastrointestinal motility¹²

In a Cochrane review by Magnesi and Holfer entitled Early compared with delayed oral fluids and food after caesarean section, which includes clinical trials with random allocation comparing early versus delayed oral fluids and/or food after cesarean section, early oral fluids or food were associated with: reduced time to first food intake(one study,118 women; the intervention was a slush diet and food was introduced according to clinical parameters: weighted mean difference -7.20 hours, 95% confidence interval -13.26 tp -1.14); reduced time to return of bowel sounds (one study,118 women; -4.30 hours, -6.78 to -1.82 hours) reduced post-operative hospital stay following surgery under regional anesthesia (two studies, 220 women; -0.75 days, -1.37 to 0.12, random effects model); and a trend to reduced abdominal distention (three studies, 369 women; relative risk 0.78, 0.95% confidence interval 0.55 to 1.11) No significant differences were identified with respect to nausea, vomiting, time to bowel action/passing flatus, paralytic ileus and number of analgesic doses. The author concluded that there is no evidence from randomized trials to justify a policy of restricting oral fluids or food following uncomplicated cesarean section.¹³

In a study done by Guedj, participants included were unpremedicated women undergoing cesarean section under epidural anesthesia (Elective or Emergency). Early group had immediate unlimited oral intake of water, coffee or tea with sugar. Delayed group fasted for at least 24 hours post-operatively. Patients were observed if they will have post-operative nausea and vomiting, onset of peristalsis, rectal gas emission, patient convenience and first bowel movement. In the early group the first flatus was passed on day 2 and in the delayed group the first flatus was passed on day 3. Bowel sounds returned within 12 to 24 hours in all women. The comfort of the women was stated to be greater in the early oral fluid group with less local pain from the drip site.

In a study done by Patolia, which includes women due for cesarean section (elective or emergency). Early feeding wherein solid food within 8 hours of surgery was given and compared to traditional feeding nothing by mouth for 12-24 hours, clear fluids up to 24 hours and regular diet 24-48 hours if liquid tolerated and flatus or stool passed, liquid diet if flatus not passed, in which case full diet was started after 48-72 hours. Solid food given to early group after 5.0 (SD 1.2) versus (10.6) hours for traditional group. Primary outcomes includes mild ileus symptoms( anorexia, abdominal cramping, non-persistent nausea and or vomiting). Secondary outcomes noted were severe ileus (Abdominal distention, >3 episodes of vomiting in 24 hours and inability to tolerate oral fluids or requiring nasogastric tube or abdominal X-ray)(0/60 versus 1/60), post-operative febrile morbidity (oral temperature >/=37 derees Celsius two times at least 6 hours apart, 24 hours post-surgery; post operative time to bowel movement: median 34.5(IQR 25-49) versus 51 (43-62) hours; hospital admission 1/60 versus 2/60; analgesia.

In a study done by Weinstein, participants were women who were to undergo caesarean section for various reasons. Interventions. The early feeding group were assigned to PROEF (post operative regimen for oral early feeding) diet. They were given a slush type diet, to be eaten with a straw or with a spoon immediately after surgery and thereafter every 8 hours. This was to be continued until the surgeon believed that the patient should have a regular diet. Delayed feeding group were given sips of water post operatively advancing from clear fluids to regular diet at the discretion of the operating physician. The decision of the physician depended on the abdominal physical findings of the absence of distension, the presence of bowel sounds and the passage of flatus. Results revealed a reduced time to first food intake (one study, 118 women; weighted mean difference -7.20 hours, 95% confidence interval-13.26 to -1.14).

In the above mentioned reviews, data showed that there was a reduced time to first food intake, reduced time to return of bowel sounds, and reduced post-operative hospital stay and trend to reduced abdominal distention. Hence, there is consistency in that all the outcomes which show significant differences are in favour of the early feeding group. Similarly, this prospective research would evaluate the safety and effect in the gastrointestinal tract of twelve (12) hours post-operative feeding after cesarean delivery in the Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center setting. In addition to the previous studies objectives, patients acceptability to which diet schedule is preferred will be assessed as part of the research and diet change as to no preceding oral fluids would be given prior to giving of fulldiet.

Rubeola and Rubella

2013-04-25T17:02:00.001-07:00

Rubeola and Rubella

Fever and rash in children are caused by many types of viral illnesses. They may have typical or atypical manifestation. Diagnosis is usually based on thorough history and physical examination and often has limited diagnostic work-up.

A common illness in children that presents with fever and rash is Measles, also known as Rubeola. Measles present with prodromal fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a pathognomonic enanthem (i e, Koplik spots), followed by an erythematous maculopapular rash on the third to seventh day¹. The disease is more severe in infants and adults. A generalized immunosuppression that follows acute measles frequently predisposes young patients to bacterial otitis media, bronchopneumonia, laryngotracheobronchitis (ie, croup), and diarrhea. Twenty percent (20%) of infected people have complication that include seizures, deafness and encephalitis. According to World Health Organization (WHO), measles killed 164,000 people in 2008 with approximately 450 deaths every day and 18 deaths every hour ². Treatment of measles mainly involves supportive measures, such as fluids and antipyretics. Measles vaccine is important, especially to infants and susceptible household contacts ³. Measles is unlikely in people who are fully immunized or who have previously contracted the infection. Vaccination with one dose of the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine confers about 90% immunity. In the UK, seroprevalence studies indicate that less than 1% of people born before 1970, and less than 10% of people born between 1970 and 1980, is antibody-negative to measles. This suggests that the people most likely to present with measles are younger people who have not received the MMR vaccine and who have not been previously exposed to the virus (which is likely, as measles has become much less prevalent since the introduction of the MMR vaccine) ^5,6,7.

Another childhood condition that presents with fever and rash is Rubella. Rubella is an airborne disease transmitted by an infected individual. It is moderately contagious, mostly when the rash is erupting, but is communicable from 1 week before, to 5-7 days or more after the onset of the rash. Rubella mostly affects children, adolescents and young adults. Clinical diagnosis is difficult because symptoms and rashes are similar to other viral infections. Approximately 50% of rubella infections are subclinical and may not be detected except through laboratory confirmation. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the most serious consequence of rubella. It arises from fetal rubella infection during the first trimester of pregnancy and can cause abortion, miscarriage, stillbirth or multiple defects. Deafness is the most common and often the sole manifestation of CRS. Rubella is worldwide, it is estimated that more than 100 000 infants are born with CRS each year. Most of these cases occur in developing countries that have not yet introduced rubella vaccine ⁴. Treatment is supportive, but of importance is the care of exposed persons, especially a pregnant woman. The existing, internationally-licensed rubella vaccines, single or in combination with vaccines against mumps and/or measles have proved to be highly efficacious in the prevention of rubella infection and CRS in different parts of the world. WHO recommends the use of rubella vaccine in all countries with well-functioning childhood immunization programmes with sustained routine coverage of >80%, where reduction or elimination of CRS is considered a public health priority, and where resources may be mobilized to assure implementation of an appropriate strategy ⁴.

Rubeola and Rubella are solely based on clinical signs and symptoms. But because these two conditions may mimic many other causes of fever and rash, a laboratory confirmation is still needed to provide evidence of infection. Measles specific IgM antibody titer is one of the laboratory tests for confirming suspected cases. Both IgM and IgG antibodies are produced during the primary immune response and can be detected in the serum within a few days of rash onset. Using sensitive ELISA IgM assays, 90% of measles cases are IgM positive at 3 days post rash onset. IgM antibody levels peak after about 7-10 days and then decline rapidly, being rarely detectable after 6-8 weeks. Measles IgM is detectable for at least 1 month after rash onset in unimmunized people but might be absent or present only transiently in people immunized with 2 vaccine doses. People with febrile rash illness that are seronegative for measles IgM are usually tested for rubella ^4,5,6.

The introduction of measles vaccine into routine immunization programmes results in a marked reduction in incidence of the disease and its associated morbidity and mortality. An effective surveillance system is required to ensure the adequate control and the eventual elimination of a vaccine-preventable disease⁷. The DOH has been presently undertaking surveillance for measles suspects in 1992. At BGH-MC, all pediatric patients who presented with fever and rash from the period of January 2010 to January 2011 were referred to the City and Regional Epidemiology and Surveillance Units (CESU and RESU). Patient’s data are obtained and blood sample sent for laboratory confirmation. After blood analysis, the result will be released to CESU and RESU. In this study, all pediatric patients who presented with fever and rash who were laboratory confirmed to have measles/rubella are the subjects. Profiles of these pediatric patients with laboratory confirmed tests will also be reviewed and their respective vaccination status will be noted. The Department of Pediatrics BGHMC was observed to have increased cases of fever and rash in the period of January 2010 to December 2011. This number of cases noted to be unusually high since it was presumed that children below 18 years old received adequate doses of Measles/MMR vaccination as part of the Expanded Immunization program.

Tragedy Happens

2013-02-21T21:37:00.001-08:00

Unforeseen Occurrence Befalls Them All

Upon waking this morning about 6:34, I heard about the accident that happen in Marcos Hi way in which there are 47 casualties, from the 47 casualties 7 died. The tourist bus going down to Baguio City hit a delivery truck which causes a terrible accident. From the news I heard some of them are being amputated, severely crushed, wounded and the dilemma of each passenger is so hard to imagine.

Sometimes we may ask is this God’s plan? Why does He permit suffering and strife for innocent and good people?

When I asked my mother about her reaction about the tragedy that happens, she boldly says that tragedies are not works of our Loving and merciful God. Our creator wants all His creation to be happy in a peaceful and sickness free world. And she tells if one of my children is suffering or dies because of accident she would absolutely be lonely and crying as well. So how much more to our Creator who considered us as His children?

Thus I conclude that , God permits suffering and tragedy because of an important reason, but He for his part never allows suffering. He wants us all to be happy, and enjoy all His creation, for some reason His purpose had been blemish because of the treason and slanderous acts of His archenemy Satan the Devil. And for humans especially our first parent chooses to follow the devil and rebelled to our Father. The Bible says here in James 1:13: When under trial, let no one say: ‘I am being tried by God.’ For with evil things God cannot be tried nor does he himself try anyone. Suffering can afflict anyone—even those who are favored by God. And as we can relate from the bible characters they don’t blame God if they are being punished by an army officer, have no food and drinks and troubled deeply inside.

And there are also other reasons why accidents happen, these accidents happens because of the wrong decision and choices of people, some drive recklessly or they are sleepy, drunk, and in true sense they do not know what are they doing. The word is true when they say that whatever the man is sowing he will also reap, in these related example such as the accident that happened in Marcos hi way, the driver is driving fast in going down in a slippery curve road, base to the passengers that were interviewed. And in addition the weather is windy with rain showers, and we do not know if the driver is still in condition to drive since they are from the long tour from the lowlands.

Other reason of tragedy is we cannot foretell things that will happen in the future events or thing that is in random, such as; they ignore the warning signs they do not know that the weather is bad, the road is slippery or we can say they are in the right place in the wrong time, or in the wrong place in the wrong time as what He knew what God’s Word had earlier stated: “Time and unforeseen occurrence befall them all.” Ecclesiastes 9:11

And from my point of view tragedy happens because of our mistakes as humans, and untoward or unforeseen incidents. Tragedy happens not because God wants us to suffer like hell. So it is not logical for me to say I am suffering right now because that is God’s plan for me. Rather I say “I could endure all things with the help of our loving heavenly Father.”

YOU WILL BE WITH ME IN PARADISE

2013-02-19T21:39:00.002-08:00

YOU WILL BE WITH ME IN PARADISE

Are we leaving in paradise right now, or the paradise is still to come in the near future. I am referring to the scriptures recorded at Luke 23:43. The scripture reads “and Jesus said to him, TODAY, you would be with me in Paradise”. (Luke 23:43) In verse 42 the robber told Jesus to remember him when he goes to his kingdom of which Jesus answered him in verse 43. How would you understand the text is there a spirit realm that people would be in paradise at once? For better emphasis let take the account at Daniel 7:14 “ To him (Jesus) there were given ruler ship and dignity and kingdom, that the peoples, national groups and languages should all serve even him. His ruler ship is an indefinitely ruler ship that will not pass away, and his kingdom one that will not be brought to ruin.” The scriptures foretold that when rulership and dignity and KINGDOM WOULD BE GIVEN TO Jesus, all people should also serve him. Therefore those subjects of the kingdom would be here on earth. By what the evildoers said to Jesus he was evidently expressing the hope that Jesus would remember him when that time comes. How then would Jesus be with the evil doers? The bible book of John 5:28 and 29 give well meaning to the hope of a resurrection as the bible scriptures reads” Do not marvel at this; for the hour is coming in which all who are in the graves will hear His voice. And come out, those who did good things to a resurrection of life, those who practice vile things, to a resurrection of judgement.” Jesus will raise the evildoers from the dead, make provision for his physical needs and extend to him the opportunity to learn and conform to God’s requirements for eternal life. Jesus saw in the evildoer’s repentant and respectful attitude a basis for including him among the billions of people who will be resurrected to earthly life and the opportunity to prove their worthiness to live forever in paradise.

Certainly paradise will be in the near future and we need to strive to be part of that restoration of paradise. As of now we need to but in mind that paradise is real to us that someday we will be with Jesus in His government that would not be brought to ruin.

ARROGANT AND BAD MOUTH DRIVER

2012-12-19T20:08:00.002-08:00

ARROGANT AND BAD MOUTH DRIVER

I used to take Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ) every day. And I am proud to say that Baguio- La Trinidad drivers are efficient drivers. They usually take their passengers with dignity and respect; they give exact change and apologize if they are out of penny to give back. And their seats are not that occupied or you are comfortable to lean on the soft shinny seats. However this morning as I took a Baguio-La Trinidad route going to Bokawkan with a plate number AYJ 823, change about my whole impression about the drivers of my home town La Trinidad. This old driver as I say because of his grey hair is so arrogant and had a bad mouth. I said it so because as I demand for a change of my 50 peso bill after a long ride from km5 Pico to Bokawkan Road in their jitney. They said that they had given it already, but I insist that they did not since I have no other bills or coins in my pocket, and that is the truth. Afterwards they scan their coin box and underneath that box I saw my crumpled 50 peso bill. So there is no reason to give me the change, however the woman besides the driver who is the money collector gave 30 pesos instead of 40 pesos or 40.25 pesos and speak with a commanding voice that she gave 10 pesos already with an excused that she had mistaken my 50 pesos to be 20 peso bill. But I said that I did not receive anything and if I received less change I surely verify to you or to the driver. And after I said that I did not received any change then this Driver talks to me arrogantly and above all with profane words or the F*** word as they say. I am so shock about what happen, this makes my blood boils and nearly exploding for anger. And as for me not to explode in that jitney and forget my oath as Christian, I better, drop off that vehicle. After which I called the LTFRB hotline 444 9938, however they are not answering or the phone is busy because of the season. So I intent to write this letter to complain about that driver of Baguio – La Trinidad with a plate number AYJ 823. He (the driver) should deal with his passengers with respect and never speak with profanity, since their passengers are their costumers. And if that is the manner of his communication then it is OK but to say those bad words it is inexcusable, I demand an apology.

After what happen I fervently ask my self. Is this a scam nowadays to fish an innocent young guy, or the morals are degrading rapidly? I have a lot of good friends who are also drivers, which are well mannered and so friendly if one driver has ill gotten manners perhaps he needs to be discipline.

CORRELATION AND SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION

2012-10-18T01:04:00.003-07:00

IQ	TEST SCORE	X1*X2	IQ2	TS2
106	16	1696	11236	256
118	21	2478	13924	441
80	10	800	6400	100
120	25	3000	14400	625
117	16	1872	13689	256
94	11	1034	8836	121
106	6	636	11236	36
119	32	3808	14161	1024
107	20	2140	11449	400
128	15	1920	16384	225
122	26	3172	14884	676
116	18	2088	13456	324
1333	216	24644	150055	4484

Test 2 Self test I

pearsonproduct-moment coefficient of correlation

rxy= 1

Rxy = 12(24644)-[( 1333)(216)]/ ⁄(12*150055)-(1333)²] [(12*4484)-(216)²]

= 0.598215

The above result indicates tha there is a moderate direct relationship between I Q and methemathical test Score . This implies hat as IQ increases Mathematical moderately would increase also.

B1 - = 24644-(1333)(216)____ = 0.328

150055- (1333)²/12

Bo = Mean Y – bi meanX = 18- (0.328)(111.0833) = - 18.4499

The regression equation is

Mathematical Test Score = -18.4499 + 0.328131 IQ

Se = Sy = 7.36 x .80134 = 5.897

Approximately 68% of the samples will have a actual score that lie within the Se of their predicted scores YỸ +/- 5.897 = 18 +/- (5.897) . in other words 68% have scores within the range 12.103 to 23.897. Like wise, approximately 95% of the samples will have the actual scores that lie within two Se’s their predicted scores;18 +/- 11.794 or 6.206 to 29.794.

The regression equation is

Mathematical = -18.4499 + 0.328131 IQ

S = 6.18640 R-Sq = 35.8 % R-Sq(adj) = 29.4 %

Analysis of Variance

Source DF SS MS F P

Regression 1 213.285 213.285 5.57295 0.040

Error 10 382.715 38.271

Total 11 596.000

SELF Test 1

No 1

sample	Gen Ave	Applitude	X1*X2	x12	x22
1	93	94	8742	8649	8836
2	88	82	7216	7744	6724
3	87	90	7830	7569	8100
4	89	87	7743	7921	7569
5	84	86	7224	7056	7396
6	82	85	6970	6724	7225
7	80	76	6080	6400	5776
8	91	86	7826	8281	7396
9	87	80	6960	7569	6400
10	86	81	6966	7396	6561
11	81	84	6804	6561	7056
12	88	80	7040	7744	6400
13	90	85	7650	8100	7225
14	82	84	6888	6724	7056
15	83	88	7304	6889	7744
total	1291	1268	109243	111327	107464

pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation

rxy= 1

Rxy = 15(109243)-[( 1291)(1268)]/ ⁄(15*111327)-(1291)²] [(15*107464)-(1268)²]

= 0.453769

The above result indicates tha there is a moderate direct relationship between General Average and Applitude test Score . This implies hat as General Average increases Applitude test score moderately would increase also.

Pearson correlation of C5 and C6 = 0.454

P-Value = 0.089

To madam Molina

a.X1 sex and X2 eduactional attainment

correlation used: Phi Coefficient

a	4	bc	6
b	3	ad	24
c	2	a+c	6
d	6	b+d	9
		a+b	7
		c+d	8

.rq =(6)-(24)

__________ = - 0.32733

√3024

The relationship between sex and and educational attainment have definite but small negative correlation.

b. X1 sex and X3 type of employement

correlation used: Phi Coefficient

a	4	bc	16
b	4	ad	12
c	4	a+c	8
d	3	b+d	7
		a+b	8
		c+d	7

rq=(16)-(12)

__________ = 0.0714

√3136

The result suggest that there is slight relationship between sex and type of employement

c. X2 Educational attainment and x3 Type of employement

correlation used: Phi Coefficient

a	4	bc	12
b	4	ad	16
c	3	a+c	7
d	4	b+d	8
		a+b	8
		c+d	7

Rq= (12)-(16)

__________ = -0.07143

√3136

The result suggest that there is slight negative relationship between type of employement and educational attainement

d. X2 educational attainment and x4 Rank in laedership qualities

correlation used: Rank biseral coefficient

sum with masters degree= 53 mean = 6.625

sum with out masters = 67 mean= 9.571

N= 15

Rs = 2/15 (6.625-9.571)

= -0.3928

The realtionship between educational attainment and leadearship qualitiies have slight but not definite or can be also considered as aweak relationship.

e. X2 educational attainment and x6 verbal applitude

correlation used: point biseral coefficient

mean w1= 86.5 N1= 8

mean x6= 84.6 No= 7

SD of x6= 6.684 N = 15

.rpb = 86.5-84.6/6.684 [√8(15)/7(14)

= 0.314

A slight but not definite relationship is being considered in terms of the relationship between eduactional attainment and verbal applitude

f. x4 rank in leadership qualities and x5 rank in creativity test

correlation used: spearman rho correlation coefficient

x4	x5	X4-x5	(x4-x5)²
9	6	3	9	696
13	7	-4	16	225
1	5	-4	16	3360
12	14	-2	4	0.207143
7	10	-3	9	0.792857
8	8	0	0
2	4	-2	4
11	13	-2	4
15	11	4	16
10	9	1	1
4	1	3	9
5	3	2	4
14	12	2	4
13	15	-2	4
6	2	4	16
			116

Rs = 1- 6 Ƹ(116)/15(15²-1)

= 0.793

The relationship between the two ranks are substantial we can say as their leadership increase their creativity also increase

G X4 rank in leadership qualities and X6 verbal applitude

correlation used: spearman rho correlation coefficient

x4	x6	x6 ranked	x-y	(x-y)2
9	90	12.5	-3.5	12.25	5475
3	88	10	-7	49	225
1	85	7	-6	36	3360
12	86	8	4	16	1.629464
7	82	5	2	4	-0.62946
8	90	12.5	-4.5	20.25
2	89	11	-9	81
11	83	6	5	25
15	80	4	11	121
10	78	3	7	49
4	95	15	-11	121
5	91	14	-9	81
14	75	2	12	144
13	70	1	12	144
6	87	9	-3	9
				912.5

Rs = 1- 6 Ƹ(912.5)/15(15²-1)

= -0.629

The relationship between the two ranks are substantial and inversely proportional as their leadership skill goes up their applitude substantialy goes down.

h. X5 rank in creativity and X6 verbal applitude

correlation used: spearman rho correlation coefficient

x5	x6	Rankedx6	x-y	(x-y)2
6	90	12.5	-6.5	42.25	5889
7	88	10	-3	9	225
5	85	7	-2	4	3360
14	86	8	6	36	1.752679
10	82	5	5	25	-0.75268
8	90	12.5	-4.5	20.25
4	89	11	-7	49
13	83	6	7	49
11	80	4	7	49
9	78	3	6	36
1	95	15	-14	196
3	91	14	-11	121
12	75	2	10	100
15	70	1	14	196
2	87	9	-7	49
				981.5

Rs = 1- 6 Ƹ(981.5)/15(15²-1)

= -0.7526

The realtionship between rank increativity and verbal applitude are subtantially inversely proportional as the creatuvity increase the applitude decreases

.i X5 rank in creativity and X7 numerical proficiency

correlation used: spearman rho correlation coefficient

x5	X7	ranked	x-y	(x-y)2
6	89	13	-7	49	4773
7	87	11	-4	16	225
5	83	7.5	-2.5	6.25	3360
14	85	9.5	4.5	20.25	1.420536
10	90	14	-4	16	-0.42054
8	85	9.5	-1.5	2.25
4	81	5.5	-1.5	2.25
13	79	4	9	81
11	75	1	10	100
9	76	2	7	49
1	93	15	-14	196
3	88	12	-9	81
12	83	7.5	4.5	20.25
15	77	3	12	144
2	81	5.5	-3.5	12.25
				795.5

Rs = 1- 6 Ƹ(795.5)/15(15²-1)

= -0.420

The corellation of ranked in creativity and numerical proficientcy are in moderate category somehow creativity have effect on numerical proficiency indirectly or inversly proportional as creativity increase numerical proficiency moderately decrease.

j. X6 verbal applitude and X7 numerical profficiency

pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation

x6	x7	x6*x7	x62	x72
90	89	8010	8100	7921
88	87	7656	7744	7569
85	83	7055	7225	6889
86	85	7310	7396	7225
82	90	7380	6724	8100
90	85	7650	8100	7225
89	81	7209	7921	6561
83	79	6557	6889	6241
80	75	6000	6400	5625
78	76	5928	6084	5776
95	93	8835	9025	8649
91	88	8008	8281	7744
75	83	6225	5625	6889
70	77	5390	4900	5929
87	81	7047	7569	6561
1269	1252	106260	107983	104904

Rxy = 15(106260)-[( 1269)( 1252)]/ √[(15*107983)-(1269)²] [(15*104904)-(1252)²]

= 0.678116

The above result indicates tha there is a substantial direct relationship between . X6 verbal applitude and X7 numerical profficiency. This implies hat as verbal applitude increases numerical proficiency substantially increase also.

Analysis of Variance

Source DF SS MS F P

Factor 2 186.2 93.1 3.37 0.049

Error 27 745.8 27.6

Total 29 932.0

Individual 95% CIs For Mean

Based on Pooled StDev

Level N Mean StDev -+---------+---------+---------+-----

C9 10 24.900 7.078 (---------*---------)

C10 10 26.500 3.923 (---------*--------)

C11 10 20.600 4.169 (---------*---------)

CORRELATION AND SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION

2012-10-18T01:04:00.001-07:00

IQ	TEST SCORE	X1*X2	IQ2	TS2
106	16	1696	11236	256
118	21	2478	13924	441
80	10	800	6400	100
120	25	3000	14400	625
117	16	1872	13689	256
94	11	1034	8836	121
106	6	636	11236	36
119	32	3808	14161	1024
107	20	2140	11449	400
128	15	1920	16384	225
122	26	3172	14884	676
116	18	2088	13456	324
1333	216	24644	150055	4484

Test 2 Self test I

pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation

rxy= 1

Rxy = 12(24644)-[( 1333)(216)]/ ⁄(12*150055)-(1333)²] [(12*4484)-(216)²]

= 0.598215

The above result indicates tha there is a moderate direct relationship between I Q and methemathical test Score . This implies hat as IQ increases Mathematical moderately would increase also.

B1 - = 24644-(1333)(216)____ = 0.328

150055- (1333)²/12

Bo = Mean Y – bi meanX = 18- (0.328)(111.0833) = - 18.4499

The regression equation is

Mathematical Test Score = -18.4499 + 0.328131 IQ

Se = Sy = 7.36 x .80134 = 5.897

The regression equation is

Mathematical = -18.4499 + 0.328131 IQ

S = 6.18640 R-Sq = 35.8 % R-Sq(adj) = 29.4 %

Analysis of Variance

Source DF SS MS F P

Regression 1 213.285 213.285 5.57295 0.040

Error 10 382.715 38.271

Total 11 596.000

SELF Test 1

No 1

sample	Gen Ave	Applitude	X1*X2	x12	x22
1	93	94	8742	8649	8836
2	88	82	7216	7744	6724
3	87	90	7830	7569	8100
4	89	87	7743	7921	7569
5	84	86	7224	7056	7396
6	82	85	6970	6724	7225
7	80	76	6080	6400	5776
8	91	86	7826	8281	7396
9	87	80	6960	7569	6400
10	86	81	6966	7396	6561
11	81	84	6804	6561	7056
12	88	80	7040	7744	6400
13	90	85	7650	8100	7225
14	82	84	6888	6724	7056
15	83	88	7304	6889	7744
total	1291	1268	109243	111327	107464

pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation

rxy= 1

Rxy = 15(109243)-[( 1291)(1268)]/ ⁄(15*111327)-(1291)²] [(15*107464)-(1268)²]

= 0.453769

Pearson correlation of C5 and C6 = 0.454

P-Value = 0.089

To madam Molina

a.X1 sex and X2 eduactional attainment

correlation used: Phi Coefficient

a	4	bc	6
b	3	ad	24
c	2	a+c	6
d	6	b+d	9
		a+b	7
		c+d	8

.rq =(6)-(24)

__________ = - 0.32733

√3024

The relationship between sex and and educational attainment have definite but small negative correlation.

b. X1 sex and X3 type of employement

correlation used: Phi Coefficient

a	4	bc	16
b	4	ad	12
c	4	a+c	8
d	3	b+d	7
		a+b	8
		c+d	7

rq=(16)-(12)

__________ = 0.0714

√3136

The result suggest that there is slight relationship between sex and type of employement

c. X2 Educational attainment and x3 Type of employement

correlation used: Phi Coefficient

a	4	bc	12
b	4	ad	16
c	3	a+c	7
d	4	b+d	8
		a+b	8
		c+d	7

Rq= (12)-(16)

__________ = -0.07143

√3136

The result suggest that there is slight negative relationship between type of employement and educational attainement

d. X2 educational attainment and x4 Rank in laedership qualities

correlation used: Rank biseral coefficient

sum with masters degree= 53 mean = 6.625

sum with out masters = 67 mean= 9.571

N= 15

Rs = 2/15 (6.625-9.571)

= -0.3928

The realtionship between educational attainment and leadearship qualitiies have slight but not definite or can be also considered as aweak relationship.

e. X2 educational attainment and x6 verbal applitude

correlation used: point biseral coefficient

mean w1= 86.5 N1= 8

mean x6= 84.6 No= 7

SD of x6= 6.684 N = 15

.rpb = 86.5-84.6/6.684 [√8(15)/7(14)

= 0.314

A slight but not definite relationship is being considered in terms of the relationship between eduactional attainment and verbal applitude

f. x4 rank in leadership qualities and x5 rank in creativity test

correlation used: spearman rho correlation coefficient

x4	x5	X4-x5	(x4-x5)²
9	6	3	9	696
13	7	-4	16	225
1	5	-4	16	3360
12	14	-2	4	0.207143
7	10	-3	9	0.792857
8	8	0	0
2	4	-2	4
11	13	-2	4
15	11	4	16
10	9	1	1
4	1	3	9
5	3	2	4
14	12	2	4
13	15	-2	4
6	2	4	16
			116

Rs = 1- 6 Ƹ(116)/15(15²-1)

= 0.793

The relationship between the two ranks are substantial we can say as their leadership increase their creativity also increase

G X4 rank in leadership qualities and X6 verbal applitude

correlation used: spearman rho correlation coefficient

x4	x6	x6 ranked	x-y	(x-y)2
9	90	12.5	-3.5	12.25	5475
3	88	10	-7	49	225
1	85	7	-6	36	3360
12	86	8	4	16	1.629464
7	82	5	2	4	-0.62946
8	90	12.5	-4.5	20.25
2	89	11	-9	81
11	83	6	5	25
15	80	4	11	121
10	78	3	7	49
4	95	15	-11	121
5	91	14	-9	81
14	75	2	12	144
13	70	1	12	144
6	87	9	-3	9
				912.5

Rs = 1- 6 Ƹ(912.5)/15(15²-1)

= -0.629

The relationship between the two ranks are substantial and inversely proportional as their leadership skill goes up their applitude substantialy goes down.

h. X5 rank in creativity and X6 verbal applitude

correlation used: spearman rho correlation coefficient

x5	x6	Rankedx6	x-y	(x-y)2
6	90	12.5	-6.5	42.25	5889
7	88	10	-3	9	225
5	85	7	-2	4	3360
14	86	8	6	36	1.752679
10	82	5	5	25	-0.75268
8	90	12.5	-4.5	20.25
4	89	11	-7	49
13	83	6	7	49
11	80	4	7	49
9	78	3	6	36
1	95	15	-14	196
3	91	14	-11	121
12	75	2	10	100
15	70	1	14	196
2	87	9	-7	49
				981.5

Rs = 1- 6 Ƹ(981.5)/15(15²-1)

= -0.7526

The realtionship between rank increativity and verbal applitude are subtantially inversely proportional as the creatuvity increase the applitude decreases

.i X5 rank in creativity and X7 numerical proficiency

correlation used: spearman rho correlation coefficient

x5	X7	ranked	x-y	(x-y)2
6	89	13	-7	49	4773
7	87	11	-4	16	225
5	83	7.5	-2.5	6.25	3360
14	85	9.5	4.5	20.25	1.420536
10	90	14	-4	16	-0.42054
8	85	9.5	-1.5	2.25
4	81	5.5	-1.5	2.25
13	79	4	9	81
11	75	1	10	100
9	76	2	7	49
1	93	15	-14	196
3	88	12	-9	81
12	83	7.5	4.5	20.25
15	77	3	12	144
2	81	5.5	-3.5	12.25
				795.5

Rs = 1- 6 Ƹ(795.5)/15(15²-1)

= -0.420

j. X6 verbal applitude and X7 numerical profficiency

pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation

x6	x7	x6*x7	x62	x72
90	89	8010	8100	7921
88	87	7656	7744	7569
85	83	7055	7225	6889
86	85	7310	7396	7225
82	90	7380	6724	8100
90	85	7650	8100	7225
89	81	7209	7921	6561
83	79	6557	6889	6241
80	75	6000	6400	5625
78	76	5928	6084	5776
95	93	8835	9025	8649
91	88	8008	8281	7744
75	83	6225	5625	6889
70	77	5390	4900	5929
87	81	7047	7569	6561
1269	1252	106260	107983	104904

Rxy = 15(106260)-[( 1269)( 1252)]/ √[(15*107983)-(1269)²] [(15*104904)-(1252)²]

= 0.678116

Analysis of Variance

Source DF SS MS F P

Factor 2 186.2 93.1 3.37 0.049

Error 27 745.8 27.6

Total 29 932.0

Individual 95% CIs For Mean

Based on Pooled StDev

Level N Mean StDev -+---------+---------+---------+-----

C9 10 24.900 7.078 (---------*---------)

C10 10 26.500 3.923 (---------*--------)

C11 10 20.600 4.169 (---------*---------)

PCC GROUP RESEARCHES

2012-09-17T20:44:00.001-07:00

PCC GROUP RESEARCHES

PCC group ask me to show some statistical formula to their research and some of them are theoretical so I opted to have some research review on some of their formula and the formula are as follows mean, percentage, and the one way anova or one way classification of anova . I learned from the group of students of PCC they are a critical thinker, which is great, or maybe they are anxious and worried about their oral defense and they needed to be precise and accurate because the panels are from the elite.

First is the percentage n/N x 100 where n is the sample and N is the total number of sample for example

Frequency		Percent
Male	52	35.6
Female	94	64.4
Total	146	100.0

For male n = 52 N= 146 so percentage is (52/146) * 100= 35.6

Now for the mean of grouped data: Ug = however, the data used in the study of the PCC students is ungrouped mean, which the formula is as follows:

For example

Factors	Sum	Mean
Overpopulation	295.00/n	2.0205
Low Demand	486.00/n	3.3288
Termination	487.00/n	3.3356
Low Salary	507.00/n	3.4726
Unable to Pass	559.00/n	3.8288
Heath Hazard	721.00/n	4.9384

Example let fi= 4 or you have 4 total sample

Moreover, their perception tabled as follows

	overpopulation	Low demand	termination	Low salary	Unable to pass	Health hazard
Student 1	1	2	3	5	4	6
Student 2	2	6	5	1	3	2
Student 3	6	5	4	3	2	1
Student 4	1	2	3	4	5	6
sum	10	15	15	13	14	15
mean	10/4	15/4	15/4	13/4	14/4	15/4

The analysis of variance is an extension or generalization of the difference of means test. The technique is used several means, however the test itself involve directly with the variance rather than means and standard errors.

The one-way anova classification, two component of variation are estimated for example the data PCC nursing students in identifying if those living or not living with their family have significant difference in terms of the indicators of eating habit. The data is as follows:

Indicator	Living in the Family	WT Mean	F.	P
1. Plans daily activity	Yes No	3.3 3.28	.013	.908^ns
2. Finds time to cook nutritious food	Yes No	3.44 3.21	1.568	.212^ns
3. Allocates Time to buy Food	Yes No	3.39 3.33	.070	.792^ns
4. Share Household Chores with house mates	Yes No	3.60 3.51	0.201	.654^ns
5. Acquiring skills in Preparing and Cooking	Yes No	3.50 3.51	.005	.941^ns

The variations are the indicator of the students and the other variation is if the student is living or living away with his or her family. Then the ratio of these estimates computed. If the null hypothesis is correct then this ratio approaches unity but is the difference is entirely different, and then the ratio tends to be large. The ratio of the two variances denotes F knows a test statistics as the F-test.

The estimation of sum of squares is as follows

a.) Correction factor (CF) CF= (1/n)(x..)²

b.) Total sum of Squares (TSS) TSS= ƸƸXij²– CF

c.) Treatment Sum of Squares (TRSS) TRSS= Ƹ(Xi²/ni) – CF or Between Group Sum of Squares

d.) Within group sum of squares ESS = TSS – TRSS or Within Group Some of Squares

e.) F = Mean Square Between group/Mean Square Within Group from the output or

F = ( TRSS/(t-1)) / ( ESS/ (n-t)

ANOVA output

		Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Plans daily activity	Between Groups	.016	1	.016	.013	.908
	Within Groups	192.591	156	1.235
	Total	192.608	157

So let us take the test if there is a significance of those living and living away with their family The TSS or Total sum of squares is 192.61

TRSS or Between Group Sum of Squares = .016

ESS or Within Group Some of Squares = 192.591

For for computation of the F value is

a.) F = Mean Square Between group/Mean Square Within Group from the output or

F = (TRSS/ (t-1)) / (ESS/ (n-t) = .016/1.235 = .013

Take note in your study we set the value of critical region is .05 and the program automatically compute the significant value or the P value thus any value within or lower than .05 is a significant one and any value higher than .05 is a not significant.

The Pvalue or calculated probability is the estimated probability of rejecting the null hypothesis (H0) of a study question when that hypothesis is true.

As a rule in the ideal world, we would be able to define a "perfectly" random sample, the most appropriate test and one definitive conclusion. We simply cannot. What we can do is try to optimize all stages of our research to minimize sources of uncertainty. When presenting P values some groups find it helpful to use the asterisk rating system as well as quoting the P value:

P < 0.05 *
P < 0.01 **
P < 0.001

Most authors refer to statistically significant as P < 0.05 and statistically highly significant as P < 0.001 (less than one in a thousand chance of being wrong). So in your research we do same.

The asterisk system avoids the woolly term "significant". Please note, however, that many statisticians do not like the asterisk rating system when it used without showing P values. As a rule of thumb, if you can quote an exact P value then do. You might also want to refer to a quoted exact P value as an asterisk in text narrative or tables of contrasts elsewhere in a report.

Mind you computing the F test manually would take no less than 3 session of regular lecture so the computation are being deducted and the results are being obtained automatically. The data are being done from statistical software, which is design to compute the needed test.

For the other group who have significant difference per region and region 3 is the significant one and the post hoc test used is Fisher LSD. The Fisher LSD test stands for the Least Significant Difference test (rather than what you might have guessed). The LSD test is simply the rationale that if an omnibus test is conducted and is significant, the null hypothesis is incorrect. (If the omnibus test is non significant, no post hoc tests are conducted.) The reasoning is based on the assumption that if the null hypothesis is incorrect, as indicated by a significant omnibus F-test, Type I errors are not really possible (or less likely), because they only occur when the null is true. So, by conducting an omnibus test first, one is screening out group differences that exist due to sampling error, and thus reducing the likelihood that a Type I error is present among the means. Fishers LSD test has been criticized for not sufficiently controlling for Type I error.

PCC GROUP RESEARCHES

2012-09-17T20:18:00.003-07:00

PCC GROUP RESEARCHES

First is the percentage n/N x 100 where n is the sample and N is the total number of sample for example

Frequency		Percent
Male	52	35.6
Female	94	64.4
Total	146	100.0

For male n = 52 N= 146 so percentage is (52/146) * 100= 35.6

Now for the mean of grouped data: Ug = however, the data used in the study of the PCC students is ungrouped mean, which the formula is as follows:

For example

Factors	Sum	Mean
Overpopulation	295.00/n	2.0205
Low Demand	486.00/n	3.3288
Termination	487.00/n	3.3356
Low Salary	507.00/n	3.4726
Unable to Pass	559.00/n	3.8288
Heath Hazard	721.00/n	4.9384

Example let fi= 4 or you have 4 total sample

Moreover, their perception tabled as follows

	overpopulation	Low demand	termination	Low salary	Unable to pass	Health hazard
Student 1	1	2	3	5	4	6
Student 2	2	6	5	1	3	2
Student 3	6	5	4	3	2	1
Student 4	1	2	3	4	5	6
sum	10	15	15	13	14	15
mean	10/4	15/4	15/4	13/4	14/4	15/4

Indicator	Living in the Family	WT Mean	F.	P
1. Plans daily activity	Yes No	3.3 3.28	.013	.908^ns
2. Finds time to cook nutritious food	Yes No	3.44 3.21	1.568	.212^ns
3. Allocates Time to buy Food	Yes No	3.39 3.33	.070	.792^ns
4. Share Household Chores with house mates	Yes No	3.60 3.51	0.201	.654^ns
5. Acquiring skills in Preparing and Cooking	Yes No	3.50 3.51	.005	.941^ns

The estimation of sum of squares is as follows

a.) Correction factor (CF) CF= (1/n)(x..)²

b.) Total sum of Squares (TSS) TSS= ƸƸXij²– CF

c.) Treatment Sum of Squares (TRSS) TRSS= Ƹ(Xi²/ni) – CF or Between Group Sum of Squares

d.) Within group sum of squares ESS = TSS – TRSS or Within Group Some of Squares

e.) F = Mean Square Between group/Mean Square Within Group from the output or

F = ( TRSS/(t-1)) / ( ESS/ (n-t)

ANOVA output

		Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Plans daily activity	Between Groups	.016	1	.016	.013	.908
	Within Groups	192.591	156	1.235
	Total	192.608	157

So let us take the test if there is a significance of those living and living away with their family The TSS or Total sum of squares is 192.61

TRSS or Between Group Sum of Squares = .016

ESS or Within Group Some of Squares = 192.591

For for computation of the F value is

a.) F = Mean Square Between group/Mean Square Within Group from the output or

F = (TRSS/ (t-1)) / (ESS/ (n-t) = .016/1.235 = .013

The P value or calculated probability is the estimated probability of rejecting the null hypothesis (H0) of a study question when that hypothesis is true.

Matthew 21:43

2012-07-24T18:05:00.000-07:00

Matthew 21:43

In one instance (Matthew 21:23) Jesus went into the temple to teach, then the chief priests and the older men of the people came up to him while he was teaching and they said rudely : “By what authority do you do these things? And who gave you this authority?”

In response Jesus give three Illustrations like the illustration about the two children (Mt 21:28-31), the marriage feast for the king’s son (Mt 22:1-14). In addition the murderous cultivators (Mt 21:33-44; where in verse 43, Jesus made this startling declaration to the Jews of his day: “The kingdom of God will be taken from you and be given to a nation producing its fruits.” (Matt. 21:43) The statement is a straight blow to the chief priest and the pharissees but have a profound meaning on those who made up the new nation and the gives a great effect on us today.

Let us take into consideration the first statement. “The kingdom of God will be taken from you”, the statement is address to the chief priest and the Pharisees. In the Illustration of two children, Jesus indicates that the chief priests and the older men are comparable to the first child, professing to serve God but actually failing to do so. In his illustration about the murderous cultivator, the cultivators who beat up, killed and stoned the slaves of the vineyard owner to harvest the fruits and even worst they plan to kill the owner’s son, thinking that they can seize the vineyard as their own, illustrate the chief priest and the older men. Because of their corruptible and evil deeds, the Jewish religious leaders who despise, beat murder and stoned the slaves of Jehovah or His prophets and disciples including his beloved son Jesus Christ. The Law of Covenant does not produce a kingdom of priest and a holy nation: that would serve in heaven forever”. As Exudus 19:5, 6 state, however. The second statement here in Matthew 21:43 serve a remedy to preserve the holy nation stating “and (the Kingdom of God) be given to a nation producing its fruits.” To clarify in the illustration of the Two Children, the second child, figuratively represented by the harlots and the tax collectors. Believed John the Baptizer, who at first rudely refused to serve God but later felt regret and change their course. They are truly the one who follows their Father. In addition, in the illustration of the Marriage feast for the King’s Son, the invited individuals did not accept the wedding invitation and acted with disgrace. Thus the King invited persons outside the Kingdom both wicked and good who are willing enough to change for the occasion because there are many invited but few individuals deserves to be part of the feast. So who then composed the Nation Producing its Fruits? The apostle Peter clearly identified this new nation. He wrote the following to his fellow Christians: (1 Pet. 2:9, 10) “You are ‘a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for special possession, that you should declare abroad the excellencies’ of the one that called you out of darkness into his wonderful light.”. Thus, the fleshly Israel is no longer God’s covenant poeple, but the new nation under the new covenant composed of anointed Christians, who have the heavenly hope. They are “the Israel of God.” (Gal. 6:16) They are “bought from among mankind as first fruits to God and to the Lamb” to serve as “priests” and to “rule as kings with [Jesus] for the thousand years.”

So by what authority did Jesus did those things and who give him the Authority, it is no other than Jehovah God the supreme ruler of the heavenly and earthly kingdom.

JESUS LAST DAYS

2012-07-05T21:59:00.003-07:00

WEEK LEADING TO JESUS' DEATH & RESURRECTION

Month/Day	2008	DATE	LOCATION	SOME OF THE EVENT(S)	MATTHEW	MARK	LUKE	JOHN	GM Book
March 16	Sunday		Jericho - Bethany	Jesus travels 12 miles over difficult terrain					Chapter 101
	Evening	Nisan 8	Bethany	Arrives at Bethany six days before Passover				11:55-12:1
March 17	Monday			Sabbath – Jesus staying at Lazarus’s home
	Evening	Nisan 9	Bethany	Feast at Simon the leper's house; Mary anoints Jesus; Jews come to see Jesus and Lazarus	26:6-13	14:3-9		12:2-11
March 18	Tuesday		Bethany - Jerusalem	Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem	21:1-11,14-17	11:1-11	19:29-44	12:12-19	Chapter 102
	Evening	Nisan 10	Bethany	Returns to Lazarus’ home after teaching in the Temple
March 19	Wednesday		Bethany - Jerusalem	Barren fig tree cursed; second temple cleansing	21:18,19,12,13	11:12-19	19:45-48	12:20-50	Chapters103, & 104
				Chief priests & scribes scheme to kill Jesus
				Unbelief of Jews despite hearing God’s voice
	Evening	Nisan 11	Bethany	Returns to Lazarus’ home after 2^nd day of final ministry					Chapters 105, 106, 107
March 20	Thursday		Bethany - Jerusalem	Barren fig tree found withered (lesson on faith)	21:19-22	11:20-25
			Jerusalem, temple	Christ's authority questioned; illustration of two sons, wicked cultivators, marriage feast	21:23-32 21:33-22:14	11:27-33 12:1-12	20:1-8 20:9-19
				Questions to test Jesus on tax, resurrection, commandment	22:15-40	12:13-34	20:20-40		Chapter 108
				Jesus' question on Messiah's ancestry stumps Pharisees, Scathing denunciation of Scribes and Pharisees	22:41-46 23:1-39	12:35-37 12:38-40	20:41-44 20:45-47		Chapter 109
				Observes widow’s contribution		12:41-44	21:1-4		Chapter 110
			Mount of Olives	Predict Jerusalem's fall, Sign of presence, end of system; Illustrations: ten virgins, talents, sheep and goats	24:1-51 25:1-46	13:1-37	21:5-38		Chapter 111
	Evening	Nisan 12	Bethany	Jesus in quiet retirement with his apostles					Chapter 112
March 21	Friday		Jerusalem	Religious leaders plot Jesus' death, Judas bargains with priests for Jesus' betrayal	26:1-5 26:14-16	14:1, 2 14:10, 11	22:1, 2 22:3-6
	Evening	Nisan 13	Bethany	Sixth and final night before Passover celebration
March 22	Saturday	afternoon	Near and in Jerusalem	Arrangements for the Passover	26:17-19	14:12-16	22:7-13
	Evening	Nisan 14	Jerusalem	Lamb slaughtered and Passover feast eaten with the 12	26:20, 21	14:17, 18	22:14-18		Chapter 113
				Jesus washes the feet of his apostles				13:1-20	Chapter 113
				Judas identified as traitor and dismissed	26:21-25	14:18-21	22:21-23	13:21-30	Chapter 114
				Memorial supper instituted with the 11 [1Co 11:23-25]	26:26-29	14:22-25	22:19-20,24-30		Chapter 114
				Denial by Peter and dispersion of apostles foretold	26:31-35	14:27-31	22:31-38	13:31-38	Chapter 115
				Helper; mutual love; tribulation; Jesus' prayer				14:1-17, 26	Chapter 116
			Gethsemane	Agony in the garden; Jesus' betrayal and arrest	26:30, 36-56	14:26, 32-52	22:39-54	18:1-12	Chs117, 118
March 23	Sunday	morning	Jerusalem	Trial by Annas, Caiaphas, Sanhedrin; Peter denies	26:57-27:1	14:53-15:1	22:55-71	18:13-27	Chs119, 120
				Judas the betrayer hangs himself [Ac 1:18-19]	27:3-10				Chapter 121
				Before Pilate, then Herod, and then back to Pilate	27:2, 11-14	15:1-5	23:1-12	18:28-38	Chs121 - 123
				Delivered to death, after Pilate seeks his release	27:15-30	15:6-19	23:13-25	18:39-19:16	Chapter 124
		afternoon	Golgotha, Jerusalem	Jesus' death on a torture stake, and accompanying events	27:31-56	15:20-41	23:26-49	19:16-30	Chs 125, 126
		Evening	Jerusalem	Jesus' body removed from the torture stake and buried	27:57-61	15:42-47	23:50-56	19:31-42	Chapter 127 & 128
March 24	Monday	Nisan 15	Jerusalem	Priests and Pharisees get guard for tomb	27:62-66
March 25	Tuesday	Nisan 16	Jerusalem & vicinity	Jesus' resurrection and events of that day	28:1-15	16:1-8

Marry Only in The Lord

2012-07-02T17:31:00.000-07:00

Marry Only in The Lord

When you are in the right age sometimes you may think what do you want out of marriage? What are your needs—physically, emotionally, spiritually? What are your values, your goals and your methods of reaching them? To answer these questions you must know yourself. This is not as easy as one might think. It takes emotional maturity to examine ourselves, and even then it is not possible to see ourselves as we really are in every detail. The Christian apostle Paul indicated this when he wrote, at 1 Corinthians 4:4: “I am not conscious of anything against myself. Yet by this I am not proved righteous, but he that examines me.” Even though we might say that we are an adult and are able to solve any problems and circumstances, sometimes even finding a marriage mate can pose a problem. As we noticed that almost all the young poeple in the congregation were already married. Maybe it would not hurt to look around the world just a little. However we should be aware to marry only in the Lord, and put all our confidence only to our Creator who established the marriage arrangement.

This was God’s law to the Israelites regarding marriage: “You must form no marriage alliance with them. Your daughter you must not give to his son and his daughter you must not take for your son.” Similarly, Christians are advised to marry “only in the Lord,” that is, to marry only fellow worshipers of Jehovah. (Deut. 7:3; 1 Cor. 7:39) Such a requirement may appear to be overly restrictive. But is it really? Judging from the prevalence of sexual immorality in the world today, it is actually just as fitting and applicable as it was when God’s people were living alongside the depraved Canaanites, or among the sexy inhabitants of ancient Corinth. So, then, if we are exhorted not to marry persons of another faith, would it not be inappropriate to go out on dates with them?

God intended marriage to be an especially close bond. In establishing the marriage arrangement, God had in mind more than companionship. When He assigned the first couple the task of rearing children and caring for their earthly home, he showed that they were to work closely together in accomplishing his will. (Genesis 1:28) By cooperating in serving God in this respect, man and woman would enjoy, not simply companionship, but a close and lasting partnership.

Jesus alluded to this partnership when he said the well-known words: “They are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore, what God has yoked together let no man put apart.” (Matthew 19:6) Jesus used metaphoric language to compare the marriage union to a yoke that holds two draft animals together to pull or move a common load. Imagine the strain on two yoked animals pulling in opposite directions! Similarly, those who marry outside the true faith may find themselves straining to live according to Bible principles while the mate resists. Appropriately, the Bible states: “Do not become unevenly yoked with unbelievers.”—2 Corinthians 6:14.

Consider some difficult issues that may surface later in inter religious marriages: Where will the family worship? What religious training will the children receive? Which faith will the family support financially? Will one mate insist on sharing in certain religious customs and holidays that the other considers pagan? (Isaiah 52:11) Every marriage requires each partner to make reasonable adjustments; however, a compromising Bible principle—even to preserve a marriage—is unacceptable to God. As we consider that marriage shout be a bond with spirit and truth as God as the center and as the Bible poetically states that a threefold cord cannot quickly be torn in two.

However if sharing common values is a key to a successful marriage, would it be wise to marry just anyone who professes to be a Christian? The Bible answers: “He that says he remains in union with [Jesus] is under obligation himself also to go on walking just as that one walked.” (1 John 2:6) Thus, a Christian contemplating marriage would seek a fellow Christian who truly strives to follow Jesus. Such a prospective mate would have dedicated his life to God and been baptized. He would imitate Jesus’ loving personality and his zealous preaching of God’s Kingdom. As was true of Jesus, he would center his life around doing God’s will..

Yes it is really a dilemma for us adult to find a marriage partner there are a lot of restrains however keeping in mind the counsel above would really help. We should take note that counsel in the Bible does not support racial or ethnicprejudices. God’s Word promotes racial impartiality. The apostle Peter spoke clearly on this point: “For a certainty I perceive that God is not partial, but in every nation the man that fears him and works righteousness is acceptable to him.” At the same time, the Bible does teach that true worshipers of God should marry “only in the Lord.”

By patiently waiting for a suitable partner within God’s family of worshipers, those contemplating marriage set a pattern of putting God’s will first in their lives. Such a pattern will ultimately contribute to a happier, more satisfying marriage.

Determination of the Sample Size

2012-06-26T17:28:00.001-07:00

Determination of the Sample Size

The question of how large a sample should be is a difficult one. Sample size can be determined by various constraints For example. The available funding may pre specify the sample size. When research cost are fixed, a useful rule of the thumb is to spend about one half of the total amount for data collection AND the other half for data analysis. In general the sample size depends on the nature of the analysis to be performed, the desired precision of the estimates one wishes to atchieve, the kind and number of comparisons that will be made, the number of variables that have to be examine simultaneously and how heterogeneous a universe is sampled.

More technically, the required sample size is a function of the precision of the estimates one wishes to achieve, the variability of variance, one expects to find in the population and the statistical level one wishes to use.

The sample size n required to estimate populations mean ῦ with a given level of precision is.

n= ( )²

Z∞/2 = critical value of the Z variable obtained from the Standard Normal Distribution

ờ = standard Deviation of the population

e = width of the interval willing to tolerate

Example from 100 births per month .the researcher wants to know patients having vaginal adenosis which have a probability of 30/100 per month .

From the computed mean Statistics



Mean		1.3000
Std. Deviation		.46057

From the exclusion criteria is expected that there would be 5 patients failed to be part of the sample since they failed to meet the criteria, so the required sample size is

n= ( )²

( )^{2= 0.325}

Have you seen the sample size it small for a sample which is not suggested if we have small population?

The rule of 100

The 100 n samples is used if the key analysis of a randomized experiment consists of computing the averages and controls in a project and comparing differences, then the sample under 100 might be adequate , assuming that other statistical assumptions hold.

Here are some guidelines with regards to the minimum number of items needed for a representative sample:

1. Descriptive studies – the minimum number of 100

2. Co-relational studies – a sample of at least 50 is deemed necessary to establish the existence of a relationship.

3. Experimental and Casual comparative studies – a minimum of 30 per group * sometimes experimental studies with only 15 items in each group can be defended if they are very tightly controlled.

*if the sample is randomly selected and is sufficiently large, an accurate view of the population can be had, provided that no bias enters the selection process.

Sampling Errors

1. Is the error attributed to chance that is being made when selecting random samples to represent a given population under consideration.

2. It is the expected change difference, variation or deviation between a random sample and the population.

3. Does not result from measurement or computation errors, although these errors are attributed to inaccuracy.

So it is suggested that we used the Methods in Selecting the Sample

Non probability sampling

Samples are drawn from the population based on the personal judgment of the researcher.

Types of Non-probability Sample

a. Convenience Sample – A convenience sample results when the more convenient elementary units are chosen from a population for observation.

b. Judgment sample – A judgment sample is obtained according to the discretion of someone who is familiar with the relevant characteristics of the population.

c. Purposive Sample – Samples are drawn according to the purpose of the study.

Probability or Random Sampling

This may be the most important type of sample. A random sample allows a known probability that each elementary unit will be chosen. For this reason it is sometimes referred to as a probability sample. These types of sampling are:

a. Simple random Sampling- A simple random sampling is obtained by choosing elementary units is such away that each unit in the population has an equal chance of being selected. A simple random sample is free from sampling bias.

b. Stratified random sampling – A stratified random sampling is obtained by independently selecting a separate simple random sample from each sub population or stratum. A population can be divided into different groups may be based on some characteristics or variable like income or education.

c. Systematic Random Sampling – A systematic Random Sampling is obtained by selecting one unit on a random basis and choosing additional elementary units at evenly spaced intervals unit the desired units is obtained.

d. Cluster Random Sample- A cluster sample is obtained by selecting clusters from the population on the basis of simple random sampling. The sample comprises a census of each random cluster selected.

SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

2012-06-15T01:32:00.002-07:00

SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

Sampling is the process of selecting a part of the population. Sampling basically employed by most researchers for some or all of the following reasons: a.) reduced cost, b.) for greater speed, for greater for greater efficiency and accuracy.) For greater scope d.) for convenience , e.) for ethical consideration and f.) It is necessity.

To take samples from the population, we may choose any of the following methods. Probability Sampling or Non Probability Sampling.

In non probability sampling the element of the population is taken depending to a large extent on the personal feeling of the researchers or purpose without regard for some chance mechanisms. This method is also known as judgment sampling where the interviews in a household survey are given ‘quotas’ to provide a cross section of the population under study with respect to certain characteristics such as sex, income and residence.

In probability sampling, very element belonging to the population has known non zero probability of being included in the sample. Probability sampling has two major advantages: 1.) the sample data can be evaluated by statistical methods to provide information about the margin of error in the results due to sampling. 2.) Biases are avoided that could enter if judgment were used to select the population elements for the sample.

Methods of Probability Sampling

Probabilitysampling allows us to calculate sampling error, thus it permits us to judge the goodness of the sample statistics. Too keep tack of this sampling error, different probability sampling methods that would allow us to compute this sampling error may be employed, namely Simple Random Sampling, Stratified, Systematic, Cluster and Sequential sampling.

Simple Random Sampling. A simple random sample is a sample in which each member of the population is equally likely to be selected.

Stratified random Sampling . a stratifiedrandom sampling is a sample in which obtained by grouping first the population into mutually exclusive sets or strata and then drawing simple random samples from each stratum. If equal –sized samples are drawn from each stratum we have equal allocation. If the sample since is drawn are proportional to the subpopulation size then we have proportional allocation

Systematic Random Sample . A systematic sample consists of an elements selected randomly from the first k=N/n elements and every kth subsequent elements.

Cluster Sampling. A cluster sampling is a simple random sample of groups or cluster of elements.

Sequential Sampling. A sequential sampling is a sample drawn in which an initial sample is first drawn and if this initial sample does not lead to a conclusion of acceptable reliability, more units are added- possible one at a time – until a point is reached at which a reliable inference can be made.

I do know that there are more methods of probability sample sampling and formulas are needed for clarity. Hopefully I would give it soon.

Introduction to hypothesis testing

2012-06-15T01:26:00.001-07:00

TESTING OF THE HYPOTHESES

Life is a matter of choice as they say. There are many important decisions we have to make involve, a choices with lot of alternatives. Like the success rate in taking a degree, the chances of having same instructor for the semester, or even deciding to take a leave or not since some accreditation team would come to your workplace. The assumption such as these is referred as hypotheses

Statistical Hypothesis. Any assumptions or assertion made on distribution of a population which either true or false is called statistical hypothesis.

Hypothesis Testing. A statistical procedure in determining which hypothesis is more acceptable as true or which hypothesis is more likely to be false is known as hypothesis testing.

Five Basic Steps in Hypotesis Testing.

In hypothesis testing the following steps are suggested to be followed.

1. Formulation of the null and alternative hypothesis. A null hypothesis (Ho) is a statement being tested. it is an assumed value as the true value of the parameter being tested and hoped to be rejected. A null hypothesis is usually stated with no difference: Example Ho Mean A =Mean B. If in case the null hypothesis is rejected, then an alternative is to be accepted. An alternative hypothesis is a set of possible values about the population parameter. There are three ways of stating the alternative hypothesis, That is,

a. Ha: ῦ≠ῦ

b. Ha: ῦ >ῦ

c. Ha: ῦ < ῦ

It is safer to state the first alternative hypothesis if the researcher has no idea about the true difference of the population parameters. However, If there are grounds to believe that the difference has definite direction.

One tailed test. A one –tailed test is a test which locates only one tail of the distribution as the rejection region, either to the left tail (Ha: ῦ < ῦ) or to the right tail (Ha: ῦ >ῦ) of the distribution of the test statistics with an associated area of the critical region.

2. Choosing the statistical test and determining the sampling distribution. The selection of the statistical test depends on the manner in which the sample was drawn from the population. The nature of the population and the level of measurement used in the collection of the data. Once the test statistics is chosen, then the sampling distribution is determined so the probability statements about the occurrence or non-occurrence of the values can be obtained.

3. Determination of the rejection region or critical region. The rejection region is the area in the sampling distribution of the test statistics which is usually located on the extreme tail(s) of the distribution where rare observations are expected to occur. The rejection region has an area equivalent to ∞, called the level of significance.

The level of significance is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given it is true. It is the percent risk of making a wrong decision. Setting up the level of significance means defining which is possible values that could occur under the null hypothesis which would be considered probable or improbable of occurring. Improbable values consist of those possible values which have negligible or zero probability of occurring when the hypothesis is true. Thus if one sets the level of significance to be .01, this means that the probability of getting an improbable value is to .01. Or there is one less chance in 100 that the difference could result when there is no difference in the population values.

The acceptance region is the region in the distribution of the test statistics where the true parameter lies. It is usually the middle area (for the two tailed test) in the distribution with an associated probability of 1-∞, which is also known as the level of confidence. The point that divides the rejection region and the acceptance region is called the critical point. A critical point is a value obtained in the sampling distribution of the test statistics at certain level of significance and degrees of freedom.

4. Data generation and computation. At this stage it is assumed that the critical region and test statistics are completely determined. In the computation of the data, no alteration or data manipulation should be made to ensure and preserve the objectivity of the statistical tests of the hypotheses.

5. Decision and conclusion. Using the results of the test, the researcher is now in a position to reject or to accept the null hypothesis. If the computed lies within the rejection area, then the null hypothesis is rejected. Otherwise accept. Then, conclusion may now be drawn the original problem.

Guidelines in Thesis/research Writing

2012-06-10T22:30:00.000-07:00

Guidelines in Thesis/research Writing

Research is important to your pursuit of any degree or tranning. The proposal is, in effect, an intellectual scholastic (not legal) contract between you and your committee. It specifies what you will do, how you will do it, and how you will interpret the results. In specifying what will be done it also gives criteria for determining whether it is done. In approving the proposal, your committee gives their best judgment that the approach to the research is reasonable and likely to yield the anticipated results. They are implicitly agreeing that they will accept the result as adequate for the purpose of granting a degree.

Here are some guidelines in research or thesis however the guidelines is a work in progress, intended to organize the thoughts on the process of formulating a proposal. If you have any thoughts on the content, or even the notion of making this available to students, please share them with me.

TITLE:

1. It must reflective of the general

2. It must be short concise and brief preferably not more than 14 words or two lines.

3. Avoid the use of such starter phrases as “A study of... “An Analysis of.... etc.

4. Example: “Busol Forest Reserve Degradation: An Assessment”

i. “Potential Microorganisms Isolated from Compost Tea Against Cutworms and mites of Strawberry”

ii. “Learning Strategy: A survey of Child and Adolescent restraint fatalities”

Background of the Study

1. Describe the problem situation considering global national and local forces whenever applicable.

2. Link the situation to the existing body of knowledge. Where applicable present historical developments leading to the occurrence of the situation . Preferably cite statistics and authoritative sources to support the ideas.

3. Make a clinching statement that will relate the background to the proposed research problem.

Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework

1. Identify and discuss the theory concept to be used in evolving the proposed research problem.

2. Identify and discuss the variables related to the problem.

3. Construct the paradigm of the research and discuss the elements of variables therein. Paradigm is similar to the diagram of the study

Statement of the Problem, Assumption, and Hypothesis

1. Concepts are clear and operationalized.

2. There are techniques available to measure the variables. Z test SD etc.

3. The hypothesis is specific

4. It is related to a body of theory

5. A hypothesis maybe in the statistical from characterizes as follows.

a. It is used when the test of significance of relationship and difference of measures are employed .

b. The level of significance is employed

c. It refers to a specific statement

E.g. Ha ῦ1≠ῦ 2 Ho ῦ1=ῦ2 at ∞=.o5

Scope and delimitation

1. Indicate the principal variables used in the study and the exclusion of other relevant variables not included in the study.

2. Indicate the extent of the applicability of results arising from the sampling population.

3. Include justifications for 1 and 2 above.

Other research named it as exclusion and inclusion criteria.

Operational Definition of Terms

The terns to be defined are those used throughout the stuff and maybe a word or a phrase usually from the title, the statement of the problem, assumptions and hypothesis.

1. The operational definition of terms used may include specify tests, measures indices etc. Used in measuring each concept and as employed in the gathering of the data. It may refer to responses in the data gathering concepts.

2. The terms should be arranged alphabetically, stated in complete sentences.

Importance of the Study

1. The section describes the contributions of the study to knowledge. such contributions may be in the form of:

a. New knowledge in the field.

b. A check on the major findings or other studies.

c. A check on the validity of the findings in a different population.

d. A check on the trends over time.

e. A check on other findings using a different methodology.

2. It should describe its application to practice in the field and its applicability to specific group(s) under study.

The selection is also define as the Significance of the Study

Review of Related Literature

1. It should be written in the terms of the purposes of the study.

2. The literature reviewed should be evaluated considering the following factors.

a. Formulation of the research hypothesis.

b. Existence of biases

c. Possible presence of effects related to research situation

d. Overlooking important variables

e. Critical evaluation of measurement techniques

f. Critical evaluation of statistical analysis

g. Presence of contamination

3. It should give more weight to studies considered more authoritative as evaluated and should give preference to primary rather than the secondary sources.

4. It should use quantitative / statistical techniques for literature analysis.

5. It should be organized thematically to conform to the specific problems.

6. It should synthesize evidence from all studies reviewed to get an overall understanding of the state of knowledge in the problem area.

7. IT MAY INCLUDE expressed opinions of leading figures in the field/ subject of the study.

8. It should be exhaustive .

Research Design

1. This describes the research model (experiment, survey, field research, qualitative research, ethnographic research, prospective, retrospective etc.)

2. This describes the arrangement of the different elements of the research which will bring about a logical conclusion.

Population Sampling

1. Describe the target population.

2. Specify the sampling techniques used. Describe how the sample size is determined to include reliability and potable error.\

3. Describe the sampling population. Indicate the sampling frame, where applicable.

Examples

Purposive sampling was used in study. This was done deliberately and in non-random fashion the respondents. A total of 61 respondents were considered four sectors in Baguio.......

The respondents were 160 intermediate teachers of public schools in the division of Baguio

Data Gathering

1. Identify the instruments to be used based on the problem and sub problems.

2. Specify reliability data, describe validity information and norms used if standardized test are utilized.

3. Give details of construction and data on validity and reliability if an instrument is constructed by the researcher.

4. Give details of instructions given to assistants if data are gathered by persons other than the researcher.

5. State qualifications of informants if used in the study.

Treatment of Data

1. Determine and justify the statistical treatment for each sub-problem.

2. Determine and justify the scales to be used if any.

Presentation of Data

1. Present the findings of the study in the order of the order of the specific questions under the Statement of the Problem.

2. Present the data in these forms:

a. Tabular

b. Textual

c. Graphical (optional)

3. The ZOOM LENS approach may be used for purposes of clarity in the presentation of data.

Analysis of Data

1. Data maybe analyze quantitatively and /or qualitatively depending on the level of measurement and the number of dimensions and variables of the study.

2. Analyze in depth to give meaning to the data presented in the table. Avoid simple table reading.

3. Use either descriptive or inferential analysis.

4. Check if the data are sufficient, valid realistic, and accurate.

5. State statistical descriptions in declarative sentences e.g. in studies involving:

a. Correlation

i. State whether positive or negative

ii. Indicate the level of significance of the correlation.

b. Difference of Measures

i. State the obtained statistical results

ii. Indicate the level of significance of the difference.

6. Present the result of the analysis in a clear and logical organized manner.

Interpretation of Data

1. Check for indicators whether hypothesis/ses is/are supported or not by findings.

2. Link the present findings with previous/ related literature.

3. Use parallel observations with contemporary events to give credence to the situational analysis presented in the introduction.

4. Draw out implications.

Summary

This briefly describes the problems, research design and the findings.

For each problem, presents;

1. The salient findings and

2. The results of the hypotheses tested.

· Recommended format is in paragraph form

Conclusion

1. These are brief, generalized statements in answer to the general and each of the specific problems.

2. This contains generalizations in relation to the population.

3. Flexibility is considered in the making of conclusion.

4. Conclusion maybe stated as generalizations from micro to macro or vice versa

Recommendations

1. Recommendations should be used on the findings and conclusion of the study.

2. Recommendations maybe specific or general or both. They may include suggestions for further studies.

3. They should be in non-technical language.

4. They should be workable, feasible and adaptable.

5. An action plan is optional.

Bibliography

1. The bibliography should include all materials used and reviewed by the researcher.

2. The following should be considered in the choice of bibliographic materials.

a. Relatedness to the research

b. Inclusion of recent publications

Appendix

1. The appendix may contain the following

a. Instruments , if any

b. Letters and other form of communication

c. Additional tables and figures

d. Statistical computations

e. Curriculum vitae of the researcher

f. Other pertinent materials.

2. The contents of the appendix should be arranged in order in which they were presented or mentioned in the body of thesis, or research.

Credits to my instructors.....

HOPE FOR TODAY'S YOUTH

2012-06-07T17:51:00.004-07:00

HOPE FOR TODAY’S YOUTH

One of our great heroes had said “Youth is the fair hope of our Fatherland.” But nowadays is this quote true to all youth living in the 3^rd millennium? Are they really the ones who would help developing our nation into hub of progress?

Look around you and see whether the youth can bring greatness in our land? I don’t mean to hurt the feeling of today’s youth, but I want to express the vision of Dr. Jose Rizal to all young adults.

As years pass by, history of our land don’t repeat it self. The tradition of being polite, obedient and well disciplined young fellow vanishes. The youth have change a lot from their clothes, music, hubby, and even their manners. They even shouted to their parents and do not mind the benefits their relative s want them to have. They only think of them self, and they want to stand alone and get rid from their elders control or they want to be independent. Yes, I agree the world had change a lot and we must be part of it or else the world would hate us. But it is the cause to us not to be a nice guy anymore. We change like going at home late at night or at sunrise, because of night parties. drinking a glassful of liquor to ease our problem such as love life, fixing yourself as if you could put all people down, not helping or respecting all works at home, and to be a liberal minded person. To my friend and my fellow young adult, why are we doing all of this things? Maybe because we want to be happy for a while and this is now the lifestyle of the youth, or we want to rebel in our own family. We want to show to our parents that we condemn them for not giving us enough attention, care and love of a mother or father to their sons and daughters. But is this the only way to show them that they lack something? We really need them especially in our youthful days. To feel and witness their concerned enable to calm the anxiety and pressure that we encounter. It is because they are the one’s that knows who we are and what we are. So this rebellious activities are not appropriate to show even they have fault on us. Think if they noticed us doing those habits. Surely they will become sad. Their loneliness is twice as the loneliness that we encounter because; first they will pity us because of our situation and they will blame their self thinking what went wrong and what have they done.

Perhaps all parents wants their child to be happy but to do their wants is given in the different ways and it’s the role for us as their child to understand them whether they lack something we must fill it in a modest way. And this is the vision of Dr. Jose Rizal to all of us. We must spend our time wisely; doing all things that will help our fellow youth and our countrymen by offering our service to them. Like giving them some food, clothes and giving some advice to lighten their burdens enable to guide then to a brighter future not to the drastic activities. As a youth we are that is capable and able to support the economic problem in our country by sincerely learning and understanding all possible things in our school, society, environment and our home. The responsibility is true so, because young men are fitter to invent than to judge, fitter for a new project than to settle business. There will become a time that we will conquer our own land. We will be the one’s who will handle all establishments for our country’s progress. And will take the challenge of what out parents are encountering right now by working full time in office or field works, and other jobs, giving what they can for the advancement of their family. And above all giving love not only to their friend, country but also to their children, and spouse. Even we don’t like those changes we cannot run however we must face the challenge that is being bestow on us.

To my country men fellow classmates to all youth who are living in this modern days. I ask you to value the patriotism and dedication of our hero. The hope of our country lies in our hands. We must not waste it indeed we must accept the challenge. The emptiness of love is not a blunder to waste the chances for our own advancement enable to avenge. The Philippines needs us and they are calling for us. We as youth are responsible to respond to that call and our great hero. Aren’t we?

My final exam in English 12

Extemporaneous Speech

I STAND ACCUSED

2012-06-06T17:13:00.001-07:00

I STAND ACCUSED

I stand before this grand jury accused of a crime I was never aware. I have been scorned, laughed at, lampooned in every newspaper in town in every periodical, every sermon or speech. I have offended the delicate sensibilities of my elders, of every adult in the so –called civilized or polished society with my flair for atrocious clothes, my taste for boisterous music, my affinity for impious dances, my blasphemous profanities and bungling responsibilities in everything I do. Yes, I stand indicted to all these blunders to which I plead guilty, absolutely and irrevocably guilty.

Ladies and gentlemen, surely I am far cry from the youth which you and Rizal have always dreamed of being the fair hope of the fatherland. My actions have denounced me as utterly unfit to grace the halls of my school, my church and even my own home. My own body joins in the hue and cry against my incompetence, my clumsiness, my shocking inabilities. Look at me and see if I am not the symbol, of helplessness. Look at me long, long and hard and think whether I am Rizal’s idea of youth whose brows he found serene whether you my parents my countrymen and my friends like it or not I am the youth of the Twenty-first Century. I stand for the youth of the present time, I am that youth morally crippled, spiritually disarmed, a neglected bundle of fears, dreams and frustrations.

I appeal to you all, not only for myself, but for all those who like me have been morally and spiritually crippled. I appeal for them because I am afraid they too might go the way of abandoned and neglected children. I speak for them because I know that given the same chances that Rizal had, they will prove themselves worthy of the expectations of their great hero and their parents. Let them feel the ennobling influence of the DOÑA TEODORA. Let them have the inspiring guidance that Rizal’s mother have to her son. Let them master the rudiments of arts, of science, of philosophy, of religion and of love so that they may acquire the wisdom that can dispel all fears, all doubt, all confusions. Let their own mothers be worthy of the sweet name… “Mother”. Let their own father deserves the honourable title “Father”! Let them have all those blessings and I assure that there will be no more outrageous exhibitions of bad manners, no more scandalous of bad thoughts; no more unchecked display of shameful passions, and no more malicious exercise of dare devil attitudes.

Ladies and gentlemen, as I stand here awaiting to be convicted of all the crimes youth has been charge of , I think of the many crimes far worse than mine. And feebly ask: Why are they not here with me tonight? It is frightening to be alone……

As I stand here pleading guilty to the charges they have hurled against me, I demand the presence of my co- partners in this crime. I demand that my own parents be summoned in this august body and stand trial with me. I demand that they may be made to answer the same questions that have ruthlessly flung before my face.

But hear me! Give me a chance to vindicate my self. Are my parents here? No; how can they be? They have no time for me. They never took the matter of having time for me. When I needed them for guidance because my untutored mind couldn’t grasp the ways of the world, they were nowhere to be found. When I cried for their help because I lay night troubled and awake, I couldn’t find them, when I craved for their affections, nobody seemed to want me. I had nobody to turn to, what am I? Bone of their bone? Flesh of their flesh? Or just a meaningless, useless mass of nerves and muscles, terribly confused? Terribly disillusioned? I ask in all sincerity. What I have always longed for…… the protecting arms of my folks. For haven’s sake give them back to me before it is too late. Give me back my mother and bring her to my side. Give me back my father, and make him speak to me man to man. Give me back my ideals and let me not fall into the clutches of the godless.

My favourite extemporaneous speech kudos who u are

Cordilleran Festival I

2012-06-03T22:04:00.000-07:00

Ipitik brings together all the cultural groups that have converged and live together in Baguo City. Ipitik emphasizes the fact that our city is a melting pot
filled to the brim with a bubbling stew

IPITIK FESTIVAL

When the cordilleran culture and modern art collaborate to form a festival produces a unique and extravagant event seen here in the City of Pines, Baguio. The festivity is named as Ipitik festival. Ipitik comes from the Coldilleran tradition of a solemn act of offering the first drops of a newly opened jar of tapuy to Kabunian, the highest deity of the Cordilleras, and to the ancestors. The Ipitik Traditionally done by the mambunong, or shaman, the practice lives on today among many Cordillerans, young and old. When first opening a bottle of alcohol, be it tapuy, gin, wine, beer, vodka, or scotch, one whispers an invitation to the spirits to come and drink and spills a few drops of alcohol on the ground, or takes a symbolic sip on behalf of the spirits.

Apart from the cultural background Ipitik festival is one of a kind, the spirit of cultural heritage and arts gives a breath taking and deep appreciation that will encourage you to join and be a part of the festivity.

The Ipitik festival showcased the Tapuy Master Brewer or Rice Wine Festival brings
together master brewers of tapuy from all over the region, each bearing a jar of his or her best brew and fortunately I taste some of their samples and have observed that rice wines have different taste, texture which will indulge you to drink more. Another event is the Pinikpikan Cook-Off from which I saw HRM students cooking not only chicken, but also a native pig ( so this is not only pinikpikan cook-off but also watwat cook off which ends up in having a tinola ) to feed hundreds. On-The-Spot Woodcarving from different tribes in the cordillera is also featured from which they carved a ten feet wooden log, 15-20inch diameter and the 108 Gongs Performance Instead of having the traditional number of gong players and dancers, the Ipitik festival has 108 children playing gongs in unison and dancing with gusto to a beat that will most certainly outlive disco rhythms and dance your feet off. With the help of Axis Art Project, an art installation was build which showcases used clothing from Baguio youths, sewn together and will be assembled over a sturdy bamboo frame to form a tent which will house Baguio Art Map. The venue for art workshops, dances, music, performance, for and art exhibits for the entire duration of festival.

Once the leader of the tribal group blows his horn, massive gong players come to play, dancing banging their ganza and all the crowd got amazed and want to join the 108 participants with complete Cordilleran attire. The exciting dance lasted for about 45 minutes and gives way to the celebration on the Ipitik festival.

Taste the native wine of the Codilleran some are sweet some are so strong others are smooth. The similarity are they are made of, gluttonous rice, and red rice. And surely the taste is different from other commercial wine and you will look for another shot or perhaps a glass.

In the ceremony the contestant are being judge by dignified representative from different sectors. The judge seems to be a veteran wine drinkers but other may be judging by the aesthetic of the burnei or clay jar. But the winner surely have the best rice wine .

The Food may be a butcher pig or a Chicken. Usually salt and ginger is enough as ingredient. However in this case some of the participating schools gives a professional touch to give spice to the hungry onlookers.

A huge pot is set however it is not enough for hungry men.

Shovel in dipper and lade out. For mixing the dish shovel are being use more handy than the lade. I wonder how's the taste test.

A blind man making basket using the sense of touch.

VARIABILITY TEST

2012-06-03T16:37:00.001-07:00

DISPERSION AND VARIABILITY

The measure of central tendency tell us only how typical is the average value of a set of measurements but fails to describe how spread out are these measurement about there average value. To completely describe a given data set, the study should also describe the different measures of its variability. The measure of variability is a quality that describes the spread of variability of the observations or measurements in the data set. Some common measures of variability are the rage, the variance and standard deviation and the coefficient of variation.

The Range

Range- The range us the difference between the highest value and the lowest value in the ungrouped data set. In grouped data set, the range is the different between the upper limit of the highest class interval and the lower limit of the lowest class interval.

R = HV- LV ( ungrouped data)

R_G = UL of the highest class – LL of the lowest class ( grouped data )

Eg.

Given the ungrouped data 2,3,4,7,6,4,2,7,9,2,3,4,10

R- 10- 2= 8

For grouped data given below the range is

R- 75-1 = 74

Classes	Frequency (fi)	Class Mark (xi)
1-15	11	8.0
16-30	10	23.0
31-45	6	38
46-60	2	53
61-75	1	68

Properties of the range:

1. It is quick but rough measure of dispersion

2. The larger the value of the range, the more dispersed are the observations.

3. It considers on the lowest and the highest values in population

The Variance

Variance- The variance, denoted by ó ² is the mean of the squared deviation of the observations from their arithmetic mean. The formula is given by

ó ² = Σ(Xj-ù)²/ N for ungrouped data

ó ²= Σ f ( Xj- ùg)/ Σ f for grouped data

Eg. From the original sample

ó ² = [(2-4.92)²+(3-4.92)²+(4-4.92)²+….+(10-4.92)²]/59 = 1.47

For the grouped data

ó ² =[11(8-24)²+10(23-24)²+….+1(68-24)²/30 = 254

Properties of Variance

1. The variance is always non negative

2. The variance is easy to manipulate for further mathematical treatment .

3. The variance make use of all observations.

4. The variance comes in a unit of measure that is the square of the unit of measure of the given set of values.

The Standard Deviation

Standard Deviation: The standard Deviation, denote by ó, is the positive root of the variance. The formula is given by

Ó = √ ó ² = √Σ(Xj-ù)²/ N for ungrouped data

Ó = √ ó ² = √Σ f ( Xj- ùg)/ Σ f for grouped data

Eg.

Ó = √ 1.47 = 1.21 ungrouped data

Ó = √ 254 = 15.94 for grouped data

Properties of standard deviation

1. The SD is always non negative

2. The SD is easy to manipulate for further mathematical treatment

3. The SD makes use of all observations.

4. The SD has a unit of measure which is the same as the unit of measure of the given set of values.

The Coefficient of Variation

Coefficient of Variation- the CV is the ratio of the SD and the mean which is in percent. The formula is given by

CV =( Ó/ ù) x 100

Properties of Coefficient of Variation

1. It is unit less quantity

2. It can used to compare the dispersion of two or more population measured in the same or different units.

WORK BULLIES

2012-06-03T16:30:00.000-07:00

Victimize at Workplace

Most of us agreed that we are been harrashed in our workplace especially if we are the front liners and the one do the talking to the client and customers.And as the saying goes we cannot please everybody after all our task is to please them. And how can we protect our selves if we are in that nerve breaking situation.Wok may be an important factor for us to live however we can be a victim of workplace bullying. To use another word that has become common we can say that we were “mobbed.” And a report by the International LaborOrganization says that mobbing is an increasing problem in Australia, Austria, Britain, Denmark, Sweden, United States and the Philippines.

Mobbing is “frequent, repeated, and systematic harassment.” More than workplace banter—which might include sarcasm, criticism, teasing, and practical jokes—mobbing is a campaign of psychological terror. The goal is to make the victim an outcast.

The tactics of harassment range from childish antagonism to criminal injury. The target is subjected to character assassination, verbal abuse, aggressive behavior, and the cold-shoulder treatment. Some victims are deliberately overworked or are regularly singled out to do the most unpleasant tasks that no one else wants to perform. Colleagues may sabotage the victim’s efforts to work productively, perhaps by withholding information. In some cases, perpetrators have slashed a victim’s tires or hacked into his computer.

Some victims of harassment are targeted by one person. But more often, the victim is subjected to the assault of an alliance of colleagues. Hence, the term “mobbing” is appropriate, since it implies that a group is putting an individual under pressure by deliberately annoying or attacking him.

Perhaps most astonishing is the fact that in many cases harassment occurs with the boss’s consent, and quite often he or she proved to be the sole perpetrator.

Often, the effects of harassment reach far beyond the workplace. Many victims suffer serious health problems as a result of cruel treatment. Depression, sleeping disorders, and panic attacks are among the consequences of harassment. Harassment on the job. Mobbing can also adversely affect one’s marriage or family life.

Clearly, harassment can turn the work experience into a nightmare. Is there any way that it can be prevented? How can peace be pursued in the workplace?

According to Statistics suggest that more women than men are victims of harassment on the job, although this may be because women are more likely to talk about the problem and to seek help.

For many, having a job requires fitting in with a team of coworkers and helping that team to function smoothly as a unit. If colleagues get along well with one another, the work benefits. If they do not, the work suffers and the risk of harassment increases.

What can interfere with the smooth running of a team of workers? For one thing, there may be frequent changes in personnel. In such a situation, bonds are difficult to form. In addition, new colleagues are unfamiliar with the routine, which slows down the performance of all. If the work load is growing, the group is likely to be under constant stress.

Moreover, if a team lacks clear goals, there will be little sense of unity. This may be the case, for instance, when an insecure boss spends more time in defending his position than in leading. He might even try to keep the upper hand by pitting colleagues against one another. To make matters worse, the structure of the group may be so loosely defined that certain colleagues do not understand where their responsibility begins and where it ends. For example, conflicts may arise when two employees both think that they have the responsibility of countersigning invoices.

In such a situation, communication becomes strained and hurt feelings are often left unattended. Envy poisons the working atmosphere, and colleagues compete with one another to be in good standing with the boss. Minor misunderstandings are viewed as major insults. In effect, molehills become mountains. The groundwork has been laid for harassment.

Over a period of time, one employee might be singled out as a scapegoat. What sort of person is likely to be treated that way? Probably someone who stands out as different. For example, it could be the only male in a female environment or a female working in a male domain. A confident person might be seen as the pushy sort, while a reserved individual might be perceived as shifty. The potential victim may also be different in the sense that he or she is older or younger than the rest or even better qualified for the job.

Of course, the workplace has always held a potential for mistreatment. But many can remember a time when there seemed to be more goodwill among colleagues. Organized harassment rarely developed. But over the years there has been what one doctor described as “a generally diminishing spirit of solidarity and a broad erosion in the sense of personal shame.” People now have fewer scruples about engaging in open combat at work.

Harassment often begins with an unresolved conflict between workmates. Hence, without being a busybody in the affairs of others, give prompt attention to misunderstandings in which you are personally involved. Calm hurt feelings with tact and respect. Deal with your colleagues as individuals, not as a group. If someone appears to have something against you, try to sort out matters. Keep in mind “Be about settling matters quickly with the one complaining against you.”—Matthew 5:25.

Furthermore, everyone benefits by keeping the lines of communication open. Try, then, to communicate well with your supervisor without giving the impression that you are merely attempting to curry his favor. Remember, too, that good communication with your peers and subordinates will act as an antidote to stress. King Solomon wrote: “There is a frustrating of plans where there is no confidential talk, but in the multitude of counselors there is accomplishment.”—Proverbs 15:22.

Make every effort, therefore, to get along with your workmates. This does not mean being a “people pleaser,” weakly agreeing to everything that is demanded of you and compromising your principles just to maintain peace. But a warm and friendly manner can melt an icy atmosphere. Be careful not only of what you say to others but of how you say it. Again, the Bible offers sensible advice: “An answer, when mild, turns away rage.” (Proverbs 15:1) “The calmness of the tongue is a tree of life.” (Proverbs 15:4) “By patience a commander is induced.” (Proverbs 25:15) “Let your utterance be always with graciousness, seasoned with salt, so as to know how you ought to give an answer to each one.”—Colossians 4:6.

Give thought not only to your conduct but also to your dress. Ask yourself: ‘What impression do my clothes give? Is my appearance provocative? Do I present an unkempt appearance? Would I do well to adopt a sensible dress code for work?’

In most cultures, industrious and conscientious workers are respected and highly valued. Hence, try to earn respect by performing high-quality work. Be reliable and trustworthy. This does not mean fretting over every task. One woman who fell victim to harassment later admitted that she had contributed to her own downfall. “I wanted to be perfect,” she says. This woman came to realize that perfection is an impossible goal: “I’m a good worker, but I don’t have to do everything perfectly.”

Do not be oversensitive to negative remarks. Not every unfair criticism is tantamount to harassment. : “Do not hurry yourself in your spirit to become offended . . . Also, do not give your heart to all the words that people may speak, . . . for your own heart well knows even many times that you, even you, have called down evil upon others.”—Ecclesiastes 7:9, 21, 22.

Studies indicate that it is best not to try to deal with harassment on your own. Where can a victim find support? Some larger companies have established a means for assisting their employees who feel that they are being intimidated. Such companies know that it is in their own best interests to eradicate harassment. According to one estimate, workers who harass a victim are distracted for up to 10 percent of their working time. Wherever such an arrangement is available, a victim could seek help. A neutral counselor—either from within the employer’s organization or from outside—might open the way for all parties to discuss the situation and lay down rules of conduct at work.

Of course, it must be acknowledged that there is no guaranteed remedy for harassment. Depending upon the level and frequency of the mistreatment, some in this situation choose to look for other employment. Others have little choice, as jobs may be scarce and resources that could provide help may be few.

Whatever your situation, do your best to pursue good relations in the workplace. If you are harassed, strive to follow the the admonition: “Return evil for evil to no one. . . . If possible, as far as it depends upon you, be peaceable with all men. . . . Do not let yourself be conquered by the evil, but keep conquering the evil with the good.”

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