urdu blog

2011-08-12T03:37:00.000-07:00

WINRAR 3.5(FULL)

Features of WinRAR:
WinRAR is a powerful archive manager. It can backup your data and
reduce the size of email attachments, decompress RAR, ZIP and other
files downloaded from Internet and create new archives in RAR and ZIP
file format.

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2011-08-11T02:14:00.000-07:00

FULL VERSION OF ADOBE PHOTOSHOP 7 FREE DOWNLOAD

Adobe has released Photoshop 7.0 an update of their professional image-editing program
for creating, editing, and retouching images that can be used in all media, including print,
the Web, and wireless devices. The changes and additions in this new version can be found throughout the application, from the look, feel, and content of the application interface to support for Mac OS X and Windows XP (the latest versions of Mac and Microsoft Windows operating systems). Some of these changes are major, while some are simply cosmetic. But,
from the ground up, a revised architecture, new control windows, and an overhauled paint engine enhance the power of the program. New retouching tools and enhanced Web features round out Photoshop's capabilities to meet any creative or production demand and handle any image-editing task. Some of the new components of the upgrade have revitalized dialog boxes and enhanced workflow capabilities. The centerpieces include the File Browser to visually identify and open images; the Healing Brush and Patch tool to restore distressed images; the Auto Color command for instant, reliable color correction; a customizable and savable workspace; and a Spell Checker and Search and replace features.
Available for both PC and Macintosh. Price: $609; upgrade $149. For a limited time, a "Best of Photoshop 7.0" training CD will be included with full units and upgrades to Photoshop 7.0. The four popular Adobe Collections software suites, the Design Collection, Digital Video Collection, Publishing Collection and Web Collection, also have been upgraded to feature Photoshop 7.0. Upgrades from Adobe Photoshop Elements are available directly from Adobe for $499. See the Adobe Web site for further information on Adobe products: http://www.adobe.com.

Adobe Photoshop 7.0--The new and enhanced features in this version are:

File Browser--The new File Browser lets you search for images visually rather than just by file name.

Healing Brush & Patch Tool--The Healing Brush and Patch Tool lets you remove artifacts such as dust, scratches, blemishes, and wrinkles.

Web Transparency--The new Save for Web option enables you to remap colors to transparency or to other colors and to dither a transparency for better partially transparent effects in your Web graphics.

Enhanced Web Output--Keep vector art and text looking crisp by letting Photoshop or ImageReady automatically assign a higher priority to those areas when you optimize an image for the Web.

WBMP Support--Preview and save for Web in WBMP format, commonly used for displaying images on PDAs and wireless devices.

Rollovers Palette--Use one convenient palette to create, view, and set rollover states.

Workspaces--Customize your Photoshop working environment by creating a palette layout and then saving the layout as a workspace.

Tool Presets--Customize any tool and save your settings as a new, unique tool.

Auto Color Command--With the new Auto Color command, color correction is easier.

Data-Driven Graphics--Use the new data-driven graphics feature in ImageReady to combine visual sophistication with automated production.

Paint Engine--Create and save custom brushes with a powerful new paint engine that lets you adjust dozens of different brush settings.

Art Studio Brushes--In addition to the brushes you create yourself, you can use the preset brushes included on the Photoshop CD.

Pattern Maker--With the new Pattern Maker plug-in, you can create patterns simply by selecting a section of an image.

Liquify Enhancements--The Liquify command offers more flexibility and allows you to save custom meshes.

PDF Security--Offers complete support for Acrobat 5.0 security settings.

Picture Package Enhancements--Now you can print to different page sizes.

Web Photos Gallery Enhancements--Provides new templates to give you more flexibility.

XMP Support--Add metadata in XMP so you files can be indexed by Internet search engines.

Text Support--Use the new spell checker and find and replace features to eliminate typos.

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2011-08-10T02:38:00.000-07:00

A NEW MOVIE (Crazy Stupid Love) LOVE STORYhttp://www.letmewatchthis.ch/watch-2725869-Crazy-Stupid-Love

DIE HARD 4

2011-08-10T02:23:00.000-07:00

http://freehindifilms.blogspot.com/2011/03/die-hard-40-2007-in-hindi.html

MCSE COMPLETE INTRODUCTION

2011-08-10T02:17:00.000-07:00

BY AYSH GROUP

MCSE (Microsoft Certified System Engineer)

A certification program offered by Microsoft. To become an MCSE you must pass a series of standardized tests at Microsoft-approved testing facilities. On the positive side, the MCSE certification is designed to give employers an easier way of screening candidates. On the negative side, a candidate with an MCSE and little practical knowledge may unfairly receive consideration over a more qualified non-MCSE.

The MCSE program is the most popular of a set of training programs that Microsoft calls the Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP). In other MCP programs, you can gain certification as a Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD), a Microsoft Certified Product Specialist (MCPS), or a Microsoft Certified Trainer (MCT).

Exams: F70-270 Installing, Configuring, Administering Windows XP Professional	Exams: 70-290 Managing and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Environment
Introduction of XP and Desktop Setting	Introducing Windows 2003 Server
Installation of XP	Managing Basic and Dynamic Disk
Advance Installation Topic	RAID, Utlities and Quota
Installation of Windows with RIS	Managing Server Hardware
Advance RIS Concept	Managing and Troubleshooting User Accounts
Administration of Printer and Fax	Automating User Account Management
Managing Device and Drivers	Managing User Profile
User Hardware and Profile	Managing User Account Login
Monitoring and Optimizing Performance	Managing Computer Accounts
Windows XP Performance Enhancement	Managing Groups
Hard disk and Remote Media	Managing Resource Access: Share Permission
Remote Desktop	Managing Resource Access NTFS Permission
Remote Assistance	Managing Printer
TCP/IP concept	IIS
Windows XP and Media computer	Administration and RDP
Internet Explorer and Security configuration	Event Viewer and Task Manger
Share and NTFS Permission	Performance monitoring and Analysis
Implementing and Monitoring Security	SUS
Application Compatibility	Shadow Copy and Backup
Disaster Recovery Tool	Recovery tool

Exams: 70-291 Implementing, Managing, and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure	Exams: 70-293 Planning and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure
IP Addressing	Server Roles
Custom Subnetting	Security
TCP/IP Configurationg	Security and GPO Processing
IP Tools	Security Templates
DHCP Configuration	Network Planning and Design
DHCP Management	IP Addressing
DNS	TCP/IP Configuration
WINS	Internet Connectivity
RRAS	Routing
Dialup	Remote Access Authentication & Policies
VPN	WINS
RADIUS and RAS Policies	DNS
Routing	IPSec
Security Templates	Performance Monitoring and NLB
Security	Clustering
IPSec	Security Updates
RRAS	Terminal Services
Internet Access	System Recovery
Server Services

Exams: 70-294 Planning, Implementing, Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Infrastructure	Exams: 70-294: Designing a Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure
Active Directory Introduction	NT 4.0 Upgrade Part 1
Installing Active Directory	NT 4.0 Upgrade Part 2
The Schema	Functional Levels and the AD Migration Tool
User Principal Names and Trusts	Domain Structure
The Global Catalog and Universal Group Caching	The Global Catalog and Sites
Operations Master Roles	OUs and Group Policy Objects
Replication	DNS Part 1
Sites	DNS Part 2
Active Directory Tools	WINS
User Authentication	DHCP
Security Groups	RRAS part 1: VPNs
Organizational Units	RRAS part 2: IAS
Group Policy	Case Study 1
	Case Study 2

Exams: 70-350 Implementing Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server 2004
Microsoft’s Firewall Evolution :The Road to Server 2004
ISA Server 2004 Features
The Ring Fight’s Server vs .The Competition
ISA Server 2004 Design and installation
ISA Server is installed…. Now what?
Selecting the ISA client Types
Building the ISA Network Infrastructure
ISA Server Publishing
Configure ISA Server for VPNs
ISA Server’s caching capabilities
Monitoring ISA Server
Introducing ISA Server 2004.. Enterprise Edition

2011-06-27T02:22:00.002-07:00

2011-06-27T02:22:00.000-07:00

DOWNLOAD ALL HOLLYWOOD MOVIES FOR FREE: Hackers (1995)

2011-02-26T01:36:00.000-08:00

DOWNLOAD ALL HOLLYWOOD MOVIES FOR FREE: Hackers (1995)

2010-04-27T23:45:00.000-07:00

CCNA LAB 9

2010-04-19T22:24:00.000-07:00

(Updated from real CCNA exam on 19-Feb-2009)

Question:

This task requires you to use the CLI of Sw-AC3 to answer five multiple-choice questions. This does not require any configuration.
To answer the multiple-choice questions, click on the numbered boxes in the right panel.
There are five multiple-choice questions with this task. Be sure to answer all five questions before leaving this item.

Notice: All the images in this VTP LAB are used for demonstration only, you will see slightly different images in the real CCNA exam

Question 1:

What interface did Sw-AC3 associate with source MAC address 0010.5a0c.ffba ?

a) Fa0/1
b) Fa0/3
c) Fa0/6
d) Fa0/8
e) Fa0/9
f) Fa0/12

Answer: Fa 0/8

Explanation: to find out which interface associated with a given MAC address, use the show mac-address-table command. It shows the learned MAC addresses and their associated interfaces. After entering this command, you will see a MAC address table like this:

From this table we can figure out that the MAC address 0010.5a0c.ffba is associated with interface Fa0/8

Question 2:

What ports on Sw-AC3 are operating has trunks (choose three)?

a) Fa0/1
b) Fa0/3
c) Fa0/4
d) Fa0/6
e) Fa0/9
f) Fa0/12

Answer: Fa0/3, Fa0/9 and Fa0/12

Explanation: Use the show interface trunk command to determine the trunking status of a link and VLAN status. This command lists port, its mode, encapsulation and whether it is trunking. The image below shows how it works:

(This image is used for demonstration only)

Question 3:

What kind of router is VLAN-R1?

a) 1720
b) 1841
c) 2611
d) 2620

Answer: 2620

Explanation: VLAN-R1 is the router directly connected to Sw-Ac3 switch, so we can use the show cdp neighbors command to see:

1. Neighbor Device ID : The name of the neighbor device;
2. Local Interface : The interface to which this neighbor is heard
3. Capability: Capability of this neighboring device - R for router, S for switch, H for Host etc.
4. Platform: Which type of device the neighbor is
5. Port ID: The interface of the remote neighbor you receive CDP information
6. Holdtime: Decremental hold time in seconds

Sample output of show cdp neighbors command:

One thing I want to notice you is "Local Intrfce" in the image above refers to the local interface on the device you are running the "show cdp neighbors" command

Question 4: Which switch is the root bridge for VLAN 1?

Answer: Sw-DS1

Explanation: First we use the show spanning-tree vlan 1 to view the spanning-tree information of VLAN 1

From the "Cost 19", we learn that the root switch is directly connected to the Sw-Ac3 switch over a 100Mbps Ethernet link

Notice that if you see all of the interface roles are Desg (designated) then you can confirm Sw-Ac3 switch is the root bridge for this VLAN (VLAN 1).

If you see there is at least one Root port in the interface roles then you can confirm Sw-Ac3 is not the root bridge because root bridge does not have root port. In this case, we notice that the root port on Sw-Ac3 switch is FastEthernet0/12, so we have to figure out which switch is associated with this port -> it is the root bridge. You can verify it with the show cdp neighbors command:

The "Local Intrfce" column refers to the interface on the switch running "show cdp neighbors" command. In this case, Sw-DS1 is associated with interface FastEthernet0/12 -> Sw-DS1 is the root bridge

Question 5: What address should be configured as the default-gateway for the host connected to interface fa 0/4 of SW-Ac3?

Answer: 192.168.44.254

Explanation:

First we have to identify which VLAN interface Fa0/4 belongs to by the show vlan command

From the exhibit we know that VLAN 44 is configured on router using sub-interface Fa0/0.44 with IP address 192.168.44.254/24

Therefore the default gateway of the host should be 192.168.44.254

Question 6: From which switch did Sw-Ac3 receive VLAN information ?

Answer: Sw-AC2

Explanation: to view the VTP configuration information, use the show vtp status command

So we knew Sw-Ac3 received VLAN information from 163.5.8.3 (notice:the IP address may be different). Finally we use the show cdp neighbors detail to find out who 163.5.8.3 is:

Question 7: Refer to the exibit, SwX was taken out of the production network for maintenance. It will be reconnected to the Fa 0/16 port of Sw-Ac3. What happens to the network when it is reconnected and a trunk exists between the two switches?

A - All VLANs except the default VLAN win be removed from all switches
B - All existing switches will have the students, admin, faculty, Servers, Management, Production, and no-where VLANs
C - The VLANs Servers, Management, Production and no-where will replace the VLANs on SwX
D - The VLANs Servers, Management, Production and no-where will be removed from existing switches

Answer and Explanation:

First we should view the VTP configuration of switch Sw-Ac3 by using the show vtp status command on Sw-Ac3

Notice that its configuration revision number is 5 and VTP Domain Name is home-office

Next, from the exhibit we know that SwX has a revision number of 6, which is greater than that of Sw-Ac3 switch, and both of them have same VTP Domain Name called "home-office".

Therefore SwX will replace vlan information on other switches with its own information. We should check vlan information of Sw-Ac3 switch with show vlan command

So the correct answer is D - The VLANs Servers, Management, Production and no-where will be removed from existing switches

Please remember that in the real CCNA exam you may see a different configuration revision of Sw-Ac3 or of SwX. In general, which switch has a higher revision number it will become the updater and other switches will overwrite their current databases with the new information received from the updater (provided that they are on the same domain and that switch is not in transparent mode)

Question 8:

Out of which ports will a frame be forwarded that has source mac-address 0010.5a0c.fd86 and destination mac-address 000a.8a47.e612? (Choose three)

A - Fa0/8
B - Fa0/3
C - Fa0/1
D - Fa0/12

Answer: B C D

Explanation:

First we check to see which ports the source mac-address and the destination mac-address belong to by using show mac-address-table command

We notice that the source mac-address 0010.5a0c.fd86 is listed in the table and it belongs to Vlan 33 but we can't find the destination mac-address 000a.8a47.e612 in this table. In this case, the switch will flood to all ports of Vlan 33 and flood to all the trunk links, except the port it received this frame (port Fa0/6). Therefore from the output above, we can figure out it will flood this frame to Fa0/1, Fa0/3 and Fa0/12.

Please notice that the "show mac-address-table" command just lists information that was learned by the switch, it means that there can be other ports besides Fa0/1, Fa0/3 and Fa0/12 belong to Vlan 33. You can use the show vlan command to see which ports belong to vlan 33

And we found other ports which belong to vlan 33, they are Fa0/2, Fa0/5 and Fa0/7. Our switch will flood the frame to these ports, too.

And we can check which trunk ports will receive this frame by the show interface trunk command

-> Port Fa0/9 will also receive this frame!

Question 9:

If one of the host connected to Sw-AC3 wants to send something for the ip 190.0.2.5 (or any ip that is not on the same subnet) what will be the destination MAC address

Answer and Explanation:

Because the destination address is not on the same subnet with the switch, it will forward the packet to its default gateway. So we have to find out who is the default gateway of this switch by using the show running-config command

From the output, we notice that its default-gateway is 192.168.1.254. In fact, we can easily guess that its default gateway should be a layer 3 device like a router; and in this case, the VLAN-R1 router. To verify our theory, use the show cdp neighbor detail command and focus on the description of VLAN-R1 router

From this output, we can confirm the switch's default gateway is VLAN-R1 router (with the IP address of 192.168.1.254). And "the interface: FastEthernet0/3" tells us that the switch is connected to VLAN-R1 router through Fa0/3 port (Fa0/3 is the port on the switch).

Finally we just need to use the show mac-address-table command to find out which MAC address is associated with this interface

(Notice that in the real CCNA exam the MAC address or port may be different)

And we find out the corresponding MAC address is 000a.b7e9.8360. Although there are some entries of port Fa0/3 with different Vlan but they have the same MAC address

CCNA LAB 8

2010-04-19T22:22:00.000-07:00

(Updated from real CCNA exam on 19-Feb-2009)

Question:

To configure the router (R2-RC) click on the console host icon that is connected to a router by a serial console cable (shown in the diagram as a dashed black line)

Central Florida Widgets recently installed a new router in their office. Complete the network installation by performing the initial router configurations and configuring RIPV2 routing using the router command line interface (CLI) on the R2-RC.

Name of the router is R2-RC
Enable-secret password is cisco1
The password to access user EXEC mode using the console is cisco2
The password to allow telnet access to the router is cisco3
IPV4 addresses must be configured as follows:
Ethernet network 209.165.202.128/27 - router has last assignable host address in subnet
Serial network is 192.0.2.16/28 - router has last assignable host address in the subnet. Interfaces should be enabled.
Router protocol is RIP V2

Attention :
In practical examinations, please note the following, the actual information will prevail.
s1. Name of the router is xxx
2. Enable-secret password is xxx
3. Password to access user EXEC mode using the console is xxx
4. The password to allow telnet access to the router is xxx
5. IP information

Solution:

1) Name the router:

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#hostname R2-RC

2) Set secret password:

R2-RC(config)# enable secret cisco1

3) Set password for the console:

R2-RC(config)#line console 0
R2-RC(config-line)#password cisco2
R2-RC(config-line)#login
R2-RC(config-line)#exit

4) Set the Telnet password:

R2-RC(config)#line vty 0 4
R2-RC(config-line)#password cisco3
R2-RC(config-line)#login
R2-RC(config-line)#exit

5) Assign IP address for Ethernet interface (Fa0/0):

The Ethernet network 209.165.202.128/27 has:

Increment:32 (/27 = 255.255.255.224 or 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.1110 0000)
Network address: 209.165.202.128
Broadcast address: 209.165.202.159 (because 128 + 32 - 1 = 159)

Therefore the last assignable host address in this subnet is 209.165.202.158 and we will assign it to Fa0/0 interface with these commands:

R2-RC(config)# interface fa0/0
R2-RC(config-if)#ip address 209.165.202.158 255.255.255.224
R2-RC(config-if)#no shutdown
R2-RC(config-if)#exit

6) Assign IP address for Serial interface (S0/0/0):

Serial network 192.0.2.16/28 has:

Increment:16 (/28 = 255.255.255.240 or 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 0000)
Network address: 192.0.2.16
Broadcast address: 192.0.2.31 (because 16 + 16 - 1 = 31)

So the last assignable host address in this subnet is 192.0.2.30. Finally we assign it to s0/0/0 interface:

R2-RC(config)# interface s0/0/0
R2-RC(config-if)#ip address 192.0.2.30 255.255.255.240
R2-RC(config-if)#no shutdown
R2-RC(config-if)#exit

7) Configure RIP v2 routing protocol:

R2-RC(config)#router rip
R2-RC(config-router)#version 2
R2-RC(config-router)#network 209.165.202.128
R2-RC(config-router)#network 192.0.2.16
R2-RC(config-router)#end
R2-RC#copy running-config startup-config

CCNA LAB 7

2010-04-19T22:20:00.001-07:00

(Updated from real CCNA exam on 07-March-2009)

Question:

An administrator is trying to ping and telnet from Switch to Router with the results shown below:

Switch>
Switch> ping 10.4.4.3
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.4.4.3,timeout is 2 seconds:
.U.U.U.
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
Switch>
Switch> telnet 10.4.4.3
Trying 10.4.4.3 ...
% Destination unreachable; gateway or host down
Switch>

Click the console connected to Router and issue the appropriate commands to answer the questions.

Answer and Explanation:

sFor this question we only need to use the show running-config command to answer all the questions below

Router>enable
Router#show running-config

Question 1:

Which will fix the issue and allow ONLY ping to work while keeping telnet disabled?

A - Correctly assign an IP address to interface fa0/1
B - Change the ip access-group command on fa0/0 from "in" to "out"
C - Remove access-group 106 in from interface fa0/0 and add access-group 115 in.
D - Remove access-group 102 out from interface s0/0/0 and add access-group 114 in
E - Remove access-group 106 in from interface fa0/0 and add access-group 104 in

Answer: E

Explanation:

Let's have a look at the access list 104:

The question does not ask about ftp traffic so we don't care about the two first lines. The 3rd line denies all telnet traffic and the 4th line allows icmp traffic to be sent (ping). Remember that the access list 104 is applied on the inbound direction so the 5th line "access-list 104 deny icmp any any echo-reply" will not affect our icmp traffic because the "echo-reply" message will be sent over the outbound direction.

Question 2:

What would be the effect of issuing the command ip access-group 114 in to the fa0/0 interface?

A - Attempts to telnet to the router would fail
B - It would allow all traffic from the 10.4.4.0 network
C - IP traffic would be passed through the interface but TCP and UDP traffic would not
D - Routing protocol updates for the 10.4.4.0 network would not be accepted from the fa0/0 interface

Answer: B

Explanation:

From the output of access-list 114: access-list 114 permit ip 10.4.4.0 0.0.0.255 any we can easily understand that this access list allows all traffic (ip) from 10.4.4.0/24 network

Question 3:

What would be the effect of issuing the command access-group 115 in on the s0/0/1 interface?

A - No host could connect to Router through s0/0/1
B - Telnet and ping would work but routing updates would fail.
C - FTP, FTP-DATA, echo, and www would work but telnet would fail
D - Only traffic from the 10.4.4.0 network would pass through the interface

Answer: A

Explanation:

First let's see what was configured on interface S0/0/1:

Recall that each interface only accepts one access-list, so when using the command “ip access-group 115 in” on the s0/0/1 interface it will overwrite the initial access-list 102. Therefore any telnet connection will be accepted (so we can eliminate answer C).
B is not correct because if telnet and ping can work then routing updates can, too.
D is not correct because access-list 115 does not mention about 10.4.4.0 network. So the most reasonable answer is A.

But here raise a question…

The wildcard mask of access-list 115, which is 255.255.255.0, means that only host with ip addresses in the form of x.x.x.0 will be accepted. But we all know that x.x.x.0 is likely to be a network address so the answer A: “no host could connect to Router through s0/0/1” seems right…

But what will happen if we don’t use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0? For example we can use an ip address of 10.45.45.0 255.255.0.0, such a host with that ip address exists and we can connect to the router through that host. Now answer A seems incorrect!

CCNA LAB 6

2010-04-19T22:19:00.000-07:00

Updated from latest CCNA exam (updated 08-26-2008)

Question:

You work as a network technician at 9tut.com. Study the exhibit carefully. You are required to perform configurations to enable Internet access. The Router ISP has given you six public IP addresses in the 198.18.32.65 198.18.32.70/29 range.
9tut.com has 62 clients that needs to have simultaneous internet access. These local hosts use private IP addresses in the 192.168.6.65 - 192.168.6.126/26 range.
You need to configure Router1 using the PC1 console.
You have already made basic router configuration. You have also configured the appropriate NAT interfaces; NAT inside and NAT outside respectively.
Now you are required to finish the configuration of Router1.

Solution:

The company has 62 hosts that need to access the internet simultaneously but we just have 6 public IP addresses from 198.18.32.65 to 198.18.32.70/29 => we have to use NAT overload (or PAT)

Double click on PC1 to access Router1's command line interface

Router1>enable
Router1#configure terminal

Create a NAT pool of global addresses to be allocated with their netmask (notice that /29 = 248)

sss
Router1(config)#ip nat pool mypool 198.18.32.65 198.18.32.70 netmask 255.255.255.248

Create a standard access control list that permits the addresses that are to be translated

Router1(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.6.64 0.0.0.63

Establish dynamic source translation, specifying the access list that was defined in the prior step

Router1(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool mypool overload

This command translates all source addresses that pass access list 1, which means a source address from 192.168.6.65 to 192.168.6.126, into an address from the pool named mypool (the pool contains addresses from 198.18.32.65 to 198.18.32.70)

Overload keyword allows to map multiple IP addresses to a single registered IP address (many-to-one) by using different ports

The question said that appropriate interfaces have been configured for NAT inside and NAT outside statements.

This is how to configure the NAT inside and NAT outside, just for your understanding:

Router1(config)#interface fa0/0
Router1(config-if)#ip nat inside

Router1(config-if)#exit

Router1(config)#interface s0/0
Router1(config-if)#ip nat outside

Before leaving Router1, you should save the configuration:

Router1(config)#end (or Router1(config-if)#end)
Router1#copy running-config startup-config

Check your configuration by going to PC2 and type:

C:\>ping 192.0.2.114

The ping should work well and you will be replied from 192.0.2.114

CCNA LAB 5

2010-04-19T22:17:00.000-07:00

Here you will find answers to SIMULATION Questions

Question:

A network associate is configuring a router for the weaver company to provide internet access. The ISP has provided the company six public IP addresses of 198.18.184.105 198.18.184.110. The company has 14 hosts that need to access the internet simultaneously. The hosts in the company LAN have been assigned private space addresses in the range of 192.168.100.17 – 192.168.100.30.

The following have already been configured on the router：

- The basic router configuration

- The appropriate interfaces have been configured for NAT inside and NAT outside

- The appropriate static routes have also been configured (since the company will be a stub network, no routing protocol will be required.)

- All passwords have been temporarily set to "cisco"

Solution:

The company has 14 hosts that need to access the internet simultaneously but we just have 6 public IP addresses from 198.18.184.105 to 198.18.184.110/29. Therefore we have to use NAT overload (or PAT)

Double click on the Weaver router to open it

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal

First you should change the router's name to Weaver

Router(config)#hostname Weaver

Create a NAT pool of global addresses to be allocated with their netmask.

Weaver(config)#ip nat pool mypool 198.18.184.105 198.18.184.110 netmask 255.255.255.248

Create a standard access control list that permits the addresses that are to be translated

Weaver(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.100.16 0.0.0.15

Establish dynamic source translation, specifying the access list that was defined in the prior step

Weaver(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool mypool overload

This command translates all source addresses that pass access list 1, which means a source address from 192.168.100.17 to 192.168.100.30, into an address from the pool named mypool (the pool contains addresses from 198.18.184.105 to 198.18.184.110)

This is how to configure the NAT inside and NAT outside, just for your understanding:

Weaver(config)#interface fa0/0
Weaver(config-if)#ip nat inside

Weaver(config-if)#exit

Weaver(config)#interface s0/0
Weaver(config-if)#ip nat outside
Weaver(config-if)#end

Finally, we should save all your work with the following command:

Weaver#copy running-config startup-config

Check your configuration by going to "Host for testing" and type:

C:\>ping 192.0.2.114

The ping should work well and you will be replied from 192.0.2.114

CCNA LAB 4

2010-04-19T22:14:00.000-07:00

(Updated from real CCNA Exam on 19-Feb-2009)

Question:

After adding R3 router, no routing updates are being exchanged between R3 and the new location. All other inter connectivity and Internet access for the existing locations of the company are working properly.
The task is to identify the fault(s) and correct the router configuration to provide full connectivity between the routers.

Access to the router CLI can be gained by clicking on the appropriate host. All passwords on all routers are cisco.

IP addresses are listed in the chart below.

R1 Fa0/0: 192.168.77.33 S1/0: 198.0.18.6 S0/1: 192.168.60.25	R2 Fa0/0: 192.168.60.97 Fa0/1: 192.168.60.113 S0/0: 192.168.36.14
R3 Fa0/0: 192.168.77.34 Fa0/1: 192.168.60.65 Fa1/0: 192.168.60.81	R4 Fa0/0: 192.168.60.129 Fa0/1: 192.168.60.145 S0/1: 192.168.60.26

Answer and explanation:

We should check the configuration of the new added router first because it does not function properly while others work well. From the command line interface of R3 router, enter the show running-config command

From the output above, we know that this router was wrongly configured with an autonomous number (AS) of 22. When the AS numbers among routers are mismatched, no adjacency is formed.
(You should check the AS numbers on other routers for sure)

To solve this problem, we simply re-configure router R3 with the following commands:

R3>enable (you have to enter cisco as its password here)
R3#configure terminal
R3(config)#no router eigrp 22
R3(config)#router eigrp 212
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.60.0
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.77.0
R3(config-router)#no auto-summary
R3(config-router)#end
R3#copy running-config startup-config

Check R1 router with the show running-config command:

Notice that it is missing a definition to the network R3. Therefore we have to add it so that it can recognize R3 router

R1>enable (you have to enter cisco as its password here)
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#router eigrp 212
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.77.0
R1(config-router)#end
R1#copy running-config startup-config

Now the whole network will work well. You should check again with ping command from router R3 to other routers!

CCNA LAB 3

2010-04-19T22:13:00.000-07:00

(Updated from real CCNA exam on 19-Feb-2009)

Question:

You have been hired by Specialty Hardware Incorporated to document the layout of the network. Complete the following tasks: Complete the network topology shown in the graphic by dragging the labels below with the appropriate router types, interface types, and IP addresses to the graphic . Find the information you need by using the router console attached to the R-CENTER router.

Answer and explanation:

This is the simplest lab question in four labs you see in the real CCNA exam. First we should identify the types of these routers by using the show cdp neighbors command:

There are 3 columns we should pay more attention to:

+ Local Interface: the interface on the device you are using "show cdp neighbors" command. In this case it is the interface of R-CENTER router

+ Platform: the platform of neighbor device

+ Port ID: the neighbor device's port or interface on which the CDP packets are multicast

From the exhibit, the "Local Interface", "Platform" and "Port ID" columns, we can identify where these four routers should be placed and their corresponding associated ports

Finally, use the show running-config command to find out the ip addresses of four interfaces on R-CENTER

And we can easily assign corresponding ip addresses to four neighbor routers, which are on the same network with R-CENTER router's interfaces

Please remember in the real CCNA Exam the routers' types, ip addresses and interfaces may be different! So make sure you understand how it works.

CCNA LAB 2

2010-04-19T22:09:00.001-07:00

(Updated from real CCNA exam on 19-Feb-2009)

This topology contains 3 routers and 1 switch. Complete the topology.

Drag the appropriate device icons to the labeled Device
Drag the appropriate connections to the locations labeled Connections.
Drag the appropriate IP addresses to the locations labeled IP address

(Hint: use the given host addresses and Main router information)
To remove a device or connection, drag it away from the topology.

Use information gathered from the Main router to complete the configuration of any additional routers. No passwords are required to access the Main router. The config terminal command has been disabled for the HQ router. The router does not require any configuration.

Configure each additional router with the following:

Configure the interfaces with the correct IP address and enable the interfaces.
Set the password to allow console access to consolepw
Set the password to allow telnet access to telnetpw
Set the password to allow privilege mode access to privpw

Note: Because routes are not being added to the configurations, you will not be able to ping through the internetwork.
All devices have cable autosensing capabilities disabled.
All hosts are PC’s

Answer and explanation:

Specify appropriate devices and drag them on the "Device" boxes

For the device at the bottom-right box, we notice that it has 2 interfaces Fa0/2 and Fa0/4; moreover the link connects the PC on the right with the device on the bottom-right is a straight-through link -> it is a switch

The question stated that this topology contains 3 routers and 1 switch -> two other devices are routers

Place them on appropriate locations as following:

(Host D and host E will be automatically added after placing two routers. Click on them to access neighboring routers)

Specify appropriate connections between these devices:

+ The router on the left is connected with the Main router through FastEthernet interfaces: use a crossover cable
+ The router on the right is connected with the Main router through Serial interfaces: use a serial cable
+ The router on the right and the Switch: use a straight-through cable
+ The router on the left and the computer: use a crossover cable

(To remember which type of cable you should use, follow these tips:

- To connect two serial interfaces of 2 routers we use serial cable
- To specify when we use crossover cable or straight-through cable, we should remember:
Group 1: Router, Host, Server
Group 2: Hub, Switch
One device in group 1 + One device in group 2: use straight-through cable
Two devices in the same group: use crossover cable

For example: we use straight-through cable to connect switch to router, switch to host, hub to host, hub to server... and we use crossover cable to connect switch to switch, switch to hub, router to router, host to host... )

Assign appropriate IP addresses for interfaces:

From Main router, use show running-config command:

(Notice that you may see different IP addresses in the real CCNA exam, the ones shown above are just used for demonstration)

From the output we learned that the ip address of Fa0/0 interface of the Main router is 192.168.152.177/28. This address belongs to a subnetwork which has:

Increment: 16 (/28 = 255.255.255.240 or 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 0000)
Network address: 192.168.152.176 (because 176 = 16 * 11 and 176 < 177)
Broadcast address: 192.168.152.191 (because 191 = 176 + 16 - 1)

And we can pick up an ip address from the list that belongs to this subnetwork: 192.168.152.190 and assign it to the Fa0/0 interface the router on the left

Use the same method for interface Serial0/0 with an ip address of 192.168.152.161

Increment: 16
Network address: 192.168.152.160 (because 160 = 16 * 10 and 160 < 161)
Broadcast address: 192.168.152.175 (because 176 = 160 + 16 - 1)

-> and we choose 192.168.152.174 for Serial0/0 interface of the router on the right

Interface Fa0/1 of the router on the left

IP (of the computer on the left) : 192.168.152.129/28

Increment: 16
Network address: 192.168.152.128 (because 128 = 16 * 8 and 128 < 129)
Broadcast address: 192.168.152.143 (because 143 = 128 + 16 - 1)

-> we choose 192.168.152.142 from the list

Interface Fa0/0 of the router on the right

IP (of the computer on the left) : 192.168.152.225/28

Increment: 16
Network address: 192.168.152.224 (because 224 = 16 * 14 and 224 < 225)
Broadcast address: 192.168.152.239 (because 239 = 224 + 16 - 1)

-> we choose 192.168.152.238 from the list

Let's have a look at the picture below to summarize

Configure two routers on the left and right with these commands:

Router1 = router on the left

Assign appropriate IP addresses to Fa0/0 & Fa0/1 interfaces:

Router1>enable
Router1#configure terminal
Router1(config)#interface fa0/0
Router1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.152.190 255.255.255.240
Router1(config-if)#no shutdown

Router1(config-if)#interface fa0/1
Router1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.152.142 255.255.255.240
Router1(config-if)#no shutdown

Set passwords (configure on two routers)

+ Console password:

Router1(config-if)#exit
Router1(config)#line console 0
Router1(config-line)#password consolepw
Router1(config-line)#login
Router1(config-line)#exit

+ Telnet password:

Router1(config)#line vty 0 4
Router1(config-line)#password telnetpw
Router1(config-line)#login
Router1(config-line)#exit

+ Privilege mode password:

Router1(config)#enable password privpw

Save the configuration:

Router1(config)#exit
Router1#copy running-config startup-config

Configure IP addresses of Router2 (router on the right)

Router2>enable
Router2#configure terminal
Router2(config)#interface fa0/0
Router2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.152.238 255.255.255.240
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown

Router2(config-if)#interface serial0/0
Router2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.152.174 255.255.255.240
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown

and set console, telnet and privilege mode passwords for Router2 as we did for Router1, remember to save the configuration when you finished

CCNA LAB 1

2010-04-19T22:07:00.001-07:00

LAB:- No 1

Question

A network associate is adding security to the configuration of the Corp1 router. The user on host C should be able to use a web browser to access financial information from the Finance Web Server. No other hosts from the LAN nor the Core should be able to use a web browser to access this server. Since there are multiple resources for the corporation at this location including other resources on the Finance Web Server, all other traffic should be allowed.

The task is to create and apply an access-list with no more than three statements that will allow ONLY host C web access to the Finance Web Server. No other hosts will have web access to the Finance Web Server. All other traffic is permitted.
Access to the router CLI can be gained by clicking on the appropriate host.

All passwords have been temporarily set to "cisco".
The Core connection uses an IP address of 198.18.196.65
The computers in the Hosts LAN have been assigned addresses of 192.168.33.1 - 192.168.33.254
Host A 192.168.33.1
Host B 192.168.33.2
Host C 192.168.33.3
Host D 192.168.33.4
The servers in the Server LAN have been assigned addresses of 172.22.242.17 - 172.22.242.30
The Finance Web Server is assigned an IP address of 172.22.242.23.

Answer and Explanation

Corp1>enable (you may enter "cisco" as it passwords here)

We should create an access-list and apply it to the interface which is connected to the Server LAN because it can filter out traffic from both Sw-2 and Core networks. The Server LAN network has been assigned addresses of 172.22.242.17 - 172.22.242.30 so we can guess the interface connected to them has an IP address of 172.22.242.30 (.30 is the number shown in the figure). Use the "show running-config" command to check which interface has the IP address of 172.22.242.30.

Corp1#show running-config

We learn that interface FastEthernet0/1 is the interface connected to Server LAN network. It is the interface we will apply our access-list (for outbound direction).

Corp1#configure terminal

Our access-list needs to allow host C - 192.168.33.3 to the Finance Web Server 172.22.242.23 via web (port 80)

Corp1(config)#access-list 100 permit tcp host 192.168.33.3 host 172.22.242.23 eq 80

Deny other hosts access to the Finance Web Server via web

Corp1(config)#access-list 100 deny tcp any host 172.22.242.23 eq 80

All other traffic is permitted

Corp1(config)#access-list 100 permit ip any any

Apply this access-list to Fa0/1 interface (outbound direction)

Corp1(config)#interface fa0/1
Corp1(config-if)#ip access-group 100 out

Click on host C and open its web browser. In the address box type http://172.22.242.23 to check if you are allowed to access Finance Web Server or not. If your configuration is correct then you can access it.

Click on other hosts (A, B and D) and check to make sure you can't access Finance Web Server from these hosts.

Finally, save the configuration

Corp1(config-if)#end
Corp1#copy running-config startup-config

(This configuration only prevents hosts from accessing Finance Web Server via web but if this server supports other traffic - like FTP, SMTP... then other hosts can access it, too.)

CCNA LAB 1

2010-04-19T22:03:00.000-07:00

LAB:- No 1

Question

Answer and Explanation

Corp1>enable (you may enter "cisco" as it passwords here)

Corp1#show running-config

We learn that interface FastEthernet0/1 is the interface connected to Server LAN network. It is the interface we will apply our access-list (for outbound direction).

Corp1#configure terminal

Our access-list needs to allow host C - 192.168.33.3 to the Finance Web Server 172.22.242.23 via web (port 80)

Corp1(config)#access-list 100 permit tcp host 192.168.33.3 host 172.22.242.23 eq 80

Deny other hosts access to the Finance Web Server via web

Corp1(config)#access-list 100 deny tcp any host 172.22.242.23 eq 80

All other traffic is permitted

Corp1(config)#access-list 100 permit ip any any

Apply this access-list to Fa0/1 interface (outbound direction)

Corp1(config)#interface fa0/1
Corp1(config-if)#ip access-group 100 out

Click on other hosts (A, B and D) and check to make sure you can't access Finance Web Server from these hosts.

Finally, save the configuration

Corp1(config-if)#end
Corp1#copy running-config startup-config

(This configuration only prevents hosts from accessing Finance Web Server via web but if this server supports other traffic - like FTP, SMTP... then other hosts can access it, too.)

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2010-04-05T04:20:00.000-07:00

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2010-04-05T04:17:00.000-07:00

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Study Guide of ACCA F1

2009-11-15T23:06:00.000-08:00

A BUSINESS ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT
1. The business organisation and its structure
a) Identify the different types of organisation:[1]
i) Commercial
ii) Not-for-profit
iii) Public sector
iv) Non-governmental organisations
v) Cooperatives
b) Describe the different ways in which organisations may be structured: entrepreneurial, functional, matrix, divisional, departmental, by geographical area and by product.[1]
c) Describe the roles and functions of the main departments in a business organisation: [1]
i) research and development
ii) purchasing
iii) production
iv) direct service provision
v) marketing
vi) administration
vii) finance.
d) Explain the characteristics of the strategic, tactical and operational levels in the organisation in the context of the Anthony hierarchy.[1]
e) Explain the role of marketing in an organisation: [1]
i) the definition of marketing
ii) the marketing mix
iii) the relationship of the marketing plan to the strategic plan
f) Explain basic organisational structure
concepts: [2]
i) separation of direction and management
ii) span of control and scalar chain
iii) tall and flat organisations
g) Explain centralisation and decentralisation and list their advantages and disadvantages.[1]
2. The formal and informal business organisation
a) Explain the informal organisation and its relationship with the formal organisation.[1]
b) Describe the impact of the informal organisation on the business.[2]
3. Organisational culture in business
a) Define organisational culture.[1]
b) Describe the factors that shape the culture of the organisation.[1]
c) Explain the contribution made by writers on culture:[1]
i) Schein – determinants of organisational culture
ii) Handy – four cultural stereotypes
iii) Hofstede – international perspectives on culture
4. Stakeholders of business organisations
a) Define the internal stakeholder and list the different categories of internal stakeholder.[1]
b) Define connected and external stakeholders and explain their impact on the organisation.[1]
c) Identify the main stakeholder groups and the objectives of each group.[1]
d) Explain how the different stakeholder groups interact and how their objectives may conflict with one another.[1]
5. Information technology and information systems in business
a) Discuss the types of information technology and information systems used by the business organisation.[1]
b) List the attributes of good quality information.[1]
c) Explain how the type of information differs and the purposes for which it is applied at different levels of the organisation: strategic, tactical and operational.[1]

d) Identify the different sources of internal and external information.[1]
e) Describe the main features of information systems used within the organisation.[1]
6. Committees in the business organisation
a) Explain the purposes of committees.[1]
b) Describe the types of committee used by business organisations.[1]
c) List the advantages and disadvantages of committees.[1]
d) Explain the roles of the Chair and Secretary of a committee.[1]
7. Business ethics and ethical behaviour
a) Define business ethics and explain the importance of ethics to the organisation and to the individual.[1]
b) Identify influences that determine whether behaviour and decisions are ethical or unethical.[1]
c) Identify the factors that distinguish a profession from other types of occupation.[1]
d) Explain the role of the accountant in promoting ethical behaviour.[1]
e) Recognise the purpose of international and organisational codes of ethics and codes of conduct, IFAC, ACCA etc.[1]
8. Governance and social responsibility in business
a) Recognise the concept of separation between ownership and control.[1]
b) Define corporate governance and social responsibility and explain their importance in contemporary organisations.[1]
c) Explain the responsibility of organisations to maintain appropriate standards of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility.[1]
d) Briefly explain the main recommendations of best practice in effective corporate governance:[1]
i) Non-executive directors
ii) Remuneration committees
iii) Audit committees
iv) Public oversight
e) Explain how organisations take account of their social responsibility objectives through analysis of the needs of internal, connected and external stakeholders.[1]
f) Identify the social and environmental responsibilities of business organisations to internal, connected and external
stakeholders. [1]
B KEY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND CONSTRAINTS ON BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING
1. Political and legal factors
a) Define environmental forces in terms of political, legal, economic, social and technological factors.[1]
b) Explain how the political system and government policy affect the organisation.[1]
c) Describe the sources of legal authority, including supra-national bodies, national and regional governments.[1]
d) Explain how the law protects the employee and the implications of employment legislation for the manager and the organisation.[1]
e) Identify the principles of data protection and security.[1]
f) Explain how the law promotes and protects health and safety in the workplace.[1]
g) Recognise the responsibility of the individual and organisation for compliance with laws on data protection, security and health and safety.[1]

2. Macro-economic factors
a) Define macro-economic policy.[1]
b) Explain the main determinants of the level of business activity in the economy and how variations in the level of business activity affect individuals, households and businesses.[1]
c) Explain the impact of economic issues on the individual, the household and the business: [1]
i) inflation
ii) unemployment
iii) stagnation
iv) international payments disequilibrium.
d) Describe the main types of economic policy that may be implemented by government and supra-national bodies to maximise economic welfare.[1]
e) Recognise the impact of fiscal and monetary policy measures on the individual, the household and businesses.[1]
3. Social and demographic factors
a) Explain the medium and long-term effects of social and demographic trends on business outcomes and the economy.[1]
b) Describe the impact of changes in social structure, values, attitudes and tastes on the organisation.[2]
c) Identify and explain the measures that governments may take in response to the medium and long-term impact of demographic change.[2]
4. Technological factors
a) Explain the effects of technological change on the organisation structure and strategy:[1]
i) Downsizing
ii) Delayering
iii) Outsourcing
b) Describe the impact of information technology and information systems development on business processes.[1]
5. Competitive factors
a) Explain the factors that influence the level of competitiveness in an industry or sector.[1]
b) Describe the activities of an organisation that affect its competitiveness:[1]
i) purchasing
ii) production
iii) marketing
iv) service
C HISTORY AND ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN BUSINESS
1. The history and function of accounting in business
a) Briefly explain the history and development of the accounting and finance role in business.[1]
b) Explain the overall role and separate functions of the accounting department.[1]
2. Law and regulation governing accounting
a) Explain basic legal requirements in relation to keeping and submitting proper records and preparing financial accounts.[1]
b) Explain the broad consequences of failing to comply with the legal requirements for maintaining accounting records.[1]
c) Explain how the international accountancy profession regulates itself through the establishment of reporting standards and their monitoring.[1]
3. Financial systems, procedures and IT applications
a) Explain how business and financial systems and procedures are formulated and implemented to reflect the objectives and policies of the organisation.[1]
b) Describe the main financial systems used within an organisation:[1]
i) purchases and sales invoicing
ii) payroll
iii) credit control
iv) cash and working capital management.

c) Explain why appropriate controls are necessary in relation to business and IT systems and procedures.[2]
d) Understand business uses of computers and IT software applications:[1]
i) Spreadsheet applications
ii) Database systems
e) Describe and compare the relative benefits and limitations of manual and automated financial systems that may be used in an organisation.[2]
4. The relationship between accounting and other business functions
a) Explain the relationship between accounting and purchasing/procurement.[1]
b) Explain financial considerations in production and production planning.[1]
c) Identify the financial issues associated with marketing.[1]
d) Identify the financial costs and benefits of effective service provision.[1]
D SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF ACCOUNTING AND INTERNAL FINANCIAL CONTROL
1. Accounting and finance functions within business
a) Explain the contribution of the accounting function to the formulation, implementation, and control of the organisation’s policies, procedures, and performance.[2]
b) Identify and describe the main accounting and reporting functions in business:[1]
i) recording financial information
ii) codifying and processing financial information
iii) preparing financial statements
c) Identify and describe the main management accounting and performance management functions in business:[1]
i) recording and analysing costs and revenues
ii) providing management accounting information for decision-making
iii) planning and preparing budgets and exercising budgetary control.
d) Identify and describe the main finance and treasury functions:[1]
i) calculating and mitigating business tax liabilities
ii) evaluating and obtaining finance
iii) managing working capital
iv) treasury and risk management.
2. Internal and external auditing and their functions
a) Define internal and external audit.[1]
b) Explain the main functions of the internal auditor and the external auditor.[1]
3. Internal financial control and security within business organisations
a) Explain internal control and internal check.[1]
b) Explain the importance of internal financial controls in an organisation.[2]
c) Describe the responsibilities of management for internal financial control.[1]
d) Describe the features of effective internal financial control procedures in an organisation.[2]
e) Identify and describe features for protecting the security of IT systems and software within business.[1]
f) Describe general and application systems controls in business.[1]
4. Fraud and fraudulent behaviour and their prevention in business.
a) Explain the circumstances under which fraud is likely to arise.[1]
b) Identify different types of fraud in the organisation.[1]
c) Explain the implications of fraud for the organisation.[2]

d) Explain the role and duties of individual managers in the fraud detection and prevention process.[1]
E LEADING AND MANAGING INDIVIDUALS AND TEAMS
1. Leadership, management and supervision
a) Define leadership, management and supervision and the distinction between these terms.[1]
b) Explain the nature of management:[1]
i) scientific/classical theories of management Fayol, Taylor
ii) the human relations school – Mayo
iii) the functions of a manager – Mintzberg, Drucker
c) Explain the areas of managerial authority and responsibility.[2]
d) Explain the qualities, situational, functional and contingency approaches to leadership with reference to the theories of Adair, Fiedler, Bennis, Kotter and Heifetz.[2]
e) Explain leadership styles and contexts: using the models of Ashridge, and Blake and Mouton.[2]
2. Individual and group behaviour in business organisations
a) Describe the main characteristics of individual and group behaviour.[1]
b) Outline the contributions of individuals and teams to organisational success.[1]
c) Identify individual and team approaches to work.[1]
3. Team formation, development and management
a) Explain the differences between a group and a team.[1]
b) Define the purposes of a team.[1]
c) Explain the role of the manager in building the team and developing individuals within the team.[1]
i) Belbin’s team roles theory
ii) Tuckman’s theory of team development
d) List the characteristics of effective and ineffective teams.[1]
e) Describe tools and techniques that can be used to build the team and improve team effectiveness.[1]
4. Motivating individuals and groups
a) Define motivation and explain its importance to the organisation, teams and individuals.[1]
b) Explain content and process theories of motivation: Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor, and Vroom.[2]
c) Explain and identify types of intrinsic and extrinsic reward.[1]
d) Explain how reward systems can be designed and implemented to motivate teams and individuals.[1]
F. RECRUITING AND DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE EMPLOYEES
1. Recruitment and selection, managing diversity and equal opportunity
a) Explain the importance of effective recruitment and selection to the organisation.[1]
b) Describe the recruitment and selection processes and explain the stages in these processes.[1]
c) Describe the roles of those involved in the recruitment and selection processes.[1]
d) Describe the methods through which organisations seek to meet their recruitment needs.[1]
e) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different recruitment and selection methods.[1]

f) Explain the purposes of a diversity policy within the human resources plan.[2]
g) Explain the purpose and benefits of an equal opportunities policy within human resource planning.[2]
h) Explain the practical steps that an organisation may take to ensure the effectiveness of its diversity and equal opportunities policy.[1]
2. Techniques for improving personal effectiveness at work and their benefits
a) Explain the purposes of personal development plans.[1]
b) Describe how a personal development plan should be formulated, implemented, monitored and reviewed by the individual.[1]
c) Explain the importance of effective time management.[1]
d) Describe the barriers to effective time management and how they may be overcome.[1]
e) Describe the role of information technology in improving personal effectiveness.[1]
f) Explain the purposes and processes of coaching, mentoring and counselling and their benefits.[1]
3. Features of effective communication
a) Define communications.[1]
b) Explain a simple communication model: sender, message, receiver, feedback, noise.[1]
c) Explain formal and informal communication and their importance in the workplace.[1]
d) Identify the consequences of ineffective communication.[1]
e) Describe the attributes of effective communication.[1]
f) Describe the barriers to effective communication and identify practical steps that may be taken to overcome them.[1]
g) Describe the main methods and patterns of communication.[1]
4. Training, development and learning in the maintenance and improvement of business performance
a) Explain the importance of learning in the workplace.[2]
b) Describe the learning process: Honey and Mumford, Kolb.[1]
c) Describe the role of the human resources department and individual managers in the learning process.[1]
d) Describe the training and development process: identifying needs, setting objectives, programme design, delivery and validation.[1]
e) Explain the terms ‘training’, ‘development’ and ‘education’ and the characteristics of each.[1]
f) List the benefits of effective training and development in the workplace.[1]
5. Review and appraisal of individual performance
a) Explain the importance of performance assessment.[1]
b) Explain how organisations assess the performance of human resources.[1]
c) Define performance appraisal and describe its purposes.[1]
d) Describe the performance appraisal process.[1]
e) Explain the benefits of effective appraisal.[2]
f) Identify the barriers to effective appraisal and how these may be overcome.[1]
g) Explain how the effectiveness of performance appraisal may be evaluated.[2]

The acca Qualification summary

2009-11-14T09:49:00.000-08:00

The Qualification summary

In order to qualify as an ACCA member, any individual registering on the ACCA Qualification will need to complete:

* 14 exams (9 of which are eligible for exemption)

* 3 years relevant practical experience (which you can obtain during or after completing the examinations, in any business sector, in any size or type of business.)

* Complete an online Professional Ethics module

List of ACCA Exams

The exams have to be taken in the following order:

Knowledge Skills Essentials Options

FUNDAMENTALS (nine papers in total)

Knowledge Module

F1 Accountant in Business (AB)

F2 Management Accounting (MA)

F3 Financial Accounting (FA)

Skills Module

F4 Corporate and Business Law (CL)

F5 Performance Management (PM)

F6 Taxation (TX)

F7 Financial Reporting (FR)

F8 Audit and Assurance (AA)

F9 Financial Management (FM)

PROFESSIONAL (five papers in total)

Essentials Module (all 3 papers)

P1 Professional Accountant (PA)

P2 Corporate Reporting (CR)

P3 Business Analysis (BA)

Options (only 2 papers)

P4 Advanced Financial Management (AFM)

P5 Advanced Performance Management (APM)

P6 Advanced Taxation (ATX)

P7 Advanced Audit and Assurance (AAA)

Graduates with a degree in finance or accounting are usually exempt from the first 3 papers and may well be exempted from sitting other papers also.

10 Things you should know about acca

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10 Things you should know

1 The ACCA is a global professional body issuing highly respected and valued international qualifications in business.

2 It is recognised by member states of the European Union and the United Nations.

3 How to get the qualification? You have to pass a maximum of 14 written exams in English and have relevant practical experience which you can gain in any business sector you are working in.

4 Exams take place in Riga in June and December and are supervised by the British Council

5 You can take up to 4 exams each session,

and you have 10 years to do it!

Normally it takes 2 or 3 years to qualify

6 In Latvia the minimum requirement for registration is: “Atestats par visparejo videjo izglitibu (Attestation of General Secondary Education)”.

7 If you have an economic or business degree, you may have to pass just 9 exams to qualify.

8 ACCA professional qualification covers all areas of business, from financial statements, management accounting, business taxation & law to audit and also business ethics!

9 ACCA Qualification is flexible. How often students sit examinations is their choice and depends on how much time they have free for studying.

10 You can study at home with books, or attend the courses which also are organized in Riga

what is acca

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