MARINE Engineer

WHAT IS AZIMUTH THRUSTER

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Azimuth thrusters are electric podded drive systems, which are mounted on a 360 degree rotating shaft under the ship. There is no rudder required in an azimuth system and hence, the underwater dynamics are improved which not only increases manoeuvrability, but azimuth thrusters also include the advantages of combined engine systems. Tugs and supply boats, where precise directional control is required, often in tight spots, where the propeller could be rotated around a 360 degree horizontal axis.

This required some quite complex shafting and bearings with the propulsion shaft having to be aligned from a horizontal axis, to a vertical axis (around which the unit rotates) to the horizontal axis of the propeller itself. The principle of what might be called “EURoedynamic?EUR” positioning, with total control of a vessel?EUR(TM)s movements, independent of external assistance from tugs is very attractive to cruise ship operators, and thus has emerged the development of the “EURoepodded?EUR” propulsion unit, which are very large azimuthing propulsion systems in which the whole propulsive power of big ships can be fully directional.

Cruise ships often have to get into confined ports where tug assistance is not necessary, or even lay off a port where the water is too deep to anchor. The total manoeuvrability which is available from azimuthing “EURoepods” is hugely appreciated. Moreover, the giant rudders and separate steering gears which would normally be fitted to such ships are no longer necessary, and it may be possible to dispense with some of the lateral thrusters which would be required for a conventionally propelled cruise ship.

There are two major variants, based on the location of the motor:

1. Mechanical transmission:

where the motor is inside the ship and power gets transmitted to the propeller via bevel gears. The motor may be either a directly mechanically connected diesel engine, or an electrical motor getting its power from generators run by an electricity producing engines (usually diesel engines) elsewhere in the ship.

2. Electrical transmission:

where the electrical motor is in the pod itself, directly connected to the propeller without gearboxes. The energy used to drive the motor in the pod is produced by machinery inside the vessel, usually by diesel engines or gas turbines which drive electric generators, in a system comparable to that used by diesel-electric locomotives.

ABB Azipod was the first product using this technology. The Azipod propulsion system improves the steering behaviour. It can be built for pushing or pulling operation, and low or high speeds. When Azipod units are installed in the stern and bow, the ship can do sideways manoeuvres (or azimuthing) the ship can go astern by changing the direction of rotation of the propeller or by rotating the azimuth angle 360 degrees. Additional manoeuvrability may be attained by changing the azimuth elevation. Using azimuth thrusters, the crash stop distance can be halved compared to conventional propeller systems.

Modern A.V.R. (Zener Bridge)

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Modern A.V.R. (Zener Bridge)

Voltage across the Zener diodes remains almost constant independent of current variations. Smoothed D.C. output is applied to the voltage reference bridge. This bridge is balanced at the correct generator voltage output with no potential difference between 'A' and 'B'.

If the generator voltage fails, current through the bridge arms falls and current flows from 'A' to 'B' through the amplifier.

If the generator voltage falls, current through the bridge arms falls and current flows from 'B' to 'A' through the amplifier.

If the generator voltage rises, Current through the bridge arms rises with current flow from 'A' to 'B' through the amplifier.

The signal from the amplifier will automatically vary the field excitation current, usually through a silicon controlled rectifier ( Thyristor) control element.

The Silicon Controlled Rectifier (Thyristor) is a four layer, three terminal, solid state device with the ability to block the flow of current, even when forward biased, until the gate signal is applied. This gate signal could come from a Zener diode Voltage reference bridge. The gate signal will switch on the forward biased S.C.R. and current flows through the exciter field. When reverse biased the S.C.R. will again block current flow. Due to inductance of the field winding the S.C.R. would continue to pass current for a part of the negative cycle. By fitting a 'free wheeling' diode the current though the Thyristor falls quickly at the end of the positive cycle. In some circuits the excitation current is designed to be excess of requirements, so that the gate signal reduces flow.

Automatic voltage regulator (AVR)

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AVR

R1-Sets volts value
R2-Trimming resistor (Powerfactorcorrection)
R3-Trimmer
Carbonpile- Control resistance for AVR
Operating coil-Along with carbon pile form the controlling elements
CCT and PT-Are the detecting elements, the CCT acts as a feed forward device indicating future voltage changes by detecting variation in current flow
Stabilising element- Is the capacitor across the Exciter (may be replaced by a resistor)

The A.C. voltage is applied to the operating coil through a full wave rectifier. This A.C. voltage supply induced in the potential transformer and the circulating current transformer may vary under varying load conditions such as direct on line starting of relatively large motors. The capacitor connected across the coil smoothes the D.C. output from the rectifier.

If the A.C. applied voltage falls, the field of the solenoid weakens, and the resistance of the carbon pile decreases. With less exciter circuit resistance the current in the exciter field increases thus increasing the output voltage of the A.C. generator.

The automatic voltage regulator voltage output may be adjusted with the hand regulator R1 in the exciter field. Before synchronising the alternator the open circuit voltage is adjusted with the hand regulator R1.

After synchronising, and after the kW loading has been adjusted on the prime mover governor, the field excitation under steady load conditions may be adjusted using the Trimming resistor R2. Using the trimming resistor the power factor of the incoming machine will be equalised with the machines already in use.

If the load power factor now changes then the terminal voltage will regulate badly, e.g. a rise from 0.8 to Unity Power factor will cause a rise in terminal voltage of about 20 %. So a small Voltage Trimmer R3 is provided across each current transformer to adjust terminal voltage when there is a change in overall power factor

HEAT EXCHANGER

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A heat exchanger is an equipment in which two fluids are separately circulated in adjacent spaces so that some of the heat in the fluid at the higher temperature is transferred into the fluid at the lower temperature. The fluid having the higher temperature is therefore cooled and the fluid having the lower temperature is heated.

The heat from a fluid can therefore be transferred to another colder fluid by means of:

a. Separately circulating them in adjacent spaces - heat flowing from a “hot” fluid through a tube wall or other membrane to another cooler fluid.

b. Mixing them together - heat flowing from a hot fluid to a cooler fluid due to mixing of one with the other.

SHIPBOARD HEAT EXCHANGERS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES

• COOLER: THE TEMPERATURE OF A HOT LIQUID IS LOWERED BY TRANSFERRING PART OF ITS HEAT TO SEAWATER.

• CONDENSER: HEAT FROM A HOT GAS OR VAPOUR IS TRANSFERRED TO SEAWATER TO THE EXTENT THAT THE GAS OR VAPOUR LIQUIFIES.

• HEATER: THE TEMPERATURE OF A LIQUID OR GAS IS RAISED BY TRANSFERRING ENERGY FROM A HOT MEDIUM, USUALLY STEAM.

• EVAPORATOR: HEAT ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED TO A LIQUID UNTILL IT EVAPORATES FROM LIQUID STATE TO GASEOUS STATE.

Theory of heat exchanger

In all heat exchangers the hot fluid flows from the hot fluid to a cooler one through an intermediate heat-conductive wall which takes up some intermediate temperature. The temperature profile across an element of wall surface is shown.

FLOW PATTERNS

Counter-flow or contra-flow, heat exchangers are those where the two fluids in opposite direction.The fluids flow strictly in parallel with one another, the flow system is termed co-current or parallel flow.

PERFORMANCE

THE FOLLOWING FACTORS AFFECT THE PERFORMANCE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS.

1) AIR LOCKING OF FLUID SPACES.

2) FOULING OF HEAT TRANSFER SURFACES.

3) IN TWO-OR MULTI PASS HEAT EXCHANGERS, FLUID BY-PASSING TUBES BECAUSE OF DIVISION PLATE JOINT FAILURE OR HOLED DIVISION PLATES.

FOULING

FOULING MAY BE DEFINED AS ANY UNDSIRABLE DEPOSITS ON A HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE WHICH INCREASE RESISTANCE TO BOTH HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW.

1) PRECIPITATION FOULING: THIS RELATES TO THE PRECIPITATION OF DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES ON THE HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE.

2) PARTICULATE FOULING: THIS OCCURS WHEN FINELY DIVIDED SOLIDS (RUST,DUST SAND ETC.) SUSPENDED IN THE PROCESS FLUID ACCUMULATE ON THE HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE.

3) BIOLOGICAL FOULING: THIS RELATES TO BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS WHICH ADHERE TO THE HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE. EG. BARNACLES & OTHER MARINE ORGANISMS.

Fouling occurs when a fluid goes through the heat exchanger, and the impurities in the fluid precipitate onto the surface of the tubes.

Precipitation of these (impurities) can be caused by:

1. Frequent use of the Heat Exchanger

2. Not cleaning the Heat Exchanger regularly

3. Reducing the velocity of the fluids moving through the heat

exchanger.

4. Over-sizing of the heat exchanger

Effects of fouling are more abundant in the cold tubes of the heat exchanger, than in the hot Tubes.

This is because impurities are less likely to be dissolved in a cold fluid.

This is because solubility increases as temperature increases.

Fouling reduces the cross sectional area for heat to be transferred and causes an increase in the resistance to heat transfer across the heat exchanger.

This is because the thermal conductivity of the fouling layer is low. This reduces the overall (heat transfer coeifficient) and efficiency of the heat exchanger.

This in turn, can lead to an increase in pumping and maintenance costs.

Maintenance

Plate heat exchangers need to be dissembled and cleaned periodically.

Tubular heat exchangers can be cleaned by such methods as acid cleaning,( sandbalasting, high pressure water jet) sandblasting, high-pressure water jet, bullet cleaning, or drill rods.

In large-scale cooling water systems for heat exchangers,(water treatment) water treatment such as purification, addition of (chemical)chemicals, and testing, is used to minimize fouling of the heat exchange equipment.

Other water treatment is also used in steam systems for power plants, etc. to minimize fouling and corrosion of the heat exchange and other equipment.

A variety of companies have started using waterborne oscillations technology to prevent (biofouling)biofouling. Without the use of chemicals, this type of technology has helped in providing a low-pressure drop in heat exchangers.

BEARING

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A bearing is machine part, which support a moving element and confines its motion. The supporting member is usually designated as bearing and the supporting member may be journal. Since there is a relative motion between the bearing and the moving element, a certain amount of power must be absorbed in overcoming friction, and if the surface actually touches, there will be a rapid wear.

Classification:

Bearings are classified as follows: -

· Depending upon the direction of the load to be supported:

Radial bearing and Thrust bearing.

· Depending upon the nature of contact between the working surfaces:-

Sliding contact bearings and Rolling contact bearings.

Journal bearing:

It is one, which forms the sleeve around the shaft and supports a bearing at right angles to the axis of the bearing. The portion of the shaft resting on the sleeve is called the journal.

Example of journal bearings are-

· Solid bearing

· Bushed bearing, and

· Pedestal bearing.

Solid bearing:

A cylindrical hole formed in a cast iron machine member to receive the shaft which makes a running fit is the simplest type of solid journal bearing. Its rectangular base plate has two holes drilled in it for bolting down the bearing in its position as shown in the figure. An oil hole is provided at the top to lubricate the bearing. There is no means of adjustment for wear and the shaft must be introduced into the bearing endwise. It is therefore used for shafts, which carry light loads and rotate at moderate speeds.

Bushed bearing:

It consists of mainly two parts, the cast iron block and bush; the bush is made of soft material such as brasss, bronze or gunmetal. The bush is pressed inside the bore in the cast iron block and is prevented from rotating or sliding by means of grub- screw as shown if the figure. When the bush gets worn out it can be easily replaced. Elongated holes in the base are provided for lateral adjustment.

Pedestal bearing:

It is also called Plummer block. Figure shows half sectional front view of the Plummer block. It consists of cast iron pedestal, phosphor bronze bushes or steps made in two halves and cast iron cap. A cap by means of two square headed bolts holds the halves of the steps together. The steps are provided with collars on either side in order to prevent its axial movement. The snug in the bottom step, which fits into the corresponding hole in the body, prevents the rotation of the steps along with the shaft. This type of bearing can be placed any where along the

shaft length.

Thrust bearing:

It is used to guide or support the shaft, which is subjected to a load along the axis of the shaft. Since a thrust bearing operates without a clearance between the conjugate parts, an adequate supply of oil to the rubbing surfaces is extremely important. Bearings designed to carry heavy thrust loads may be broadly classified in to two groups-

· Foot step bearing, and

· Collar bearing

Footstep bearing:

Footstep bearings are used to support the lower end of the vertical shafts. A simple form of such bearing is shown in fig. It consists of cast iron block into which a gunmetal bush is fitted. The bush is prevented from rotating by the snug provided at its neck. The shaft rests on a concave hardened steel disc. This disc is prevented from rotating along with the shaft by means of pin provided at the bottom.

Collar bearing:

The simple type of thrust bearing for horizontal shafts consists of one or more collars cut

integral with the shaft as shown in fig.15.5. These collars engage with corresponding bearing surfaces in the thrust block. This type of bearing is used if the load would be too great for a step bearing, or if a thrust must be taken at some distance from the end of the shaft. Such bearings may be oiled by reservoirs at the top of the bearings.

Advantages of sliding contact bearings:

· They can be operated at high speeds.

· They can carry heavy radial loads.

· They have the ability to withstand shock and vibration loads.

· Noiseless operation.

Disadvantages:

· High friction losses during staring.

· More length of the bearing.

· Excessive consumption of the lubricant and high maintenance.

Rolling contact bearings:

The bearings in which the rolling elements are included are referred to as rolling contact bearings. Since the rolling friction is very less compare to the sliding friction, such friction is known as anti friction bearings.

Ball bearing:

It consists of an inner ring which is mounted on the shaft and an outer ring which is carried by the housing. The inner ring is grooved on the outer surface called inner race and the outer ring is grooved on its inner surface called outer race. In between the inner and outer race there are number of steel balls. A cage pressed steel completes the assembly and provides the means of equally spacing and holding the balls in place as shown in the figure 15.6. Radial ball bearings are used to carry mainly radial loads, but they can also carry axial loads.

Cylindrical roller bearing:

The simplest form of a cylindrical roller bearing is shown in fig 15.7. It consists of an inner race, an outer race, and set of roller with a retainer. Due to the line contact between the roller and the raceways, the roller bearing can carry heavy radial loads.

Tapered roller bearings:

In tapered roller bearings shown in the fig. 15.8., the rollers and the races are all truncated cones having a common apex on the shaft center to assure true rolling contact. The tapered roller bearing can carry heavy radial and axial loads. Such bearings are mounted in pairs so that the two bearings are opposing each others thrust.

Advantages rolling contact bearings:

· Low starting and low running friction.

· It can carry both radial as well as thrust loads.

· Momentary over loads can be carried without failure.

· Shaft alignment is more accurate than in the sliding bearings.

Disadvantages:

· More noisy at high speeds.

· Low resistance to shock loads.

· High initial cost.

· Finite life due to eventual failure by fatigue

Engine room ballast water system

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Seawater general service system

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Boiler water sampling and treatment system

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Boiler feed water system

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Medium pressure steam system

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Low pressure steam system

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Evaporator system

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symbols used in onboard

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sea water cooling system

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FLOW METER

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Flow Meters

flow meter

Flow meters are used to measure the flow of air, fluids and gas. Some flow meters

measure the volume of the material while others measure the speed, and still others

measure the mass of the materials. For the most part, flow meters are used to infer mass flow through calculations the instruments make after taking various measurements such as absolute pressure, differential pressure, viscosity and temperature. Most flow meters are made up of three parts: the primary device, transducer and transmitter. These three parts are usually combined into one so that the flow meter is only one instrument. There are many different types of flow meters used for different measurements of flow. A thermal mass flow meter takes measurements with two sensors that work together. A temperature sensor reference, and an active heated sensor take measurements by calculating how much heat loss occurs in the flowing liquid, and thus can determine the flow rate based on this amount. Another type of flow meter is the Coriolis mass flow meter, which operates on the basis of the Coriolis Effect. Basically, an excitation force is

applied to the tube, causing the fluid or gas to rotate because the acceleration is acting in opposite directions on both sides of the applied force. A measurement can then be taken. Other kinds of flow meters operate using sound: these are called ultrasonic flow meters, and include several types like Doppler Effect meters and time-of-flight meters.

Because of their varied uses, flow meters are useful in a variety of fields. Medically, they are used to measure a patient’s air intake. This type of flow meter is called a peak flow meter and is particularly beneficial for asthma patients. In plumbing, flow meters are used to measure the amount of fluid running through a tube for efficiency purposes. In general, flow meters are used in many industrial purposes for flow measurements to help companies determine profit gain or loss. Other industries that benefit from the use of flow meters include the automotive industry, petroleum and gas industries, utility services, HVAC, food processing and raw materials industry.

Each type of flow meter has specific guidelines that must be followed for proper use. For example, when using a flow meter for gases, the flow meter must remain full of gas. Liquid in the gas flow meter can affect the meter's accuracy. Similarly, in order for a liquid flow meter to work properly, it must remain full of liquid. Gas in a liquid flow meter can affect the meter’s accuracy as well. Generally, contaminants of any kind will cause an inaccurate reading of the flow meter, so these instruments must be treated with care and cleaned regularly.

Types flow meter and usage :

· Air flow meters are used to measure the flow of air.

· Coriolis mass flow meters are used to measure the force of acceleration resulting

from a moving object towards or away from the center of rotation.

· Differential pressure flow meters are used to measure the flow of fluids and gases

in a pipe by introducing constriction that causes the pressure to drop. The pipe

must be clean to result in accurate measurements.

· Insertion flow meters measure flow at one position in a pipe, and then, based on

the measurement, they estimate the flow rate for the entire pipe.

· Magnetic flow meters measure by creating a magnetic field that is channeled into

the liquid and causes a voltage signal to be sensed that is proportional to the flow

of liquid.

· Mass flow meters are used to measure gas flow and are one of the more popular

flow meters. This meter is relatively unaffected by changes in temperature or

pressure in the tube or pipe.

· Open channel flow meters are used to measure the flow of liquids when they are

open to the atmosphere.

· Peak flow meters are used by patients with asthma or other lung disorders to

measure the amount of air patients take into their lungs. These flow meters allow

physicians to determine the severity of the illness.

· Positive displacement flow meters trap liquid to measure its flow by rotating parts

that move between seals and the meter body.

· Rotometers have a rotating float that moves vertically through a tapered tube.

· Sight flow indicators allow the operator to view the liquid as it is moving. Some

models come equipped with lights to enhance the visibility of the fluids.

· Target flow meters measure the amount of force that is exerted on a target in a

particular liquid or gas. This should not be used to measure high viscosity liquids

because the target can be damaged.

· Thermal flow meters are meters that use thermal properties of fluids to measure

the flow. The meter is heated and as the liquid flows by, it can tell the flow rate by

the amount of heat lost.

· Turbine flow meters consist of a rotor that measures the fluid when it passes

through the blades. The blade speed is translated into the speed of the fluid

· Ultrasonic flow meters use sound to determine flow rate. Both Doppler Effect

meters and time-of-flight meters are different kinds of this type.

· Variable area flow meters measure by letting the flow stream change the opening

in the meter with a movement of an internal part.

· Vortex and fluid flow meters generate oscillations as a result of the flow that

allows a measurement to be taken.

· Water flow meters are flow meters designed for measuring flow rates of water in

various channels, tubes, partially filled pipes, streams, and rivers.

Maintenance of pumps

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Maintenance of pumps:

Lubrication:

To pumps directly coupled on motor shaft it applies that only the bearings of the motor require lubrication.

Pumps designed with bearing bracket and grease lubricated bearings should be lubricated every 3rd month with ball bearing grease (lithium soap grease - MOBILUX EP2 or similar quality). Check that not too much grease is pressed into the bearings as this will cause generation of heat. All bearings are provided with sealing rings in order to prevent humidity and impurities from entering. The grease must not be pressed through these sealing rings. For bearings which are exposed to higher pressures or humidity a heat resisting and water-repelling grease will apply (MOLYPAN LT-1 or similar quality).

For pumps designed with oil lubrication, lubricating oil (MOBILGEAR 682 or similar quality) can be used for normally loaded bearings. For more heavily loaded bearings DTE26 or similar quality should be used. In case of oil sump lubrication the oil level should be checked by means of screw-plug, oil-level glass, oil indicator or other control equipment. see instructions for the pump in question.

3 months' check:

Check the pump for false noises, vibrations and leakage. Pumps with mechanical shaft seal must not leak, neither during standstill with inlet pressure on the pump, nor during operation. The bypass pipe to the mechanical shaft seal must be intact, and permit free flow. Likewise, the piping system and filter of the priming device must be intact and permit free flow. In case of defects they must be corrected immediately as they may greatly influence the operation and life of the pump.

12 months' check:

Disassemble the pump (see instructions). Check the components of the rotary element and perform all necessary repairs. Normal clearance between impeller and sealing rings is 0,2-0,3 mm, and max. clearance is 0,5-0,8 mm, according to size and capacity. Clean the pump casing inside and paint it if necessary (e.g. with APEXIOR No. 3 or with more corrosion-resistant products, e.g. HEMPADUR No. 1513 "Hempel Marine Paints").

Disassembling instructions:

Before starting the disassembly of the pump the sectional drawings of the various pump parts should be studied closely. Most pumps are designed for easy disassembly, and no special tools should be required. The pumps consist of standard components, which means a large number of the components are used in various pump sizes, for which reason it is necessary to keep a small stock of spares for various sizes of the same pump type.

Pumps with split casing, can be disassembled without dismantling motor and pipe connections. After dismounting of coupling bolts (tripartite coupling), bearing housing top part and pump casing top part, the rotating element consisting of shaft with impellers(s), bearings, casing wear rings, mechanical seal(s) and coupling half can be lifted out for inspection, repair or replacement.

Assembling instructions:

When assembling the pump the mechanical seal must be treated with the greatest care. Take care that the various parts are placed correctly. The rubber bellows is mounted on the shaft by means of grease, which gives approx. two hours respite before the bellows jams on the shaft. This means that within this period it can be displaced when the packing flange is clamped by means of two or four nuts. Otherwise, the mechanical seal might be damaged. Before mounting the 0-rings (if any) they must be cleaned and provided with a thin layer of grease. For further information see instructions for mechanical seal.

Bearing packing which was removed, must be reinstalled. In such places where liquid packing has once been used this type of packing must be used again when remounting the pump, as other types of packing would produce wrong spaces.

Mounting of motors on direct-coupled pumps:

If the pump is delivered without motor a distance ring is mounted between the packing flange and the shaft. This ring must not be removed until the motor has been mounted and the pump shaft screwed together with the motor shaft. Do not forget to remove the ring before starting the pump!

Pumps with split casing:

When mounting the rotating element in the pump, take care that the tongue of the wear rings fits correctly in the groove of the pump casing. The bolts of the pump casing must be tightened with a factor of 6,0 kg/m, the bolts of the bearing housings with a factor of 3,0 kg/m.
When reassembling pumps, take care that impellers, as regards the vanes, have the same direction of rotation as before the disassembling.

Maintenance (Storage instructions):

General instructions:
All pumps which are taken out of operation for some time should be protected against corrosion and frost by being kept in a dry place. Additionally, the following directions should be observed:

Preservation of bearings:
Both ball / roller bearings and slide bearings should be lubricated all over with their normal lubricant.

Preservation of interior parts of the pumps: The interior parts of the pumps should be protected against aggressive pumping media, for instance by using a water-repelling solvent containing at the same time corrosion inhibiting nitrides. We recommend MOBIL OIL - ARMA 245 or similar quality.

Preservation of gear wheel pumps and gearboxes: Gear wheel pumps do not need any protection if they have been operating with oil products. If not, they should be lubricated all over with a neutral oil. Gearboxes should be completely filled with the oil specified. If the standstill lasts longer than 12 months the oil should be emptied and replaced by MOBILARMA25 or similar quality and the gearbox should be flushed with this oil.

Preservation procedure:

Flush the pump with pure, hot water (does not apply to screw pumps and gear pumps) and let it airdry. Close the valves on both sides of the pump and flush the pump with MOBIL ARMA 25 or similar quality. Flushing can take place through the manometer connections.

Restarting of the pumps:

When restarting pumps it is advisable to fill the pump with hot water through the manometer connections (does not apply to screw pumps and gear wheel pumps) and to turn the pump shaft by hand before starting the pump. Watch the operation of the pump for about 10 minutes and open the valve in the normal way. Bearings, gearboxes etc. should be lubricated with normal oil or grease if a change of oil has taken place.

PUMPS -Trouble shooting

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS :

· Check direction of rotation (marked with an arrow).

· Check that there is liquid in the pump (might have been emptied by standstill).

· Check that the pump is able to turn by hand.

· Check that the pump has been lubricated with grease.

· Check the pump for noises and vibrations immediately after starting.

· Check priming pump (if any). See special instructions.

POSSIBLE PROBLEMS

Pump and motor cannot be actuated:

1. Impeller or shaft blocked.
2. Motor fault.

Motor running but no pumping effect:

1. Motor rotation is not transmitted through coupling.
2. Discharge valve closed.
3. Non-return valve or other valves are closed.
4. Suction line closed or filter clogged.
5. Air in pump casing.
6. Suction line leaking.
7. Shaft seal leaking.
8. Bottom valve defective.
9. Suction lift too high.
10. Priming pump defective.

Insufficient capacity:

1. Wrong direction of rotation.
2. Number of revolutions too low.
3. Counter-pressure too high.
4. Suction line or impeller partly clogged.
5. Air in pump casing.
6. Air in pumping medium.
7. Suction lift too high (inlet pressure too low).
8. Capitation.
9. Suction line leaking.
10. Shaft seal leaking.
11. Pump worn out.

Pump pressure too high:

1. Number of revolutions too high.
2. Impeller oversized.
3. Too many pressure stages.
4. Specific gravity of pumping medium too high.
5. Viscosity of pumping medium too low.
6. Inlet pressure too high.
7. Manometer defective.

Capacity too large:

1. Number of revolutions too high.
2. Impeller diameter too big.
3. Counter-pressure too low.

Discharge head too low:

1. Number of revolutions too low.
2. Impeller diameter too small.
3. Too few pressure stages.
4. Specific gravity of pumping medium too low.
5. Viscosity of pumping medium too high.
6. Manometer defective.

Power consumption too large:

1. Motor too small.
2. Motor fault.
3. Capacity too large.
4. Counter-pressure too low.
5. Stuffing-box tightened too much.
6. Shaft ends out of alignment.
7. Electricity supply incorrect (voltage, amperage, frequency).

Pump output decreases or stops:

1. Suction line leaking.
2. Shaft seal leaking.
3. Increasing suction lift.
4. Filter clogged.
5. Cavitation.

Irregular running:

1. Bearings defective.
2. Motor fault.

Increasing noise level:

1. Beginning cavitations.
2. Air in pumping medium.
3. Capacity too large.
4. Clamping to base loosened.
5. Base bolts loosened.
6. Influences from pipe connections or base.

Leaks:

1. Cracks in pump casing.
2. Faulty assembly of pump.
3. Pipe connections leaking.
4. Shaft seal leaking (in case of soft stuffing-box packing minor leaks are necessary).

Bearing temperature too high:

1. Faulty lubrication or wrong lubricant.
2. Deficient pump alignment.
3. Influences from pipe line.
4. Coupling distance wrong.
5. Shaft bent.
6. Foreign bodies or impurities in bearings.

Pump wears out quickly:

1. Wrong materials in relation to pumping medium.
2. Cavitations.
3. Stuffing-box tightened too much.
4. Shaft bent.
5. Deficient alignment.
6. Influences through pipe line.

Stark vibrations:

1. Foreign bodies in pump.
2. Motor out of balance.
3. Other influences.

AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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A Typical Air Circuit Breaker

Air Circuit Breakers

l Used as Generator and Bus-tie breakers

l Arc extinction takes place in the medium of fresh air.

l Current capacity – available up to 6300 Amps.

l Breaking capacity – available up to 100 KA.

l Manually/Electrically spring charged closing. (L&R)

l Manually/Electrically tripped. (L&R)

l Simple to operate and maintain.

l High Dielectric strength even in hot, humid conditions.

l High degree of system protection and coordination due to

the use of Micro processor based releases. (Optional)

l Under voltage Trip instantaneous/time delay type.

l Adjustable Instantaneous short-circuit trips. (Magnetic)

Adjustable overload settings 80-120% of nominal current.

Air Circuit Breaker Contacts Arrangement/Phase

SHORT CIRCUITS

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Effects of Short Circuits

Short circuits can cause damage to electrical installation by giving rise to

§ Thermal Stresses

§ Mechanical Stresses

§ Arcing

Thermal Stresses

Heavy fault current causes temp. of cables and busbar rise enormously even if the circuit is interrupted in a few cycles.

§ ( Temp. rise is proportional to I*I*t where I= Current flowing in the conductor and t = the duration of the current flow)

§ Frequent repetitions of these stresses will reduce the life of the insulation of cables, busbar supports etc. leading to a permanent damage to the installation

Mechanical Stresses

o Heavy fault currents set up mutual forces between current-carrying conductors causing them to be mechanically stressed.

§ (This force is proportional to I*I/d where I = Current I the conductor and d = Distance between the conductors )

§ These forces can cause conductors to bend or break and also mechanically damage the insulation of the cables, bus supports etc

ARCING

§ An arc, which occurs at the point of contact separation in a breaker, represents an enormous concentration of energy and can cause severe damage at the point of arcing by burning away the contact tips, and adjacent conductors and insulation.

§ Greater the distance of contact separation, higher are the effect of arcing

With arcing, the time duration is extremely important because the feet of the arc tend to move towards the supply source, spreading the area of damage.

CIRCUIT BREAKER

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DEFINITION

A device capable of making and breaking of an electric circuit under normal and abnormal condition

BASIC FUNCTIONS

To make, carry and break the normal services current.

To continuously monitor the current flowing in the circuit and to protect the system by tripping when there are overloads or short-circuits in the system as quickly as possible to minimise effects of short circuits and overloads

Types of Circuit Breakers

l Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs)

l Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs)

l Air Circuit Breakers (ACBs)

l Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers (OCBs)

l Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers (MOCBs)

l SF 6 Breakers

l Vacuum Circuit Breakers (VCBs)

Main Breaker Specifications

l Rated Normal Current – R.M.S. value of current that the breaker can carry continuously with the temp. rise in the current carrying parts within 40-50 C.

l Making Capacity- Maximum (fault) current on which the breaker can make without incurring any damage to itself.

Expressed in Peak value of making current in KA.

l Breaking Capacity- Maximum (fault) current which the breaker can break without incurring any damage to itself.

Expressed in RMS value in KA/MV

General Maintenance of Breakers

l Cleaning of contacts

l Lubricating moving parts

l Checking Dielectric strength of oil/renewal of oil (OCBs only) .Periodic check for manual/electrical close/trip operations and for tripping through protective devices with breaker in “Test” position

PIRATE ATTACKS DRILL ASSUMPTION -DEMO PART 5

2017-09-24T15:10:00.002+05:30

[１８] Handling warning functions of GMDSS related-equipment (No.2)

(Assumption)

Assuming that the ship is under a sudden attack by pirates, transmit a warning

signal via a DSC communication device to request nearby coastguard or ships,

etc. for rescue assistance.

※ Assemble at the place where the DSC communication device is located

(usually, communication room and bridge) so as to confirm its location.

Have an instructor teach all the crew how to operate the emergency signal

button.

※ Assuming that attacks will also take place at night, crew should be

accustomed to use the device also in the dark.

[１９] Handling warning functions of GMDSS related-equipment (No.3)

(Assumption)

Assuming that the ship is under a sudden attack by pirates, report the appearance

of pirates by sending a distress warning via an INMARSAT communication

device.

※ Assemble at the place where the INMARSAT communication device is

located so as to confirm its location. Have an instructor give all the crew a

briefing so that they can use the device.

※ If a message (It is desirable that the message should be prepared in

advance.) in anticipation of being attacked by pirates is available, crew should

be accustomed to the device so that they can transmit it easily.

[２０] Practicing use of lifesaving equipment

(Assumption)

To deter pirate boats from approaching, use lifesaving signals for warning

purposes.

※ Some reports indicate that the use of lifesaving signals can deter pirate

attacks during nighttime.

※ However, if lifesaving signals are launched directly at pirates, and as a

result cause them injury, etc, the signals could be regarded as lethal weapons

such as firearms. Bear in mind that in such cases, the crew who launched the

devices could be subject to charges for excessive self-defense.

※ Furthermore, if the ship gets under pirate control despite the use of such

signals, they may resort to retaliatory measures. It would be better to make

every effort to refrain from using lifesaving signals.

※ That is to say, when lifesaving signals are used for warning purposes, they

should be launched as mere visual means to indicate that the ship is on the

alert, and not as weapons.

Following are examples of lifesaving equipment, which are used as measures

to deter pirate attacks.

○ Rocket parachute flares

Rocket parachute flares usually rise to an altitude of at least 300 meters, at

which point the parachute opens and a red flare is exposed. The flare descends

slowly, lighting up the surrounding area.

○ Rocket flares

Rocket flares rise to an altitude of 150 meters, where they explode, creating a

flare that lasts for several seconds.

○ Hand flares

Hand flares generate a red flame that last for more than a minute. They are

usually hand-held or placed on deck.

[２１] How to cope when the ship is under pirate control

(Assumption)

How to cope when the ship is attacked by armed pirates and placed under their

control.

It is essential to understand that when several crew become their hostages,

any further counterattacks will merely worsen the situation.

In case some crew got under pirate control, it is considered that other crew act

in groups as much as possible would reduce further risk.

Even though pirates are armed, they rarely attack a ship to kill all the crew.

So, if they are not antagonized, they may release hostages after taking all they

want.

If crew act individually, however, isolation could lead to anxiety and hasty

actions that could provoke the pirates.

Once attacks are induced, the risk of danger escalates and it may lead to a

potentially irrecoverable situation.

For these reasons, it is desirable that crew should, in such situations, stay

close as much as possible so that they can confirm situations each other.

Those who are unfortunate enough to be under pirate control, it is important

to follow the instructions and demands of the master or the pirates as much as

possible.

As IMO guidelines indicate, crew should never take heroic actions once the

ship has been under pirate control.

Based on the guidelines, it is desirable to carry out this drill in advance to

have crew realize what they should do to help each other when it is clear that the

ship is under pirate control.

However, being faced with extreme situations such as life or death, nothing

will guarantee their survival.

Therefore, encourage all crew to have a common understanding for the

following.

① Act in groups as much as possible and avoid being alone.

② Take every possible action, such as activating GMDSS and other emergency

communication devices before it gets under pirate control.

③ Do not hide at random but instead assemble at a designated place (Several

places will do.) in advance.

As these products have instruction manuals, crew should know what

lifesaving equipment their ship is outfitted with and how to use it so that they

can cope with an emergency at any time.

In carrying out a drill to get used to such devices, it is necessary for all crew

to sight all the equipment on the ship, read how to use it carefully and

understand the procedures involved with firing it. (Do not actually fire.) ( just

procedures only)

Have an instructor teach all the crew how to use lifesaving signals in case of

pirate attacks.

※ This drill may be carried out together with rescue-related drills.

[２２] Cases for which drills are difficult to carry out but that still

require attention

Be aware as such cases are common pirate attack scenarios.

[Case 1]

Pirates attack again (several minutes or several hours later) after pretending to

have given up the chase.

You are apt to feel relieved once the pirates have been thrown off. However,

they may be chasing the ship covertly and attack again or there are also cases

that another waylaid boat of their party attempts to attack.

Once attacked and even if you are confident that you have thrown them off, it

is necessary to maneuver the ship on the alert with the possibility of a second

attack in mind.

[Case 2]

Pirates tenaciously chase a ship, keeping the bridge under constant assault with

firearms.

When the bridge is exposed to gunfire, there may often be problems with

crew morale or will to maneuvering. However, it is extremely important to

continue to maneuver the ship as long as possible to throw off the pirates.

The bridge is usually not strong enough to cope with rifle or guns, but

maneuver the ship while securing as many shelters as possible.

[Case 3]

Several boats skillfully surround the ship to attack it, each playing a different

role.

It may be difficult to throw all of them off simply by maneuvering. In order

to prevent them from forming an advantageous position, take action at an early

stage. If you judge that the number of pirates is rather large, do not hesitate to

contact the coast guard authorities at once and request assistance.

PIRATE ATTACKS DRILL ASSUMPTION -DEMO PART 4

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[１３] Coping with pirate attacks when the ship is at anchor

(Assumption)

Discover pirates with firearms and other weapons are climbing the anchor chain

when the ship is at anchor off a port, report to the bridge at once and escape

inside the ship.

※ As regards ships moored at berths, pirates will usually take flight after they

have been detected, since security authority will in no time attempt to take

them into custody once reports have been made.

※ If pirates are carrying firearms and other weapons, however, overaggressive

countermeasures can only result in making the situation more dangerous.

※ When encountering pirates, the first step is to ensure your own safety. This

accomplished, briefly report the situation to the watchkeeper or others who

can contact with people outside. They should give priority to reporting it to

the coast guard authorities and inform all crew as soon as possible.

※ Immediately after all these measures are taken, issue audio, illumination

and other possible warnings to the pirates, such as sounding a blast, raising

the alarm, and turning on lights, among others.

＜Drill scenario＞

Crew on duty on deck ⇒ (Contact the bridge with a transceiver.)

“Three pirates with firearms have boarded this

ship from the bow. They are at the bow.” “I

will escape inside the ship.”

Crew on duty at the bridge ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard the ship, and

make voice announcement.)

“Three armed pirates are at the bow. All crew

come up to the bridge. Do not go outside.”

(to the master) “I will report to coast guard

authority.”

(Contact the coast guard authority by radio.)

“Present position latitude XXX degrees XXX

minutes north, longitude XXX degrees and

XXX minutes east. This is M/V XXX at anchor

off XXX port. Armed pirates have intruded

the ship. We request assistance.” (just

procedures only) (Being aware that the pirates

could shoot, turn all deck lights on and sound a

blast, keep low, protect yourself by taking

shelter as much as possible.)

Master ⇒ “Monitor the surroundings, boat movements.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (monitoring the radar) “The small boat is heading north.”

Master ⇒ “We will wait and see what happens.”

(Few minutes passed.)

Master ⇒ “All crew wear protective gears. Organize yourselves in

groups to search the inside and outside of the ship.” (just

procedures only)

Each group ⇒ “We cannot locate any person either inside or outside the

ship. Everything is normal.”

Master ⇒ “Drill is over.”

[１４] Confirming stations to deter pirates from boarding (simplified drills)

(Assumption)

Assuming that the alarm has been raised onboard the ship, station crew so that

they can confirm their designated positions and duties with no specific

instruction being made.

※ Inform in advance of all crew but the watchkeeper will participate in this

drill and instructed them where to assemble.

＜Drill scenario＞

Master ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard the ship.) “This is a drill.

Assume that a boat, which could be pirates, is approaching.

All crew go to your stations as designated.” (Suppose

the crew are to assemble on the bridge, and confirm that

the crew have assembled there to some extent.)

Master ⇒ “Declare your station, role and place where you are

assigned to lock.”

Crew 1 ⇒ “I am in charge of the engine room and operation of

emergency fire pumps, and I am assigned to check locks

on upper deck, starboard side and on the stern.”

Crew 2 ⇒ “I am in charge of the stern deck and discharging of water,

and I am assigned to check locks on the boat deck on the

starboard side in case escape into the ship becomes

necessary.” (Have other crew recite their stations, roles

and duties, etc.)

Master ⇒ “Later, assemble by position unit, confirm location of

equipment and machinery in about 10 minutes. After that,

dismiss accordingly, and drill will be over.”

Master ⇒ (Make an onboard announcement in 10 minutes.)

“Drill is over. All crew return to your regular stations.”

※ It is necessary for each ship to assign basic stations and roles to crew in

advance, as is the case with general emergency operations.

[１５] Raising alarms verbally onboard ship

(Assumption)

For future reference, carry out this drill to gauge how well warnings and

messages from the bridge can be heard in noisy operational stations and

quarters.

※ Dispatch crew to their respective designated positions (including living

quarters) where they are usually stationed under normal operation of the ship.

(In preparation for the drill, select positions in advance, and assign them to

crew.) Identify which position has difficulty receiving warnings and

messages.

※ Adjust the volume of the warning system so that the most appropriate

volume (a volume that can be heard throughout the ship) can be determined.

※ It cannot be denied that some crew make good announcements and others

do not. In carrying out this drill, choose a crew whose normal speech can be

easily understood as an announcer.

＜Drill scenario＞

Master ⇒ “We will carry out a drill for sending warning messages

onboard this ship. All crew go to designated positions.”

(a few minutes later)

Watchofficer ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard ship.) (in a normal volume)

“This is a drill. Pirates have boarded from the stern on the

starboard side.” (Repeat twice.)

(Raise the alarm onboard ship.) (in just a little higher volume)

“This is a drill. Pirates have entered XXX. (Repeat twice.)

(※ Make these announcements at a volume and tone

similar to the first one. Do not make them louder on

purpose.) (Raise the alarm at a still lower volume.) (Raise

the alarm onboard ship.) (with volume a little more high, but

maintain similar tone) “This is a drill. There are three pirates.

They have knives.” (Repeat twice.) (a few moments later)

Master ⇒ “Drill is over. Return to normal positions. All crew but

watchkeeper to come to room XXX.”

※ When all crew have assembled, listen to their opinions on the quality of the

warning from each place, and determine how to convey a warning to positions

where it is difficult to hear.

※ As for the crew on duty, request them to assemble after their duties and

listen to their opinions on the warning announcement. At the same time, make

a brief report about the results of the drill on the ship bulletin board to call

their attention.

※ At the bridge, based on the results of the drill, mark the position of the most

appropriate volume for making a warning announcement, and inform the crew

about it for emergency purposes.

[１６] Preparing anti-piracy equipment in advance

(Assumption)

Carry out this drill for setting up and using equipment and machinery, among

other items, in advance when navigating waters where piracy often occurs.

※ Equipment which requires certain procedures will not be properly prepared

unless such exercises are carried out on a daily basis. Such equipment tends to

be placed in storage and left unused.

If this is the case, ships cannot make the most of their equipment. It is

necessary then, to identify such equipment in your ship and to let crew

accustomed to handling it without reading instruction manuals, etc. each time.

Keep in mind that if you do not make frequent use of equipment, you will

lose your ability to apply it effectively. Therefore, try to utilize the equipment

installed on your ship as often as possible.

Following are examples of such equipment.

○ Tension sensors

Tension sensor-type devices are among the most popular movable anti-piracy

equipment. When pirates attach a rope or a hook to a ship in attempts to board it,

taut wires strung around the ship will detect the tension generated by the

rope/hook, activating a sensor to raise the alarm.

○ Secure-Ship

“Secure-Ship” is an electric fence developed by the IMB that surrounds the

deck of a ship. It generates a high-voltage shock that, while not powerful enough

to kill or wound intruders, will help to deter boarding attempts.

○ Portable searchlights

Portable searchlights are among the items that ships carry that should be

utilized more effectively. Make full use of portable searchlights if the ship is

equipped with them.

On the other hand, devices that are comparatively easy to set are followings as

such.

○ Scarecrows

Fixing life-size dolls at the handrails or at other locations may convince

pirates that crews are on alert if seen from a distance. This is intended as a

deterrent against pirates.

＜Drill for setting scarecrows＞

Make scarecrows look like crew as much as possible, dress them up and set

them firmly where they can be seen from a distance.

○ Rat guard

Build walls using wooden boards or metal plates at the top of anchor chains

and hawsers (for when a ship is at anchor) and outer passages and stairways to

the bridge (for when it is navigating) to shut off access routes and so that the

intruders may not climb onto the deck or enter into the ship easily.

＜Drill for setting rat guard walls＞

Crew should understand where to set up “rat guard” walls to make them

function most effectively. They should also learn how to set them and have a

clear understanding of their effectiveness.

They should also know where to stow “rat guard” walls when they are not in

use and how long it takes to set them.

As for ships that do not carry “rat guard” walls, it may be a good idea to

create “rat guard” systems with appropriate materials, such as wooden boards, to

make access more difficult.

[１７] Handling warning functions of GMDSS related-equipment (No.1)

(Assumption)

Assuming that the ship is under a sudden attack by pirates. Crew managed to

escape send a distress signal by EPIRB.

※ Assemble at the place where the EPIRB is located so as to confirm its

location. Have an instructor teach all the crew how to dispatch a distress

signal in order to be ready for emergency, including pirate attacks.

※ As it is prohibited to transmit an EPIRB signal on a trial basis, ensure that a

signal is not sent by mistake during this drill.

...CONTD

PIRATE ATTACKS DRILL ASSUMPTION -DEMO PART 3

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[ ８ ] Assembling crew to fixed stations to deter pirates from boarding

(Assumption)

Upon receiving the order to raise the alarm and proceed to designated stations,

crew should go to their respective stations and report to the bridge. (Watering

procedures and so forth are omitted.) Later, the master judges it is dangerous to

leave crew on deck since being attacked by firearms, order them to withdraw

into the ship.

＜Drill scenario＞

Master ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard ship.)

“Pirates are approaching from port side stern.

Except for those in charge of operations, all crew

to proceed to designated stations.” “Water

discharging team, report to the bridge with

transceiver.”

Each designated place ⇒ (communication room) “Communication

arrangement team is in position.”

(bridge) “Bridge support team is in position.”

(engine control room) “Fire pump operation team

is in position.”

(crew on the deck) “Water discharging team is in

position at stern fire pumps.”

(others) “XXX team is in position.”

Master ⇒ (to the water discharging team)

“Can you deter pirates from boarding?”

Water discharging team ⇒ “We can’t as they are firing on us.”

Master ⇒ “Water discharging team withdraw into the ship.”

Water discharging team ⇒ “Water discharging team is withdrawn into the

ship. Everyone is safe.” “All portals are secured.”

Master ⇒ “Drill is over.”

※ In carrying out this drill, while water is being discharged, have crew who

are not assigned to water discharge duty secure all but a few portals so that

those stationed on deck can withdraw into the ship. The location of unsecured

portals should be determined in advance.

※ Even after all crew have withdrawn from the deck, continue to make every

effort, including maneuvering, to throw off the pirates.

[ ９ ] Enhancing anti-piracy patrols

(Assumption)

In order to enhance patrols in preparation for pirate attacks, carry out this drill to

identify what needs to be focused on when grasping developments in

surrounding areas from the bridge and to motivate crew.

※ Pirates approach ships in various ways. However, ambush-style attack is

considered common among these.

※ Some past piracy cases reveal that 1) the pirates first approach a ship

diagonal forward position while maintaining a certain distance; 2) still

maintaining this distance, the pirates will then proceed to the stern of the ship;

3) the pirates further approach the ship from astern at higher speed; and 4) the

pirates board the ship by hooking ropes and other instruments against

handrails and attack.

※ In the event pirates are divided into several boats, some examples show that

1) groups of pirates approach a ship directly from a diagonal forward position;

2) the pirates approach further to surround the ship; and 3) the pirates attempt

to board the ship where freeboard is low.

※ Therefore, it is necessary to carefully monitor small boats nearby, and also

maintain a close watch on boats that have gone past each other.

※ As many pirates tend to launch attacks in unlit boats, it is essential to

monitor surroundings by radar.

※ Depending on sea and weather conditions, small boats may not be visible

by ordinary radar unless they come within a close distance of two to three

miles. It is also possible that they may not be visible due to an obstruction or

blind spot even if they are close at hand.

In either case, it is very important to detect the approach of pirates at an

early stage to avoid attacks.

＜Drill scenario＞

Master ⇒ “We will have watchkeeper launch a piracy detection drill.”

(Read out the prepared assumption at the bridge.)

“Assume radar has detected two apparent fishing boats at

position 40 degrees portside, three miles ahead.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “I have detected two small boats approaching in position 40

degrees to portside, three miles ahead, but cannot see any

lights.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Continue to watch their movements.”

Master ⇒ “Assume small boats will pass about 500 meters to port.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “I still cannot see any lights. Boats are navigating at around

10 knots, and both will likely to pass about three cables to

port if no changes occur.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Starboard 10.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “They are passing about three cables to port. I cannot see any

lights.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Continue to watch movements.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Return to original course.”

Master ⇒ “Assume small boats have changed their course and are

approaching our ship from astern portside.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Two boats have changed their course and are approaching.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Prepare searchlights.”

“Flash them in the direction of the two boats.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boats are two cables away, increasing speed.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Increase speed to maximum.”

“Sound a blast.” (Blast as a warning.)

“Prepare for raising the alarm.”

Master ⇒ “Assume small boats have given up approaching us.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Small boats are decreasing speed.”

“Both have stopped.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “We will maintain this speed until we are at a sufficient

distance from the two boats.”

Master ⇒ “Drill is over.”

※ In this drill, taking into account the typical practices of pirates in boats,

focus on the following points to note to raise awareness of essential

precautions.

○ Pay attention to small suspicious boats.

○ Pay attention to small boats that have not displaying any lights.

○ Continue to watch movements of smaller boats that have passed your ship

at relatively short distances.

○ Always monitor the radar when navigating dangerous waters.

○ Recognize that a distance of about three miles can be reached in just a few

minutes.

※ In this drill, the changing of course, the application of searchlights and the

increasing of speed can be carried out just by procedures only.

※ This drill can be carried out for the crew on duty at the bridge only.

[１０] Recording acts of piracy

(Assumption)

While anchoring, the watchkeeper discovers that pirates have boarded the ship at

the bow. When a blast is sounded, the pirates dived into the sea and fled in a

small boat.

※ Recording the specific details of the piracy as much as possible, even

during a dangerous situation, will be useful for future reference.

※ The master is stationed on the bridge as arranged, but it is assumed that the

master showed up to the bridge when the alarm was raised.

＜Drill scenario＞

Watchkeeper ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard ship.)

“Pirates have boarded at the bow deck. All crew should be

on a full alert.”

(Sound a warning blast.)

Master ⇒ (Show up to the bridge and confirm the situation.)

“Turn on searchlights and all illumination devices on deck.”

“How many pirates have boarded?”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “I witnessed two, but both dived into the sea when the

warning blast was sounded.”

Master ⇒ “Bring the video camera.”

“Flash searchlight to follow the pirates.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ (Flash searchlight.)

“I have found a small boat. Four pirates are onboard.”

Others in bridge⇒ “Video camera is ready. I will record the small boat.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boat is pulling a life raft.”

Master ⇒ “Take note of developments and features of the boat.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “We can no longer confirm the presence of the boat.”

Master ⇒ “Continue monitoring the surrounding area for a while.”

“Write down how many minutes have passed and what has

happened.”

(Make an announcement onboard ship.)

“Pirate boat is gone. They seem to have taken our life raft.

All team leaders assemble to the bridge so as to make

onboard search and check for damages. (just procedures

only)

“Drill is over.”

※ Record as many details of the piracy as possible when an imminent risk has

been avoided or when the ship is being chased by the pirate boat.

※ These data will be very useful when coast guard authorities conduct an

investigation, submitting report to operating companies, and to prove facts on

damage.

It is desirable to keep record by photographs or by video camera to grasp

the features of the pirates.

※ It is desirable to have film and video cameras at hand on the bridge so that

a visual record can be made at once.

[１１] Countermeasures once pirates have boarded the ship

(Assumption)

A crew witnesses at the stern some pirates boarding the ship and reports this to

the bridge. The bridge raises the alarm onboard the ship and issues a warning to

the pirates.

＜Drill scenario＞

Witnessed crew⇒ (Escape immediately from the site and report to the bridge.)

“As many as three pirates are on the stern deck. I do not

know whether or not they have any firearms.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard the ship, but do not sound a blast

yet.)

(following the alarm)

“Pirates have boarded the stern deck. Secure all quarters

doors. Stay inside. Be quiet. Be cautious as they might try to

intrude your area.” (Give these commands at the bridge.)

“Report to coast guard authority immediately.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ (Report to the coast guard authority.) (just procedures only).

“Report made to coast guard authority.”

Master ⇒ “Have deck lights and searchlights ready.”

“Sound a blast, and turn all lights on.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “All lights are on.”

Master ⇒ “Flash searchlights to the stern of the ship.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Some pirates appear to have dived into the sea.”

“I see a boat that may belong to them.”

Master ⇒ “Turn off bow lights. We will continue sailing as we are

now.”

(after sailing for some time)

“Pirates have dived into the sea and fled.”

“We will search inside of the ship. All crew except those in

duty, assemble at XXX room. Work in groups of three or

more.”

(just procedures only)

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Searches inside and outside of the ship are over. Life raft

container on the starboard stern is missing. There are no

PIRATE ATTACKS DRILL ASSUMPTION -DEMO PART 2

2017-09-24T14:59:00.000+05:30

[ ５ ] Operating searchlights, deck lights and other illumination

devices (nighttime drills)

(Assumption)

In order to indicate that the ship is on the alert against approaching pirates, flash

searchlights, and turn on deck lights in every block without hindering the

navigation.

＜Drill scenario＞

Watchofficer ⇒ “Boat, which could be pirates, is approaching from 1,000

meters astern.”

“Have searchlight ready.”

(Confirm the ship’s current position, and report the situation

to the master via an onboard phone.)

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Searchlight is ready. I will flash searchlight to stern.”

(Flash the searchlight to the surface of the sea as necessary.)

Watchofficer ⇒ (Blow a blast.)

“Increase speed.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Speed is increased.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boat is approaching.”

Master ⇒ (Show up to bridge, and raise an alarm.) “Boat which could

be pirates is approaching. All crew go to your stations.”

Master ⇒ “Turn on work lights in the aft deck.”

“Turn on lower lights in the stern.”

(Confirm that lights are on.)

“Turn on upper lights in the stern.”

(Confirm that lights are on.)

“Turn on lights on starboard side of bridge.”

(Confirm that lights are on.)

“Turn on lights on port side of bridge.”

(Confirm that lights are on.)

Watchofficer ⇒ (Keep blowing a blast at a regular interval for warning

purposes while steering the ship.)

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boat is slowing.”

“Boat seems to have given up the chase.”

Master ⇒ “Maintain current navigation course for the time being.”

(Maintain course for a while. Confirm that the pirate boat is

out of reach, and then dismiss crew from emergency

station.)

Master ⇒ “Turn off all deck lights.”

“Drill is over. Return to normal speed, and resume normal

operations.”

※ The searchlight may have limitations depending on the ship. Very often,

there is a blind corner at the foot of the shipside. For this reason, drills should

be carried out in safe sailing areas at night in order to ascertain how much

area the light can cover.

※ Simultaneously turning on all on-deck illumination devices might

temporarily degrade the effectiveness of noctovision equipment. Taking into

account the location of such equipment, it will be necessary for each ship to

determine the best course of action, including whether lights should be turned

on or not.

[ ６ ] Securing onboard facilities

(Assumption)

It is assumed that a pirate boat is approaching the ship. Secure all facilities. (or

check to confirm they are secured)

※ Designate in advance the crew who will be responsible for securing

facilities (Form groups as numbers of dividing areas with several crew.) and

assemble at a designated place after completed security.

※ In carrying out this drill, leave three crews (armed with communication

devices such as a transceiver with the bridge) on deck who have a good

knowledge of the ship’s layout. Once all facilities have been secured, or after

a certain period of time has passed, the three crews who play the role of

pirates check to see if there are any ways to enter inside the ship. (All

interested parties will have a review meeting to discuss items that need

attention, etc.)

＜Drill scenario＞

Master ⇒ “In order to deter pirates from entering inside this ship,

we will carry out a security drill. When I order to

secure facilities in five minutes, secure all routes in

your designated areas that lead into the ship.”

“When you have secured your routes, assemble at

designated areas and report to the bridge.”

Master ⇒ (in five minutes)“Begin securing.”

Each group ⇒ “Securing of area XXX is completed. Everyone is in

room XXX.”

Master ⇒ (when all groups have reported, or five to 10 minutes

after the securing of the ship has been ordered)

“Checking teams check security.”

Security checking team ⇒ “I will first check area XXX.”

Security checking team ⇒ “Area XXX is checked. Everything is in order.”

(Keep checking other areas and report them to the

bridge successively.)

Master ⇒ “Drill is over. We will have review meeting from

XXX at XXX.

※ When navigating in dangerous waters where pirates may attack, it is

thought that all portals except essential ones are kept to be secured. However,

if a pirate boat approaches, it is necessary to confirm whether there is any

problem with securing within a short period of time. To ensure quick

confirmation, crew should be assigned specific areas of the ship to check.

※ Hold a brief meeting to report the results of the drill and have comment

from crew as a means for considering what needs to be covered in future

drills.

※ In addition to ordinary access points, ships are usually outfitted with

hatches for the operation of various activities and for the purpose of escape.

Some of these hatches can only be padlocked from outside. All crew should

acquaint themselves with the location and function of these portals. It is

preferable to consider the use of simple hook-type locks that can be secured

from inside, when ships are in dry dock for repair and such.

[ ７ ] Zigzag navigation

(Assumption)

In order to deter pirates from approaching the sides of your ship, create big

waves on both sides by steering the ship in random zigzags.

※ Select appropriate rudder angles in consideration of the ship’s

specifications (including stability), the volume of cargo being carried, and sea

conditions, among others.

＜Drill scenario＞

Watchkeeper ⇒ “A pirate boat is approaching to port side.”

Master ⇒ “Check for obstacles in this area.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “There are no obstacles here. It is deep enough.”

Master ⇒ “Throw off pirates by steering the ship in random zigzags.”

(Blow a warning blast.)

“Hard to port.”

“Ease.”

“Hard to starboard.

“Ease.”

“Hard to port.”

“Ease.”

“Hard to starboard.”

(Repeat these procedures several times. In easing the helm,

determine the appropriate angle of the ship’s head after

taking into account the response of the ship, the decrease in

speed, the movement of pirate boat, etc.)

Master ⇒ “The pirate boat is out of sight. Confirm the situation.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “The pirate boat is receding off the port side stern.”

“The pirate boat seems to have given up the chase.”

Master ⇒ “Confirm whether it is far enough away or not with

searchlight and radar.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “It is more than one mile away. It is heading north now.”

Master ⇒ “Return to normal operations.” “Drill is over.”

※ When steering the ship in random zigzags, it is important to simultaneously

increase speed as much as possible since doing so will create bigger waves.

These big waves are effective to pirates taking more time to approach the

ship.

※ Ships with good maneuverability can accomplish this drill with ease, but

ships with poor maneuverability should avoid this drill since random

zigzagging may actually slow these ships down, making it easier for pirates to

alongside ship.

※ According to cargo conditions, steaming for full rudder angles could

threaten ship’s safety such as causing damage to hull and cargo. So, it is

important to find appropriate angles.

※ Also, care should be taken as steering excessive big rudder angle may slow

the ship down at the same time.

※ When steering the ship in random zigzags, it is essential to make sure full

rudder angles will not affect ship’s safety. Always confirm sea conditions are

safe by taking account of drafts, depth, obstacles, etc.

※ This drill can be carried out flexibly. According to steering orders,

participants may not actually steer rudder angles but just confirm it as a

procedure only, or can opt for smaller rudder angles of five degrees or so.

to be continue...................

PIRATE ATTACKS DRILL ASSUMPTION -DEMO PART 1

2017-09-24T14:55:00.001+05:30

Drills Designed to Cope with Pirate Attacks

[ １ ] Raising the alarm onboard ship (No.1)

(Assumption)

The watchkeeper spots two small unlit boats moving suspiciously. The

watchkeeper raises the alarm onboard the ship, prompting other crew to take

prearranged action, and informs coast guard authorities on shore of the situation.

※ Raising the alarm quickly is essential so that all crew to be prepared for

action.

※ The master is assumed to be in his cabin, then comes up to the bridge.

※ In order to ensure safe navigation, this drill should be carried out in

relatively deep and unrestricted waters.

＜Drill scenario＞

Watchkeeper ⇒ “I sighted two small unlit boats in a position 1,000 meters to

starboard stern, approaching.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Watch their movements.” (Monitor the radar.)

Watchkeeper ⇒ “They are approaching.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Confirm our position.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Our position is confirmed and recorded.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (Use an onboard phone to call the master.) “Two small

suspicious boats are approaching from behind. Please come

up to the bridge.”

Master ⇒ “Get ready to raise the alarm and blow a blast if necessary.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Alarm is ready.” “Turn on searchlights.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boats are in a position 500 meters off the starboard stern.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “I am blowing a blast.” (Blow one long blast at first and then

repeat it several times at appropriate intervals.)

[→The blasts send out a warning to the approaching boats

and inform the crew of an emergency.]

Watchofficer ⇒ “Boats are in a position 300 meters off the starboard stern.”

Master ⇒ (It is assumed that the master has come up to the bridge and

has understood the situation.) “I will command the ship.”

[→It is assumed that these events occur at night. Thus, it

would be sensible for the watchofficer to command the ship

until the master gets his night-vision.] “Raise the alarm

onboard. All crew go to their stations.” “Locate coast guard

authority and be ready to report.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard the ship.) “Two suspicious boats are

approaching. They may be pirates. All crew go to your stations

and confirm all facilities are secured.” “When you are at your

duty stations, report to bridge.”

Master ⇒ “Flash the searchlights on the boats.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Searchlights have been flashed.” (just procedures only)

Master ⇒ “Discharge water around this ship.” (just procedures only)

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boats are in position 50 meters on starboard stern.”

Master ⇒ “Report situation to coast guard authority and operating

company.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (Contact the coast guard authority by wireless, phone, etc.)

(just procedures only) “This is XXX-registered cargo carrier

XXX. Present position XXX. Course XXX degrees. Speed

XXX knots. I am being chased with small suspicious boats,

probably pirates. I request your assistance.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (Make a similar report to operating company.)

Master ⇒ “Increase speed to XXX knots.” “Steer the ship in random

zigzags and throw them off.” (Steer the ship appropriately to

keep the boats from approaching.) (The master actually steers

the ship.)

Watchofficer ⇒ “__________Small boats have stopped approaching. They are going away

now.”

Master ⇒ “Continue sailing as to watch further developments.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Small boats are two miles away.”

Master ⇒ “Report situation to coast guard authority.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (Report to coast guard authority.) “Approaching boats have

stopped. They are going away. We appreciate your assistance.”

“We will contact you again if situation changes.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Small boats seem to have given up the chase.”

Master ⇒ “Return to normal operations for the time being.” “Dismiss

the stations”

Watchofficer ⇒ (via a microphone, etc.) “We have thrown off the small boats.

Dismiss the stations. Pay attention to further warnings.”

Master ⇒ (The master should report to the operating company and the

IMB/PRC.) (just procedures only)

Master ⇒ “Drill is over.”

※ Many reports indicate that some pirates renew their attacks after pretending

to have given up. It is important to remain on the alert until the ship has

sufficiently cleared the dangerous area. This is especially important in cases

where it appears the pirates have been thrown off.

[ ２ ] Raising the alarm onboard ship (No.2)

(Assumption)

The watchkeeper identifies a small suspicious boat 200 meters astern the ship.

The watchkeeper raises the alarm onboard ship, takes measures to deter an

attack and reports to the coast guard authority.

※ If a suspicious boat approaches when preparations have not yet been made,

it could be dangerous to have crew on board taking measures to deter an

attack. This drill should be carried out in consideration of such an event.

＜Drill scenario＞

Watchkeeper ⇒ “A suspicious boat is rapidly approaching from 200 meters

astern.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Flash searchlights on our stern.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ (Operate searchlights.) “I have found a high-speed boat in

position 200 meters off the port side stern. It appears to be a

pirate boat.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (Blow a blast an appropriate number of times and make

contact with the boat.) (Try to contact it via a VHF device.)

“This is containership XXX. Please respond.” (Try several

times.) (Confirm the boat will not respond.) “Report to

master.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ (The watchkeeper reports the situation to the master using an

onboard phone.)

Master ⇒ “Raise the alarm onboard ship and have everyone except

crew on duty in engine room assemble to the bridge.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard ship.) “A pirate boat is approaching

us. Check access points to endure they are secured.”

“Everyone except crew on duty, assemble to the bridge.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Increase speed to maximum.”

Master ⇒ (Show up to the bridge to instruct the watchofficer and

others.) “Watch every movement of the boat and throw it

off by navigating in random zigzags.” “Report to coast guard

authority.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (Being careful of surrounding conditions, the watchkeeper

steer the ship ports and starboards the helm so as not to

impact cargoes but to create irregular waves.)

Officer in charge of communication ⇒ (Report the name, position and state

of the ship to a coast guard authority.) “XXX. This is

XXX-registered containership XXX. Present position latitude

XXX degrees XXX minutes north, longitude XXX degrees

and XXX minutes east, heading northeast bound. We are

chased by a small suspicious boat, which seems to be pirate.

I request your assistance.”

Watchofficer ⇒ “Small boat seems to have stopped moving.”

Master ⇒ “Continue to sail as to observe further developments.”

Watchkeeper ⇒ “Small boat is now two miles away. There are no signs of

chasing us.”

Master ⇒ “Report situation to coast guard authority.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (Report the situations to the coast guard authority.) “Small

boat following us has now stopped the chase. It is dropping

away into the distance. I appreciate your assistance.” “I will

contact you again if situation changes.”

Master ⇒ “Return to normal operations. Dismiss the stations.”

Watchofficer ⇒ (via a microphone, etc.) “We have thrown off the small boat.

All crew may leave your emergency stations. Pay attention to

further alarms.”

Master ⇒ (Report to the operating company and the IMB/PRC.) (just

procedures only)

Master ⇒ “Drill is over.”

[ ３ ] Using the fire hoses (No.1)

(Assumption)

Detect the approach of pirates in an early stage. Force them to deter their attacks

by discharging water on both sides of the ship.

※ It is an important factor for the ship to make pirates recognize that crew are

actively taking countermeasures to deter an attack. Discharging water is a

very effective means for getting this message across.

＜Drill scenario＞

Master ⇒ (Make an announcement at the same time as raising

the alarm.)

“Boat, which could be pirates, is approaching from

astern. Water discharging team, go to stations.”

(Instruct via onboard phone from the engine

controlling room.)

“Operate emergency fire pumps.”

Water discharging team⇒ (Those in command at duty stations report to the

bridge via their usual mobile wireless

communicating devices.)

“Water discharging team is at its duty stations. We

will now put the hoses together and extend them.”

Master ⇒ “Connect hoses to midship and stern fireplugs on

both port and starboard sides.”

Engine Control Room ⇒ (Report to the bridge.)

“Emergency fire pumps are ready.”

Water discharging team⇒ “We have connected four hoses, two on each side.

We are ready to discharge water.”

Master ⇒ “Fire pumps are ready. Begin discharging water

with the two stern hoses.”

“If the pirate boat should approach us midships,

change to discharge water with the two midship

hoses immediately.”

Master ⇒ “Pirates are approaching from starboard side stern.

Discharge water with full force as they close in.”

Water discharging team⇒ “Pirate boat is sailing away and appears to have

aborted its attack.”

Master ⇒ “Pirate boat has gone.”

“Drill is over. Restore all equipment to original

positions.”

※ To make this drill more effective, carry out other measures at the same time.

Such measures should not interfere with operations and can be done from the

bridge. Examples include navigation in random zigzags and sounding the

horn, among others.

※ Since fire drills can be performed at the same time, this is a highly efficient

drill.

※ Measuring the time required between setting up the equipment and starting

to discharge the water actually is a useful indicator for the next drill. Securing

a target also serves to shorten the time required.

[ ４ ] Using the fire hoses (No.2)

(Assumption)

For ships equipped with water discharging nozzles on their deck handrails or

elsewhere, connect hoses to said nozzles and confirm the discharging of water

after valves have been opened.

＜Drill scenario＞

Master ⇒ “We will carry out a water discharge drill. Water

discharging team, go to stations.”

Water discharging team ⇒ “Everyone is ready.”

Master ⇒ “Put lines together, and release valves.”

Water discharging team ⇒ “Hoses are connected, and valves are opened.”

Master ⇒ “Discharge water. Start the pumps.”

Engine Control Room ⇒ “Pumps are started.”

Water discharging team ⇒ “Water is being discharged.”

“Discharging of water is normal.”

Master ⇒ “Stop the pumps.”

Engine Control Room ⇒ “Pumps are stopped.”

Master ⇒ “Close valves, and release lines.”

Water discharging team ⇒ “Valves are closed, and hoses are disconnected.”

Master ⇒ “Drill is over. Restore equipment.”

※ Some ships discharge water continuously when they are in dangerous

waters. Since reports indicate that pirates often attack in several boats at one

time, it is necessary to be vigilant to the surroundings at all times.

to be continue........................