<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><rss xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" version="2.0"><channel><title>Voice of Madhesh for rights</title><description>Voice of madhesh and madheshi for rights. history, introduction, politics, politicians, articles, great personalities, martyrs, poems, events, images and video of madhesh and nepal.</description><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous)</managingEditor><pubDate>Wed, 18 Dec 2024 19:29:43 -0800</pubDate><generator>Blogger http://www.blogger.com</generator><openSearch:totalResults xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/">31</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/">1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/">25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/</link><language>en-us</language><item><title>टिकापुर घटना को दोषी को?</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2015/08/blog-post.html</link><category>Democracy</category><category>Madhesh</category><pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2015 17:28:00 -0700</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-4041252590199690480</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
आज टिकापुर मा घटेको घटना पकै पनि दुखदायी छ, सर्वसाधारण जनता देखि लिएर मधेशका अरु भूभाग का आन्दोलनरत् मधेशीहरु पनि यस घटना वारे स्तम्भ र दुखी भएका छन्। &amp;nbsp;कसैले नसोचेका घटना यो भएपनि विभिन्न नेता र विश्लेषकहरु यस पाली मधेशमा ठुलो संख्यामा आन्दोलनकारी हरुको हताहात हुन् सक्ने आंकलन पहिला देखि नै गरिरहेका समाचार प्रकाशित हुँदै आइरहेको थियो।&lt;br /&gt;
म कुनै नेता होइन, न राजनीतिक विश्लेषक नै!&lt;br /&gt;
एउटा सर्वसाधारण को आँखाले हेर्दा यो घटना सन्जोग पनि लागे न। एकातिर राज्यबाट कडा अभिव्यक्ति र निर्देशन भने अर्को तिर आन्दोलनरत नेताहरु बाट राज्यले अट्टेर गरे आन्दोलनलाई अझ सशक्त र प्रतिकारमा उतरीने चेतावनी ले यस घटनाको पृष्ठभुमि तैयार पारिसकेको थियो।&lt;br /&gt;
आदेश! हो आदेश दुइटै पक्षले मानेका नै हुन्। सुरक्षाकर्मी ले गृह-मन्त्रालय को र आन्दोलनकारी ले आफ्नो मार्गदर्शक को। मृत्यु हुनेमा पनि आदेश मान्नेहरु नै हुन्।&lt;br /&gt;
आन्दोलनको आज नवो दिन! तर राज्यबाट कुनै वास्ता नै भएका छैन। आज के? बन्द कोठामा १६ बुंदे सहमति हुने पश्चात नै विरोध शुरु भइसकेका थिए, मसौदाको लागि गरिएको राय संकलनमा त् झन् देशभरी बाट नै विरोध भएका थिए। तर राज्यबाट सबलाई वेवास्ता नै गरियो। वेवास्ता मात्र होइन धोका पनि गरिएका छन्। मधेश आन्दोलन, थारु आन्दोलन, जनजाती आन्दोलन, दलित आन्दोलन आदि इतिआदि पश्चात राज्यबाट गरिएको कुनै पनि सम्झौता अन्तरिम संविधानमा उल्लेख भएपनि हाल संविधानमा समेटिएको छैन। यो धोखा, ठगी र बेइमानी होइन त् के हो?&lt;br /&gt;
कहिले आठ प्रदेश त् कहिले छौ त् कहिले सात प्रदेशको खाका तैयार हुँदैछ तर किन आज सम्म आफ्नो परिवार, इष्ट-मित्र, नातेदार र जातेदार वाहेक अरुको चित बुझिरहेको छैन?&lt;br /&gt;
मधेशी मात्र आन्दोलनमा भएको भए बुझिन्थियो किनभने उनीहरुको कुनैपनि मांगलाई आजसम्म राज्यले जायज मानेका छैन तर यंहा जनजाती, थारु, मुश्लिम, दलित, अल्पसंख्यक, सिमान्कृत, हिमाली सबै आन्दोलनमा छन्। के देशको ७०% जनताले गरिरहेको माँग नाजायज हो र जम्मा चार जनाले गरेको सहमति जायज हो?&lt;br /&gt;
धेरै ले भन्छ 'देश रहे जनता रहन्छन' तर म भन्छु 'जनता नै नरहे के देश चल्छ'&lt;br /&gt;
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आज मात्रको संयोग ले यस्तो ठुलो दुखदायी घटना घटेको होइन, यसका अझपनि धेरै पृष्ठभूमि हरु छन् :&lt;br /&gt;
केहि दिन पहिला मात्र सप्तरी भारदह मा राजिव राउत को प्रहरीको गोलि लागेर निधन भए पश्चात नै गृह-मन्त्रि ले भनेका थिए "आत्म-रक्षाको लागि सबले प्रतिकार गर्छ र प्रहरी पनि आत्म-रक्षाको लागि गोलि चलायो"&lt;br /&gt;
शान्ति सुरक्षा अझ प्रभावकारी ढंगले कायम गर्नुको सट्टा यस्तो अभिव्यक्तिले कस-कसलाई थप बल पुगायो यो जवाब गृह मन्त्रि ज्यु ले नै दिनुहुन्छ।&lt;br /&gt;
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केहि दिन पहिला भैरवामा केहि भिजलन्तेहरु ले आन्दोलनकारी माथि आक्रमण गरि ठुलो मात्रामा धनजन को क्षति सहित हिंसक घटना नै गरेको थियो। सोहि घटनामा सुनिल यादव को लाश डाण्डि खोलामा भेटिएको थियो। के मानव मुल्य येति सस्तो भइसकेको छ कि राज्यबाट सत्य-तथ्य को कुनै छानबिन नै भएन।&lt;br /&gt;
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आजको घटनामा उठेका केहि प्रश्न: (copied from esamata.com)&lt;br /&gt;
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मात्र तीन आन्दोलनकारीको हत्या हुँदा १७ जना प्रहरीको हत्या र ५६ जना प्रहरी घाइते हुनै सक्दैन । कि त यो योजनाबद्ध तथा सुनियोजित षडयन्त्र रचेर गराइएको घटना हो । कि त घटनाले थप उग्र रुप लिने भएर सरकारले आन्दोलनकारीतर्फ भएको क्षतिको विवरण सार्वजनिक गरेको छैन ।&lt;br /&gt;
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लौ मानौँ प्रहरीले फायर खोल्नुभन्दा अघि नै आन्दोलनकारीले उनीहरुलाई कब्जामा लिएर मारे रे ! तर के ८० जना हतियारबद्ध प्रहरी एकै ठाउँ हुनु भनेको कम शक्ति हो ? त्यत्रो प्रहरीले आफ्नो प्रमुख कमाण्डर एसएसपीलाई मार्दासम्म तीन जना मात्र मर्नेगरी गोली चलाए होलान् त ?&lt;br /&gt;
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लौ प्रहरीले गोली नै चलाउन पाएनन् रे, त्यत्रा तालिमप्राप्त प्रहरीले कम्तीमा ३/४ जनालाई त त्यसै पनि ढाल्छन् । अर्को कुरा, हतियार साथमा भएको प्रहरीले गोली चलाउन थालेपछि आन्दोलनकारी त्यसै पनि भाग्छन् ।&lt;br /&gt;
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गृहमन्त्रीले २ सयको संख्यामा भाला, बञ्चरो र खुकुरी लिएर आएका आन्दोलनकारी भनेका छन् । के त्यति सानो संख्याको प्रदर्शनकारीले त्यति ठूलो संख्यामा प्रहरीको हत्या गर्न सम्भव छ ? यो पत्याउन सकिने कुरा होइन ।&lt;br /&gt;
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त्यत्रो घम्साघम्सी हुँदा आन्दोलनकारी पनि पक्कै घाइते भएका होलान् ती कहाँ गए ? अझ सर्वसाधारण आन्दोलनकारी त धेरै पर्नुपर्ने । किनकि उनीहरुलाई यस्तो बेला सुरक्षित हुने तरिका नै थाहा हुँदैन ।&lt;br /&gt;
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जिल्ला अस्पतालमा त घाइते प्रहरी मात्र छन् भनिएको छ । के कुनै आन्दोलनकारी घाइते नभई त्यति ठूलो संख्याको प्रहरी हत्या सम्भव छ ? छैन ।&lt;br /&gt;
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त्यसैले कि यो ठूलो षड्यन्त्र हो कि त्यहाँ सयौँको संख्यामा आन्दोलनकारी हताहत भएको हुनैपर्छ । सरकार र आन्दोलनकारी दुबैबाट तत्कालै यथार्थ बाहिर आउनुपर्छ, &amp;nbsp;भोलि फेरि यस्तै गरी अर्को ठाउँमा आगो लागिसकेपछि हैन ।&lt;br /&gt;
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एक समाचार अनुसार: केपी ओली ज्युले यस घटनालाई आतंकारी को संज्ञा दिनु भएको छ र बाहिरी शक्तिले गराएको प्रष्ट पार्नु को साथ-साथै घटनामा आन्दोलनकारी ले SLR राइफल प्रयोग गरेको भनेपनि अहिले सम्म पुष्टि हुन् वाकी नै छ।&lt;br /&gt;
सरिता गिरि ले दिएको वयान अनुसार बिना संसदमा अनुमोदन गराई मधेशको विभिन्न जिल्लामा सेना परिचालन भएको छ।&lt;br /&gt;
ओली ज्युले उल्लेख गर्नु भएको 'बाहिरी शक्ति' लाई रोक्न सेनाको परिचालन हुनु पर्छ न कि आफ्नै देशको जनताले गरेको आन्दोलनमा!&lt;br /&gt;
मधेशीहरुले कुनै अलग राष्ट्रको मांग गरेको होइन, न काठमाडौँ, न पोखरा नै माँगेका हुन्। युद्ध गर्ने त् कुरै भएन फेरि सेना किन?&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;कस्तो संविधान आइरहेको छ जसको निव मात्रले चारै तिर रगत नै रगत बगी रहेको छ, चाहे त्यो रगत आन्दोलनकारी को होस् चाहे सुरक्षाकर्मी को! रगत त् नेपाल आमा कै सन्तानहरु को हुन् नि!&lt;br /&gt;
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#GobackArmyweareNotinWar&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij6RXnaYUP2gFa8l70Pox-nuAaLwbg9xp7vOw9pR-O7-LfzfMV4YvUUOMo8ZHJvXYuAlsY6AMRIK6t7h5iJTPmCvA5c1HAYdY7yyNg7hDtpooYKTdbh4dLYN4AJcW3jjLSvb8MWsv6Zavz/s72-c/GOBACKARMY-blog.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Article by Kanak Dixit in Hindustan Times</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/07/article-by-kanak-dixit-in-hindustan.html</link><category>Articles</category><category>News</category><category>Politics</category><pubDate>Wed, 16 Jul 2014 12:53:00 -0700</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-7580577277014500289</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
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कनक मणि दीक्षित, वरिष्ठ नेपाली पत्रकार&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; text-align: justify;"&gt;First Published:15-07-14 08:45 PM in &lt;a href="http://www.livehindustan.com/news/desh/guestcolumn/article1-story-332-62-438394.html" target="_blank"&gt;Hindustan Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #9c0101; font-family: mangal; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 25px; word-spacing: -0.5px;"&gt;नेपाल के मधेसी और भारत की चिंता&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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नेपाल में राजनीतिक स्थिरता और उसका आर्थिक विकास, दोनों भारत के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण हैं, खासकर नेपाल से लगे इसके दो प्रदेशों- उत्तर प्रदेश और बिहार के सुख-चैन इससे खासा प्रभावित होते हैं। भारत के नए राजनीतिक नेतृत्व के लिए यह निहायत जरूरी है कि वह नेपाल के साथ रिश्तों पर ध्यान दे। प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी की टीम को इस दिशा में तत्काल सक्रिय होना चाहिए और काठमांडू में संघीय प्रणाली को लेकर छिड़ी बहस से जुड़ना चाहिए। इस बहस में नेपाल में जो प्रस्तावित किया जा रहा है और भारतीय वार्ताकारों के जो सुझाव हैं, वे किसी भी पक्ष के हित में नहीं हैं। उनके भी नहीं, जो दोनों तरफ के सीमावर्ती मैदानी इलाकों के बाशिंदे हैं।&lt;br /&gt;
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साल 2007 में नेपाल के अंतरिम संविधान ने इसे संघीय गणराज्य घोषित किया था, लेकिन राज्यों का खाका खींचने का काम संविधान सभा पर छोड़ दिया था। चार वर्षो की कोशिशों के बाद आखिरकार संविधान सभा साल 2012 में धराशायी हो गई और इसके मूल में संघीय स्वरूप को लेकर पैदा हुई कटुता ही थी। पिछले वर्ष नवंबर में हुए चुनावों के बाद यह दूसरी संविधान सभा अस्तित्व में है और अब भी संघीय स्वरूप का निर्धारण ही बहस का केंद्र है। जिस तरीके से राज्यों का गठन होगा, उनसे ही यह तय होगा कि संतुलित विकास के लायक स्थितियां होंगी या फिर ऐसे राज्य गठित होंगे, जिनके तहत कुलीन तबके को फायदा होगा तथा वंचित लोग और अशक्त कर दिए जाएंगे।&lt;/div&gt;
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नेपाल के संघीये ढांचे को लेकर दो तरह के विचार आमने-सामने हैं। एक तरफ वे लोग हैं, जो आर्थिक भूगोल के आधार पर राज्य गठित करने की मांग कर रहे हैं, तो दूसरी तरफ वे लोग हैं, जो पहचान के आधार पर राज्यों का खाका खींचने की बात कर रहे हैं। पहले समूह के लोगों का तर्क है कि पहाड़ और मैदान, दोनों को मिलाकर राज्यों की रूपरेखा तय की जाए, ताकि उनमें आर्थिक सहयोग बढ़े और उनका समुचित विकास हो। दूसरी तरफ जातीय (जनजाति) और मधेसी समुदाय के कार्यकर्ताओं (तराई के लोगों) का कहना है कि केवल पहचान पर आधारित संघीय ढांचा ही उन्हें काठमांडू की सत्ताधारी जातियों और वर्गो के ऐतिहासिक चंगुल से मुक्ति दिलाएगा। नेपाल के लोग इस मसले को खुद ही सुलझा लेते, मगर बीजिंग और नई दिल्ली के इसमें कूद पड़ने से यह मसला और उलझ गया है। बीजिंग यह साफ कर चुका है कि वह पहाड़ी इलाकों में जातीय पहचान पर आधारित राज्यों के गठन के पक्ष में नहीं है, शायद चीन तिब्बत में फैली जातीय राजनीति से चिंतित है।दूसरी तरफ, भारत की प्राथमिकता ‘एक मधेसी प्रदेश’ की है। एक मैदानी राज्य के पक्ष में उठी लोकप्रिय मांग को देखते हुए मधेसी समुदाय के संशयवादी भी अब खामोश हो गए हैं।&lt;/div&gt;
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न तो चीन ने और न ही भारत ने नेपाल के संघीय ढांचे पर अपना पुराना रुख बदला है, जबकि नवंबर 2013 के चुनाव के बाद नेपाल की जमीनी सच्चई बदल चुकी है। नेपाली मतदाता अपने वोट के जरिये आर्थिक भूगोल पर आधारित राज्यों की रूपरेखा के पक्ष में अपनी राय जाहिर कर चुके हैं और इसीलिए उन्होंने नेपाली कांग्रेस और सीपीएन (यूएमएल) को नई संविधान सभा में दो-तिहाई सीटें दीं। माओवादी और मधेसीवादी पार्टियों और पहचान आधारित सूबों के पक्षधरों को उन्होंने इस चुनाव में परास्त कर दिया।&lt;/div&gt;
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नेपाल के मधेसी नागरिकों को लंबे समय से बोझ समझा जाता रहा है। वे न सिर्फ सामाजिक-आर्थिक रूप से हाशिये पर धकेले जाते रहे, बल्कि काठमांडू में मान्य पहाड़ केंद्रित ‘पहाड़िया’ पहचान से भी वे बेदखल किए गए। ऐसे में, साल 2007 की जनवरी-फरवरी में स्वत:स्फूर्त मधेस आंदोलन एक निर्णायक मोड़ के रूप में सामने आया और इस आंदोलन ने यह सुनिश्चित किया कि काठमांडू व देश के दूसरे हिस्सों में भी मैदान के लोग बराबर सम्मान के हकदार हैं। पहाड़ और मैदान को मिलाकर ही एक नेपाल की समझ विकसित होने लगी। ऐसे में, सवाल यह उठता है कि ऐतिहासिक विलगाव के आधार पर नेपाल के संघीय स्वरूप का ढांचा तैयार होना चाहिए या फिर पूर्व में उपेक्षित समुदायों की समृद्धि को पक्का करने के लक्ष्य के आधार पर? पहचान के आधार पर राज्यों के गठन की मांग ने संघ के स्वरूप की बहस को तराई क्षेत्र के राज्यों पर केंद्रित कर दिया है।&lt;/div&gt;
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नेपाल में सबसे अधिक गरीबी और शोषण मधेस नागरिकों के बीच ही है और संघ को उनकी राजनीतिक और आर्थिक मुक्ति का वचन देना ही चाहिए। मेरा मानना है कि एक ही सूबे के नागरिक के तौर पर मैदान के लोगों की भी पहाड़ के संसाधनों तक स्वाभाविक पहुंच होनी चाहिए। तराई के इलाके मूलत: कृषि पर निर्भर हैं, यहां औद्योगीकरण की अपार संभावनाएं हैं। केवल खेती से तराई के गरीबों का जीवन-स्तर नहीं सुधर सकता। ये गरीब मधेसी काठमांडू के साथ-साथ मैदानी सामंतों की उपेक्षा के शिकार रहे हैं। इसलिए हमें पहाड़ों की उदार सहायता का यह वादा भी सुनिश्चित करना पड़ेगा कि कृषि-वानिकी, पर्यटन, पनबिजली, सेवा-उद्योग, जल प्रबंधन और सिंचाई आदि पर मैदान के लोगों का भी हक है।&lt;/div&gt;
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अलग तराई प्रदेश के विचार का पहाड़िया नेताओं द्वारा जोरदार विरोध न किए जाने से भी संदेह होता है। यदि पहाड़ों की प्राकृतिक संपदा तराई की विशाल और गरीब आबादी के साथ साझा नहीं की गई, तो उन पर सिर्फ पहाड़ी सूबों का एकाधिकार होगा। जहां तक अलग तराई प्रदेश में भारत की दिलचस्पी का सवाल है, तो इसके पीछे उसकी अपनी राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा की चिंता हो सकती है। वह शायद चाहता है कि इस तरह उसकी खुली सीमा के साथ एक बफर क्षेत्र बन जाए। लेकिन बेहतर विकल्प यह है कि भारत में उग्रवादियों की घुसपैठ को रोकने के लिए नेपाल से अधिक सहयोग मांगा जाए। इस लिहाज से मौजूदा व्यवस्था से अधिक कारगर प्रत्यर्पण संधि होगी। यदि इसके पीछे नेपाल में चीन के बढ़ते प्रभाव को (यदि वह है) रोकना है, तो बफर क्षेत्र का यह विचार कारगर साबित नहीं होगा, क्योंकि चुरे/ शिवालिक पहाड़ियों की तरफ से चीन का वह प्रभाव आ सकता है।&lt;br /&gt;
साफ है, नेपाल में संघीय ढांचे को लेकर जारी बहस में भू-राजनीतिक, राजनीतिक-आर्थिक और सामुदायिक पहलुओं के साथ न्याय नहीं हो रहा। इस मसले पर दिल्ली, लखनऊ और पटना की सिविल सोसायटी, अकादमिक क्षेत्र और राजनीतिक तबके में किसी प्रकार की खुली बहस न होने के घातक निष्कर्ष निकल सकते हैं। एक समृद्ध तराई नेपाल के लिए तो अच्छा है ही, इससे उत्तरी बिहार और उत्तर प्रदेश को भी आर्थिक संबल मिलेगा। मगर यदि नेपाल के संघीय ढांचे को गढ़ने में कोई चूक हुई, तो इसकी कीमत दोनों देशों के लोगों और समाज को चुकानी पड़ेगी।&lt;br /&gt;
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Source:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.livehindustan.com/news/desh/guestcolumn/article1-story-332-62-438394.html" target="_blank"&gt;Hindustan Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbP8_0mD33cEMgR4ZJzMS4hl-PwoGpILl84BMOi6LckEIFSXwoNwwUzhpst8QeiT1RRZblzxO_rYDFuPrpXaBVzqrMWUmmMVW3Yh6guuCTlBKGv9JmqNfEVqkr7A2Kz5GFFApAHFAsCVHG/s72-c/kanak-dixit.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>आध्यात्मिक संस्कृति र भोगवादी तथा भौतिकवादी अपसंस्कृति</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/04/blog-post.html</link><category>Articles</category><pubDate>Mon, 14 Apr 2014 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-980465716444827044</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
२०० करोड़ वर्ष पुरानो हाम्रो आध्यात्मिक संस्कृति माथि कसरी प्रभाव पारिरहेको छ युरोप र पश्चिम को भोगवादी (Sensualist) तथा भौतिकवादी अपसंस्कृति !&lt;br /&gt;
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एक अर्ब, छियानवे करोड़, आठ लाख, तिरपन्न हजार, एक सौ चौदह (१,९६,०८,५३,११४) वर्ष पुरानो वैदिक संस्कृति, सभ्यता र ऋषि परम्परा भएको हाम्रो देश का अधिकांश आधुनिक युवापिड़ी को mind set कसरी परिवर्तन गराईरहेको छ। उनीहरुको सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, आर्थिक तथा राजनैतिक सोचमा पश्चिम को आदर्श, सिधान्त तथा विचारधारा लाई कसरी थोपिरहेको छ। कसरी नेपालको सामाजिक, धार्मिक, सांस्कृतिक तथा आर्थिक रुपमा दास&amp;nbsp;बनाईरहेको छ-&lt;br /&gt;
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यस विषयमा धेरै सोच-विचार, गन्थन-मन्थन र चिन्तन गरे पश्चात आफ्नो विचार साझा गरिरहेको छु, जसले गर्दा हामी सबै मिलेर यो पुरै चक्रव्यू लाई तोडन सकौ तथा एक आध्यात्मिक र आर्थिक शक्ति सम्पन्न राष्ट्र को निर्माण गर्न सकौ।&lt;br /&gt;
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१. असंयम लाई उत्प्रेरणा: यहाका बाल-बालिका को कोमल दिल-दिमाग मा सानै देखि स्कुल देखि विश्वविद्दालय सम्म एक&amp;nbsp;भोगवादी (Sensualist) विचारलाई बड़ो टाठोपनले राखिन्छ कि जीवनमा सबै कुराको अनुभव एक चोटी अवश्य गर्नु पर्छ चाहे त्यो नशा, वासना, मांसाहार वा उपभोक्तावादी बदलाको भाव राख्ने बोली, व्यवहार, आहार, कला वा निर्त्य आदि किन् न हिस्।&lt;br /&gt;
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जबकि हाम्रो पूर्वज, शान्ति का दूत बुद्ध को यो मान्नु कि पाप,&amp;nbsp;अनाचार, दुराचार, नशा, मांसाहार, अश्लिल, अनैतिक तथा अधार्मिक कार्यलाई एकचोटी पनि गर्नु हुँदैन। एक क्षिण को लागि पनि आफ्नो मनुष्य जीवनमा अशुभ, अज्ञान, अनाचार र अपवित्रता लाई स्थान दिनु हुँदैन। के हामी साइनाइड लाई एक चोटी टेस्ट गर्छौ?&lt;br /&gt;
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२. भोगवाद (Sensualist) महिमा: प्रचार माध्यम, सोसल मेडिया तथा पत्रकारिता को दुरुपयोग गरेर आधुनिक युवापिड़ी को मनमा यस भोगवादी तथा भौतिकवादी विचारलाई गहिरो तरिकाले बसाई दिएको छ कि "खुब कमाउ, खुब खाऊ र खुब सुख भोग"। हामीलाई योगी बाट भोगी र रोगि तथा पुजारी बाट उपभोक्ता बनाई दिए।&lt;br /&gt;
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हाम्रो यँहा जीवन को आदर्श थियो - के यसको बिना म बाच्न सक्छु? तथा पूर्ण&amp;nbsp;विवेक र मुल्यको साथ मेहनत गरेर न्यायपूर्ण तरिकाले आर्जनगरेको बाट आफ्नो र आफ्नो परिवारको लागि अति-आवश्यक जरुरतहरु पुरा गरि वाकी रहेका सब सेवामा समर्पित गर्ने हाम्रो तप, त्याग, दान र सेवाको परम्परा रहेको छ।&lt;br /&gt;
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त्यागवाद र अध्यात्मकवाद जस्तो आदर्श परम्पराको स्थानमा चारैतिर भोगवाद र बजारवाद को दुषित वातावरण बनेको छ र अन्तोगता विनाश को बाटोमा हामीलाई ल्याइदिएको छ।&lt;br /&gt;
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३. पश्चिम को महिमामंडन: जे पनि राम्रो छ त्यो पश्चिम बाट आएको छ चाहे त्यो साइन्स एण्ड टेक्नोलोजी होस् अथवा, culture civilization, development research and&amp;nbsp;invention. जबकि यथार्त यो हो कि ५०० वर्ष पहिले अमेरिका को नाम पनि कसैलाई थाहा&amp;nbsp;थिएन, दुइ हजार वर्ष पहिलेको युरोप को कुनै संस्कृति थिएन। यस्तै १४ सय वर्ष पहिले इस्लामको अतो-पतो थिएन, तबदेखि हाम्रो संस्कृति छ। तर दुर्भाग्यले इतिहास र महान व्यक्तित्व वारे दुनियामा सबभन्दा बढी झुठ र भ्रमहरु फैलाइयो, जातपात को नाउमा द्वन्द गरायियो, नस्लको नाउमा भेदभाव गरायियो&amp;nbsp;तथा हरेक कुरामा पश्चिमको प्रति आदर्श, आदर र आकर्षक को मूल्य भरियो।&lt;br /&gt;
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४. नेपाल का&amp;nbsp;महानता को अनादर: नेपालको प्रायजसो नेताहरुले विदेशीसंग मिलेर देशमा सबभन्दा ठुलो पाप यो गर्यो कि आफ्नो देशलाई गरिब बताएर यसलाई निरन्तर लुटी राखे र आज पनि यो लुट र झुठ जारी छ।&lt;br /&gt;
वीर 'गोर्खालीहरु', शान्तिदूत 'गौतम&amp;nbsp;बुद्ध', आदर्शवादी राजा 'जनक', नेपाल एकीकरण का नाइके 'पृथ्वी नारायण शाह' आदि हरुको उचित मुल्यांकन नगरी उनीहरुलाई अनादर गरि राखे र पश्चिम संस्कृति लाई आफु माथि हावी हुन् दियो।&lt;br /&gt;
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५. समानता को स्थानमा सहिष्णुता: समानता, बराबरी को स्थानमा हामी नेपाली को मनमा सहिष्णुता को कुरा बसाएर नेपालको सामाजिक, धार्मिक, आर्थिक र राजनैतिक रुप&amp;nbsp;ले खुब लुट्ने, दबाउने र दास बनाउने जस्तो कार्यहरु भयो र निरन्तर छ। हामीलाई अत्याचार सहन गर्न बाध्य बनाएको छ, अफ्नोलागी न्याय र स्वाभिमान कुरा गर्न माथि बन्देज लगाइएको छ। यस नीतिको तहत हाम्रो देशमा धर्म, संस्कृतिलाई विदेशी तथा स्वदेशी अवसरवादीहरुले कहिले पनि बराबरी र समानता को अधिकार सुनिश्चित गर्न दिएनन।&lt;br /&gt;
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६. शोषण मा आधारित न्याय व्यवस्था: अंग्रेजले आफ्नो अनुकुल न्याय&amp;nbsp;व्यवस्था भारतमा लागु गरे र विभिन्न सन्धिहरु को नाउमा नेपाललाई लागुगर्न बाध्य बनाए। तिनीहरुले ताकत र शोषण मा आधारित न्याय र विकाश को नाउमा यस्तो कुचक्र चलायो तथा यस्तो कानुन बनायो जसले पुरै विश्व मै सम्राज्यवादी, पुँजीवादी, बजारवादी, अधिनायकवादी, शोषणवादी व्यवस्था आफ्नो जकड़ बनायो।&lt;br /&gt;
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यदी पुरै विश्व मा राजनीतिक गर्नेहरु बाट स्थापित&amp;nbsp;कानुन व्यवस्था सत्य र न्यायमा आधारित छ भन्ने सब ठाउँ को कानुन व्यवस्था एक समान हुनु पर्दछ तर यस्तो छैन। अतः शोषण र ताकतमा आधारित कानुन व्यवस्था को ठाउँ मा सत्य र न्यायमा आधारित सबै कानुन, नीति र व्यवस्थाहरु हुनु परयो।&lt;br /&gt;
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७. झुठो धर्मनिरपेक्षता: धर्म निरपेक्षता को झुठो नारा दिएर पुरै देशलाई धर्मविहिन र धर्मविमुख बनाई दियो। आज पढ़े-लिखेकाहरु पनि आफुलाई सैक्युलर भनाउन मा गौरवान्वित महशुस गर्छ। हाम्रो पूर्वजहरुले भौतिक र आध्यात्मिक उन्नति र समृद्धि लाई धर्म भनेको छ, बुद्धले जीवन मूल्य, अहिंसा, सत्य, संयम र&amp;nbsp;सदाचार&amp;nbsp;आदि लाई अथार्त सार्वजनिक जीवनको मुल्य-मान्यता र आदर्शलाई नै धर्म मानेको&amp;nbsp;छ। कुनै कर्मकाण्ड आदि क्रिया मात्रलाई धर्म मानिएको छैन। हाम्रो धर्म ग्रन्थ, वेद, स्मृति आदि इत्यादी मा सृष्टि को सम्पूर्ण ज्ञान-विज्ञान सम्मलित छ जबकि पश्चिम यस्तो नभएको हुनाले धर्म को वारेमा धेरै भ्रमपूर्ण विचारधारा छन्।&lt;br /&gt;
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८. अवैज्ञानिक विकासवाद: पश्चिम को तथाकथित आधुनिक विज्ञानले मानवजाति को उत्पतिलाई एक दुर्घटना वा प्राकृतिक संयोग मानेका छन्। विज्ञान र विकासवाद का तथाकथित सिद्धान्त को आधारमा मानवको पूर्वज अमिबा र बाँदरलाई मानेका छन्। जबकी आजपनि अमिबा छ तर अमिबा बाट बाँदर र बाँदर बाट मानव बनिरहेको छैन। जबकी हाम्रो संस्कृतिमा मानवलाई भगवान को सर्वश्रेष्ठ रचना मानिएको छ।&lt;br /&gt;
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९. अहिंसा र शान्ति को नाम मा हिंसा र द्वन्द्द: अहिंसा र शान्ति पुजारी गौतम बुद्ध जन्मेको हाम्रो देश नेपालमा सार्वभौमिक र अनन्त नियम को स्थानमा पश्चिम ले पक्षपातपूर्ण अहिंसा र शान्ति को नारा दिएछ कि मानवलाई&amp;nbsp;छोडेर सबै जीव-जन्तु गाई-गोरु, भैंसी-पाडा, भेड़-बाख्रा, कुखरा र माछा खाने योग्य छ। साथै मनमानी रुपले लडाई र अन्य आर्थिक तथा सामाजिक संघर्ष मा विश्वलाई धकलेर अनगिनत अक्षम्य पाप र अपराध पश्चिम ले गरेको छ।&lt;br /&gt;
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१०. अनैतिक यौन सम्बन्ध को महिमामण्डन: संयमित यौन सम्बन्ध, परिवार र वैज्ञानिक परम्परा को स्थानमा पश्चिम अनैतिक र उन्मुक्त यौन को महिमामण्डित गरेर उसलाई एक अलौकिक सुखको स्थान दिरहेको छ। यसको परिणाम स्वरुप मानव, संस्कार र सम्बन्ध को मुल्य-मान्यता बाट अनभिग भएको कारण एक असभ्यपूर्ण&amp;nbsp;निर्बोध (Brutish) जंगली अपसंस्कृति को शिकार भइरहेको छ\&lt;br /&gt;
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निस्कर्ष को रुपमा हामी सबै नेपालीलाई आफ्नो गौरवशाली इतिहास र आध्यात्मिक परम्परा माथि गर्व गर्नु&amp;nbsp;पर्दछ तथा पश्चिम को &amp;nbsp;अवैज्ञानिक दोषपूर्ण अपसंस्कृति बाट मुक्त राष्ट्र निर्माण को लागि सबलाई संकल्पित र संगठित भएर काम गर्नु पर्दछ।&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijIzJzv9zw-oUfrqXaS_PL9HSFFbuwrm4w5U7aWUkcqZKyuSgD08JolyYp6g18AK38dxnYfs8TEVDSfHbbwJVPV7ZbivTOVU2OLQ43kSTq17m0nmFG9XuN-26T3aKzmk3DlNDdg5h2adxX/s72-c/east-west.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Bring Black Money Home</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/04/bring-black-money-home_12.html</link><category>Articles</category><category>Issue</category><category>News</category><pubDate>Sat, 12 Apr 2014 12:47:00 -0700</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-1702891435127978155</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
Money earned from illegal sources is deposited in banks which later invested in share to make it white and ultimately that money used to strengthen illegal business. The vicious circle of money laundering has emerged to cheat revenue and wash black money to white.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The scale of money laundering in Nepal is unknown. Some are of the opinion that given the informal nature of the economy, predomination of cash transactions, open border with India, unstable political situation and rampant existence of predicate offenses like corruption, bribery, smuggling, human and drug trafficking, use of counterfeit currency, and of late, extortion, looting and arms trading all have combined to make Nepal a fertile ground for money laundering.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Ij3PQOvCGuTh2pbTqE6iTI-em9ESC7TMlwck_w6BJJmhs_8P8cGeaadnKSX1hPw4ggufyPTxJdZUraU2OMj7Rgtk9a5VfoVEmeRgYWmpG4ZzmkZW7a00SO3y9NGGfTvfX9DoWHHe_iPy/s1600/BLACK-MONEY.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Money laundering is the main cause of black money in Nepal" border="0" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Ij3PQOvCGuTh2pbTqE6iTI-em9ESC7TMlwck_w6BJJmhs_8P8cGeaadnKSX1hPw4ggufyPTxJdZUraU2OMj7Rgtk9a5VfoVEmeRgYWmpG4ZzmkZW7a00SO3y9NGGfTvfX9DoWHHe_iPy/s1600/BLACK-MONEY.jpg" title="Bring black money to home" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Live Example: We all know that there is shortage of Indian Currency in Nepali market and even in Bank too. People are going India day to day for many purposes. Such as for marketting, for treatment, for higher studies, etc. They handed Nepalese currency to Nepalese money launder and take Indian currency from Indian money launder.&lt;br /&gt;
If this is happening publicly then imagine about gold, drugs and other valuable smugling from India and abroad and in this how much black money invested or earned? Birgunj, Biratnagar, Nepalgunj and Kathmandu are the major cities where exchange business of money is running publicly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Banks should follow certain customer identification procedure for opening of accounts and monitoring transactions to stop the money laundering process.&lt;br /&gt;
Administration should stop the exchange business of money which is running publicly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And the most important thing, our government should make policy to bring black money home from abroad. There is no certain data to me to show how much black money is in abroad but it will certainly helps in our country development.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But for this our officers have to be brave and honest likes SP Ramesh Kharel and Minister Lalbabu Pandit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Voice of #ekawaaj&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Ij3PQOvCGuTh2pbTqE6iTI-em9ESC7TMlwck_w6BJJmhs_8P8cGeaadnKSX1hPw4ggufyPTxJdZUraU2OMj7Rgtk9a5VfoVEmeRgYWmpG4ZzmkZW7a00SO3y9NGGfTvfX9DoWHHe_iPy/s72-c/BLACK-MONEY.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Jitendra Mukhiya</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/03/jitendra-mukhiya.html</link><category>Personality</category><category>Sports</category><pubDate>Thu, 20 Mar 2014 11:29:00 -0700</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-1987148451530076555</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Full name&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Jitendra Kumar Mukhiya&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy3uUOJAQZFjkFYPVzyY1HNjWu61YiUaP8tfqnADCZJrCN1VGZpCQOwLlQG-kFqo8RLo4icDz3omQQR__WHm8jn7oT0GJNh-4CcQx3DYJDsWg1Vnh4BNRD4cPOwubxQGpNig-PIWTZjPaT/s1600/jitendra-profile.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Madheshi Malinga Nepal" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy3uUOJAQZFjkFYPVzyY1HNjWu61YiUaP8tfqnADCZJrCN1VGZpCQOwLlQG-kFqo8RLo4icDz3omQQR__WHm8jn7oT0GJNh-4CcQx3DYJDsWg1Vnh4BNRD4cPOwubxQGpNig-PIWTZjPaT/s1600/jitendra-profile.jpg" height="240" title="Jitendra Mukhiya Nepali Fast Bowler" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Born&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;November 22, 1992, Nepal&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Current age&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;21 years 118 days&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Major teams&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nepal&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Batting style&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Right-hand bat&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Bowling style&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Right-arm medium-fast&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Birth Place&lt;/b&gt; Gaur, Rauthat, Nepal&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Debut"&gt;Debut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"&gt;
Right from his debut Jitendra has been able to make good impression on the team. On Nov 15, 2013 he made his debut in T20 match against Denmark. He was able to take 2 wickets in the match with an economy of 5.33&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"&gt;
Due to his stunning performance in T20 World Cup 2014, people of Nepal started to call him '&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0c343d;"&gt;Madheshi Malinga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Achievements_and_Records"&gt;Achievements and Records&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="T20_Wickets"&gt;T20 Wickets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: auto;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan="7" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"&gt;T20 Wickets&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 40px;"&gt;Number&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 50px;"&gt;Figures&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 50px;"&gt;Match&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 100px;"&gt;Against&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 150px;"&gt;City/Country&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 200px;"&gt;Venue&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 50px;"&gt;Season&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;3/30&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Arab Emirates national cricket team"&gt;United Arab Emirates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Dubai, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Dubai (CA2)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;1/22&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States national cricket team"&gt;United States&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Sheikh Zayed Stadium Nursery 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2/16&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Denmark national cricket team"&gt;Denmark&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Dubai, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Dubai (CA2)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;4&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2/31&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kenya national cricket team"&gt;Kenya&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Dubai, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Dubai (CA2)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;5&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;0/17&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scotland national cricket team"&gt;Scotland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Dubai, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Dubai (CA2)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;6&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;1/30&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papua New Guinea national cricket team"&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Sharjah, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Sharjah Cricket Stadium&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;0/9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands national cricket team"&gt;Netherlands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Sharjah, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Sharjah Cricket Stadium&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;0/28&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Afghanistan national cricket team"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Sharjah, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Sharjah Cricket Stadium&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;9&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;3/25&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bermuda national cricket team"&gt;Bermuda&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Dubai, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;ICC Academy&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;10&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;3/32&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hong Kong national cricket team"&gt;Hong Kong&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Sheikh Zayed Stadium Nursery 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;11&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;0/21&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Afghanistan national cricket team"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Sheikh Zayed Stadium Nursery 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;12&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;0/29&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Arab Emirates national cricket team"&gt;United Arab Emirates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Sheikh Zayed Stadium Nursery 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;13&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;3/18&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_national_cricket_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Afghanistan national cricket team"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Bangladesh&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;Chittagong Bangladesh&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"&gt;2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style="clear: both; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, 'Arial Narrow', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 15px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 470px;"&gt;
&lt;span class="ciPhotoWidgetLink" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Batting and fielding averages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table class="engineTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, 'Arial Narrow', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; width: 470px;"&gt;&lt;thead style="background-image: url(http://i.imgci.com/espncricinfo/ptstblHead-bg.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;"&gt;
&lt;tr class="head" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;&lt;th class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px; text-align: left;" title="class name"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="matches played"&gt;Mat&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="innings batted"&gt;Inns&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="not outs"&gt;NO&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="runs scored"&gt;Runs&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="padAst" nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 9px 3px 3px;" title="highest inns score"&gt;HS&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="batting average"&gt;Ave&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="balls faced"&gt;BF&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="batting strike rate"&gt;SR&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="hundreds scored"&gt;100&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="fifties scored"&gt;50&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="boundary fours"&gt;4s&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="boundary sixes"&gt;6s&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="catches taken"&gt;Ct&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="stumpings made"&gt;St&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;T20Is&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="padAst" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 9px 2px 3px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="padDp2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 15px 2px 3px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="padDp2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 15px 2px 3px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;List A&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="padAst" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 9px 2px 3px;"&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;2.00&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;33.33&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Twenty20&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;6*&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="padDp2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 15px 2px 3px;"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;150.00&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style="clear: both; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, 'Arial Narrow', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 470px;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="bowlaves"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="ciPhotoWidgetLink" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Bowling averages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table class="engineTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, 'Arial Narrow', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; width: 470px;"&gt;&lt;thead style="background-image: url(http://i.imgci.com/espncricinfo/ptstblHead-bg.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;"&gt;
&lt;tr class="head" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;&lt;th class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px; text-align: left;" title="class name"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="matches played"&gt;Mat&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="innings bowled in"&gt;Inns&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="balls bowled"&gt;Balls&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="runs conceded"&gt;Runs&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="wickets taken"&gt;Wkts&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="best innings bowling"&gt;BBI&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="best match bowling"&gt;BBM&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="bowling average"&gt;Ave&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="economy rate"&gt;Econ&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="bowling strike rate"&gt;SR&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="four wkts in an inns"&gt;4w&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="five wkts in an inns"&gt;5w&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="ten wkts in a match"&gt;10&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;T20Is&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;48&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;46&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;3/18&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;3/18&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;11.50&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;5.75&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;12.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;List A&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;126&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;166&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;2/58&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;2/58&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;83.00&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;7.90&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;63.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Twenty20&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;242&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;284&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;3/18&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;3/18&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;18.93&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;7.04&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;16.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class="ciPlayertextbottomborder" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; clear: both; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, 'Arial Narrow', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 470px;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="statistics"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="ciPhotoWidgetLink" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Career statistics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table class="engineTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, 'Arial Narrow', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; width: 470px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr class="data2" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;T20I debut&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;" width="100%"&gt;Hong Kong v Nepal at Chittagong, Mar 16, 2014&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data2" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Last T20I&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;" width="100%"&gt;Afghanistan v Nepal at Chittagong, Mar 20, 2014&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;T20I statistics&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;" width="100%"&gt;&lt;form action="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/680279.html" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" method="GET" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/form&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data2" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;List A debut&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;" width="100%"&gt;Nepal v United Arab Emirates at Rangiora, Jan 13, 2014&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Last List A&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;" width="100%"&gt;Canada v Nepal at Christchurch, Jan 21, 2014&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data2" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Twenty20 debut&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;" width="100%"&gt;Denmark v Nepal at Dubai (CA2), Nov 15, 2013&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Last Twenty20&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;" width="100%"&gt;Afghanistan v Nepal at Chittagong, Mar 20, 2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style="clear: both; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, 'Arial Narrow', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 470px;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="bataves"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="ciPhotoWidgetLink" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Recent matches&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table class="engineTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, 'Arial Narrow', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; width: 470px;"&gt;&lt;thead style="background-image: url(http://i.imgci.com/espncricinfo/ptstblHead-bg.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;"&gt;
&lt;tr class="head" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;&lt;th class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px; text-align: left;" title="batting and bowling (and wicketkeeping) performances"&gt;Bat &amp;amp; Bowl&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px; text-align: left;" title="team playing for"&gt;Team&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px; text-align: left;" title="opposition"&gt;Opposition&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px; text-align: left;" title="ground played on"&gt;Ground&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="match start date"&gt;Match Date&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th nowrap="nowrap" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; padding: 2px 3px 3px;" title="match scorecard"&gt;Scorecard&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;3/18&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;Nepal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;v Afghanistan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/56658.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Chittagong&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;20 Mar 2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/682913.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;T20I # 374&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;0/16&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;Nepal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;v Bangladesh&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/56658.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Chittagong&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;18 Mar 2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/682907.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;T20I # 371&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;1/12&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;Nepal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;v Hong Kong&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/56658.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Chittagong&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;16 Mar 2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/682899.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;T20I # 367&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;1*, 0/8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;Nepal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;v U.A.E.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/56667.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Fatullah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;14 Mar 2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/716527.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Other T20&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;3/24&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;Nepal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;v Ireland&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/56667.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Fatullah&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;12 Mar 2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/716521.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Other T20&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;0/47&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;Nepal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;v Canada&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58810.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Christchurch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;21 Jan 2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/696727.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;LA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;0/61, 4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;Nepal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;v Scotland&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58919.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Queenstown&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;16 Jan 2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/696711.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;LA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;2/58, 0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;Nepal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;v U.A.E.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/339985.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Rangiora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;13 Jan 2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/696701.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;LA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;1/67&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;Nepal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;v Kenya&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/432043.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Christchurch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;11 Jan 2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/696693.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Other OD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class="data1" style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;1/58&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;Nepal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;v Namibia&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="left" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/681035.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Christchurch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;10 Jan 2014&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(198, 198, 198); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; font-size: 11px; padding: 1px 3px 2px;"&gt;&lt;a class="data-link" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/696685.html" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Other OD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #660000;"&gt;T20 World Cup 2014 Photos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #660000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0cbKV_Cg40K6dUNsbXDplI4WgUw29NFSW7tBiLWOQIg7DMCmXNTTUVA_76DEaQ59fhJmk92zy8QdjejkPrqaQWKqWjdv7iRHwUz5lCc1a4rkzxr2QxmRKvJjih9KgjV1twBF26fpX8IcG/s1600/jitendra-mukhiya-man-of-the-match.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Jitendra Mukhiya receiving man of the match award for the match with Afghanistan in T20 World Cup 2014" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0cbKV_Cg40K6dUNsbXDplI4WgUw29NFSW7tBiLWOQIg7DMCmXNTTUVA_76DEaQ59fhJmk92zy8QdjejkPrqaQWKqWjdv7iRHwUz5lCc1a4rkzxr2QxmRKvJjih9KgjV1twBF26fpX8IcG/s1600/jitendra-mukhiya-man-of-the-match.jpg" height="460" title="Jitendra Mukhiya Madheshi Malinga" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #666666; color: white;"&gt;Man of the Match (Figure 3/18 Vs Afghanistan, T20 World Cup 2014)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #660000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnZco2UEfIlGIw5kKm0kpoc6oyLIr29pEmz_HkutII_8P9sJdIfXE9-cZjmN-2hbHl5Ok-DiOu_AtrJSoVR_f-B0pJpg1D2yXE5QVwlM_fjvwY3bbHexsN1AUp7SXKOLhlRcVq7zJv_lA8/s1600/jitendra-mukhiya-our-hero.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Nepal Successful bowler in T20 World Cup" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnZco2UEfIlGIw5kKm0kpoc6oyLIr29pEmz_HkutII_8P9sJdIfXE9-cZjmN-2hbHl5Ok-DiOu_AtrJSoVR_f-B0pJpg1D2yXE5QVwlM_fjvwY3bbHexsN1AUp7SXKOLhlRcVq7zJv_lA8/s1600/jitendra-mukhiya-our-hero.jpg" height="440" title="Jitendra Mukhiya Nepali Malinga" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiALM1grRZgy6Z1ib8BOmAg-vXB7kc4nZQ9YayPR3dwCl8i-Xj-9VgD9Y58BCb-v42JY_OXJbCVFnlty0XFFW6DPS2TFql0vnFi121F8R2A71HjSZbFz3ge0A1t-RqfNFY_7Ct98PSNKeIe/s1600/jitendra-mukhiya.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #666666; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Broking stumps in T20 World Cup 2014" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiALM1grRZgy6Z1ib8BOmAg-vXB7kc4nZQ9YayPR3dwCl8i-Xj-9VgD9Y58BCb-v42JY_OXJbCVFnlty0XFFW6DPS2TFql0vnFi121F8R2A71HjSZbFz3ge0A1t-RqfNFY_7Ct98PSNKeIe/s1600/jitendra-mukhiya.jpg" height="456" title="Jitendra Mukhiya" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #666666;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;Broke the stumps of HK in T20 World Cup 2014&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOngm86Uehzn0emXXpv4s4AILuZgpu9Vh5UTaWVKIUcCewGXM_TDbSRQ8EcVlUdrmCWc5pZvcv2gWKo5lGoHMOjF6ZWVqUGTgUsxqSY0eJeLI3aXm43mWLysRf3tXXN537GNLYHUvYSUVC/s1600/jitendra-mukhiya-warmup-match.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Mukhiya in taking wickets in warmup match with Afghanistan" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOngm86Uehzn0emXXpv4s4AILuZgpu9Vh5UTaWVKIUcCewGXM_TDbSRQ8EcVlUdrmCWc5pZvcv2gWKo5lGoHMOjF6ZWVqUGTgUsxqSY0eJeLI3aXm43mWLysRf3tXXN537GNLYHUvYSUVC/s1600/jitendra-mukhiya-warmup-match.jpg" height="426" title="Jitendra Mukhiya Nepali Malinga" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); color: #cccccc; font-family: 'Open Sans', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;"&gt;Nepal’s Jitendra Mukhiya wicket celebrates of Ireland batsman Ed Joyce during the T20 cricket World Cup 2014,Warm-up match between Nepal and Ireland at the Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium in Fatullah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
View more photos album at: will be edit very soon..&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Comments for Jitendra Mukhiya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #274e13;"&gt;West Indied Player's Ian Bishop&lt;/span&gt; has to say about Jitendra Mukhiya "Proper death bowler, proper finisher.'Jitendra the Ender'? Absolutely. Lol, sign up Jitendra Mukhiya for CPL somebody. Four overs of Yorkers worth the price of gold, 21 years old, imagine if he got exposure."&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #274e13;"&gt;Commentators (In match between Nepal &amp;amp; Afghanistan)&lt;/span&gt; : Jitendra Mukhiya is the true finisher. Indian Coach should coach his player as Jitendra Mukhiya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #274e13;"&gt;Commentators:&lt;/span&gt; Jitendra Mukhiya is balling yorker as Malinga of Sri-Lanka.&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy3uUOJAQZFjkFYPVzyY1HNjWu61YiUaP8tfqnADCZJrCN1VGZpCQOwLlQG-kFqo8RLo4icDz3omQQR__WHm8jn7oT0GJNh-4CcQx3DYJDsWg1Vnh4BNRD4cPOwubxQGpNig-PIWTZjPaT/s72-c/jitendra-profile.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Story behind Holi Festival </title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/03/story-behind-holi-festival.html</link><category>Articles</category><category>Madhesh</category><category>Religious &amp; Festivals</category><pubDate>Sat, 15 Mar 2014 22:49:00 -0700</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-8674946343482978503</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"&gt;
&lt;h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Significance"&gt;Holi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
is a&amp;nbsp;spring&amp;nbsp;festival also known as festival of colours, and sometimes festival of love.&amp;nbsp;It is an ancient Hindu religious festival which has become popular with non-Hindus in many parts of South Asia, as well as people of other communities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqgagy3NZYWGXSEHqtI2PD_G6_EoRlHWgJKxm-fboTehU7hw3O8OXebWESCOy5T_Atr70r66hzOb4K26tde80bZlA6xjtRrplnt185_lepnS_8LHPmhc3s6YCSxZiGhUo7glU8Jj16xHgn/s1600/holi-colorful.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="holi celebration in Madhesh, Nepal" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqgagy3NZYWGXSEHqtI2PD_G6_EoRlHWgJKxm-fboTehU7hw3O8OXebWESCOy5T_Atr70r66hzOb4K26tde80bZlA6xjtRrplnt185_lepnS_8LHPmhc3s6YCSxZiGhUo7glU8Jj16xHgn/s1600/holi-colorful.jpg" height="320" title="Colourful holi festival" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;It is primarily observed in&amp;nbsp;India,&amp;nbsp;Nepal, and other regions of the world with significant populations of majority Hindus or&amp;nbsp;people of Indian origin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Holi celebrations start with a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Holika bonfire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;on the night before Holi where people gather, sing and dance. The next morning is free for all carnival of colours,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 10.833333015441895px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;where everyone plays, chases and colours each other with dry powder and coloured water, with some carrying water guns and coloured water-filled balloons for their&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;water fight&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;. Anyone and everyone is fair game, friend or stranger, rich or poor, man or woman, children and elders. The frolic and fight with colours occurs in the open streets, open parks, outside temples and buildings. Groups carry drums and musical instruments, go from place to place, sing and dance. People move and visit family, friends and foes, first play with colours on each other, laugh and chit-chat, then share Holi delicacies, food and drinks. In the evening, after sobering up, people dress up, visit friends and family.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Holi is celebrated at the approach of vernal equinox,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 13.333333015441895px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;on the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Phalguna&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Purnima&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Full Moon). The festival date varies every year, per the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Hindu calendar&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;, and typically comes in March, sometimes February in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Gregorian Calendar&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style="background-color: none; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Significance"&gt;Significance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: none; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;There is a symbolic legend to explain why holi is celebrated. The word "Holi" originates from "Holika", the evil sister of demon king&amp;nbsp;Hiranyakashipu. King Hiranyakashipu had earned a&amp;nbsp;boon&amp;nbsp;that made him virtually indestructible. The special powers blinded him, he grew arrogant, felt he was God, and demanded that everyone worship only him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hiranyakashipu's own son,&amp;nbsp;Prahlada,&amp;nbsp;however, disagreed. He was and remained devoted to&amp;nbsp;Vishnu.&amp;nbsp;This infuriated Hiranyakashipu. He subjected Prahlada to cruel punishments, none of which affected the boy or his resolve to do what he thought was right. Finally, Holika - Prahlada's evil aunt - tricked him into sitting on a pyre with her.&amp;nbsp;Holika was wearing a cloak (shawl) that made her immune to injury from fire, while Prahlada was not. As the fire roared, the cloak flew from Holika and encased Prahlada.&amp;nbsp;Holika burned, Prahlada survived. Vishnu appeared and killed Hiranyakashipu. The bonfire is a reminder of the symbolic victory of good over evil, of Prahlada over Hiranyakashipu, of fire that burned Holika.&amp;nbsp;The day after Holika bonfire is celebrated as Holi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style="background-color: none; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="History_and_rituals"&gt;History and rituals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;Holi is an ancient Hindu festival with its cultural rituals. It is mentioned in the&amp;nbsp;Puranas, Dasakumara Charita, and by the poet&amp;nbsp;Kālidāsa&amp;nbsp;during the 4th century reign of Chandragupta II.&amp;nbsp;The celebration of Holi is also mentioned in the 7th-century Sanskrit drama,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="background-color: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;Ratnavali&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;There are several cultural rituals associated with Holi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;dl style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;
&lt;dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"&gt;Prepare Holika pyre for bonfire&lt;/dt&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Holika Dahan&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTLFUytTBjKs_2afZnBwtOA060LD1gJBCmEFkn2ap69eq7DxJlz" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img alt="holika dahan in holi festival" border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTLFUytTBjKs_2afZnBwtOA060LD1gJBCmEFkn2ap69eq7DxJlz" title="Holika dahan in nepal" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Holika dahan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Days before the festival people start gathering wood and combustible materials for the bonfire in parks, community centers, near temples and other open spaces. On top of the pyre is an effigy to signify Holika who tricked Prahalad into the fire. Inside homes, people stock up on colour pigments, food, party drinks and festive seasonal foods such as&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;gujiya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;mathri&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;malpuas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;and other regional delicacies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="History_and_rituals"&gt;Holi Celebration in Nepal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;In&amp;nbsp;Nepal, Holi celebrated in Hills is remarkably different from&amp;nbsp;Madhesh, even the festival is celebrated on two different days. Holi is celebrated in the month of&amp;nbsp;Falgun&amp;nbsp;and is also called as the "Fagu/Phaguwa" and is celebrated on the full moon day (in hills) and the day after (in&amp;nbsp;Madhesh) in the month of February. The word "Fagu/Phaguwa" (Devanagari:फागु/फगुआ) represents the month of&amp;nbsp;Falgun&amp;nbsp;and the day is called the "Fagu Poornima" (Devanagari:फागु पुर्णीमा) which means (full moon day in the Falgun).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBDhdbSUqol3kiqchZ2M-TK7O_4DHrJm4CcwjCTb3R51kn4ohlp6vqEb2rhnNrDMUMbYJpHUAubELKOwUeMoJ1j0pRc9JAUqyZ8GS7EikO7Imju5PEXWhKz5T4VAJV3OA4YlUqSo53oRxn/s1600/holi_croud.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="celebrating holi in madhesh" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBDhdbSUqol3kiqchZ2M-TK7O_4DHrJm4CcwjCTb3R51kn4ohlp6vqEb2rhnNrDMUMbYJpHUAubELKOwUeMoJ1j0pRc9JAUqyZ8GS7EikO7Imju5PEXWhKz5T4VAJV3OA4YlUqSo53oRxn/s1600/holi_croud.jpg" title="colourful holi festival" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;In Nepal Holi is regarded as one of the greatest festivals as important as&amp;nbsp;Dashain&amp;nbsp;(also known as&amp;nbsp;Dussehra&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;Madhesh) and&amp;nbsp;Tihar&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;Dipawali&amp;nbsp;(also known as&amp;nbsp;Diwali&amp;nbsp;in Madhesh). Since more than 80% of people in Nepal are&amp;nbsp;Hindus,&amp;nbsp;Holi, along with many other Hindu festivals, is celebrated in Nepal as a national festival and almost everyone celebrates it regardless of their religion, e.g., even&amp;nbsp;Muslims&amp;nbsp;celebrate it. Christians may also join in, although since Holi falls during&amp;nbsp;Lent, many would not join in the festivities. The day of Holi is also a national holiday in Nepal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;"&gt;Breaking Tradition:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;Widows Celebrate Holi Festival in India&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;Traditionally in Hindu culture, widows are expected to renounce earthly pleasure so they do not celebrate Holi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;But the women at the shelter for widows, who have been abandoned by their families, celebrated the festival together on Friday by throwing flowers and colored powder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDwxCrv0vh3uqY0xA9pEkAKBnbUIr6ic7dBWoNFQgXZshVrR5fNSd743fesWrl94hE_vyoPvKDkSYUXOY4zSSyDU-E61z7ORfEt2baAd8JwyDMafvqOzRiHuawsHoZUQ4GLKonIeo3jNwN/s1600/holi-widow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="women celebrating holi" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDwxCrv0vh3uqY0xA9pEkAKBnbUIr6ic7dBWoNFQgXZshVrR5fNSd743fesWrl94hE_vyoPvKDkSYUXOY4zSSyDU-E61z7ORfEt2baAd8JwyDMafvqOzRiHuawsHoZUQ4GLKonIeo3jNwN/s1600/holi-widow.jpg" height="460" title="holi celebrated by widows" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"&gt;Holi elebrations in other cultures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table cellspacing="3" class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;table style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin: auto; text-align: center; width: 230px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top; width: 115px;"&gt;&lt;div style="height: 85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle; width: 115px;"&gt;
&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_UNC_college_campus_United_States,_March_2011.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="A celebration of Holi festival at UNC college campus United States, March 2011.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_UNC_college_campus_United_States%2C_March_2011.jpg/60px-A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_UNC_college_campus_United_States%2C_March_2011.jpg" height="85" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_UNC_college_campus_United_States%2C_March_2011.jpg/90px-A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_UNC_college_campus_United_States%2C_March_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_UNC_college_campus_United_States%2C_March_2011.jpg/119px-A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_UNC_college_campus_United_States%2C_March_2011.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="60" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;
North Carolina, United States&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top; width: 115px;"&gt;&lt;div style="height: 85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle; width: 115px;"&gt;
&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holi_One_We_Are_One_Colour_Festival_South_Africa_2013_c.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Holi One We Are One Colour Festival South Africa 2013 c.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Holi_One_We_Are_One_Colour_Festival_South_Africa_2013_c.jpg/56px-Holi_One_We_Are_One_Colour_Festival_South_Africa_2013_c.jpg" height="85" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Holi_One_We_Are_One_Colour_Festival_South_Africa_2013_c.jpg/85px-Holi_One_We_Are_One_Colour_Festival_South_Africa_2013_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Holi_One_We_Are_One_Colour_Festival_South_Africa_2013_c.jpg/113px-Holi_One_We_Are_One_Colour_Festival_South_Africa_2013_c.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="56" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;
South Africa&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top; width: 115px;"&gt;&lt;div style="height: 85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle; width: 115px;"&gt;
&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_Stanford_University_United_States,_2009.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="A celebration of Holi festival at Stanford University United States, 2009.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_Stanford_University_United_States%2C_2009.jpg/115px-A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_Stanford_University_United_States%2C_2009.jpg" height="65" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_Stanford_University_United_States%2C_2009.jpg/173px-A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_Stanford_University_United_States%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_Stanford_University_United_States%2C_2009.jpg/230px-A_celebration_of_Holi_festival_at_Stanford_University_United_States%2C_2009.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="115" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;
California, United States&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top; width: 115px;"&gt;&lt;div style="height: 85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle; width: 115px;"&gt;
&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holi,_the_festival_of_colors_in_Germany_2012.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Holi, the festival of colors in Germany 2012.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Holi%2C_the_festival_of_colors_in_Germany_2012.jpg/115px-Holi%2C_the_festival_of_colors_in_Germany_2012.jpg" height="58" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Holi%2C_the_festival_of_colors_in_Germany_2012.jpg/173px-Holi%2C_the_festival_of_colors_in_Germany_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Holi%2C_the_festival_of_colors_in_Germany_2012.jpg/230px-Holi%2C_the_festival_of_colors_in_Germany_2012.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="115" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;
Germany&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top; width: 115px;"&gt;&lt;div style="height: 85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle; width: 115px;"&gt;
&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah,_United_States_2013.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Holi Festival of Colors Utah, United States 2013.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg/115px-Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg" height="76" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg/173px-Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg/230px-Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="115" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;
Utah, United States&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top; width: 115px;"&gt;&lt;div style="height: 85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle; width: 115px;"&gt;
&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holi_celebrations_in_Malaysia_2012.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Holi celebrations in Malaysia 2012.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Holi_celebrations_in_Malaysia_2012.jpg/115px-Holi_celebrations_in_Malaysia_2012.jpg" height="77" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Holi_celebrations_in_Malaysia_2012.jpg/173px-Holi_celebrations_in_Malaysia_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Holi_celebrations_in_Malaysia_2012.jpg/230px-Holi_celebrations_in_Malaysia_2012.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="115" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;
Malaysia&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top; width: 115px;"&gt;&lt;div style="height: 85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle; width: 115px;"&gt;
&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holi_Festival_Celebrations,_The_Netherlands,_2008.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Holi Festival Celebrations, The Netherlands, 2008.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Holi_Festival_Celebrations%2C_The_Netherlands%2C_2008.jpg/115px-Holi_Festival_Celebrations%2C_The_Netherlands%2C_2008.jpg" height="77" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Holi_Festival_Celebrations%2C_The_Netherlands%2C_2008.jpg/173px-Holi_Festival_Celebrations%2C_The_Netherlands%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Holi_Festival_Celebrations%2C_The_Netherlands%2C_2008.jpg/230px-Holi_Festival_Celebrations%2C_The_Netherlands%2C_2008.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="115" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;
Netherlands&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top; width: 115px;"&gt;&lt;div style="height: 85px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle; width: 115px;"&gt;
&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holi_celebrations_at_Parque_Villa_Lobos,_2013.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Holi celebrations at Parque Villa Lobos, 2013.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Holi_celebrations_at_Parque_Villa_Lobos%2C_2013.jpg/115px-Holi_celebrations_at_Parque_Villa_Lobos%2C_2013.jpg" height="77" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Holi_celebrations_at_Parque_Villa_Lobos%2C_2013.jpg/173px-Holi_celebrations_at_Parque_Villa_Lobos%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Holi_celebrations_at_Parque_Villa_Lobos%2C_2013.jpg/230px-Holi_celebrations_at_Parque_Villa_Lobos%2C_2013.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="115" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;"&gt;
Brazil&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"&gt;Holi festival is increasingly celebrated outside India and Nepal, in many parts of the world.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Source: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" target="_blank"&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqgagy3NZYWGXSEHqtI2PD_G6_EoRlHWgJKxm-fboTehU7hw3O8OXebWESCOy5T_Atr70r66hzOb4K26tde80bZlA6xjtRrplnt185_lepnS_8LHPmhc3s6YCSxZiGhUo7glU8Jj16xHgn/s72-c/holi-colorful.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Royal massacre of Nepal</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/03/royal-massacre-of-nepal.html</link><category>Interview</category><category>News</category><pubDate>Sat, 8 Mar 2014 10:38:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-6931806924517893431</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
अज्ञात व्यक्तिले गोली चलाएर वीरेन्द्रको वंशनाश गरेको दाबी गरेका छन् । १९ जेठ २०५८ मा नारायणहिटीको त्रिभुवन सदन (घटनास्थल) मा ड्युटीमा रहेका तत्कालीन सैनिक हवल्दार लालबहादुर लम्तेरी मगरका अनुसार हत्याराले पहिलो गोली नै दीपेन्द्रलाई हानेको थियो ।&lt;br /&gt;
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दरबार हत्याकान्डको तीन महिनापछि हत्याको अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलेर अहिले नख्खु कारागारमा रहेका लम्तेरी मगरले गत साता नयाँ पत्रिकासित लामो कुराकानी गरे । उनले यतिसम्म भने, ‘दीपेन्द्रको ढाडमा ६ राउन्ड र बायाँ कन्चटमा एउटा ब्रस्ट फायर भएको हो ।’&lt;br /&gt;
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हरेक महिनाको अन्तिम शुक्रबार ‘गुड फ्राइडे’ मनाउने क्रममा त्यस रात (१९ जेठ २०५८) भोजमा सरिक तत्कालीन राजा वीरेन्द्रसहित उनको परिवारका पाँचैजना र नातेदारको पनि हत्या भएको थियो । सरकारले पहिले स्वचालित हतियार पड्किएको बताएको थियो भने पछि दीपेन्द्रले गोली चलाएर आफ्नै बाबु, आमा, भाइ र बहिनी मारेको प्रतिवेदन सार्वजनिक गरेको थियो ।&lt;br /&gt;
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दीपेन्द्रले गोली चलाएका होइनन्, षड्यन्त्रपूर्वक वंश नै नाश गरेर दीपेन्द्रलाई दोषी बनाइएको हो भन्ने चर्चा जनमानसमा भए पनि घटनाका कुनै पनि प्रत्यक्षदर्शीले दीपेन्द्र हत्यारा होइनन् भनेर बयान दिएका थिएनन् । ‘दीपेन्द्रले होइन, नकाव लगाएर उनको जस्तै अनुहार बनाएको हतियारधारीले’ गोली चलाएको थियो भन्ने लम्तेरी घटनाको पहिलो ‘प्रत्यक्षदर्शी’ हुन् । उनका अनुसार नकावधारी तत्कालीन शाहजादा पारस शाहसँगै भित्र आएका थिए । ‘भोज चलिरहेको बेला पारस गाडीमा बाहिरए,’ लम्तेरीले भने, ‘केहीबरेपछि त्यही गाडीमा दीपेन्द्रको मुखुन्डोधारी भित्र आएको हो ।’&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiizm6Q_5KUopmVo5yTGqzeez-YqB6tdbhpBbw4gl2p0EpY7olennyJgI_CkmpKQA-H7Ef-xa9uNzuB492S5j8V1a4dEaQUAfRU3yHwE57TP_iOgfAgcxB054xZEwfX56NXwKEJeXpAJWJ/s1600/durbar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Truth from Lamteri Magar Prince Dipendra was shot earlier" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiizm6Q_5KUopmVo5yTGqzeez-YqB6tdbhpBbw4gl2p0EpY7olennyJgI_CkmpKQA-H7Ef-xa9uNzuB492S5j8V1a4dEaQUAfRU3yHwE57TP_iOgfAgcxB054xZEwfX56NXwKEJeXpAJWJ/s1600/durbar.jpg" height="340" title="Royal massacre of Nepal" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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लम्तेरीले घटना हुँदा दीपेन्द्र आफ्नै खोपीमा रहेको पनि बताए । ‘मलाई नै थाहा छ- दीपेन्द्र सरकार नसा लागेर खोपीमा सुतेका थिए, नकावधारीले पहिलो गोली त्यहीँ चलाएका हुन्, त्यसपछि चारैतिरबाट गोली चल्यो, मचाहिँ केराघारीमा ल्यान्ड पोजिसनमा बसेर बचेँ ।’&lt;br /&gt;
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लम्तेरी मगरका अनुसार दीपेन्द्र आफ्नै खोपीमा मरेका हुन् । ‘दुईजना एडिसीले लास उठाएर सैनिक प्रहरीको गाडीमा छाउनी पुर्‍याएका हुन् । दीपेन्द्र त्यतिबेलै मरिसकेका थिए,’ उनले भने ।&lt;br /&gt;
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वीरेन्द्र र नीराजनको लास आफूले पनि उठाएको उनले बताए । ‘मैले पनि वीरेन्द्र र नीराजन सरकारको लास उठाएको हुँ,’ उनले भने, ‘वीरेन्द्र सरकारको लास लिएर सैनिक अस्पताल जानेमा म पनि थिएँ । सैनिक प्रहरीको गाडीमा म पछाडि बसेको थिएँ । बाटोमा वीरेन्द्रले सानो स्वरमा दुख्यो, दुख्यो भनेको मैले सुनेको हुँ । अस्पताल पुगेपछि के भयो थाहा छैन ।’&lt;br /&gt;
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गोलीको वषर्ात्पछि सन्नाटा छाएको घटनास्थलमा पारस खालीखुट्टामै आएको उनले बताए । ‘ल अब हस्पिटल लैजानुपर्‍यो भनेका थिए पारसले,’ लम्तेरीले भने, ‘पारस र उनका परिवारलाई केही पनि भएको थिएन ।’&lt;br /&gt;
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खोपीमा सुतेका दीपेन्द्र त्यहीँ मारिएको देखेका लम्तेरीले पछि दीपेन्द्र नै हत्यारा हुन् भन्दै प्रतिवेदन आएपछि आश्चर्यमा परेको बताए । दीपेन्द्र निर्दोष हुन् भन्दै उनले दरबारमा बिन्तीपत्र पनि हालेका थिए । ‘घटनाको साता दिनभित्रै जेठ २५ गते मसहित लेसनायक नरेन्द्र थापामगर, हवल्दार शिव कुँवर, नायक गुणबहादुर पुन र एउटा सिपाही भएर दरबारको प्रमुख सचिवालयमा बिन्तीपत्र हाल्यौं,’ लम्तेरीले भने, ‘हामीले बेनामी बिन्तीपत्रमा दीपेन्द्रबाट घटना भएको होइन, यसको निष्पक्ष छानबिन होस् भन्यौं ।’&lt;br /&gt;
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आफ्नो अभिभावकजस्तो मान्छे दीपेन्द्र मारिएपछि ‘त्यतिसम्मको दुस्साहस’ गरेको उनले बताए । तर ‘कतैबाट पोल खुलेपछि २९ जेठमै आफ्नै हाकिमहरूद्वारा समातिएको’ उनले बताए । ‘पहिले दरबारमा आतंक मच्चाएको भन्दै समातियो, पछि एउटा होटलमालिकलाई मारेको भन्ने झुटो केस चलाएर मुद्दा हालियो ।’&lt;br /&gt;
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आफू कलाकार पनि भएकोले दीपेन्द्रको प्यारो मान्छे भएको दाबी गर्दै उनले भने, ‘म सांगीतिक क्षेत्रको मान्छे, बाजा बजाउन, नाच्न, गाउन र खेल खेल्न सधैं अघि सर्थें, त्यसैले पनि दीपेन्द्र सरकारका लागि म निकै प्यारो मान्छे थिएँ ।’&lt;br /&gt;
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उनले दीपेन्द्रलाई मुड भएको बेला खोपीमै गएर गीत गाउने गरेको पनि बताए । ‘गीत सुन्नुपर्‍यो भने त्यो डल्लुलाई बोलाऊ भन्ने हुकुम हुन्थ्यो । म खोपीमै जान्थें । गीत सुनाएर खुसी पार्थें,’ उनले भने ।&lt;br /&gt;
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उनका अनुसार संगीतकार प्रवीण गुरुङलाई गाडीले किचेर मारेको आरोपमा तत्कालीन राजा वीरेन्द्रले पारसलाई कारबाही गर्न खोजेका थिए । ‘तर पारसको चुनौतीका कारण उनी (वीरेन्द्र) पछि हटे,’ उनले भने । लम्तेरी मगरका अनुसार प्रवीण गुरुङ मारिनुअघि श्रुतिले चलाएको कारको ठक्करले दरबारभित्रै तनहुँ घर भएका पुरानो गोरखगणका सिपाही मारिएका थिए । ‘ऊ ड्युटीमै उभिएको बेला गाडीको ठक्करले मर्‍यो । पछि बाहिर तालिमका बेला एम्बुसमा परेर मारियो भनेर परिवारलाई क्षतिपूर्ति दिइयो ।’ पारसले आफूलाई भन्दा अघि श्रुतिलाई कारबाही गर्न वीरेन्द्रलाई चुनौती दिएपछि वीरेन्द्र मत्थर भएको लम्तेरीले बताए ।&lt;br /&gt;
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दरबार हत्याकान्ड दीपेन्द्रले नगराएको भन्ने बिन्तीपत्र लेखेको चार दिनमा पक्राउ गरिएका लालबहादुर सोह्रखुट्टेस्थित आरामदायी लजका मालिक उत्तमराज पाण्डेको हत्या अभियोगमा जेल परेका हुन् । उनी जन्मकैदको सजाय नख्खु जेलमा बसेर भोगिरहेका छन् । ‘म निर्दोष छु,’ उनले भने, ‘मलाई जेल हाल्ने कुनै आधार थिएन, तर म गरिबको छोरोलाई कानुनले पत्याएन ।’&lt;br /&gt;
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उनको मुद्दा हेरेका अधिवक्ता भूमिनन्द चुँडालले पनि लम्तेरी निर्दोष रहेको जिकिर गरे । ‘लालबहादुरलाई जेल हाल्नुपर्ने कुनै आधार छैन,’ उनले नयाँ पत्रिकासँग भने, ‘उनलाई हत्याको अभियोग लगाइएको छ, तर त्यसको कुनै पनि प्रमाण छैन । ऊ सफाइ पाउनुपर्ने मान्छे हो ।’&lt;br /&gt;
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नख्खु कारागारका जेलर चन्द्रप्रसाद देवकोटाले लालबहादुर कर्तव्य ज्यान मुद्दामा जेलमा रहेको बताए । देवकोटाका अनुसार उनी २ भदौ २०५८ देखि जेल छन् । जेलको रेकर्डअनुसार लम्तेरी पुरानो गोरखगणका सैनिक हुन् । लालबहादुरले आफूलाई सैनिक प्रहरीबाट नक्कली कागजात बनाएर पुरानो गोरखगणमा सरुवा मात्र होइन, घटुवा गरेर जेलमा हालिएका बताए ।&lt;br /&gt;
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लम्तेरीको बयान&lt;br /&gt;
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म लालबहादुर लम्तेरी मगर, घर पाल्पाको ठिमुरे हो । २०४९ सालमा सेनामा भर्ती भएर दरबारको सैनिक प्रहरीमा काम गर्न थालेको हुँ ।&lt;br /&gt;
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म खेलाडी पनि थिएँ, गीत-संगीतमा त च्याम्पियन । ‘रोयल फेमिली’सँग एकदमै नजिक । दीपेन्द्र सरकारले मलाई यति माया गर्ने कि म कसरी भनौं ! कतिसम्म भने मेरी श्रीमती डेलिभरी हुँदा दीपेन्द्रबाट १० हजार रुपैयाँ बक्सिस प्रदान भएको थियो ।&lt;br /&gt;
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दरबारमा काम गर्दा त मोजमस्ती थियो, खर्चको अभाव हुँदैनथ्यो । केही पर्‍यो भने पैसा पाइहाल्थें । दीपेन्द्र सरकारले त मलाई खोपीमै बोलाएर बाजा बजाउन लगाउने, पैसा दिने, बडो माया गर्ने ।&lt;br /&gt;
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जागिर खाएको नौ वर्षमा मेरो जीवनमा ठूलो चोट पर्‍यो, मैले अनाहकमा दुःख पाएँ । महिनाको अन्तिम शुक्रबार शाही परिवारले जलपान गरेर ‘गुड प|mाइडे’ मनाउने चलन थियो । १९ जेठ २०५८ मा पनि जलपान आयोजना भयो दरबारमा । त्यो दिन म पनि बाहिरी ड्युटीमा थिएँ । दौरा, सुरुवाल, कोट र कालो टोपी लगाएर पेस्तोल भिरेर म ड्युटी गरिरहेको थिएँ । त्यतिबेला मलाई याद छ- नेपाल टेलिभिजनमा सन्तोष पन्तको ‘हिजो आजका कुरा’ कार्यक्रम आउँथ्यो ।&lt;br /&gt;
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अबेरसम्म जलपान भइरहेको थियो । त्यहीबीचमा पारस गाडीमा बाहिरिए । एकैछिनपछि उनको गाडीमा केही मान्छे भित्र छिरे, पारस पनि छिरे । यो दृश्य त्रिभुवन सदनमा गार्ड बस्ने अरू सैनिकले पनि देखेका छन् । त्यसपछि फायरिङको आवाज आयो ।&lt;br /&gt;
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दीपेन्द्र सरकार नसाले लठ्ठ भएर आफ्नै खोपीमा सुतेको मलाई पनि थाहा छ । भित्र जान हामीलाई अनुमति थिएन । आदेशबिना दायाँबायाँ गर्न पनि नपाइने । दरबारको ड्युटी फेरि निकै कडा हुन्छ क्या ! मैले थाहा पाएँ, पहिलो फायर दीपेन्द्र सरकारको खोपीमा भयो । त्यहाँ सात फायर भएपछि त जलपान भएको ठाउँमा एकैचोटि गोली चल्यो । बाहिर पनि । दीपेन्द्रको मुखुन्डो लाएको हतियारधारीले गोली चलायो । वीरेन्द्रका परिवारलाई ताकी-ताकी हान्यो उसले । दीपेन्द्रलाई त ब्रस्ट फायर भयो । बाहिरसमेत गोली चलेपछि ज्यान जोगाउन मुस्किल भो । म त्रिभुवन सदनअगाडि बगैंचामा लुकें ।&lt;br /&gt;
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गोली रोकिएपछि पारस खालीखुट्टा आइपुगे, खुट्टामा जुत्ता, चप्पल केही थिएन । उनले आउनेबित्तिकै भने- ल भाइ हो, हस्पिटल लानुपर्छ । त्यसपछि घाइते र लास उठाउन थालियो । म पनि लास उठाउन गएको थिएँ । मैले वीरेन्द्र सरकार र नीराजनलाई उठाएँ । ऐश्वर्यको चिउँडो छेडेर गोली चलेको रहेछ । चिउँडो त पंखामा झुन्डिएको रहेछ ।&lt;br /&gt;
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अस्पताल जाँदासम्म सास भएको अवस्थामा वीरेन्द्र सरकार र श्रुति थिए । धीरेन्द्रको बारेमा मलाई थाहा भएन । वीरेन्द्रको मृत्यु भइसकेको थिएन । वीरेन्द्रलाई हालिएको सैनिक प्रहरीको गाडीमा पछाडि बसेर म पनि छाउनी अस्पताल गएको थिएँ । म सम्झिन्छु, अस्पताल पुग्ने बेलासम्म वीरेन्द्र दुख्यो, दुख्यो भनेर सानो स्वरमा भनिरहेका थिए ।&lt;br /&gt;
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सैनिक अस्पताल पुर्‍याइए पनि वीरेन्द्र सरकारलाई तत्कालै उपचार गरिएन, ऐश्वर्यको मुख नभएकोले प्लास्टिक सर्जरी भयो । हामीले धेरै हेर्न पाएनौं । हामी त हाकिमको आदेशअनुसार अस्पतालबाट फक्र्यौं । त्यसपछि के गरियो थाहा भएन ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
मैले आफैं देखेको, दीपेन्द्रको पहिले नै हत्या भइसकेको थियो । तर, दीपेन्द्रलाई दोषी बनाएपछि मेरो मन धेरै रोयो । म र साथीहरूले जेठ २५ गते १२ बजेतिर बिन्तीपत्र तयार गर्‍यौं र ४ बजेतिर प्रमुख सचिवालयमा दर्ता गर्‍यौं । सायद हाम्रो रेकर्ड सचिवालयमा होला अहिले पनि । बिन्तीपत्र हाल्नेमा म अगुवा थिएँ । बिन्तीपत्र दिनेमा लेसनायक नरेन्द्र थापामगर, हवल्दार शिव कुँवर, नायक गुणबहादुर पुन र अर्का एक सिपाही थियौं ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
हामीले बिन्तीपत्र दिएपछि त त्यहाँ हलचल भएछ । हामीले भनेका थियौं- दरबार हत्याकान्डमा युवराज दीपेन्द्र सरकार दोषी होइनन् । पहिलो फायर नै उनीमाथि भएको हो । त्यसकारण निष्पक्ष छानबिन होस् ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
बिन्तीपत्र हालेको चार दिनमा दरबारमा आतंक मच्चाएको भन्दै मलाई पक्राउ गरियो । २९ जेठमा ड्युटी सकेर खाना खाएर कोठामा पल्टिन लाग्दा निर्मल निवास (सदन- हाम्रो भाषामा) को फौज आएर मलाई समात्यो ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
मलाई आँखामा कालोपट्टी बाँधेर क्वार्टर गार्डमा (हिरासतमा) राखियो । जबकि मेरो दोष केही पनि थिएन । आँखामा पट्टी बाँधेर नेपाली कागजहरूमा ल्याप्चे लगाउन लगाइयो ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
एक सातापछि मलाई हनुमानढोकामा लगेर बुझाइयो । त्यसपछि मलाई एक महिनाजति झुलाइयो । कहिले सैनिक हेडक्वार्टर, कहिले प्रहरी हेडक्वार्टर, कहिले कता लगेर एक महिना झुलाइयो ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
दरबारभित्रको सैनिक हिरासतमा रहँदा मलाई ल्याप्चे लगाउन लगाइयो । पछि थाहा भयो, मलाई पुरानो गोरखगणमा सरुवा गरेर सिपाहीमा घटुवा गरेको कागज बनाइएछ । र, सैनिक प्रहरीमा रहेको मेरो कागजात सबै खतम पारिएछ । एक महिनाअघि समातेर मलाई एक महिनापछि भएको घटनामा फसाइयो ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
२ साउन २०५८ मा सोह्रखुट्टेको आरामदायी लजका मालिक उत्तमराज पाण्डेको हत्या भएको रहेछ । मैले जेलमा बसेपछि सुनेअनुसार दरबारका एक क्याप्टेनले पाण्डेलाई गोली ठोकेर मारेका रहेछन् । पाण्डे नवलपरासीका रहेछन् भन्ने मलाई फसाइएको नक्कली कागज हेरेर थाहा पाएँ । तर, कुन केसमा पाण्डेलाई किन मारियो भन्ने मलाई केही थाहा थिएन किनकि म त एक महिनाअघि नै पक्राउ परिसकेको थिएँ ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
मलाई ५ भदौ २०५८ मा पुर्पक्षका लागि भनेर जेल हालियो । जेलमा बसेर मुद्दा लडें । सुरुमा वकिल भूमिनन्द चुँडाल र पछि तारा खनालको सहयोग लिएँ । १३ फागुन २०६० मा काठमाडौं जिल्ला अदालतले मलाई दोषी ठहर गर्‍यो । र, म जेल परें ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
म हिरासतमा बस्दा शाही रक्षक बाहिनीका बाहिनीपति सुदर्शन खड्का, पारसका हितैषी अनुप सिंह मलाई भेट्न आइरहन्थे । उनीहरू भन्थे- दरबार तिमीप्रति पोजिटिभ छ । हामी छुटाउन पहल गरिरहेका छौँ ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
तर, दरबारले मेरो जिन्दगी बर्बाद बनाइदियो । बिन्तीपत्र हाल्ने मेरा साथीहरूलाई पनि समातियो भन्ने थाहा पाएँ, तर उनीहरू अहिले मरे-बाँचेको मलाई थाहा छैन ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
यो पनि लेखिदिनुस्- दरबार हत्याकान्डमा सैनिकहरू पनि मारिएका छन् । मलाई यकिन विवरण त छैन, तर छानबिन गरे थाहा हुन्छ । मारिएका परिवारलाई अरू केही वहानामा क्षतिपूर्ति दिइएको हुन सक्छ, तर हत्याकान्डमा सैनिक मारिएका छन् । सत्यतथ्य खोजी गर्ने हो भने पारसलाई समातेर बयान लिनुपर्छ । सबै कुरा थाहा हुन्छ । सरकारले चाहने हो भने दरबार हत्याकान्डको बारेमा निष्पक्ष छानबिन गर्न अझै पनि सक्छ ।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
पर्शुराम काफ्ले/नयाँ पत्रिका&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiizm6Q_5KUopmVo5yTGqzeez-YqB6tdbhpBbw4gl2p0EpY7olennyJgI_CkmpKQA-H7Ef-xa9uNzuB492S5j8V1a4dEaQUAfRU3yHwE57TP_iOgfAgcxB054xZEwfX56NXwKEJeXpAJWJ/s72-c/durbar.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>8 Bunde Agreement</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/03/8-bunde-agreement.html</link><category>Issue</category><category>Key events</category><category>Madhesh</category><category>Politics</category><pubDate>Fri, 7 Mar 2014 00:48:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-3517814927463343092</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
Agreement between the GoN and Samyukta Loktantrik Madheshi Morcha&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Respecting the sentiments and aspirations of the Madheshi people of Nepal, expressed&lt;br /&gt;
during the protests and movements that they have organized time and again for equal&lt;br /&gt;
rights, this Agreement was signed between the Government of Nepal and the Samyukta&lt;br /&gt;
Loktrantik Madheshi Morcha [United Democratic Madheshi Front] to ensure the&lt;br /&gt;
establishment of federal democratic republic in Nepal for multiparty democratic system&lt;br /&gt;
of governance, to guarantee equality, freedom and justice for all, and to end all forms of&lt;br /&gt;
discrimination. This Agreement shall be implemented at once. The points of the&lt;br /&gt;
agreement are as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. The State shall declare those killed during the Madhesh Movement as martyrs, and&lt;br /&gt;
shall provide appropriate compensation to those maimed and yet to receive&lt;br /&gt;
compensation. Similarly, arrangements shall be made for those injured during the&lt;br /&gt;
Movement to receive medical expenses and those martyred shall be given due&lt;br /&gt;
recognition and their families shall be provided with relief at the rate of Rs 1 million,&lt;br /&gt;
and those arrested shall be immediately released.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Nepal shall become a federal democratic republic by accepting people’s aspiration for&lt;br /&gt;
a federal structure with autonomous regions, including the Madheshi people’s&lt;br /&gt;
aspiration for an autonomous Madhesh state. In the federal structure, power between&lt;br /&gt;
the Centre and the states shall be divided clearly according to a list. The states shall&lt;br /&gt;
be fully autonomous and shall enjoy full rights. The structure, full details of the lists&lt;br /&gt;
of the Centre and the states and the division of power between them shall be&lt;br /&gt;
determined by the Constituent Assembly, keeping Nepal’s sovereignty and integrity&lt;br /&gt;
intact.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. The existing legal provision of 20 per cent in Sub-section 14 of Section 7 of the&lt;br /&gt;
Election of Members to the Constituent Assembly Act 2064 shall be changed to 30&lt;br /&gt;
per cent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. The Government shall execute appointments, promotions and nominations in a&lt;br /&gt;
manner that ensures inclusive and proportional participation of Madheshi people,&lt;br /&gt;
Adivasi, Jananati, women, Dalits, backward regions and minority communities in all&lt;br /&gt;
state bodies, including the security bodies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. Proportional, inclusive group entry of Madheshi people and other communities into&lt;br /&gt;
the Nepal Army shall be ensured to impart national character to Nepal Army and to&lt;br /&gt;
make it more inclusive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. The Government of Nepal and the United Democratic Madhesi Front together request&lt;br /&gt;
all armed groups agitating in the Terai to begin negotiations for a peaceful political&lt;br /&gt;
process and to find solutions to all outstanding problems through dialogue. The&lt;br /&gt;
Government of Nepal shall take necessary steps to create an environment conducive&lt;br /&gt;
to this purpose. We appeal everyone to help conduct the Constituent Assembly&lt;br /&gt;
election on April 10 in an environment which is peaceful, non-violent, impartial, fair&lt;br /&gt;
and free of fear.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. The Government of Nepal shall immediately release all those who have been&lt;br /&gt;
detained, withdraw cases filed against Madheshi leaders and party cadres of the&lt;br /&gt;
Forum as well as of other parties, and immediately implement all other points of the&lt;br /&gt;
22-Point Agreement signed between the Government of Nepal and the Madheshi&lt;br /&gt;
Janadhikar Forum on August 30, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
8. All protest programmes called by the United Democratic Madhesi Forum shall be&lt;br /&gt;
immediately withdrawn.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Government of Nepal shall be responsible for the constitutional, legal, political and&lt;br /&gt;
administrative aspects of the issues mentioned in this Agreement. The Government shall&lt;br /&gt;
form a high-level monitoring committee, comprising, among others, members of the&lt;br /&gt;
Front, to monitor the implementation of this agreement.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Signatories to the Agreement:&lt;br /&gt;
Sd. Sd.&lt;br /&gt;
Rajendra Mahato Girija Prasad Koirala&lt;br /&gt;
National Chairperson Prime Minister&lt;br /&gt;
Sadbhavana Party Government of Nepal&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sd.&lt;br /&gt;
Upendra Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Central Coordinator&lt;br /&gt;
Madheshi Janadhikar Forum, Nepal&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sd.&lt;br /&gt;
Mahanath Thakur&lt;br /&gt;
Chairperson&lt;br /&gt;
Terai Madhesh Loktrantik Party&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;(February 28, 2008)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Nepali Version&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;
&lt;span class="fbUnderline"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;नेपाल सरकार र संयुक्त लोकतान्त्रिक&amp;nbsp;मधेशी मोर्चा बिच भएको ८ बुंदे सम्झौता (Feb 28, 2008)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;
मधेशीहरुले गरेको मधेश आन्दोलनको मर्मलाई बुझ्दै संघीय गणतान्त्रिक नेपालको स्थापनालाई सुनिश्चित गर्न र सबै नेपालीहरुमा समानता, स्वतन्त्रता र न्यायको प्रत्याभूति होस् भनेर नेपाल सरकार र संयुक्त मधेशी मोर्चा बिच तपसिल बमोजिमको आठ (८) बुंदे सम्झौता एकै साथ लागु हुने गरि गरिएको छ:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;
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(१) मधेश आन्दोलनको बेला सहादत प्राप्त गर्नेहरु सबैलाई सरकारले सहिद घोषणा गर्नु पर्छ र उचित क्षतिपुर्ति को साथ-साथै रु. १० लाख प्रत्येकको परिवारले पाउनु पर्छ साथै आन्दोलनको बेला घाइते हुनेहरु पनि इलाज खर्चको साथ-साथै उचित क्षतिपुर्ति पाउनु पर्छ ।मधेश आन्दोलनको बेला जेल, थुनुवा र हिरासतमा परेका सम्पूर्णलाई नि-शर्त छोड्नु पर्छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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(२) नेपाली जनताको चाहना अनुसार नेपाललाई स्वायत शासन हुनेगरी संघीय गणतान्त्रिक प्रणालीमा लैजानु पर्छ र मधेशी जनताको चाहना अनुरुप मधेशलाई एक स्वायत मधेश प्रदेश घोषणा गर्नु पर्छ । संघीय प्रणालीमा शक्तिको बांडफांड केन्द्र र राज्यमा लिस्ट अनुसार लागु गर्नु पर्छ । प्रदेशहरु पूर्णरुपले स्वायत हुन्छ र जनताले पूर्ण अधिकारको प्रत्याभूति लिन पाउनु पर्छ । प्रदेशको बनावट, केन्द्र र राज्य बीच शक्तिको बांडफाडको लिस्ट संविधान सभाले नेपालको प्रभुत्व र सम्पुर्णतालाई आत्म-साथ गरि निर्धारण गर्नेछ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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(३) संविधान सभा सदस्य एन २०६४ को निर्वाचन खण्ड ७ को उपखण्ड १४ मा व्याख्या गरे अनुसार २०% कानुनी प्रक्रिया रहेकोलाई ३०% गर्नु पर्छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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(४) सरकारले कुनै पनि नियुक्ति, बढुवा र दरखास्त =देशको सबै अंगमा (सुरक्षा निकाय समेत) मधेशी, दलित, जनजाती, आदिवासी, महिला, शोषित र पिछडिएका तथा अल्पसंख्यकहरुलाई समानुपातिक आधारमा सङ्लग्न गराउनु पर्छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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(५) नेपाली सेनामा मधेशी र अन्य समुदायको समानुपातिक र समुहगत प्रवेशको लागि नेपाली सेनाले राष्ट्रिय चरित्र अनुसार वातावरण मिलाउनु पर्छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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(६) मधेशका सम्पूर्ण सशस्त्र समुहलाई शान्ति प्रक्रियामा आउन र आफ्नो विशिष्ट मांगहरुलाई वार्ताबाट समाधान गर्न नेपाल सरकार र लोकतान्त्रिक मधेशी मोर्चा अनुरोध गर्दछ । नेपाल सरकारले वार्ताको लागि सहज वातावरण मिलाउनु पर्छ । April 10 मा सम्पन्न हुन् गइरहेको संविधान सभाको चुनाव शान्तिपूर्ण, धाँदली रहित, हिंसा विरोधी, र निस्पक्ष रुपले सम्पन्न गराई दिनमा मद्दत गर्न सबैमा हामी अनुरोध गर्दछौ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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(७) सरकारले तत्कालै मधेशी जनअधिकार फोरम लगायत अन्य पार्टीका नेता तथा कार्यकर्ताहरुलाई हिरासत बाट मुक्त र उनीहरु प्रति चलाएको मुद्दा खारिज गर्नु पर्छ तथा फोरम र सरकार बीच August 30, 2007 मा भएका २२ बुंदे सम्झौता तुरुन्त लागु गर्नु पर्छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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(८) संयुक्त लोकतान्त्रिक मधेशी मोर्चाले घोषणा गरेका आफ्नो विरोधका सबै कार्यक्रमहरु फिर्ता लिन्छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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यस सम्झौतामा उल्लेख गरिएका सम्पूर्ण मुद्दाहरुको संवैधानिक, कानुनी, राजनीतिक र प्रशाशनिक दृष्‍टिकोणको जिम्मेवारी सरकारको हुनेछ । यस सम्झौतालाई लागुगर्न को लागि सरकारले एक उच्च स्तरीय कमिटि बनाउने छ जुन यस मोर्चाका प्रतिनिधि संग तालमेल बसाएर काम गर्नेछ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="photo " style="padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="photo_img img" src="https://fbcdn-sphotos-c-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash3/t1/1920120_794659983896634_1786973459_n.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" title="" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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हस्ताक्षर गर्नेहरु:&lt;/div&gt;
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सरकार पक्षबाट:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइराला&lt;/div&gt;
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(प्रधानमन्त्री, नेपाल सरकार)&lt;/div&gt;
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मोर्चा पक्षबाट:&lt;/div&gt;
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(१) उपेन्द्र यादव&lt;/div&gt;
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(केन्द्रिय संयोजक)&lt;/div&gt;
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मधेशी जनअधिकार फोरम, नेपाल&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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(२) राजेन्द्र महतो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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राष्ट्रिय अध्यक्ष, सदभावना पार्टी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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(३) महन्त ठाकुर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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अध्यक्ष, तराई मधेश लोकतान्त्रिक पार्टी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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(लेखाईमा कुनै त्रुटी भएमा यसलाई सच्चियाउन हामीलाई रिपोर्ट गर्नुस)&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkQuh4yDEPfl22WL6kovnwYhabgk-aBccLrCYtUj66HWF2o1DVEb2NopWDliEDmO5AjPP9Axjut8Zv6T_lsm29egwvEUbbeQ_bIc5zXpK3QXk5acgJmDfnNCF8QMZu310ghEM0rMH8aHB/s72-c/advertise_here.gif" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Seven serial blast in janakpur </title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/seven-serial-blast-in-janakpur.html</link><category>News</category><pubDate>Mon, 24 Feb 2014 00:59:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-1959567469504456171</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsIylx5OwTotjsrnNFoQXREF0hcPIrlkd1UiyiStWbZbCgn9bFwaDvrIXto48FzqsqSKfkjDTEspHzyyVLiS2PJbQMzGkpjjuAFZIBN7L8R3FoZm6XsntC7nyMwtO7jHKXdRhCLrsWFfhE/s1600/ramanand-chowk-cylinder-explode.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsIylx5OwTotjsrnNFoQXREF0hcPIrlkd1UiyiStWbZbCgn9bFwaDvrIXto48FzqsqSKfkjDTEspHzyyVLiS2PJbQMzGkpjjuAFZIBN7L8R3FoZm6XsntC7nyMwtO7jHKXdRhCLrsWFfhE/s320/ramanand-chowk-cylinder-explode.jpg" height="338" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;एक पछि अर्को लगातार सात धमाका सुनेर जनकपुर वासी स्तम्भ भएका थिए । हिजो (फाल्गुन -१२ गते) ६.२४ बजे तिर&amp;nbsp;जनकपुरको रामानन्द चौकमा लगातार ७ धमाका भए । यो धमाका होटल सित पैलेस को छेउमा भएको ले जनता झन आतंकित भएका थिए किनभने बिगतमा पनि होटेल सीता पैलेसको मालिक 'जीवनाथ चौधरी' लाई निशाना बनाई 'मिथिला संघर्ष' समिति को कार्यक्रममा ठुलो बम बिस्फोट भएको थियो जसमा ४ सर्वसाधारण ले जान गुमाउनु परेको थियो ।&lt;br /&gt;
तर जानकी जी को कृपा रहेको जनकपुरमा यसपाली बम बिस्फोट नभएर गैस सिलिन्डर बिस्फोट भएको हो । विधार्थीहरु बसेको उक्त घरमा अचानक सिलिन्डर बिस्फोट भयो र आगो लागेपछि थप सिलिन्डरहरु मा पनि आगोलागी एकपछि अर्को गरि सात धमाका भएका थिए ।&amp;nbsp;अचम्भ को कुरा यो हो कि प्रत्यक्षदर्शी को अनुसार&amp;nbsp;आगो लागेको घटना स्थलमा बारुण-यन्त्रको गाडी एक घण्टा पश्चात पुगेका थिए ।&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsIylx5OwTotjsrnNFoQXREF0hcPIrlkd1UiyiStWbZbCgn9bFwaDvrIXto48FzqsqSKfkjDTEspHzyyVLiS2PJbQMzGkpjjuAFZIBN7L8R3FoZm6XsntC7nyMwtO7jHKXdRhCLrsWFfhE/s72-c/ramanand-chowk-cylinder-explode.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Voice of Backward</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/voice-of-backward.html</link><category>Issue</category><category>Madhesh</category><category>People</category><pubDate>Sun, 23 Feb 2014 02:17:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-66573547357000362</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: black;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: black;"&gt;Overview&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Madheshi Dalits have been suffered from several social, economic and political oppressions and discriminations. Caste based discrimination originated from Varna System is one of the major institution extremely prevalent in the Madheshi society construct. Caste system infringing with economic disparity has led to the structural inequality in Madheshi Dalits and non-Dalits. In line with this context this research report is based on a survey study and in-depth interview conducted in Siraha district, a highly Dalits populated and origin point of Chamar (Carcass Removal) and Madhesh Movement from the Eastern Tarai region of Nepal. The study reveals that 39 percent Madheshi Dalits are landless and 48 percent of them have found marginal land possession below 1 Katta in totality. The research also reveals that more than 39 percent Madheshi Dalits are continuing Haruwa-Charuwa system, a semi-slavery bonded labor. Due to such kind of feudalistic and customary labour system, Madheshi Dalits are compelled to face the labour exploitation, wage labour discriminations, market discriminations along with various social discriminations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This research argues that the situation of exploitations and discrimination are regulated by various local age long feudal social institutions like Haruwa, Charuwa, Kodarwa system, Land Mortgage System, Share cropping, etc. which exhibit more negative relationship. It is also because of structural constraints in land holding pattern (class), existing caste system, and gender disparity. Mostly, these institutions have been found as discriminatory and exploitative to the land poor by giving them unfair wage, debt burden, and treating them inhumanly like semi-slavery and social discrimination.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvGfRHzhIuB6FeYflU3cEjBr9hiGI16_hb6xBTQyylaWA7-Vqn_Z1yd86PpRdRPPQDhOtgn-Gjy_pxuQsVc9tXdiJZxUT-OpILHDsiaOirI82D9h6-V4LGlsjr6iRT-aVdEGpSk1Ev01O/s1600/voice-of-backward-caste1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Discrimination with dalits " border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvGfRHzhIuB6FeYflU3cEjBr9hiGI16_hb6xBTQyylaWA7-Vqn_Z1yd86PpRdRPPQDhOtgn-Gjy_pxuQsVc9tXdiJZxUT-OpILHDsiaOirI82D9h6-V4LGlsjr6iRT-aVdEGpSk1Ev01O/s1600/voice-of-backward-caste1.jpg" height="320" title="Voice of Madheshi Dalit in Nepal" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The research also clarifies that the Madheshi Dalits are still living as second class citizens within own country and facing multi-dimensional exploitations such as semi-slavery Haruwa-Charuwa system a bonded labor, caste based discrimination along with the discrimination in education, health, employment etc. The children of them are compelled to follow the forceful labour in the landlord’s house at the age of going to school. Overcoming all the above-mentioned barriers, some of the Madheshi Dalits are struggling to get rid of all these problems and searching for the new way of emancipation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: black;"&gt;Research Questions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The research on “&lt;i&gt;Structural Inequality between Madheshi Dalits and Non-Dalits&lt;/i&gt;”, by Ranjit Kumar Kanaujiya which was submitted to Social Inclusion Research Fund (SIRF)/SNV-Nepal carried out with an aim to answer the broader questions related to structural inequality between Madhesi Dalits and non-Dalits. The research will explore the answer of this broad question by taking the following research questions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Why and how Madhesi Dalits are relatively excluded from the access to the valued goods and services in society?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How so called upper caste of Madhesi monopolize in the Madhesi society in term of economic activities?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How the economic condition, low wages, labor market and any forms of bounded labor in Madhesi Dalits contribute to social exclusion/inclusion?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;To get all these answers, see the this final research documentation prepared by Ranjit Kumar Kanaujiya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.socialinclusion.org.np/new/files/Ranjit%20Kanaujiya_1365494249dWhY.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;PDF DOCUMENT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: black;"&gt;Protection required for Dalits and Women&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh44Fc8c7xFxdIHxnIPINPwWLbpKfCT-10TjZH3gCNuMaTuA9kDzBCOACNbPG5-hjXdzt7tM14m0Ye94ltTgIrdjOAnzFaNXHItiOro3MwdEIqBQECULW6eYbCiulB5fO_pIUe__f3EhBG0/s1600/dalit-women.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Violence on dalit's women" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh44Fc8c7xFxdIHxnIPINPwWLbpKfCT-10TjZH3gCNuMaTuA9kDzBCOACNbPG5-hjXdzt7tM14m0Ye94ltTgIrdjOAnzFaNXHItiOro3MwdEIqBQECULW6eYbCiulB5fO_pIUe__f3EhBG0/s1600/dalit-women.jpg" height="222" title="Madheshi Dalits" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Various studies have shown that among&amp;nbsp;the women who become victims of&amp;nbsp;violence, the number of Dalit women&amp;nbsp;exceed the number of others. The nongovernment&amp;nbsp;organisation named Saathi&lt;br /&gt;
has made it public that the Dalit women&amp;nbsp;are victims of torture and physical and&amp;nbsp;mental violence including rape. According&amp;nbsp;to the study of this organization, among&amp;nbsp;the victims of rape, the possibility of&amp;nbsp;Dalits is 21 percent where as that of&amp;nbsp;Brahmin Chhetri women is just 6 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
Similarly, the study conducted by New&amp;nbsp;Era, the percentage of Dalit women sold&amp;nbsp;in India is 26.9 percent where as that of&amp;nbsp;indigenous women is 42.2 percent. Leader&amp;nbsp;of the Dalit community Min Biswokarma&amp;nbsp;is of the opinion that poverty and&amp;nbsp;illiteracy are major reasons responsible&amp;nbsp;for the increasing violence against Dalit&amp;nbsp;women. False temptation of employment&amp;nbsp;and fake marriages are also responsible&amp;nbsp;for their maltreatment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;Issues of Dalit women in the new constitution:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1. Central government must have the right to provide instruction to the state and provincial government to make policies and programmes regarding the Dalits and to implement them. All the concerned sectors must take special initiative to put this matter in the new constitution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2. To make provision of proportionate representation for ensuring political participation in provincial and local bodies in a federal state.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3. The constitution must make the provision of ending bad cultural practices such as untouchability, Balighare, Haliya, Chhaupadi, prostitution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4. To make the provision of distribution Lal Purja (land ownership certificate) to both male and female for guaranteeing land ownership.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
5. For ensuring employment, education and health under the fundamental rights, a quota system must be applied for a certain period of time. In the quota allocated for women and Dalits, 20 and 50 percent must be allocated for the Dalit women respectively.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
6. In order to do monitoring whether the Dalits have exercised their rights as per the constitution and in order to get it done, the provision of high level mechanism must be made in the constitution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;7. Gender equality must be considered while forming new government structure and new laws must be made friendly to women.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8. Provision must be made in the constitution not to make laws on the basis of tradition and religion by provincial governments that discriminate women.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
9. Provision must be made to fully prohibit violence resulting from untouchability by making necessary laws for punishment and compensation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
10. The provincial government should ensure 50 percent participation of women in all its bodies on the basis of proportionate representation. It also must ensure the representation of Dalit women on the basis of population.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
11. The policy of the state to evaluate the national and cultural norms and practices and to devise new ones on scientific basis must be made in the new constitution for eliminating caste discrimination completely.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
12. Among the complicated problems faced by the Dalit women, one is the problem of inter-caste marriage. As the inter-caste marriage plays an important role in the creation of the society free from discrimination, the state must make laws and programmes to encourage inter-caste marriage to provide both male and female the opportunity to choose one's spouse freely.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
13. Technical education and professional skill is required for the Dalit women in order to make natural means and resources accessible to them. Therefore, the policy to increase their enrolment in technical schools at the maximum level must be made.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
14. The number of health workers among Dalit women must be increased with a view to increasing their participation in the field of health. For, this, the state must make special plans and programmes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
15. The state must identify the problems of Badi and the Dalit women of Terai and make necessary provision for their honorable living.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: black;"&gt;POPULATION &amp;amp; INCOME&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalit population represents 11.8% of the total population of Nepal, of which Madheshi Dalit make up 36.7%. In addition to being at the bottom of caste, class, and gender hierarchies, they lag far behind on almost all development indicators. The average per capita income for Dalits is NRs 10.000, poverty rate 45.5 % and human development index - for Madheshi Dalits specifically- 0.383 as the lowest in Nepal, against the national averages of NRs 15.000, 31% and 0.509 respectively. They own only 1% of arable land and 44% of them are landless. Members of the Madheshi Dalit community in Dhanusa noted that even those who own land only possess enough to build a thatch hut or less.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: black;"&gt;BACKGROUND&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cultural and social inequalities are often used as motivational factors to mobilize political and social movements in Nepal and the decade long armed conflict “capitalized on caste and gender discrimination in Nepal as a means of legitimizing the armed revolution”. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of 2006, in sections 3.5 and 7.6.1, explicitly calls for an end to discrimination and abuse against women, and to eliminate all types of violence against women and children, including child labour as well as sexual exploitation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;More than five years after its signing, many traditionally marginalized groups remain de facto voiceless with few visible signs of improvement in their status, and Madheshi Dalit women are a prominent example of this. Vulnerably positioned at the bottom of Nepal’s caste, class and gender hierarchies, Madheshi Dalit women experience widespread and deeply-rooted gender as well as caste discrimination and violence as a result of profoundly imbalanced social, economic and political power equations. This field bulletin sets out to document some of the factors triggering discrimination and high exposure of violence amongst Madheshi Dalit women in Dhanusa and Mahottari districts, and the abuse that is allowed to perpetuate through a culture of silence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: black;"&gt;PICTURE TELL THE STORY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_iDw3pCKg5z3Ox-yZtoVziKQlWxd8Yei-ptiMvBGIce1Tn6nw4NGZu5mq8EhcIXgqv1GNTwtI1jxaYZXcIWVNkN8re7Hsy_SFYwUKwRMt-Htn38liONk-XXEnj6zJ_bqJQxgo0Y1jQuYC/s1600/dalit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img alt="madheshi dalits facing problem in rainy season" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_iDw3pCKg5z3Ox-yZtoVziKQlWxd8Yei-ptiMvBGIce1Tn6nw4NGZu5mq8EhcIXgqv1GNTwtI1jxaYZXcIWVNkN8re7Hsy_SFYwUKwRMt-Htn38liONk-XXEnj6zJ_bqJQxgo0Y1jQuYC/s1600/dalit.jpg" height="360" title="Problem in rainy season" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Situation facing in rainy season.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzttF1X8BRylqmaC6XWAb_QsbuSXgWk5wKDm419F80aX-zelG1ZJUXLQYnTqU1bvMJewWfchZarzsk9XBqRzmIVn8pJX031aCcY5_p-j_9JHEHAWM1P3u8DVjaKQiik-rU3eRDNk9CqrYj/s1600/dalit_tuition.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img alt="education system for madheshi dalits children" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzttF1X8BRylqmaC6XWAb_QsbuSXgWk5wKDm419F80aX-zelG1ZJUXLQYnTqU1bvMJewWfchZarzsk9XBqRzmIVn8pJX031aCcY5_p-j_9JHEHAWM1P3u8DVjaKQiik-rU3eRDNk9CqrYj/s1600/dalit_tuition.jpg" height="427" title="Education System for dalits" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Education system for dalits.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixbAxUp-C6ZpgSQyFeW6z_SrWVTQPtS6g_GMHjwhk_fDmM0hrTJ9uipYJFg31IOD0dNKY3xtvhniHjvzwSPWdPpYJ9sx9_Qj_HjIIa6HRKyXhzp0azEU7roeqTltcWXVXa7HxsYUtjeXAW/s1600/dalit_reuters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img alt="madheshi children facing food problem" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixbAxUp-C6ZpgSQyFeW6z_SrWVTQPtS6g_GMHjwhk_fDmM0hrTJ9uipYJFg31IOD0dNKY3xtvhniHjvzwSPWdPpYJ9sx9_Qj_HjIIa6HRKyXhzp0azEU7roeqTltcWXVXa7HxsYUtjeXAW/s1600/dalit_reuters.jpg" height="480" title="food problem to dalit's children" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Facing Food Problem.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEtkoffiqVRD9tY9xJYNzInkqk1gv3b4F4i_cu5TbHc6FDzTlcWpBmt576EQ0rDHv-ggT0bjGhYlrG0G66jbVWxTURv6lkxyNEOEHcdQBSp_u9LRFFRIxQbBXz9Pjo2_nmkS7v83bkcGVl/s1600/dalit-hut-people.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img alt="madheshi dalit women lifestyle" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEtkoffiqVRD9tY9xJYNzInkqk1gv3b4F4i_cu5TbHc6FDzTlcWpBmt576EQ0rDHv-ggT0bjGhYlrG0G66jbVWxTURv6lkxyNEOEHcdQBSp_u9LRFFRIxQbBXz9Pjo2_nmkS7v83bkcGVl/s1600/dalit-hut-people.jpg" height="480" title="Madheshi dalits lifestyle" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Dalits' lifestyle.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghl5UOdgd1Pddogl3lkKl3k_ufN7LKWnCUV7XXE87OfdkELJuaVsXtvXat9BlOgS38P42cpQOjSuJW7MwhWiL9iBAKRaT8Rqi0RQNELsE1WcOAFfLxGTgERHIA4f8jJxgKh0fIchD1c48d/s1600/dalait-basti.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img alt="dalit huts, jhoparpati" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghl5UOdgd1Pddogl3lkKl3k_ufN7LKWnCUV7XXE87OfdkELJuaVsXtvXat9BlOgS38P42cpQOjSuJW7MwhWiL9iBAKRaT8Rqi0RQNELsE1WcOAFfLxGTgERHIA4f8jJxgKh0fIchD1c48d/s1600/dalait-basti.jpg" height="428" title="dalits jhoparpati" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Dalits' Jhoparpati&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvGfRHzhIuB6FeYflU3cEjBr9hiGI16_hb6xBTQyylaWA7-Vqn_Z1yd86PpRdRPPQDhOtgn-Gjy_pxuQsVc9tXdiJZxUT-OpILHDsiaOirI82D9h6-V4LGlsjr6iRT-aVdEGpSk1Ev01O/s72-c/voice-of-backward-caste1.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Reality of Federalism (Part 2)</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/reality-of-federalism-part-2.html</link><category>Articles</category><category>Democracy</category><pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2014 15:02:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-56520910777092340</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;के संघियताले साचै देश बिखन्डन गर्छ त ? के जातीय पहिचान सहितको संघियताले साचै देश टुक्रयाउछ त ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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हाम्रो देशमा संघियताले देश विखण्डन हुन्छ (नेपाल टुक्रिन्छ) भनेर भ्रम फिजाउनेहरु पनि धेरै रहेका छन् जस मध्य चित्र बहादुर केसीको जनमोर्चा मुख्य हो भने जातीय पहिचान सहितको संघियता हुदा देश बिखन्डन हुन्छ भन्ने तर्क दिने नेपाली कांग्रेस र नेकपा एमाले सहायक हुन !!&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgng6JKIlE0HglHOV-C4FOgyh741Y8zUW-Pak0osbli0WfmxiIBOsoNk8H5ywUtM13kQmjOZFGQn_iFOT7Q4UwhorQnW2GqfDuObQYxzuys7o34dzr7jRZt_GTWngaIbW9kuP2Mz428WK75/s1600/fb-federalism-symbol.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Symbol of Federalism" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgng6JKIlE0HglHOV-C4FOgyh741Y8zUW-Pak0osbli0WfmxiIBOsoNk8H5ywUtM13kQmjOZFGQn_iFOT7Q4UwhorQnW2GqfDuObQYxzuys7o34dzr7jRZt_GTWngaIbW9kuP2Mz428WK75/s1600/fb-federalism-symbol.png" height="169" title="Federalism in Nepal" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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के संघियताले साचै देश बिखन्डन गर्छ त ? के जातीय पहिचान सहितको संघियताले साचै देश टुक्रयाउछ त ? यी प्रश्नहरुको सत्य तथ्य जवाफ खोज्नै पर्ने भएको छ त्यसैले कस्तो संघियताले देश टुक्रयाउछ र कस्तो संघियताले देश बलियो बनाउछ भन्ने बारेमा यहाँ छोटो चर्चा गर्दछु ! यसको बारेमा बिस्तृत लेख (देशहरुको ईतिहाससहितको उदाहरण समेटेर) केही समय पछी पोस्ट गर्नेछु !!&lt;br /&gt;
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बिश्वमा संघीय राज्यहरुको निर्माण दुई किसिमले भएको पाइन्छ ! पहिलेका स्वतन्त्र राज्यहरुले आपसमा समझदारी , सम्झौता वा सन्धि गरेर संघ निर्माण गरेका थिए ! यस्तो संघीय राज्याहरुमा संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका , स्विट्जरल्यान्ड , अस्ट्रेलिया , सोभियतसंघ लगायतका पुराना संघीय राज्यहरु पर्दछन् ! यसलाई राज्यहरु संगै आउने बिधि (Coming Together) पनि भनिन्छ !&lt;br /&gt;
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अर्को पहिले एउटै एकाइको रुपमा शासित हुदै आएको एकात्मक राज्यहरुलाई बिभिन्न उप एकाइहरूमा बिभाजन गरी केन्द्र र प्रदेश बीच अधिकारको बाडफाड सहित संरचना खडा भएका छन् ! यस्तो संघीय राज्यहरुमा भारत , बेल्जियम , स्पेन , अस्ट्रेलिया आदि छन् ! यसलाई जातिगत , भाषिक एबं धार्मिक , भौगोलिक बिबिधता बीच राज्यलाई खण्डित हुन बाट जोगाउन राज्यलाई संगै राख्ने बिधि (Holding Together) पनि भनिन्छ ! त्यसैले संघियतालाई जाती , भाषा , सस्कृति , ईतिहास र बिबिधता सम्बन्धि समश्यालाई सम्बोधन गर्ने सबै भन्दा राम्रो राज्ययन्त्र मानिन्छ !अहिले हाम्रो नेपाल पनि यहि बिधि बाट संघिय प्रणाली तिर जादैछ !&lt;br /&gt;
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संसारमा सुरुमा एक आपसमा आबद्द (Coming Together) भएर संघीय राज्य बन्यो ! यसको मुख्य कारण सामुहिक सुरक्षा र आफ्नो उत्पादनका लागी आवश्यक बजारको सृजना गर्नु थियो ! पछिल्ला दशकहरुमा नेपाल जस्तै एकात्मक बहुजातीय राज्यहरुमा देखा परेको जातीय , भाषिक र क्षेत्रीय द्वन्दहरुको कारण देशमा संकट देखा परेकोले देश बिभाजनलाई रोक्न नै संघियताको सुरुवात भएको हो ! यसरि पछिल्ला दशकहरुमा (Coming Together) बिधिबाट पनि संघीय राज्यहरु निर्माण हुन थाले ! यदि संघियता नअपनाएको भए युरोपका स-साना भूगोलको सिको गर्दै स्पेन र बेल्जियम अहिले जातीय आधारमा टुक्रीसकेको हुन्थ्यो ! अहिले पनि त्यहाँ समस्याहरु पुरै समाधान त भएका छैनन तर संघियता एक हदसम्म त्यसलाई मिलाउन सफल भएको छ ! फरक फरक पहिचान भएका मुलुकहरुमा संघियता छोडी एकात्मक देश बनाउने बितिक्कै इथियोपिया , मेक्सिको आदि देशको बिभाजन भयो जसबाट बुझ्न सकिन्छ की धेरै थरि पहिचान भएका देशको कुनै एकल जातीय समूहले अरु सबै माथि आफ्नो पहिचान , मान्यता र दृष्टिकोणहरु लाद्न थाले पछी त्यहाँ द्वन्द हुन्छ र देश बिभाजन हुन्छ !&lt;br /&gt;
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हाम्रो छिमेकी मुलुक भारतमा पनि जुहारलाल नेहरुले मुस्लिक पहिचानको आधारमा राज्य निर्माण गर्न नमान्दा पाकिस्तान स्वतन्त्र हुन पुगे भने पाकिस्तानले पनि भाषिक पहिचानलाई अस्विकार गर्दा टुक्रेर बंगालदेश बन्न पुग्यो ! बहुपहिचान भएका संघीय राज्यहरुमा पनि केन्द्रीकरण गर्न खोज्दा धेरै देशमा समस्याहरु जन्मिएका छन् ! नेपालमा लामो समय देखि जातीय , भाषिक र क्षेत्रीय उत्पीडन रहेको र त्यो निरंकुसतामा कुण्ठित भएर रहेको भएता पनि ०६२/६३ को जनआन्दोलन पश्चात त्यो सतहमा आउन थाल्यो ! हामीले समस्याको रुपमा ठुलो संकट आउनु पुर्ब नै त्यसलाई समाधान गर्नु बुद्दिमानी हुन्छ ! यस सम्बन्धमा हामी सबैले बुझ्नु पर्ने कुरा यो छ की बराबरी अधिकार उपयोग गर्न दिदा हैन , जातीय उत्पीडन भयो भने देश भित्र बिद्रोह हुन्छ र त्यसले देश बिखन्डन हुन्छ ! साचो संघीय ब्यबस्थामा त देशको राज्यशाकि साझेदारी हुने तथा बिबिधताको संबिधान हुने भएकोले राष्ट्रिय एकता झन मद्बुद हुन्छ !!&lt;br /&gt;
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(Article by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/gopalztmg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;Gopal Tamang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span id="goog_890764055"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="goog_890764056"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Image by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/p/contact.html" target="_blank"&gt;Saroj Ray&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"&gt;सबैले सेयर गरौ र चारैतिर ज्ञान फैलाउ !!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;1. &lt;a href="http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/reality-of-federalism-part-1.html"&gt;Reality of Federalism (Part-1&amp;nbsp;)&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;2. Facebook Version&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/saroj-ray/reality-of-federalism/786195084743124" style="border: none; color: #d46300; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;(Part-1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/saroj-ray/reality-of-federalism-part-2/787312114631421" style="border: none; color: #d46300; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;(Part-2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgng6JKIlE0HglHOV-C4FOgyh741Y8zUW-Pak0osbli0WfmxiIBOsoNk8H5ywUtM13kQmjOZFGQn_iFOT7Q4UwhorQnW2GqfDuObQYxzuys7o34dzr7jRZt_GTWngaIbW9kuP2Mz428WK75/s72-c/fb-federalism-symbol.png" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Reality of Federalism (Part-1)</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/reality-of-federalism-part-1.html</link><category>Articles</category><category>Democracy</category><pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2014 14:30:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-8980737161555389876</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"&gt;संघीय राज्य बारे नेपालका एकात्मकबादी , यथास्थितिबादीहरुले फैलाएको भ्रम अनि त्यसको वास्तिविकता&amp;nbsp;बारे यहाँ बुंदागद&amp;nbsp;रुपमा छोटो चर्चा !!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUya0MMzkuZSIdtO6GefwoLyqoZW60-4bgl3ga8BeggMKIZgHCc0YXI69MxyjIRYvf6QSQc7-2jvh8LdUCqDJtBkWzjoyXV5fOv-01KwNDJ4aAc8TNNvlgA1Zxhw8mp8QNFLLM5eaQWN0N/s1600/federalism-nepal-blog.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Federalism is necessary for all Nepalese." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUya0MMzkuZSIdtO6GefwoLyqoZW60-4bgl3ga8BeggMKIZgHCc0YXI69MxyjIRYvf6QSQc7-2jvh8LdUCqDJtBkWzjoyXV5fOv-01KwNDJ4aAc8TNNvlgA1Zxhw8mp8QNFLLM5eaQWN0N/s1600/federalism-nepal-blog.png" height="340" title="Federalism in Nepal. Picture by Saroj Ray" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;( १ ) सानो देशलाई संघीय व्यवस्था उपयुक्त हुन्न भन्ने बारे&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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संघीय ब्यबस्थामा जान मुलुकको भूगोल ठुलो हुनै पर्छ भन्ने गलत धारणा कतिपय ब्य्कतिहरुमा पाईन्छ ! वास्तबमा संघीय व्यवस्था भौगोलिक सिमाना ठुलो वा सानो भएको आधारमा अपनाउने हैन ! जुन देशमा बहुजातीय , बहुभाषिक , बहुसास्कृतिक र भौगोलिक बिबिधता हुन्छन् , उक्त देशमा बिभिन्न कारणले द्वन्द बढिरहन्छ ! त्यस्तो देशमा समाजमा समानता र सन्तुलन कायम गर्नको लागी संघीय व्यवस्था अपनाउनु उपयुक्त हुन्छ ! बिश्वमा अहिले २९ वटा संघीय व्यवस्था भएका देशहरु छन् ! तिमध्य भौगोलिक आधारमा नेपाल भन्दा साना अस्ट्रिया , संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स , बोस्निया हर्जगोबिना , स्विट्जरल्यान्ड , बेल्जियम , कोमोरस , माईक्रोनेसिया , पलाउ , सेन्टकिट्स तथा नेभिस र लिकटेन्सस्टाइ गरी १० वटा मुलुकहरु छन् , वास्तबमा नेपाल बाहिर चर्चा भए जस्तो सारै सानो मुलुक हैन ! बिश्वका करिब २०० वटा सार्बभौम मुलुकहरुमध्य नेपाल भूमिको आधारमा ९२ औ ठुलो देश हो भने जनसख्याको आधारमा ४० औ धेरै जनसंख्या भएको देश हो ! यसरि हेर्दा नेपाल सानो देश नभई मझौला आकारको देश हो ! कुनै पनि देश संघीय ब्यबस्थामा जाने की नजाने भन्ने कुरा देशको आकारले हैन , आवश्यकताले निर्धारण गर्दछ ! तसर्थ सानो देशलाई संघीय व्यवस्था उपयुक्त हुन्न भन्ने तर्क नै गलत छ !!&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: lucida grande, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;( २ ) धेरै जातजाति भएको देशमा संघियता सम्भब हुन्न भन्ने बारे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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संघियता धेरै जातजाती भएका र नभएका , आर्थिक रुपले समृद्द र गरिब , आकारमा ठुलोसानो सबै खाले मुलुकहरुमा छन् ! धेरै जातजातिहरु भएको देशमा त्यहाँको बिबिधतालाई सम्बोधन गर्न नै हामीलाई संघीय राज्य चाहिएको हो ! जातीय रुपमा हेर्दा भारतमा ५३३ , क्यानाडामा ६०८ , अमेरिकामा ५६३ , ब्राजिलमा ५५९ , नाइजेरियामा ३५० जातीहरु छन् तर प्रत्यक जातीको संघीय इकाई रहेको छैन ! युरोपमा थोरै जातीहरु छन् तर संघीय इकाई धेरै रहेको छ भने एसियामा धेरै जातिहरु छन् तर संघीय इकाई थोरै रहेको छ ! संघियतामा प्रत्यक जातिहरुको एउटा संघीय इकाई हुनु जरुरि छैन ! धेरै जातजाती भएको देशमा निश्चित ऐतिहासिक भौगोलिक आधार भएकाहरुलाई स्वायत्त प्रदेश स्तरमा र अन्यलाई स्वायतता भित्र स्वायत्तता दिनु पर्दछ तसर्थ धेरै जातजाति भएको देशमा संघियता सम्भब हुदैन भन्ने कुरामा कुनै सत्यता छैन !!&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;( ३ ) देशभरि छरिएर रहेका जातिहरुलाई संघियताले समेट्न सक्दैन भन्ने वारे&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0c343d;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #37404e; font-family: lucida grande, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12.727272033691406px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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जातजातिहरु देशभरि छरिएर रहेको हाम्रो जस्तो देशमा संघीय राज्यले सबैलाई समेट्न सक्दैन भन्ने गलत धारणा पनि नेपाली समाजमा धेरै पाईन्छ ! स्वायत्त प्रदेश , जिल्ला र गाउँ / नगरपालिकाहरुमा बाहुल्यता भएका जातजातिहरुका सन्दर्भमा संघियताले सम्बोधन गरे पनि देशभरि छरिएर रहेका जातजातिहरुलाई संघियताले कसरि सम्बोधन गर्दछ भन्ने कुरा स्पष्ट नहुनाले यस्तो भर उत्पन्न भएको हो ! त्यसरी देशैभरि छरिएर रहेको तर कतै पनि सघन रुपमा नरहेको समुदायहरुलाई सम्बोधन गर्नको लागी संघीय राज्यमा निगम (गैरभौगोलिक) संघियताका मान्यता विकास गरेको छ ! निगम संघियताले सम्पूर्ण देशलाई नै एउटा निर्बाचन क्षेत्र मानि त्यस्ता समुदायहरुको स्वशासनको अधिकारलाई सम्बोधन गर्न अलग अलग सरकार बनाउन पाउने अधिकार दिइएको छ ! अस्ट्रियाबाट सुरु भएको यो व्यवस्था हाल रुस , इस्टोनिया आदि देशहरुमा लोकप्रिय रहेको छ ! हाम्रो देशमा पनि देशैभरि छरिएर रहेको दलित तथा अन्य जातजातिहरुको लागी निगम (गैरभौगोलिक) संघियताको मान्यता अनुरुप सास्कृतिक स्वायत्तता प्रदान गर्ने तथा केन्द्रमा प्रतक्षरुपमा प्रतिनिधित्वको संरचना विकास गर्ने व्यवस्था गर्न सकिन्छ ! यसरि बिश्वमा प्रयोग भएर पनि सफल भइसकेको संघियताका मान्यताहरुलाई हाम्रो देश अनुकुल प्रयोग गरेमा देशैभरि छरिएर रहेको सबै जातजातिहरुलाई समेट्न सकिन्छ !!&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;( ४ ) संघियताले जातीय-क्षेत्रीय ठालुहरुको राज्य सृजना गर्छ भन्ने बारे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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संघीय राज्यमा टाठा बाठा र ठालुहरुले फाइदा लिन्छन् भन्ने कुरा पनि उठ्ने गरेको छ ! यसमा केही हदसम्म सत्यता भए पनि यो निरपेक्ष कुरा हैन ! संघीय वा एकात्मक जुनसुकै देशमा पनि यस्ता समश्याहरु देखा पर्न सक्दछन् ! दक्षिण एसियामा संघीय राज्यका रुपमा रहेको भारतमा केन्द्रमा नेहरु-गान्धी बंशको हालीमुहाली तथा एकात्मक देशका रुपमा रहेको बंगलादेश , श्रीलंका , नेपाल आदि देशलाई हेर्दा जातीय ठालुहरुको नया राज बंश उदय भएको भान हुन्छ ! नेपालमा पुरानो एकात्मक ढाचामा साना समुदायहरु राज्य सत्तामा लगभग सुन्य अवस्थामा छन् ! तिमीहरु संसद वा सरकारमा सहभागी हुन बहुसंख्यकको दयामायामा भर पर्नु पर्दछ किनकी एकात्मक ब्यबस्थामा प्रतिनिधित्वको सवाललाई अधिकारको रुपमा संबैधानिक व्यवस्था गरिएको हुदैन ! लोकतान्त्रिक भनिएका पार्टीहरुले पनि दलित तथा कम संख्यामा भएका आदिबासी जनजातीहरुलाई चुनाबमा टिकट दिन हिच्किच्याउने मुख्य कारण पनि यहि नै हो ! एकात्मक राज्यमा हुने निरपेक्ष ढंगको प्रतिस्पर्धा हेर्दा सुन्दर र समान देखिए पनि त्यहाँ अभिजातवर्गहरु र श्रोत साधन भएका जातीय समुदायका ठालुहरुले नै हालीमुहाली चलाउने गरेका छन् ! त्यसैले संघियताले जातीय-क्षेत्रीय ठालुहरुको राज्य निर्माण गर्छ भन्ने कुरा यो एकात्मक राज्यमा बर्चस्व कायम गरेर बसेका ठालुहरुले आफ्नो बर्चस्व गुम्न लाग्यो भनेर गरेको चिच्याहट मात्र हो ! संघियतामा त संबैधानिक रुपमा नै राज्य शक्ति बाडफाड गरी प्रयोग गर्ने हुनाले निरपेक्ष लोकतन्त्रको तुलनामा कम्जोर जातिहरु तथा वर्गहरुले पनि प्रतिनिधित्व पाउन सक्दछ ! त्यसैले समानता र सहभागितामुलक व्यवस्थाका लागी पनि संघीय राज्य नै उपयुक्त व्यवस्था हो !&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;( ५ ) राज्यको पुनर्संरचनामा संघियता भए पुग्छ , स्वायत्तता चाहिदैन भने बारे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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नेपालमा कतिपय मान्छेहरुले राज्यपुनर्संरचामा संघियता भए पुग्छ तर स्वायत्तता चाहिदैन भन्ने गलत तर्कहरु पनि गरिरहेको छ ! आजको बिश्वमा स्वायत्तता पनि एकात्मक र संघात्मक दुबै खाले ब्यबस्थामा रहेको छ ! नेपालमै पनि २०५५ सालमा स्थानीय स्वायत्त शासन ऐन जारी गरेको थियो तर त्यति बेला राज्यशक्ति केन्द्रमा रहेको हुदा त्यो बिकेन्द्रिकृत र प्रत्यायोजित अधिकारका रुपमा नै सिमित रह्यो . तर डेनमार्क , नर्वे , चिन , बेलायत , पपुवान्युगिनी जस्ता कतिपय एकात्मक राज्यहरुमा धेरै धिकारहरु तल प्रत्यायोजन गरिएको छ ! त्यसको तुलनामा संघीय राज्यमा राज्यशक्ति नै संबैधानिक रुपमा बाडफाड हुने भएकोले त्यहाँका प्रदेश/राज्यहरु अधिकतम रुपले स्वायत्त हुन्छन् ! संघीय राज्य भन्नु नै एउटै केन्द्रमा राज्यशक्ति नहुने अकेन्द्रीकरणको मान्यता हो ! त्यसैले स्वायत्तता बिना संघीय राज्य नै हुदैन ! संघियता र स्वायत्तता एक आपसमा बिपरित तत्व नभई अन्तरसम्बन्धित कुरा हो !!&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;( ६ ) संघियताले प्रदेशहरु बीच श्रोतको लागी झगडा सृजना गर्छ भन्ने बारे&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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पक्कै पनि संघीय राज्यमा बहुप्रादेशिक श्रोतहरुको बाडफाड , प्रदेशहरुको सिमा आदि सन्दर्भमा विवाद हुन सक्दछ ! यस्तो विवाद एकात्मक देशहरुमा पनि हुन्छ तर त्यहाँ सम्पूर्ण शक्ति केन्द्रमा हुने हुदा केन्द्रले दिएको निर्यण अन्तिम हुन्छ ! संघीय राज्यमा भने त्यस्तो विवाद आउदा केन्द्रको मध्यस्थतामा बिबादित पक्षबरु बसेर एक आपसमा सहमतिमा टुंग्याईन्छ ! त्यसरी नटुंगिए त्यस्ता विवादहरुको निरुपण अदालत द्वारा गर्ने ब्यबस्था गरिएको हुन्छ ! अमेरिकामा यस्तो अधिकार केन्द्र र प्रदेश दुबैको प्रतिनिधित्व भएको न्यायिक ट्रिब्युनलाई दिएको छ भने इथियोपियामा सिनेटलाई यस्तो अधिकार दिएको छ ! संघीय व्यवस्था राम्रोसंग साफल होस् भनेर विवाद निरुपणको निकाय संबिधानमै नै स्पष्टका साथ किटान गरिएको हुन्छ ! यसरि संघीय ब्यबस्थामा विवादहरु सृजना भए पनि सकेसम्म सहमतिमा , नभए अदालत द्वारा टुंग्याउने हुदा यसले द्वन्दको उचित व्यवस्थापन गर्दछ !&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmavAA0KLbyN71VHHSwjIqjnKLoHr_GDOu8bXOML-i2UtBVfooKh0OSiM9GocPYQMBbXlMAhTtUTuB-fUflXuV1a_ak-GPmY-jkFIXFX-n1jOXhpUQ7dJ-OVCUZiuheE-8eR882ogmo2_X/s1600/Federalism_CHART.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Chart of Power distribution in Federalism" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmavAA0KLbyN71VHHSwjIqjnKLoHr_GDOu8bXOML-i2UtBVfooKh0OSiM9GocPYQMBbXlMAhTtUTuB-fUflXuV1a_ak-GPmY-jkFIXFX-n1jOXhpUQ7dJ-OVCUZiuheE-8eR882ogmo2_X/s1600/Federalism_CHART.png" height="480" title="Federalism in Nepal" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;( ७&amp;nbsp;) संघियताले प्रदेशलाई गरी 'खा' भनेर छोडीदिन्छ ! कर्णाली क्षेत्रका प्रदेशहरु चल्न सक्दैनन् ! धनि प्रदेश झन धनि , गरिब प्रदेश झन गरिब हुन्छ भन्ने बारे&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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यसलाई पनि केन्द्रले हेर्दा राम्रो हुन्छ , अधिकार दिदा बर्बाद हुन्छ भन्ने केन्द्रबादी मानसिकताकै उपज हो ! वास्तबमा संघ राज्यले प्रदेशहरुलाई नया नया श्रोतहरुको खोजी गरी परिचालन गर्ने अवसर प्रदान गर्छ र केन्द्रले पनि त्यसमा सहयोग गर्ने गर्दछ ! आधुनिक संघ राज्यको स्थापना भन्दा पहिला संघात्मक भन्ने बितिकै महासंघलाई बुझाउने हुदा त्यसको प्रभाबले अहिले पनि कतिपय व्यक्तिहरु संघियताले प्रदेशहरुलाई गरी 'खा' भनेर छाडी दिन्छ भन्ने गलत तर्क गर्न पुग्दछन् ! संघीय राज्यमा राजस्व , श्रोत र साधनहरु संबैधानिक रुपमा नै केन्द्र र प्रदेशबीच बाडफाड हुन्छ ! बर्नाड डाफलोनका अनुसार स्विट्जरल्यान्डमा प्रत्यक करको ३०% केन्द्रले क्यान्टनहरुलाई बाड्छ , जसमध्य १७% कर तिनीहरुको उत्पतिको आधारमा र १३% कर कम्जोर आर्थिक क्षमता भएकाहरुले पाउदछन् ! त्यसबाहेक एकमुस्ट अनुदानको मध्यमबाट आर्थिक समानीकरण (Equalization) को नीति पनि लिईएको छ ! त्यसरी नै क्यानाडामा पनि आर्थिक असमानताहरुलाई समानीकरण गर्ने उदेश्यले केन्द्रले राजस्व बाडफाड गर्दछ भने जर्मनीले पनि प्रति व्यक्ति आय कम भएको ल्याण्डरमा मुल्य अभ्रिब्रिद्द करको बढी हिस्सा पठाउदाछन् ! त्यसरी नै भारतमा केन्द्रले उठाउने करको २९.५% राज्यहरुलाई दिइन्छ , जसको बाडफाडको भार (Weight) ६२.५% धनि र गरिब प्रान्तको प्रति व्यक्ति आयको फरक (Distance of factor) लाई दिइएको छ भने जनसख्यालाई १० , भूगोललाई ७.५ , भौतिक पुर्बाधारलाई ७.५ , करउठौतीलाई ५ र बित्तिय अनुशासनलाई ७.५ प्रतिसत मात्र दिइएको छ ! यसको अलवा केन्द्रले एकमुस्ट , म्याचीङ अनुदान , निश्चित कामका लागी अनुदान , र बजेट घाटा अनुदान पनि दिने गरिएको छ ! यसरि संघीय राज्यको एउटा महत्वपूर्ण मान्यता पिछडिएको राज्यमा निश्चित मापदण्डको आधारमा श्रोत परिचालनको संबैधानिक व्यवस्था हुने भएकोले बिकासमा टेवा पुग्दछ तसर्थ एकात्मकबादीहरुले भन्ने गरेको संघियताले प्रदेशलाई गरी 'खा' भनेर छोडीदिन्छ ! कर्णाली क्षेत्रका प्रदेशहरु चल्न सक्दैनन् ! धनि प्रदेश झन धनि , गरिब प्रदेश झन गरिब हुन्छ भन्ने तर्कमा कुनै सत्यता छैन !!&lt;br /&gt;
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(Article by &lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/gopalztmg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;Gopal Tamang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span id="goog_890764055"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="goog_890764056"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Image by &lt;a href="http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/p/contact.html" target="_blank"&gt;Saroj Ray&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"&gt;सबैले सेयर गरौ र चारैतिर ज्ञान फैलाउ !!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h1 class="title" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(http://i1000.photobucket.com/albums/af125/info4saroj/ekawaaj_blog/green_zpsd7e58a56.gif); background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: none; color: #0033cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; height: 30px; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none; padding: 5px 0px 5px 16px;"&gt;
&lt;strong style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;span style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Related Links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
1. &lt;span id="goog_890764041"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/reality-of-federalism-part-2.html"&gt;Reality of Federalism (Part-2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span id="goog_890764042"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
2. Facebook Version &lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/saroj-ray/reality-of-federalism/786195084743124"&gt;(Part-1)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/saroj-ray/reality-of-federalism-part-2/787312114631421"&gt;(Part-2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://wow-ekawaaj.blogspot.com/" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="Come here for facebook, internet, bloggers tips and secret tricks" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkQuh4yDEPfl22WL6kovnwYhabgk-aBccLrCYtUj66HWF2o1DVEb2NopWDliEDmO5AjPP9Axjut8Zv6T_lsm29egwvEUbbeQ_bIc5zXpK3QXk5acgJmDfnNCF8QMZu310ghEM0rMH8aHB/s1600/advertise_here.gif" title="world of wonder" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://wow-ekawaaj.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;World of Wonder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;span style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUya0MMzkuZSIdtO6GefwoLyqoZW60-4bgl3ga8BeggMKIZgHCc0YXI69MxyjIRYvf6QSQc7-2jvh8LdUCqDJtBkWzjoyXV5fOv-01KwNDJ4aAc8TNNvlgA1Zxhw8mp8QNFLLM5eaQWN0N/s72-c/federalism-nepal-blog.png" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Interview with Jai Krishna Goit</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/blog-post.html</link><category>Interview</category><category>Madhesh</category><pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2014 06:11:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-5808294611799307199</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;संविधानसभाको&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;दोस्रो&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;निर्वाचनपछिको&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;मधेश&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;राजनीतिलाई&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;कसरी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;विश्लेषण&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;गर्नुहुन्छ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;जयकृष्ण&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;गोइत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;संयोजक&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;अखिल&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;तराई&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;मुक्ति&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Mangal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;मोर्चा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 22.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;संविधानसभाको दोस्रो निर्वाचनपछिको मधेश राजनीतिलाई कसरी विश्लेषण गर्नुहुन्छ ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; मधेश केन्द्रित राजनीतिको जरा फस्टाउन सकेको छैन । मधेशीमा नेपाली (पहाडे) राजनीति चिन्तनले अझै पनि मधेशका धेरै क्षेत्रमा गडबडी मच्याइरहेका छन् । दोस्रो संविधानसभाको निर्वाचनमा चुन्नका लागि मुख्य रूपमा मधेशी मतदातासमक्ष दुईवटा विषय–वस्तु थिए । त्यो गैरमधेशी (पहाडी) बनाम मधेशी या गैरवामपन्थी बनाम वामपन्थी होइन । त्यो दुई दृष्टि–बोध हो, (१) मधेश नेपालको उपनिवेश हो (२) मधेश नेपालको आन्तरिक उपनिवेश हो । मधेशलाई नेपाली औपनिवेशिक शासनबाट मुक्तिका लागि नेपाली संविधानसभाको पहिलो निर्वाचन बहिष्कार गर्न मधेशीहरूमा अपिल हुँदा, मधेशका जिल्लाहरूमा संगठन भएको ठाउँहरूमा बहिष्कार मात्रै भएन, सप्तरीको त्रिकौल गाउँको मतदान केन्द्रमा राखेको मतपेटिकामा कुनै पनि मतदाताले आफ्नो मत हाल्न गएनन् । संविधानसभाको दोस्रो निर्वाचनमा नेपाली औपनिवेशिक कारणको वहिष्कार कमजोर हुन गए । पहिलो निर्वाचनमा मधेशका अधिकांश मधेशीहरूको मत पाएर मधेशी दलहरू उल्लेखनीय संख्यामा संविधानसभामा उपस्थिति भए । तर, दोस्रो निर्वाचनमा मधेशमा जनविश्वासको धरातल कमजोर हुँन पुगेकोले मधेशकेन्द्रित दलहरू न्यून संख्यामा विजय भए । त्यसैले, दोस्रो संविधानसभाको निर्वाचनपछिको मधेश राजनीतिमा नयाँ समस्या र चुनौती थपिएका छन् । २०६३ को मधेश महाविद्रोहबाट प्राप्त उपलब्धिहरू गुमिएको तथ्यलाई दुवैले स्वीकार्नु पर्दछ । विश्वका कतिपय मुलुकका पछिल्ला घटनाहरूले के देखाएका छन् भने आन्दोलनकारी शक्तिहरूले वुद्धि पुर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;याएनन् भने प्राप्त उपलब्धिहरू गुमिने र पहिलेको अवस्था पुनस्र्थापित हुँदा रहेछन् । त्यसैले कतिपय देशमा आन्दोलन, जनविद्रोह, क्रान्ति वा स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम कैयौं पटक गर्नु पर्दो रहेछ । फ्रान्स, रूस आदि मुलुकमा मात्र होइन कि भारतमा नै १८५७ ई.मा प्रथम महाविद्रोह भयो, १९४२ ई.मा भारत छोडो आन्दोलन र १९४७ ई.मा स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम भयो । चीनमा १९११ ई.मा क्रान्ति भयो । तर, १९१६ ई. मै उल्टियो, फेरि १९४९ ई. मा जनवादी क्रान्ति भयो । नेपालकै सन्दर्भमा २००७ सालमा क्रान्ति भयो, २०१७ सालमा प्रतिक्रान्ति भयो र २०४६ सालमा फेरि क्रान्ति भयो । २०५९-६१ मा प्रतिक्रान्ति भयो र फेरि २०६२-२०६३ सालमा क्रान्ति भयो । परिणामस्वरूप नेपालमा गणतन्त्र आयो । &amp;nbsp;हामीले मधेश राजनीतिलाई अहिलेको ठोस परिस्थितिको ठोस विश्लेषणसहित नेपाली औपनिवेशिक उत्पीडनलाई नै मुख्य अन्तरविरोधको रूपमा किटान गरिएका छौं । जबसम्म मधेशको स्वतन्त्रता संस्थागत हुँदैन, तबसम्म असफलताहरूबाट पाठ सिक्दै निरन्तर योजनाबद्ध क्रान्ति गरी रहनु क्रान्तिकारी मधेशीहरूको नैतिक दायित्व छ । मधेश महाविद्रोहका अभियन्ता मधेशी आफैं हुँदा ‘मधेशको मुक्ति’ अवश्यम्भावी छ ।&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVoD565mH-AcD4fCoT7q-gRIS7Bfkiwgvgbby9UCzfE1nASuPGl6f-A9tLfaDgjVc988kashUgj8oDaVRLuOXIDOe8sTb2psCXMZCx2ldKnOFnPMLIcViJ999HtIjPfgGIacwhlIqIsjjg/s1600/goitji.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img alt="जयकृष्ण गोइत, संयोजक (अखिल तराई मुक्ति मोर्चा)" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVoD565mH-AcD4fCoT7q-gRIS7Bfkiwgvgbby9UCzfE1nASuPGl6f-A9tLfaDgjVc988kashUgj8oDaVRLuOXIDOe8sTb2psCXMZCx2ldKnOFnPMLIcViJ999HtIjPfgGIacwhlIqIsjjg/s1600/goitji.jpg" height="340" title="Interview with Jai Krishna Goit" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Mangal, serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;जयकृष्ण&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Mangal, serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;गोइत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Mangal, serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;संयोजक&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Mangal, serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;अखिल&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Mangal, serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;तराई&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Mangal, serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;मुक्ति&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Mangal, serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;मोर्चा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;b style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;० यसपटकको संविधानसभामा मधेश केन्द्रित दलहरूको जुन परिणाम आएको छ, यसलाई के भन्नुहुन्छ ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; नीति, योजना र कार्यक्रम निर्माणको भूल । &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;० चुनावमा मधेशी नेता हारेका हुन् कि मधेशी जनता ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; वास्तवमा मधेशी नेता हारेकै हुन् । तर, मधेशी जनताले नेपाली संविधानसभाको दोस्रो निर्वाचनमा निर्वाह गरेको भूमिका आत्मघाति थियो । मधेशकेन्द्रित दलहरूको विकल्प गैरमधेश(नेपाल) केन्द्रित दलहरू किमार्थ हुन सक्दैन । “घटनाहरूले सिकाउँछन्, तर नसिक्नेलाई तिनै घटना काल बन्न पुग्छन् ।” मधेश र मधेशीका समस्याहरूको समाधान गैरमधेश(नेपाल) केन्द्रित दलहरूका मधेशी नेताहरूले त गर्न सक्दैनन् । तिनीहरू त नेपाली(पहाडी) नेताहरूको खेताला मात्र हुन् । प्रमाणका लागि त्याग बलिदानका प्रतिमूर्ति मधेशका धर्तिपुत्र नेपाली कांग्रेसका तत्कालीन महामन्त्री हाम्रा परम आदरणीय महेन्द्रनारायण निधिको नेपाली पत्र–पत्रिकामा व्यथित अभिव्यक्ति सुरक्षित छन् । “नेपाली कांग्रेस जस्तो पार्टीको महामन्त्री पदमा एउटा तराईबासी पुग्यो भन्दैमा सबै तराईबासीका समस्या हल भयो ठान्नु हुन्न् । सबैले भन्छन् निधिजी पार्टीको दोश्रो ठूलो शक्तिशाली नेता हुन् । तर, मलाई नै थाहा छ मधेशी भएकाले नै पार्टीमा मेरो हैसियत कति छ ? कानुन र संविधानमा कुनै भेदभाव छैन । तर, व्यवहारमा तराईबासीहरूलाई भेदभाव गरिएको छ (गोरखापत्र, कान्तिपुर दैनिक, २९ कार्तिक, २०५२) ।” यस्तो स्थितिमा आफ्नो र आफ्नो सन्तानको उज्जवल भविष्यका लागि मधेशीहरूको निम्ति गैरमधेश(नेपाल)केन्द्रित दलहरूको वहिष्कार अर्थात आफ्नो अमूल्य मत सुरक्षित राख्नु बाहेक अर्को विकल्प थिएन । लोकतान्त्रिक व्यवस्थामा मतदाताले आफूलाई मन परेको उम्मेदवारलाई मत हाल्ने र कुनै पनि उम्मेदवारमा विश्वास नलागेको खण्डमा सबैलाई अस्वीकार गर्नेसम्मको विकल्प छ । मतदातलाई बढी शक्तिशाली र सार्वभौम बनाउने उद्देश्यले भारत, बंगलादेश, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका, फ्रास, बेल्जियम, ब्राजिल, युनान, फिनल्याण्ड, स्वीडेन, कोलम्बिया र स्पेन लगायतका मुलुकहरूमा ‘राइट टू रिजेक्ट’ अर्थात ‘अस्वीकार गर्ने अधिकार’ प्रदान गरिएको छ । &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;० मधेशमा अब यी कथित मधेशवादीहरूको विकल्प खोजिन थालिएको हो ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; विगतबाट पाठ नसिकी भविष्यतिर अगाडि बढ्न सकिँदैन । दोस्रो संविधानसभाको निर्वाचनको परिणाम पछि पनि समानुपातिकतर्फका सभासद् चयन प्रक्रियाले मधेशी दलहरूको नेतृत्वपंक्तिमाथि विश्वास गर्न सक्ने ठोस आधार रहेन । मधेश केन्द्रित दलहरूमा पुरानै प्रबृत्ति देखिनु जोखिमपूर्ण छ । &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;० अब मधेशमा कस्तो राजनीतिक शक्ति आउनुपर्छ ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; राजनीति दर्शन र आदर्श हो । राजनीति विज्ञान पनि हो । राजनीति विज्ञान सामाजिक विज्ञानको एउटा मान्यता प्राप्त घटक हो । राजनीतिक शक्ति(संगठन वा दल) समाज रूपान्तरणका सर्वोत्कृष्ट सत्यहरूलाई व्यवहारमा लागू गर्ने जीवन्त औजार हुन् । यो परिभाषाअनुसार राजनीतिक शक्ति साध्य होइनन्, साधन हुन् । एउटा निश्चित साध्यको प्राप्तिका लागि बनाइएको साधन नै शक्ति(संगठन वा दल) हो । प्रथमतः कुनै पनि अभियानलाई लक्ष्यमा पुरयाउन साध्यको स्पष्टता भएन भने बनाइएको साधन अर्थात शक्ति (संगठन वा दल) सफल हुन सक्दैन । यसतर्फ सबै सचेत मधेशीको ध्यान केन्द्रित हुनु जरूरी छ । तराई-मधेशको शोषणको स्वरूप के हो ? औपनिवेशिक हो कि आन्तरिक–औपनिवेशिक ? कुनै पनि द्वन्द्वको वैज्ञानिक र सापेक्ष रूपले चिरस्थायी समाधानका निम्ति सर्वप्रथम त्यसको अन्तरनिहीत कारक तत्व र प्रकृतिको वस्तुनिष्ठ पहिचान जरूरी हुन्छ । आन्तरिक–औपनिवेशिक शोषण एवं औपनिवेशिक शोषणबीचको मूल फरक के हो भने औपनिबेशिक शोषणमा शोषक र शोषित समुदाय दुई अलग समाजका मानिस हुन्छन् । यसअन्तर्गत बेग्ला–बेग्लै आर्थिक सामाजिक प्रक्रियाहरू हुन्छन् । दुवैबीच स्पष्ट व्यावहारिक दूरी रहन्छ तथा राखिन्छ । औपनिवेशिक शोषणमा शोषकले असुल गरेको राजस्व र शोषण गरेको धनराशि आफू&amp;nbsp;चाहेका ठाउँमा लगेर आराम, मौज–मस्तिको अतिरिक्त विकासका लागि खर्च गर्दछ । &amp;nbsp;इतिहासलाई द्वन्द्वात्मक र भौतिकवादी ढंगले हेर्ने सबै मधेशीले बुझ्ने कुरा के हो भने मधेश र मधेशीहरू नेपाली औपनिवेशिक शोषणको शिकार भइरहेका छन् । मधेशमा शोषित मधेशी समुदाय र शोषक नेपाली समुदाय दुई बेग्लै समाजका मानिसहरू हुन्, मधेशी समुदाय र नेपाली समुदायअन्तर्गत बेग्ला–बेग्लै आर्थिक सामाजिक प्रक्रियाहरू छन् । दुवै बीच एउटा स्पष्ट व्यावहारिक दूरी रहन्छ तथा राखिन्छ । &amp;nbsp;मधेशबाट नेपाली शासकले असुली गरेको राजस्व एवं नेपाली जमीनदार लगायतहरूले शोषण गरी संचय गरेको धनराशि नेपाल(काठमाडौं) उपत्यका र पहाडमा कुल देउता भएको ठाउँमा नै लगिएर ऐशो–आराम, मौज–मस्तिको अतिरिक्त त्यहाँको स्थानीय विकासका लागि खर्च गर्दछन् । विश्व इतिहासले प्रमाणित गरेको छ कि जातीय, क्षेत्रीय, लिंगीय र वर्गीय शोषण र उत्पीडनभन्दा औपनिवेशिक शोषण र उत्पीडन नै प्रधान हुने गरेका छन् । जबसम्म कुनै पनि मुलुक वा समुदाय औपनिवेशिक शोषण र उत्पीडनबाट मुक्त हुँदैन, तबसम्म त्यो मुलुक वा समुदाय जातीय, क्षेत्रीय, लिंगीय र वर्गीय शोषण र उत्पीडनबाट मुक्त हुन सक्दैन । त्यसर्थ अब मधेशमा मधेशीलाई नेपाली औपनिवेशिक शासनबाट मुक्त गर्ने राजनीतिक शक्ति आउनुपर्छ ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;० यसपटक संविधान बन्छ जस्तो लाग्छ ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; &amp;nbsp;“इतिहासका पात्र र घटनाहरू दुईपटक दोहरिन्छन्, पहिलो पटक दुःखान्त रूपमा र दोस्रो पटक हाँस्यास्पद रूपमा” । पहिलो पटकको निर्वाचित नेपाली संविधानसभाको दुःखान्त भयो र दोस्रो पटकको निर्वाचित नेपाली संविधानसभा हाँस्यास्पद हुन जानेछ । &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;० यसका कारक तत्वहरू के–के हुन् ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; नेपाली राजनीति दलका नेताहरूको प्राथमिकता नेपाली संविधानभन्दा नेपाली सत्ता हो । दलहरूको बीच मात्रै होइन कि एउटै दलभित्रका नेताहरू बीच पनि सत्ता प्राप्ति नै प्रमुखता हो । राज्य पुनःसंरचना, शासकीय स्वरूप, निर्वाचन प्रणाली, न्याय प्रणाली आदि संविधानको महत्वपूर्ण आधारभूत अन्तर्वस्तुमा नेपाली राजनीतिक दलहरूका नेताहरूको आत्मघाती अडान र आपसी विग्रहन नै संविधान नबन्नुको मुख्य कारक तत्व हुन् ।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;० तपाइँहरू सशस्त्र राजनीति कहिलेसम्म गर्ने ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; सर्वप्रथम, स्पष्ट हुनुपर्ने कुरा के हो भने सशस्त्र राजनीति कसैको इच्छामा निर्भर नभएर सत्तापक्षहरूको चरित्रमा भर पर्दछ । राम र कृष्णले पनि, जो रामायण र महाभारत युगका नायक थिए र जसलाई ईश्वरका अवतार मानिन्छ, हतियारबाट नै आफ्नो विवाद निपटाए । हुन त दुवैले नै अन्तिम समयसम्म कोशिश गरे कि हतियार उठाउने आवश्यकता नपरोस् । तर, अन्यायको सम्मुख आत्मसमर्पण गर्नुको कायरताभन्दा उनीहरूले युद्धलाई नै राम्रो ठाने । महात्मा गाँधीले भनेका हुन्–“म यसलाई राम्रो मान्ने छु कि भारत कायरहरू झैं असहाय बनी आफ्नो अपमान सहनु भन्दा आफ्नो सम्मानको रक्षाका लागि शस्त्रहरूको सहारा लिउँन् ।” वी.पी.कोइरालाले आफूबाट अनैतिक सत्ताको खिलाफमा गरिएको सबै शसस्त्र आन्दोलनहरू नैतिक, कानूनी र क्रान्तिको कसीमा औचित्यपूर्ण भन्नु भएको थियो । हामीहरू सशस्त्र राजनीति एक छिनका लागि पनि गर्न चाहन्नौं, हामीहरू शान्ति चाहन्छौं । यदि नेपाली राज्य सत्ताले सशस्त्र राजनीतिका लागि बाध्य नै गर्दछ भने मधेश मुक्त नहुन जेलसम्म जारी रहने छ ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;० तपाइँले स्वतन्त्र तराईको वकालत गर्दैं हुनुहुन्छ, तर यो सम्भव छ ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; नेपालको विस्तार एउटा काल खण्डमा टिस्टादेखि सतलजसम्म भएको थियो । नेपालमा पढिने–पढाइने र चर्चामा रहेकोका इतिहासका सामग्रीअनुसार ब्रिटिश ईष्ट इण्डिया कम्पनीले प्रतिवर्ष नगद र हात्ती कर स्वरूप बुझाउने शर्तमा आफ्नो दीवानी अधिकारअन्तर्गतको तराई नेपालको राजालाई हस्तान्तरण गरी दिएको थियो । सन् १८१४–१६ बीच तराईकै लागि कम्पनी र नेपाल बीच दुई पल्ट युद्ध भयो । पुनरावर्तित युद्धमा पनि पराजित नेपालले सुगौली सन्धि–पत्र मार्फत टिस्टादेखि मेचीसम्म तथा महाकालीदेखि सतलजसम्मको भूभाग युद्ध अपराधमा कम्पनीलाई सुम्पियो । कम्पनीले सुगौली सन्धि–पत्रद्वारा नै आफ्नो दीवानी अधिकारअन्तर्गतको तराई पनि फिर्ता लिए । सन् १८१६, मार्च ३ का दिन नेपाल दरबारद्वारा प्रस्तावित सुगौली सन्धि–पत्रमाथि स्वीकृतिको लालमोहर सदर गरी दिएपछि वैधानिक रूपमा तराई नेपाली शासनबाट स्वतन्त्र भए । &amp;nbsp;सन् १८१६, दिसम्वर ८ का दिन कम्पनीले नेपाललाई चीनको पक्षमा जान नदिनका लागि स्मरण–पत्रको कुटिल चालद्वारा मेचीदेखि राप्तीसम्म तथा वर्तमान नेपाल–भारत सीमादेखि उत्तरका भू–भाग पुनः नेपालको राजालाई हस्तांतरण गरी दिए । &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;सन् १८५७ ई. देखि भएको सैनिक विद्रोह र प्रथम भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता संग्रामको दमनमा नेपाल सरकारद्वारा दिएको सहयोगलाई ‘उत्कृष्ट सेवा’ को दर्जा दिँदै १ नवम्वर १८६० का दिन ब्रिटिश सरकारले नेपालसँग एक सन्धि गर्यो&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;। यसै सन्धि–पत्र मार्फत राप्तीदेखि महाकालीसम्म तथा वर्तमान नेपाल–भारत सीमा चिह्नदेखि उत्तरका तराई भू–भाग नेपालको राजालाई हस्तांतरण गरी दिए । &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;यसरी मेचीदेखि महाकालीसम्मको ‘तराई–मधेहश’ कुनै शाहवंशी राजा, महाराजा वा नेपालीको विजित भू–भाग नभई ब्रिटिश स्वार्थका कारण नेपाललाई हस्तान्तरित भू–भाग हो । सन् १९५० जुलाई ३१ का दिन भारत–नेपालबीच काठमाडौंमा सम्पन्न भएको “शान्ति एवं मैत्री” सन्धिको धारा–८ मा उल्लेख छ, “जहाँसम्म यसमा वर्णित विषयहरूको सम्बन्ध छ यो सन्धि भारतका लागि बृटिश सरकार र नेपाल सरकारबीच भएको समस्त पूर्ववत्र्ती सन्धिहरू, सम्झौताहरू तथा व्यवस्थाहरूलाई खारेज गर्दछ ।” सन् १९५० अक्टुवर ३० का दिन ब्रिटेन–नेपालबीच काठमाडौंमा सन्धि सम्पन्न भयो । यस सन्धिको आठौं धारामा उल्लेख भए अनुसार संयुक्त अधिराज्य सरकार र नेपाल सरकारबीच काठमाडौंमा २१ दिसम्वर १९२३ को दिन हस्ताक्षर भएको सन्धिपत्र र सो भन्दा अघिका सन्धि–पत्रहरू, स्वीकार–पत्रहरू, सम्झौता–पत्रहरू समेत खारिज भएको छ । &amp;nbsp;सन् १९५० का भारत–नेपाल तथा ब्रिटेन–नेपालबीच भएका दुवै सन्धिको धारा– ८ को आधारमा ८ दिसम्वर १८१६ को स्मरण–पत्र र १ नवम्वर १८६० को सन्धि–पत्र मात्र होइन, प्रतिवर्ष तिरोको रूपमा नगद र हात्ती बुमmाउने शर्तमा नेपाललाई हस्तान्तरित तराईसम्बन्धी सबै भूमि–व्यवस्था पनि स्वतः खारेज भएको हुँदा मेचीदेखि महाकालीसम्मको तराईमाथि नेपालको अधिनता पूर्णतः अनधिकृत र अबैध हो । मेचीदेखि महाकालीसम्मको तराईको वस्तुस्थिति स्वतन्त्र तराई हो । &amp;nbsp;सन् १९५० का भारत–नेपाल तथा ब्रिटेन–नेपालबीच भएका दुवै सन्धिहरूको धारा– ८ को आधारमा पहिले भएका सबै सन्धि सम्झौता रद्द गरेको हुँदा सुगौली सन्धिमा गुमेको भू–भाग नेपालको हो भन्ने नेपालीहरूले टिस्टादेखि मेचीसम्म तथा महाकालीदेखि सतलजसम्मको भूभागमाथि भारतको शासन गर्ने अधिकार नरहेको हुँदा सो भूभागहरूसहितको ‘वृहत्तर(ग्रेटर) नेपाल’को लागि संगठित अभियान चलाएको छ । &amp;nbsp;सन् १९९७, जुन २९ तदानुसार २०५४, असाढ ३१ का दिन ‘वृहत्तर(ग्रेटर) नेपाल’को सन्दर्भमा नेपालको सुप्रसिद्ध इतिहासविद् योगी नरहरिनाथ, अधिवक्ता रामजी विष्ट, अधिवक्ता श्यामप्रसाद ढुंगेल, नेपाली कांग्रेस सुवर्णका अध्यक्ष प्रह्लाद प्रसाद हुमागाई, विशाल नेपाल साप्ताहिकका सम्पादक तथा प्रकाशक प्रकाश देवकोटा, राष्ट्रिय जनजागरण पार्टीका अध्यक्ष अशोक लाल श्रेष्ठ, स्वतन्त्र पत्रकार राधेश्याम लेकाली समेतले मन्त्रिपरिषद, मन्त्रिपरिषद् सचिवालय, सिंहदरबार समेतलाई विपक्षी वनाई सर्वोच्च अदालत काठमाडौंमा एउटा रिट निवेदन(याचिका) दार्ता नं. ३१९३ दायर गरियो । &amp;nbsp;यसै प्रकार २०५६ सालमा ‘वृहत्तर(ग्रेटर) नेपाल’को सन्दर्भमा प्राध्यापक तथा “नेपाल टिस्टादेखि सतलजसम्म”का लेखक फणीन्द्र नेपाल, पूर्वी नेपालको आदिवासी किराँत समुदायको यमबहादुर कुलुङ, पत्रकार प्रकाश देवकोटा, समाजसेवी बाल कुमार आर्याल समेत विभिन्न अलग–अलग पेशामा संलग्न विभिन्न व्यक्तिले सामूहिक रूपमा सम्पूर्ण नेपाली जनताको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दै मन्त्रिपरिषद् सचिवालय सिंहदरबारसमेतलाई विपक्षी बनाई नेपालको सर्वोच्च अदालत काठमाडौंमा अर्को रिट निवेदन (याचिका) दार्ता नं. ३९४० दायर गरियो । २०६०, असार १२ का दिन सर्वोच्च अदालतका माननीय न्यायाधीशहरू हरिप्रसाद शर्मा, दिलिपकुमार पौडेल र खिलराज रेग्मीको विशेष इजलासबाट नेपाल अधिराज्यको संविधान, २०४७ को धारा २३ तथा ८८(१) र (२) बमोजिम छुट्टा–छुट्टै रूपमा परेको रिट निवेदन(याचिका) हरूमा फैसला भए । २०६६ सालमा नेपालका पूर्वप्रधानमन्त्री पुष्पकमल दाहाल ‘प्रचण्ड’ ले पनि ‘ग्रेटर नेपाल’को लागि आवाज उठाएको छ । ‘बृहत्तर(ग्रेटर) नेपाल’को अभियानमा संगठित रूपमा आबद्ध एकीकृत नेपाल राष्टिय मोर्चा, नेपाल नेसनलिस्ट फ्रन्ट, नेपाल भू–भाग संरक्षण मञ्च, राष्ट्रिय जागरण पार्टी आदि ‘बृहत्तर(ग्रेटर) नेपाल’को लागि अभियानरत छन् । ग्रेटर नेपालका अभियन्ताहरूले ग्रेटर नेपालको सम्बन्धमा पुस्तक–पुस्तिका, वृतचित्र(ऋ।म्।), पत्र–पत्रिका, क्यअष्ब िःभमष्ब (ँबअभ द्यययप) आदिको &amp;nbsp;माध्यमबाट सर्वसाधारणदेखि कलीला विद्यार्थीहरूलाई पनि सुसूचित गराउँदै अभियानलाई व्यापक एवं विस्तारित गर्दै लगि रहेको छ । &amp;nbsp;सन् १९५० का भारत–नेपाल तथा ब्रिटेन–नेपालबीच भएका दुवै सन्धिहरूको धारा– ८ को आधारमा बृहत्तर (ग्रेटर) नेपाल’ अर्थात टिस्टादेखि मेचीसम्म तथा महाकालीदेखि सतलजसम्मको भूभागहरूसहितको नेपालका लागि नेपालीहरूले संगठित अभियान चलाउँदा संवैधानिक र कानूनी हुने र सोही सन्धिहरूको धारा– ८ कै आधारमा स्वतन्त्र तराई अर्थात मेचीदेखि महाकालीसम्मको भूभागहरूसहितको मुक्त तराईका लागि मधेशीहरूले संगठित अभियान चलाउँदा कसरी असंवैधानिक र गैरकानूनी हुने हो ? &amp;nbsp;‘स्वतन्त्र तराई’को सन्दर्भमा आम मधेशीमा एउटा सन्त्रास भेटिन्छ । तराई स्वतन्त्र हुनुपर्छ भन्ने मान्यता राख्दा र आवाज उठाउँदा विखण्ड र विखण्डकारी देख्ने त्रास मधेशी सबै नेताहरू पनि छन् । त्यसैले संकुचित दृष्टिकोण राख्ने मधेशीहरूले आफ्नो मनबाट त्यस्तो डर नहटाएसम्म स्वाभिमापूर्वक बाँच्ने मधेशीहरूको अभिलाष कदापि पूर्ण हुने छैन । &amp;nbsp;‘तोकेलाऊ’ दुई सय पचास सालदेखि ब्रिटिश शासनअन्तर्गत थियो । सन् १९२६ मा ब्रिटिशले तोकेलाऊका शासन न्यूजीलैण्डलाई सुम्पि दिए । सन् २००५ को जुलाईदेखि तोकेलाऊ न्यूजीलैण्डको औपनिवेशिक शासनबाट मुक्त भए । विश्वमान चित्रमा १२.२ वर्गकिलोमिटर क्षेत्रफलबाला एउटा स्वतन्त्र नयाँ मुलुकको उदय भयो । ब्रिटिशले तोकेलाऊ जस्तै तराईका शासन पनि नेपाललाई सुम्पिएको छ । त्यसैले तोकेलाऊ स्वतन्त्र हुने आलोकमा मधेशीहरूले पनि तराईको स्वतन्त्रलाई हेर्ने र सोच्ने बानीको विकास गर्नुपर्छ । &amp;nbsp;आज स्कटल्याण्डले समेत ग्रेट ब्रिटेनअन्तर्गत रहने कि नरहने भन्ने विषयमा जनमत संग्रह गर्ने तयारी गरिरहेको सन्दर्भमा मधेशीहरूले पनि विखण्ड र विखण्डकारीको सन्त्रास त्यागेर मातृभूमि तराई स्वतन्त्रका विविध पाटाहरू केलाउनु बढी बुद्धिमानीपूर्ण हुन्छ । हिजो घाम न अस्ताउने ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यबाट भारत स्वतन्त्र हुँदा विखण्ड र विखण्डकारी नहुने, चीनले ब्रिटेनबाट हङकङ मुक्त गर्दा विखण्ड र विखण्डकारी न हुने, योगी नरहरिनाथ, पूर्वप्रधानमन्त्री पुष्पकमल दाहाल जस्ता उच्च सम्मानित नेपालीहरूले भारत अधीनस्त टिस्टादेखि मेचीसम्म र महाकालीदेखि सतलजसम्मको भूभागहरूसहितको ‘वृहत्तर(ग्रेटर) नेपाल’को मान्यता राख्दा र आवाज उठाउदा विखण्ड र विखण्डकारी नहुने, त मधेशीहरूले नेपाल अधीनस्त मेचीदेखि कालीसम्मको भूभागहरूसहितको ‘स्वतन्त्र तराई’को मान्यता राख्दा र आवाज उठाउँदा विखण्ड र विखण्डकारी कसरी हुने ? स्वतन्त्र तराईका लागि बन्दूक वा बम समाउन जरूरी छैन्, न त भूमिगत वा निर्वासित हुनु नै आवश्यक छ । मधेशीहरूलाई पनि नेपाली (पहाडी)हरू सरह संवैधानिक र कानूनी अधिकारको उपयोग गर्न सक्छु भन्ने आत्मविश्वास र आँटको विकास गर्न खाँचो छ । &amp;nbsp;यो बालसुलभ छ । इतिहासको राजनीतिले राजनीतिको इतिहासलाई त्यहा पुरयाई दियो जहाू इतिहास बोधको राजनीतिमा हस्तक्षेप अभिधर्म हुन पुग्यो, किनकि राजनीतिले इतिहासलाई चलाउूदै रह्यो त्यसैले अब इतिहासले राजनीतिलाई चलाउनु पर्छ । यसका लागि तथ्यका डिलमा उभियर इतिहासले गरेका प्रामाणिक आधारमा छलफल गरी सत्यका पक्षमा उभिने साहस सबैले गर्नु परयो &amp;nbsp;।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;० मधेशमा यतिधेरै राजनीतिक दल र सशस्त्र समूहहरू खुल्नुलाई कसरी हेर्नुहुन्छ ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; मधेशमा नेपाली शासनको कारण सामाजिक र साँस्कृतिक स्तरमा त भटकाव छ नै, साथै राजनीतिकस्तरमा पनि आराजकता प्रधान भटकाव बढदै नै गएको छ । &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;० मधेशी राजनीतिक दल र सशस्त्र समूहहरूको मुद्दामा कत्तिको भिन्नता छ ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; मधेशी राजनीतिक दलको दृष्टिकोण ः मधेशी राजनीतिक दलले मधेशलाई नेपालकै अभिन्न अंग ठान्दछन् । तराई–मधेशलाई नेपालको आन्तरिक उपनिवेशको रूपमा देख्छन् । उनीहरू मधेशलाई नेपालको एउटा प्रान्त बनाउन चाहन्छन् । मस्र्या, भैया, धोति, भारतीय वा इण्डियन, नेपाली होइन मधिसे वा मदिसे जस्ता शब्दहरू प्रयोग गरेर अपमानित, अपहेलित गरेपनि दोस्रो दर्जाको भएपनि आफूलाई नेपाली भन्न रूचाउँछ । सेनालगायत राज्यको सबै अंगमा मधेशीको सहभागिता वा भागीदारीको याचना गर्दै रहन्छन् । मधेशी राजनीतिक दल आगामी निर्वाचनका लागि मात्र सोच्दछ । यिनका नेताहरूको जीउमा मनको ठाउँ मतपत्र र दिमागमा जुगाडको अतिरिक्त केहि पनि हुँदैन । &amp;nbsp;मधेशी सशस्त्र राजनीतिक दलको दृष्टिकोण ः मधेश र मधेशीको वर्तमानको सत्य–तथ्यलाई बुझ्न र भविष्यको यात्रा सफल पार्ने बाटो सुनिश्चित गर्न सबभन्दा पहिले हामीले इतिहासलाई राम्ररी केलाउनै पर्छ । भनिन्छ,–इतिहासको जगमाथि नै वर्तमानको निर्माण हुन्छ । इतिहासको सम्बन्ध अतीतसँग मात्र नभई वर्तमान र भविष्यसँग पनि रहेको हुन्छ । अतीतको गर्भबाट भविष्यका लागि दृष्टि प्राप्त हुन्छ । अतीतलाई जाननु, वत्र्तमानलाई पहिचान गर्नु र भविष्यको परिकल्पना नै इतिहास हो । इतिहास नजान्नेले आपूmलार्ई पनि चिन्दैनन् अर्थात इतिहासले पहिचान दिन्छ । &amp;nbsp;नेपालको इतिहासको सिंहावलोक हामीलाई बताउँछ कि तराई–मधेश ब्रिटिश स्वार्थका कारण नेपाललाई हस्तान्तरित भू–भाग हो । अतः ‘तराई–मधेश’ नेपालको अभिन्न अंग होइन्, थिएन् । &amp;nbsp;सन् १९५०, जुलाई ३१ का दिन भारत–नेपाल तथा १९५०,अक्टुबर ३० का दिन ब्रिटेन–नेपाल बीच भएको दुवै सन्धिको धारा आठको आधारमा तराई–मधेशमाथि नेपालको अधीनता पूर्णतः अनधिकृत हो । तराई–मधेशको वस्तुस्थिति स्वतन्त्र तराई–मधेश हो । अतः तराई–मधेश नेपालको औपनिवेशी शासनको शिकार भएको अवस्था देखिन्छ । तराई–मधेशका मूल निवासी (मधेशी)हरू भारतीयमूलका होइनन् र नेपाली नागरिक पनि होइनन् । मधेशी सशस्त्र राजनीति दल भाविपुस्ताको लागि मात्र सोच्दछ, निर्वाचनका लागि होइन । यसरी मधेशी राजनीतिक दल र मधेशी सशस्त्र राजनीतिक दलको मुद्दामा ठूलो अर्थात समुद्रको दुई किनाराको भिन्नता छ ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;० मधेशकेन्द्रित दल र सशस्त्र समूहबीच सहकार्य वा कार्यगत एकता हुने सम्भावना छ कि छैन ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; &amp;nbsp;सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिकलगायत धेरै क्षेत्रमा मधेश केन्द्रित दल र मधेशका सशस्त्र समूहबीच सहकार्य वा कार्यगत एकता हुने ठूलो सम्भावना छ । तर, मधेश केन्द्रित दलहरूको चरम सत्तालिप्साका कारण गैरमधेश(नेपाल)केन्द्रित दलहरू सँग–सँगै सशस्त्र समूहमाथि अन्याय, अत्याचार र भेदभाव गर्दै आएका छन् । मधेश केन्द्रित दल सम्मिलित नेपाल सरकारले सशस्त्र समूहको नाममा मधेशका हजारौं युवालाई झुठा मुद्दामा फसाएको छ । मधेशी युवाहरूद्वारा कारागारहरू भरिएका छन्, साथै दिन दिनै बन्द गर्ने क्रम जारी नै छ । मधेश केन्द्रित दलहरूले आफ्नो २२ बुँदे र ८ बुँदे सम्झौता कार्यान्वयन गराउन नसके पनि सशस्त्र समूहसँग वार्ता गर्ने नेपाल सरकारको हरेक टोलीको सदस्य बने । नेपाल सरकारको हरेक वार्ता टोलीले मधेशी सशस्त्र समूहलाई वार्ताका लागि आमन्त्रण गरी वार्ता गरेको हो । वार्तापछि न त मुद्दा फिर्ता, न बन्दीलाई नै रिहा गरे । तर, विगतमा नेपाल सरकारको वार्ता टोलीले &amp;nbsp;नेकपा(माओवादी)सँग तीन पटक वार्ता ग¥यो । र, तिनै पटक मुद्दा फिता लियो र बन्दी रिहा गरयो । नेपाल सरकारले मधेशका सशस्त्र समूहसँग गरेको भेदभावको नैतिक जिम्मेवार मधेश केन्द्रित दलहरू पनि हुन् । सशस्त्र विद्रोहीहरूलाई नियन्त्रण गर्ने नाममा मधेशमा विशेष सुरक्षा योजना ल्याइयो । यसको आडमा भविष्यका होनहार सयौं मधेशी सपूतको कायरतापूर्ण गैरन्यायिक हत्याको श्रृङ्गखला चलाए । गैरकानुनी बन्दी र गैरन्यायिक हत्याहरूको संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघले प्रतिवेदन नै सार्वजनिक गरिएको छ । संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघीय मानव अधिकार परिषद्को विश्वव्यापी आवधिक समीक्षा (यूपीआर) मा नेपालको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्न जनेभा पुगेकी उपप्रधान तथा परराष्ट्रमन्त्री सुजाता कोइरालालाई तराईमा गैरन्यायिक हत्या किन भयो ? दोषीमाथि कारवाही किन भएन ? प्रश्नको सामना गर्नुप¥यो । तराईमा नेपाली सुरक्षा बलद्वारा श्रृंखलाबद्ध गैरन्यायीक हत्या भइरहेको ज्ञापन–पत्र मानव अधिकारकर्मीहरूले नेपाल सरकारलाई बुभाएको छ । नेपाली सत्ताको दासानुदास भएर पहिलो संविधान सभाकालमा मधेशीको भाग्य र भविष्यको शिकार खेलेर कुनाम र कालादाम कमाएका शिकारीहरू बीच सहज एकीकरण वा सहकार्य, कार्यगत एकता सम्भव छैन भन्ने सशस्त्र संगठनहरूसँग के को सम्भावना । यस्तो परिस्थितिमा मधेशी दलहरूबाट मधेशलाई जोगाउनु पर्छ, मधेशी आफै नेपाली(पहाडी) सँग लड्न सक्छ । नेपाल सरकारको दमन र नेकपा(माओवादी) को दंभविरूद्ध २०६३ को माघ महिनाको कठ्याङ्ग्रिदो जाडोमा नांगो खुट्टा, धोती, गंजी र कुममा एकसरो लुगा भिरेर मधेशीहरूले आफ्नो छातिमा ‘मधेश सरकार’ लेखेर ‘जय मधेश’ का नारा घन्काउँदै लाठी, फठ्ठा, भाला फरसा, ग्रासा, तरवार आदि परम्परागत घरेलु हतियारहरू लिएर आन्दोलित भए । आह्वान एवं नेतृत्व गर्ने फोरम नेपालले आन्दोलन अहिंसक रहेन भने स्वामीत्व परित्याग गरे । मधेशीहरूले मधेशीहरूको मुक्तिका लागि मधेशीहरूकै अगुवाइमा विद्रोह जारी राखे, मधेशीहरूलाई नेतृत्व र दलको अभावले फरक पारेन । पचासभन्दा बढी वीरमधेशी सपुतहरू जीवनको आहुति दिएर, सयौं जना घाइते भएर पनि मधेशमा ठडिएका नेपाली शहीदहरू, राजाहरू, नेताहरू, कविहरूका शालिकहरू ढाले । मधेशका कार्यालयहरूको नामपटमा ‘नेपाल सरकार’ लेखेको ठाउँमा नेपाल पोतेर ‘मधेश सरकार’ लेखेर स्वतन्त्र मधेशका लागि सशस्त्र संघर्षको सन्देश दिएको उदाहरण सबैको सामू छँदैछ । &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;० अन्त्यमा, मधेश आन्दोलनपछि मधेशले के–के पायो ? किन पाएन ?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 34.5px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;गोइत जी :&lt;/b&gt; मधेश महाविद्रोहको यति व्यापक र गहिरो प्रभाव परियो कि गैरमधेश(नेपाल)केन्द्रित दलहरू नेपाली कांग्रेस, नेकपा(एमाले), राप्रपा आदिलाई छाडेर मधेशी पहिचानका पक्षमा उभिन तराई–मधेश लोकतान्त्रिक पार्टीका स्थापना भयो । तमलोपा, नेसपा र फोरम नेपालसहितको संयुक्त लोकतान्त्रिक मधेशी मोर्चाले आन्दोलनकै दौरान नेपाल सरकारसँग ८ बुँदे सम्झौता ग¥यो । यसको परिणाम स्वरूप मधेशमा थपिएको निर्वाचन क्षेत्रले मधेशको प्रतिनिधित्व संविधानसभामा बढाए । संविधानसभामा पहिलो, दोस्रो र तेस्रो दल एनेकपा(माओवादी), नेपाली कांग्रेस र नेकपा(एमाले)ले राष्ट्रपति पदको उम्मेदवार मधेशीलाई बनाए । नेपालमा प्रथम नागरिकका सम्मान प्रथम राष्ट्रपति र दोस्रो नागरिकका सम्मान प्रथम उपराष्ट्रपति मधेशीलाई प्राप्त भयो । मधेशीले उपप्रधानमन्त्री लगायत पालो पालो गरी सबै मन्त्रालयका जिम्मा पाए । नेपालीभन्दा बढी संख्यामा ४६ जनामा २७ जना मधेशी मन्त्री भए । इतिहासमा पहिलो पल्ट काठमाडौंको खुलामंचमा मधेशीहरूले सभा गर्न पाए । किन पाएनका कारणहरूमा मुख्य कारण यो हो कि एउटै उद्देश्य ‘मधेश प्रदेश’को लागि मधेशीहरू कुनै एकको नेतृत्वमा संगठित हुन नसक्नु हो । मधेश केन्द्रित दलहरूको सत्ता र सम्पतिको स्वार्थ भावना यति प्रवल भइसकेको छ कि यिनीहरू व्यक्तिगत हितहरूका लागि मधेश र मधेशीको हितहरूलाई बलिदान गरिदिन्छन् ।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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(Source: Madheshvani)&lt;br /&gt;
Articles by Jai Krishna Goit : &lt;a href="http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/01/history-of-terai-in-nepal.html"&gt;History of Terai in Nepal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVoD565mH-AcD4fCoT7q-gRIS7Bfkiwgvgbby9UCzfE1nASuPGl6f-A9tLfaDgjVc988kashUgj8oDaVRLuOXIDOe8sTb2psCXMZCx2ldKnOFnPMLIcViJ999HtIjPfgGIacwhlIqIsjjg/s72-c/goitji.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>मधेशका दश महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दाहरु</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/ten-major-issues-of-madhesh.html</link><category>Issue</category><category>Madhesh</category><pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2014 16:18:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-7803633121161154536</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0SCtDY42eobx4xPsbDutaunLmDkeD1YmsCzjFrcRgJlGVz6dXLw2Bn8z35I1s7CnbmmifO57lvHttpq4mQXLZ0igHLm2jcJBaGpP3adEugrvxBr7LrUnhGSQ-6HGOWxwfJHXQafqHkG30/s1600/madhesh-ka-mudda.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="मधेशका 10 प्रमुख मुद्दाहरु" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0SCtDY42eobx4xPsbDutaunLmDkeD1YmsCzjFrcRgJlGVz6dXLw2Bn8z35I1s7CnbmmifO57lvHttpq4mQXLZ0igHLm2jcJBaGpP3adEugrvxBr7LrUnhGSQ-6HGOWxwfJHXQafqHkG30/s1600/madhesh-ka-mudda.jpg" height="339" title="The ten major issues of Madhesh must address by constitution" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;पहिलो मुद्दा : (पहचान)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;मधेशी समुदाय लगायत आदिवासी/जनजाती, दलित, शोषित पिडित समुदायको राष्ट्रिय पहचानको साथै सबै क्षेत्रमा समावेशी र सहअस्तित्व लाई स्थापित गराउने रहेको छ । लगभग २४० वर्ष देखिका खस सामन्ती शासकहरुले मधेशी पहचानलाई कहिल्यै स्वीकार गरेनन् र गर्न चाहिरहेको छैन ।&amp;nbsp;मधेशी समुदाय नेपालको धरतीपुत्र र आदिवासी हुन् भन्ने एतिहासिक यथार्थलाई शासक वर्गले कहिले स्थापित हुन् दिएन । शासकहरुले जहिले पनि मधेशीहरुलाई भारतीय र आप्रवासी को रुपमा परिचय दिन खोज्यो । दौरा-सुरुवाल लगाउने, नेपाली भाषा बोल्ने एक विशेष जात र संस्कृतिका पहाडी मुलका समुदायलाई मात्र नेपालीको रुपमा परिचित गर्न खोज्यो जो सरासर गलत हो ।मधेशीहरुको पहिचानलाई राष्ट्रिय पहचानको रुपमा स्थापित गर्नु पर्छ र साथ-साथै मधेशी लगायत आदिवासी/जनजाती, दलित, शोषित पिडितको स्वामित्व स्थापित हुनुपर्छ ।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;दोस्रो मुद्दा :&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;(समान अवसर)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;नेपालमा २४० वर्षदेखि अभ्यासमा रहेको एकजातीय/एकसंस्कृतिको राज्य संरचनामा आमुल परिवर्तन गरि राज्यलाई समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व, सहभागिता र साझेदारीको सिधान्तको आधारमा समावेशी बनाउनु पर्ने हो । राज्यका प्रत्येक नीति निर्माण र शक्ति अभ्यास गर्ने ठाउँहरुमा &amp;nbsp;मधेशी समुदाय लगायत आदिवासी/जनजाती, दलित, शोषित पिडित समुदायको प्रतिनिधित्वलाई कि त् शुन्यमा राखिएको छ कि त् न्यून गरिएको छ वा केहि प्राविधिक र गैरप्रशासनिक ठाउँहरुमा सिमित गरिएको छ । यो स्थितिमा आजको दिनसम्म कुनै परिवर्तन देखिएको छैन । तसर्थ राज्यलाई जनसंख्याको आधारमा समानुपातिक समावेशीकरण हुनेगरी प्रादेशिक स्वायतता सहितको संघीय प्रणालीमा रुपान्तरित गर्नु रहेको छ । सेनालाई लोकतान्त्रिकरण र समावेशीकरण गरि राष्ट्रिय सेनाको स्वरुप प्रदान गर्नु पर्दछ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;तेस्रो मुद्दा : (आत्मनिर्णय को अधिकार सहित मधेश प्रदेशको स्थापना)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;मधेशी समुदाय लगायत आदिवासी/जनजाती, दलित, शोषित पिडित समुदायलाई एउटा यस्तो संघीय प्रणाली चाहिन्छ&amp;nbsp;जहाँ पृथक हुने अधिकार वाहेक महत्वपूर्ण अधिकारहरु प्रदेशहरुमा सुरक्षित रहन्छ । आफ्नो भाग्य र भविष्यको फैसला आफै गर्न पाउने, आफ्नो नीति र योजना आफै बनाउन पाउने, आफ्नो प्राकृतिक/मानवीय श्रोत र साधनको उपयोग आफै गर्न र आफ्नो ठाउँलाई विकसित र समृद्ध बनाई देशको स्मृधिमा पनि हिस्सेदार बन्ने हक पाउनु पर्छ ।&amp;nbsp;यसकालागी सर्वोतम उपाय हो - पहचानसहितको स्वायत मधेश प्रदेश र अन्य प्रदेशहरुको स्थापना र जनताको आत्मनिर्णयको अधिकार सहितको संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रात्मक शासन प्रणाली को स्थापना हुनु हो ।&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;चौथो मुद्दा : (भाषा)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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भाषा र संस्कृति - &amp;nbsp;देश अब बहुभाषिक र बहुसांस्कृतिक नीति र व्यवहारमा संचालन हुनु पर्छ । प्रत्येक राज्यको त्यहाँको स्थानीय भाषा कामकाजको भाषा हुनु पर्दछ । स्वायत प्रदेशहरुमा त्यहाको प्रादेशिक सरकारले आफ्नो भाषा आफै रोज्नु पाउनु पर्छ । मधेशमा विभिन्न भाषा-भाषी वसोवास गर्दै आएको र नेपालको पुर्वदेखि पश्चिमसम्म सबै मधेशीहरुको सम्पर्क भाषा हिन्दी रहेको ले यसलाई स्थापित गर्नु पर्दछ । (हिन्दी भाषालाई मान्ने नमान्ने अधिकार मधेशीहरुको छ)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;पाँचौ मुद्दा : (&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;आरक्षण र अग्राधिकार)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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मधेशी समुदाय लगायत आदिवासी/जनजाती, दलित, शोषित पिडित, पिछडावर्ग अल्पसंख्यक लगायत पछाडी पारिएका जातिहरु खासगरी थारुका साथै पूर्वमा राजवंशी, ताजपुरिया, धिमाल, सन्थाल, उराव आदि समुदाय र मध्य एवं सुदुर-पश्चिमाञ्चलमा राणा थारु जस्ता सिमान्तकृत समुदाय, महिला, पिछडावर्ग मुस्लिम लगायतका &amp;nbsp;अल्पसंख्यकहरु तथा दलितहरुलाई हरेक अवसरहरुमा आरक्षण र अग्राधिकार दिनु पर्छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;छठौ मुद्दा : (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;आप्रवासन)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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मधेशीहरुलाई अल्पसंख्यक बनाउने नीति र क्रियाकलापको अन्त्य हुनु पर्छ । मधेशमा राज्यले संचालन गरेको आप्रवासनको नीति र कार्यक्रमको अन्त्य हुनु पर्दछ । मधेश भूमिमा वाह्र्य र विजातीय अप्रवासनले गर्दा रैथाने मधेशी जनताको राजनीतिक पकड़ कमजोर हुँदै गएको छ, आर्थिक श्रोत र साधन लुट्दै र थुत्दै गएको छ । भाषा र संस्कृति माथि आक्रमण हुँदै गएको छ, यसो हुनु को अर्थ हो कुनै पनि जाति वा समुदायको लागि समाप्तिको दिशाको विषपान सरह हो ।&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;सातौ मुद्दा : (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;सरकारी कार्यालय तथा सुविधाहरुलाई सार्नबाट रोक)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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मधेशमा रहेका सरकारी कार्यालय तथा सुविधाहरुलाई राजमार्ग क्षेत्र वा सोभन्दा उतरतर्फ सार्ने सरकारी नीतिको अन्त्य हुनु पर्दछ । जस्तो सडक विभागको क्षेत्रिय कार्यालयलाई जनकपुर बाट हेटौडा सार्नु, संस्कृत विश्व-विधालय लाई मटिहानी बाट दांगमा सार्नु तथा जलेश्वर बाट लुकी-छिपी सरकारी कार्यालयलाई बर्दिवास सार्न खोज्नु, आदि ।&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;आठौ मुद्दा : (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;सरकारी कार्यालयहरु को मधेशमा स्थापना)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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सानों-ठुलो विभिन्न कामहरुको लागि मधेशीहरुलाई काठमांडू नै जानु पर्ने बाध्यता हुन्छ तसर्थ त्येस्ता इकाइहरुको स्थापना क्षेत्रिय स्तरमा पनि हुनु पर्दछ । जस्तै नेपालमा दश (१०) वटा लोकसेवा आयोगहरु मध्ये आठवटा (८) पहाडमा र जम्मा दुईटा (२) मधेशमा रहेको छ । सरकारको यो विभेदपूर्ण नीतिको अन्त भइ मधेशमा पनि सोको स्थापना हुनु पर्दछ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;नवौ मुद्दा : (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;सहमतिहरु लागु हुनु पर्दछ)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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विगतमा मधेशीपार्टी वा मधेशी मोर्चा तथा सरकार बीच भएको सम्झौता र सहमतिहरु लागु हुनु पर्दछ किनभने ति सहमति र सम्झौताहरु मधेश आन्दोलनको उपज हो र मधेशीहरु संग सरोकार राख्दछ । जसमा नेपाल सरकार र मधेशी जनअधिकार फोरम, नेपाल बीच २०६४ भाद्र १३ गते सम्पन्न भएको २२ बुंदे सम्झौता र नेपाल सरकार तथा संयुक्त मधेशी मोर्चा बीच २०६४ फाल्गुन १६ गते सम्पन्न भएको आठ बुंदे समझौता प्रमुख हो र यसलाई लागुगर्नु पर्दछ ।&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;दशौ मुद्दा :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(विकाश)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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मधेशको विकाशले नै देशको उन्नति संभव भएकोले मधेशमा विकाशलाई प्राथमिकतामा राखी विकाशको लागि आधारभूत सरंचना तयार गर्नु रहेको छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="fbUnderline"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;थप विकासका मुद्दाहरु :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;शिक्षा पद्धति :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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विकृतिहरु लाई हटाई समान शिक्षा नीति, थप उर्जामुलक र सिपमुलक पाठ्यक्रम लागु गर्नु पर्दछ । अहिले सम्म कक्षा १० सम्मको नेपाली पाठ्यक्रममा कहिँ पनि मधेश शब्द उल्लेख भएको छैन, कतै-कतै तराई शब्द चाहिँ उल्लेख भएको पाईन्छ । ५१.८ % मधेशीहरुको जनसंख्या भएको देशमा मधेशीहरुको पहचान, भेष-भुषा, संस्कृति पाठ्यक्रममा समावेश नगर्नु आफैमा विभेदको ठुलो उदहारण हो । जबसम्म पाठ्यक्रममा यी विषयहरु समावेश हुँदैन, आउने पिढीलाई मधेश र मधेशीहरुको बारेमा गलत धर्ना (mindset) हुनु स्वाभाविक नै हुन्छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;कृषि :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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नेपाल एउटा कृषिप्रधान देश भएपनि अहिले सम्म हामी कृषिमा आधुनिकीकरण गर्न पाएको छैनौ । आधुनिक बजार सम्म कृषिलाई जोड्न नया प्रविधिहरु को एकदमै आवश्यकता छ । पहाडमा थोरै भएपनि नया प्रविधिको विकाश भएछ तर मधेशमा यसको विशेष आवश्यकता रहेको छ किन्भंने देशको कृषि उपजमा मधेशको ८०% भागिदारी रहेको छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;वेरोजगारी :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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गरिबी रेखामुनि रहेकोले धेरै मधेशीहरु उच्च शिक्षा बाट वन्चित भएका छन्, सिपमुलक तालिम र रोजगारको अवसरहरु मधेशमा नभएका हुनाले वेरोजगार हुनगएका युवाहरु आफ्नो र &amp;nbsp;आफ्नो परिवार को जीवनयापनको लागि देश बाहिरन बाध्यभएको छ । आफ्नै देशमा रोजगारको अवसरहरु ल्याउने सरकारको प्राथमिकता हुनु पर्दछ ।&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;भ्रष्टाचार माथि नियंत्रण :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;span class="fbUnderline" style="font-size: 13px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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हुन् त् भ्रष्टाचार देशकै प्रमुख मुद्दा हो तर पनि यसको जड़ मधेशमा बलियो भएको छ । सरकारी कार्यालय जस्तै: मालपोत, नापिशाखा आदि लगायत का साथ-साथै निजि तथा आम क्षेत्रहरुमा पनि बिना घुस कुनै काम हुँदैन । ठुलो तहमा बसेका हाकिमहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको गलत प्रयोग गरेका उधाहरणहरु पर्याप्त छन् । यस्ता गतिविधिलाई नियन्त्रण गर्न कडा कानुन बनाउनु सरकारको दायित्व हुनुपर्छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br style="font-size: 13px;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;em style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;(मलाई ज्ञात भएको मधेशका प्रमुख राजनीतिक र केहि विकासका मुद्दाहरुलाई समेट्ने प्रयास गरेको छु, यसमा छुट्न स्वाभाविक हो । कृपया थप मुद्दाहरु ईमेल (&lt;a href="mailto:info4saroj@gmail.com"&gt;info4saroj@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;) वा &lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/saroj-ray/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81/785600951469204" target="_blank"&gt;comments box&lt;/a&gt; मा छोड्दिन अनुरोध गर्दछु । कुनै बुंदासित तपाइको असहमति भएमा जानकारी गराउनु होला)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h1 class="title" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(http://i1000.photobucket.com/albums/af125/info4saroj/ekawaaj_blog/green_zpsd7e58a56.gif); background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: none; color: #0033cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; height: 30px; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none; padding: 5px 0px 5px 16px;"&gt;
&lt;strong style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Related Links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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1. &lt;a href="http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-madhesi-issue-in-nepal.html" target="_blank"&gt;Issues present and discuss in Constitution 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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2. &lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/saroj-ray/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81/785600951469204" target="_blank"&gt;On Facebook&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;Hachhethu, Krishna (2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/midea/pdf/Hachhethu.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: none; color: #663366; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 18px 0px 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;"Madheshi Nationalism and Restructuring the Nepali State"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;. seminar "Constitutionalism and Diversity in Nepal", organizd by Centre for Nepal and Asia Studies, Trubhuvan University. Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate" style="background-color: white; border: none; color: #555555; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"&gt;. Retrieved November 23, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0SCtDY42eobx4xPsbDutaunLmDkeD1YmsCzjFrcRgJlGVz6dXLw2Bn8z35I1s7CnbmmifO57lvHttpq4mQXLZ0igHLm2jcJBaGpP3adEugrvxBr7LrUnhGSQ-6HGOWxwfJHXQafqHkG30/s72-c/madhesh-ka-mudda.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">2</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>The Janakpur Railway - Unique Railway in World</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-janakpur-railway-unique-railway-in.html</link><pubDate>Mon, 17 Feb 2014 01:31:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-3291451798782228501</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSQ135JDqtq7Vq2Bg2xlr0E-7E-6Fd-rQFqe3M-kHVpF1vWzjjdMXVii1UcRsuu0mFOEMOLWsIOFmcE1kZe9RoPMj-jFu4E5qAEDycC8KDrcW3eC0_9msq8EVzi_z0prWtgYnYjbthfg7_/s1600/fb_janakpur_railway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="nepal janakpur railway" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSQ135JDqtq7Vq2Bg2xlr0E-7E-6Fd-rQFqe3M-kHVpF1vWzjjdMXVii1UcRsuu0mFOEMOLWsIOFmcE1kZe9RoPMj-jFu4E5qAEDycC8KDrcW3eC0_9msq8EVzi_z0prWtgYnYjbthfg7_/s320/fb_janakpur_railway.jpg" height="337" title="world oldest train - nepal janakpur railway" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Janakpur Railway is a 30 inches (762 mm) narrow-gauge railway, which was introduced during the Rana period in 1928 by British. It is connecting Jaynagar (India) and the nepalese pilgrimage site Janakpur, in the Terai province Dhanusa, about 100 km south-east of Kathmandu. From Janakpur the line continues to Bijalpura. The operating company "Transport Corporation of Nepal - Janakpur Railway" was renamed to "Nepal Railways Corporation Ltd." in 2004, but is still a state-owned enterprise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The big Hindu temple of Janakpur is the primary reason of the existence of the railway line. which has a length of about 51 km. It is the only railway line of Nepal and in the teeth of high ridership there is no progress in terms of improvement of the railroad network.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The best attraction of the Janakpur Railway are the trains, running on the line. In the passenger trains are used all waggons that are rollable and can carry passengers. For the people of the region the Janakpur Railway has become a vitally important economic factor.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRFfO_nRJQKDDK2P8dhaLkGsTZEu2538gfRrNQX6CkxHaxtZ9f8r2d_cA5Jt_iRmQowqF2XQNPD0On6eddK1OBIg46iysoL0CUmZ1PA9JTKsJj-qV7Xr5pRTWALYYk7exsNT74lCOEss0A/s1600/nepal_railway_station.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="station of nepal railway" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRFfO_nRJQKDDK2P8dhaLkGsTZEu2538gfRrNQX6CkxHaxtZ9f8r2d_cA5Jt_iRmQowqF2XQNPD0On6eddK1OBIg46iysoL0CUmZ1PA9JTKsJj-qV7Xr5pRTWALYYk7exsNT74lCOEss0A/s1600/nepal_railway_station.jpg" height="320" title="station of nepal railway" width="129" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;The line&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The line is divided into 2 sections: Jaynagar - Janakpur with a length of 29 km and Janakpur - Bijalpura with a length of 22 km. After a washout of the railway embankment ant two missing bridges the operations between Janakpur and Bijalpura was stopped in 2001.&lt;br /&gt;
The line goes from Jaynagar northwards to the border of Nepal and then westwards to Janakpur. From Janakpur it goes northwards to Bijalpura.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;The Station&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Existing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Jaynagar&lt;/span&gt;, Jaynagar (India)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Khajuri&lt;/span&gt;, Khajuri Chanha&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Mahinathpur&lt;/span&gt;, Thadi Jhijha&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Shaheed Sarojnagar&lt;/span&gt;, Duhabi&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Baidehee&lt;/span&gt;, Itaharwa&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Perbaha&lt;/span&gt;, Deuri Parwaha&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Janakpur&lt;/span&gt;, Janakpur&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Closed&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Bijalpura&lt;/span&gt;, Bijalpura, closed due to a washed away bridge.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;The vehicles&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The first locomotive was an english steamer named after the Hindu God Vishnu and starts the service on the Janakpur Railway in 1928. It was operating till this days and had a service performance of more than a million kilometers.&lt;br /&gt;
Today the entire service is done by diesel locomotives of the calss ZDM5. The railway company got 4 of this locomotives from India as a gift in 1994. The ZDM5 524, ZDM5 533 and ZDM5 535 are still in operation. Two of them are always used in the service, while the third one is in maintenance. The ZDM5 536 is retired and is located in fragments at the depot of Janakpur Dham.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Train operation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In the fall of 1994 "Vishnus" also had to bend to the progress and had to join its last service. Only steam trains operated on the line until the railway company in 1994 got 4 diesel locomotives from the Indian goverment as a gift.&lt;br /&gt;
In normal service three trains daily in each direction, one in the morning, one at noon and one in the afternoon, are operating between Jaynagar and Janakpur. During the celebration at the temple the trains run around the clock without timetable in a shuttle, but still hopelessly overcrowded. The section Janakpur - Bijalpura was served once a day in each direction until 2001. Every morning a train ran from Bijalpura to Janakpur and back again in the afternoon. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;The future&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nepal likely to have help from India, in major upgrade to current railway with broad gauge of 1.6 M and it will extent up to Bardibas. They have done all the formalities for that. In 2008, serious proposals surfaced to build a link from Lhasa in Tibet, China to Nepal.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
CURRENT UPDATE (FEB, 2014): With the help of Indian Government, the work between Jainagar and Janakpur is in progress. Hope to complete soon in next year..&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Pictures&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOk_ANCZNnUoV7wF8O2DDlRK77nO55jyOsDsnqOK33A3rhQl32tc0xXP1e8-KIW4E761vOtv-QsTKt2RJDLlNneBj3oUAipAxY6bykfv6p1ug6hmosMl_oBqA5_AUfl9vBxfVaq7piXrU_/s1600/Nepal_Janakpur_Railway.jpg"&gt;&lt;img class="alignnone frame size-full" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOk_ANCZNnUoV7wF8O2DDlRK77nO55jyOsDsnqOK33A3rhQl32tc0xXP1e8-KIW4E761vOtv-QsTKt2RJDLlNneBj3oUAipAxY6bykfv6p1ug6hmosMl_oBqA5_AUfl9vBxfVaq7piXrU_/s1600/Nepal_Janakpur_Railway.jpg" height="153" title="World oldest train - Nepal Janakpur Railway" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Video &lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;   &lt;br /&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSQ135JDqtq7Vq2Bg2xlr0E-7E-6Fd-rQFqe3M-kHVpF1vWzjjdMXVii1UcRsuu0mFOEMOLWsIOFmcE1kZe9RoPMj-jFu4E5qAEDycC8KDrcW3eC0_9msq8EVzi_z0prWtgYnYjbthfg7_/s72-c/fb_janakpur_railway.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>The Madhesi Issue in Nepal</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-madhesi-issue-in-nepal.html</link><category>Issue</category><category>Madhesh</category><pubDate>Mon, 10 Feb 2014 12:48:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-1517952672384314164</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16.5px;"&gt;K Yhome, Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi, &lt;a href="http://ipcs.org/article/nepal/the-madhesi-issue-in-nepal-2228.html" target="_blank"&gt;#2228, 2 March 2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt; T&lt;/span&gt;he recent turmoil in Madhes (or the Terai plains bordering India) was a stark reflection of the challenges confronting the restructuring process in Nepal. It was also a reminder to the current interim government that the problems in Nepal are not yet over and that there are serious socio-economic and political issues that need to be addressed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;T&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;he Madhesi uprising in January was marked by bans, protests, and violence in some major areas of Nepal's terai resulting in the death of over thirty people. This has in several ways changed the interim government's approach to and the management of Nepal's political restructuring and peace process. It has also raised many questions. Why was the violence so potent? Who was responsible? How will it affect the restructuring process? And so on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPSTNJLRu7w5kvigagKU19U-FC9GXSh3WPSYir-1IWp4VPfPviapmYBpaPTAcIIvuEnJWD9B9uQXJ2lGMGh4pIzAgYqVf_ImYfuZTyp5FDvaoqKBldy_5Cp-6N5b-Nx3HC3sKqq6fCzw0_/s1600/madhesh_issue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Issue of Madhesh" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPSTNJLRu7w5kvigagKU19U-FC9GXSh3WPSYir-1IWp4VPfPviapmYBpaPTAcIIvuEnJWD9B9uQXJ2lGMGh4pIzAgYqVf_ImYfuZTyp5FDvaoqKBldy_5Cp-6N5b-Nx3HC3sKqq6fCzw0_/s1600/madhesh_issue.jpg" title="The Madhesh Issue" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;T&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;hese questions are palpable in the context of Nepal's fragile political restructuring process that is underway. While exploring answers to these questions, however, there is a proclivity to misinterpret the Madhesi issue. Some (mis)conceptions that have come about in the wake of the uprising are not only erroneous but also dangerous.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;T&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;he Madhesi issue is not a communal issue. It is not one of Madhesis ("people of the plains") vs Pahadis ("people of the hills") as some tend to view it. This misinterpretation of the Madhesi issue commits a serious mistake by making it a community-based issue that could have grave implications for the country. To view the issue as a problem between Madhesis and Pahadis reveals a poor understanding of Nepal's complex society.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;hile one may have some facts supporting such an argument, it fails to explain the real issue of the Madhesis. There were also reports that certain "forces" (implicating the "Royal agents" and the "right wing" elements in India) of allegedly instigating the Terai riots to create trouble for the interim government in a bid to salvage the "monarchy" in Nepal. Hard evidence to ascertain the involvement of these forces is difficult to unearth, but many in Nepal point fingers at these forces as being responsible for the violence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;hatever the motive of those behind the terai violence, many ordinary Madhesis have lost their lives. Madhesis out on the streets at the risk of their lives were there for a different reason. For them it was a fight for a genuine object - the Madhesi cause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;T&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;he Madhesi issue did not suddenly emerge in January 2007. A long history of a sense of discrimination is at the root of the Madhesi struggle. To explain the recent uprising it is necessary to understand the issue from the correct perspective. The issue relates to a movement against the state's "discriminatory" politics. It is a fight for recognition of rights - political, cultural as well as economic - and a struggle for equal representation and opportunity. This forms the core ingredient of the Madhesi issue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;F&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;or over five decades, the Madhesis have been waging a movement against "discriminatory" laws of citizenship and language, as well as recruitment policies to the armed forces and bureaucracy. The struggle can be traced back to 1951 when a party called the Nepal Terai Congress was formed under the leadership of Vedananda Jha to advocate "regional autonomy" for the Madhesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;gain, in 1983, Gajendra Narayan Singh established an organization called Nepal Sadbhavana Council with the aim of combat discrimination against the Madhesis. In the post-1990 era, the organization turned into a political party called Nepal Sadbhavana Party and in the general elections of 1991, 1994, and 1999, the party's manifesto called for a federal system of government, a liberal policy on citizenship and a separate Madhesi battalion in the army.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;D&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;espite the long struggle, however, the Madhesi issue has not been resolved partly on account of Nepal's five-decade history of being under autocratic rule - 1960 to 1990 and 2002 to 2006 - where political activities were restricted. Even during the short-lived democratic experiments in Nepal - 1950 to 1960 and 1991 to 2002 - the issue remained unresolved because of the lack of political will on the part of the successive governments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;he failure of the movement is also partly because of the internal divisions within the Madhesi leadership. The Sadbhavana Party has seen frequent infighting and splits that have further weakened the movement. It is in this context and in light of the predicaments mentioned that the Madhesi uprising of January needs to be understood.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;T&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;he resolution of the Madhesi issue depends on how the interim parliament drafts a new constitution taking into account the various socio-political issues of the country. Should it fail to ensure the aspirations of the people, the recent outburst of violence in the terai will only be an indication of more chaos to follow.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;hr /&gt;
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&lt;h1 class="title" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: #0033cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding: 5px 0px 5px 16px;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;The Madhesi Issues in the New Constitution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
A workshop on the Madhesi Issues in the New Constitution was held from 21-23 December 2010 at Godavari Village Resort with two major objectives; to discuss on the agendas of Madhesh among the Madhesi CA members representing different political parties and other stakeholders and to identify common agenda of Madhesh that needs to be addressed in the new Constitution. The Workshop was jointly organized by Centre for Constitutional Dialogue, Madhesi CA Caucus and Madhesi NGO Federation. A total of 53 participants (19 CA members including the Committee Chairs, senior political leaders from eight political parties) participate the workshop.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"&gt;Issues Discussed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A total of four thematic papers were presented by the expert of Madhesi communities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Federal Structure and Issues of Tarai/Madhesh - by Surendra Mahato&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Issues of Inclusiveness, Representation, Identity and Access of Marginalized Madhesi People in the Thematic Committee Reports - by Chandra Kishore Jha&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Issue of Language in the New Constitution and Ways to Address – by Gopal Thakur&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Expectations of Terai/Madhesi People from New Constitution, Achievement as of Now and Futures Probabilities - by Kausalendra Mishra&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
After the presentation by the presenter, extensive discussion was held on each of the above mentioned issues. The discussion revealed following points:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         The history of Nepal has recognized Madhesh as a separate unit through different legislations as administrative unit. Therefore, the demand for separate identity Madhesh province is legitimate demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         The Madhesh has an expectation to have strong Madhesh Pradesh with right to self- determination.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         The Madhesi people are discriminated, disrespected and treated as national of other state by the ruling class. In the past the identity card (Rahadani) was made compulsorily for the Madhesi people to enter to Kathmandu valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         The proposed special structure is not clear and may be detrimental to the strong Madhesh province.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         The autonomous regions and special structure should not be too stronger than the province. There should be balance of power among them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Madhesh should address the issues of discrimination and exploitation against Madhesi Dalit, Janajati and other minority groups living in Madhesh.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Madhesh and Madhesi want to assert that they are the part and parcel of integrated Nepal and this is an opportunity to integrate the spirit of Madhesi people in the national mainstream.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         The parties to the constitutional negotiation need to accept the concerns of each other to resolve the issues of Madhesh. Only reliable and common agendas of the Madhesi people will help Madhesis in Constitutional negotiation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Madhesi Leader should not be of dual character. They should come together to discuss on the agendas of Madhesh and not concentrate themselves on the struggle for power sharing at this moment.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Madhesh revolution has raised the issues of identity, representation, access, ownership over natural resources and federalism. All these attributes need to be addressed in the new Constitution.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Madhesh has been gradually loosing decision making power. Madhesi people are more progressive than the Madhesi leaders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Internal democracy, intra party discussion, inter party discussion requires to be strengthened.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Madhesi people demands Hindi as language of communication, but it should not be at the const of mother tongues like Maithili, Bhojpuri etc. therefore it should be listed as language of communication.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         All the mother tongue or national language should be treated equally by the state.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;The workshop acknowledges the issues of Madhesis in the thematic committee reports&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Recognition of Madhesh Movement in the proposed preamble&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Federalism with identity of Madhesh province&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Proportional representation  (reflected in CA)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Proposed for Madhesi Commission&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Recognition of all language spoken in Nepal as national language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Proposed for National Language Commission&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Decreasing trend of discrimination to Madhesi people (in practice)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Right to self-determination for Madhesi community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion and way forward&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         The workshop has to further narrow down and identify the common agendas of Madhesi community.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Madhesi CA Caucus should play a vital role in uniting all Madhesi CA members of all parties and also collaborate with all the underprivileged groups –Dalit, Janajati, Tharu, Muslim etc who occupy major area of Madesh.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         Articulate common agendas of Madhesh for constitutional negotiation and only reliable agenda should be agreed as bottom line. Common agendas should be agreed on the basis of what has been achieved. We should analyze the present situation, discuss and agree on possible common agendas of Madesh.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         The Madhesi CA Caucus should play a role to break the silence or distances among Madhesis and non Madhesi parties through its regular interactions and interventions on the issues of their concern.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         It is a time for tough bargaining for the Constitutional negotiation for the Madhesi issues. The negotiation should be across the party line. Hence, based on our three days discussion, now Madhesi parties and CAs should come together with one voice on the following concrete issues for constitutional negotiation.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.      Electoral system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.      Forms of the governance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.      Address the diversity and discrimination within the Madhesh (what will be the position of other communities residing in Madhesh like Tharus, Dalits, Janagatis, and Muslims etc).There is need to have regular dialogue with these communities while addressing the Madhesi issues in the new Constitution.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.      Shape of Madhesh Province (one or two or other units). We may review our past stand on the basis of the reality and learning's.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5.      Language and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6.      Power sharing between Madhesh and the Centre.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the need of the day to focus the future programme on the above mentioned issues and continue our discussion by narrowing down the contentious issues on the constitution. It's equally important to raise stronger voice in the constitutional negotiation then only we can achieve and see our agenda reflected in the new Constitution and for this continued support from UNDP is vital.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h1 class="title" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: #0033cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding: 5px 0px 5px 16px;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;External Links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"&gt;Ten major issues of Madhesh which should must be address by Constitution&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/ten-major-issues-of-madhesh.html"&gt;In Nepali (on this blog)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/saroj-ray/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81/785600951469204" target="_blank"&gt;Facebook Version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"&gt;&lt;span class="citation conference" style="word-wrap: break-word;"&gt;Hachhethu, Krishna (2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/midea/pdf/Hachhethu.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;"Madheshi Nationalism and Restructuring the Nepali State"&lt;/a&gt;. seminar "Constitutionalism and Diversity in Nepal", organizd by Centre for Nepal and Asia Studies, Trubhuvan University. Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved November 23, 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPSTNJLRu7w5kvigagKU19U-FC9GXSh3WPSYir-1IWp4VPfPviapmYBpaPTAcIIvuEnJWD9B9uQXJ2lGMGh4pIzAgYqVf_ImYfuZTyp5FDvaoqKBldy_5Cp-6N5b-Nx3HC3sKqq6fCzw0_/s72-c/madhesh_issue.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Power and Methods of Nonviolent Action &amp; Lists of Civil Rights Leaders</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/02/power-of-nonviolent-civil-rights-leaders.html</link><category>Politics</category><pubDate>Mon, 3 Feb 2014 06:53:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-647220180359230682</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;The Power of Nonviolent Direct Action&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP4HsEoQBxXzoAV7DlkNQV8WtGiSBILxwztjqs5uMNuLgtnoryaya5mh72QQDM7aJy9YbwZoRAa_KFnlS_phPkP93iOTNtGYtqeUH40lISa9Yj3trCIj7v8Tb8uqNKRgD_TBABqs9GM_7_/s1600/Portrait_Gandhi+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP4HsEoQBxXzoAV7DlkNQV8WtGiSBILxwztjqs5uMNuLgtnoryaya5mh72QQDM7aJy9YbwZoRAa_KFnlS_phPkP93iOTNtGYtqeUH40lISa9Yj3trCIj7v8Tb8uqNKRgD_TBABqs9GM_7_/s1600/Portrait_Gandhi+(1).jpg" height="320" width="213" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;M. Gandhi&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0c343d;"&gt;Written by Daniel Hunter, Training for Change www.TrainingForChange.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0c343d;"&gt;Author of the book Strategy And Soul www.strategyandsoul.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Nonviolent direct action is known by many names. Gandhi called it satyagraha (truth or&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;soul force). Henry Thoreau called it civil disobedience. Activists in North Philadelphia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;sometimes call it street heat. In the Philippines, democracy activists call it people power.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Underneath all of these definitions are similar themes such as a use of tactics outside of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;normal institutions (e.g. use of the street or fasting) and a commitment to refraining from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;violence. But even more core to all of these is that direct action is about power – bringing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;together people to make a united change.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;A DEFINITION OF NONVIOLENT DIRECT ACTION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0c343d;"&gt;Nonviolent action are techniques outside of institutionalized behavior for social change that challenges an unjust power dynamic using methods of protest, noncooperation, and intervention without the use or threat of injurious force.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;In essence, people turn to nonviolent direct action after the institutionalized ways of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;settling disagreements are unsuccessful. In the civil rights movement, black people turned&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;to nonviolent action after years of fighting in the courts to end institutionalized&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;segregation. The courts did not provide the relief needed, and so nonviolent action was&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;born. The methods of nonviolent action lie outside institutionalized behavior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;In using these methods people either do the unexpected or what they’re forbidden to do,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;for example demanding coffee at a segregated lunch counter if they're African American.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Or nonviolent action can be refusing to do what they are expected or required to do, like&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;pay a special tax to the English king for the tea they drink.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;In the Philadelphia struggle against casinos, Casino-Free Philadelphia (CFP) turned to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;nonviolent action after it became obvious the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board (PGCB)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;and then-elected officials had no interest in protecting the rights of residents and city&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;taxpayers regarding the ills of casinos. The actions included noncooperation such as&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;refusing to cooperate with the PGCB’s demands that the public not speak at “public”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;meetings. Other tactics were what we were not expected to do, such as the Citizens’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Document Search to get public documents made secret by the PGCB by a nonviolent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;“search and seizure” to liberate the plans from their offices.1 All of those tactics put&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;pressure on institutions, like the PGCB, but were actions which, of themselves, were&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;outside tradition.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Nonviolent action, therefore, can be distinguished from other forms of doing conflict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;which are within current institutions and traditions, like going to court or competing in an&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;election. They are not considered nonviolent action. It was not nonviolent action when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;CFP collected 27,000 signatures to give citizens a vote on the question of if casinos should&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;be built within 1,500-feet of homes, places of worship, and schools. Getting petitions to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;place a referendum on the ballot is within the City’s rules and therefore institutionalized. But when the Supreme Court stripped the question from the ballot and CFP ran Philly’s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Ballot Box – running our own election – it was nonviolent direct action.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;When the courts, elected officials, and official institutions, like the City Planning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Commission, abandon their roles to protect citizens and instead act corruptly, where to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;turn? People turn to nonviolent direct action after the institutional modes fail.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;So why does nonviolent action work? Aren’t institutions like the Supreme Court imbued&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;with more power than frustrated citizens? The answer, surprisingly, is no – not when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;people use their power.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;IT’S ALL ABOUT POWER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxubKlOu5nBrSzBe5hFnLhEN8AYIHLrwfIdezVQ1sHrR3OP4nFvofDf2VnVrJrAeAnoV_MC8kjOjttv9P71pEjxIiT-Kdl5pEdSk7yvDKvNut66NU-Pq6SZXZb7l0x08Xov_Ahtkdahams/s1600/220px-Ambedkar_speech_at_Yeola.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxubKlOu5nBrSzBe5hFnLhEN8AYIHLrwfIdezVQ1sHrR3OP4nFvofDf2VnVrJrAeAnoV_MC8kjOjttv9P71pEjxIiT-Kdl5pEdSk7yvDKvNut66NU-Pq6SZXZb7l0x08Xov_Ahtkdahams/s1600/220px-Ambedkar_speech_at_Yeola.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Baba Saheb Ambedkar&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Traditionally politics is seen as flowing from the top downwards. Those on top have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;power. A janitor takes orders from their supervisor who takes orders from the district&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;head and so on – all the way up to the President of the United States.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Most institutions in our society are viewed this way: corporations have at their top the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;CEO, cities have Mayors at the top, and our legal system has a federal Supreme Court. In&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;that view of society everyone below has to follow orders or face consequences: such as&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;being fired, facing political retribution, or being placed in jail.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;But that is not the only type of power.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Power also flows up. The CEO is helpless if employees refuse to take their orders. The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Mayor is helpless if the citizens withhold their financial support for his initiatives (e.g.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;refuse to pay taxes), undermine his policies, and collectively refuse to go along with her&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;orders. The Supreme Court is disabled if cities refuse to implement their interpretation of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;laws.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Direct action uses this form of power: power flowing from the bottom upwards. People&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;power. A group in Serbia fighting against a dictator wrote:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0c343d;"&gt;By themselves, rulers cannot collect taxes, enforce repressive laws and regulations, keep trains running on time, prepare national budgets, direct traffic, manage ports, print money, repair roads, keep food supplied to the markets, make steel, build rockets, train the police and the army, issue postage stamps or even milk a cow. People provide these services to the ruler through a variety of organizations and institutions. If the people stop providing these skills, the ruler cannot rule.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Casino-Free Philadelphia has regularly used this type of power to change policies. For&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;example, the public was not allowed to testify at the PGCB meetings for most of its&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;existence. Rather than accept orders from the PGCB chair that said they could not testify,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;members decided to testify anyway.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;At a meeting in fall 2007, several members of Casino-Free Philadelphia stood up, one at a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;time, during the PGCB board meeting. and started testifying. Each one was gaveled down&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;and told to be quiet by the chairwoman. A recess was immediately called. The three&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;members who spoke – unfortunately all the designated spokespeople – were escorted out&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;of the building and told they would not be allowed to return.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;When the board reconvened after recess, the chairwoman warned the group not to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;continue to interrupt. The remainder of the group immediately stood up and attempted to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;testify. Another recess was called.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;When the PGCB reconvened again, the group again attempted to speak up. Finally, the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;chairwoman shut down the entire PGCB meeting rather than allow people to speak.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;The result: rather than risk another engagement like that, she allowed the public to speak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;at the next hearing. Moreover, she initiated a larger shift in policy and now gives time for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;citizens to speak at several meetings throughout the year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Mohandas Gandhi said that ultimately the power of people lies in their choice to either&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;cooperate or not cooperate. Noncooperation with unjust or wrong authority is the heart of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;nonviolent direct action.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;This flies in the face of the old notion of power which says it flows downwards. Instead,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;the theory of nonviolent action is that power flows upwards. It’s a democratic way of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;viewing power by seeing that unjust authority is only in place because of the cooperation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;of all of the layers below it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;That’s why people who are oppressed and disenfranchised turn to nonviolent action: it’s a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;step towards empowerment to see how we have power – even if we are not powerful&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;politicians, judges, or mayors of a city.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h4 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;NONVIOLENT ACTION REQUIRES DISCIPLINE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglRf6szXS1wVMZyHz-3n5vQjZFbNzjjCesuNCFFxY-SoXSmiAUtC3iQrb2anJLvHmlyfauCqmAmua-87W2PWE7BHD58tqyN7JTPJ5I03rdXoj5OYEbQjmN7VkeJuzDkvO-aSy0HPDqaVFi/s1600/220px-WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglRf6szXS1wVMZyHz-3n5vQjZFbNzjjCesuNCFFxY-SoXSmiAUtC3iQrb2anJLvHmlyfauCqmAmua-87W2PWE7BHD58tqyN7JTPJ5I03rdXoj5OYEbQjmN7VkeJuzDkvO-aSy0HPDqaVFi/s1600/220px-WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;W.E.B. DuBois&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Members of Casino-Free Philadelphia could not have been successful in that action if they&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;did not carry themselves with respect, show respect to the humanity of the chairwoman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;while disobeying her orders to be silent, and stay focused on their goals during the action.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;The action is the message in nonviolent action.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. laid out four principles that he used during the civil rights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;movement. We offer them because when we use people power it does require that we act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;civilly, respectfully, and modeling the highest integrity we can muster:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;1) Define your objectives. Injustice and violence are everywhere around us. A single&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;campaign or action will not remove it all. One must begin by focusing on a specific&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;injustice; it should be possible to discuss it in fairly simple and clear-cut terms. Decisionmaking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;and negotiations during a campaign will be helped immensely if you have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;defined clearly your short-range objective and your long-range goal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;2) Be honest and listen well. Part of your goal is to win your opponent's respect. Conduct&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;yourself in a way which encourages that respect by showing your scrupulous care for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;truth and justice. A crucial part of nonviolent direct action is the understanding that no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;one knows the complete truth about the issues at hand. Listening with openness to what&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;your opponents have to say about your campaign is very important in your pursuit of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;whole truth. Similarly, listening carefully to those who are struggling at your side helps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;ensure that the oppression which you are fighting is not replaced by another oppression.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;3) Love your enemies. No matter how deeply involved in unjust and violent systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;some people are, your goal is to break down those systems, not to punish others for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;wrong-doing. Real justice is established when people refuse to maintain oppressive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;systems, not when the people in those systems are destroyed. Nonviolence requires a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;steadfast and conscious willingness to mentally separate respect for all people from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;disrespect for what some people are doing in a given situation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;4) Give your opponents a way out. By using nonviolence, you are showing a kind of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;strength that overcomes injustice. Avoid self-righteousness with opponents. Recognize&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;their weaknesses, embarrassments and fears. In specific confrontations, as well as in the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;larger campaign, find a way to let them participate in finding a solution. Give them&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;options to respond to, not non-negotiable demands.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;[These principles were first developed in the context of the struggle for civil rights in the U.S. at the request of Dr. Martin Luther King. The present&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;version has been slightly revised for international use by the International Fellowship of Reconciliation]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;While many would never even consider violent actions, the purpose of clarifying nonviolent&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;action is to limit the actions of participants to only those within a framework of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;disciplined, unified action. Casino-Free Philadelphia uses the following Nonviolent Action&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Guidelines in all of its direct actions, which are agreed upon by all participants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;In our actions, we will...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;✦ bring humor;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;✦ adopt a dignified, open and friendly attitude towards anybody we encounter;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;✦ demonstrate our creativity in the use of new slogans, songs, and props;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;✦ keep our calm, and our eyes on the prize.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;In our actions, we will not...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;✦ bring weapons;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;✦ use verbal or physical violence;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;✦ damage property;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;✦ use drugs or alcohol;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;✦ hide our identity behind hoods or masks;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;✦ risk arrest without the required training;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;✦ run, as it contributes to heightening tensions for everybody.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;By setting clear agreed upon guidelines we ensure mutual respect. We know what people&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;around us will and will not do. No provocation will get us off our message.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;THE ACTION IS THE MESSAGE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuKm-yX7IkQJ8UpjE-_JspUqIggqW5OshAeevbd4LSdBS0fLO3uzsdbyT5_0NGiIjtJFdI46IJj9m8naZVfUd2PcMbcLQlf1iFvlQFPwm2UmzQ-Fp46ViOtQExpIcQ1olEglDaHTxwGRB/s1600/220px-AlicePaul_1901.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuKm-yX7IkQJ8UpjE-_JspUqIggqW5OshAeevbd4LSdBS0fLO3uzsdbyT5_0NGiIjtJFdI46IJj9m8naZVfUd2PcMbcLQlf1iFvlQFPwm2UmzQ-Fp46ViOtQExpIcQ1olEglDaHTxwGRB/s1600/220px-AlicePaul_1901.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Alice Paul&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Nonviolent action differs from other forms of protest that are fundamentally about asking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;for our rights. Strategic nonviolent action is about acting for our rights.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Strategic nonviolent action gives us a basis for mutual trust, greater public support, and a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;focused channel to highlight injustice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;In strategic nonviolent action our action is our message. For example, Casino-Free&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Philadelphia ran a direct action campaign called Operation Transparency in the fall of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;2007. The PGCB refused to make public their documents, such as updated site plans and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;traffic plans. No meaningful public input could be made without access to such basic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;documents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;The goal was to get the PGCB to stop violating our right to know and release the hidden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;documents. If they did not release the documents by our December 1 deadline, we vowed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;to go to their offices in Harrisburg to carry out a “citizens’ document search” to make the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;documents public ourselves. The citizens’ document search is a direct action tactic first&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;designed in Ottawa, which we had learned about and brought to our work.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Operation Transparency lasted for two-months, with small media-friendly actions like&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;washing the PGCB’s windows to help them become more transparent. After the deadline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;passed, the documents still had not been released.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Fourteen people carried out the citizens’ document search. Two at a time, people stepped&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;forward. They read a “citizens’ search warrant” and asked the PGCB to release the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;documents. They walked forward and were promptly arrested.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;All were later found to be “Not Guilty” by a judge who scolded the PGCB’s behavior. The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;judge virtually invited us to return to Harrisburg and do it again if the PGCB did not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;release the documents and become transparent. Public pressure mounted.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;The power of direct action was that our refusal – our noncooperation – resulted in new&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;allies coming to our sides, an increase in dramatic tension for the PGCB, and shed light on&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;the clarity of the wrongfulness of their position.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Without direct action, most pundits would not be citing how bad the PGCB’s behavior has&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;been. They would ignore it, just like most ignore most forms of public abuse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;(In fact, while we are on the topic of the media, you can see in their reporting how the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;media is biased towards a top-down view of power. Their insistence that the casinos are&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;inevitable is because they believe power flows from the top. Like politicians, they are not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;used to power flowing from the bottom. Without us exerting it often enough, why should&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;they see it flow any other way?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Instead, though, the press consistently reported the action: citizens attempting to get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;documents that the PGCB was hiding. Several reporters got very involved and began&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;asking the PGCB what was their reason for hiding the documents and why weren’t they&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;releasing them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Asking the PGCB for the documents via a public request would not have done that. (We&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;previously did public requests and were consistently rejected.) Even a rally would not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;have that result. We needed a media-friendly, savvy way to highlight the injustice. The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;strategic value: show, don’t tell.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Unlike a strategy which merely asks the government to do the right thing, nonviolent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;action sees that when people withdraw their consent from an unjust system, it can be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;forced to give them what they want. The citizens’ document search is a classic tactic for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;that: use our power as citizens to apply power and pressure to our institutions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;It is not reliant upon the current system to give us what we want. It is about using our&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;political power to get it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;In that way, nonviolent direct action is much more powerful than traditional marches or&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;rallies, which are merely protests asking the government to do the right thing. Nonviolent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;direct action highlights the injustice by acting in congruence with what we want: we&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;believe we have a right to the documents. Then we won’t be satisfied when our rights are&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;denied – we will go take them ourselves.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Nonviolence is thus more than protesting and more than a philosophy of not harming&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;people.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Now that’s power to the people.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
198 Methods of Nonviolent Action&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;PERSUASION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Formal Statements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
1. Public Speeches&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
2. Letters of opposition or support&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
4. Signed public statements&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
5. Declarations of indictment and intention&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
6. Group or mass petitions&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Communications with a Wider Audience&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
8. Banners, posters, displayed communications&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
10. Newspapers and journals&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
11. Records, radio, and television&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
12. Skywriting and earthwriting&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Group Representations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
13. Deputations&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
14. Mock awards&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
15. Group lobbying&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
16. Picketing&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
17. Mock elections&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Symbolic Public Acts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
19. Wearing of symbols&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
20. Prayer and worship&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
21. Delivering symbolic objects&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
22. Protest disrobings&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
23. Destruction of own property&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
24. Symbolic lights&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
25. Displays of portraits&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
26. Paint as protest&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
27. New signs and names&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
28. Symbolic sounds&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
29. Symbolic reclamations&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
30. Rude gestures&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Pressures on Individuals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
31. “Haunting” officials&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
32. Taunting officials&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
33. Fraternization&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
34. Vigils&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Drama and Music&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
35. Humorous skits and pranks&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
36. Performances of plays and music&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
37. Singing&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Processions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
38. Marches&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
39. Parades&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
40. Religious processions&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
41. Pilgrimages&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
42. Motorcades&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Honoring the Dead&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
43. Political mourning&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
44. Mock funerals&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
45. Demonstrative funerals&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
46. Homage at burial places&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Public Assemblies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
47. Assemblies of protest or support&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
48. Protest meetings&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
50. Teach-ins&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Withdrawal and Renunciation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
51. Walk-outs&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
52. Silence&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
53. Renouncing honors&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
54. Turning one’s back&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Ostracism of Persons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
55. Social boycott&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
56. Selective social boycott&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
57. Lysistratic nonaction&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
58. Excommunication&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
59. Interdict&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Institutions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
60. Suspension of social and sports activities&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
61. Boycott of social affairs&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
62. Student strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
63. Social disobedience&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
64. Withdrawal from social institutions&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Withdrawal from the Social System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
65. Stay-at-home&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
66. Total personal noncooperation&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
67. “Flight” of workers&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
68. Sanctuary&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
69. Collective disappearance&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
70. Protest emigration (hijrat )&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Actions by Consumers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
71. Consumers’ boycott&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
73. Policy of austerity&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
74. Rent withholding&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
75. Refusal to rent&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
76. National consumers’ boycott&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
77. International consumers’ boycott&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Action by Workers and Producers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
78. Workmen’s boycott&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
79. Producers’ boycott&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Action by Middlemen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Action by Owners and Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
81. Traders’ boycott&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
82. Refusal to let or sell property&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
83. Lockout&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
84. Refusal of industrial assistance&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
85. Merchants’ “general strike”&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Action by Holders of Financial Resources&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
89. Severance of funds and credit&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
90. Revenue refusal&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
91. Refusal of a government’s money&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Action by Governments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
92. Domestic embargo&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
93. Blacklisting of traders&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
94. International sellers’ embargo&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
95. International buyers’ embargo&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
96. International trade embargo&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;NONCOOPERATION:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;THE STRIKE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Symbolic Strikes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
97. Protest strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Agricultural Strikes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
99. Peasant strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
100. Farm Workers’ strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Strikes by Special Groups&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
101. Refusal of impressed labor&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
102. Prisoners’ strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
103. Craft strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
104. Professional strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Ordinary Industrial Strikes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
105. Establishment strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
106. Industry strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
107. Sympathetic strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Restricted Strikes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
108. Detailed strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
109. Bumper strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
110. Slowdown strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
111. Working-to-rule strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
113. Strike by resignation&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
114. Limited strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
115. Selective strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Multi-Industry Strikes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
116. Generalized strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
117. General strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
118. Hartal&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
119. Economic shutdown&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;THE METHODS OF POLITICAL&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;NONCOOPERATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Rejection of Authority&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
121. Refusal of public support&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
123. Boycott of legislative bodies&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
124. Boycott of elections&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
125. Boycott of government employment and positions&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
133. Reluctant and slow compliance&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
135. Popular nonobedience&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
136. Disguised disobedience&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
138. Sitdown&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Action by Government Personnel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
143. Blocking of lines of command and information&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
144. Stalling and obstruction&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
145. General administrative noncooperation&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
146. Judicial noncooperation&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
148. Mutiny&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Domestic Governmental Action&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;International Governmental Action&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
154. Severance of diplomatic relations&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
155. Withdrawal from international organizations&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
157. Expulsion from international organizations&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Psychological Intervention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
158. Self-exposure to the elements&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
159. The fast&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
a) Fast of moral pressure&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
b) Hunger strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
c) Satyagrahic fast&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
160. Reverse trial&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
161. Nonviolent harassment&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Physical Intervention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
162. Sit-in&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
163. Stand-in&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
164. Ride-in&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
165. Wade-in&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
166. Mill-in&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
167. Pray-in&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
168. Nonviolent raids&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
169. Nonviolent air raids&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
170. Nonviolent invasion&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
171. Nonviolent interjection&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
172. Nonviolent obstruction&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
173. Nonviolent occupation&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Social Intervention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
174. Establishing new social patterns&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
175. Overloading of facilities&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
176. Stall-in&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
177. Speak-in&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
178. Guerrilla theater&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
179. Alternative social institutions&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
180. Alternative communication system&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Economic Intervention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
181. Reverse strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
182. Stay-in strike&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
183. Nonviolent land seizure&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
184. Defiance of blockades&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
186. Preclusive purchasing&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
187. Seizure of assets&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
188. Dumping&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
189. Selective patronage&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
190. Alternative markets&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
191. Alternative transportation systems&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
192. Alternative economic institutions&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;Political Intervention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
193. Overloading of administrative systems&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
195. Seeking imprisonment&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
197. Work-on without collaboration&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-size: medium; text-align: right;"&gt;
&lt;div style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"&gt;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Source:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; text-align: right;"&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"&gt;web:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"&gt;www.aeinstein.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"&gt;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt; List of civil rights leaders&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLlt62K0xm8IDutSDsVO_27sWqK1ikQK3pByaYZb36Mx3r2Fngd3mDIXmRQc6Po9WqnBfz9C-7QCSNiW9FO6UUHUzDqP8ov40bk3cBRG-sgOwd16Ybchrb7snMZ9hPDMkM7HDvPIx39D73/s1600/220px-Betty_Friedan_1960.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLlt62K0xm8IDutSDsVO_27sWqK1ikQK3pByaYZb36Mx3r2Fngd3mDIXmRQc6Po9WqnBfz9C-7QCSNiW9FO6UUHUzDqP8ov40bk3cBRG-sgOwd16Ybchrb7snMZ9hPDMkM7HDvPIx39D73/s1600/220px-Betty_Friedan_1960.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Betty Friedan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;Civil rights leaders are influential figures in the promotion and implementation of political freedom and the expansion of personal liberties. They work to protect individuals and groups from political repression and discrimination by governments and private organizations, and seek to ensure the ability of all members of society to participate in the civil and political life of the state. Civil rights include individual rights to equal protection and service, privacy, freedom of thought, freedom of expression, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom to travel, freedom of worship, protection of civil liberties, the right to vote, and the right to freely share ideas and opinions through all forms of communication and media. People who motivated themselves and then led others to gain and protect these rights include:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;1. Ralph Abernathy (1926–1990)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American activist, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) official&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. B.R. Ambedkar (1891-1956)&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;- Indian activist for caste abolition, writer, philosopher, economist, co-wrote and influenced Indian constitution which focused on social rights.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;3. Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/b&gt;- American Women's suffrage leader, speaker, inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;4. Ella Baker (1903–1986)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American SCLC activist, initiated the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;5. James Baldwin (1924–1987)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American essayist, novelist, public speaker, SNCC activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Daisy Bates (1914–1999)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Dana Beal (1947– )&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - American pro-hemp activist, organizer, speaker, initiator&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;- British philosopher, writer, and teacher on civil rights, inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. James Bevel (1936–2008)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - American organizer and Direct Action leader, SCLC's main strategist, movement initiator, and movement director.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Claude Black (1916–2009)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;11. Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825-1921)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - founded American Woman Suffrage Association with Lucy Stone in 1869&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;12. Julian Bond (1940–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American activist, politician, scholar, lawyer, NAACP chairman&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;13. Lenny Bruce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - free speech advocate, comedian, political satirist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;14. Lucy Burns (1879–1966) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American women's suffrage/voting rights leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;15. Stokely Carmichael (1941–1998) &lt;/span&gt;- American SNCC and Black Panther activist, organizer, speaker&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;16. Carrie Chapman Catt (1859–1947)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - suffrage leader, president National American Woman Suffrage Association, founder League of Women Voters and International Alliance of Women &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;17. Cesar Chavez (1927–1993) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- Chicano activist, organizer, trade unionist,inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;18. Claudette Colvin (1939–) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American Montgomery Bus Boycott pioneer, independent activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;19. Marvel Cooke (1903–2000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American journalist, writer, trade unionist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;20. Humberto "Bert" Corona (1918–2001) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- labor and civil rights leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;21. Dorothy Cotton (1930–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American SCLC official, activist, organizer, and leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;22. Eugene Debs (1855–1926) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American organizer, campaigner for the poor, women, dissenters, prisoners&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;23. Frederick Douglass (1818–1895) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American abolitionist, women's rights and suffrage advocate, writer, organizer, inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;24. W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American writer, scholar, founder of NAACP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;25. Charles Evers (1922–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American civil rights movement activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;26. Medgar Evers (1925–1963)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American, NAACP official in the Mississippi Movement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;27. James Farmer (1920–1999) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) leader and activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;28. Louis Farrakhan (1933–) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American, Minister and National Representative of the Nation of Islam&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;29. James Forman (1928–2005) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American SNCC official and civil rights movement activist &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;30. Marie Foster (1917–2003)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American voting rights activist, a local leader in the Selma Voting Rights Movement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;31. Frankie Muse Freeman (1916-)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; American civil rights attorney, and the first woman to be appointed to the United States Commission on Civil Rights&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;32. Betty Friedan (1921–2006) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American writer, women's rights activist, feminist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;33. Kasturba Gandhi (1869 – 1944) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;wife of Mohandas Gandhi, activist in South Africa and India, often led her husband's movements in India when he was imprisoned.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;34.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi"&gt;Mohandas Gandhi&lt;/a&gt; (1869–1948)&lt;/b&gt; - Indian activist and movement leader, writer, philosopher, teacher, inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;35. William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - writer, organizer, feminist, initiator&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;36. Dick Gregory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American free speech advocate and activist in the civil rights movement, comedian&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;37. Olympe de Gouges (1748–1793) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- French women's rights pioneer, writer, beheaded during French Revolution&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;38. Prathia Hall (1940–2002)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American SNCC activist, a leading speaker in the civil rights movement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;39. Fannie Lou Hamer (1917–1977)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - activist in Mississippi movements&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;40. Harry Hay (1912–2002)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - early leader in American LGBT rights movement, founder Mattachine Society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;41. Lola Hendricks (1932–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - activist, local leader in Birmingham Movement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;42. Jack Herer (1939–2010)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American pro-hemp activist, speaker, organizer, author&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;43. Gordon Hirabayashi (1918–2012) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- Japanese-American civil rights hero&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;44. Myles Horton (1905–1990)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American teacher of nonviolence, pioneer activist, founded and led the Highlander Folk School&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;45. T.R.M. Howard (1908–1976)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - founder of Mississippi's Regional Council of Negro Leadership&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;46. Julia Ward Howe (1818–1910) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American writer, organizer, suffragette&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;47. Dolores Huerta (1930– ) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American labor and civil rights activist, initiator, organizer&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;48. John Peters Humphrey (1905–1995)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - author of Universal Declaration of Human Rights&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;49. Jesse Jackson (1941–) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American clergyman, activist, politician &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;50. Nellie Stone Johnson (1905–2002)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - labor and civil rights activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;51. Toyohiko Kagawa (1888 – 1960)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Japanese labour activist, Christian reformer, author&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;52. Meir Kahane &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- controversial Jewish rights leader, founder of the Jewish Defense League&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;53. Abby Kelley (1811–1887)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American abolitionist and suffragette&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;54. Coretta Scott King (1927–2006) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American SCLC leader, activist, inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;55. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–1968)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - SCLC co-founder/president/chairman, activist, author, speaker, inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;56. James Lawson (1928–) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American minister and activist, SCLC's teacher of nonviolence in late 1950's and early 1960a civil rights movement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;57. Bernard Lafayette (1940–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American SCLC and SNCC activist, organizer, and leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;58. John Lewis (1940–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American Nashville Student Movement and SNCC activist, organizer, speaker, inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;59. Sigmund Livingston (1872-1946)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Jewish rights activist, founder of the Anti-Defamation League&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;60. Joseph Lowery (1921–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American SCLC leader and co-founder, activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;61. Clara Luper (1923–2011)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American sit-in movement leader in Oklahoma, activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;62. James Madison (1751–1836)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American founding father, introduced and lobbied for the U.S. Bill of Rights&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;63. Nelson Mandela (1918–2013) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- South African statesman, leading figure in anti-apartheid movement, inspiration &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;64. George Mason (1725–1792)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American who wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights and influenced U.S. Bill of Rights&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;65. Rigoberta Menchú (1959)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Guatemalan indigenous rights leader, co-founder Nobel Women's Initiative&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;66. James Meredith (1933–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American independent student leader and self–starting Mississippi activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;67. Mamie Till Bradley Mobley&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American who held an open casket funeral for her son, Emmett Till; speaker, activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;68. Charles Morgan, Jr. (1930–2009)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - attorney, established principle of "one man, one vote"&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;69. Harvey Milk (1930–1978)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American politician, gay rights activist and leader, inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;70. Bob Moses (1935–) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- leader, activist, and organizer in '60s Mississippi Movement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;71. Diane Nash (1938–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American SNCC and SCLC activist and official, strategist, organizer&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;72. Edgar Nixon (1899–1987)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Montgomery Bus Boycott organizer, civil rights activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;73. James Orange (1942–2008) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American SCLC activist and organizer, a voting rights movement leader, trade unionist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;74. Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - a founder and the leader of the British Suffragette Movement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;75. Rosa Parks (1913–2005)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - NAACP official, activist, Montgomery Bus Boycott inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;76. Alice Paul (1885–1977)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American 1910's Women's Voting Rights Movement leader, strategist, and organizer&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;77. Thomas Paine (1737-1809) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- English-American activist, author, theorist, wrote Rights of Man &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;78. Elizabeth Peratrovich (1911–1958)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Alaska activist for native people&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;79. A. Philip Randolph (1889–1979) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American labor and civil rights movement leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;80. Amelia Boynton Robinson (1911–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Selma Voting Rights Movement activist and early leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;81. Jo Ann Robinson (1912–1992)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Montgomery Bus Boycott activist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;82. Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - women's rights and human rights activist both in the United States and in the United Nations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;83. Bayard Rustin (1912–1987)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American civil rights activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;84. Sonia Schlesin (1888–1956)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - worked with Mohandas Gandhi in South Africa and led his movements there when he was absent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;85. Al Sharpton (1954–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American clergyman, activist, media&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;86. Charles Sherrod &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American civil rights activist, SNCC leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;87. Judy Shepard (1952–) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- gay rights activist, public speaker&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;88. Kate Sheppard (1847–1934)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - New Zealand suffragist in first country to have universal suffrage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;89. Fred Shuttlesworth (1922–2011) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American clergyman, activist, SCLC co-founder, initiated the Birmingham Movement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;90. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American women's suffrage/women's rights leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;91. Gloria Steinem (1934–) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- writer, activist, feminist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;92. Lucy Stone (1818–1893) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- women's suffrage/voting rights leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;93. Thich Quang Duc (1897–1963) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- Vietnamese monk, freedom of religion self-martyr &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;94. Desmond Tutu (1931–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - South African anti-apartheid organizer, advocate, inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;95. Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - German writer, organizer, and the pioneer of the modern LGBT rights movement.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;96. C.T. Vivian (1924–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American student civil rights leader, SNCC activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;97. Wyatt Tee Walker&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American activist and organizer with NAACP, CORE, and SCLC&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;98. Ida B. Wells (1862–1931) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- journalist, early activist in 20th Century Civil Rights Movement, women's suffrage/voting rights activist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;99. Walter Francis White (1895–1955)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American NAACP executive secretary&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;100. Elie Wiesel - (1928–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Jewish rights leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;101. Roy Wilkins - (1901–1981)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; American NAACP executive secretary/executive director&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;102. Frances Willard (1839–1898)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American women's rights activist, suffrage leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;103. Hosea Williams (1926–2000) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American civil rights activist, an SCLC organizer and strategist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;104. Victoria Woodhull (1838–1927) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- American suffragette organizer, women's rights leader&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;105. Malcolm X (1925–1965)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American author, speaker, activist, inspiration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;106. Andrew Young (1932–)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - American SCLC activist and executive director&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;107. Whitney M. Young, Jr. (1921–1971)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Exec. Director National Urban League, advisor to U.S. Presidents&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000;"&gt;108. William Wilberforce (1759-1833)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - leader of English abolition movement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP4HsEoQBxXzoAV7DlkNQV8WtGiSBILxwztjqs5uMNuLgtnoryaya5mh72QQDM7aJy9YbwZoRAa_KFnlS_phPkP93iOTNtGYtqeUH40lISa9Yj3trCIj7v8Tb8uqNKRgD_TBABqs9GM_7_/s72-c/Portrait_Gandhi+(1).jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title> राजा महेन्द्रमाथि बम प्रहार गर्ने मधेश वीर दुर्गानन्द झा को कहानी</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/01/blog-post_30.html</link><category>Madhesh</category><category>Martyrs</category><category>Personality</category><pubDate>Thu, 30 Jan 2014 06:50:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-5836530542929644523</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGYDyd89QrZtyLXIVJ_H6143ecRxt_fuIaxJmY4olpyQnJcO3l9SwuYp_1yaX0LKPzbTz0swcRo7HXgXQ8CsS49WVXPtRoaZIaQnt8LGHcWnp4Ngyhn_CZeYKjckA-jTIcO_2XXQqDTPVZ/s1600/durga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="मधेश शहिद दुर्गा नन्द झा" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGYDyd89QrZtyLXIVJ_H6143ecRxt_fuIaxJmY4olpyQnJcO3l9SwuYp_1yaX0LKPzbTz0swcRo7HXgXQ8CsS49WVXPtRoaZIaQnt8LGHcWnp4Ngyhn_CZeYKjckA-jTIcO_2XXQqDTPVZ/s1600/durga.jpg" height="320" title="मधेश शहिद दुर्गा नन्द झा" width="213" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;(&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/profile/01028150628151962442" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;सुरेश जी को कलम बाट&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;आज सहिद दिवस तर नेपालको प्रजातन्त्र हरण गर्ने राजा महेन्द्रमाथि वम प्रहार गर्ने दुर्गानन्द झाको कुनै चर्चा छैन । २०१८ माघ ९ गते जनकपुर घुम्न गएका बेला राजा महेन्द्रमाथि बम प्रहार गर्ने भर्खर युवालाई सुन्धारास्थित केन्द्रीय जेलमा २०२० माघ १५ गते फाँसीमा चढाई गोली हानी निर्मम ढंगले यातना दिई हत्या गरेको थियो । त्यसलाई मृत्यू दण्ड भनिएपनि त्यो हत्या नै थियो । बम प्रहार गरी प्रवास भागेका दुर्गानन्द झा तीन महिनापछि आफै गिरफ्तारी दिनुभएको थियो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1357324291507457948" name="more" style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px;" /&gt; &lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;काठमाण्डांैमा भएको पर्चा काण्डको अभियोगमा वि.सं. १९९७ साल माघ १० गते शुक्रराज शास्त्री, १३ गते धर्मभक्त माथेमा र १५ गते गंगालाल श्रेष्ठ एवं दशरथ चन्दलाई मृत्युदण्ड दिइएकाले २००७ &amp;nbsp;सालमा प्रजातन्त्र स्थापनापछि २००८ सालदेखि माघ १० देखि १६ गतेसम्म शहीद सप्ताह मनाउन थालिएको थियो र आज पनि माघ १६ लाई शहीद दिवस मनाइन्छ । तर त्यसको एकदिन अगाडि मारिएका दुर्गानन्द झालाई राज्यले त के कुरा काँग्रेस पार्टीले समेत सम्झेका छैनन् । काँग्रेसले दुर्गानन्दलाई आफ्नो भनेपनि सम्मान भने कहिले दिएन । २०१७ पुस १ गते राजा महेन्द्रले संसद र संसदीय सरकार विघटन गरेकोले शहीदहरुका रगतले प्राप्त लोकतन्त्रको पुनस्र्थापनाका लागि नेपाली कांग्रेसले संघर्ष आरम्भ गरेका थिए र सोही संघर्षमा लागेर दुर्गानन्दले सहादत प्राप्त गरेका थिए ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;नेपालकै इतिहासमा प्रथम बम काण्डको अनुसन्धानको नाममा ५९ जनालाई समातेर अनेक यातना दिइएको थियो भने त्यसदिन जनकपुुर विमानस्थलमा काँग्रेसका अर्का क्रान्तकारी योद्धा अरविन्दकुमार ठाकुरलाई त्यसअघि नै बमको साथमा पक्राउ गरिसकेको थियो । बम काण्डमा निर्दोष मानिसहरुलाई भयंकर कुटपिट गरी अनेक यातना दिदै गरेको खबरले दुर्गानन्द झा तीन महिनापछि एक दिन स्वयं जयनगरबाट रेल्वेमा समातेर गिरफ्तारी दिन जनकपुरधाम फर्केका थिए समातिएको दिन जलेश्वर जेल पुर्याइएको थियो । अर्को दिन परकौली सैनिक ब्यारेकमा ल्याएर हेलिकप्टरबाट काठमाण्डौं पुरयाई नेपाल विशेष अदालतद्वारा २०१९ भाद्र २४ गते कुनै सुनवाई नै नगरीकन मृत्युदण्ड दिने फैसला गरिएको थियो । जो पछि सर्वोच्च अदालतद्वारा सदर गरी २०२० माघ १५ गतेको राती सुन्धारास्थित केन्द्रीय कारागारमा गोली हानी हत्या गरिएको थियो । त्यसअघि २०२० भाद्र १ गते दुर्गानन्द झाकै कारण मुलुकी ऐनलाई संशोधन गरिएको थियो कारण थियो त्यसअघि कुनैपनि ब्राम्हण, महिला, सन्यासीलाई मृत्युदण्ड नदिइने नीति ऐनमै उल्लेख थियो तर दुर्गानन्द झा ब्राहमण भएको कारण ऐनलाई नै सशोधन गरी मृत्यूदण्ड दिएको थियो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;धनुषा जिल्लामा जटही निवासी पं. भोलानाथ झाका तीन छोराहरुमध्ये जेठो देवनारायण झाको एक मात्र सन्तान दुर्गानन्द झाको जन्म वि.सं. १९९९ साल वैशाख शुक्ल एकादशी १४ गते भएको थियो । त्यसबेला नेपालमा विद्यालय नरहेकाले नेपाल भारत सीमानामा रहेको उमगांवस्थित माध्यमिक विद्यालयमा अध्ययनरत रहँदै २०१५ सालको प्रथम आम निर्वाचनको प्रचार प्रसारमा सकृय रहनु भएको यूवा छात्र दुर्गानन्द झामाथि प्रजातन्त्रको हत्याको निकै दुष्प्रभाव परेको थियो । भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता संग्रामका वीर भगत सिंह र चन्द्रशेखर आजादको जीवनीबाट प्रभावित भएर उहाँले लोकतन्त्रका हत्यारा तानाशाहको हत्या गर्न आफ्ना घर परिवार र नवविवाहिता श्रीमतिलाई छाडेर २० वर्ष नपुग्दै जनकपुुर बम काण्ड गरेर इतिहासमा स्वर्णाक्षरले अंकित भएका थिए ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;आफ्ना पिताका तीन दाजु भाईका एक मात्र उत्तराधिकारी तथा २०१७ सालको विवाह पंचमीको दिन काशीदेवीको साथ प्रणय सूत्रमा बाँधिनु भएका दुर्गानन्द तानाशाहीसित माफी नमागेर २१ वर्ष ९ महिनाकै कलिलो उमेरमा लोकतन्त्रको लागि बलिदान हुनु भएका थिए । देशमा लोकतन्त्र स्थापनासाथ २०६५ अषाढ ९ गते जनकपुर बौद्धिक समाजद्वारा बम काण्डस्थलमा अमर शहीद दुर्गानन्द झाको स्मारक निर्माण गर्न एक सात सदस्यीय निर्माण समिति गठन गरी प्राप्त जनसहयोगबाट स्मारक &amp;nbsp;निर्माण गर्न २०६६ श्रावण २१ गते अमर शहीदकी धर्मपत्नी काशीदेवी झाद्वारा शिलान्यास गराइसकिएको छ । तर जानकी मन्दिर महन्थले २०६६ श्रावण ९ मा लिखित रुपमा स्मारक निर्माण गर्न जग्गा उपलब्ध गराइसकेको पत्र हुँदा हुंदै पनि २०६७ चैत्र ३ गते एक जनाको रिट निवेदनमा जनकपुर पुनरावेदन अदालतले चैत्र ८ गते निर्माण माथि रोक लगाएर कार्य ठप्प पारिएको थियो । जो अव खारिज नै भइसक्यो । अतः नेपालका प्रथम गणतन्त्रवादी शहीद दुर्गानन्द झाका स्मारक निर्माणतिर सबैले ध्यान दिनु आवश्यक छ ।&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;माघ १५ गतेको अवसरमा राजधानीमा मिथिलाक अनुपम डेगले आयोजना गरेको एक कार्यक्रममा मधेशका नेता तथा पत्रकार र बुद्धिजिविले दुर्गानन्द झालाई सहिद घोषणा नगरेकोप्रति आक्रोश पोखे । तराई मधेश लाकेतान्त्रिक पार्टीका अध्यक्ष महन्थ ठाकुरले दुर्गानन्दलाई सहिद घोषणा गराउन प्रधानमन्त्रीलाई पनि गुहारेको बताउनु भयो । उहाँले दुर्गानन्द झा मधेशको मात्र नभएर देशकै योद्धा थिए यसमा कुनै दुई मत छैन र सोही अनुसार सम्मान पनि पाउनुपर्ने धारणा राख्नुभयो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;प्रजातन्त्र पुनःबहालीका बलागि उहाँले गरेको क्रान्ति सदा स्मरणीय रहने बताउँदै उहाँले देशले दुर्गानन्दलाई सम्मान नगरेपनि आफूहरुले गर्ने प्रतिवद्धता समेत जनाउनुभयो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;सद्भावना पार्टीका महासचिव मनिष सुमनले दुर्गानन्द झालाई सहिद घोषणा गर्न नसक्नु भनेको मधेशीको अपमान भएको बताउनुभयो । उहाँले दुर्गानन्दलाई सहिद घोषणा गरेको छैन भने मधेशीलाई आफ्नो अपमान सम्झिनु पर्छ किनभने आज उहाँ मधेशी नभएर एउटा बाहुन पहाडि समुदायबाट भएको भए आज उहाँको जय जय हुन्थ्यो तर मधेशी भएकै कारण उहाँलाई सहीद नबनाएको कुरामा प्रष्ट हुनुपर्ने धारणा राख्नुभयो । उहाँले भन्नुभयो, गणतन्त्र स्थापना यता जो पाए त्यहीलाई सहिद घोषणा गरे तर देशका लागि यत्रो बलिदानी दिएका व्यक्तिलाई सहिद घोषणा गर्न कसले रोकेको छ केले रोको छ । नअहिले सवैधानिक राजतन्त्र छ जसले राजामाथि बम प्रहार गरेको कारणले सहिद बन्नबाट रोकोस् ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;उहाँले अहिले राजामहाराजाको नामोनिसान छैन अनि को हो रोकावट ? सहजै बुझ्न सकिन्छ यहाँका शासकमा अहिले पनि मधेशीप्रतिको मानसिकतामा परिवर्तन नआएको बताउनुभयो । दुर्गानन्द झा सरकारी सहिद नभएपनि वास्तविक सहिद उहाँ नै हो । उहाँलाई सहिद घोषणा नगरेपनि जनताले उहाँलाई सहिद मानेकै हो । जनजनको मनमा दुर्गानन्दले बास गरिसकेका हुनाले सहिद घोषणा हुनै पर्छ भने छैन । दुर्गानन्द नेपालका सहिद हुन र रहि रहने बताउनुभयो ।&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;पत्रकार अजय शाह सिवालीले दुर्गानन्द झा मधेशी भएकै कारणले हालसम्म सहिद घोषणा नगरेको बताउँदै दुर्गानन्द झामाथि विभेद हुनु भनेको मधेशप्रतिको विभेद भएको बताउनुभयो । उहाँले दुर्गानन्द झा जुन बेला क्रान्तिमा लाग्नु भएको थियो त्यो बेला मधेश र मधेशीका लागि होइन पुरै देशका लागि लाग्नु भएको बताउनुभयो । नेता उपेन्द्र झाले दुर्गानन्द झालाई राज्यको तर्फबाट मृत्यूदण्ड दिएको आज ५० वर्ष भयो तर अहिलेसम्म सहिद घोषणा गर्न नसक्नु मधेशीमाथि यो भन्दा ठुलो विभेद के हुने टिप्पणी गर्नुभयो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;उहाँले यसमा मधेशीको पनि कम बहादुरी छैन, विभेद सहनुमा मधेशीको पनि बहादुरी रहेको उल्लेख गर्दै त्यसबेला मधेशी कमजोर थियो, मधेश कमजोर थियो तर गणतन्त्र आएपछि त मधेशी एकप्रकारले शक्तिमा आएकै हुन् ठाउँमा गएकै हुन् अनि किन भएन दुर्गान्द झा सहिद घोषणा यसको जिम्मेवारी कसले लिने प्रश्न गर्दै उहाँले १३००० हजारसहिदमा दुर्गानन्द झा किन अँटाएन यसको जिम्मा कसले लिने, गाडिबाट किचिदाँ सहिद हुने, लोग्ने स्वास्नीको झगडामा मारिदा सहिद हुने, कुनै व्यक्तिगत झगडामा हत्या हुँदा सहिद हुने तर प्रजातन्त्रका लागि, प्रजातन्त्र जोगाउनका लागि प्रजातन्त्र हरणकर्ता महेन्द्रमाथि बम प्रहार गर्ने दुर्गानन्द झालाई सहिद घोषणा गर्न नहुने यो कस्तो न्याय उहाँले भन्नुभयो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;पत्रकार ह्रदयकान्त झाले नेपालको आजसम्मको इतिहासमा सहिदमाथि राजनीतिक भएको बताउँदै आफूलाई लाग्छ दुर्गानन्द झामाथि पनि राजनीतिक भयो र त्यो राजनीतिक खेलमा मधेश पछाडि रहको बताउनुभयो । युवा नेता मनिष मिश्रले दुर्गानन्द झा लोकतन्त्रका लागि बलिदानी दिनु भएको धारणा राख्दै उहाँले भन्नुभयो, सारा नेपालीको कल्याणका लागि बलिदानी दिएका हुन् भने उहाँमाथि विभेद किन ? उहाँमाथि मधेशीकै कारण विभेद भएको हो भने यसको दोष मधेशी नेतामाथि पनि जान्छ । यत्रो पावरमा हुँदा हुँदै किन सहिद घोषणा गराउन सक्नु भएन ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;उहाँले मधेशवादी दलका नेताहरु चाहेको भए सायद हुन्थ्यो नचाहेर मधेशवादी दलहरु पनि दुर्गानन्द झामाथि विभेद गरेकै हो बताउनुभयो । १८ वर्षको उमेरमा देशका लागि बलिदानी दिनु चानचुने कुरा थिएन उहाँले भन्नुभयो, सारा नेपाली युवाको प्रतिनिधित्व पात्र हुन् हामी सबै युवालाई उहाँमाथि गर्व छ । त्यसैले मधेशका युवाले नै अब उहाँलाई सहिद घोषणा गराउनका लागि संघर्षमा जानुपर्छ । हामी पनि दुर्गानन्द झा बन्न तयार हुनुपर्छ । &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;युवा नेता शिवजी सोनीले भन्नुभयो, ५० प्रतिशत मधेशी मन्त्री हुँदा पनि दुर्गानन्द झालाई सहिद घोषणा गर्न नसक्नु यो जस्तो विडम्बना अरु के हुनसक्छ । दुर्गानन्द झा सारा देशको थियो तर देशले उहाँलाई स्विकार गर्न सकने अब मधेशले स्विकार गर्नुपर्छ । मधेशले आफ्नो बनाउनु पर्छ । अहिले पनि केही विग्रेको छैन ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;उहाँले अहिले पनि मधेशसँग ५० जना सभासद्हरु छन् । ५० जनासभासद् एक ठाउँमा उभिएर यदि कुनै कुराको चाहना राख्यो भने त्यो अवश्य पुरा हुने कर्त गर्नुभयो । तर, इमान्दारीका साथ लाग्नुपर्ने उहाँको सुझाव थियो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;अर्का युवा नेता सञ्जिव झा (विद्रोही) ले वभिन्न दलका युवा सम्मलित संयुक्त युवा संगठन गरी मधेशका विभिन्न माग ज्ञापनपत्र तयार गरेका थियौ त्यसमा पहिलो नम्बरमा दुर्गानन्द झालाई सहिद बनाउनुपर्छ भनि माग राखेको स्मरण गराउँदै आफूले त्यसबेला ६०१ जना सभासद्लाई ज्ञापनपत्र बुझाएको पनि बताउनुभयो । उहाँले अहिले पनि केही विग्रेको छैन । उहाँलाई सहिद घोषणा गराउनका लागि अमरण अनसन बसौं जबसम्म सहिद घोषणा गर्दैन तबसम्म अनसन तोड्नु नहुने धारणा राख्नुभयो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;पत्रकार अमरेन्द्र यादवले दुर्गानन्द झाले देशको समग्रहितका लागि बलिदानी दिनुभएको थियो तर विभेदका शिकार बताउनुभयो । उहाँले भन्नुभयो, देशका लागि बलिदानी दिएपनि मधेशी भनेर उहाँमाथि विभेद भयो । दुर्गानन्द झाको नाममा आज पुरै देश उत्सवमै हुनुपर्ने थियो । राज्यस्तरबाट कार्यक्रम हुनुपर्ने थियो तर विडम्बना कुनै मिथिला नामको संस्थाले दुर्गानन्द झालाई सम्झिदैछ, त्यो पनि सानो कोठमामा । सहिदलाई पनि जातिवादले छाडेन । जातिवादीको चश्माले पनि सहिदलाई हेर्न थालेका छन् ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;उहाँले मधेशी जनअधिकार फोरम नेपालको कुनै कार्यक्रम भयो भने त्यहाँ रमेश महतोलगायतका सहिदहरुको तस्विर हुन्छ भने तराई मधेश लोकतान्त्रिक पार्टीको कुनै कार्यक्रममा दुर्गानन्द झा, विद्यापतीलगायतका तस्विर राख्ने गरेको प्रति आक्रोश पोख्नुभयो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;लेखिका तथा प्रध्यापिका मञ्चला झा नारी मनको संवदना कस्तो हुन्छ भनि दुर्गानन्द झाका श्रीमती काशी देवी झाको सम्झना आउँने गरेको बताउनुभयो । विवाहपछि श्रीमानसँग राम्रोसँग बस्न समेत नपाएका काशी देवी झा १६ वर्षकै उमेरका हुँदा दुर्गानन्द जेल परेपछि उहाँको मन कति रोए होला भनि एक संवेदनशिल महिला मात्र बुझ्न सक्ने बताउँदे उहाँले काशी देवीले विरहका कति गीत गाएका होला । काशी देवी झाले आफ्नो नारी संवेदना कसरी मारेका होला सम्झँदा नै जीउ सिरिगं हुने गरेको पनि सुनाउनु भयो । उहाँले राज्यले दुर्गानन्द झामाथि कतिको विभेद गरे भने कुरा यो कुराले पनि पुष्टि भएको उल्लेख गर्नुभयो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;कलाकार हरिशंकर चौधरीले देशको मुक्तिका लागि, स्वतन्त्रताका लागि हाँसी हाँसी मृत्यू स्विकार गरे चढे तर देशले सम्मान दिन सकेन यो जतिको दुर्भाग्य अरु के हुन सक्छ । राज्यले सहिद घोषणा गर्न सकने, उनीहरुले मधेशी भनेर विभेद गरे तर मधेशी पनि शक्तिमा आएको बताउनुयभो । त्यस्तै गोपाल झाले सहिद कहिले मर्दैन त्यसैले काशी देवी झा विधवा भएको छैन उहाँ सधवा नै हुनुहुन्छ । दुर्गानन्द झा सहिद होइन भने कुरा कसले भनेका छन् । मैले त सुनेका छैन कि दुर्गानन्द झा सहिद होइन भनि धारणा राख्नु भएको थियो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;पत्रकार रामनारायण देवले पंचायती निरकुंशताका प्रथम सहिद हुन् दुर्गानन्द झा । प्रवासबाट सशस्त्र क्रान्तिको शुरुवात भएको थियो । जसको अगुवाई दुर्गानन्द झाले गर्नुृभएको धारणा राख्नुभयो । उहाँले भारतमा अध्ययनरत हुँदा नेपाली विद्यार्थी संघ गठन गरेका थियौं रामचन्द्र सिहको अध्यक्षतामा । त्यसमा दुर्गानन्द झा पनि भएको धारणा राख्नुभयो । उहाँको क्रान्कारी विचार र जोश देखेर हामी पनि छक्क पथ्र्यौ देवले भन्नुभयो । उहाँले देशमा १३ हजारभन्दा बढी सहिदहरु भए तर त्यसमा दुर्गानन्द झाले ठाउँ नपाउनु दुर्भाग्य हो । देशका लागि बलिदानी दिएका दुर्गानन्द झालाई राज्यले सहिद घोषणा गर्नुपर्ने विचार राख्नुभयो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;पत्रकरा एवं नेता रामरिझन यादवले भन्नुभयो, दुर्गानन्द झालाई राज्यले फाँसी दिएको आज ५० वर्ष भयो । गोल्डेन जुवली मनाउनेपर्ने थियो तर राज्य मौन छ । त्यसका साथै मधेश पनि मौन छ । राज्यका लागि हाँसी फाँसी चढेका दुर्गानन्द झाको ५० औं पुण्यतिथी धुमधामका साथ मनाउनुपर्ने थियो तर मधेशी भएकै कारणले विभेद भएको हो । अहिले पनि केही विग्रेको छैन । मधेशले बृहत कार्यक्रम गर्नुपर्छ । बरु मलाई नै त्यसको संयोजक बनाई दिनुपर्छ र राज्यलाई हलाउने गरी दुर्गानन्द झाका लागि कार्यक्रम गर्नुपर्छ । म प्रधानमन्त्रीको प्रेस सल्लाहकार थिए चाहेको भए दुर्गानन्द झालाई सहिद घोषणा गराउन सक्थे । तर म पनि सत्तामा रुमलिए । सिहदरवार आउँ जाउँमै समय वित्यो । मलाई पनि कसैले त्यसबेला सम्झाएन, कसैले दवाव दिएन ।’&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;उहाँले मधेशवादी दलहरु पनि सरकार थिए तर उहाँहरुको वुद्धिपनि त्यहाँसम्म पुगेन । अर्को कुरा मधेशमा अध्ययन अनुसन्धान अन्वेषन हुनु आवश्यक रहेको जोड दिँदै मधेशका पहिलो सहिद को हुन् भने कुरा हालसम्म अध्ययन भएको छैन । सबैले आआफ्नो छोरा छोरीलाई डाक्टर इन्जिनियर बनाउन चाहन्छन् अध्ययन अनुसन्धानमा कसैले लगाउँदैन । मधेशमा अध्ययन हुने कुरा धेरै छन् र त्यसका लागि पनि जनशक्ति तयार गर्नुपर्ने कुरामा जोड दिनुभयो ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: none; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21.559999465942383px; text-align: justify;"&gt;नेतृ पुष्पा ठाकुरले राजा महेन्द्रमाथि बम प्रहार गरेर दुर्गानन्द झा प्रथम सहिद बन्ने अवसर प्राप्त गरेको बताउँदै त्यो आफ्नो लागि, आफ्नो परिवारका लागि गरेका होइन, समग्र देशका लागि गरेको बताउनुभयो । उहाँले देश र जनताका लागि सहादत दिएका दुर्गानन्द झा सहिद घोषणा गर्न नसक्नु दुर्भाग्य भएको बताउनुभयो । उहाँले भन्नुभयो, &amp;nbsp;दुर्गानन्द झाले महेन्द्रमाथि बम प्रहार गरेर भारत भाग्नु भएको थियो तर उहाँ चाहेको भए त्यतै बस्न सक्नु हुन्थ्यो तर उहाँ नेपाल आउनु भयो । र, मृत्यूवरण गर्नुभयो यो पनि उहाँको माहानता नै थियो । कायर जस्तो बस्न चाहनु भएन वीरतापूर्वक जस्तो गरेको कार्यलाई त्यसैगरि स्विकार गर्नुभयो ।’&lt;/div&gt;Source: &lt;a href="http://sureshjournalist.blogspot.com/2014/01/blog-post_30.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;Suresh ji&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGYDyd89QrZtyLXIVJ_H6143ecRxt_fuIaxJmY4olpyQnJcO3l9SwuYp_1yaX0LKPzbTz0swcRo7HXgXQ8CsS49WVXPtRoaZIaQnt8LGHcWnp4Ngyhn_CZeYKjckA-jTIcO_2XXQqDTPVZ/s72-c/durga.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>मधेश का वीर शहिदहरु Tribute to Martyrs </title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/01/tribute-to-martyrs.html</link><category>Democracy</category><category>Madhesh</category><category>Martyrs</category><category>Personality</category><pubDate>Wed, 29 Jan 2014 11:28:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-1331540163121174964</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyuKm-mG73YEZutIAXPJTfTnun5thZMOI-wi1YJq4Mb0I2tdruwugxL6aXRfePi4HUzTm0jbqrEOP409M-iabS5RhG1GT_yKQjsw-C4t8bTtjbAOK9pUbbHi3kFymG7ptFsotlzxLn5E1p/s1600/sahid_quoto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Tribute to all martyrs of Nepal" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyuKm-mG73YEZutIAXPJTfTnun5thZMOI-wi1YJq4Mb0I2tdruwugxL6aXRfePi4HUzTm0jbqrEOP409M-iabS5RhG1GT_yKQjsw-C4t8bTtjbAOK9pUbbHi3kFymG7ptFsotlzxLn5E1p/s1600/sahid_quoto.jpg" height="340" title="Magh-16, Martyrs day in Nepal" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Days will prove that your policy will not stop our voice, We youth wish to be martyrs and are not scared of death. Our voice will continue until we have victory, or we will be martyrs.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #134f5c;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;We, who are the living, possess the past. Tomorrow is for our martyrs.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjN3503gVf8aU-_zY7gLG3rjd4O1NWeXs4AKZMoYBXIS6BhzhAna2XxTOlfPhHcKyRewshq9_1NWtk-4pnrbQ5MZsVyElESLTZE74BAjM6bq1jgMYJH8eX2s96jiaPxvvllaA17gfxmHem/s1600/380434_331097163585309_202153106_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjN3503gVf8aU-_zY7gLG3rjd4O1NWeXs4AKZMoYBXIS6BhzhAna2XxTOlfPhHcKyRewshq9_1NWtk-4pnrbQ5MZsVyElESLTZE74BAjM6bq1jgMYJH8eX2s96jiaPxvvllaA17gfxmHem/s400/380434_331097163585309_202153106_n.jpg" height="427" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Madhesh Movement 2007/08: Martyrs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="width: 100%px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJkVhNhUppQ_m0dBs3K1ZSzxF1B9fkNw3BmqhzkEDb4uKOv8vVy8OzQnhK1GexwYc5TexbrAneT9FB86BSXgArw5FcXqBrW89YBsPe1binAHkrGlflitQboHA5FIfDiGcTzROQLOBG5sHm/s1600/39ramesh-mahato_sirha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJkVhNhUppQ_m0dBs3K1ZSzxF1B9fkNw3BmqhzkEDb4uKOv8vVy8OzQnhK1GexwYc5TexbrAneT9FB86BSXgArw5FcXqBrW89YBsPe1binAHkrGlflitQboHA5FIfDiGcTzROQLOBG5sHm/s1600/39ramesh-mahato_sirha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption"&gt;Ramesh Mahato&lt;br /&gt;
Majhaura-5, Siraha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/05 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTEWlNWE-v4Sn6llovFxGg7delwaiEEdyxKKmtkgOmWpbTIH163ydtW705saSbrIaoQIrHbvWYRH6y8X0T6NTWz7zZN0IGxlS_ffisCfyacbIpZ7L7eVfwbzl7Dm6d5MwGbbhw2eYjETPZ/s1600/21rajesj-kr-thakur_sirha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTEWlNWE-v4Sn6llovFxGg7delwaiEEdyxKKmtkgOmWpbTIH163ydtW705saSbrIaoQIrHbvWYRH6y8X0T6NTWz7zZN0IGxlS_ffisCfyacbIpZ7L7eVfwbzl7Dm6d5MwGbbhw2eYjETPZ/s1600/21rajesj-kr-thakur_sirha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption"&gt;Rajesh Kr Thakur&lt;br /&gt;
Vishnupur, Siraha&lt;br /&gt;
2064/11/05 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxvColBoZ65VGcvJCfLwPuf5qpxdoBVNnvvp0Z91nM-_LWQCaqzH_67icECRO85O-Asnj9SLAHfsDUEOqccV2Jph79rCGqm6PMupgSy_z5ROFSw9iMctrgaziBCeuDIswg8Nq6Q3edxTgd/s1600/22md-anish-raien_sirha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxvColBoZ65VGcvJCfLwPuf5qpxdoBVNnvvp0Z91nM-_LWQCaqzH_67icECRO85O-Asnj9SLAHfsDUEOqccV2Jph79rCGqm6PMupgSy_z5ROFSw9iMctrgaziBCeuDIswg8Nq6Q3edxTgd/s1600/22md-anish-raien_sirha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption"&gt;Md. Anish Rain&lt;br /&gt;
Charrapatti, Siraha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/08 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTu-y_awCE5DlWewe84uxYT3KC_UVMvTLmDCg5yUVTy4ZhoT0xu7HkpS68fRmAmqFbtNuC10OqaxUgxZaRmqoLhDh_Uche_ouDMPTFfNusKDW-fUlDGZ7fiJZt21juGjiD8HcvygKb-yUJ/s1600/20pramod-sada_sirha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTu-y_awCE5DlWewe84uxYT3KC_UVMvTLmDCg5yUVTy4ZhoT0xu7HkpS68fRmAmqFbtNuC10OqaxUgxZaRmqoLhDh_Uche_ouDMPTFfNusKDW-fUlDGZ7fiJZt21juGjiD8HcvygKb-yUJ/s1600/20pramod-sada_sirha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Pramod Sada&lt;br /&gt;
Mahadeva-3, Siraha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/08 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZnIzplI1gG1P1-cfadv3jiQumSFzuxlafe6uqbUikxv10Za9NPmv-GOxm4RMGuxYjLbHeAczsZ5gXdW4ZEaMLK1iqooAcb6O3yNqz3THMJXh0ILintXlWr0khLgEaz7j9p6_wp8g0Py0B/s1600/19bijay-kumar-sahni_sirha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZnIzplI1gG1P1-cfadv3jiQumSFzuxlafe6uqbUikxv10Za9NPmv-GOxm4RMGuxYjLbHeAczsZ5gXdW4ZEaMLK1iqooAcb6O3yNqz3THMJXh0ILintXlWr0khLgEaz7j9p6_wp8g0Py0B/s1600/19bijay-kumar-sahni_sirha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Bijay Kumar Sahni&lt;br /&gt;
Mahadeva-3, Siraha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/08 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc7fI1tEcpj1-zVbEqP8acZfP68AiCbgRs6sP5JvdTl1AG64qboXb9mLb3ei_iZl2nkU5R_XQtj9ol2YXnFpVLFicP_9A4lDtlgn1xKbEFjAYh3B8bE1GiETrI8wnZk1z5LyIridXRaRCL/s1600/5bechan-y_sirha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc7fI1tEcpj1-zVbEqP8acZfP68AiCbgRs6sP5JvdTl1AG64qboXb9mLb3ei_iZl2nkU5R_XQtj9ol2YXnFpVLFicP_9A4lDtlgn1xKbEFjAYh3B8bE1GiETrI8wnZk1z5LyIridXRaRCL/s1600/5bechan-y_sirha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Bechan Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Dhodhna-5, Siraha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/06 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgufECl1r0nURQXDvOfBCMIIAU-CHC5o_jMhkjw2MhVWgQk_ZY6i3XSxEUMkHtlybNTleMvibAdgkAc9F5bOL68P-GzakWK8pcvtI2tYvt65S7UcQN2CUrAgTQKHGSL_CrGbviu99L6Fr4n/s1600/15kari_thakur-dhanusha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgufECl1r0nURQXDvOfBCMIIAU-CHC5o_jMhkjw2MhVWgQk_ZY6i3XSxEUMkHtlybNTleMvibAdgkAc9F5bOL68P-GzakWK8pcvtI2tYvt65S7UcQN2CUrAgTQKHGSL_CrGbviu99L6Fr4n/s1600/15kari_thakur-dhanusha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Kari Thakur&lt;br /&gt;
Jnk-14, Dhanusha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/21 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizm1Go0a90u5dr3Yq-Hgq58n6r_agxUtEKHlKK9h_-HC47_X4yow6k5zZu7XbztU6FPfhO8sdz2ddhKSstaKKpScCSsH0QkidRj55pRZRWw9eQ5KPp5_8WyWuhq6SQlJda5qWA7zPaBkAD/s1600/13shiv-shankar-yadav_dhanusha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizm1Go0a90u5dr3Yq-Hgq58n6r_agxUtEKHlKK9h_-HC47_X4yow6k5zZu7XbztU6FPfhO8sdz2ddhKSstaKKpScCSsH0QkidRj55pRZRWw9eQ5KPp5_8WyWuhq6SQlJda5qWA7zPaBkAD/s1600/13shiv-shankar-yadav_dhanusha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Shiv Shankar Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Dharapani, Dhanusha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/21 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRzJPg1kIrsnjzLinoXOcVBSEnm0zFklZDZ0_yYoZwR17A3O51ddC0a0bH2ZE4cTSFczJYIytrT_shUk5Oj6odoFezlmgM-pCl3n8rYiYuFlWX9W8NrT13OIvHpgD_QGY-Y0r3xqoo95LI/s1600/16brahmdev-thakur_dhanusha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRzJPg1kIrsnjzLinoXOcVBSEnm0zFklZDZ0_yYoZwR17A3O51ddC0a0bH2ZE4cTSFczJYIytrT_shUk5Oj6odoFezlmgM-pCl3n8rYiYuFlWX9W8NrT13OIvHpgD_QGY-Y0r3xqoo95LI/s1600/16brahmdev-thakur_dhanusha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Brahmdev Thakur&lt;br /&gt;
Dhanusha&lt;br /&gt;
2063 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiCY0BE0EkH1dBn1FiZ7PpJ2XI-kz9nuAE0sL_pMxZOMhdMsUYtXR6bvxEUQKnGPjIQaHDEgG3JFfrlBMLorcnX0EAy25QMDlj9uSV5EkoOvvqedMaSiAN9kt0DqcHvVtZ0nnCb2hJJRJ3/s1600/53Pawan+Kumar+Sah_dhanusha.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiCY0BE0EkH1dBn1FiZ7PpJ2XI-kz9nuAE0sL_pMxZOMhdMsUYtXR6bvxEUQKnGPjIQaHDEgG3JFfrlBMLorcnX0EAy25QMDlj9uSV5EkoOvvqedMaSiAN9kt0DqcHvVtZ0nnCb2hJJRJ3/s1600/53Pawan+Kumar+Sah_dhanusha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Pawan Kumar Sah&lt;br /&gt;
Janakpur, Dhanusha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/21 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-9jYyYTH5r_LLLQcB-qDTrNBdPW74YJWGGLrfA7fXG-ZL-c_APbPiq3c6Gum3yI-PnUFiyQFBQt15eJYgmV3A1_MSl4iA0aGYLgbIJg7vsgkib7TDKcu7FM2LyiBPNHsTvG35Ze6HbSHW/s1600/52Babunarayan+Yadav_dhanusha.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-9jYyYTH5r_LLLQcB-qDTrNBdPW74YJWGGLrfA7fXG-ZL-c_APbPiq3c6Gum3yI-PnUFiyQFBQt15eJYgmV3A1_MSl4iA0aGYLgbIJg7vsgkib7TDKcu7FM2LyiBPNHsTvG35Ze6HbSHW/s1600/52Babunarayan+Yadav_dhanusha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Babunarayan Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Janakpur, Dhanusha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/23 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_DYlGDmoJerLJ9Jo0T6AC_XqE9tB3zhJ3iwWc0CgAsBPRYCKKKHNEcExOwxzVIQq-4PvNWkOrJ7xBinSBi9jUUymZDl6IoycZWdPMSpEC2c3XqZj55rWbBF0Q881NRPsjkSxM3PfTtdb_/s1600/7ramn_ray_sarlhi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_DYlGDmoJerLJ9Jo0T6AC_XqE9tB3zhJ3iwWc0CgAsBPRYCKKKHNEcExOwxzVIQq-4PvNWkOrJ7xBinSBi9jUUymZDl6IoycZWdPMSpEC2c3XqZj55rWbBF0Q881NRPsjkSxM3PfTtdb_/s1600/7ramn_ray_sarlhi.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Ram Narayan Ray&lt;br /&gt;
Salempur-3, Sarlahi&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/21 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyaJGuQZAGZfd3l6t3Pqsaf6L7zdJYZw863TZ8fN7yR_kxIeW9yhjCL7u23XhEk20m5p1l-Ov7B-bQIKtPKtTYUkkr9C7wChutm9dp1Gpe-Gh5VYC_6pKcF7aMDps2cCqabvCymsxHbxRg/s1600/9sanjay_kryadav_sarlahi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyaJGuQZAGZfd3l6t3Pqsaf6L7zdJYZw863TZ8fN7yR_kxIeW9yhjCL7u23XhEk20m5p1l-Ov7B-bQIKtPKtTYUkkr9C7wChutm9dp1Gpe-Gh5VYC_6pKcF7aMDps2cCqabvCymsxHbxRg/s1600/9sanjay_kryadav_sarlahi.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Sanjay Kr Ray Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Jamuniya, Sarlahi&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/22 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUH-a_TkzEgYL9Aij6E3wgN1uKbrllLLLiKJrAUswzM4zGUC0S9KTYzE5NByFMQpI2JtRCWP1bCavN0czEEvc67cVBrQ1FxZgUeZKZE-3BhtAUhmlnypxKIlXDJW8cQ9Ag-0PkQmj_SwDn/s1600/12ram-ekwal-ray_sarlahi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUH-a_TkzEgYL9Aij6E3wgN1uKbrllLLLiKJrAUswzM4zGUC0S9KTYzE5NByFMQpI2JtRCWP1bCavN0czEEvc67cVBrQ1FxZgUeZKZE-3BhtAUhmlnypxKIlXDJW8cQ9Ag-0PkQmj_SwDn/s1600/12ram-ekwal-ray_sarlahi.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Ram Ekbal Ray&lt;br /&gt;
Sripur-6, Sarlahi&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/21 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho1lQrfdgQi65FJRexKKDqJKFT3bqtV7aJpDKC0a12MXw1t_BDR4I0p5GQR_szmaRvR3WU5dozKPlI-x2F9m4MSajlPDfP1B9fDwRVgipd4wjSkO4i0ILR864OPl_P1j9TrdGDO5fBQ2B3/s1600/17asiq-ali-mikrani_sarlahi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho1lQrfdgQi65FJRexKKDqJKFT3bqtV7aJpDKC0a12MXw1t_BDR4I0p5GQR_szmaRvR3WU5dozKPlI-x2F9m4MSajlPDfP1B9fDwRVgipd4wjSkO4i0ILR864OPl_P1j9TrdGDO5fBQ2B3/s1600/17asiq-ali-mikrani_sarlahi.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Asiq Ali Mikrani&lt;br /&gt;
Malangwa, Sarlahi&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/21 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuZnZGxEVpTxswbwfIKpESRVhpfPWPiDc2GJJZbVfdyUh_FU-GrKkVt8Dw0T5-owDhM3yqSxz1cPgxjFzTSlrfCvz2rjJxbGrdGca4keIYLWJ4-mIMgx6W-mO3K9i-YjVov7I3LeFS0vdz/s1600/18dinesh-kr-ray-yadav_sarlahi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuZnZGxEVpTxswbwfIKpESRVhpfPWPiDc2GJJZbVfdyUh_FU-GrKkVt8Dw0T5-owDhM3yqSxz1cPgxjFzTSlrfCvz2rjJxbGrdGca4keIYLWJ4-mIMgx6W-mO3K9i-YjVov7I3LeFS0vdz/s1600/18dinesh-kr-ray-yadav_sarlahi.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Dinesh Kr Ray Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Gahmahriya-6, Sarlahi&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/21 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuYOOFNXoplQfenbzRg4J94qP0BYY9l73h9i5Svd_iQ3i-BbNnvcpcmuZZaWDg9HbVdeA3mAcYIAsi_Madj7iuDVqHGokYEji_ztHE8igd_ivbYTK2Ssmb92_w56orhkkxRKjpPNPgkJNB/s1600/4tallu-harda-hemram_morang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuYOOFNXoplQfenbzRg4J94qP0BYY9l73h9i5Svd_iQ3i-BbNnvcpcmuZZaWDg9HbVdeA3mAcYIAsi_Madj7iuDVqHGokYEji_ztHE8igd_ivbYTK2Ssmb92_w56orhkkxRKjpPNPgkJNB/s1600/4tallu-harda-hemram_morang.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Tallu Harda 'Hemram'&lt;br /&gt;
Hatkhola, Morang&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/24 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLqznMNBCePsUBbNvJM2xtBjInvZutJouT-ytzXoPk_nncUu-KJYWUK4s8H8uqbQ5wJIMwenNXZ2NkHPgRuHcvIxylke0FRyPRp5zoKb10zlORLFyTrLPk56j0WJGRE9H1dW63Xz-ROO5o/s1600/25nirmal-rajbanshi_morang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLqznMNBCePsUBbNvJM2xtBjInvZutJouT-ytzXoPk_nncUu-KJYWUK4s8H8uqbQ5wJIMwenNXZ2NkHPgRuHcvIxylke0FRyPRp5zoKb10zlORLFyTrLPk56j0WJGRE9H1dW63Xz-ROO5o/s1600/25nirmal-rajbanshi_morang.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Nirmal Rajbanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Hatkhola, Morang&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/13 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfpfaPWpVm_5DOr51F-VVzRubBGOfqxAmo7k_gzb0-m0wYFxfIeLyYa9uUfKckB4spCqGk8Ghol_L_8v1WCBXbCRUjpz82txbZM-JfbOlAqM36XQzV_y8NnosGlkhHzBkT9mTrfef9eRWz/s1600/26md-besan-mia_morang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfpfaPWpVm_5DOr51F-VVzRubBGOfqxAmo7k_gzb0-m0wYFxfIeLyYa9uUfKckB4spCqGk8Ghol_L_8v1WCBXbCRUjpz82txbZM-JfbOlAqM36XQzV_y8NnosGlkhHzBkT9mTrfef9eRWz/s1600/26md-besan-mia_morang.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Md Besan Mia&lt;br /&gt;
Morang&lt;br /&gt;
2063 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNojKdpvGiXj0SVJfRouO3okFUJawCCShyo4w5hEYBxSLvdJTKIA-D7N14Ikwo_65MZZncEykJhulVhNhC7vg-4yaIjcZ-9haGrS-8wxhzgQzMNXztFkh7C2-1xBfl8CPmbj1lOrLO-WsG/s1600/27dindayal-mandal_morang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNojKdpvGiXj0SVJfRouO3okFUJawCCShyo4w5hEYBxSLvdJTKIA-D7N14Ikwo_65MZZncEykJhulVhNhC7vg-4yaIjcZ-9haGrS-8wxhzgQzMNXztFkh7C2-1xBfl8CPmbj1lOrLO-WsG/s1600/27dindayal-mandal_morang.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Dindayal Mandal&lt;br /&gt;
Hatkhola, Morang&lt;br /&gt;
2063/11/09 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfu_j5yhpTzHf98_G_OVH1SAn9mN-G3Qx__uZ74Sddl69a3GuOPPAdl-cbjWGReoNRDGPbcuuaUzjvHV3jtXxX6jxyiwz27DaaOWPJH0v5a26fRUe3ve7U3C9P_mQ58S1pAa03cUFzbp16/s1600/28rajkumar-kamal_morang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfu_j5yhpTzHf98_G_OVH1SAn9mN-G3Qx__uZ74Sddl69a3GuOPPAdl-cbjWGReoNRDGPbcuuaUzjvHV3jtXxX6jxyiwz27DaaOWPJH0v5a26fRUe3ve7U3C9P_mQ58S1pAa03cUFzbp16/s1600/28rajkumar-kamal_morang.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Rajkumar Kamat&lt;br /&gt;
Biratnagar, Morang&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/17 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBD-WAmgAh2NXrN0P0wArKSiGWJ6WhTwo5zUjx8iFGf54kvTuxfUiJu2WEH91zLVC_F1wJarm7FzYReMQj4z3psj-h1aWDOSNgn95ckXDzIRaKVr9BnopCN_cfqZtPhqZD1la75S0xZNDa/s1600/29sadanand-yadav_morang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBD-WAmgAh2NXrN0P0wArKSiGWJ6WhTwo5zUjx8iFGf54kvTuxfUiJu2WEH91zLVC_F1wJarm7FzYReMQj4z3psj-h1aWDOSNgn95ckXDzIRaKVr9BnopCN_cfqZtPhqZD1la75S0xZNDa/s1600/29sadanand-yadav_morang.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Sadanand Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Biratnagar, Morang&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/17 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjta-yVypXij2dS86zHO_i3QkQjT8iXNAomlU8aMyHT5y2o5rqJom_VofqOxTOR8LaybkzKE-cETagMx-192lApBZkCUAdVIVSPrlh4fy16nxSCQ-AJzYsFaagy3GHyNFs4We8r9-85rZ3Y/s1600/2harimehta_sunsari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjta-yVypXij2dS86zHO_i3QkQjT8iXNAomlU8aMyHT5y2o5rqJom_VofqOxTOR8LaybkzKE-cETagMx-192lApBZkCUAdVIVSPrlh4fy16nxSCQ-AJzYsFaagy3GHyNFs4We8r9-85rZ3Y/s1600/2harimehta_sunsari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Hari Lal Mehta&lt;br /&gt;
Inaruwa, Sunsari&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/07 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7YTDNZkGqotRxF2EGVtoGRyW0wGiDRHJED8u1bCELdmpyBhCYcJBFiIF6c8oL1-JYiCG98ylPAac8PT6hX34hQIOMI8t8J7dvrnM_el_GQcha2CCyAaLULDGiGzXE7S5M0iicWKODYgXx/s1600/34shyam-sunder-mehta_sunsari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7YTDNZkGqotRxF2EGVtoGRyW0wGiDRHJED8u1bCELdmpyBhCYcJBFiIF6c8oL1-JYiCG98ylPAac8PT6hX34hQIOMI8t8J7dvrnM_el_GQcha2CCyAaLULDGiGzXE7S5M0iicWKODYgXx/s1600/34shyam-sunder-mehta_sunsari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Shyam Sundar Mehta&lt;br /&gt;
Inaruwa, Sunsari&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/07 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPEB6LZEpjAQXrqGMsHUsARHsKkeeBWhIOTo_zaVtcobN5odFhTdSzuLUfElqjW38iGw8XBAypuXO6-wrASWVJR7P7kZYPpyJhnbJ8fVOSVaN_-uWKmtHZOMIsJCZfkLvhPhMATg0YVHn/s1600/40biskut-miya_sunsari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPEB6LZEpjAQXrqGMsHUsARHsKkeeBWhIOTo_zaVtcobN5odFhTdSzuLUfElqjW38iGw8XBAypuXO6-wrASWVJR7P7kZYPpyJhnbJ8fVOSVaN_-uWKmtHZOMIsJCZfkLvhPhMATg0YVHn/s1600/40biskut-miya_sunsari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Biskut Miya&lt;br /&gt;
Duhabi, Sunsari&lt;br /&gt;
2064/11/15 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdv2MdGb0J-WOAL4nNmsETUNWXbYhHCR53AIJTqjWYqeCAuOnfnKnYrTzq3VyTei3T3sAHS199NARsffeQwMK-0t2YF26lmqGRn4jhf_fjmEhGSWaEJNymZy5WU5OWyKlgqfHE7n-fSCdu/s1600/41manish-jha_saptari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdv2MdGb0J-WOAL4nNmsETUNWXbYhHCR53AIJTqjWYqeCAuOnfnKnYrTzq3VyTei3T3sAHS199NARsffeQwMK-0t2YF26lmqGRn4jhf_fjmEhGSWaEJNymZy5WU5OWyKlgqfHE7n-fSCdu/s1600/41manish-jha_saptari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Manish Jha&lt;br /&gt;
Saptari&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/22 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRCKqqBZ1c7RqCRqZaGkcz8FI6jg2By4Ke1OKTKdDQ1iME74xx42QNFGJuuwekgvX5EikAQXejsjBPNmyj4zNA8tGu2pOOtzFtacLnwn2f-IwNxPLb_VZRPOjzrISgQAiZRqK6aZ32eZ8j/s1600/42Jitendra+Marwaita_saptari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRCKqqBZ1c7RqCRqZaGkcz8FI6jg2By4Ke1OKTKdDQ1iME74xx42QNFGJuuwekgvX5EikAQXejsjBPNmyj4zNA8tGu2pOOtzFtacLnwn2f-IwNxPLb_VZRPOjzrISgQAiZRqK6aZ32eZ8j/s1600/42Jitendra+Marwaita_saptari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Jitendra Marwaita&lt;br /&gt;
Saptari&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/22 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY8k6LAOhqdAZ6MisTjwBgWmuUckhyphenhyphenj8Z9NkAQyDV5IPlKeCB5cATWoGBtATJjfDtBiWol5GlqCQenisikkVwtMpO0TQrC_wv9BQeAYGukdcMzGVa3LDR19dRE-7sIzb5mv4i3HWneMQ-c/s1600/43Rajesh+Yadav_saptari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY8k6LAOhqdAZ6MisTjwBgWmuUckhyphenhyphenj8Z9NkAQyDV5IPlKeCB5cATWoGBtATJjfDtBiWol5GlqCQenisikkVwtMpO0TQrC_wv9BQeAYGukdcMzGVa3LDR19dRE-7sIzb5mv4i3HWneMQ-c/s1600/43Rajesh+Yadav_saptari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Rajesh Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Saptari&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/22 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-is8ThWNz2eWmWTin9eSZjBiz83Y72yCz4Z7c8BGe92M9jAkZpUBzzNbVFmtdjW0mWiX6pVe8UPW6qP_Ta9dndDtTnXe4Fnb5sG-sBGSul79OCwJxtPkBzsVItW8ABMTaUPAXsrlf5XDF/s1600/44Gulten+Das_saptari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-is8ThWNz2eWmWTin9eSZjBiz83Y72yCz4Z7c8BGe92M9jAkZpUBzzNbVFmtdjW0mWiX6pVe8UPW6qP_Ta9dndDtTnXe4Fnb5sG-sBGSul79OCwJxtPkBzsVItW8ABMTaUPAXsrlf5XDF/s1600/44Gulten+Das_saptari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Gulten Das&lt;br /&gt;
Bijhwa, Saptari&lt;br /&gt;
2064/11/13 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifozzlJSl-OvA_fvnddKdQhbpKbfypPhqX6chos_pBG9trFiOjQtGGVaOf1VfX50AcMHzTf_qYwvKxpf0Ip6KyIbuxWCXJrm1sHSf3wvrPqZ1tEMrTh14rbE8QKJTdSrmfJuOZpfwAOJxU/s1600/45Sutar+Mukhiya_saptari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifozzlJSl-OvA_fvnddKdQhbpKbfypPhqX6chos_pBG9trFiOjQtGGVaOf1VfX50AcMHzTf_qYwvKxpf0Ip6KyIbuxWCXJrm1sHSf3wvrPqZ1tEMrTh14rbE8QKJTdSrmfJuOZpfwAOJxU/s1600/45Sutar+Mukhiya_saptari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Sutar Mukhiya&lt;br /&gt;
Pato, Saptari&lt;br /&gt;
2064/11/14 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjRJNilmw8y2-PAHpPMc1ng65wMueX2tsHLOVUcyhiJ1jE900D3lYW_5qsyezCrphREVxyd8sfSF9SylNY6mvPtSbQuX8eI2LSAZ__YUSXIbVbbm5qfj7Ul3JLhoqXs455n9wD33e9jcZ/s1600/6Abdul+Kayum+Daphali_mahottari.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjRJNilmw8y2-PAHpPMc1ng65wMueX2tsHLOVUcyhiJ1jE900D3lYW_5qsyezCrphREVxyd8sfSF9SylNY6mvPtSbQuX8eI2LSAZ__YUSXIbVbbm5qfj7Ul3JLhoqXs455n9wD33e9jcZ/s1600/6Abdul+Kayum+Daphali_mahottari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Abdul Kayum Daphali&lt;br /&gt;
Mahottari&lt;br /&gt;
2064/12/03 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO7XglxbykNtYPbGvfz5uUhGBbnLwsP-AIcu_5Hj-6jF5dbFUMY0eM8_FwxFPB2QQTA0puyLPCYBMA4mNjwckRT2vViLuFYAqseyChPBiykkWUMv6OYRIgCD2TM2TfaFR4S4qPUHL92cjG/s1600/49Rajesh+Thakur_mahottari.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO7XglxbykNtYPbGvfz5uUhGBbnLwsP-AIcu_5Hj-6jF5dbFUMY0eM8_FwxFPB2QQTA0puyLPCYBMA4mNjwckRT2vViLuFYAqseyChPBiykkWUMv6OYRIgCD2TM2TfaFR4S4qPUHL92cjG/s1600/49Rajesh+Thakur_mahottari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Rajesh Thakur&lt;br /&gt;
Parkauli, Mahottari&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/20 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigSGhmn-tpEQC5L5FSaLVjinhLYQuJN-8oLbrAUn8tlzcmRL8k3ziQeN4DufA3kCHymkfmWPvV3BbQzlvpkMD2FKruD5WqqQY5I0APsAs6_2C6jA8nXnuLbFvGtUI2Hg0WHksCmN5ILQgm/s1600/8md_manjir_mia_bara.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigSGhmn-tpEQC5L5FSaLVjinhLYQuJN-8oLbrAUn8tlzcmRL8k3ziQeN4DufA3kCHymkfmWPvV3BbQzlvpkMD2FKruD5WqqQY5I0APsAs6_2C6jA8nXnuLbFvGtUI2Hg0WHksCmN5ILQgm/s1600/8md_manjir_mia_bara.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Md Manjeer Mia&lt;br /&gt;
Bara&lt;br /&gt;
2063 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6kmSvjwsPjPJc-Zo32LnweoOmn0cePVDWUvj8k-18z09eXLITlM4rPn33vFPBi03-FDeUqFFjupO7OakaeiAhcXYjCNzw_fTUSxtQkg_eIpQ8CUkDgNlEf7oY6F8STxitzZbu_FcQ0_IJ/s1600/11sekh_abdul_asraf_bara.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6kmSvjwsPjPJc-Zo32LnweoOmn0cePVDWUvj8k-18z09eXLITlM4rPn33vFPBi03-FDeUqFFjupO7OakaeiAhcXYjCNzw_fTUSxtQkg_eIpQ8CUkDgNlEf7oY6F8STxitzZbu_FcQ0_IJ/s1600/11sekh_abdul_asraf_bara.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Sekh Abdul Asraf&lt;br /&gt;
Bara&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1HAp2kCDdP7Z03FiTHyuWBC5ynLy47eGB5UPBGf0qcQOTuZwP6FGw58E0YscDNkLVD9l6xeO4IObD-IuAwU7aFxiiJbS67OuvZVlRt6LXk-3CuJvMgcgLDGYQcwHwzeDpJUu0gsvXfB_n/s1600/46Manjil+Alam+Ansari_bara.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1HAp2kCDdP7Z03FiTHyuWBC5ynLy47eGB5UPBGf0qcQOTuZwP6FGw58E0YscDNkLVD9l6xeO4IObD-IuAwU7aFxiiJbS67OuvZVlRt6LXk-3CuJvMgcgLDGYQcwHwzeDpJUu0gsvXfB_n/s1600/46Manjil+Alam+Ansari_bara.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Manjil Alam Ansari&lt;br /&gt;
Kalaiya, Bara&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/13 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh37Icy4PyRv_2YW0SET6KcCbvNVTdMkkiVyiQ8p8XmRxWEgVS_xIVjFhlIXVt0LufCAwTzVEIblr5wwVmalGwEycPOXgk0N3weWKyFijYAL6GdY-Ouo-tawVWxDCH1rbT4I4l9F_A7jNEb/s1600/47Zamir+Alam_bara.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh37Icy4PyRv_2YW0SET6KcCbvNVTdMkkiVyiQ8p8XmRxWEgVS_xIVjFhlIXVt0LufCAwTzVEIblr5wwVmalGwEycPOXgk0N3weWKyFijYAL6GdY-Ouo-tawVWxDCH1rbT4I4l9F_A7jNEb/s1600/47Zamir+Alam_bara.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Zamir Alam&lt;br /&gt;
Kalaiya, Bara&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/13 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFbIeV3Uqlmvu6EuFMvznF9P6blUnZ9KD210zUD6YcTgwZR9KneWz8yf6CQt1Xt_IuFeAQpCJMZ9YPHgsjv5BaOXmrCQ9Rn_VigMhLEFiCTqO84UeDJV0Fu_7O8c7ubYmmvAUxTXCZooCp/s1600/24dipendra-sah_parsa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFbIeV3Uqlmvu6EuFMvznF9P6blUnZ9KD210zUD6YcTgwZR9KneWz8yf6CQt1Xt_IuFeAQpCJMZ9YPHgsjv5BaOXmrCQ9Rn_VigMhLEFiCTqO84UeDJV0Fu_7O8c7ubYmmvAUxTXCZooCp/s1600/24dipendra-sah_parsa.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Dipendra Sah&lt;br /&gt;
Birgunj, Parsa&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/19 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAhD783GEltpIGrh7atg9o-2zchq-4O85T77Ts5IiRfjpxgk8T_xtasC1z6zmX3Bn2ViJXKlZn9jm2hmLZgX-BcWdaG1KKRt-aHdrayJmySM1rXVh3S1E-h-boHeTKLnK9K5dFIWbdl4R-/s1600/35mahaveer-sah_parsa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAhD783GEltpIGrh7atg9o-2zchq-4O85T77Ts5IiRfjpxgk8T_xtasC1z6zmX3Bn2ViJXKlZn9jm2hmLZgX-BcWdaG1KKRt-aHdrayJmySM1rXVh3S1E-h-boHeTKLnK9K5dFIWbdl4R-/s1600/35mahaveer-sah_parsa.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Mahaveer Sah&lt;br /&gt;
Birgunj, Parsa&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/18 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEE4E-FIwZaBXrZIk6tPiodBWnrv6VHE5SguJQYgDGFjQ6VJH37ITl7QwdgJAKpcPYQ0rh_0cBUCv0XX_FWKldLN6yKW8vcwjAADVlsB4Zo3rtsecjsI3sKDFyZH-PHV4K7qIXT4nMh1J1/s1600/3chandrika_yadav_rupandehi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEE4E-FIwZaBXrZIk6tPiodBWnrv6VHE5SguJQYgDGFjQ6VJH37ITl7QwdgJAKpcPYQ0rh_0cBUCv0XX_FWKldLN6yKW8vcwjAADVlsB4Zo3rtsecjsI3sKDFyZH-PHV4K7qIXT4nMh1J1/s1600/3chandrika_yadav_rupandehi.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Chandrika Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Rupendehi&lt;br /&gt;
2064/11/15 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDYz6uJ2ynNX2vd9B-gm9HwG2XvBj0Ha7SDSfcTbA8T7kanPt4zTTRCnI7sG-4sZwyWACKxQ9NJiMUwhnPgw4kWN1pFVFkaVeUyayKlrz0PSfjgdxv3efbhwHCV4ZtmxEc9yCxh-sHSeEe/s1600/50Tabaru+Paswan_nawalparasi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDYz6uJ2ynNX2vd9B-gm9HwG2XvBj0Ha7SDSfcTbA8T7kanPt4zTTRCnI7sG-4sZwyWACKxQ9NJiMUwhnPgw4kWN1pFVFkaVeUyayKlrz0PSfjgdxv3efbhwHCV4ZtmxEc9yCxh-sHSeEe/s1600/50Tabaru+Paswan_nawalparasi.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Tabaru Paswan&lt;br /&gt;
Nawalparasi&lt;br /&gt;
2064/11/14 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjco1ZBhgumDR3bWBAD-6C4fB1sJqmCxWU674yMrXYFgDXQeRiFDUGr4uMC2E3wriSO7WHuIZWcQyCo3WJRVyK2JVFQR-6a_QvG8UTfmDdVanjA7VldD146D_ya1gK8qURR80AeVLPunCPh/s1600/23birbal-mukhiya_bardiya.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjco1ZBhgumDR3bWBAD-6C4fB1sJqmCxWU674yMrXYFgDXQeRiFDUGr4uMC2E3wriSO7WHuIZWcQyCo3WJRVyK2JVFQR-6a_QvG8UTfmDdVanjA7VldD146D_ya1gK8qURR80AeVLPunCPh/s1600/23birbal-mukhiya_bardiya.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Birbal Mukhiya&lt;br /&gt;
Bardiya&lt;br /&gt;
2063/11/14 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNtrCOtxcglKzuyCSpPd1gEwf6gg2xYK-mY33H1GvGEoPg8ctld6ZDXyKcLeyHGD0rFDC120nqE3qfwkGsaZrl7YjkbNwuW1FnQjme4gERxfXBKiTGm4KGf7zlEXM2eEx9_JeG3lxSSLLr/s1600/37dilram-yadav_bardiya.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNtrCOtxcglKzuyCSpPd1gEwf6gg2xYK-mY33H1GvGEoPg8ctld6ZDXyKcLeyHGD0rFDC120nqE3qfwkGsaZrl7YjkbNwuW1FnQjme4gERxfXBKiTGm4KGf7zlEXM2eEx9_JeG3lxSSLLr/s1600/37dilram-yadav_bardiya.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Dilram Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Bardiya&lt;br /&gt;
2063/11/14 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcWcIV4OHSmeEqv1PpTcrSUHGDAKhf6z17YoSoObhWKrCY88lqggJSSUuxNcwfPMowCXcfEpPapXvhLu6PaRdy-hE0xsDthmfxas3ROPRmw8s071wvU6VFKeEriewW1KxaIksbfTiFFDI6/s1600/1kashiram_banke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcWcIV4OHSmeEqv1PpTcrSUHGDAKhf6z17YoSoObhWKrCY88lqggJSSUuxNcwfPMowCXcfEpPapXvhLu6PaRdy-hE0xsDthmfxas3ROPRmw8s071wvU6VFKeEriewW1KxaIksbfTiFFDI6/s1600/1kashiram_banke.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Kashiram Harijan&lt;br /&gt;
Behari, Banke&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/25 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX2F-hKZkNxHSv2e3Z3-bM5igwKtwtkPZjvJlWEVNOv28Q1WM-eliI8_Dysb7QwtWo1pIVSXt9PGujwiIrKGLC7fHOhBV4QqRhJNuFz8DxkbSNfdpl8c0Yry3_M4vNsVUWkdRltOYyOygg/s1600/30tularam-tiwari_banke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX2F-hKZkNxHSv2e3Z3-bM5igwKtwtkPZjvJlWEVNOv28Q1WM-eliI8_Dysb7QwtWo1pIVSXt9PGujwiIrKGLC7fHOhBV4QqRhJNuFz8DxkbSNfdpl8c0Yry3_M4vNsVUWkdRltOYyOygg/s1600/30tularam-tiwari_banke.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Tularam Tiwari&lt;br /&gt;
Khajura, Banke&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/25 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizd7Za6d2IOOMzmc5i9d5cDHNgk9B5fKJkn6WzWfH1I0jyFD0P-1lI_QRygGpcFPHSzG66UhBdpSfjgXCrROLwdz-IX75y6orUCWKHG7vImeXuuiFkdYVqzF6mACcwMFzG-p3em8l2VPti/s1600/31Khahre+Goriya_banke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizd7Za6d2IOOMzmc5i9d5cDHNgk9B5fKJkn6WzWfH1I0jyFD0P-1lI_QRygGpcFPHSzG66UhBdpSfjgXCrROLwdz-IX75y6orUCWKHG7vImeXuuiFkdYVqzF6mACcwMFzG-p3em8l2VPti/s1600/31Khahre+Goriya_banke.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Khahre Goriya&lt;br /&gt;
Puraina, Banke&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/15 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAD_IO-Sl-FqYBGQlAvfMga90k6pIstFpiQP0r7vNDXcX7fB35R1B5Z7JPrEyFEhnuuGVm5JgoBTEauoshLRXVSZzaEGfENgrNawMyV4rOq5rZmB36hoIdpDBwf6_ojrOoR7bhWaAwgNNx/s1600/32md-guljar-khan_banke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAD_IO-Sl-FqYBGQlAvfMga90k6pIstFpiQP0r7vNDXcX7fB35R1B5Z7JPrEyFEhnuuGVm5JgoBTEauoshLRXVSZzaEGfENgrNawMyV4rOq5rZmB36hoIdpDBwf6_ojrOoR7bhWaAwgNNx/s1600/32md-guljar-khan_banke.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Md Guljar Khan&lt;br /&gt;
Nepalgunj, Banke&lt;br /&gt;
2064/11/05 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOcRZhmCc0-Np12YOdjcRDzD_gB_2Ud5bD57zbGygZgtnBfq3MRfeHcQQZ-dKM7qfHealBoODwT37vQzpbF8vYI5VDxv-pYETg2Bn8VCCx2rw7YHVerjDVIgt3JCkJHwDCClt4NHEWY0U5/s1600/33kamal-giri_banke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOcRZhmCc0-Np12YOdjcRDzD_gB_2Ud5bD57zbGygZgtnBfq3MRfeHcQQZ-dKM7qfHealBoODwT37vQzpbF8vYI5VDxv-pYETg2Bn8VCCx2rw7YHVerjDVIgt3JCkJHwDCClt4NHEWY0U5/s1600/33kamal-giri_banke.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Kamal Giri&lt;br /&gt;
Nepalgunj, Banke&lt;br /&gt;
2063/09/11 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2BGp0OjtSulHqu3eHRce4Fe08kDIZu0_emgEaICgh0G22c-XrtMqQaikDaY2y02np1UsGb-WjMUDNJUtC38bh7bwiPK7kO_Mb-hOElMw1cPEUj0yg_9nWsLK2DD805CoP4wb3GQg2y0-m/s1600/36Koili+Koiri_banke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2BGp0OjtSulHqu3eHRce4Fe08kDIZu0_emgEaICgh0G22c-XrtMqQaikDaY2y02np1UsGb-WjMUDNJUtC38bh7bwiPK7kO_Mb-hOElMw1cPEUj0yg_9nWsLK2DD805CoP4wb3GQg2y0-m/s1600/36Koili+Koiri_banke.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Koili Koiri&lt;br /&gt;
Puraina, Banke&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/15 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwgHsPc2krUQAcSnk6dCOTTpNR0nYB5u3KvK1BucwIZdoaj8t3Ke-rZopqUE0J_l5RHUOxBuMokHbUgR6HUGWeEw1zdQ8ya1aBrJgyiSUCAwL3m9Gb2mcIwtgwQsq5RV64a8O0f_CqCrEd/s1600/54jivdhari-yadav_sarlahi.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwgHsPc2krUQAcSnk6dCOTTpNR0nYB5u3KvK1BucwIZdoaj8t3Ke-rZopqUE0J_l5RHUOxBuMokHbUgR6HUGWeEw1zdQ8ya1aBrJgyiSUCAwL3m9Gb2mcIwtgwQsq5RV64a8O0f_CqCrEd/s1600/54jivdhari-yadav_sarlahi.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Jivdhari Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Malangwa, Sarlahi&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/21 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLNi2PXkw1pyzEfMbHw5IfvCkHLy7CK-EJVnbuFfIOFjEIr7WVNhauIxjW_EgEhdVA3sAivKoEqwtebxPPpw6S6WYfvxOMIuYkQRZ_X40nvvyjvT52PkcuOIte58rz_UD90McRWU8UmwHR/s1600/52Babunarayan+Yadav_dhanusha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLNi2PXkw1pyzEfMbHw5IfvCkHLy7CK-EJVnbuFfIOFjEIr7WVNhauIxjW_EgEhdVA3sAivKoEqwtebxPPpw6S6WYfvxOMIuYkQRZ_X40nvvyjvT52PkcuOIte58rz_UD90McRWU8UmwHR/s1600/52Babunarayan+Yadav_dhanusha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Babunarayan Yadav&lt;br /&gt;
Janakpur, Dhanusha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/23 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIXZ_0pXQAQZD4ke_Bx0xSGHCDK9Z9LB1R0bMesVTXsF-sahRL2EeGGwX-do8cCaTMeUGMsgWCXiemN9YTA0LGPkYOwbv8PcYPsVOY_p3tx5673rJe_gpYrQsbH1b3heerEsaHrQm-fL2O/s1600/53Pawan+Kumar+Sah_dhanusha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIXZ_0pXQAQZD4ke_Bx0xSGHCDK9Z9LB1R0bMesVTXsF-sahRL2EeGGwX-do8cCaTMeUGMsgWCXiemN9YTA0LGPkYOwbv8PcYPsVOY_p3tx5673rJe_gpYrQsbH1b3heerEsaHrQm-fL2O/s1600/53Pawan+Kumar+Sah_dhanusha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Pawan Kumar Sah&lt;br /&gt;
Janakpur, Dhanusha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/21 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9-vIqr_X3gjL-ipdQ8bPkL_M1ihZ_-tRLUJDRUaDGQX7uqwJjuyW4j1P3pdGEg7G-5bqSnhkpchiCI4lVFS2BZNxrPonVXunvhmKHQ-t_awRFDgWUrcLBETOhtZR1VuWwKmy9WUH7M6Bi/s1600/55binod-ray_sarlahi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9-vIqr_X3gjL-ipdQ8bPkL_M1ihZ_-tRLUJDRUaDGQX7uqwJjuyW4j1P3pdGEg7G-5bqSnhkpchiCI4lVFS2BZNxrPonVXunvhmKHQ-t_awRFDgWUrcLBETOhtZR1VuWwKmy9WUH7M6Bi/s1600/55binod-ray_sarlahi.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Binod Ray&lt;br /&gt;
Madanpur, Sarlahi&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/21 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA5YOLjQcM0MRXbErofaNms87Im4S_mTCc8jzbIqnx7YKausxCq-S9ILhaZT9uUBZGxcSG7cvtjgc32nfLSGD3Ot8gc-1vym2ucECJcAzEHvVNIuLEI4wstMNksNv7506VLMdy_bfZRpxH/s1600/56sunita-mahato_sirha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA5YOLjQcM0MRXbErofaNms87Im4S_mTCc8jzbIqnx7YKausxCq-S9ILhaZT9uUBZGxcSG7cvtjgc32nfLSGD3Ot8gc-1vym2ucECJcAzEHvVNIuLEI4wstMNksNv7506VLMdy_bfZRpxH/s1600/56sunita-mahato_sirha.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Sunita Mahato&lt;br /&gt;
Govindapur-8, Siraha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/10 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwCV5_-9djxZXD00swlJs3v_6apeZDMtomidAD7NRyyP6s6fhgVLCDebMy3z_B3ML9GcjFoUyrQl2yytUZWxDMwgq9Hih5jsmowTSLEaXAd-NpuLkgdM-WCWNQv4IawJD8T-3mY8agQ5fE/s1600/57md-mudasin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwCV5_-9djxZXD00swlJs3v_6apeZDMtomidAD7NRyyP6s6fhgVLCDebMy3z_B3ML9GcjFoUyrQl2yytUZWxDMwgq9Hih5jsmowTSLEaXAd-NpuLkgdM-WCWNQv4IawJD8T-3mY8agQ5fE/s1600/57md-mudasin.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Md. Mudasin&lt;br /&gt;
Sirha&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/08 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-XGrGOwuinD23SRDuyfQgmhcRSlOpclbWPR2exoLfP_YZynyoiawPpo8x5BKuGtxo-B5CfxhSop0Wrfyb7E73aH81Ke6SonzHLLbtwnfQki1YLFa6pkh9GeNMwxjXETUvo8kczC3g2tzX/s1600/58Bhagwati+Mandal_sunsari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-XGrGOwuinD23SRDuyfQgmhcRSlOpclbWPR2exoLfP_YZynyoiawPpo8x5BKuGtxo-B5CfxhSop0Wrfyb7E73aH81Ke6SonzHLLbtwnfQki1YLFa6pkh9GeNMwxjXETUvo8kczC3g2tzX/s1600/58Bhagwati+Mandal_sunsari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Bhagwati Mandal&lt;br /&gt;
Inaruwa, Sunsari&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/08 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkjH-rCQOHEdMIfsfnUXa3pTNzEJ0LaUn12eFzlxi-54wSPMFeY1GeWllhZI7_E9QJrpLFzpq4WpojTuCkOY2QiqD6Y-he9dVGjjsSpASnSJlVwGbHZeKiqQ4hpyKo1nK-h1mXRWmigIZ1/s1600/59Ram+Swarup+Mehta_sunsari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkjH-rCQOHEdMIfsfnUXa3pTNzEJ0LaUn12eFzlxi-54wSPMFeY1GeWllhZI7_E9QJrpLFzpq4WpojTuCkOY2QiqD6Y-he9dVGjjsSpASnSJlVwGbHZeKiqQ4hpyKo1nK-h1mXRWmigIZ1/s1600/59Ram+Swarup+Mehta_sunsari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Ram Swarup Mehta&lt;br /&gt;
Inaruwa, Sunsari&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/07 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEDm9q6Kr4GcSViRsgDWuzTzGJpJq1_gBFrKZUjQYIpadm9uStM0n9PFyHtb6DOne7zecKKoMF7LX0wu0vmpjm6jRjJ6wEdCGzA8vGAPL3gTzTIr1wR6Um6xf0VJEko1kAFHyl7aUej52k/s1600/60Ramanand+Mehta_sunsari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEDm9q6Kr4GcSViRsgDWuzTzGJpJq1_gBFrKZUjQYIpadm9uStM0n9PFyHtb6DOne7zecKKoMF7LX0wu0vmpjm6jRjJ6wEdCGzA8vGAPL3gTzTIr1wR6Um6xf0VJEko1kAFHyl7aUej52k/s1600/60Ramanand+Mehta_sunsari.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Ramanand Mehta&lt;br /&gt;
Inaruwa, Sunsari&lt;br /&gt;
2063/10/18 BS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
***If there is any mistake in name, spelling or anything you find, please remind us on our mail: &lt;a gmail.com="" href="mailto:" info4saroj=""&gt;info4saroj@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name='more'&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
२२ योद्धा सहिदको सूचीमा छैनन् ....!!!&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
प्रजातन्त्र एवम् गणतन्त्रका स्थापनाका लागि निरंकुश शासन व्यवस्था अन्त्यका लागि लड्दै मृत्युवरण गरेका धनुषा र महोत्तरी जिल्लाका २२ जना योद्धालाई हालसम्म पनि मुलुकको सहिदको सूचीमा समावेश गरिएको छैन । ती योद्धाहरुलाई तत्कालीन शासकहरुले आफूले बोकेको सरु्कल्प र सपनालाई तिलाञ्जलि दिदै निरंकुशतालाई स्वीकार गरी आत्मसमर्पण गर्न अनेक प्रलोभन र अवसर दिदा पनि उहाहरुले निरंकुश शासन व्यवस्थाविरुद्धको लडाइ जारी राख्दै मृत्युलाई स्वीकार गरेका थिए । सहिद दिवस मनाउने क्रममा विगतका वर्षमा पनि यो मुद्दा गम्भीरतापूर्वक सरोकारवालासमक्ष राखिए पनि सहिदको परिभाषा, पहिचान, मान र सम्मानका प्रश्नको उत्तर हालसम्म पनि आउन सकेको छैन ।&lt;br /&gt;
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सहिदका सम्बन्धमा केही साहित्यले बिना तलब, निःस्वार्थरुपमा समाजकल्याणका लागि स्वेच्छिक बलिदान दिने व्यक्तिलाई सहिदका रुपमा परिभाषित गरेका छन् । शब्दकोशले आफ्नो देश, संस्कृति र अस्तित्व संरक्षण तथा स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्तिका निम्ति बलिदान भएर लोकहितमा लाग्ने अमर व्यक्तिलाई सहिद भनिने उल्लेख गरेको छ । माघ १६ गतेका दिनलाई यिनै अमर व्यक्तित्वको स्मरण दिवस पनि मनाइने गरिएको छ ।&lt;br /&gt;
यस परिभाषाअनुसार मापदण्डभित्र धनुषा र महोत्तरीका २२ योद्धा रहे पनि मुलुकले उहाहरुको कदर नगरेको देखिएको छ । यस क्षेत्रका लागि माघ महिना प्रेरणा मासका रुपमा देखिन्छ ।&lt;br /&gt;
नेपालमा गण्तन्त्रको सपनालाई साकार पार्न सर्वप्रथम दुर्गानन्द झाले मृत्युवरण गर्नुभएको थियो । २०१८ साल माघ ९ गते राजा महेन्द्रमाथि बम प्रहार गरेको अभियोगमा २०२० साल माघ १५ गते झाको हत्या गरिएको थियो । झालाई जनस्तरबाट नेपालका पहिलो गणतान्त्रिक सहिदको संज्ञा दिइए पनि राज्यले हालसम्म उहाको सहादतको गरिमा उचो गराउने संस्कृति बसाउन सकेको छैन ।&lt;br /&gt;
त्यस्तै, निरंकुशताविरुद्धका आन्दोलनमा २०१९ साल असोज २४ गते महोत्तरी जिल्लामा शिवचन्द्र मिश्र र २०२९ साल असोज १ गते धनुषाको यदुकुहामा कामेश्वर र कुशेश्वरले सहादत वरण गरेका थिए । २०३० साल कात्तिक ३० गते भारतको मधुवनीमा सरोज कोइराला, २०३६ साल जेठ ३ गते नक्टाझिजमा मोहन महतो र मुंगालाल महतो तथा सोही महिनाको ५ गते मिथिलेश दुवेले जीवन उत्सर्ग गरेको पाइन्छ । तत्कालीन प्रमुख जिल्ला अधिकारीले २०४५ साल पुस २६ गते सत्यनारायण पाठकलाई गोली प्रहार गरी हत्या गरेका थिए भने २०४६ सालको धनुषा बमकाण्डको अभियोगमा हत्या गरिएको थियो । उहँले क्षमायाचना नगरेका कारण उहँको हत्या गरिएको बताइन्छ । यही पृष्ठभूमिमा सत्यनारायण झा, ईश्वर लामा, पदम लामा, सूर्यनाथ राय यादव, साकेतचन्द्र मिश्र र दिलीप चौधरीले प्राणको आहुति दिएका थिए । सोही सालको फागुन ९ गते यदुकुहामा जानकी देवी, मुनेश्वरी देवी, उदयशंकर मण्डल, सोनाबत्ती देवी र रामनारायण यादवको हत्या गरिएको थियो । त्यस्तै, सोही सालको चैत २४ गते तत्कालीन शासकले निरंकुशताविरुद्धका योद्धा रामविलास ठाकुरलाई हत्या गरेका थिए ।&lt;br /&gt;
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अन्तर्राष्टिूय मान्यता र परम्पराका आधारमा सहिदको परिभाषा तयार गरी उहँहरुलाई आदर्श पात्र बनाउने काममा सबैको सहयोगको आवश्यकता देखिएको छ । उहाहरुको योगदानलाई निर्विवाद, दीर्घकालीन र स्वर्णिम बनाउन विशिष्टीकृत गर्नुपर्ने खँचो देखिन्छ । औपचारिकता पूरा गर्न श्रद्धाका बनावटी शब्द खर्चेर सहिदको साचो सम्मान हुन सक्दैन भन्ने कुरालाई सत्ताका सञ्चालकहरुले बुझ्नुपर्ने प्राध्यापक डा महेन्द्र नारायण मिश्र बताउनुहुन्छ । अग्रज पत्रकार राजेश्वर नेपाली हालसम्म पनि २२ योद्धालाई अमूर्त शैलीमा व्याख्या गर्ने काम हुनु विडम्बना हो भन्नुहुन्छ । वर्तमान परिप्रेक्ष्यमा पटकपटक राजनीतिक विवाद र आन्दोलनमा ज्यान गुमाउनेहरुको योगदानको पनि कदर हुनुपर्दछ भन्नेमा विवाद गर्नु आवश्यक नभए पनि कुन आन्दोलनमा कसको ज्यान गयो र त्यो आन्दोलन कसले आह्वान गरेको थियो अनि ती आन्दोलनलाई भर्याङ बनाएर को सत्तामा गयो ऊ नै यसरी ज्यान गुमाउनेप्रति त्यत्ति नै जवाफदेही हुनुपर्दछ । भनिन्छ, क्रान्तिकारी स्वार्थहीन हुन्छन् । उहँहरुको एउटै उद्देश्य राष्टूलाई निररु्कुशताबाट बचाई जनतालाई स्वतन्त्रताको प्रत्याभूति दिलाउनु र आवश्यक परेमा आफ्नो प्राणसमेत बलिदान दिनु हो ।&lt;br /&gt;
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यस सन्दर्भमा पनि २२ जनालाई भागबन्डा नगरी साझा रुपमा सहिदका रुपमा कदर गर्नुपर्ने उपप्राध्यापक परमेश्वर कापडी बताउनुहुन्छ । प्रजातन्त्र र गणतन्त्रका महान् २२ सेनानीलाई तत्कालीन शासकले कतिपयलाई जेलमा यातना, आरोप अथवा एउटा जेलबाट अर्को जेल लैजाने क्रममा रातिमा गोली प्रहार गरी हत्या गरेको ऐतिहासिक तथ्य भए पनि राष्टूले योद्धाहरुको योगदानलाई इतिहासको ऐच्छिक अध्याय बनाउन नहुने धारणा प्राध्यापक मिश्रको रहेको छ । उहा भन्नुहुन्छ–धनुषा र महोत्तरी जिल्लालाई प्रेरणा जिल्लाका रुपमा स्थापित गराउदै नया पुस्तालाई योद्धाप्रति अनुगृहित गर्न नसक्नु चिन्ताको विषय हो । २२ योद्धाका बलिदानका कारण पनि राष्टूमा निरकुशताविरुद्ध क्रान्तिको सशक्त पृष्ठभूमि तयार भएकाले यी सेनानीहरुको योगदान धूमिल हुन नदिन प्रयासको थालनी जरुरी छ ।&lt;/div&gt;
</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyuKm-mG73YEZutIAXPJTfTnun5thZMOI-wi1YJq4Mb0I2tdruwugxL6aXRfePi4HUzTm0jbqrEOP409M-iabS5RhG1GT_yKQjsw-C4t8bTtjbAOK9pUbbHi3kFymG7ptFsotlzxLn5E1p/s72-c/sahid_quoto.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Gajendra Narayan Singh</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/01/gajendra-narayan-singh.html</link><category>Personality</category><pubDate>Fri, 24 Jan 2014 13:40:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-8254105216110607002</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"&gt;(Great Personality of Madhesh)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Gajendra Narayan Singh is a Nepalese politician. He founded the Nepal Sadbhawana Party (NSP) in 1985. He took the Madhesi cause to National and International Level to raise awareness about the ongoing discrimination. Gajendra Narayan Singh, president of the Nepal Sadhbahavana Party, died on January 23, 2002. His body was taken to Saptari &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Sewa Ashram at Koiladi in Saptari District in Nepal and cremated with full state honours on January 25.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb_ppoLriXiyVnF9yr9W-SdKD4EfZkGLR0huNsfoTaeTkCaQ2-7ieiLy0pjqA_0pMFLNTGWIFAiGNFh2Ni8qru23UfgO-m4Yy8xtsFkgN6lLYDMEcSbNlrU8kekH_kJ9jP78nwzm1Sj_d4/s1600/all_gajendra-narayan-singh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Great Personality of Madhesh" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb_ppoLriXiyVnF9yr9W-SdKD4EfZkGLR0huNsfoTaeTkCaQ2-7ieiLy0pjqA_0pMFLNTGWIFAiGNFh2Ni8qru23UfgO-m4Yy8xtsFkgN6lLYDMEcSbNlrU8kekH_kJ9jP78nwzm1Sj_d4/s1600/all_gajendra-narayan-singh.jpg" height="336" title="Gajendra Narayan Singh" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Singh led a very simple and austere life and spent most of his time in the Ashram he created in 1991. In July 2001, he created the "Gajendra Narayan Public Welfare trust" and donated all his property and belongings to the trust. The trust was to look after the poor, helpless and the backward communities in the southern districts of Nepal. Singh entered politics in 1947 and joined the Nepali National Congress, (presently the Nepali Congress) but left the party in 1980s to form a cultural forum known as Nepal Sadbhavana Parishad, which was turned later into a political party, the Nepal Sadhbhavana Party (NSP). Singh went into exile to Dharbanga in 1960, when King Mahendra seized control of the country after putting into prison the leaders of the ruling Nepali Congress in the brief period when Nepal experienced multi-party democracy between 1959 to 1960. Unable to visit his home, he lived a life in penury until he returned to Nepal in 1977. Singh continued to champion the cause of Terains throughout his political career.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbnPSz65YKVNGY6GMSCYTp_wvgV7ICJmi6ta0PE2ac8TZKitD5dUjUFIQ1n-m396OiVdhXsJ1u6_KHbufV5mwlFduSJgIOi8CYdaawI-2x4Qgro02dzW7HROZqqsNSBMRMbhVJJ1aZF4Mb/s1600/makethumbdetails.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Postal Ticket of Great Gajendra Narayan Singh" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbnPSz65YKVNGY6GMSCYTp_wvgV7ICJmi6ta0PE2ac8TZKitD5dUjUFIQ1n-m396OiVdhXsJ1u6_KHbufV5mwlFduSJgIOi8CYdaawI-2x4Qgro02dzW7HROZqqsNSBMRMbhVJJ1aZF4Mb/s1600/makethumbdetails.jpg" height="200" title="Gajendra Narayan Singh" width="158" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;He left the Nepali Congress only when he felt that B.P. Koirala and his party continued to discriminate against the Terains. He continued to wear the traditional Dhoti and Kurta in the parliament while the official dress was the "Daura Suruwal". Despite opposition from the Pahadi parliamentarians, Singh was not ashamed to speak in Hindi in parliamentary debates. Singh’s pet objective was to get full citizenship rights to a majority of Terains who were born and brought up in Terai. From the configuration of electoral districts, regions to recruitment in the army and Police, the Terains were and continue to be discriminated against in every field.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS_7ztdGe9HWdqcdJIvon-dH5oGCstb3EibACvL2ddCFAGFn8PolFnBCEnODfBpC7wBOpRRUJSXe2oUxh2awwSzJWo4IYLwnUyGsqOFud6FaGn1RLCbQdQVUptwCdPvSg6t2DgWASJwsnP/s1600/gajendra-narayan-singh1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Statue of Great Gajendra Narayan Singh" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS_7ztdGe9HWdqcdJIvon-dH5oGCstb3EibACvL2ddCFAGFn8PolFnBCEnODfBpC7wBOpRRUJSXe2oUxh2awwSzJWo4IYLwnUyGsqOFud6FaGn1RLCbQdQVUptwCdPvSg6t2DgWASJwsnP/s1600/gajendra-narayan-singh1.jpg" title="Gajendra Narayan Singh" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;G.N. Singh despite being abused by the media, other political leaders and the bureaucracy continued to fight for the Terain cause. Singh on his return from exile believed that the interests of the Terains would best be served by working within the Panchayat system and accordingly stood for elections in 1980 in Saptari district. When the counting was going in favour of G.N. Singh, the workers in the counting hall chased away Singh’s supporters and the results were declared in favour of another candidate. Undaunted, he continued to stand for elections and won in all but one. Soon after the bomb blasts by the Janawadi Morcha of Ram Raja Prasad Singh near the Palace in the eighties, G.N.Singh was arrested and kept in chains for many months.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;In spite of his incarceration G.N. Singh held no grudge against Late King Birendra or the monarchy itself. It was his view that the monarchy was the unifying factor and it was only the King who could help the Terain cause. In the initial stages G.N.Singh had many youngsters who flocked round him and worked genuinely for the cause. They were never given due encouragement and G.N.Singh like a banyan tree held everyone together but never allowed any leader to come up to take his place.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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(Source:&amp;nbsp;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajendra_Narayan_Singh)&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb_ppoLriXiyVnF9yr9W-SdKD4EfZkGLR0huNsfoTaeTkCaQ2-7ieiLy0pjqA_0pMFLNTGWIFAiGNFh2Ni8qru23UfgO-m4Yy8xtsFkgN6lLYDMEcSbNlrU8kekH_kJ9jP78nwzm1Sj_d4/s72-c/all_gajendra-narayan-singh.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Basic Principles of democracy</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/01/basic-principles-of-democracy.html</link><category>Democracy</category><pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2014 14:38:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-4394102586383800385</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #38761d;"&gt;Democracy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; by definition means the government by people. That means that all the people should be able to have their say in one way another in everything that affects their lives. Dictionaries usually say that this right can either be exercised directly (by every member of a community having the possibility to enter personally, without mediators, his position on a particular issue into the decision making process - modern technology is able to provide this possibility for increasingly larger and larger communities), or through representatives (members of legislative bodies). This second arrangement is then called Representative Democracy.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Khaki; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t l;¢fGtx? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Khaki; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;nf]stGqn] k|To]s gful/snfO{ af]Ng], cfnf]rgf ug]{ / c;xdlt k|s6 ug]{ cj;/ lbG5 .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Khaki; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;nf]stGq ;lxi0f'tfsf] l;¢fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 . k|To]s JolQmsf] km/s ljrf/ tyf ljrf/wf/f x'g ;Sb5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Khaki; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;nf]stGqn] km/s ljrf/ tyf ljrf/wf/f /fVg]nfO{ bafpg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVb}g . a? zflGtdf ljZjf; /fVb5 .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Khaki; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;nf]stGqn] k|To]s gful/ssf] cfTd;Ddfgsf] sb/ ub{5 .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Khaki; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;k|To]s JolQmnfO{ dg'io eP/ af+Rgsf]nflu cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/x? ;'lglZrt ub5{ .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Khaki; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;:jtGqtf, ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs Gofo nf]stGqsf] c+u xf] .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Khaki; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;nf]stflGqs /fHodf gful/sx? ;fj{ef}d x'G5g\ .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Khaki; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;nf]stGq ax'dtsf] l;¢fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 t/ cNkdtsf] clwsf/sf] pk]Iff ul/b}g .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Khaki; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;nf]stGqdf hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx?, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/, :jtGq lgoldt / lgikIf lgjf{rg, cleJolQm :jtGqtf, ;"rgfsf] clwsf/ ;+:yfut :jfoQtf / /fHo ;+rfngsf ;j} lj|mofsnfkdf ;a} gful/sx?sf] ;dfj]zLs/0f clgjfo{ x'g kb{5 .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: Khaki; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;nf]stGqdf ;dfj]zLs/0f k|lj|mof h;df /fHo ;+rfng tyf ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L ;a} vfnsf -hftLo, juL{o, n}+lus, ef}uf]lns_ dflg;x?sf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf xf] . b]z ljsf;sf x/]s If]q tyf x/]s :t/df ;a} ju{, hflt, lnu+, :t/, wd{ cflbsf] ;+nUgtf / ;xeflutf x'g' kb5{ .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Citizens’ Rights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;What Rights Do Citizens Have in A Democracy?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Everyone Has Basic Human Rights that the State Cannot Take Away&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;In a democracy, every citizen has certain basic rights that the state cannot take away from them.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;These rights are internationally recognized and guaranteed.&amp;nbsp;Everyone has the right to have their own beliefs, including their religious beliefs, and to say and write what they think.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Everyone has the right to seek different sources of information and ideas.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Everyone has the right to associate with other people, and to form and join organizations of their own choice, including trade unions.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Everyone has the right to assemble and to protest government actions.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;However, citizens have an obligation to exercise these rights peacefully, with respect for the law and for the rights of others.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Federalism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;What is the Benefit of a Federal or Decentralized Government?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Federalism Will Benefit All the People of Nepal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;by Distributing Power Fairly throughout the Country.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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More and more democracies are adopting federalism, or some form of decentralization. According to this principle, each government function should be performed by the lowest level of government that is capable of performing that function effectively.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Only the national government can print currency, conduct foreign policy, manage trade and borders, and provide for the nation’s defense.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;However, local matters, such as community services, are best managed by local or provincial government.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Local authorities are better able to know and respond to the immediate needs and interests of their citizens.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Decentralization promotes national unity by distributing power and resources more fairly around the country, bringing government closer to the people, and allowing local communities some control over their own affairs.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Democracy is more stable when power is devolved along geographic lines and not according to ethnic or sectarian divisions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Separation of Powers and Judicial Independence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Why Does Democracy Require the Separation of Powers?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;If Political Power is to be Limited and Responsible,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;the Legislature and Judiciary Must Be Independent of the Executive&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;In a democracy, the exercise of political power must respect the law, the constitution, and the will of the people, through the decisions of their [elected] legislative representatives.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;This requires that power be separated so that the head of government and his ministers do not have the power to make the law or to interfere in court cases.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;In a democracy, the executive branch implements policies and programs, administers the national budget, and conducts national affairs.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;It may also propose laws, but only the parliament may enact legislation, including the budget.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Only the courts can decide the guilt or innocence of individuals charged with a crime, and only the higher courts can determine whether a law or a government action or policy is constitutional.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Executive Powers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;How is Executive Power Structured in a Democracy?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Government may be headed by either a president or a prime minister.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Many democracies now divide executive powers between the two offices.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;In presidential democracies, the government is headed by a directly elected president, who is also the ceremonial head of state.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;In parliamentary democracies, the government is headed by a prime minister and his cabinet, who must enjoy the confidence of parliament, while a president or king acts as the ceremonial head of state.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Many newer democracies have chosen an intermediate system.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The prime minister and his cabinet are responsible for the day-to-day administration of government through the ministries.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;But the presidency holds the position of head of state, and has the power to nominate the prime minister, to veto legislation, and to make or approve certain judicial and governmental appointments.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;By partially dividing executive authority, this intermediate system may help prevent the abuse of power.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What is Democracy?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Government authority flows from the people and is based upon their consent.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Democracy is a system of government in which a country’s political leaders are chosen by the people in regular, free, and fair elections. In a democracy, people have a choice between different candidates and parties who want the power to govern.&amp;nbsp; The people can criticize and replace their elected leaders and representatives if they do not perform well.&amp;nbsp; The people are sovereign—they are the highest authority—and government is based on the will of the people.&amp;nbsp; Elected representatives at the national and local levels must listen to the people and be responsive to their needs.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The Global Spread of Democracy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;How Widespread is Democracy in the World?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Today most countries in the world are democracies.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Democracy is the only form of government that people around the world view as legitimate.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Thirty years ago, only a quarter of the states of the world were democracies.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Since then, democracy has rapidly expanded throughout the world. Today 120 countries—three in every five countries—choose their leaders in free and fair, multiparty elections.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;And many others are struggling to achieve democracy.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;People of every religious faith—Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and others—aspire to live in free and democratic societies.&amp;nbsp;Democracy is the only form of government in the world that is widely viewed as morally legitimate.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;It is the only form of government that is capable of fully satisfying international covenants on civil and political rights.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Participation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;What is the Role of the Citizen in a Democracy?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Citizens participate in public affairs, with respect for different points of view.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The key role of citizens in a democracy is participation. This takes many forms.&amp;nbsp; Citizens have an obligation to become informed about public issues, to monitor the conduct of their leaders and representatives, and to express their own opinions.&amp;nbsp; Participation also involves voting in elections, debating issues, attending community meetings, becoming involved in private, voluntary organizations, and even protesting.&amp;nbsp; However, political participation in a democracy must be peaceful, respectful of the law, and tolerant of the different views of other groups and individuals.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;What is the Rule of Law?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Laws and Procedures Apply Fairly and Equally to All Citizens&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Democracy is a system of rule by laws, not individuals.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;In a democracy, the rule of law protects the rights of citizens, maintains order, and limits the power of government.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;All citizens are equal under the law.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;No one may be discriminated against on the basis of their race, religion, ethnic group, or gender.&amp;nbsp;No one may be arrested, imprisoned, or exiled arbitrarily.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;No one may be denied their freedom without a fair and public hearing by an impartial court.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;No one may be taxed or prosecuted except by a law established in advance.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;No one is above the law, not even a king or an elected president.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The law is fairly, impartially, and consistently enforced, by courts that are independent of the other branches of government.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;9.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Due Process of Law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;What Rights do Citizens Have in the Criminal Justice System?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;In a democracy, anyone accused of a crime has the right to a fair, speedy, and public trial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Just because someone is accused of a crime does not mean that he loses his rights.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Anyone arrested is presumed innocent until proven guilty.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;A person’s guilt must be proved in a court of law, through a fair, speedy, and public trial.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;In a democracy, a person accused of a crime has the right to know the charges against him, to remain silent, to have legal representation, to participate in his defense, and to question witnesses for the prosecution.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;No person who is acquitted of a crime may be tried again on that charge.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;No one—under any circumstance—may ever be subjected to torture, or to cruel and inhuman treatment.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;No one may be imprisoned or have their property seized without legal justification.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name='more'&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; Each of these 'basic' to democracy, meaning that democracy can't exist without all of them.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
1. The Rule of Law - we are a nation of laws, not of men. Presidents and legislatures can't just do whatever they can get away with, they are limited by law. Laws represent the will of the people. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Freedom of the Press - in a democracy it's people, the voters, who are ultimately in control. The people need information in order to vote wisely, and that's why we need a free press and freedom of political speech. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Respect of human rights - we must realize that people are the most important thing, the purpose of government is to serve the needs of the people, not vice versa. This is the main reason for the Bill of Rights. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. Active Political Processes - democracy is not a spectator sport, it's a participation sport. It won't work if most people don't take part. A lot of the trouble we've been having in the US can be blamed on the lack of participation of so many people, small voter turnouts, etc. The more people who care enough to vote, and who then stick around to see how their votes turned out, the better off we'll be. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. Enlightened Citizens - This is another problem we have here. Citizens must be educated and must understand the purpose of democracy, how and why we have it. This takes a high literacy rate (along with a free press).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="http://i1000.photobucket.com/albums/af125/info4saroj/ekawaaj_blog/th_democracy_zpsea021ece.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>A chronology of key events: Madhesh</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/01/a-chronology-of-key-events-madhesh.html</link><category>Key events</category><category>Madhesh</category><pubDate>Mon, 20 Jan 2014 12:13:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-5811682599530623608</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwX7QC92nmwG_Tf6OdvHkAcZE3kvJEJxn140yEbluKIPu1DNb1x9b277nT4UmxayHyXmhFfr_3WuG_R35gy9lOrsiAzy2eknKvObDDsD8NAXljaIEJWH5DOQBRnCfKdbRsqzC1Jrn4xpmq/s1600/key_madhesh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="key events of madhesh" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwX7QC92nmwG_Tf6OdvHkAcZE3kvJEJxn140yEbluKIPu1DNb1x9b277nT4UmxayHyXmhFfr_3WuG_R35gy9lOrsiAzy2eknKvObDDsD8NAXljaIEJWH5DOQBRnCfKdbRsqzC1Jrn4xpmq/s1600/key_madhesh.jpg" title="madhesh" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also view:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/01/a-chronology-of-key-events.html"&gt;A chronology of key events: Nepal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor="#caf780" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
- (Vedic/Mythical Period)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Ikshyaku or Okkāka becomes the first significant king of Madhyadesh (Madhesh)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
- (Vedic/Mythical Period)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;King Janak rules, capital at Janakpur;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
Sita, the heroine of Ramayan, born (after 34 generation of Ikshyaku)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
c. 1500 BC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Manusmiriti (2/21) defines the boundary of Madhyadesh (Madhesh)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
563BC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Siddhartha Gautam (Buddha) born in Kapilvatthu, Majjhimadesh (Madhesh)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
268-31 B.C&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Emperor Ashoka rules&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
249 BC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Emperor Ashoka visits Lumbini, tax reduced and entitled to the eight part only.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
ca. 353-73 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Emperor Samudragupta&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
c.500-600 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;King Salhesh rules, capital at Mahisautha, Siraha&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
c. 1300 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Harisinghadev rules, capital at Simraunagadh (currently Simra)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1325 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Sultan Gayasudhin Tuglak attacks Simraunagadh&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1513 – 1774 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Sen Kingdoms in Palpa, Makawanpur, Chaudandi, Bijaypur, Morang&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1526 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Mughal Empire established&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
c. 1764 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;British East India Company gains control over many parts of Madhesh&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1768 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Gurkha ruler Prithvi Narayan Shah attacks Kathmandu;Dismisses 12000 Tirhutia (Madheshi) armies of Jay Prakash Malla&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1774 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Prithvi Narayan Shah attacks Makwanpur&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1814-16 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Anglo-Gurkha WarMadheshis fight on the British side&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1816 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;British-Nepal Treaty on 8th December; British hands over Terai region between west of Koshi and east to Rapti river to Nepal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1846&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Kot Massacre takes place; Jang Bahadur becomes prime minister&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1860 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;British-Nepal Treaty; British gifts Terai region between Rapti and Mahakali rivers to Nepal for their support to the East India Company for suppressing Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 to 1859 in India&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1911 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;King George V of Britain visits Terai and hunts 21 tigers, 8 rhinos, and a bear.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1923&amp;nbsp; Dec 21&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Nepal changed from British protectorate to independent nation. (MC, 12/21/01)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1934 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Jan 15, An 8.4 Richter scale earthquake kills thousands of people in Nepal/India&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1950-51 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Ranas fall; King Tribhuvan regains control; interim constitution promulgated&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1951 AD&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Terai Congress formed led by Vedanand Jha&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1952&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;King Mahendra ascends throne&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1952&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Nepal Citizenship Act promulgated&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1955&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Nepal admitted to the United Nations&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1956&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Nepalese government starts malaria eradication&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1956&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Raghunath Thakur established the Madhesh Liberation Movement&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1957&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Imposition of Nepali as sole language for education sparks protests&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1958&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;End of visa provision for Madheshis to enter Kathmandu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1960s&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Terai Liberation Front established&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1962&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;King Mahendra issues constitution unfavourable to Madheshis&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1963&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Nepalese Police kills Ramji Mishra, the leader of Terai Liberation Front&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1964&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;New Citizenship Act makes it harder for Madhesis to acquire citizenship.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1964&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;&amp;nbsp;”Land Reformation Act” promulgated; massive land seized from Madheshis&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1967&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Royal Nepalese Army kills Raghunath Raya Yadav, the leader of Terai Liberation Front&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1969&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Chairman of Terai Liberation Front Satyadev Mani Tripathi killed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1972&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;&amp;nbsp;King Birendra ascends throne&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1981&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Raghunath Thakur dies (June 21)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1983&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Nepal Sadbhavana Council formed under Gajendra Narayan Singh to raise Madheshi issues.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1989&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Nepal’s failure to renegotiate trade and transit treaties with India, India imposes sanction across “open border”&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1990&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;New constitution promulgated following the agitations&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1994&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Dhanapati Upadhyay Commision finds 4 million people without citizenships&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1996&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Maoists launch insurgency.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
1997&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Supreme Court voids 30 thousands citizenship certificates of Madheshis&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
March 18 1998&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Supreme Court bans the use of Maithili (local) language in Rajbiraj and Janakpur Municipalities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2000&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Maoists set up Madhesi Rashtriya Mukti Morcha (MRMM) under Jai Krishna Goit in Siliguri.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2000&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Dec 26, racial riot against Madheshis began all over the country, following&amp;nbsp; a rumour that Hrithnik Roshan, an Indian film star, allegedly spoke of his dislike for Nepal. At least 4 people killed.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2002&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Supreme Court mandates people to get work permit in the lack of citizenship certificates. Many Madheshis out of work.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2004&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Jay Krishna Goit forms the Janatantrik Tarai Mukti Morcha (JTMM).&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2006 April&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Following nineteen-day mass movement, king announces reinstatement of parliament.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2006 December&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Nepalgunj Riot; 26-Dec, Pahadi attacks on a Madheshi gathering and the racial riot begins; Madheshis houses and shops burned, and Madheshis attacked; police and administration found supporting the attack. 30 December, Ian Martin, special representative of the UN Secretary-General, voices his concern about violent activities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2007 Jan-Feb&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Madhesh Movement;19-Jan, Maoists clash with Madheshi activists in Lahan, killing student Ramesh Kumar Mahato.20-Jan, Curfew imposed; 21 January-7 February, Movement picks up against the government, with huge public support and mass defiance of curfews, clashes between police and protestors; Almost 40 killed.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2008 January&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Madhesh Movement; Massive protests against the government. A series of bomb blasts kill and injure dozens.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2008 May&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Nepal becomes a republic.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2011 January&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;UN peace monitoring mission ends.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2011 March 31&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Historic meeting of Madheshis took place in Kathmandu after 22 yearsDr. C. K. Raut appeals for a stronger coalition to take the Madhesh Movement to the global level&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2011 May 21&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Alliance for Independent Madhesh (AIM) announces manifesto and plans&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144"&gt;&lt;div align="right" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;
2012 May&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="439"&gt;Prime Minister Bhattari dissolves the parliament&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwX7QC92nmwG_Tf6OdvHkAcZE3kvJEJxn140yEbluKIPu1DNb1x9b277nT4UmxayHyXmhFfr_3WuG_R35gy9lOrsiAzy2eknKvObDDsD8NAXljaIEJWH5DOQBRnCfKdbRsqzC1Jrn4xpmq/s72-c/key_madhesh.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">2</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>A Tribute to First Martyr of Great Madhesh</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/01/a-tribute-to-first-martyr-of-great.html</link><category>Martyrs</category><pubDate>Sun, 19 Jan 2014 11:21:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-6137462129118668869</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;div class="description"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Madhesh Sacrifice Day marked&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[2013-01-18 / The Himalayan Times / RSS] KATHMANDU: The sixth memorial day of Ramesh Mahato, the first martyr of the Madhesh movement, and the Madhes Balidani (Sacrifice) Day was marked here on Friday.&lt;br /&gt;
Mahato, student leader of Siraha, attained martyrdom during the Madhesh movement on January 19, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
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On the occasion, the participants of the programme complained that no Madhesi leader has received an opportunity to lead the government in the country’s history although the population of the Madhesi people is over 50 per cent. Accusing the three major political parties of intending to suppress the Madhesi issues and identity, they underlined the need of a new movement to guarantee their rights.&lt;/div&gt;
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(By CK Lal)&lt;br /&gt;
A martyr is a person who is put to death, or endures great suffering on behalf of any belief, principle, or cause. A martyr to the cause of democracy, human rights, or social justice is a later addition. The idea of martyrdom is not natural to Hinduism where an act of sacrifice implies balidan—donation of someone else’s life, be that of a goat, a rooster, a buffalo, a pig, a duck, or any such living being. Human sacrifice (narbali) has passed into history. Breaking of coconut is perhaps a symbolic ritual that memorializes the archaic practice. In South Asia, valiant Sikhs borrowed the idea of martyrdom from Islam and took it to great heights. The trend got further fillip during anti-British struggles. The idea of struggle and sacrifice for liberty, equality and fraternity came to Nepal via India.&lt;br /&gt;
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Terminology may be different, but martyr syndrome is a manipulative tactic that must have been around for ages. Some people use their self-sacrifice, real or imagined, to manipulate people around them. They expect a reward, often far in excess of their suffering, as they want to milk the misery of their past for present and future personal benefits. Politicos who keep harping about their time in jail, exile or underground and expect to be nominated to some office of profit are dime a dozen in Kathmandu. The UML is particularly rich in cadres with martyr syndrome.&lt;br /&gt;
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Martyr complex, sometimes associated with the term victim complex, is a strange sort of psychological state that makes a person choose a life of suffering, prosecution and possible death. Their goals may or may not be clear, but such people willingly endure hardships of all kinds. The Maoist leadership has skillfully identified, trained and manipulated the burning desire of being a martyr for his/her own among a section of disillusioned youngsters.&lt;br /&gt;
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The martyrs of the past have enriched us all—they died to ensure a better life for generations to come. Struggles of the future, however, would have to be peaceful for more impact. The hadith (narrative) said to have originated from the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that “the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr” will then become even more relevant. The ideas that martyrs held dear would nevertheless continue to inspire people for generations to come.&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBfFFl3S8oFrEeRVBMSpJdSOxqEMQKAAQmtQsuQkTjqSAhWO8zG13c38t8GEeBqRMpPvmP_VelOVxf_OARzJmocchlbC6x8lEEC3QwhZMocqepV-UPVU9eVLBg0vy_1idmmtroUarHQWMQ/s72-c/ramesh_mh.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>The origin of Nepali language</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-origin-of-nepali-language.html</link><category>Language</category><category>Origin</category><pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2014 11:44:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-3740585892062725705</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
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&lt;div class="description"&gt;
Nepali language, also called Gurkha, Gorkhali, Gurkhali, or Khaskura, &amp;nbsp;member of the Pahari subgroup of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-Iranian division of the Indo-European languages. Nepali is spoken by more than 17 million people, mostly in Nepal and neighbouring parts of India. Smaller speech communities exist in Bhutan, Brunei, and Myanmar.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h4 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;u&gt;History&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
Patterns of phonological change suggest that Nepali is related to the languages of northwestern India, and particularly to Sindhi, Lahnda, and Punjabi. Comparative reconstructions of vocabulary have supported this appraisal, relating Nepali to proto-Dardic, Pahari, Sindhi, Lahnda, and Punjabi.&lt;br /&gt;
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Investigations of archaeology and history indicate that modern Nepali is a descendant of the language spoken by the ancient Khasha people. The word Khasha appears in Sanskrit legal, historical, and literary texts such as the Manu-smriti (1st century bce), Kalhana’s Rajatarangini (1148 ce), and the Puranas (350–1500 ce). The Khashas ruled over a vast territory comprising what are now western Nepal, parts of Garhwal and Kumaon (India), and parts of southwestern Tibet. Ashoka Challa (1255–78 ce) called himself khasha-rajadhiraja (“emperor of the Khashas”) in a copperplate inscription found in Bodh Gaya. His descendants used old Nepali to inscribe numerous copperplates during the 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
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After the Muslim conquest, the Rajputs of Chittaurgarh, the Brahmans of Kannauj, and many others fled to the foothills of the Himalayas for shelter. The pressure of the migrants and the rising ambition of the local powers caused the Khasha kingdom to fissure into smaller principalities. Some Khasha moved to the eastern parts of present-day Nepal, where their language became a common method of communication for the region’s linguistically diverse ethnic groups.&lt;br /&gt;
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Eventually Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723?–75) unified the smaller principalities. During and after unification, the Nepalese were identified as Gurkhas or Ghurkhalis, while their language was referred to by the singular forms of those names. With the growth of linguistic nationalism, the name Nepali became increasingly popular among the Nepalese living in Nepal and India.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h4 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Varieties and lexicon&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
Nepali includes three regional dialect groups: the western, the central, and the eastern. There is also a distinct dialect used by the members of the royal family and the upper classes. This dialect has a special lexicon and a four-level honorific system, and it is increasingly being adopted by the educated middle class and the newly wealthy.&lt;br /&gt;
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Nepali has a rich heritage of oral literature as well as a body of written literature that has been developed during last two and half centuries. The vocabulary and style of written Nepali are influenced by Sanskrit and recorded with the Devanagari script.&lt;br /&gt;
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As a medium of law and administration, the register of legal Nepali has been developed and enriched with Persian and Arabic words. Technical terms for the various administrative branches of government have been devised and borrowed from Sanskrit and English as needed. Modern spoken Nepali has borrowed vocabulary from Hindi, Sanskrit, and English.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;Nepali literature and its gradual germination can be approximately classified into five periods, namely:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;ul style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;Pre-Bhanubhakta Era (from beginning to 1871 A.D.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;Bhanu Bhakta Era (from 1872 A.D. to 1936 A.D.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;Moti Ram Era  (from 1940 A.D. to 1976 A.D.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;Pre Revolution Era  (from 1977 A.D. to 2007 A.D.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;Post Revolution Era  (from 2007 A.D. onwards)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;The oldest surviving evidence in Nepali literature that has been unearthed has been ascribed to Ashok Chilla`s bronze plate, engraved in 1321 A.D. The oldest book to have been discovered is Khanda Khadya (1642), the authenticity of the composer of which however still remains in the dark. Some of the other such instances of ancient books bearing no name of one sole creator comprise Swasthani Bharatkatha (1658) and Baj Parikxya (1700). Amidst such a darkening state of affairs, the oldest surviving book whose writer has been acknowledged is the translated version of Bani Bilas Jyotirbid`s Jwarup Pati Chikitsha (1773) and  Prayashit Predip  by Prem Nidhi Pant, in Sanskrit. Both the books were tranlated by Prem Nidhi Pant in later times.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;Before the Gurkha (also acknowledged as Gorkha) conquest of Nepal in 1768, Nepali literature and Nepalese writings were performed in Sanskrit and Newari, as well as Nepali (the latter essentially serving as the language of the Gurkha conquerors). These writings consisted of religious texts, chronicles, dedications, extolments and the likes. The still surviving material in Nepali, with the feasible omission of the memoirs (c. 1770) of the Gurkha king Prithvi Narayan Shah, possesses more historical interest as opposed to literary pursuits. Literary composing in the Nepali language commenced only during the 19th century.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap;"&gt;Approximately in 1830, there shot to prominence a school of Nepali poets, who penned on themes ranging from the Hindu epics Ramayana to Bhagavata-Purana, in a language that was more Sanskritised than Nepali. This genre in Nepali literature bore witness of being heavily influenced by classical Sanskrit themes and poetic metres. They were succeeded in mid-century by Bhanubhakta, whose Nepali version of the Ramayana had accomplished unfathomable popularity for the everyday and conversational touch of its language, its religious genuineness and solemnity and its down-to-earth natural descriptions. The poet Lekhnath Paudyal during the early 20th century also had inclined towards this `everyday and conversational touch` and thoroughly utilised the rhythms of popular songs in a few of his poems.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJyqWVzCzyGF2XrLFL6NQtuXFI5JYR4WXhZTQnktFS7I2riCS5ILyVejl9W2P7eiFXC8ms2xcTFvqKQ8RH5aJsopAGvCHZ_QG3PISV3EFS1K_UQp4TUzA2x19Avv8tHYsOtWmBtdJZlHg6/s72-c/Nepali+Literature.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item><item><title>Lohang Sen and Historical Entity of Vijayapur State</title><link>http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/2014/01/lohang-sen-and-historical-entity-of.html</link><category>Historical Entity</category><category>Madhesh</category><pubDate>Wed, 15 Jan 2014 14:02:00 -0800</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1357324291507457948.post-1838481807196487493</guid><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXzw8VsK-Trf-zsHPXpHuak4YFFqOOfLjrxDko0mXYNfA0zZjjkFgFz5uleL2uIjevXUc0OTwRvGpqIX54g6eAj0jCqKYY-S3iclFWGRQdeiplIf4e1QkOAdzVmOLSsIkLQc2IRVMGSKtV/s1600/Image+-+15-01-2014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Lohang Sen - Rulers of Madhesh" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXzw8VsK-Trf-zsHPXpHuak4YFFqOOfLjrxDko0mXYNfA0zZjjkFgFz5uleL2uIjevXUc0OTwRvGpqIX54g6eAj0jCqKYY-S3iclFWGRQdeiplIf4e1QkOAdzVmOLSsIkLQc2IRVMGSKtV/s1600/Image+-+15-01-2014.jpg" title="Lohang Sen - Rulers of Madhesh" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
Historical Entity of Vijayapur State&lt;/h3&gt;
Dr. Raja Ram Subedi*&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
Introduction:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
At present Vijayapur lies in eastern part of Nepal. There is a dilapidated fort representing the entity of an independent status during the late medieval period of Nepalese history. A Kotche king Sangla Ing, who was the first ruler of Vijayapur state, founded the fort. Pungla Ing succeeded Sangla Ing who was also known by the name of Amara Roy. Kirti Narayan Roy Appa Narayan Roy, Jora Narayan Roy, Ingdi Narayan Roy and Vijaya Narayan Roy succeeded Amara Roy respectively. The seven Kotche kings ruled Vijayapur down to the period of Vijaya Narayan Roy who was the last ruler of that dynasty.&lt;strike&gt;1&lt;/strike&gt; They are said to have been migrated from Kooch Bihar, thus called the Koche kings. The administrative centre of the Kotche dynasty was at Baratappa and later transferred to Vijayapur. Raja Vijaya Narayan Roy was an amicable as well as diplomatic ruler. He established cordial relations with the Kirata subjects of Pheddap region. He made an alliance with Morey Hang, a chieftain of the Kirata, and appointed him as the minister (Dewan). With the help of the Kiratas, Vijaya Narayan Roy was able to repair the old fort of Bhatabhunge Gadhi and shifted his capital from Baratappa to that fort. Then the fort was called Vijayapur Gadhi. Moreover, Hang Khewang was given the rank of minister permanently by the king.&lt;strike&gt;2&lt;/strike&gt; The territory of Vijayapur was expanded up to the Himalayas in the north, river Ganga in the south, Sapta Koshi, Barahakshetra in the west and Jalapaigudi and river Tista in the east.&lt;strike&gt;3&lt;/strike&gt; The eastern border of Vijayapur was not regulated due to the clashes occurred with Sikkim and Bhutan (Bhootang) because those principalities were front door neighbours of Vijayapur.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
Vijayapur in the Historical Period&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The oriental classical scriptures do not mention about Baratappa, Morang or Viajyapur. However, there is description of Videha, Mithila and Janakpur as the independent political entities in various classical texts.&lt;strike&gt;4&lt;/strike&gt; Since 8th to 6th century B.C., Videha Janak dynasty is said to have became powerful in Janakpur. The Brizzi Sangha was formed during the first half of the 8th century B.C. Ajatasatru destroyed Brizzi Sangha during the first quarter of the 6th century B.C.&lt;strike&gt;5&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
There were sixteen monarchical and eleven non-monarchical states in the northern part of Harivarsha (India) before the incarnation of Lord Buddha. The Videha of Mithila state was under a union of non-monarchical groups.&lt;strike&gt;6&lt;/strike&gt; In the first half of the 3rd century A.D., there were marital relations between the Gupta rulers and the Lichhavi rulers of Vaisali and Nepal. The Lichchhavis ruled in ancient Nepal. Mithila was under the Lichchhavis of Nepal. The cities have archaeological significance regarding Mithila. Some of them are within the Nepali territory.&lt;strike&gt;7&lt;/strike&gt; Those archaeological remains support the fact that east Nepal and northern Bengal were under the jurisdiction of Mithila domain. After the declining power of Janakpur, the Lichchhavi rulers of Nepal captured the whole area of Mithila under their suzerainty. The stone inscriptions of King Manadeva of Lichchhavi dynasty opine that eastern feudals were the Sontha or Sathaha who were subjugated by the king. The Sontha or Sothaha indicates the inhabitants of east Nepal including those of Mithila Janakpur and further south - east.&lt;strike&gt;8&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
East Nepal is still called the Kirata Region. The entire region was divided into 3 main. Those areas were situated in lower hill areas adjoining the Himalaya in the north and Tarai in the south. One source mentions Kirata population in Nepal as 900,000.&lt;strike&gt;9&lt;/strike&gt; Pallo–Kirata directly jostled with Sikkim and Bhutan for its entity. River Tista adjoined Hazary, Rangamutty and Cooch Bihar in the South.&lt;strike&gt;10&lt;/strike&gt; About the history of Vijayapur, Sarat Chandra Das assumes that the former ruler of the Kampachan Valley (Kanchanjangha) were the Magars which may be verified by ruins of forts and settlements in the Kampachan area. The Magar rulers were not liberal to the Sherpa subjects who were Tibetan migrants. The Magar rulers collected exorbitant taxes from Sherpas subjects.&lt;strike&gt;11&lt;/strike&gt; It is said that the latter conspired and murdered the Magar King. Later, they Sherpas attended the funeral ceremony. The widow queen requested them to perform religious rites by accepting liquor contaminated with poisonous substances. The Sherpas drank it and finally they met a tragic end. The widow was successful to take revenge of the king’s assassination.&lt;strike&gt;12&lt;/strike&gt; The place where the king was cremated is known as Tong-Song-Fong. Then the Sherpas requested the Tibetan government to fight against the Magars. The Tibetan army marched into Kampachan Valley who drove out the Magars. The Magar force resisted for three months but could not defeat Tibetans. The Magars were forced to leave Kampanchan valley and scattered towards the west. However, no evidence supports this version of historical description.&lt;strike&gt;13&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strike&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
Vijayapur Under the Kotche Kings&lt;/h3&gt;
After the fall of Magars from Kampachan valley, the Tibetan Lamas elected Tenzing Lama Guru as the chief of that area. Later on, he was declared the first king of the region. Most of the subjects were Lepchas whose country was called Renzyong. Tibetans called it Dezong. The Kiratas called Su-Him and the Khashas called it Su-Khim. Later it became popular as Sikkim.&lt;strike&gt;14&lt;/strike&gt; The above context supports the fact that the kings of Sikkim were not the original inhabitants of that area. They were the Tibetan migrants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While tracing remote antiquity of Kathmandu valley, the Gopalas, Ahiras and the Kiratas ruled the valley in different times. The first Kirata King was Yalambara. The 16th generation of King Yalambara was Kuko Hang. Kuko Hang was banished. Consequently, Kiratas were compelled to move to the east. Later, they scattered resulting to various places and formed various tribal groups. It is said that the Lepchas were compelled to move beyond river Tista. Later, there were many wars between Kiratas and the Lepchas. All the Lepchas were compelled to move and settle in Bhootang.&lt;strike&gt;15&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strike&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/strike&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
The Kirata Chieftains of the East:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The Kiratas of East Nepal were mainly divided into ten groups. Thus, they are known as Dasa Kirata. The name of provinces and Kirata chiefs are as follows:&lt;strike&gt;16&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
1. Takluk Denyok (Chhathar province) - Khebo Hang Raja.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
2. Kurle Yok (Chaubish Miklung Province)- Mabo Hang Raja.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
3. Fedeen Yok (Panch Thar Province) - Pappo Hang Raja.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
4. Aang Daang Yok (Ilam Phakphok Province)- Lolim Hang Raja.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
5. Hastapoo Yok (Phikle and East Province)- Linse Hang Raja.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
6. Pokla Bang Yok (Seven Thari Phhedap)- Foyo Hang&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
7. Poma Jung Yok (Phangden Aathrai) - Aaklupharoy Raja.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
8. Takpesu Yok (Tamber Khola Province)- Samb Shreng Hang .&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
9. Merinden Yok (Arun Khola Province) - Sisiyen Roy Raja.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
10. Chhenlung Yok (Thasa Paanch Khapan)- Meieng Hang Roy&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Half of the provinces were located around Tista. The Kiratas used the pastureland of Tista valley. Thus, that region was called the Kharka or the pasturage of the Dasa Kirata because most of the land was covered with dense forest. Animal products attracted the herdsmen and later they started to settle there.&lt;strike&gt;17&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Archaeological remains of Bandamtan region proved that there was a mixed civilization of various tribal groups during the 12th century. That tribal civilization was a mixture of indigenous Magars, Lepchas and Limbus.&lt;strike&gt;18&lt;/strike&gt; During the first half of the 17th century, Tibetans campaigned for southern migration crossing the Himalayan Passes. They pushed and chased Magars and Kiratas to westward. The Magars and Kiratas resettled in Vijayapur area. Therefore, they were the inhabitants of Vijayapur, Morang, Baratappa, Giddhe Pahad and Tista river valley.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The chieftains and people of Dasa Kirata were expert in archery, physical activities, military organization, building forts and agricultural works. The ten chieftains were united. The Kotche Kings administered the Kirata region. The Kotche Kings were strongly supported by the Kirata chieftains. Those chieftains were called Dewan or Roy. They were given the title of minister for six months in the rotation basis. This tradition continued until the second half of the 17th century. When Morey Hang Dewan was supposed to be appointed as the minister, there occurred a rape case. The Dewan was accused of the case. The princess of the Vijayapur complained about it to the King. The king with the support of the cabinet decided capital punishment for the Dewan.&lt;strike&gt;19&lt;/strike&gt; Baja Hang, the son of the Dewan, was determined to take revenge of his father's death. He begged Mukunda Sen I, the King of Palpa to attack Vijayapur. Consequently, King Mukunda Sen I dispatched a troop under command of his youngest son Lohanga Sen to support Baja Hang. The troops of Palpa pierced Vijayapur and approached Mahanadi near Silgudhi. After the victory over Vijayapur, the army entered Giddhe Pahad. But a local commander killed Baja Han. However, the Vijayapur state came under the the juridiction of Lohang Sen of Palpa.&lt;strike&gt;20&lt;/strike&gt; Mukunda Sen I divided his kingdom among his sons. Lohang Sen was given the territory of Makawanpur and the eastern parts. Lohang Sen nominated sons of Baja Hang as ministers. He provided local-self-government by inscribing a copperplate mentioning the rights and duties of the chieftains of Dasa Kiratas.&lt;strike&gt;21&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strike&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
Vijayapur Under the Sen Kings.&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
The territory of Lohanga Sen extended from Makawanpur to Purnia and Jalapaigudhi.&lt;strike&gt;22&lt;/strike&gt; The territory of Das Kiratas was divided into two main regions i.e. Khumbuwan and Limbuwan. King Lohang Sen annexed both Limbuwan and Khumbuwan where the local chieftains ran the local administration. Lohang Sen's headquarter was Makawanpur. He renovated a number of shrines, religious centres, and pilgrim sites to revive Hinduism. In this campaign, Dewan Vidyachandra Roy assisted the King and founded the pious shrine of Budha Subba at Vijaypur.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Raghava Narendra Sen who expanded his state to Gandhawara and took the title of Hindupati, Master of Hindus, succeeded Lohang Sen. Gandhawara extends to Purnia, which touches the river Ganga.&lt;strike&gt;23&lt;/strike&gt; Harihar Indra Sen who had done remarkable religious and administrative works succeeded him. During his reign, Makwanpur state was divided into three parts, Makwanpur, Chaudandi and Vijayapur. His son Chhatrapati Indra Sen and his grandson Vidhata Indra Sen respectively became the Kings of Vijayapur. Mandhata Sen succeeded Vidhata Indra Sen. Raghu Nath Inddra Sen was the first and last ruler Vijayapur. His Dewan murdered him. He was succeeded by Karna Sen. Thus, from 1553-1775 A.D., Sen rulers of Palpa ruled over Vijayapur.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
Vijayapur Under the Rule of the House of Gorkha&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Prithvi Narayan Shah, the King of Gorkha was determined to unify Nepal. The Gorkhali warriors were well acquainted with the Vijayapur state. Prithivi Narayan Shah appointed Bakshi Abhiman Singh Basnyat and Sardar Ramkrishna Kunwar to conquer the eastern territory. They successfully conquered both hill and Tarai up to river Tista.&lt;strike&gt;24&lt;/strike&gt; Prithvi Narayan Shah appointed Biswamitra Upadhyaya and Gangananda Aacharya as the agents to settle border dispute with Sikkim. King Prithvi Narayan Shah retained the previous privileges of Kirata chief of Vijayapur region.&lt;strike&gt;25&lt;/strike&gt; Ganga Nanda Acharya was assassinated in Sikkim and Prithvi Narayan Shah issued an order to invade Sikkim. The latter seeked help from Lhasa, but in vain. Sikkim lost the war. As a matter of fact, she had to pay Rs 4000 to Prithvi Narayan Shah as tribute.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
After the conquest of Vijayapur two Subbas were appointed to rule the territory. They also advised to annex Sikkim into Nepal.&lt;strike&gt;26&lt;/strike&gt; Kaji Abhiman Singh Basnyat and Dhaukal Singh Basnyat were given the responsibility of Dewani to command 21 companies of Nepalese army.&lt;strike&gt;27&lt;/strike&gt; There was political unrest in Sikkim. Therefore, the king fled to Tibet who was also a disciple of Dalai Lama. Considering this situation, Subba Yoga Narayan Malla, the military commander was not permitted to attack Sikkim. Therefore, river Tista was agreed upon as the the border between Nepal and Sikkim in 1845 V. S. &lt;strike&gt;28&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
Conclusion:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
Vijayapur was an independent state during the later medieval ages. Kotche King Sangla Ing was the founder of that state. Baratappa was its capital. Vijaya Narayan Roy was the last ruler of this dynasty. Kiratas served as ministers who were called Dewan and Roy. Lohang Sen of Palpa replaced raja Vijaya Narayan Roy. After King Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered Vijayapur, the separate entity of that state ended. But the privileges given to the Kirata chieftains tended to continue even after it was annexed to Nepal. Kiratas constituted majority in Vijayapur state. They set up local government. Only the sovereign power was vested in the center. Even after the unification of Nepal, local government tended to exist.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* * *&lt;br /&gt;
-----------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;* Dr. Raja Ram Subedi is Professor in the Central Department of History, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;1&lt;/strike&gt; Iman Singh Chemjong, Kirata kalin Vijayapurko Sanchhipta Itihas, Kathmandu: Kirata Yakthum Chumlung, 2059, p. 20.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;2&lt;/strike&gt; F.B. Hamilton, An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, New Delhi: Manjushree Publishing House, 1971, pp. 133-147.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;3&lt;/strike&gt; Matrika Prasad Koirala, Ancient Nepal 4, Kathmandu: 2025, pp 15-25.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;4&lt;/strike&gt; T. N. Mishra, ‘Videha – Mithila (Seminar paper), pp. 1-2.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;5&lt;/strike&gt; Upendra Thakur, History of Mithila, Durbhanga: Mithila Institute, 1960, pp. 60-64.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;6&lt;/strike&gt; B.R. Ambedkar, The Buddha and His Dharma, Nagpur : Buddha Bhoomi Prakashan, 1997, pp. 1-5.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;7&lt;/strike&gt; Tarananda Mishra, 'Archeological Remains of Videha - Mithila, A Seminar Paper Presented in Royal Nepal Academy Kathmandu Nepal. Held in 2057 V.S., pp. 4-12.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;8&lt;/strike&gt; Dhana Vajra Bajracaharya, Lichhavi Kalin Abhilekh, Kathmandu: INAS, 2030 V.S. pp 13-60.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;9&lt;/strike&gt; Mohan Koirala (ed.), Divya Upadesh, Kathmandu: Royal Nepal academy, 2059 V.S., pp. 10-11.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;10&lt;/strike&gt; William Kirkpatrick, An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul, New Delhi: Asian Publication Service, 1975, pp. 280-282.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;11&lt;/strike&gt; W. Brook Northy and C. J. Morris, The Gurkhas, Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 1974, pp. 186-189.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;12&lt;/strike&gt; Ibid.,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;13&lt;/strike&gt; Ibid.,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;14&lt;/strike&gt; Neema Taklinmo, Lapcha Jatiko Utpatti ou Sristiko Ek Jhalko, Darjeeling: Shyam Brothers, 1968 A.D., pp. 1-3.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;15&lt;/strike&gt; Subba Prem Bahadur Mabohang Limbu, Bhupendra Nath Dhungel, Sankshipta Nepal Itihas, Kathmandu: Kirata Publication 2047 B. S., pp. 83-91.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;16&lt;/strike&gt; Ibid., pp 90-91.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;17&lt;/strike&gt; Gyan Mani Nepal, Nepal Sikkim Sambandha, Purbanchal: Nepal Itihas Vikash Samiti, 2041 V. S., pp. 5 -10.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;18&lt;/strike&gt; Harsha Bahadur Budha Magar, Is Gorkhaland A Reality or Simply Mirage? , Kathmandu: Pashupati Buda Magar, 1994, pp. 1-2.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;19&lt;/strike&gt; Hamilton, f. n. no. 2, pp. 132-135.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;20&lt;/strike&gt; Shaiva Kumar Shrestha, Limbuwanko Aitihasik Jhalak, Dhankuta: Gangadevi Shrestha, 2042, pp. 34-36.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;21&lt;/strike&gt; Iman Singh Chemjong, Kirat Kalin Vijayapurko Itihas, Kathmandu: Kirat Yakthum Chumlung, 2059 V. S., pp. 90-92.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;22&lt;/strike&gt; Kf"j{ j/fx If}qfGtd\ d'lSt If}qfGt d'Q/d\ . klZrd ?? If}qfGtd\ xl/ If}q jlwTotfd\ . Yogi Narahari Nath, Skandha Purana Himbat Khanda, Kashi: Yoga Pracharini Samiti, 2013, pp. 105-108.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;23&lt;/strike&gt; Hamilton, f. n. no. 2. pp. 35-137, Vishnu Prasad Ghimire, Palpa Rajyako Itihans, Chitawan: CDA, 2056, pp. 35-37.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;24&lt;/strike&gt; Chemjong, f. n. no. 21, pp.99-100.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;25&lt;/strike&gt; Nepal, f. n. no. 17, p. 22&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;26&lt;/strike&gt; Nepal , f. n. no. 17.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;27&lt;/strike&gt; Yogi Narahari Nath, itihas Prakashma sandhi Patra Sangraha, Vol. 1, Dang: Adhyatmik Sammelan, 2022 V.S., p. 188&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;strike&gt;28&lt;/strike&gt; Nepal, f. n. no. 17, pp. 24-25.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 600px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td align="left"&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://wow-ekawaaj.blogspot.com/" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="Come here for facebook, internet, bloggers tips and secret tricks" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkQuh4yDEPfl22WL6kovnwYhabgk-aBccLrCYtUj66HWF2o1DVEb2NopWDliEDmO5AjPP9Axjut8Zv6T_lsm29egwvEUbbeQ_bIc5zXpK3QXk5acgJmDfnNCF8QMZu310ghEM0rMH8aHB/s1600/advertise_here.gif" title="world of wonder" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://wow-ekawaaj.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;World of Wonder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;span style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.facebook.com/groups/ekawaaj" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="Join our Community on Facebook" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzwVMqd4nO3owBiSmOyqrkM6YsE_fQ6b5foqeqB0oyo4_V1ntuu9wLQEIYSPlLHFm1Who37Vj7IUGY2n6ZkpqPdw7jC0-sKrjr5nDlyOdk-pG1n_76N6q8JpjgXhscdRBd8C_RclCyVUYM/s1600/post_ek_125x.jpg" title="Ek Awaaj" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/ekawaaj/" target="_blank"&gt;Join Community&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/p/contact.html" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img alt="Contact with Blogger" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhek8ZhgHLwaEpa9M1ccWk1fTNTArs6KgeUG_-86y7usQ2Fy81FmRY8UPQJCR90fJcIBmkmsZSArQX4mSwA7Ls3fwxF2jtu1ZBpkXC44tbz7K895zlv5T-2id4niQSsBGqw3oJ3nooi6W48/s1600/post_profile_125x.jpg" title="author" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ekmadhesh.blogspot.com/p/contact.html" target="_blank"&gt;Blogger&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;span style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXzw8VsK-Trf-zsHPXpHuak4YFFqOOfLjrxDko0mXYNfA0zZjjkFgFz5uleL2uIjevXUc0OTwRvGpqIX54g6eAj0jCqKYY-S3iclFWGRQdeiplIf4e1QkOAdzVmOLSsIkLQc2IRVMGSKtV/s72-c/Image+-+15-01-2014.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0">0</thr:total><author>noreply@blogger.com (Saroj Ray)</author></item></channel></rss>