Electrical Engineering

RAL Color Tables

2011-01-26T08:35:00.003+03:00

RAL 1000	Green Beige
RAL 1001	Beige
RAL 1002	Sand yellow
RAL 1003	Signal yellow
RAL 1004	Golden yellow
RAL 1005	Honey yellow
RAL 1006	Maize yellow
RAL 1007	Daffodil yellow
RAL 1011	Brown beige
RAL 1012	Lemon yellow
RAL 1013	Oyster white
RAL 1014	Ivory
RAL 1015	Light ivory
RAL 1016	Sulfur yellow
RAL 1017	Saffron yellow
RAL 1018	Zinc yellow
RAL 1019	Grey beige
RAL 1020	Olive yellow
RAL 1021	Rape yellow
RAL 1023	Traffic yellow
RAL 1024	Ochre yellow
RAL 1026	Luminous yellow
RAL 1027	Curry
RAL 1028	Melon yellow
RAL 1032	Broom yellow
RAL 1033	Dahlia yellow
RAL 1034	Pastel yellow
RAL 1035	Pearl beige
RAL 1036	Pearl gold
RAL 1037	Sun

RAL Colors

2011-01-26T08:31:00.003+03:00

RAL 1000	RAL 1001
RAL 1002	RAL 1003
RAL 1004	RAL 1005
RAL 1006	RAL 1007
RAL 1011	RAL 1012
RAL 1013	RAL 1014
RAL 1015	RAL 1016
RAL 1017	RAL 1018
RAL 1019	RAL 1020
RAL 1021	RAL 1023
RAL 1024	RAL 1027
RAL 1028	RAL 1032
RAL 1033	RAL 1034
RAL 2000	RAL 2001
RAL 2002	RAL 2003
RAL 2004	RAL 2008
RAL 2009	RAL 2010
RAL 2011	RAL 2012
RAL 3000	RAL 3001
RAL 3002	RAL 3003
RAL 3004	RAL 3005
RAL 3007	RAL 3009
RAL 3011	RAL 3012
RAL 3013	RAL 3014
RAL 3015	RAL 3016
RAL 3017	RAL 3018
RAL 3020	RAL 3022
RAL 3027	RAL 3031
RAL 4001	RAL 4002
RAL 4003	RAL 4004
RAL 4005	RAL 4006
RAL 4007	RAL 4008
RAL 4009	RAL 4010
RAL 5000	RAL 5001
RAL 5002	RAL 5003
RAL 5004	RAL 5005
RAL 5007	RAL 5008
RAL 5009	RAL 5010
RAL 5011	RAL 5012
RAL 5013	RAL 5014
RAL 5015	RAL 5017
RAL 5018	RAL 5019
RAL 5020	RAL 5021
RAL 5022	RAL 5023
RAL 5024	RAL 6000
RAL 6001	RAL 6002
RAL 6003	RAL 6004
RAL 6005	RAL 6006
RAL 6007	RAL 6008
RAL 6009	RAL 6010
RAL 6011	RAL 6012
RAL 6013	RAL 6014
RAL 6015	RAL 6016
RAL 6017	RAL 6018
RAL 6019	RAL 6020
RAL 6021	RAL 6022
RAL 6024	RAL 6025
RAL 6026	RAL 6027
RAL 6028	RAL 6029
RAL 6032	RAL 6033
RAL 6034	RAL 7000
RAL 7001	RAL 7002
RAL 7003	RAL 7004
RAL 7005	RAL 7006
RAL 7008	RAL 7009
RAL 7010	RAL 7011
RAL 7012	RAL 7013
RAL 7012	RAL 7016
RAL 7023	RAL 7024
RAL 7026	RAL 7030
RAL 7031	RAL 7032
RAL 7033	RAL 7034
RAL 7035	RAL 7036
RAL 7037	RAL 7038
RAL 7039	RAL 7040
RAL 7042	RAL 7043
RAL 7044	RAL 7045
RAL 7046	RAL 7047
RAL 8000	RAL 8001
RAL 8002	RAL 8003
RAL 8004	RAL 8007
RAL 8008	RAL 8011
RAL 8012	RAL 8023
RAL 8024	RAL 8025
RAL 9002	RAL 9004
RAL 9005	RAL 9018

For More Details Refer http://basicselectrical.blogspot.com/2011/01/ral-color-tables.html

RAL color System

2011-01-26T08:29:00.001+03:00

Description

In 1927 the German Reichsausschuß für Lieferbedingungen und Gütesicherung" (State Commission for Delivery Terms and Quality Assurance) invented a collection of 40 colors under the name of "RAL 840". Prior to that date manufacturers and customers had to exchange samples to describe a tint, whereas from then on they would rely on numbers.

After it was revised in 1930s with four digits, again revised in 1961 which consist of 210 & is in use to this day.

The RAL Design System has been developed for professional color design. It contains 1688 colors arranged in a systematic order. All the 7-digit color shades are defined as individual RAL Colors. The difference between this and the RAL classic color collection is that the color codes of the RAL Design System are not arranged arbitrarily. They indicate the technologically measured values of Hue, Lightness and Chroma.

For short of description as below: First digit stands for shade of color.

1xxx Yellow RAL 1000 Green Beige - RAL 1034 Pastel Yellow (27)
2xxx Orange RAL 2000 Yellow Orange - RAL 2012 Salmon Orange (12)
3xxx Red RAL 3000 Flame Red - RAL 3031 Orient Red (22)
4xxx Violet RAL 4001 Red Lilac - RAL 4010 Telemagenta (10)
5xxx Blue RAL 5000 Violet Blue - RAL 5024 Pastel Blue (23)
6xxx Green RAL 6000 Patina Green - RAL 6034 Pastel Turquoise (32)
7xxx Grey RAL 7000 Squirrel Grey - RAL 7047 Telegrey 4 (37)
8xxx Brown RAL 8000 Green Brown - RAL 8028 Terra Brown (19)
9xxx White/Black RAL 9001 Cream - RAL 9018 Papyrus White (12)

Refer Link for more details : http://basicselectrical.blogspot.com/2011/01/ral-colors.html

BASIC CONVERSION TABLES-2 : AWG to Metric Converstion

2011-01-26T08:19:00.000+03:00

AWG Number	Ø [Inch]	Ø [mm]	Ø [mm²]
6/0 = 000000	0.580	14.73	170.30
5/0 = 00000	0.517	13.12	135.10
4/0 = 0000	0.460	11.7	107
3/0 = 000	0.410	10.4	85.0
2/0 = 00	0.365	9.26	67.4
1/0 = 0	0.325	8.25	53.5
1	0.289	7.35	42.4
2	0.258	6.54	33.6
3	0.229	5.83	26.7
4	0.204	5.19	21.1
5	0.182	4.62	16.8
6	0.162	4.11	13.3
7	0.144	3.66	10.5
8	0.128	3.26	8.36
9	0.114	2.91	6.63
10	0.102	2.59	5.26
11	0.0907	2.30	4.17
12	0.0808	2.05	3.31
13	0.0720	1.83	2.62
14	0.0641	1.63	2.08
15	0.0571	1.45	1.65
16	0.0508	1.29	1.31
17	0.0453	1.15	1.04
18	0.0403	1.02	0.823
19	0.0359	0.912	0.653
20	0.0320	0.812	0.518
21	0.0285	0.723	0.410
22	0.0253	0.644	0.326
23	0.0226	0.573	0.258
24	0.0201	0.511	0.205
25	0.0179	0.455	0.162
26	0.0159	0.405	0.129
27	0.0142	0.361	0.102
28	0.0126	0.321	0.0810
29	0.0113	0.286	0.0642
30	0.0100	0.255	0.0509
31	0.00893	0.227	0.0404
32	0.00795	0.202	0.0320
33	0.00708	0.180	0.0254
34	0.00631	0.160	0.0201
35	0.00562	0.143	0.0160
36	0.00500	0.127	0.0127
37	0.00445	0.113	0.0100
38	0.00397	0.101	0.00797
39	0.00353	0.0897	0.00632
40	0.00314	0.0799	0.00501

BASIC CONVERSION TABLES-1

2011-01-23T09:22:00.008+03:00

BASIC CONVERSION TABLES:

Length			Liquid Volume
1 inch	=	25.40mm	1 litre	=	0.035 cubic feet
1 foot	=	304.8mm	1 cubic ft.	=	28.32 litres.
1 yard	=	914.4mm	1 gallon	=	4.5461 litres
1 yard	=	3 feet	1 cubic ft.	=	6.23 gallons
1 metre	=	1.0936 yards	1 cubic yd	=	168.21 gallons
1 yard	=	0.9144 metres	1 cubic mt	=	1000 litres
1 metre	=	3.281 feet

Volume			Liquid Conversion
1 cubic metre	=	35.315 cubic feet	1000 ml	=	1 Litre
1 cubic metre	=	1.3079 cubic yards	1 litre	=	1.76 pints
1 cubic foot	=	0.0283 cubic metre	1 ml = 1cc	=	0.0017 pints
1 cubic yard	=	0.7646 cubic metre	1ml or cc	=	0.035 fluid ounce(oz)
			1 litre	=	0.22 gallons
			1 fl.oz.	=	28.413 ml or cc
			1 pint		568 ml or cc
			1 pint		0.568 litres

Weight			Area
1 tonne (metric)	=	2205 lbs	1 square mm	=	0.00155 sq. inches
1 ton imperial	=	2240 lbs	1 square metre	=	10.764 sq. feet
1000 grams	=	1 kilogram	1 square metre	=	1.196 sq. yards
1000 kilograms	=	1 tonne	1 square inch	=	645.20 sq. mm
1 kilogram	=	2.20462 lbs.	1 square foot	=	0.0929 sq. metres
1 kilogram	=	0.0197 cwt	1 Square yard	=	0.8361 sq. metres
1 cwt	=	112 lbs
1 cwt	=	50.8 kg
1 lb	=	0.4536 kg
1 lb	=	16 oz
1 oz	=	28.3 grams

You will also like to visit this. take a look:

http://basicselectrical.blogspot.com/2011/01/basic-conversion-tables-2-awg-to-metric.html

ANSI CODES for protection devices

2011-01-17T12:11:00.002+03:00

ANSI CODES for protection devices

List of Device Numbers and Acronyms

1 - Master Element	51 - AC Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
2 - Time Delay Starting or Closing Relay	52- AC Circuit Breaker
3 - Checking or Interlocking Relay	53 - Exciter or DC Generator Relay
4 - Master Contactor	54 - Turning Gear Engaging Device
5 - Stopping Device	55 - Power Factor Relay
6 - Starting Circuit Breaker	56 - Field Application Relay
7 - Rate of Change Relay	57 - Short-Circuiting or Grounding Device
8 - Control Power Disconnecting Device	58 - Rectification Failure Relay
9 - Reversing Device	59 - Overvoltage Relay
10 - Unit Sequence Switch	60 - Voltage or Current Balance Relay
11 - Multi-function Device	61 - Density Switch or Sensor
12 - Overspeed Device	62 - Time-Delay Stopping or Opening Relay
13 - Synchronous-speed Device	63 - Pressure Switch
14 - Underspeed Device	64 - Ground Detector Relay
15 - Speed - or Frequency, Matching Device	65 - Governor
16 - Data Communications Device	66 - Notching or Jogging Device
17 - Shunting or Discharge Switch	67 - AC Directional Overcurrent Relay
18 - Accelerating or Decelerating Device	68 - Blocking or "Out-of-Step" Relay
19 - Starting to Running Transition Contactor	69 - Permissive Control Device
20 - Electrically Operated Valve	70 - Rheostat
21 - Distance Relay	71 - Liquid Level Switch
22 - Equalizer Circuit Breaker	72 - DC Circuit Breaker
23 - Temperature Control Device	73 - Load-Resistor Contactor
24 - Over Fluxing Relay	74 - Alarm Relay
25 - Synchronizing or Synchronism-Check Device 25A - Automatic Synchronizing relay	75 - Position Changing Mechanism
26 - Apparatus Thermal Device	76 - DC Overcurrent Relay
27 - Under-voltage Relay 27P- Phase UV relay 27N/27G - Neutral/Ground UV relay 27A- Aux. UV relay	77 - Telemetering Device
28- Flame Detector	78 - Phase-Angle Measuring Relay
29 - Isolating Contactor or Switch	79 - AC Reclosing Relay
30- Annunciator Relay	80 - Flow Switch
31 - Separate Excitation Device	81 - Frequency Relay
32 - Directional Power Relay 32R- Reverse Power Relay 32F- Low Forward Power Relay	82 - DC Reclosing Relay
33 - Position Switch	83 - Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay
34 - Master Sequence Device	84 - Operating Mechanism
35 - Brush-Operating or Slip-Ring Short-Circuiting Device	85 - Communications,Carrier or Pilot-Wire Relay
36 - Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Devices	86 - Lockout Relay
37 - Undercurrent or Under-power Relay	87 - Differential Protective Relay
38 - Bearing Protective Device	88 - Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator
39 - Mechanical Condition Monitor	89 - Line Switch
40 - Loss of field (Field Failure or Loss of Excitation.	90 - Regulating Device
41 - Field Circuit Breaker	91 - Voltage Directional Relay
42 - Running Circuit Breaker	92 - Voltage and Power Directional Relay
43 - Manual Transfer or Selector Device	93 - Field Changing Contactor
44 - Unit Sequence Starting Relay	94 - Tripping or Trip-Free Relay
45 - Abnormal Atmospheric Condition Monitor	95 - For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
46 - Reverse-phase or Phase-Balance Current Relay	96 - For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
47 - Phase-Sequence or Phase-Balance Voltage Relay	97 - For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
48 - Incomplete Sequence Relay	98 - For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
49 - Machine or Transformer, Thermal Relay	99 - For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
50 - Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay	AFD - Arc Flash Detector
DFR - Digital Fault Recorder	CLK - Clock or Timing Source
ENV - Environmental Data	DDR - Dynamic Disturbance Recorder
HIZ - High Impedance Fault Detector	PDC - Phasor Data Concentrator
HMI - Human Machine Interface	PMU - Phasor Measurement Unit
HST - Historian	PQM - Power Quality Monitor
LGC - Scheme Logic	RIO - Remote Input/Output Device
MET - Substation Metering	RTU - Remote Terminal Unit/Data Concentrator
	SER - Sequence of Events Recorder
	TCM - Trip Circuit Monitor
	SOTF - Switch On To Fault For Description of all codes visit perticular pages...not full completed....as soon as I will finish I will post remaining also.

Time Current Characteristics for Switching Devices.

2011-01-15T18:46:00.002+03:00

Time current Curve for Switching Devices

For every switching device, time current curve is very important in order to know switching behavior of that switching device.

Now as per characteristic given above, its easily depict that there will be three section for TCC ( Time-Current-Characteristics).

Continuous current/Long time Characteristic.
Short time current
Instantaneous current.

1. Continuous Current: This is the current that circuit breaker can carry without tripping. This also terms as long time Current characteristics.

Breaker will not trip, until current is 100%, but in case of continuous overload of 105% to 130%, breaker will trip depending up on long time delay, in co-ordination with upstream breaker.

Take an example of figure. In this figure X axis is considered as current, where 1 unit is 10Amps.
And Y axis is Time.

So as in present case, Breaker used having Rating plug of 40Amps. So in case of 100% of load in breaker, that is ( 4x10 =40Amps), breaker will not trip and will go to infinite time as shown in upper portion of characteristic.

But if current will rise to 130% , that is 52Amps, it will trip after a long time delay of nearly 100 secs.

2) Short Time Characteristic:

Short Time Characteristic / Inverse Time Characteristic can consider as discriminative/ selective/tracking of load operating condition.

In other words, the circuit breaker will carry continuous short time current, for which it has been designed. And it will allow downstream breakers to clear the short circuit fault. In case of failure of downstream protection, breaker will active after short time, and will disconnect the circuit.

In figure, shown above, short time pick up will operate for 1.5 to 6 times of rating plug current. As observed, at 60A, breaker will trip after short time of nearly 0.1 sec.

To control breaker in short time characteristic to trip, breaker will wait for short time delay. In order to allow tripping of downstream protection devices.

Short time delay: Short time delay can be either of two types. Either fixed delay or I²t ramp delay.

Fixed Delay : This will trip breaker after fix time delay, irrespective of other pre-programming modes.

I²t ramp : This will trip breaker after certain adjustable time delay. This will give better co-ordination with downstream breakers.

Instantaneous Setting: When Breaker Will operate for any value between 2 to 40 times of rating plug, without any time delay, it will term as Instantaneous setting.

In our case, for 40 Amps breaker, at 10 times of current multiple of rating plug, i.e. 40x10=400Amps breaker will trip within 0.01 seconds.

I have just contributed towards this issue, what I was aware about. If any thing wrong or missing, please feel free to point it out.

Thanks.

Electrical Renewable Energy Resources Wind Energy Sources.

2010-05-03T17:28:00.016+03:00

As it was more than one year old post, needs to be update...Will come back with this topic with new information shortly.