GENERAL INFORMATION

Lakshmi Mittal

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Sun, 16 Nov 2008 21:55:56 PST

Lakshmi Mittal[2], or Lakshmi Narayan Mittal (Hindi: लक्ष्मि नारायण मित्तल; b. 15 June 1950[3]), is an Indian industrialist. He was born in Sadulpur village, in the Churu district of Rajasthan, India, and he resides in Kensington, London. He is the founder, chairman and CEO of Arcelor Mittal and also serves as a non-executive director of Goldman Sachs, EADS and ICICI Bank.[4] His personal wealth is in the billions of dollars.

Contents[hide]

1 Biography

1.1 Career

1.2 The Mittal Affair: "Cash for Influence"

1.3 Queens Park Rangers

2 Personal wealth

3 Charity

4 Criticism and allegations

4.1 Slave-labour allegations

4.2 Controversial self-bonus

4.3 Environmental harm for self-gain

Bhimsen Joshi

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Fri, 07 Nov 2008 22:32:32 PST

Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi ( Kannada: ಪಂಡಿತ ಭೀಮಸೇನ ಗುರುರಾಜ ಜೋಷಿ,Marathi: पंडित भीमसेन जोशी, born February 4, 1922) is one of India's must renowned vocalists in the Hindustani classical tradition. A member of the Kirana Gharana (stream), he is particularly renowned for the khayal form of singing, as well as for his popular renditions of devotional music (bhajans and abhangs). He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, on November 4, 2008.[1]
Contents[hide]

1 Life and career

2 Awards and recognitions

3 Notes

4 External links

Asthma

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Tue, 28 Oct 2008 09:23:11 PDT

Asthma is a chronic condition involving the respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict, become inflamed, and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to one or more triggers.[1] These episodes may be triggered by such things as exposure to an environmental stimulant such as an allergen, environmental tobacco smoke, cold or warm air, perfume, pet dander, moist air, exercise or exertion, or emotional stress. In children, the most common triggers are viral illnesses such as those that cause the common cold.[2] This airway narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The airway constriction responds to bronchodilators. Between episodes, most patients feel well but can have mild symptoms and they may remain short of breath after exercise for longer periods of time than the unaffected individual. The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of drugs and environmental changes.
Public attention in the developed world has recently focused on asthma because of its rapidly increasing prevalence, affecting up to one in four urban children.[3]
Contents[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Cause
2.1 Environmental
2.2 Genetic
2.3 Gene-environment Interactions
3 Pathophysiology
3.1 Bronchoconstriction
3.2 Bronchial inflammation
3.3 Stimuli
3.4 Pathogenesis
3.5 Asthma and sleep apnea
3.6 Asthma and gastro-esophageal reflux disease
4 Diagnosis
4.1 Differential diagnosis
5 Prevention
5.1 Trigger avoidance
5.2 Air Filters
6 Treatment
6.1 Medical
6.2 Pharmaceutical
6.3 Long-acting β2-agonists
6.4 Emergency
6.5 Non-medical treatments
6.6 Treatment controversies
7 Prognosis
8 Epidemiology
8.1 Population disparities
8.2 Socioeconomic factors
8.3 Asthma and athletics
9 History
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
//

Ratan Naval Tata

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Wed, 22 Oct 2008 06:35:06 PDT

Ratan Naval Tata (born December 28, 1937, in Mumbai) is the present Chairman of the Tata Group, India's largest conglomerate founded by Jamsedji Tata and consolidated and expanded by later generations of his family.

Contents[hide]

1 Biography

2 Timeline

3 Awards and Recognition

4 External links

5 References
//

Kiran Mazumdar Shaw

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Mon, 13 Oct 2008 22:57:10 PDT

Dr. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw (b. 23 March 1953 in Bangalore) is an Indian entrepreneur. She is the Chairman & Managing Director of Biocon Ltd. In 2004, she became India’s richest woman.

Contents[hide]

5 Contemporary Controversies

6 References

7 External links

8 Footnotes

Breast cancer - what,preventation,treatment, etc..

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Tue, 07 Oct 2008 23:17:45 PDT

Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the cells of the breast in women and men.[1] Worldwide, breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer after lung cancer (10.4% of all cancer incidence, both sexes counted)[2] and the fifth most common cause of cancer death.[3] In 2005, breast cancer caused 502,000 deaths worldwide (7% of cancer deaths; almost 1% of all deaths).[3]

Because the breast is composed of identical tissues in males and females, breast cancer also occurs in males.[4][5] Incidences of breast cancer in men are approximately 100 times less common than in women, but men with breast cancer are considered to have the same statistical survival rates as women.[6]

Contents[hide]

1 Classification

1.1 Pathologic types

2 Signs and symptoms

3 Epidemiology and etiology

4 Prevention

4.1 Phytoestrogens and soy

4.2 Folic acid (folate)

4.3 Avoiding exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke

4.4 Oophorectomy and mastectomy

4.5 Medications

4.5.1 Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

5 Screening

6 Diagnosis

7 Staging

7.1 Hormone receptors

7.2 HER2

8 Treatment

9 Prognosis

9.1 Psychological aspects of diagnosis and treatment

9.2 Racial disparities in diagnosis and treatment

10 Metastasis

11 History

12 Cultural references

13 Gallery

14 See also

15 References

16 External links

HEART ATTACK - WHAT IS, SYMPTOMS, RISK FACTORS Etc..

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 22:37:07 PDT

Heart attack" redirects here. For other uses, see Heart attack (disambiguation).
Myocardial infarctionClassification and external resources

A heart attack, known in medicine as an (acute) myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart is interrupted. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (like cholesterol) and white blood cells (especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. The resulting ischemia (restriction in blood supply) and oxygen shortage, if left untreated for a sufficient period, can cause damage and/or death (infarction) of heart muscle tissue (myocardium).

Classical symptoms of acute myocardial infarction include sudden chest pain (typically radiating to the left arm or left side of the neck), shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, sweating, and anxiety (often described as a sense of impending doom). Women may experience fewer typical symptoms than men, most commonly shortness of breath, weakness, a feeling of indigestion, and fatigue.[1] Approximately one quarter of all myocardial infarctions are silent, without chest pain or other symptoms. A heart attack is a medical emergency, and people experiencing chest pain are advised to alert their emergency medical services, because prompt treatment is beneficial.

Heart attacks are the leading cause of death for both men and women all over the world.[2] Important risk factors are previous cardiovascular disease (such as angina, a previous heart attack or stroke), older age (especially men over 40 and women over 50), tobacco smoking, high blood levels of certain lipids (triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein or "bad cholesterol") and low high density lipoprotein (HDL, "good cholesterol"), diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, excessive alcohol consumption, the abuse of certain drugs (such as cocaine), and chronic high stress levels.[3][4]

Immediate treatment for suspected acute myocardial infarction includes oxygen, aspirin, and sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (colloquially referred to as nitroglycerin and abbreviated as NTG or GTN). Pain relief is also often given, classically morphine sulfate.[5]

The patient will receive a number of diagnostic tests, such as an electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG), a chest X-ray and blood tests to detect elevations in cardiac markers (blood tests to detect heart muscle damage). The most often used markers are the creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) fraction and the troponin I (TnI) or troponin T (TnT) levels. On the basis of the ECG, a distinction is made between ST elevation MI (STEMI) or non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI). Most cases of STEMI are treated with thrombolysis or if possible with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI, angioplasty and stent insertion), provided the hospital has facilities for coronary angiography. NSTEMI is managed with medication, although PCI is often performed during hospital admission. In patients who have multiple blockages and who are relatively stable, or in a few extraordinary emergency cases, bypass surgery of the blocked coronary artery is an option.
The phrase "heart attack" is sometimes used incorrectly to describe sudden cardiac death, which may or may not be the result of acute myocardial infarction. A heart attack is different from, but can be the cause of cardiac arrest, which is the stopping of the heartbeat, and cardiac arrhythmia, an abnormal heartbeat. It is also distinct from heart failure, in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired; severe myocardial infarction may lead to heart failure, but not necessarily.

Contents[hide]
1 Epidemiology
1.1 Risk factors
2 Pathophysiology
3 Triggers
4 Classification
4.1 By zone
4.2 Subendocardial vs. transmural
5 Symptoms
6 Diagnosis
6.1 Diagnostic criteria
6.2 Physical examination
6.3 Electrocardiogram
6.4 Cardiac markers
6.5 Angiography
6.6 Histopathology
7 First aid
7.1 Immediate care
7.2 Automatic external defibrillation (AED)
7.3 Emergency services
7.4 Wilderness first aid
7.5 Air travel
8 Treatment
8.1 First line
8.2 Reperfusion
8.2.1 Thrombolytic therapy
8.2.2 Percutaneous coronary intervention
8.2.3 Coronary artery bypass surgery
8.3 Monitoring for arrhythmias
8.4 Rehabilitation
8.5 Secondary prevention
8.6 New therapies under investigation
9 Complications
9.1 Congestive heart failure
9.2 Myocardial rupture
9.3 Life-threatening arrhythmia
9.4 Pericarditis
9.5 Cardiogenic shock
10 Prognosis
11 Legal implications
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
//

History of the automobile

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Mon, 22 Sep 2008 05:26:23 PDT

Vehicles that can be considered automobiles were demonstrated as early as 1769, although that date is disputed, 1806 marked the introduction of fuel gas powered internal combustion engines and 1885 marked the introduction of gasoline powered internal combustion engines. Automotive history is generally divided into a number of eras based on the major design and technology shifts. Although the exact boundaries of each era can be hazy, scholarship has defined them as follows:

Contents[hide]
1 Eras of invention
1.1 Steam era
1.2 Veteran Era
1.3 Brass or Edwardian era
1.4 Vintage era
1.5 Pre-War era
1.6 Post-War era
1.7 Modern era
1.8 Future directions
2 References
3 See also
4 External links
//

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Wed, 10 Sep 2008 09:08:44 PDT

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of Satyagraha—resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon ahimsa or total non-violence—which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. He is commonly known around the world as Mahatma Gandhi (Sanskrit: महात्मा mahātmā or "Great Soul", an honorific first applied to him by Rabindranath Tagore) and in India also as Bapu (Gujarati: બાપુ bāpu or "Father"). He is officially honoured in India as the Father of the Nation; his birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and world-wide as the International Day of Non-Violence.
Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers in protesting excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, for expanding women's rights, for building religious and ethnic amity, for ending untouchability, for increasing economic self-reliance, but above all for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from foreign domination. Gandhi famously led Indians in protesting the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (249 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, on numerous occasions, in both South Africa and India.
Gandhi was a practitioner of non-violence and truth, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn he had hand spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as means of both self-purification and social protest.
Contents[hide]
1 Early life

2 Civil rights movement in South Africa (1893–1914)

3 Role in Zulu War of 1906

4 Struggle for Indian Independence (1916–1945)

4.1 Champaran and Kheda

5 Non-cooperation

6 Swaraj and the Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)

7 World War II and Quit India

8 Freedom and partition of India

9 Assassination

10 Gandhi's principles

10.1 Truth

10.2 Nonviolence

10.3 Vegetarianism

10.4 Brahmacharya

10.4.1 Experiments with Brahmacharya

10.5 Simplicity

10.6 Faith

11 Writings

11.1 Books on Gandhi

12 Followers and influence

13 Legacy

14 Ideals and criticisms

14.1 Concept of partition

14.2 Rejection of violent resistance

14.3 Early South African articles

14.4 Anti Statism

15 See also

16 Notes

16.1 Further reading

17 External links

NARAYANA MURTHY- Infosys

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Fri, 29 Aug 2008 21:16:12 PDT

Nagavara Ramarao Narayana Murthy,(Kannada: ನಾಗವಾರ ರಾಮರಾಯ ನಾರಾಯಣ ಮೂರ್ತಿ ) better known as N. R. Narayana Murthy, is an Indian industrialist, software engineer and one of the seven founders of Infosys Technologies, a global consulting and IT services company based in India. He is currently the non-executive Chairman and Chief Mentor of Infosys. He was the CEO of the company for 21 years, from 1981 to 2002. After stepping down as CEO in 2002, he has broadened his scope of activities to social services as well as promoting India globally.
Murthy's corporate and social vision has been appreciated globally and he is the recipient of several awards including Padma Vibushan - India's second highest civilian award.
Contents[hide]
1 Early life
2 Corporate Profile
3 Accolades
4 Controversies
5 Quotes
6 Awards
7 References
8 External links

Perspectives From the Pipeline: Career Empowerment as Co-Creation#links#links#links

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Wed, 13 Aug 2008 23:28:26 PDT

Perspectives From the Pipeline: Career Empowerment as Co-Creation#links#links#links

Kalpana Chawla

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Wed, 20 Aug 2008 08:19:36 PDT

Contents[hide]
1 Early life
2 Education
3 NASA career
4 Personal characteristics
5 Awards
6 Memoria
7 External Links
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading

#links

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Wed, 20 Aug 2008 06:22:44 PDT

#links

Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Thu, 11 Dec 2008 00:32:05 PST

http://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam,born October 15, 1931, Tamil Nadu, India, usually referred as Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam^ , was the eleventh President of India, serving from 2002 to 2007.[2] Due to his unconventional working style, he is also popularly known as the People's President. Before his term as India's president, he distinguished himself as engineering visi onary and was awarded India's highest civilian honour Bharat Ratna in 1997 for his work with DRDO and his role as scientific advisor to the Indian government. He is popularly known as the Missile Man of India for his work and is considered a progressive mentor, innovator and visionary in India.
Contents[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Kalam as an engineer
3 Honours
4 Political views
5 See also
6 References
7 Books
8 External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam

CISCO The human network

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Sun, 29 Jun 2008 08:05:57 PDT

Pulling Out All The [Human] Network Stops in Router Launch
On the Business Communicators on Second Life Blog, contributor Linda Zimmer writes, " Cisco walked the walk yesterday by putting the brand squarely into the virtual spaces its next-generation router will power.
"Cisco went all out launching the ASR 1000, a new router technology that combines the new Cisco "Quantum Flow Processor" with a secure, scalable, compact, router. In essence, this is the network router that was built to power the Internet of Web 2.0+, virtual reality and our emerging visual, instant and media-rich applications (read high bandwidth applications)…
…"Here they have a new technology link in the chain that keeps us all connected, and Cisco actually launched it using all the very "stuff" that is driving the need for this technology – visual, rich, social, sharable media.
Yes, there was the big event in Second Life sporting everything SL has to offer: a music festival, streaming video, streaming audio, a cool "Quantum Shift experience" build, a launch announcement/presentation in SL, including the unveiling tour of the virtual Quantum Shift information space, and in-world "social press" interviews with Cisco executives.
And then there were the:
Flash-based micro web site with sound effects and video vignettes of network "uber users"
Video clips of uber users posted to YouTube
Creation of the tag "uberusers"
Flickr pool
EdgeQuest Flash game
Facebook Support Group for Uber Users Internet Addicts (546 members), with embedded videos, photos, EdgeQuest game link, discussion board invitation to submit Top Signs You are an Internet Addict
Online video broadcast launch events with Q&A in 19 languages (I believe there were three)
Three "follow the sun" Telepresence sessions for international customers
A web widget (although I have not been able to view it in my browser)
A social media press release
Customer videos in the Cisco newsroom
Podcast in the Cisco newsroom
"So, the Quantum Shift collaborative 'narrative' begins. From a 'virtual marketing' perspective, the narrative is a key "best principles" element. Cisco planted the seeds and integrated the methods for a collaborative narrative to emerge – not around the product, but around an idea.
"Clearly Cisco is marketing a product – how successful the product will be is a function of many market factors. But the "idea" transcends the ASR 1000 – and that is where Cisco has it all right – understanding the importance of narrative for its customers, and for its success of its product marketing.
"The ASR 1000 "idea" is: we’re all happier when our networks work better…
…"Cisco is clearly committed to the value of direct connections for itself and for network users at all levels. Cisco fosters community and deep listening relationships with their customers – and their customer's customers. Webster suggested it is the consumer who is leading the charge forcing new technologies and behaviors into the enterprise rather than the other way around. While this presents new challenges for the enterprise, it also means the influence of the customer goes well beyond 'the conversation' and reaches deep into the enterprise. Cisco embraces that influence strategically.
"Renaud believes 'talking to customers has been priceless' for Cisco in finding new markets for the company.
"Second Life alone has proved to be a learning ground for innovation for the company, according to Renaud, but it is only one channel Cisco uses to build its various communities. Webster says that SL is simply another way to engage its customers and ‘if it is important to our customers, it is important to Cisco.'
"Cisco will be participating as the narrative plays out in the connected marketplace. They are using the human network to empower the human network, so that we each can use it in our own personal ways. Yes. We're all happier when our networks work better."
Read the entire entry
http://www.cisco.com/web/thehumannetwork/index.html

General Information Regarding Selling Your Business

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Tue, 17 Jun 2008 23:30:20 PDT

By: Aaron Muller

In today’s marketplace, the sale and purchase of businesses occurs quite often at all different levels including anywhere from small, privately owned companies to large corporate conglomerates. Regardless of the type of business one owns, there are a few tips one should follow when selling their business. The following paragraphs will highlight some of these handy guidelines.
Make the Necessary Preparations
Prior to the day in which the business changes hands, it is important that the soon to be ex-business owners take the necessary steps in order to ensure that the transaction goes smoothly. This should be done before the individual business owner even finds a buyer for the business as a company that can stand on its own, independent from the current owner, has an extremely attractive quality to it. Therefore, it is important to make the business as self-sufficient as possible prior to the sale.
The Asking Price Should Be Reasonable
Although most individuals would like to get as much money as possible for their business sale, it is crucial that the current owner of the business present an asking price that is a reasonable one. Not only will a reasonable price attract a good number of potential buyers but it shows the mindset of the current owner as well. Dealing with a fair individual is something that most people would like to do when it comes to business purchases.
Present Current and Clear Financial Documents
At some period during the sale discussions, the potential buyer will want to know quite a bit about the financial background of the company itself. Questions regarding annual revenue, expenses and so on will be asked and for this reason it is important that the current owner of the business has the answers to those questions. The best way in which to have the answers prepared is to use a spreadsheet method which clearly and concisely lays out all of the pertinent information so that the potential buyer can understand the background of the business.
Remove Items That Are Out of Date and Not In Use
Another tip for current business owners to keep in mind when they are trying to sell their business is to remove any equipment from the office which is archaic or not in use. By clearing these items out of the office area, it makes the office look much more presentable to potential buyers who may stop by to see what type of business is being run by the current owner.
Maintain Usual Business Standards and Then Some
From time to time, when business owners know that they are going to be selling their business in the near future, they may tend to relax a bit and not keep up with sales as they used to. This can be detrimental to the current owner, especially if they have not obtained a purchaser at that point in time. Keeping the business in good running order, if not better, is the best way to help aid in the sale of one’s business. A prospective buyer usually wants to purchase a business that yields good returns and has a good reputation with the general business market. Therefore, maintaining one’s business standards to the best of their ability is extremely beneficial to the current owner of the business.
Keep the Potential Sale Confidential
Keep in mind that a sale is not final until all of the necessary paperwork has been signed. Therefore, it is crucial that while the sale negotiations are taking place the current business owner does not leak the news that a potential sale may be in the works. Doing so may not only hinder the current deal but scare employees, customers and other business associates. Confidentiality is something which the business owner should maintain at all costs.
Review All Aspects of the Deal
Although the price of the sale transaction is what really peaks the interest of those participating in the sale, it is extremely important to review and know about all of the specific details regarding the deal. As the price is only a small portion of many business sales transactions, it is pertinent for the business owner to review the sales agreement to know what the end result will be.
Seek Professional Advice
Lastly, business owners who are looking to sell their business should do all that they can to obtain professional advice regarding the business transaction. Accountants, lawyers and business brokers are some of the various parties which business owners should consult before, during and after the sales transaction to ensure that they are covered every step of the way.
Business owners who take heed of the previously mentioned tips may find that the sale of their business will flow that much more smoothly throughout the entire length of the transaction.

Mother To Child HIV Transmission Can Be Prevented

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Fri, 30 May 2008 03:23:35 PDT

Pregnant women with HIV who are diagnosed early and properly treated can deliver healthy children. A study by University College London examined 5151 HIV positive pregnancies between 2000 and 2006.
Women who got proper treatment during pregnancy delivered only 1.2% HIV positive infants. This is a significant improvement, compared to 1990s when mother to child HIV transmission rates were 20%.
The study found that the key to success is the combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and antenatal testing for HIV.Antenatal testing diagnoses HIV in very early stages before the disease seriously affects health.
In 2000 HIV early diagnosis rates were 70%, compared to 95% in 2005. The testing method is very successful in early detection, giving more survival chances to patients.Antiretroviral therapy is very successful when given during at least the last 14 days of pregnancy. ART cuts the risk of mother to child HIV transmission to 0.8%. It is known that C-section delivery cuts the risk for HIV infant delivery, but the study suggests that a proper treatment can allow natural delivery of healthy children.
The study is very promising, but it also mentions that the combined treatment is very expensive even for those living in developed countries. Only 10% of women in these countries can afford such treatment. This is why about 1800 HIV infected infants are born each day.The study urges the need that the treatment must be affordable for all women.
This combined treatment can significantly reduce mother to child HIV transmission rates and ensure delivery of healthy infants. This means that the treatment is extremely important to have a healthy population.
Source: http://www.huliq.com/58970/mother-child-hiv-transmission-can-be-prevented

General Information Concerning Sinusitis

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Fri, 30 May 2008 03:05:48 PDT

The term sinusitis is one many individuals have heard mentioned in the past yet may be unsure as to the true definition. Those who have been diagnosed with sinusitis may also be in the dark with regard to what causes sinusitis, the symptoms surrounding this medical condition and some of the more frequently cited treatment methods for sinusitis. It is important to look at all aspects surrounding this common medical condition in order to be better informed with regard to what causes it, what the most often cited symptoms are and how to treat sinusitis.

Where the Sinuses Are Located

Prior to delving into the true condition of sinusitis, it is important to know where the sinuses on an individual are located. The sinuses are in fact air chambers located behind the facial bones in the area around the eyebrows, cheeks and jaw. These air chambers produce mucus which is responsible for clearing the bacteria out of the air which one breathes in on a daily basis. The cilia, which are small hairs in the nose, are then responsible for sweeping the mucus out of the nasal passages.

Definition of Sinusitis

Now that the true location of the sinuses has been disclosed, it is now time to define the medical condition known as sinusitis. Sinusitis can be described as an inflammation of the sinuses. This is a condition which is quite bothersome to the individuals experiencing it and can be a bit painful as well. The severity of sinusitis is different with each case thereof and varies from individual to individual experiencing this medical condition.

Causes of Sinusitis

Many individuals wonder what type of things cause an individual to develop sinusitis. There are quite a few frequently cited reasons for coming down with sinusitis. The main causes of sinusitis relate to things which cause swelling of the sinuses or prohibiting the free movement of the cilia. Certain causes are a change in air pressure, change in temperature, use of nasal sprays on a frequent basis, swimming and smoking. All of these factors will somehow negatively affect the proper operation of the sinuses. Sinusitis can also lead to sinus infections whereby an individual suffers sinus problems due to bacteria or a viral infection. These often come about after an individual has just gotten over a cold.

Treatment for Sinusitis

There are ways individuals who are plagued with sinusitis can help themselves get over a medical condition of this type. Some treatment methods which are recommended for alleviating sinusitis include getting plenty of rest by lying on your side, drinking fluids including hot liquids, warm compresses or inhaling steam to lessen the pressure of the sinusitis, saline solution rinses and taking acetaminophen for the pain.

Acute Sinusitis

There is a particular type of sinusitis known as acute sinusitis. Acute sinusitis occurs when an individual is starting to get over a current cold and it changes course and gets worse as opposed to getting better. Some of the symptoms of acute sinusitis may include pain and pressure in the facial region, pain in the forehead when leaning down, stuffy nose, aching in the teeth and fever. The main treatment method for acute sinusitis is antibiotics.

Surgical Options

With regard to individuals who suffer from nagging chronic sinusitis, there are surgical options available. The main type of surgery is a nasal surgery meant to fix the problem. However, this type of surgery should only be considered in serious circumstances and should not be a treatment method for random incidences of sinusitis. Those who may wish to learn more about nasal surgery options for chronic sinusitis can speak with their medical health professional about surgery of this kind.

Preventing Sinusitis

For those who have suffered from sinusitis in the past or even those who may have never had it, there are ways to help prevent sinusitis from occurring. The first way is to avoid smoking. Smoking is a big cause of sinusitis and other sinus problems. Not only will quitting smoking help to prevent sinusitis issues but will also provide other positive health benefits as well.
Another way to help combat sinusitis and prevent it from occurring in the first place is to avoid excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays. Occasional use of sprays of this type may be alright for an individual; however, frequent use of decongestant nasal sprays has been linked to bouts of sinusitis in individuals.

Summary

Sinusitis is a medical condition which can range from slight annoyance to a painful persistent medical problem. The best way to diagnose and treat sinusitis is to inquire with one’s medical health professional regarding the symptoms being experienced to make sure that it is in fact sinusitis and see what the doctor can prescribe in the way of treatment methods.

WHAT ARE THE BASICS OF FLIGHT?-Learn to Fly

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Fri, 30 May 2008 03:08:34 PDT

Although nothing is mind-boggling or mysterious about flying, there is much to learn -- just as there is in learning to drive a car. As you learn to fly step by step, you'll find your training enjoyable and challenging.
Although airplanes have been a part of our society for more than 85 years, most people have only a vague idea of the basic principles of flight. Flight may seem complicated, but in fact it's based on some simple laws of nature.
The principle of lift
When you examine a cross-section of an airplane's wing, or airfoil, you'll notice that the top part is curved and the bottom part is relatively flat. This special shape creates lift, which makes the airplane fly.
As the wing moves forward, the air flowing over the top travels faster than the air flowing beneath, resulting in a lower pressure area above the wing. The relative pressure differential provides the upward force called lift. Lift is basic to flying.
Lift and gravity
In order for an airplane to climb, lift must be greater than gravity, the force that holds objects on the earth.
For an airplane to maintain level flight at a particular altitude, lift and gravity must be the same, or in equilibrium. When gravity is greater than lift, the airplane will descend.
Thrust and drag
As an airplane moves forward, the wing produces lift. The force of forward movement is called thrust, and it's created by the engine-driven propeller or a jet engine.
Like the wing, the propeller is also an airfoil. As it rotates, it creates "lift" in a forward direction that is called thrust. Thrust overcomes drag (resistance of an object toward movement).
When thrust is greater than drag, during takeoff, for instance, the airplane's speed increases. When thrust and drag are equal, the airplane maintains the same speed. Whenever drag is greater than thrust, the plane slows down.
Lift, gravity, thrust, and drag are the four forces acting upon the airplane. You'll learn to understand them thoroughly as you advance in your study of flight.
The parts of an airplane
An airplane, of course, is more than a wing, a propeller, and an engine.
The body of the airplane, which holds the pilot, passengers, and baggage, is called the fuselage.
The tail of the airplane is called the empennage, and it consists of the horizontal and vertical surfaces called stabilizers. They create the stability necessary to use the lift and thrust created by the wing and the engine-driven propeller.
Parts of the wing, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer are moveable to provide the pilot with the means to control the airplane. These control surfaces are called ailerons on the wings, elevators on the horizontal stabilizer, and rudder on the vertical stabilizer.
You'll become as familiar with the workings of these different parts as you are with the operation of a car.
Control
As the pilot, you control the airplane, and determine how it flies. The different movements of your controls will cause corresponding movements in the airplane. Here are some basic airplane movements.
Pulling the control wheel toward you raises the elevator, which in turn forces the tail down and the nose up. This serves to create more lift than gravity and the airplane will climb. To help produce the extra lift needed in the climb, you usually need additional power from the engine, which you achieve by using the throttle control. Pushing the control wheel away from you lowers the elevator, forcing the tail up and the nose down. This reduces the lift, and gravity makes you descend.
The rudder pedals control the movement of the plane from right to left in much the same way as the rudder of a boat. Pushing the right rudder pedal forces the nose of the airplane to the right, and the left rudder pedal produces the same movement to the left.
Turning the control wheel moves the ailerons in opposite directions, enabling you to raise or lower either the right or left wing which enables the airplane to turn faster than using rudder only.
To change the attitude of the airplane, its relationship to the horizon, you simply use the control surfaces and the power of the airplane. It's an exercise in coordination, much like riding a bicycle. Your flight instructor will discuss with you how these simple movements can be combined to maneuver the airplane.
The basic flight instruments
Although the instrument panel of an airplane may confuse you at first, you'll soon be familiar with the dials and switches and the valuable information they provide. The basic flight instruments are as follows:
Magnetic compass -- Like the compass you have seen in a car or boat, it tells you the airplane's heading -- the direction it's flying. It requires no power source.
Airspeed indicator -- It shows the speed of the airplane through the air.
Attitude indicator -- This instrument is like the horizon you see looking out from the pilot's seat. It tells you whether the nose of the airplane is pointed above or below the horizon and whether the airplane is turning (banking) to the left or right (left wing down or right wing down).
Altimeter -- This instrument shows the airplane's altitude in feet above sea level.
Vertical speed indicator -- This instrument tells you how quickly you're climbing or descending in feet per minute. When you're in level flight, it reads "0".
Heading indicator (directional gyro) -- This instrument is another compass. It shows the direction that the airplane is flying. It's usually bigger and easier to read than the magnetic compass, but requires some source of power to work.
Turn coordinator -- When you're turning the airplane, this instrument shows the rate and the direction of the turn. In this way you can adjust to a slower or faster rate of turn.
After your first few flights, you'll be thoroughly familiar with these instruments and how they work together with the airplane's control surfaces.

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Hampi, A Symphony In Stone.......

r.mahamad@yahoo.com — Tue, 19 Feb 2008 08:38:51 PST

By: Amitha Shetty

Hampi, the imperial capital of The Great Vijayanagar Empire. The city of victory carved in stone, that once flourished and rivaled Rome in terms of beauty, magnitude and population. Till today, each rock in the ruins speak volumes of the grandeur, and majesticity it experienced 5 centuries ago. HAMPI, the "Pompeii of India", is a dream come true for archaeologists, historians, art-lovers or tourists. Forts, Palaces, temples, sculptures, baths, Irrigation canals, bazaar ruins of a civilization belonging to the medieval era, Preserved in stone.
To bring back vivid memories of a vanished past. Hampi's existence goes back to an unrecorded past. It is said to be the location of the monkey kingdom, the Kishkinda associated with the great Hindu epic, The Ramayana. It was also an important centre under the Chalukyan dynasty. In 1336 A.D., the two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, founded the Vijayanagara Empire, for the protection of dharama under the spiritual guidance of sage Vidyaranya at Hampi on the banks of the river Tungabhadra. The spectacular setting of the rocky hills and valleys formed a natural seven-layered fortress. The capital was spread over more than 70 sq miles. By the year 1565 the empire stretched from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal, from the Deccan Plateau to the shores of Ceylon. It reached its zenith during the reign of Emperor Krishnadevaraya. It was a period of unprecedented prosperity and religious fervor. There was a revival of architecture, music and sculpture. Trade flourished especially in jewels and precious stones. Travellers and writers like Abdur Razak, Nicolo Conti, Domingo Paes who were a witness to this pomp and grandeur of Hampi described thus “what I saw seemed as large as Rome and very beautiful to the sight it is undoubtedly the best provided city in the world” - Domingo Peas. The emperors were great builders and they greatly encouraged art. The expansion of the Virupaksha temple with its Kalyana mantapa elaborately painted. Construction of temples like the Hazara Rama, the BalaKrishna , the Vithala and a host of other monuments like Mahanavani Dibba, Kamala Mahal, Lakshmi Narasimha statue, Queen's Bath and the Elephant stable. They all speak volumes of their patronage to religion, art and architecture. The empire grew in strength and splendor and resisted all onslaughts till 1565 before it fell under the armies of 5 united Bahamani invaders, who defeated the kingdom in the battle of Talikota (Rakkasa-tangadi). The Bahamani kings then ransacked the city for 6 months by which time it was turned into a pile of ruins.
Hampi is now recognized as a world heritage monument by UNESCO who has joined hands with the archaeological department of India for its conservation. As excavations have progressed among its ghastly ruins, Hampi unveils sector by sector a large number of palatial complexes and basements of several platforms. Interesting finds include a large number of stone images, both in round and relief, beautiful terracotta objects and stucco figures that once embellished the palaces, many gold and copper coins, household utensils and, a square stepped tank. Inscribed Buddhist sculptures of 2nd and 3rd Century.A.D have also been unearthed recently. This has added a new facet to its early history.
If your planning for a family vacation travel or a historic place visits in India then come to Hampi, the site of fabled Vijayanagar Empire, and the most powerful 13th century kingdom and feel the vibrance in its ruins. Though Hampi has in a sense survived death and desolation, even in its present ruins, continues to fascinate people from all walks of life. AT HAMPI STONES SPEAK IN SILENCE.