The Planets

Kepler-10b

2021-01-10T11:55:00.009+05:30

Kepler-10b

All kepler series planets is discovered by kepler space telescope.Kepler-10b is first terrestrial planet discovered out side of the solar system inside the Kepler-10 system.Discovers of the planet kepler-10b are Elisa Quintana and Natalie Batalha.kepler telescope shows is presents but the planet's existence was confirmed using measurements from the W.M Keck Observatory in Hawaii.

Kepler-10 system and Kepler-10b

Kepler-10 star is located 560 light years away from the solar system in the Draco constellation.Age of Kepler-10 is 12 billion years which is 2 times that age of the sun.Meaning that the planet Kepler-10 is now in it's final state.kepler-10b is detected by Kepler space telescope very earlier but the planet's discovery is announced on Jan-10-2011 after 8 months data collection from kepler satellite.the planet was discovered by using transit method.

👉light curve of kepler-10b

credit:NASA,kepler telescope,Natalie Batalha

Most of the planets discover by transit or radial velocity method.in case of transit method if planet is present and crosses the line between the earth and the star, star will become slightly deem it depends on radius of transiting planets. first transit of the planet kepler-10b were observed in july-2009.Data shows that the star kepler-10 dimmed by one part in ten thousand every 0.83 days.

what type of planet is kepler-10b?

the host star of kepler-10b was the first star in the field view of the kepler space telescope. Ground based radial telescope also observed the kepler-10 system. Radial velocity measurements was taken by Keck-1 telescope between August 2009-August 2010 revealed the periodic doppler shift in the spectrum consistent kepler-10b of observed by Kepler space telescope .second transit of the planet helped to determine the temperature and albedo(how much light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed) of the planet.kepler-10b is the first terrestrial with observed phases. extreme day and night side temperature variations and the amount of starlight the planet receives help scientists to detect phases of the planet kepler-10b.

characteristic of Kepler-10b

credit:NASA,Kepler space telescope

Kepler-10b is very close to it parent star, the planet kepler-10b orbit its host star at less than twentieth of the distance from mercury to the sun. the radius of the planet is 9365.4 km which is 1.47 times bigger than the earth. mass of the planet is 3.80 times that of the earth. the planet is tidally locked in its orbit always presenting same face to the star, meaning that planet has no rotation on its axis. Earth's axis speed is around 1600 km/hour(1000 miles/hour) on the other hand Kepler-10b has 0 km/h!!!;Because of planet is very close to its host star surface temperature of the planets dayside is approx 1833 K which is 31.72% our sun's surface temperature. planets has extreme variation in temperature day and night sides. due too its rocky surface the planet is reflects 50% sunlight it receives.

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55 Cancri e

2021-01-06T20:00:00.004+05:30

55 Cancri e (diamond planet)

image credit : ESA/HST(Hubble Space Telescope)

55 Cancri e is located 40 light years away from our solar system in the constellation of Cancer.55 Cancri e is an exoplanet orbiting the sun like star 55 Cancri A.55 Cancri e is discovers by Michael Endl, Fritz Benedict, William D.Cochran, Barbara McArthur by using the method of radial velocity, from Texas(United States) on 30 august 2004.

👉Artist illustration of 55 Cancri e

these scientist detected in it's star radial velocity this was achieved by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectrum of 55 Cancri e . the planets mass is as same as Neptune .The radius of the planet 55 Cancri e is 11,964 km. which is 1.875 times than the radius of the earth. the mass of the planet is 7.8 times that of the earth and half of the mass of Neptune, with the help of MOST (Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars Telescope) space telescope, scientist can able to detect transit of the planet 55 Cancri e. the transit occur with period of 0.74 days. orbital period of the planet is 18 hours(0.7365 days),which is the same period of its transit too. the planet 55 Cancri e is tidally locked in it's orbit meaning that always presenting same face to its hots star. the side of the planet which is facing its star has temperature more than 1700 degrees this temperature is hot enough to melt iron. infrared mapping of (SST)Spitzer Space Telescope in indicated that an average front side temperature of the planet surface is 2300 degrees and average back side temperature of the planet is 1371 degrees.at first Observation 55 Cancri e was suspected to be a water planet and the planet atmosphere has hydrogen.in its Lyman-Alpha signature during transit, Ehrenreich speculated that its volatile materials might be carbon dioxide instead of water or hydrogen. In February 2016 it was announced that NASA's Hubble space telescope had detected hydrogen and helium but no vapor in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e.

55 Cancri e is known as a very carbon rich. observation shows that the planet 55 Cancri e is a solid planet made of carbon rich materials. In this case, roughly a third of the planet's mass would be carbon, much of which may be in the form of diamond as a result of the temperatures and pressures in the planet's interior. Further observations are necessary to confirm the nature of the planet. argument is that the tidal forces, together with the orbital and rotational centrifugal forces, can partially confine a hydrogen-rich atmosphere on the nightside. Assuming an atmosphere dominated by volcanic species and a large hydrogen component, the heavier molecules could be confined within latitudes 80° while the volatile hydrogen is not. Because of this disparity, the hydrogen would have to slowly diffuse out into the dayside where X-ray and ultraviolet irradiation would destroy it. In order for this mechanism to have taken effect, it is necessary for 55 Cancri e to have become tidally locked before losing the totality of its hydrogen envelope. on the surface of 55 Cancri e lava oceans can be exist this observation is done by hydrogen and helium but no vapor in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e. there is large possibility to occur on the planet surface. Large clouds of dust which is cover the planet and block thermal emission, this is also a reason for the high temperature on the planet 55 Cancri e's dark side.

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Quasar ULAS J1120+0641

2020-12-10T19:22:00.006+05:30

ULAS J1120+0641

Credit : ESO/M. Kornmesser

Quasi-stellar object is an extremely luminous with active galactic nucleus. As the all black hole has ULAS J1120+0641 is surrounded by a gaseous accretion disk with the mass of millions to billions of the mass of the sun. quasar name ULAS is from ULAS[Large Area Survey].

The Quasar is located in the constellation of Leo. The Quasar ULAS J1120+0641 is the second most distant known Quasar after ULAS J1120+0928.this massive quasar is discovered in June 2011 at 28.85 billion light years away from the earth. By using UK Infrared Deep Sky Survey telescope(UKIDSS). this quasar is located in the constellation of LEO. the quasar ULAS J1120+0641 is the first quasar discovered beyond a redshift of 7. The quasar ULAS j1120+0641 was discovered by a telescope that operates at infrared wavelengths, which is at longer wavelength and lower energy than visible light; But in fact the light is emitted by the quasar is ultraviolet. In comparison Ultraviolet light has shorter wavelength and higher energy than visible light. But the redshift is the reason why the wave length is changed during the light's journey in the universe.

Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser

The light which is observed on the earth is about 13 billion years ago, it may be that the quasar ULAS j1120+0641 is dead. the light is 100 million years earlier than the earth was born. the most distant quasar ULAS j1120+0641 has luminosity 63 trillion times that of the sun's luminosity. this is very much energy

^{output which is generated by super massive blackhole about 2 billion times in mass}

^{that of the sun. black hole it self is dark but it has a disc of gas or dust around it}

^{that has become so hot that it will outshine an entire galaxy of stars.}

^{The light from ULAS J1120+641 was emitted before the end of the theoretically}

^{predicted of the intergalactic medium from an electrically neutral to an ionized state.}

^{Quasars may have been an important energy source in this process, which marked}

^{the end of the cosmic Dark Ages, so observing a quasar from before the transition}

^{is of major interest to theoreticians.}

This is the first time scientists have seen a quasar with such a large fraction of neutral (non-ionized) hydrogen absorption in its spectrum. Mortlock estimates that 10% to 50% of the hydrogen at the redshift of ULAS J1120+0641 is neutral. The neutral hydrogen fraction in all other quasars seen, even those only 100 million years younger, was typically 1% or less. The spectrum also lacked any significant indication of non-BBN metals. The combination of the neutral hydrogen reading, and lack of metals is suggestive of the quasar being embedded in a protogalaxy in the midst of forming, and possibly creating the first population III stars for the galaxy, or a pre-protogalaxy core still embedded in the primordial hydrogen fog, predating the Population III stellar population for this galaxy.

The supermassive black hole in ULAS J1120+0641 has a higher mass than was expected. The Eddington limit sets a maximum rate at which a black hole can grow, so the existence of such a massive black hole so soon after the Big Bang implies that it must have formed with a very high initial mass, through the merging of thousands of smaller black holes, or that the standard model of cosmology requires revision.

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The CoRoT-7b

2020-12-10T17:41:00.039+05:30

CoRoT-7b

The planet CoRoT-7b is an exoplanet in the constellation of Monoceros at 489 light years from the earth. the planet CoRoT-7b is orbiting around the star CoRoT-7.it was first detected by CoRoT(Convection Rotation et Transits)space telescope on 3 February 2009 by using transit method.

the planet CoRoT-7b is smallest exoplanet ever detected. planet has 10009 km radius which is 1.58 times of the earth's radius.CoRoT-7b has 0.0283 mass that of the planet jupiter the planet mass is measure by HARPS(High And Radial Velocity Planet Searcher. spectrograph the planet CoRoT-7b is 23 times closer than the planet mercury to its host star. So that the planet CoRoT-7b has orbital period of 20 hours, meaning that if you are on the planet CoRoT-7b year is changed in 20 hours!CoRoT-7b had shortest orbit of any planet know at the time of it's discovery.

the planet CoRoT-7b is very close to it's host star so that the planet surface temperature is about 1300-1800 K.

👉CoRoT-7b:

image credit: ESO/L, Calçada

Radius:10009 km

Mass:7.42 earth masses

Inclination:80.1 degree

Temperature:1300-1800 K

Year Duration:20 hours 29 minutes 9.7 seconds

Rotation: tidally locked

Planet type: rocky planet

Host Star:CoRoT-7

Distance from host star:2567652.174 km

Detection method: Transit

Discover by: Daniel Rouan

Discovery site: Polar Orbit(CoRoT space telescope)

Discovery Date:3 February 2009

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Proxima Centauri b

2020-08-31T20:59:00.005+05:30

Proxima Centauri b

the planet Proxima Centauri b is located 4.244 light years away from the solar system in the constellation of Centaurus. the star system of the planet is closest star system ever been discovered from our sun.

Discovery

Host star of the planet Proxima Centauri b is discover by Robot T.A Innes in 1915.But The first indications of the exoplanet were found in 2013 by Mikko Tuomi of the University of Hertfordshire from archival observation data.To confirm the possible discovery, a team of astronomers launched the Pale Red Dot project in January 2016. On 24 August 2016, the team of 31 scientists from all around the world,led by Guillem Anglada-Escudé of Queen Mary University of London, confirmed the existence of Proxima Centauri b through their research. the planet is discovered by using Doppler spectroscopy method(Radial velocity) from European Southern Observatory(ESO).

HARPS Spectrograph measurements

image credit:ESO/G. Anglada-Escudé

The measurements were done using two spectrographs , HARPAS(High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher) on the European Southern Observatory(ESO) 3.6m telescope at La Silla Observatory and UVES on the 8-metre Very Large Telescope. The peak radial velocity of the host star combined with the orbital period allowed for the minimum mass of the exoplanet to be calculated.the discovery of the planet is announced on 24 August 2016.the radial velocity of the parent star relative to the Earth is varying with an amplitude of about 1.4 metres per second.in May 2019, a paper presenting recent Spitzer Space Telescope data concluded that Proxima Centauri b does not transits its sun relative to Earth.Data collected with ESPRESSO(Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observations) excludes the presence of extra companions with masses above 0.6 Earth masses at periods shorter than 50 days.

Parent star(Proxima Centauri)

Hubble Space Telescope 2013 image of Proxima Centauri

Image credit:NASA,ESA,HST

The planet Proxima Centauri b orbits M-type red dwarf star Proxima Centauri. radius of the star is 107,280 km.the star is closest star ever been discovered from the sun.the star has mass of 0.1221 solar masses and a radius of 0.14 solar radius.the star has surface temperature of 3042 K which is 47.35% of the surface temperature of the sun.the age of the star is 4.85 billion years while the age of our sun is 4.6 billion years.Proxima Centauri rotates roughly every 83 days and has luminosity about 0.0015 solar luminosity.the star Proxima Centauri is closest to the sun but due to its low luminosity we can't see the star with our naked eye.the star is very rich in metals compared with the sun.Proxima Centauri is a flare star.This means that it undergoes occasional dramatic increases in brightness and high-energy emissions because of magnetic activity that would create large solar storms.in March 2016 a superflare was observed with an energy of 10^26.5joules.which is little brighter than our sun.The surface irradiation was estimated to be 100 times what is required to kill even UV-hardy microorganisms. Based on the rate of observed flares, total ozone depletion of an Earth-like atmosphere would occur within several hundred thousand years.

Characteristics(Proxima Centauri)

image Credit: ESO /M. Kornmesser

the radius of the planet Proxima Centauri b is kind of similar to the earth.the radius of the planet is 1.07 earth radius and the mass of the planet is 1.172 earth masses.the planet is not transit its parent star so that its exact radius is unknown.Proxima Centauri b might have an icy composition like neptune, with a thick enveloping, hydrogen and helium atmosphere; the likelihood that this is the case has been calculated to be greater than 10%.the planet Proxima Centauri b is orbit it's star at 0.05 Astronomical unit which is one-twentieth of the distance from the Earth to the Sun.So that orbital period of the planet is only 11.186 earth days.Even though the planet is very close to its host star Proxima Centauri has surface temperature of 234 K somewhat colder than earth's 255 K ,Because of Proxima Centauri b receives about 65% of the amount of radiative flux from its host star that the Earth receives from the Sun.

Can Proxima Centauri support life?

the exoplanet Proxima Centauri b is orbiting within the habitable zone of star Proxima Centauri the region where, with the correct planetary conditions and atmospheric properties, liquid water may exist on the surface of the planet.stellar wind pressure on the planet is more than 2000 times that of the earth.Even though Proxima Centauri is in the habitable zone of its star the planet's habitability has been questioned because of several potentially hazardous physical conditions. The exoplanet is close enough to its host star that it might be tidally locked.in this case one side has permanently night and other has permanently day.this situation rise very extreme condition on the planet's surface.day side is extreme hot and night side has permanent darkness and cold.But don't worry about it scientist is not about this situation on the planet Proxima Centauri b . Proxima b would rotate around its axis approximately every 7.5 Earth days with about 22.4 Earth days elapsing between one sunrise and the next.Proxima Centauri is flare star,so that the flares released by Proxima Centauri could have eroded the atmosphere of the exoplanet. However, if Proxima b had a strong magnetic field, the flare activity of its parent star would not be a problem.

Future mission to Proxima Centauri

(starshot project)

breakthrough Star shot is a research and engineering project by the breakthrough to develop a prof of concept fleet of light sail spacecraft named star chip, to be capable of making the journey to the Alpha Centauri star system 4.37 light-years away. It was founded in 2016 by Yuri Milner, Stephen Hawking and Mark Zuckerberg. this light sail tiny satellite can able to travel 15% to 20% of speed of light.it may be launch by around 2036.

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