MEDICAL CHOICES

New study reveals Coronavirus (COVD-19) can travel up to 13 feet from patients

2020-04-12T05:43:00.000-07:00

A recent study analyzing air samples from hospitals in patients with COVID-19 revealed that the virus can travel up to four meters (around 13 feet)- twice the distance current guidelines say people should leave between themselves in public.

Chinese researchers from Wuhan ,who tested surfaces and air samples from an ICU and general Corona ward, led by a team at the Academy of Military Medical Sciences in Beijing, released the preliminary findings of the investigation on Friday (10^th April) in Emerging Infectious Diseases, a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) journal.

Researchers noticed the virus to be most highly concentrated on the wards floors and said a possible cause might be attributed to the gravity that carried the virus droplets to the ground. There were also high rates on regularly touched surfaces such as computer mice, bed rails and door knobs

"Apart from that, half of the samples from the ICU medical staff shoes soles tested positive," the research team reported. " Hence, The soles of medical staff shoes may also act as carriers."

AIRBORNE DANGER?

The team also looked at aerosol transmission – where airborne virus containing particle linger in air for several hours rather than dropping to ground immediately after coughing or sneezing .

Researchers found that aerosols containing virus particles were primarily concentrated up to 13 feet near and downstream from patients — while smaller amounts were detected upstream, up to eight feet.

Fortunately, no hospital staff member was infected, "showing that adequate precautions could effectively prevent infection," the authors wrote.

They also offered advice that bucks orthodox guidelines: "Our findings suggest that home isolation of persons with suspected COVID-19 might not be a good control strategy" given the levels of environmental contamination.

Contrary to WHO, US health officials have taken a more cautious approach and advised people to cover their faces while out in public in the event that the virus may be spread through regular breathing and speaking.

Key words: COVD-19,Corona virus,aerosol transmission,Chinese study,ICU medical staff , staff shoes , social distancing redefined , face mask, CDC .

Harvon(ledipasvir and sofosbuvir) Hepatitis C New Drug Get FDA Approval

2014-11-03T00:51:00.001-08:00

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Harvoni (ledipasvir and sofosbuvir) to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection.

Harvoni (ledipasvir and sofosbuvir) is a once-daily NS5A inhibitor and nucleotide analog polymerase inhibitor fixed-dose combination for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection

Both drugs in Harvoni interfere with the enzymes needed by HCV to multiply. Sofosbuvir is a previously approved HCV drug marketed under the brand name Sovaldi. Harvoni also contains a new drug called ledipasvir.Harvoni is the first combination pill approved to treat chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. It is also the first approved regimen that does not require administration with interferon or ribavirin, two FDA-approved drugs also used to treat HCV infection.

“With the development and approval of new treatments for hepatitis C virus, we are changing the treatment paradigm for Americans living with the disease,” said Edward Cox, M.D., M.P.H., director of the Office of Antimicrobial Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “Until last year, the only available treatments for hepatitis C virus required administration with interferon and ribavirin. Now, patients and health care professionals have multiple treatment options, including a combination pill to help simplify treatment regimens.”

Harvoni is the third drug approved by the FDA in the past year to treat chronic HCV infection. The FDA approved Olysio (simeprevir) in November 2013 and Sovaldi in December 2013.

Hepatitis C is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the liver that can lead to diminished liver function or liver failure. Most people infected with HCV have no symptoms of the disease until liver damage becomes apparent, which may take decades.

Some people with chronic HCV infection develop scarring and poor liver function (cirrhosis) over many years, which can lead to complications such as bleeding, jaundice (yellowish eyes or skin), fluid accumulation in the abdomen, infections and liver cancer. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 3.2 million Americans are infected with HCV, and without proper treatment, 15-30 percent of these people will go on to develop cirrhosis.

Harvoni’s efficacy was evaluated in three clinical trials enrolling 1,518 participants who had not previously received treatment for their infection (treatment-naive) or had not responded to previous treatment (treatment-experienced), including participants with cirrhosis. Participants were randomly assigned to receive Harvoni with or without ribavirin. The trials were designed to measure whether the hepatitis C virus was no longer detected in the blood at least 12 weeks after finishing treatment (sustained virologic response, or SVR), indicating that a participant’s HCV infection has been cured.

In the first trial, comprised of treatment-naive participants, 94 percent of those who received Harvoni for eight weeks and 96 percent of those who received Harvoni for 12 weeks achieved SVR. The second trial showed 99 percent of such participants with and without cirrhosis achieved SVR after 12 weeks. And in the third trial, which examined Harvoni’s efficacy in treatment-experienced participants with and without cirrhosis, 94 percent of those who received Harvoni for 12 weeks and 99 percent of those who received Harvoni for 24 weeks achieved SVR. In all trials, ribavirin did not increase response rates in the participants.

The most common side effects reported in clinical trial participants were fatigue and headache.

Harvoni is the seventh new drug with breakthrough therapy designation to receive FDA approval. The FDA can designate a drug as a breakthrough therapy at the request of the sponsor if preliminary clinical evidence indicates the drug may demonstrate a substantial improvement over available therapies for patients with serious or life-threatening diseases. Harvoni was reviewed under the FDA’s priority review program, which provides for an expedited review of drugs that treat serious conditions and, if approved, would provide significant improvement in safety or effectiveness.

Harvoni and Sovaldi are marketed by Gilead, based in Foster City, California. Olysio is marketed by Janssen Pharmaceutical based in Raritan, New Jersey.

New Hepatitis C combo Harvoni will come at a cost of $1,125 per pill.

Dose : 1 Pill Per Day

How to Prevent catching the Ebola virus(For Public And Health Care Workers)

2014-10-15T11:52:00.001-07:00

How is Ebola spread?

The Ebola virus is transmitted in the bodily fluids of people who are seriously ill, who are likely to be vomiting, bleeding or have diarrhoea. Blood, faeces and vomit are the most infectious fluids, and in late stages of the disease even tiny amounts can carry high loads of virus. But a nurse who got a patient’s blood on their hands could wash it off with soap and water without any ill-effects. He or she would become ill only if they had a cut or abrasion on their hand or touched their mouth, eyes or nose, which would allow the virus to pass into their bodily fluids.

What are the symptoms?

It can take two to 21 days for symptoms to show, although usually it is five to seven days. Typically, the first signs are a fever involving a headache, joint and muscle pain, sore throat and severe muscle weakness. Many of those symptoms are similar to flu, so Ebola is not immediately obvious, though it should be suspected in anyone who has been in west Africa recently. After that come diarrhoea, vomiting, a rash and stomach pain. The kidneys and liver stop working properly. Patients may bleed internally and also from the ears, nose, eyes and mouth.

What about sweat – for example could I get Ebola from using gym equipment?

No. Nobody who had Ebola and was symptomatic, with intense muscle weakness and a fever in the early stages, would be well enough to go to the gym – and until they are symptomatic, they are not infectious. Sweat, anyway, is probably not a source of large amounts of virus – in fact, the World Health Organisation (WHO) says whole live virus has never been isolated from sweat.

How about saliva?

WHO says saliva at the most severe stage of the disease, and also tears, may carry some risk, but the studies are inconclusive. The virus has been detected in breast milk. .

Can I get Ebola from a toilet seat?

Yes – faeces from somebody with Ebola are a real hazard and the virus has also been detected in urine. But there would only be a danger if a seriously sick person had used the toilet and contaminated it and that is most likely in their home or hospital. Public toilets, in general, are very unlikely to be a risk.

Can it be sexually transmitted?

Yes, and the virus lasts in the semen of people who have recovered, maybe for as long as 90 days.

Could I catch Ebola from using a taxi that has taken a patient to hospital?

The virus can be transmitted on surfaces that bodily fluids have touched, so if somebody had bled or vomited on the seat, there would be a risk to anybody who had a cut or touched their face with contaminated hands. In Europe or the US, if a patient was diagnosed with Ebola, there would be a massive effort from the public health authorities to trace their movements as well as their contacts. Any taxi they had travelled in while sick would have to be decontaminated.

Could I catch Ebola from door handles a patient had touched?

Yes, if the handle was contaminated with blood, vomit or faeces, which would be more likely in the house where the patient had been living when they fell sick, or in the hospital. But if people have intact skin, do not touch their eyes, nose or mouth and frequently wash their hands, they will not get infected.

What can be done in railway stations, schools or other public places to prevent contagion?

. Any area visibly contaminated – where there is blood, vomit or faeces – and toilets and surfaces lots of people touch, such as door handles and telephones, must be wiped with disposable towels to remove any visible fluids, then cleaned with detergent or soap and water and allowed to dry. Then they must be disinfected, for instance with diluted bleach – one part bleach to four parts water. Those who do the cleaning must be fully covered, with long sleeved shirts tucked into disposable gloves and trousers tucked into socks and closed shoes. Any cuts or abrasions must be covered with plasters. But there is no need to clean corridors or areas that the person has just passed through

FOR HEALTH CARE WORKERS

Health-care workers must wear personal protective equipment when treating Ebola patients. The extensive and meticulous techniques vary slightly, depending on organization, location and availability of supplies, but must be carefully followed to avoid infection from the virus

Taking off personal protective equipment — gowns, gloves, face masks, goggles — is also one of the biggest areas of contamination and risk, protective equipment must be removed in a particular order, without any of the material touching the wearer’s skin, mucus membranes or the exterior of the clothing.

One version of the process begins with removing infected gloves, then the goggles or face shield, followed by the protective gown, which must be removed from the inside out, and finally the face mask or respirator. If hands become contaminated by touching the outside of the equipment, they must be washed after each step in the process of removing the personal protective gear

Ebola Virus -All Facts(Epidemiology symptoms Treatment & Prevention)

2014-10-07T13:17:00.000-07:00

Ebola virus disease is a serious, usually fatal, disease for which there are no licensed treatments or vaccines. But for people living in countries outside Africa, it remains a very low threat.

Ebola was first identified in Africa in the mid-1970s. An outbreak that began in March 2014 was the most serious so far. By August 13 2014 it had killed more than 1,000 people across Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria.

How do Ebola outbreaks start?

It's thought the Ebola virus has been living harmlessly in fruit bats for many years, building up in this population and spreading to other forest animals including chimpanzees and gorillas.

It's likely the virus makes its way into people after they butcher or handle dead animals contaminated with the virus.

How does it spread among people?

People can become infected with the Ebola virus if they come into contact with the blood, body fluids or organs of an infected person.

Most people are infected by giving care to other infected people, either by directly touching the victim's body or by cleaning up body fluids (stools, urine or vomit) that carry infectious blood.

Traditional African burial rituals have also played a part in its spread. The Ebola virus can survive for several days outside the body, including on the skin of an infected person, and it's common practice for mourners to touch the body of the deceased. They only then need to touch their mouth to become infected.

Other ways people can catch Ebola are:

touching the soiled clothing of an infected person, then touching their mouth
having sex with an infected person without using a condom (the virus is present in semen for up to seven weeks after the infected person has recovered)
handling unsterilised needles or medical equipment that were used in the care of the infected person

A person is infectious as long as their blood, urine, stools or secretions contain the virus.

Ebola virus disease is generally not spread through routine social contact (such as shaking hands) with patients who do not have symptoms.

The virus is not, for example, as infectious as diseases like the flu, as airborne transmission is much less likely. You'd need to have close contact with the source of infection to be at risk.

Who is at risk?

Anyone who cares for an infected person or handles their blood or fluid samples is at risk of becoming infected. Hospital workers, laboratory workers and family members are at greatest risk.

Strict infection control procedures and wearing protective clothing minimises this risk – Simply washing hands with soap and water can destroy the virus.

What are the symptoms?

An infected person will typically develop a fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, sore throat, and intense muscle weakness. These symptoms start suddenly, between 2 and 21 days after becoming infected, but usually after 5-7 days.

Ebola virus disease is fatal in 50-90% of cases. The sooner a person is given care, the better the chances that they will survive.

Signs and symptoms of Ebola usually begin suddenly with an influenza-like stage characterized by fatigue, fever, headaches, joint, muscle, and abdominal pain. Vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite are also common. Less common symptoms include the following: sore throat, chest pain, hiccups, shortness of breath, and trouble swallowing. Skin manifestations may include maculopapular rash (in about 50% of cases). Early symptoms of EVD may be similar to those of malaria, dengue fever, or other tropical fevers, before the disease progresses to the bleeding phase.

In 40–50% of cases, bleeding from puncture sites and mucous membranes (e.g., gastrointestinal tract, nose, vagina, and gums) has been reported. In the bleeding phase, which typically begins five to seven days after first symptoms, internal and subcutaneous bleeding may present itself in the form of reddened eyes and bloody vomit. Bleeding into the skin may create petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, andhematomas (especially around needle injection sites). Sufferers may cough up blood, vomit it, or excrete it in their stool.

Heavy bleeding is rare and is usually confined to the gastrointestinal tract. In general, the development of bleeding symptoms often indicates a worse prognosis and this blood loss can result in death All people infected show some signs of circulatory system involvement, including impaired blood clotting. If the infected person does not recover, death due to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome occurs within 7 to 16 days (usually between days 8 and 9) after first symptoms

How is it diagnosed?

The diagnosis is confirmed by isolating the virus, detecting

its RNA or proteins, or detecting antibodies against the virus

in a person's blood. Isolating the virus by cell culture,

detecting the viral RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

and detecting proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent

assay (ELISA) works best early and in those who have died

from the disease. Detecting antibodies against the virus

works best late in the disease and in those who recover.

A suspect case would be isolated in a side room so as to minimise contacts with other people while they are being tested. It is only if this test is positive that the case is considered to be ‘confirmed’.

If the test is positive then they will be transferred to a hospital-based high-level isolation unit.

If the result is negative, doctors will test for other diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever and cholera.

How is it treated?

There's currently no licensed treatment or vaccine for Ebola virus disease, although potential new vaccines and drug therapies are being developed and tested.

Patients need to be placed in isolation in intensive care. Dehydration is common, so fluids may be given directly into a vein (intravenously). Blood oxygen levels and blood pressure need to be maintained at the right level and body organs supported while the patient's body fights the disease and any other infections are treated.

ZMapp is an experimental treatment that can be tried, although it has not yet been tested in humans for safety or effectiveness. The product is a combination of three different antibodies that bind to the protein of the Ebola virus.

What's the advice for healthcare and aid workers?

Any area affected by an outbreak should be immediately quarantined and patients treated in isolation.

Healthcare workers need to avoid contact with the bodily fluids of their infected patients by taking the following precautions:

wear face masks, goggles, gowns and gloves
take extra care when handling blood, secretions and catheters and when connecting patients to a drip
disinfect non-disposable medical equipment before re-use
sterilise and dispose of used needles and disposable equipment carefully
properly dispose of any secretions or body waste from the patient
carefully and frequently wash hands with soap and water (alcohol hand rub if soap isn't available)
wash disposable gloves with soap and water after use, dispose of them carefully, then wash hands

What's the advice for travellers in at-risk areas?

Following these simple precautions will minimise your risk of catching Ebola virus disease:

don't handle dead animals or their raw meat
don't eat 'bushmeat'
avoid contact with patients who have symptoms
avoid having sex with people in risk areas; use a condom if you do
make sure fruit and veg is washed and peeled before you eat it
wash hands frequently using soap and water (alcohol hand rubs when soap is not available), as this destroys the virus

If you think you or a family member has symptoms of Ebola infection:

visit a healthcare provider immediately and inform them that you may have had contact with the Ebola virus (the nearest Embassy or Consular Office can help you find a provider in the area)
limit contact with others and avoid all other travel

It's more likely that the cause is another disease such as malaria, but you may need to be tested for Ebola as a precaution.

Prevention and control

Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions, namely case management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation. Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Raising awareness of risk factors for Ebola infection and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors:

Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission from contact with infected fruit bats or monkeys/apes and the consumption of their raw meat. Animals should be handled with gloves and other appropriate protective clothing. Animal products (blood and meat) should be thoroughly cooked before consumption.
Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission from direct or close contact with people with Ebola symptoms, particularly with their bodily fluids. Gloves and appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when taking care of ill patients at home. Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in hospital, as well as after taking care of patients at home.
Outbreak containment measures including prompt and safe burial of the dead, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola, monitoring the health of contacts for 21 days, the importance of separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread, the importance of good hygiene and maintaining a clean environment.

Key Words:Ebola Virus,History ,Epidemiology ,Sign & symptoms,Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention,ZMaap,)

IOS 8 Bugs And Apple Apology : New Update Coming In Few Days

2014-09-25T08:23:00.001-07:00

IOS 8: Known Bugs & Issues

iOS 8 is the biggest update Apple has ever issued for its iPhone and iPad, bringing with it a ton of new features, APIs and abilities. The actual update itself is around 5.7GB in size and has been the subject of A LOT of complaints on Twitter –– people aren’t too happy about having to delete lots of apps and music from their iPhones to make room for the install. But these aren’t the only complaints about the new software; a lot of people are having issues with bugs as well.

Crashing apps, detrimental affects on battery life, ultra-slow Safari, poor Wi-Fi connections and certain applications (CloudMagic, for instance) simply not working are just some of the complaints leveled at iOS 8. The software, at least from our tests, appears to perform better on iPhone, with less noticeable problems. Our iPad Air hasn’t been the same since we updated it to iOS 8, however, and appears to be really struggling with the new OS. Not that any of this should come as a surprise –– new versions of iOS always feature bugs. Expect the first series of updates to start landing very soon.

And then there's the issue of iOS 8's affect on 16GB and 8GB iPhones, as noted by Forbes: “Apple has been selling 16GB iPhones for way too long and apparently seems hell bent on continuing to do that,” Rogowsky wrote in his column. “It doesn’t seem like a problem if you only have a half dozen apps, don’t store music on your phone and are a light user, right? Well, then it’s time for your OS upgrade and suddenly your iPhone wants multiple gigabytes of free space (some reports had people needing up to 7GB of space!) to perform the upgrade. There are workaround like deleting a bunch of apps and downloading them later. You can resort to iTunes, make a backup and just install fresh. That leads to all your apps downloading again, which can be excruciating this time of year.”

But fear not, intrepid iOS user... Apple is hard at work on an update to address some of the known bugs inside iOS 8 and it could be launching within the next week or so. According to a report fromMacRumors, the iOS 8.0.1 update will address several key bugs, including problems with the following:

Call forwarding and freezing when opening Visual Voicemail
Keypad not showing up to enter iCloud Keychain verification codes
Videos sometimes not playing on Safari
AirDrop support for Passbook passes
Installation of VPN profiles

Apple Apologises For Failed iOS 8.0.1 Update

Apple attempted to release the iOS 8.0.1 update but not all went according to plan. The priority of the update was a boat load of bug fixes as well as an all important fix to the HealthKit app.

Both the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are now facing issues with the cellular connection and Touch ID functionality since the update. Apple pulled the update once it became aware of the problem but many still managed to download the update before then.

Apple has now offered up a fix for the problem when speaking to The Verge. There is now a dedicated support page, that you’ll find below, which allows you to reinstall the original iOS 8 update.

Apple told The Verge, “We have a workaround for iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus users who lost cellular service and Touch ID functionality today after updating to iOS 8.0.1. Affected users can reinstall iOS 8 through iTunes, for more information visit http://support.apple.com/kb/HT6487.

“We apologize for the great inconvenience experienced by users, and are working around the clock to prepare iOS 8.0.2 with a fix for the issue, and will release it as soon as it is ready in the next few days.”

Iphone IOS 8 Features And Bugs

2014-09-25T08:20:00.000-07:00

iOS Features

iOS 8 Review: Keyboards

Keyboards in iOS 8 get two new features. The first is Apple’s new QuickType keyboard. And yes, if you’ve ever used an Android phone this type of keyboard will be instantly familiar. Above the top row of keys sits a bar that suggests three words at a time. Tap a word to insert it into the text field you are writing in.

QuickType is contextually aware like SwiftKey, meaning it uses an algorithm to figure out which word comes next, meaning you can start typing and have QuickType finish the word for you. Another feature Apple “borrowed” feature from SwiftKey is QuickType’s ability to tap into past emails, texts and IMs in order to learn more about your writing style. The end result of this, after a few days of typing, is QuickType –– like SwiftKey –– begins thinking like you tap.

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For example: it might know you call your friend, “playa” because you’ve written that word a lot, so then QuickType would suggest the word “playa” when its relevant in the context in which you are writing (in this sense, your good friend, Graham –– AKA the Playa). It’s important to note that the mining of your emails and messages for use in contextual QuickType awareness is done locally on the phone--Apple never backs up this data to the cloud.

Then of course there are third-party keyboards in iOS 8 as well. This is a huge feature that has been long requested by users (and something Android has had for years). But the reason it took Apple so long was because they wanted to get security right. For instance, a custom keyboard on iOS never has access to your custom user dictionary, and Apple forbids custom keyboards from phoning home to a networked server anywhere, so no developer ever has a chance of capturing your keystrokes. In addition, iOS 8 will also force its own keyboard on password and credit card fields as an additional security measure so there is no way a custom keyboard could ever learn your credit card info or passwords.

Upon launch there will be a dozen or so custom keyboards available, but that’s sure to grow in the coming months.

iOS 8 Review: Extensions

Extensions allow apps to share their functionalities with other apps. For example, a photo app can make an extension available to social media apps that allows a user to edit or apply filters to a photo using that photo app’s editing features right from within the social media app.

To access an Extension just tap the Share button in any app. Extensions appear as icons in the menu that pops up. Tap an extension to use its capabilities. Needless to say extensions are a huge time saver and have the added benefit of forgoing the need to create multiple versions of, say, the same photo, in different apps.

iOS 8 Review: Messages

As a huge iMessage user one of the best things about iOS 8 for me are the new Messages features. The most useful new feature is the ability to quickly record a voice message (just like you can on WhatsApp) and insert it right into a text conversation. Simply tap the new microphone icon and record your message, then swipe up to insert the message into the conversation. It’s a brilliantly simple workflow that makes adding voice messages no more difficult than typing text.

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Better than the ability to insert voice messages, however, is the new Details page for conversations. Tap the Details button to be taken to the Details page where you can see all the members of a conversation, send your current location or share your trackable location, and see all the media attachments you have sent in the conversation in one place.

The ability to share your current location is something I’ve been wishing iOS had for a while. No more typing in addresses or postcodes; your contact will know where you are and how to get to you. Of course, this feature can be turned off if you wish –– you don’t want EVERYBODY knowing where you are at all times.

iOS 8 Review: Health app

iOS 8 does have two new apps inside iOS 8; one called Tips, which gives users basic tips about iOS, but the major one is Health. The Health app is an interactive dashboard where you can check out your vitals. Some of these vitals are propagated automatically (like calories burned and distance walked) thanks to the motion sensor in the latest iPhones.

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But the real power of the Health app comes from its ability to pull your health data from the tens of thousands of fitness apps and dozens of health fitness accessory makers. What this does is give you one central dashboard to get a detailed overview of your health. I don’t own a lot of health accessories personally, things like wireless body scales or fitness trackers, for example, so my Health dashboard was fairly sparse, but for the connected health and fitness addicts out there, this is going to be one of the best features iOS 8.

iOS 8 Review: Photos

Taking photos is one of the most common things we do with our iPhones and Apple knows as we take more and more the ability to navigate them all quickly and easily becomes increasingly important. With that in mind Apple has built in some great new search features into the Photos app. You can now search for photos based on location, date, or album name –– or any combination of the three. For example, I searched for pictures of all the photos I took of my trip to Lisbon in July and within seconds had them all right in front of me.

Digsby

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Apple has also greatly expanded the editing tools in the Photos app. They are now more refined and powerful, and if you have a newer iPhone you'll really notice the speed at which edits can be applied. But my favourite feature about the editing tools in the new Photos app is that, thanks to iOS 8’s extensions features, the editing tools from any third party photo apps can be accessed right from within iOS 8’s dedicated Photos app. That’s a huge plus as the Photos app is where all my photos are stored and I now no longer need to go to a different app just to use a specific editing tool.

iOS 8 Review: iCloud Drive

iCloud Drive is Apple’s much-needed answer to Dropbox. It is essentially one location to store all the files on your Mac, PC, iPad, and iPhone. The big thing about iCloud Drive is that it makes all your documents available to any app on Mac, iOS, or Windows PCs from one location: your iCloud Drive. But it gets even better because if you open a document in one app, the edits you make are immediately available to all the other apps that can read it.

iCloud documents used to be very limited with regards to which apps could access them, and most of the time when you made a change the changes wouldn’t reflect in the other apps. Indeed, previously opening up a document that was stored in iCloud would often times create a new, separate copy of that document instead of opening the original, but all this has changed with iCloud Drive. The only drawback is that there is no dedicated iCloud Drive app on iOS. You need to launch an app that supports iCloud Drive integration in order to browse through your files.

A word of warning about iCloud Drive however: when upgrading to iOS 8 Apple gives you the option to enable iCloud Drive now or to wait. If you’re a Mac user you’re going to want to wait to upgrade. That’s because iCloud Drive isn’t available in OS X until next month when Yosemite ships. If you upgrade to iCloud Drive now you won’t be able to sync any of your iCloud documents (such as iWork documents) between your iOS 8 devices and your Macs running OS X 10.9.

iOS 8 Review: Continuity and Handoff

These last major features of iOS 8 are dedicated to users who own more than one iOS device and/or a Mac.

Continuity allows your Mac and iOS device to immediately know they are near one another with zero configuration on your part. If both devices are on the same Wi-Fi network, Continuity is in effect. So just what does this Continuity allow you to do? Four main things: make and receive calls from your Mac, send and receive plain old text messages on your Mac, handoff current tasks from your iPhone to your Mac, and create an instant hotspot between your Mac and iOS device.

The first two features are probably the biggest. Thanks to iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite when your iPhone is on the same Wi-Fi network as your Mac you can make and answer phone calls on your Mac even if those phone calls are to/from traditional landlines. Continuity allows your Mac to become an extension of your phone. It works by wirelessly transferring the call information over your Wi-Fi network from your iPhone to your Mac and vice versa.

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If your iPhone is plugged in by your nightstand upstairs, but you’re at your iMac in your home office, and you mom calls from her home landline (eg: not a VOIP call), you don’t need to run to answer your phone. The call will be pushed from your iPhone to your Mac over your wireless network. A caller ID will appear on your Mac enabling you to answer or decline the call. Again, the reverse is true too: you can dial a number from any webpage or contact on your Mac and the number will be pushed to your iPhone in your house, which will dial it out, and then Continuity will push the entire conversation back from your iPhone to your Mac--all without you noticing this is happening.

And just as you can now make and receive calls from your Mac, you can also now make and receive texts –– non-iMessage texts (even from Android users!) –– right on your Mac.

Continuity’s other two big features are called Handoff and Instant Hotspot. Handoff allows you to automatically pass whatever you are doing on one device to the next. For example, if you’re composing an email on your iPhone or creating an iWork document on it, you can simply switch to your Mac and pick up composing the email or editing the iWork document right where you left off. As for Instant Hotspot, it allows you to automatically tether your Mac to your iPhone so you can share your data connection with zero setup required.

Do note that you currently won’t be able to use any Continuity or Handoff features with your Mac until OS X 10.10 Yosemite ships next month. Continuity and Handoff are not supported in the current OS X 10.9 Mavericks.

iOS 8: Known Bugs & Issues

Call forwarding and freezing when opening Visual Voicemail
Keypad not showing up to enter iCloud Keychain verification codes
Videos sometimes not playing on Safari
AirDrop support for Passbook passes
Installation of VPN profiles

Apple Apologises For Failed iOS 8.0.1 Update

Apple attempted to release the iOS 8.0.1 update but not all went according to plan. The priority of the update was a boat load of bug fixes as well as an all important fix to the HealthKit app.

Apple has now offered up a fix for the problem when speaking to The Verge. There is now a dedicated support page, that you’ll find below, which allows you to reinstall the original iOS 8 update.

First Year Solved Past Papers UHS

2014-09-25T07:58:00.001-07:00

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First Year Send Up 2014

2014-09-25T07:45:00.000-07:00

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2014-09-12T07:46:00.001-07:00

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2014-06-05T09:22:00.000-07:00

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MCAT 2011 Physics

2014-06-05T08:58:00.000-07:00

MCAT physics 2011

Note : Answers is at Bottom Of Post
1) An object having spherical shape of radius r experiences a retarding force F from a fluid of co-efficient of viscosity ‘ ῃ‘ when moving through the fluid with speed v . what is the ratio of retarding force to speed
a) 6 pi ῃ r^2
b) 6 pi ῃ/r^2
c) 6 pi ῃ r
d) 6 pi ῃ/r

2) For interference of light waves to take place, the required condition is
a) the path difference of the light waves from the two sources must be large
b) the interfering waves must be non-coherent
c) the light waves may come from different sources
d) the light waves may come from two coherent sources

3) the property of bending of light around an obstacle and spreading of light waves into geometric shadow of an obstacle is called
a) diffraction
b) polarization
c) quantization of light
d) interference of light

4) the normal human eye can focus a sharp image of an object on the eye if the object is located at certain distance called
a) least point
b) near point
c) far point
d) distinct point

5) a source of sound wave emits waves of frequency ‘f’ . if ‘v’ is the speed of sound waves, then what will be the wavelength of the waves
a) v/f
b) vf
c) (v-u)/f
d) (v-u)f

6) the spectrum of a star’s light is measured and the wavelength of one of the lines as the sodium’s line is found to be 589nm. The same line has the wavelength of 497nm when observed in the laboratory. This means the star is
a) moving away from the earth
b) moving towards the earth
c) stationary
d) revolving around the planet

7) what is the period of mass spring system during SHM if the ratio of mass to spring constant is 1/4?
a) pi
b) 2pi
c) 1/pi
d) 1/2pi

8) a wire is stretched by a force which causes an extension . the energy is stored in it only when:
a) extension of wire is proportional to force applied
b) the cross section area of the wire remains constant
c) the wire is not stretched beyond its elastic limit
d) the weight of wire is negligible

9) which statement is correct
a) Elasticity is that property of the body which enables the body to regain its original dimension
b) elasticity is that property of a body that does not allow it to return to its original shape
c) Elasticity is that property of a body that allows it to retain its original shape and dimension after the stress is removed
d) Elasticity is that property of a body that obeys hook’s law

10) which of the following is the expression of root mean square speed of a gas having n number of molecules contained in the container?
a) sq. root (V1^2 + V2^2 +V3^2 + …… + Vn^2)/n
b) (V1^2 + V2^2 +V3^2 + …… + Vn^2)/n
c) sq. root (V1 + V2 +V3 + …… + Vn)/n
d) (V1 + V2 +V3 + …… + Vn)/n

11) for a gas of volume V in its equilibrium state, if the pressure does change with time then total kinetic energy of gas is constant because
a) collisions between gas molecules occur
b) collisions between gas molecules occur linearly
c) collisions must be elastic
d) collisions must be in elastic

12) when the dimensions of both sides of an equation are equal then the equation is said to be
a) simultaneous
b) homogeneous
c) instantaneous
d) quadratic

13) two long parallel wires Wire 1 and Wire 2 repel each other what could be the reason ?
a) Both carry current in same direction
b) both carry current in opposite directions
c) wire 1 has current but wire 2 has no current
d) wire 2 has current wire 1 has no current

14) if the number of turns of a solenoid circular coil is doubled but the current in the coil and radius of the coil remains same, then what will be the magnetic flux density produced by the coil?
a) magnetic flux density will be halved
b) magnetic flux density increases by different amount at different points
c) magnetic flux density remains unchanged
d) magnetic flux density will be doubled

15) which of the following isotope is used to estimate the circulation of blood in a patient
a) Carbon-14
b) Carbon-12
c) Phosphorus-32
d) Sodium-24

16) for the radiotherapy of a patient it is required to double the absorbed dose in gray. What step should be taken?
a) energy must be quartered
b) energy must be halved
c) energy must be increased four times
d) energy must be doubled

17) which of the following is the proper way to study the sinusoidal waveform of the voltage?
a) voltage is connected to X input and the time base is switched of
b) voltage is connected to Y input and the time base is switched on
c) voltage is connected to Y input and the time based is switched of
d) voltage is connected to X input and the time based is switched on

18) cathode ray oscilloscope consists of following parts
a) filament, cathode, grid , anode
b) cathode, anode, capacitor, screen
c) emitter, base, collector, resistor
d) resistor, capacitor, inductor, ___

19) if 2A current passes through a resistor when connected to a certain battery. If the resistance is replaced by the double resistance then the current will become
a) 2A
b) 4A
c) 6A
d) 1A

20) What is the order of wavelength of x-rays
a) 10^-6
b) 10^-10
c) 10^-3
d) 10^0

21) A laser beam is
a) non coherent
b) mono chromatic
c) both
d) none

22) what is the torque acting on the pendulum of length L inclined at an angle theta
a) mgL
b) mgL sin theta
c) 0
d) mgL cos theta

23) cathode rays are
a) dependent on nature of gas
b) depend on target material
c) independent on nature of gas
d) none

24) 1 degree is equal to
a) Л/180
b) 180/Л
c) 2Л/180
d) Л/57.3

25) if the resistance in the circuit is doubled then what’s the current now
a) half
b) zero
c) double
d) constant

26) THE HALF LIFE OF A RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT is 1500 years the fraction of sample that left after 6000 years
a. 1/2
b. 1/16
c. 1/8
d 1/4

27) HALF LIFE OF RADON IS
A. 1500YEAR
B. 23.5 MIN
C. 3.8 DAYS
D. 4*10 ^789

28) in which of the following detectors impulse is independent of energy of particle
a. GM counter
b. solid state
c. Wilson cloud
d all

29) THE SHORTEST WAVELENTH OF CONTONOUS X RAY , EMITTED FROM AN X RAY TUBE , DEPEND ON
A. I in tube
b. Voltage applied
c. nature of tube
d. atomic number of target

30) 4200 VOLT IS USED in x-ray tube to accelerate electron the speed of x ray
a. 2 *1O^8
B. 3*10 ^8
C2* 10^7
D. 3* 10^9

1) c2) d3) a4) b5) a6) a7) a8) a9) c10) a11) c12) b13) b14) d15) d16) d17) b18) a19) d20) b21) b22) b23) c24) a25) a26) b27) c28) a29) d30) b

MCAT 2012 Entery Test Past Papers

2014-06-05T08:53:00.001-07:00

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MCAT 2011 Chemistry

2014-06-05T08:04:00.002-07:00

MCAT 2011 Chemistry

Note : Answers is at Bottom Of Post

1) it is experimentally found that catalyst is used to
a) lower the activation energy
b) increase the activation energy
c) lower the pH
d) decrease the temperature of other reactants

2) carbon exists as allotropes, which are different crystalline molecular forms of the same substance. Graphite and diamond are allotropes of carbon. Diamond is non-conductor while graphite is conductor because
a) graphite has a layered structure
b) in graphite all valence electrons are tetrahedrally bounded
c) in graphite one of the valence electron is free to move
d) graphite is soft and greasy

3) when the elements of group 2A are exposed to air , they quickly become coated with layer of oxide. What is the purpose of this oxide layer
a) the oxide layer exposes the metal to atmospheric attack
b) the oxide layer increases the reactivity of metal
c) the oxide layer protects the metal from further attack
d) the oxide layer gives the metal a shiny look

4) hydrogenation of unsaturated oils is done by using
a) finally divided nickel
b) finally divided iron
c) vanadium pentaoxide
d) copper

5) tick the correct statement
a) chelates are more stable than ordinary complexes
b) ordinary complexes are more stable than chelates
c) monodentate ligand form chelate
d) chelates have no ring structure

6) in contact process the catalyst used for conversion of SO2 to SO3 is
a) magnesium oxide
b) Aluminium oxide
c) silicon dioxide
d) vanadium pentaoxide

7) the unpolluted rain water is slightly acidic due to reaction of rain water with
a) Sulphur dioxide
b) oxides of nitrogen
c) carbon dioxide
d) hydrocarbons present in air

8) the compound with an atom which has an unshared pair of electron is called
a) nucleophile
b) electrophile
c) protophile
d) none of these

9) 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane are isomers of each other. The type of isomerism between them is
a) Cis-trans isomerism
b) chain isomerism
c) positional isomerism
d) functional group isomerism

10) benzene in presence of ACl3 gives acetophenone when reacts with
a) acetyl chloride
b) acetic acid
c) ethyl benzene
d) ethanoic acid

11) the substitution of –H group by –NO2 group in benzene is called
a) nitration
b) ammonolusis
c) sulphonation
d) reduction of benzene

12) when purely alcoholic solution of sodium/potassium hydroxide and halogenalkane are refluxed an alkene is formed :
CH3-CH2-Br (in presence of alcoholic KOH )--- > CH2=CH2
what is the mechanism of the reaction
a) elimination
b) dehydration
c) debromination
d) nucleophilic substitution

13) organic compound carbon tetra chloride is used as
a) lubricant
b)solvent
c) oxidant
d) plastic

14) an alcohol is converted into an aldehyde with same number of carbon atoms in the presence of K2CrO4/H2SO4 . the alcohol is
a) CH2C(CH)2OH
b)CH3CH2CH2OH
c)(CH3)3COH
d)(CH3)2CHOH

15)in the mass spectrometer ; detector or collector measures the :
a)masses of isotopes
b)percentages of isotopes
c)relative abundances of isotopes
d)mass numbers of isotopes

16)how many chlorine atoms are in 2 moles of Cl :
a)2 x 6.022x10^23 atoms
b)35.5 x 6.022x10^23 atoms
c)2x10^23 atoms
d)2x6.02x10^22 atoms

17)boiling point of water is higher than petrol , because intermolecular forces in water are :
a)weaker than petrol
b)stronger than petrol
c)same as in petrol
d)negligible

18)DNA molecule is double stranded , in which two chains of DNA are twisted around each other by:
a)hydrogen bonds
b)Van der Waal’s forces
c)covalent bonds
d)dative bonds

19)the elements for which the value of ionization energy is low can:
a)gain electrons readily
b) gain electrons with difficulty
C)lose electron less readily
d) lose electron readily

20)the nature of cathode rays in discharge tube :
a)depends upon the nature of the gas used in discharge tube
b) depends upon the nature of the cathode used in discharge tube
c)is independent of the nature of the gas used in discharge tube
d) depends upon the nature of anode in the discharge tube

21)the ability of the atom in the covalent bond to attract the bonding electrons is called:
a)ionization energy
b)ionic bond energy
c)electronegativity
d)electron affinity

22)the paramagnetic character of substances is due to the presence of :
A)bond pairs of electrons
b)lone pairs of electrons
c)unpaired electrons in the atom or molecule
d)paired electrons in the valence shell of atoms

23)lattice energy of an ionic crystal is the enthalpy of:
a)combustion
b)dissociation
c)dissolution
d)formation

24)mole fraction of any component is the ratio of moles of all components in a:
a)compounds
b)solution
c)molecule
d)solid

25) molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute of any substance dissolved:
a)per dm^3 of water
b)in one g of water
c)per m^3 of water
d)in 100 ml of water

26)in electrolytic cell a salt bridge is used in order to :
a)pass the electric current
b)prevent the flow of ions
c)mix solutions of two half cells
d)allow movement of ions b/w two cells

27)if in AgCl solution , some salt of NaCl is added , AgCl will be precipitated due to :
a)solubility
b)electrolyte
c)un saturation effect
d)common ion effect

28)if Ka for an acid is higher , the stronger is the acid , relate the strength of acid with pKa:
a)higher pKa , weaker the acid
b)lower pKa , stronger the acid
c)pKa has no relation with the strength of an acid
d)both a and b

29)according to the collision theory of bimolecular reactions in gas phase , minimum amount of energy required for an effective collision is known as :
a)heat of reaction
b)rate of reaction
c)has no effect on the reaction
d)energy of activation

30) consider the following reaction:
R-CHO + 2[Ag(NH3))2]OH ----- > RCOONH4 + 2Ag + 2NH3 + H2O
this reaction represents which of the following tests
a) Fehling test
b) benedict test
c) ninhydrin test
d) tollen’s test

31) a polymer in which the number of amino acid residue is greater than 100 or the molecular mass is greater than 10,000 is called
a) protein
b) polypeptide
c) dipeptide
d) tripeptide

32) when hexanedioic acid is heated with hexamethylenediamine the compound formed is
a) polypeptide
b) ester
c) addition polymer
d) nylon 6,6

33) glucose and fructose are common example of
a) pentoses
b) hexoses
c) heptoses
d) butoses

34) the reaction between fats and caustic soda is called
a) hydrogenolysis
b) fermentation
c) carboxylation
d) saponification

35) macromolecules are defined as large molecules built up from small repeating units called
a) monomers
b) isomers
c) metamers
d) tautomers

36) PVC is an example of
a) addition polymer
b) condensation polymer
c) biopolymer
d) thermosetting polymer

37) Terylene, a polyester is an example of
a) biopolymer
b) lipids
c) condensation polymer
d) addition polymer

38) the suspected liver carcinogenic which also has a negative reproduction and developmental effects in human is
a) iodoform
b) bromoform
c) chloroform
d) tropoform

39) peroxyacetylene is an irritant to human beings and it effects
a) ears
b) eyes
c) nose
d) stomach

40) which enzyme is involved in fermentation of glucose?
a) zymase
b) invertase
c) urease
d) diastase

41) relative acidic strength of alcohol , phenol , water and carboxylic acids is
a) carboxylic acid > alcohol > phenol > water
b) carboxylic acid > phenol > water > alcohol
c) phenol > carboxylic acid > alcohol > water
d) water > phenol > alcohol > carboxylic acid

42) in standard enthalpy of atmomization heat of surrounding
a) remains same
b) increases
c) decreases
d) increases then decreases

43) in all oxidation reactions, atoms of an element in a chemical species lose electrons and increases their
a) oxidation state
b) reduction states
c) electrode
d) negative charges

44) in Haber process for manufacturing of ammonia , nitrogen is taken from
a) proteins occurring in living bodies
b) ammonium salts obtained industrially
c) air
d) minerals containing nitrates

45) in comparison to oxygen gas a strong triple covalent bond is present between nitrogen atoms in a molecule and therefore nitrogen gas is:
a) highly reactive gas
b) completely inert like noble gases
c) very less reactive gas
d) moderately reactive gas

46) the –NH-CO group is called
a) amide group
b) amino group
c) protein linkage
d) peptide linkage

47) which of the following has an amino R group
a) lysine
b) proline
c) valine
d) alanine

ANSWERS

1) b2) c3) c4) a5) a6) d7) c8) a9) c10) a11) a12) a13) b14) b15) c16) a17) b18) a19) d20) c21) c22) c23) d24) b25) a26) d27) d28) d29) d30) d31) a32) d33) b34) d35) a36) a37) c38) c39) b

MCAT 2011 Biology

2014-06-05T08:04:00.001-07:00

MCAT 2011 Biology

Note : Answers is at Bottom Of Post

1) when chromosomes uncoil, the nucleoli are reformed and two nuclei are the two poles of the cell; stage is known as
A. prophase
B. metaphase
C. telophase
D. anaphase

2) Mental retardation, short stature, broad face and squint eyes are the symptoms of
A. Bown's syndrome
B. Klinefelter's syndrome
C. Turner's syndrome
D. XYZ syndrome

3) Chiasmata formation takes place during the process which is known as
A. crossing over
B. attachment
C. pairing
D. leptotene

4) healing of a wound and repair is the phenomenon which takes place by the process of
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. cell growth
D. mitosis and meiosis

5) Which one of the following is the main cause of cancer?
A. mutation
B. controlled cell division
C. regulated mitosis
D. haploid division

6) The covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides is called
A. glycosidic bond
B. hydrogen bond
C. peptide bond
D. disulphide bond

7) The bond formed between glucose and fructose to form sucrose is
A. 1,4 glycosidic linkage
B. 1,2 glycosidic linkage
C. 1,6 glycosidic linkage
D. 1,3 glycosidic linkage

8) In an amino acid in which the R-group is hydrogen, the amino acid will be
A. Alanine
B. Glycine
C. Leucine
D. Valine

9) Fatty acid are the organic compounds containing hydrogen, oxygen and one of the following are
A. carboxylic
B. Amino
C. acyl
D. sucrose

10) Liposomes are used in gene therapy against
A. hypercholesterolemia
B. coronary artery angioplasty
C. cystic fibrosis
D.severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome

11) Genetically engineered cells are introduced into bone marrow cells in the treatment of
A. hypercholesterolemia
B. severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome
C. cystic fibrosis
D. coronary artery angioplasty

12) Which one of the following is depleting and causing thinning if ozone
A. chlorine
B. bromine
C. chlorofluorocarbon
D. carbon

13) The typical environment of a particular organism population community is called
A. niche
B. ecosystem
C. habitat
D. biosphere

14) Excessive enrichment of water with nutrients by human activity by which large amount of living organic matter grows is called
A. archeotrophication
B. eutrophication
C. enrichment
D. low trophication

15) In an ecosystem, mycorrihza is an example of
A. symbiosis
B. predation
C. commensalism
D. parasitism

16) Successive stages of eating and being eaten by which recycling of materials and flow of energy takes place is called
A. food chain
B. food web
C. trophic level
D. food link

17) The sex of individuals of next generation always depends on one of the parent, who is
A. Heterogametic
B. Homogametic
C. Isogametic
D. Isomorphic

18) Which of the following will be haemophilic?
a) X(H)X(h)
b) X(H)X(H)
c) X(h)Y
d) X(H)Y

19) Which of the following is an example of X-linked recessive trait in humans?
A. Hypophosphatemic rickets
B. Colour blindness
C. Baldness
D. Beard growth

20) Which trait in human is an example of multiple alleles?
A. Eye colour
B. skin colour
C. ABO- blood group
D. Rh-blood group

21) When a gene pair at one locus interacts with another gene at another locus, the interaction is called
A. Dominance
B. Multiple allelism
C. Pleiotropy
D. Epistasis

22) The combination of a pentose sugar with a base result in a compound known as
A. Nucleotide
B. Nucleoside
C. Nucleic acid
D. Polynucleotide

23) An enzyme and substrate reacts through a special feature or site present in enzyme known as
A. Building site
B. Active site
C. Catalyst site
D. Inhibition site

24) The non-protein part of enzyme which is covalently and permanently bonded is called
A. Prosthetic group
B. co-factor
C. co-enzyme
D. Activator

25) one of the pyrimidine bases is absent in DNA
a) uracil
b) thymine
c) cytosine
d) adenine

26) enzymes increase the rate of reaction by
A. increasing temperature
B. decreasing pH
C. decreasing activation energy
D. increasing activation energy

27) Which one of the following diseases caused by enveloped RNA virus and spread in epidemic form?
A. Influenza
B. Herpes simplex
C. polio
D. small pox

28) The structure which contains the gene for drug resistance bacteria are
A. Nucleoids
B. Mesosomes
C. Chromatin bodies
D. Plasmids

29) Antibiotics that kill microbes immediately are called
A. Microbistatic
B. Microbicidal
C. Biostatic
D. Chemotherapeatic

30) Which one of the following fungi cause vaginal thrush?
A. Candida
B. Aspergillus
C. tortula
D. Penicillium

31) Body cavity of round worms is called
A. Pseudocoelom
B. Coelom
C. Acoelom
D. Enteron

32) Fasciola is endoparasite of
A. Colon
B. Liver
C. Small intestine
D. Bile duct

33) Trypanosoma is transmitted in human beings by
A. Plasmodium
B. Anopheles
C. House fly
D. Tse-tse fly

34) The nervous system develops from which of the following layer during embroynic development of animals?
A. Mesoderm
B. Ectoderm
C. Endoderm
D. Mesoderm and endoderm

35) Endosperm is formed as a result of
A. pollination
B. self-pollination
C. double fertilization
D. cross pollination

36) Which of the following enzyme is released in an inactive form?
A. Amylase
B. Lipase
C. Enterokinase
D. Pepsin

37)
Which of the following hormones stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice from pancreas in liver?
A. Secretin
B. Pepsinogen
C. Gastrin
D. Both gastrin and secretin

38) in large intestine vitamin k is formed by the activity of
A. symbiotic bacteria
B. obligate parasite
C. papasitic bacteria
D. Facultative bacteria

39) During swallowing of food which structure close nasal opening?
A. Hard palate
B. Soft palate
C. Epiglottis
D. Larynx

40) The right atrium of the heart usually receives the
A. Deoxygenated blood
B. Oxygenated blood
C. Filtered blood
D. Non-filtered blood

41) The largest lymph duct called thoracic lymph duct drains into
A. Subclavian vein
B. Renal vein
C. Pulmonary vein
D. Hepatic portal vein

42) Which protein plays a major role in maintaining osmotic balance ?
A. Albumin
B. Globulin
C. Fibrinogen
D. Prothrombin

43) The type of agranulocytes which stays in blood for a few hours and then enters tissues and become macrophages is
A. Lymphocytes
B. Monocytes
C. Eosinophil
D. Basophils

44) Reabsorption of water by counter current multiplier mechanism takes place at
A. Proximal tubule
B. Distal tubule
C. Collecting duct
D. Loop of henle

45) Antidiuretic hormone helps in reabsorption of water by changing permeability of
A. Proximal tubule
B. Distal tubule
C. Collecting duct
D. Loop of henle

46) During peritoneal dialysis, the dialysis fluid is introduced into which part of human body ?
A. Liver
B. abdomen
C. Kidney
D. Pancreas

47) Aldosterone helps in conservation or active absorption of
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Potassium
D. Bicarbonate ions

48) Maximum reabsorption takes place in which part of the nephron ?
A. Distal tubule
B. Villi
C. Cortical tissue
D. Proximal tubule

49) Over-activity of sympathetic nervous system causes
A. Disturbance of vision
B. Constipation
C. Decrease in blood pressure
D. Increase in heart rate

50) Which structures respond when they are stimulated by impulse coming through motor neuron?
A. Receptors
B. Responses
C. Effectors
D. Transduction

51) Respiratory center is located in
A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Medulla
D. Hypothalamus

52) A neurological condition characterized by involuntary tremors , diminished motor activity and rigidity is called
a) epilepsy
b) Parkinson’s disease
c) Alzheimer’s disease
d) Cerebellar tumours

53) A type of cells in human testes which produce testosterone is called
A. interstitial cells
B. germ cells
C. sertoli cells
D. spermatocytes

54) Breakdown of endometrium during mensuration is due to
A. increase in level of LH
B. decrease in level of progesterone
C. increase in level of progesterone
D. increase in level of oestrogen

55) Oogonia are produced in the germ cells
a) both uterus and cervix
b) cervix
c) uterus
d) ovary

56) Which of the following diseases can be prevented through vaccination ?
A. AIDS and cancer
B. Malaria and AIDS
C. Typhoid and cancer
D. Measles and mumps

57) Newly produced cells/ individuals which are identical to each other are known as
A. Genetically modified
B. Transgenic animals
C. Transgenic bacterias
D. Clones

58) Which of the following is a blood borne disease ?
A. Hepatitis
B. Cholora
C. Influenza
D. candidiasis

59) The control of pest has traditionally meant regulation by natural enemies, predators, parasites and pathogens; this type of control is known as
A. Cultural control
B. Biological control
C. Pesticides control
D. Insecticides control

60) Which of the following organelles is concerned with the cell scretion
A. Ribosomes
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Lysosomes
D. Mitochondria

61) Which of the following contains peptidoglycan cell wall ?
A. Penicillium
B. Bacterium
C. Adiantum
D. Polytrychum

62) The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded to form finger like structure called
A. Cristea
B. Vesicle
C. matrix
D. cisternae

63) the interior of the chloroplast is divided into heterogeneous structure, embedded in the matrix, known as
A. Grana
B. Stroma
C. Thylakoids
D. Cisternae

64) In which phase of the cell division the metabolic activity of the nucleus is high ?
A. Mitosis
B. Interphase
C. Meiosis
D. Cell cycle

65) Luteinizing hormone triggers
A. Cessation of oogenesis
B. Breakdown of oocyte
C. Ovulation
D. Development of zygote

66) Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease which is caused by
A. HIV / AIDS
B. Pseudomonas pyogenes
C. Treponema pallidum
D. Neisseria

67) Muscles is made up of many cells which are reffered to as
A. Myofilaments
B. Myofibrils
C. Sarcolemma
D. Muscles fiber

68) The length of myofibril from one Z-band to the next is known as
A. Sarcomere
B. Sarcolemma
C. Sarcoplasm
D. Muscle fiber

69) The calcium ions released during a muscle fiber contraction attach with
A. Myosin
B. Actin
C. Tropomyosin
D. Troponin

70) A muscle condition resulting from the accumulation of lactic acid and ionic imbalance is called
A. Tetany
B. Muscle fatigue
C. Cramp
D. Tetanus

71) The pigment which stores oxygen in muscles is
A. Hemoglobin
B. Myoglobin
C. Myosin
D. Actinomyosin

72) Neurosecretory cells are present in which part of brain
A. Hypothalamus
B. Midbrain
C. PONS
D. Cerebellum

73) which of the following is the function of glucagon hormone
a) glycogen à glucose
b) glucose à glycogen
c) glucose à lipids
d) glucose à proteins

74) Addison's disease is caused due to destruction of
A. Adrenal cortex
B. Pituitary adrenal axis
C. Adrenal medulla
D. Hypothalamus

75) Which group of hormone is made up of amino acids and their derivatives ?
A. Vasopressin and antidiuretic hormone
B. Epinephrine and non-epinephrine
C. Oestrogen and testosterone
D. Insulin and glucagon

76) Thymus gland is involved in maturation of
A. Platelets
B. B-lymphocytes
C. Eosinophils
D. T-lymphocytes

77) In passive immunity which of the following component are injected into blood
A. Antigens
B. Immunogens
C. Serum
D. Immunoglobulins

78) Mucous membranes are part of body defence system and they offer
A. Physical barries
B. MEchanical barriers
C. Chemical barriers
D. Biological barriers

79) Immediate protection is obtained from
A. Passive immunity
B. Active immunity
C. Vaccination
D. Natural active immunity

80) the immunity in which T-cells recognize the antigens or microorganisms is known as:
a)tissue grafting
b)phagocytosis
c)cell mediated immunity/ response
d)hormonal immunity / response

81)oxidative phosphorylation , synthesis of ATP in the presence of oxygen occurs in:
A)all types of cells
B)all anaerobic cells
C)all primitive cells
D)all aerobic cells

82)glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of:
a)glycerate
b)lactic acid
c)pyruvate
d)succinic acid

83)before entering into Kreb’s cycle , the pyruvate is first decarbox
ylated and oxidized into:
a)alpha ketoglutaric acid
b)citric acid
c)glyceric acid
d)acetic acid

84) Some electron from the second primary accepter may pass back to chlorophyll molecules by electron carrier system , yielding ATP this process is called
a)phosphorylation
b)photophosphorylation
c)non-cyclic phosphorylation
d) cyclic phosphorylation

85)Z-scheme is used for:
a) non-cyclic photophosphorylation
b) cyclic photophosphorylation
c)both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
d)oxidative phosphorylation

86)the common vectors used in recombinant DNA technology are:
A)probes
B)palindromes
C)plasmids
D)prions

87)the enzyme used to isolate gene from DNA is:
a)helicase
b)reverse transcriptase
c)restriction enzyme
d)DNA polymerase

88)which one of the following enzymes is temperature insensitive?
a)DNA polymerase i
b)Taq polymerase
c) DNA polymerase ii
d)RNA polymerase

Answers

1c
2a
3a
4a
5a
6a
7b
8b
9a
10c
11b
12c
13c
14b
15a
16a
17a
18c
19b
20c
21d
22b
23b
24a
25a
26c
27a
28d
29b
30a
31a
32d
33d
34b
35c
36d
37a
38a
38b
40a
41a
42a
43b
44d
45c
46b
47a
48d
49d
50c
51c
52b
52a
54b
55d
56d
57d
58a
59b
60b
61b
62a
63a
64b
65c
66c
67d
68a
69d
70b
71b
72a
73a
74a
75b
76d
77d
78a
79a
80c
81c
82c
83d
84d
85a
86c
87c
88b

MCAT 2011 English

2014-06-05T08:04:00.000-07:00

MCAT 2011 English

Note : Answers is at Bottom Of Post

1) She managed to _______ a ticket for the cricket match
A. Procure
B. Obscure
C. Improvise
D. Preclude

2) Things have got out of hand; we must take steps to _______ the situation
A. Rectify
B. Actify
C. Purify
D. Testify

3) 3) George Orwell's animal farm is a stinging _____ on the Russian revolution
A. Myth
B. Satire
C. Fallacy
D. Legend

4) All the ____ and ceremony of the royal wedding was telecast on the national television circuit.
A. Festival
B. Romp
C. Pomp
D. Happiness

5) identify the wrong segment of the sentence from the parts enclosed in brackets:
The (patients) blood (analysis) shows that there is a big number (of) amorphous cells which are (quiet) unidentifiable.

6) identify the wrong segment of the sentence from the parts enclosed in brackets:
The police, in their investigation, used coercive (measure) (to) get favorable statement (from) (the) accused

7) identify the wrong segment of the sentence from the parts enclosed in brackets:
Your argument is simply abstruse as there (is) no clarity (of) thought and coherence (in) ideas and it also (lack) vision.

8) identify the wrong segment of the sentence from the parts enclosed in brackets:
The workers were (raising) (much) hue and cry when their (demands) were turned (away).

9) identify the wrong segment of the sentence from the parts enclosed in brackets:
This disease is (uncurable) (without) the (judicious) (use) of antibiotics.

10) identify the wrong segment of the sentence from the parts enclosed in brackets:
The younger sister hopes (to) emulate her elder (sister's) sporting (achievement) as she is putting (up) hectic effort.

11) MUSE
A. Wander
B. Fonder
C. Robust
D. Ponder

12) FECKLESS
A. Useless
B. Careless
C. Dauntless
D. Fearless

13) MOSAIC
A. Pattern
B. Mortal
C. Ordinary
D. Musical

14) INSCRUTABLE
A. Immoral
B. Unethical
C. Enigmatic
D. Unaccountable

15) JUXTAPOSE
A. JUstify
B. Compare
C. Expose
D. Jettison

16) LACERATING
A. Landing
B. Tearing
C. Flagging
D. Lactating

17) EMPATHY
A. Fictitious
B. Facility
C. Ability
D. Felicity

18) EVANESCENT
A. Evident
B. Permanent
C. Event
D. Transitory

19) SIDLE
A. Sneak
B. Sift
C. Slege
D. Sieve

20) DISSONANCE
A. inconsistency
B. expansion
C. percetable
D. wrap

20) Choose the correct statement :
a) The government should accrue taxes for strengthen the economy of the country
b) The government should accrue taxes in strengthen the economy of the country
c) The government should accrue taxes to strengthen the economy of the country
d) The government should accrue taxes by strengthen the economy of the country

21) Choose the correct statement :
a) Foreign trade have assumed greater importance in recent years
b) Foreign trade is assumed greater importance in recent years
c) Foreign trade has assumed greater importance in recent years
d) Foreign trade shall assumed greater importance in recent years

23) Choose the correct statement :
a) The space program has been battered in bureaucratic wrangling
b) The space program has been battered into bureaucratic wrangling
c) The space program has been battered by bureaucratic wrangling
d) The space program has been battered to bureaucratic wrangling

24) Choose the correct statement :
a) He will has to deal with the problem by showing adroitness
b) He will have to deal with the problem by showing adroitness
c) He will had to deal with the problem by showing adroitness
d) He will having to deal with the problem by showing adroitness

25) Choose the correct statement :
a) He does possesses altruistic behavior
b) He does possess altruistic behavior
c) He does possessing altruistic behavior
d) He do possessed altruistic behavior

26) Choose the correct statement :
a) He has great affinity in nature
b) He has great affinity with nature
c) He has great affinity by nature
d) He has great affinity at nature

27) Choose the correct statement :
a) An amorphous mass of cells are difficult to understand
b) An amorphous mass of cells were difficult to understand
c) An amorphous mass of cells had difficult to understand
d) An amorphous mass of cells is difficult to understand

28) Choose the correct statement :
a) He stands on arms akimbo
b) He stands to arms akimbo
c) He stands with arms akimbo
d) He stands through arms akimbo

29) Choose the correct statement :
a) He is suffering to anaphylactic shock
b) He is suffering in anaphylactic shock
c) He is suffering from anaphylactic shock
d) He is suffering into anaphylactic shock

30) Choose the correct statement :
a) If you had asked him, he would had accepted the offer with alacrity
b) If you had asked him, he would have being accepted the offer with alacrity
c) If you had asked him, he would have accepted the offer with alacrity
d) If you had asked him, he would been accepted the offer with alacrity.

ANSWERS

1) a2) a3) b4) c5) d6) a7) d8) d9) a10) d11) d12) a13) a14) c15) b16) b17) c18) d19) a20) a21) c22) c23) c24) c25) a26) b27) d28) c29) c30) d

FCPS Past Papers Feburary 2014(All Subjects)

2014-02-28T01:24:00.003-08:00

MEDICINE FEBURARY 2014

Gynae & Obs Feburary 2014

FCPS SURGERY Part1

FCPS PATHOLOGY Part1

FCPS RADIOLOGY Part1

FCPS GYNAE OBS

Fcps Radiology Part1 Feburary 2014

2014-02-28T01:12:00.000-08:00

Fcps Radiology Part1 Feburary 2014

1: pulmonary artery derived from

ist aortic arch

2nd

3rd

6th

2: mandible derived from

ist branchial arch

ist branchial pouch

3rd arch

4th

3: roof of posterior horn of lat ventricle formed by

fornix

body of corpus callosum

genu

4: most common cause of aphasia is inj to:

(frontal lobe was not in options i think)

parietal lobe

temporal lobe

cingulate gyrus

5:person with emotional lability,memory prob,aphasia..mostlikely lobe involved

parietal

temporal

frontal

occipita

6:corpus callosum is

comissural

7:corpus striatum is

globus pallidus n putamen

caudate n putamen

gb n caudate

8:blood supply of cingualte gyrus is

ant cerebral art

middle cerebral art

posterior cerebral art

post communicatng

9:which is NOT drained to superior or inferior petrosal sinus in anyway

great cerebral vein

internal cerebral vein

superficila middle cerebral

deep middle cerebral

10: which structure passes through int acoustic meatus

jugular vein

facial nerve

mendibular nerve

11:which one is true regarding trigeminal ganglion

lie close to cavernous sinous

completely covered by dura

present in trigeminal cave

12:person with painless unilateral proptosis.no visual problm n no finding on xray orbit.most likelycause is:

optic nerve tumor

meningioma

thyrotoxicosis

13: structure which is most superficial in parotid gland

facial nerve

retromendibular vein

maxillary artery

14: retropharyngeal space DOES NOT communicate with:

infratemoral fossa

parapharyngeal space

prevertebral space

middle mediastinum

superior mediastinum

15: thyroid moves on deglutition.due to

pretracheal fascia

prevertebral fascia

cervical fasscia

16:action of sternocleidomastoid

flexion

moves face on similar side against resistance

moves to opposite side

17:thyroid isthmus lie opposite

2,3,4 tracheal ring

3 4 5 ring

18-21: there were abt 4 mcqs regarding venous drainage and blood supply of heart

22: mcq abt embryological development of interventricular septum

23: fb most likely lodged in which lung lobe

rt lower lobe

lt lower lobert

upr lobe

middlelobe

24:one mcq was regarding segment of lung lobe

25: arching impression on left lung is for

azygous ein

arch of aorta

thoracic duct

26: one mcq regarding costodiaphragmatic recess

27:true abt mammary glandsecretory tissue of body

28:indentations on breast skin in carcinoma are due to

coopers ligament

fibrosis etc

29:ca of uper latera lquadrant drains into

ant grp

posterior grp

apical

30:mcq regarding reflex arc

31:death in hanging is due to fracture of

atlas

odontoid process

c6 vertebra

c7 vertebra

32: which structure is pierced in lumbar puncture if perfomed in PARAMEDIAN plane

poterior longitudinal ligament

ligamentum flavum

33:stab wound on ant chest wall just lateral to sternum will pierce

int inercostal muscle

posterior int muscle

intrna intercostal membrane

34:mcq abt attachment of diaphragm

35:pain right hypochondrium.segment involved is

t10

t7-9

t12

36:pain epigastrium caused by gastric problm is due to

greater splanchnic nerve

lesser sp nerv

37: which is true abt tendinous intersection

upr limit near xiphoid

ends at pubic symphysis

both ant and post layers of rectus sheath r attached strongly

38:lumbar triangle of petit boundaries

39:dorsal rami suppyextensors of back

40: spinal nerve passes through intervertebral foramen

41:trachea end at;

isthmus

42:brown squared synd.true is

ipsilateral vibration contralateral pain temp inolved

43:content of spermatic cord

44:which is NOT injured during surgery of femoral triangle

fem vein

fem art

great seph nerve

obturator nerv

45:disc slip at L5.which is true

absent ankle jerk

brisk ankle jerk

weak dorsiflexion of foot

weak plantar flexion of foot

46:lymphatic drainage of greater curvature of stomach

47:tumor at portahepatis will compress

portal vein

rt hepatic artery

rt hepatic duct

lt hepatic duct

48:realationship of hep arterybile duct..which is on rt which is lt.

49:ant margin of lesser omentum forms boundary of epiploic foramen

50:relationshp of 3rd part of duodenum

51: relationship of pancreas,superior mesenteric artery vein

52:relationship of rt kidney

53:gerota fascia

54:relation of ureter,renal artery vein at hilum

55:which is true abt ureter

travels 5mm in post walll of bladder before opening

diameter is 4mm

narrowest part is pelvis

56: epithelium of ureter

57:blood supply of urinary bladder

58: mcq abt splenic sinusoids red pulp

59: in mid trimester rbcs r developed from

spleen

liver

bone marrow

60:action of sphincte

r61:worst headache..subarachnoid hemorrhage

62: fat tags in large intestine r

tenia coli

appendicec apiploacae

haustrations

63:relationshp of spermatic cord

retroperitoneal

lintraperitoneal

64: which one does NOT increase chances of infertility

cryptorchidism

hypospadia

65:mcq abt relationshp of uterus uterine tube ovary

66: gonadal blood supply

67:venous drainage of gonads/suprarenal gland

68:to reach rectuterine pouch..which structure is approached

:ant fornix of vagina

post fornix of vagina

post wall of uterus

69:metaplasia of cervix

70:which one supports uterus prevent from prolapse.

.lat cervical ligament

uterosacral

pubocervical

71:sup ingunal ring formed by?

72:deep inguinal ring?

73:branches of axillary artery

74: bulbourethral gland

75:thymus developed from

ist branchial arch

3rd arh

3rd pouch

4th pouch

76:biceps nerve supply action attachment

77:dad swinged her child around himself by holding her hands..child presented with arm held at mid prone positionsupported at elbow by opposite hand.joint dislocated is\

sup radioulnar

inferior radioulnar

elbow

wrist

78: examples of primary/secondary cartilagenous joints

79:scenario abt inj of ulnar nerve

80:inj of median nerve

81:nerve supply of gluteus max

82:infection of lat part of dorsum of foot will spread topopliteal nodes

83:action of tabialis anterior

84: great sephnous vein used for cut down in er

85:most common site of infection spread in pancreatitis is

lesser seac

subhetic space

paracolic gutters

86: falciform ligament is derived from peritoneum....

87: which is not related to atrium

sa node

crista terminalis

trabeculae carnii

88: scenario abt urachal fistula,sinus,cyst.

89: which tumor doesnt have distant metastasis

basal cell carcioma

dysgeminoma

90:most common organism causing meningitis in newborn

91:bone weakness after menupause is due to deficiency ofestrogens shared by: Dr FATIMA

FCPS Part 1 Surgery Feburary 2014

2014-02-28T01:08:00.001-08:00

FCPS Part 1 Surgery Feburary 2014

FCPS PART-1 12TH feb 2014 Sugery paper 1 and 2 compiled by Dr. ASAD-UR-REHMAN
No body knows the exact answer in CPSP key and every one is defending his answers but I have compiled paper with best suitable answers on basis of discussions in this page. Those questions in which more than one answer is written the option written first is answered by most of candidates according to group discussion.
1. Percentage…dividing unit by total units and multiply by 100
2. Confidentiality can be breached….when patient allow it
3. patient developed a fatal disease…give clear crisp evidence based information according to patient need
4. Glycolysis…glucose breakdown to pyruvate aerobically and lactate anaerobically
5. True about collagen….present in all type of connective tissues
6. turner…….44xo
7. klinefilters syndrome……..46XXY
8. vitamin in oxidation of fatty acids….biotin
9. ESR…………..increase in infection
10. BSF=122 1hr gtt=192…..impaired GTT
11. diagnostic test of beta hemolytic streptococcus……………ASO titre/ blood culture
12. not of epithelial origin……liposarcoma
13. decrease B.P……decrease carotid sinus firing
14. dysarthria is feature of lesion in ……….cerebellum/ brocas area
15. secondary center of ossification represent….epiphysis
16. common complication of diabetes in limb…..dry gangrene
17. definition of acute inflammation….local response of living tissue to injury/systemic response to injury
18. 1st heart sound during…….isovolumetric contraction
19. cause of oedema………..lymphatic obstruction
20. supply of sternocleidomastoid….acessary nerve
21. most drugs metabolized in….liver
22. dyspnea on laying….retrosternal goiter
23. cause of edema in nephrotic…hypoproteinemia
24. better hearing in noisy environment….otosclerosis
25. sebaceous gland not in which hairless area of skin…..palm and sole
26. vein accompanying LAD artery……..great cardiac vein
27. pain between eye and angle of mouth and temporal….maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
28. EBV cause…….nasopharyngeal carcinoma
29. microtubules present in…….centrioles
30. stretch of muscle resulting relaxation……….golgi tendon
31. fast sharp pain carried by…….A delta fibers
32. 3rd ventricle….lateral boundary by ant 2/3 rd of thalamus
33. parasympathetic cranial nerves…III,VII,IX,X
34. 16 yr female mcv 78, mch 25, MCHC…..MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC
35. Right shift of hb-O2 curve in …….acidosis
36. fever,pain on lying down……..pericarditis
37. primary opsonin………C3b
38. symphisis pubis…………………sec. cartilaginous joint
39. pain from both fibrous and parietal pericardium by………………phrenic
40. least metastasis to………….spleen
41. fat necrosis…………….acute pancreatitis
42. severe hypomagnesemia cause………….hypocalcemia
43. H+ secretion in PCTs coupled with…….bicarb reabsorption
44. compression of S1 root……loss of ankle jerk
45. not related to rt. Kidney…………..descending colon
46. heat lost in an uncovered pt. in OTat 23C……………..radiation and conduction
47. 67.S2,S3,S4 lesion………….rectal incontinence
48. tumour comprising all the germ layers……………teratoma.
49. at rest actin covered by………tropomyosin
50. GFR in clinical setting……….creatinine clearance
51. greenish discharge from wound…….. pseudomonas
52. cause of death in gas gangrene………….toxemia
53. diagnosis of typhoid in 2nd week ……widal test + blood cultures
54. antibodies formed by …..plasma cells
55. plasmodium falciparum……..black water fever
56. langarhans giant cells……..T.B
57. hamartoma……totally beningn
58. nodule on voccal cord unlikely……..atrophy
59. alkalinization of urine done in overdose of……..phenobarbitone
60. pre ganglionic sympathetic fibers secrete………Ach
61. parasympathetic promote……salivary gland secretions
62. common site of ectopic pregnancy…………. fallopian tube
63. vitelline duct…………meckel diverticullum
64. both central n peripheral chemoreceptors respond to……increase in arterial pCO2
65. death on 6th post MI day……………cardiac tamponade
66. most sensitive cardiac marker……..trop-T
67. primary hyperthyroidism……increase TSH
68. left suprarenal vein drain in…….left renal vein
69. PAIN OF PLEURA to shoulder…..C3 4 5
70. fastest B.P Control mechanism………baroreceptor regulation
71. severe reaction when A+ patient transfused with………….AB-
72. single common local factor delaying wound healing………infection
73. energy fuel after 48hrs of starvation…..triglycerides/liver glycogen
74. 2L of volume lost in sweat and 2L distilled water given result is …….inc ICF volume
75. most active gluconeogenesisis from…..proteins
76. compact bone histology……lamella regularly arranged
77. 60 yr chronic smoker working in tyre factory and transitional S C…..cigarette smoking/aromatic
amines
78. false about statistics….statistical values have not influence practical values
79. fluid given in severe dehydration………………5% glucose solution/ 0.9 normal saline
80. concentration gradient mediated tranport of glucose……..diffusion/facilitated
81. not found in dermis………melanocytes/reticulocytes
82. ACTH effectively control…….hydrocortisone/adrenal androgens
83. true about bronchopulmonary segments…..each having independent blood supply
84. effective dose of drugs bound to alpha 1 acid glycopro not affected in….. MI/hepatic disease/trauma
85. parasympathetic cause……inc the AV nodal delay/ increase k effluxs in sa node
86. inhibit insulin secretion…………beta blockers/glucagon/secretin
87. RBC fragility……completely destroy in 0.35% solution/certain drugs cause RBCs hemolysis
88. dilation of arterioles…increase venous volume
89. Monocytes….can transform in to multinucleated gaint cell in chronic infections
90. 10 %formaldehyde used for sending biopsy specimen becoz……… it prevent of autolysis/denature proteins
91. post communicating artery……connect internal carotid n post cerebral passing under occulomoror nerve
92. lowest pressure in aorta durng cardiac cycle… isovolumetric contraction /isovolumetric relaxation/atrial sysole
93. true about hydatid cyst…transmitted to man by infected water
94. corona radiataformed by……………….granulosa cell
95. female vaginal discharge having growth in vagina received diethylstilbestrol during 1st trimester….clear cell carcinoma
96. which one is malignant…………………glioma
97. external carotid artery……………lateral to mandibular vein
98. loss of 2L by in marathon replaced by pure water…..decrease extracellular osmolarity
99. increase interstitial fluid pressure……………….increase capillary permiability
100. increase in venous return not increase…. pulmonary pressure/left ventricular tension
101. fibrous dysplasia most common in…….maxilla/temporal/frontal/spenoid/ethmoid
102. liquefactive necrosis…..brain
103. STERILIZATION….121C FOR 3 MINUTES KILL ALL ORGANISMS
104. ATYPICAL MICOBACTERIUM……NOT RESPOND TO ROUTINE ANTITUBERCULOUS
105. PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS……C.difficile
106. CARRIES….LACTOBACILLUS
107. FILAMENTOUS ORGANISM…….ACTINOMYSIS
108. By blood transfusion…HCV
109. Broodie abcess…..osteomyelitis
110. UTI NO PENILE LESIONS LEUKOCYTE ESTERASE +VE ORGANISM…CHALMYDIA
111. SEPTIC ARTHITIS…..STAPH AUREUS
112. OCULAR TOXICITY…ETHAMBUTOL
113. SEVERE BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTION…MISMATCHED BLOOD
114. BAD SIGN OF GRAFT…..THROMBOSIS and vasculitis
115. RADIATION….HEMOPOITIC SYSTEM
116. DYSPLASIA…HPV
117. PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA….MONITOR PSA
118. AFLATOXIN…HCC
119. LIVER ADENOCARCINOMA…alpha fetoproteins
120. Tumor.Increase cathecolamines in urine child…neuroblastoma
121. Hypothalamus,….not control respiration
122. Fainting episodes investigation tobe done….insulin and c peptide
123. Renal stones,punched out lesions on x ray…hyperparathyroidism
124. hyperthyroidism in pregnancy….propylthiouracil
125. increase ca absorption from kidney….parathyroid
126. Residual volume…1200
127. not in CRF….hypophosphetemia
128. most common TEF….blind esophagus and distal communicate with trachea
129. cloacal membrane….ectoderm and endoderm open at 7th weak
130. 2nd part of duodenum anteriorly…..transvere colon mesentary
131. Lower body of epiploic foramen…1st part of dudenum
132. Right suprarenal vein…IVC
133. True about abdominal aorta…related to left sympathetic trunk
134. Left gastroepiploic artery….splenic artery
135. Parasympathetic….increase stomach muscular contraction
136. Relation of femoral artery to vein in femoral sheat…lateral
137. Internal oblique…cremasteric fascia
138. Potent stimulator of salivary secretion….proteins
139. best histocompatibility sample….wbcs
140. thalasemia…..factor viii
141. bleeding circum….increase APTT
142. MENORAGIA PURPURA MEGAKARYOTYPES….ITP
143. OLD LYMPHOCYTES ON SMEAR…CLL
144. DIFIICULT LABOUR INCREASE PT APTT….DIC
145. MCV 128…..MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
146. CRF…ERYTHROPOITIN
147. MOST COMMON DAMAGED CARPAL BONE…SCAPHOID
148. ANATOMICAL SNUFFBOX…RADIAL ARTERY
149. THENAR WASTING…..MEDIAN NERVE
150. WRIST ADDUCTION…both extenser and flexer carpi ulnaris
151. LATRAL BREAST…ANT AXILLARY
152. NOT BY SCIATIC….GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
153. SUBDURAL HEMMORHAGE…superior cerebral vein
154. Common peroneal gamage….LOSS OF EVERSION
155. S1 COMPRESSION….loss of ankle jerk
156. PAIN KILLER FOR ASHAMATIC…paracetamol
157. NOT GEGENERATE MYELIN SHEAT BECOZ NO ….SCHAWAN CELLS
158. OVARIAN….PARAoRTIC
159. LEFT SAGITAL SENSARY AREA damage….RIGHT LEG
160. LACRIMAL GLAND…PARASYMPATHEYTIC BY FASCIAL
161. POST TRIANGLE NECK disection…SPINAL ACESSARY
162. Cricothyroid…….EXTERNAL LARANGEAL
163. RENAL VASCULAR SEGMENT…5
164. Conserve blood volume….RENIN
165. SEMINAL VESICLE…join vasferens to form ejaculatory duct
166. CRF SOB….metabolic acidosis
167. HYDROGEN SECRETION IN PCTS…HCO3 REABSORPTION
168. Main support uterus…..TRANSVERSE CERVICALL LIGAMENT
169. HISTOLOGY…PROSTATE
170. RIGHT SHIFT…DEC PH
171. Not related to aortic arch….RT RECURRENT LARANGEAL
172. Pleural effusion on standing…..COSTODIAPHARAMETIC RECESS
173. Embed in Ant wall of carotid sheat………ANSA ERVICALIS
174. FEMORAL SHEAT …FASCIA ILIACA AND TRANSVERSALIS FASCIA
175. Correct about FEMUR…….. SHAFT NECK ANGLE IS 125
176. Tetnus….exotoxin has lethal effect
177. SEMIOMA…poor prognosis inpulmonary metastasis
178. Cast applied to leg Ant shin syndrome…….ANT TIBIAL ARTERY
179. Small cell carcinoma…..level of cortisol/decrease Na in plasma
180. True about left coronary artery…give circumflex artery
181. true about histology of GIT…Striated border microvilli 4 options were correct question was wrong
182. HEALTHY MALE EJACULATE… bulk formed by seminal vesicle secretions/ no bacteria
183. DEFECATION involve ….parasympathetic sacral segment/intrinsic myenteric reflex
184. PULSE OXIMETERY give wrong reading…. Methemoblobinemis/black coloured people
185. CNS TUMOR CHEMO RADIO DEATH AFTER 8 MONTH PULMONARY THROMBUS….cardiac metastasis
186. ADVANCE DRUG TO REVENT FORM RENAL HEART LIVER TRANSPLANTATION…MURONOMAB CD-3 ANTIBODY OKT3/cyclosporine/ANTILYMPHOCYTIC GLOBULINS
187. Safe dose of local anesthetic….200mg lignocain/50 mg bupivacain
188. Medial necrosis on autopsy…. disecting aneurysms/ berry aneurysm
189. Peripheral golden brown mass.macropage filled alveoli….malignant mesothelioma/SILICOSIS
190. locally malignant…ameleoblastoma/plemorhic tumors
191. VERTEBRAL ARTERY….pass from foramen transversarium
192. BREAST SAMPLE FOR FLOW CYTOMETER to determine….malignant cell/ kary otype/aneulpoidy
193. Achalasia cardia…loss of vagal neurons
194. Continuous Pain chest not affected by respiration fever 10 day…myocardium/costochondral junction/ pleura/pericardium
195. NOT PASS FROM GREATER SCIATIC FORAMEN…OBTURATUS INTERNUS
196. FLOOR OF MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA…greater wing of sphenoid
197. SPARING OF LATERAL THENAR EMINENCE….ulner nerve
198. LIPS BUCCAL MUCOSA LESIONS…..HSV TYPE I
199. HIV related lymphoma…EBV
200. NOT TRANSMITTED BY ARTHROPODS….dracunculous

Fcps Pathology Part1 Feburary 2014

2014-02-28T01:04:00.001-08:00

Fcps Pathology Part1 Feburary 2014

Q. Treatment of thrombocytopenia, if nor responding on steroids?
* gve platelates twice a weekly
Q. Binucleated cells of liver tissues shows?
* cell devision without nuclear
Q.IN avillage some ppl were nt found well, aftr a time one of them devlop anaemia, on history that man had some medicines so what might he hav?
* G6PDH
*PYRUVATE KINASE
Q. Which anaemia has best treatment ?
*acute promyelocytic anaemia
*AML
*ALL
*CLL
Q. PROGRESSION of anaemia on what basis?
* Blast cells on trephine
Q.9:22 TRAanslocation in?
Q.PHIledelphia chromosome in?
Q.PAS +ve organism is?
*spirochete
*bacteria
*fungi
*virus
Ans: bacteria(t.whippli that is actinobacteria)
Q. pt: aftr dental have organism?
*staphylococci
*fungi
*streptococci
Q. which is slow growing thyroid tumor?
Pappilary
Medullary
Anaplastic
Q. WHIch is more aggressive?
*squamous cell carcinoma
*Basal cell ca
Q.Epithelia of conjunctiva?
Q. Pseudostretified columnr ciliated epithelium?
*trachea
*esophagus
Q.Organ with cuboidal epithelia, filled with follicle… is?
*thyroid gland
*parathyroid gland
Q.UV rays effect on?
Q.For malignancy, best on histopathology?
*invasion
*inc: nuclear cytoplasmic ratio
*pleomorphism
Q. Organism lack geimsa staining?
*legionella
*mycobacterium leprae
Q.Pt: coming from thialand, having diarrhea, givng donuts appearance?
*cryptosporidium
*coccoidomycosis
*giardiasis
*vibrio
Q.Heinz bodies are present in?
Q.One mcq is frm leukemia, scenario based.. dnt remember,, bt it was CD19 positive
*ALL
*CLL
*AML
Q.Classification of hyperlipidemia? Scenario was given n in options it was like grade 1, 2 , 3?????
Q.in I/V drug abuser, endocarditis caused by?
Staphylococci
Strepto
Q. About brucella investigation?
Blodd culture
Sputum culure
Blood & sputum culture
Q. Tricomonas vaginalis is best diagnosed on?
*Microscopy
*dark microscopy
*flourscent microscopy
*othr optin also of microscopy
*serology
Q. Piece of organ\tissue which shows lymphoid aggregation?
*tonsil
*thymus
*lymph node
Q.one scenrrio based question.. HILAR LYMPHADENOPTHY???????
*TB
*SARCOIDOSIS
Q.A child coming from village where there is improper sanitation.. he ll have which hepaptis?
*hep A
*hep B
*hep E
Q. 9 year old child based scenario abt peripheral blood counts in which askd abt next investigation?
*trephine
Q. Scenerio based question abt next investigation.. in which also peripheral count given.
Q. one question regarding HEPATITIS that’s from chandkian
Q. One question abt slide of organ having stroma, smooth muscle, acini, what it will be? (Its from asim shoaib sur)
*parotid gland
*prostate
*submandibular gland

Q. Two mcqs abt thyroid gland like syymptoms given now we hve to tell wheater its graves, hashimotos..
Q.BEST source of factor VIII?(from patho portion of asm shoaib medicine)
*cryopreciptate
*fresh whole blood
Q.Brucellosis is caused by
*raw milk
Q.Trisomy 18, not associated with? (from asim shoaib patho portion of gynae)
Q.Pt: on operation bed, transfused blood, within minutes of transfusion, he collapsed.. cause?
*GVHD
*Allergic reaction
Q.Which of following is due to inborn error?
*maple syrup urine
*galactosemia
*phenylketoneurea
Q.Most common cause of UTI?
*E.coli
*proteus
Q. Mcq regarding swelling of capsule?
*Qelling
Q.Mcq regarding cholesterol disorder?
*Ldl receptor defect
Q.Esinophelia do not occur in?
*SLE
*all other options from allergic conditions
Q.Cause of meningitis in 5 yr old child?
Q.mcq scenario based , clinical gvng link to poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Q.Which of following is multiple washing method?
*haemagglutination
*latex agglutination
*elisa method
Q.Klebsilla is?
*motile
*3% present in normal healthy person
Q. Shewartzman reaction is?
Q.METHAMOGLOBIN (question regarding methmoglobin.. ..actually it has different language)
*oxidized form
Q.Regardin Erythropoietin?(also had ajeeeeb wo gareeb language+options)
*IRON_IRON receptor
Q.Regarding MYOGLOBIN?
Q.MOST common inf in AIDS?

27 Unspoken Suit Rules Every Man Should Know

2014-01-13T02:11:00.001-08:00

Source: buzzfeed.com

The width of the tie should match the width of the lapel. It’s all about BALANCE.
In general, thin lapels are more modern. Wide lapels are more old-school, Mad Men style. So choose your look accordingly.
A pocket square adds an extra level of polish, but make sure it doesn’t match your tie in either pattern or fabric choice. Before you go totally conservative, remember that the pocket square is where you get the most freedom and the one place you get to add a little pizzazz to your suit.
When buying an off-the-rack suit, the number one thing to check is how the shoulders fit. Shoulder pads should end at the shoulders. The shoulders are the hardest to tailor, so make sure they don’t stick out or stick up.
A collar gap between your jacket’s lapels and your shirt’s collar can signify an ill-fitting jacket.
Opt for a charcoal or gray suit over black, unless you’re attending a funeral. Dark gray is more versatile and goes with more colours.
Your belt should be fairly thin and the same colour as your shoes. Union Made makes really great belts in a variety of leather and metal finishes.
You should match your shoes to the colour of your suit using this guide:
Double vents in the back are more modern and fashionable.
For a more casual, trendy look, opt for a single-button peak-lapel jacket.
If you’re going for more formal business attire, opt for a double-button, notched lapel jacket.
The Savile Row Fold keeps your dress pants from falling off the hanger.
You should be able to slip your hand between your chest and your buttoned jacket such that it feels snug, but with room to move.
Always unbutton your suit before sitting down, or you risk ruining it.
The top button of a two-button (or the middle button of a three-button) should fall at or above the navel.
Always go with the classic windsor knot for your tie, but use the size of your head to determine whether you should go half or full windsor.
If you’re wearing a vest, always keep the bottom button unbuttoned. But plenty of men break this rule and are still able to pull off the three-piece beautifully.
There are practical reasons for vests beyond just how they look. A vest is best worn with single-breasted suits (so it’s actually visible). if you’re going to be wearing your suit in a cold climate, a vest can add a lot of warmth. It also adds a formal touch to your suit.
Sleeve cuffs should be exposed about half an inch. For a harmonious look, try to match the visible cuff length to the amount of collar that is visible at the back of the neck.
When you get your suit home, you’ll need a seam ripper or a small, sharp pair of scissors. Unstitch the jacket’s pockets, remove the tack stitches from the jacket’s vents, and remove the little embroidered label from the jacket’s left sleeve. Do this very carefully to ensure you don’t actually rip the fabric or neighboring threads.
Make sure that your socks are long enough that there’s no exposed leg when sitting down.
Your tie should always be darker than your dress shirt.
The suit jacket should be just long enough to cover your pants zipper and butt.
Your tie should JUST reach the waistband of your trousers, or be slightly shorter.
For a more fashion-forward look, the trouser hem should hit right at the top of your shoe.
If you sweat a lot, wear an undershirt. Preferably one with a deep neck so it doesn’t peek through. Nothing will cheapen the appearance of a suit more than a glimpse of undershirt.
Finally, go for the dimple. The dimple is the little hollow beneath the knot of your tie, and it gives a slightly disheveled yet polished appearance to your finished look.

Pervez Musharaf's Medical Report

2014-01-07T05:43:00.001-08:00

According to the former president General (retd) Pervez Musharraf’s medical report, Musharraf has nine medical conditions, Express News reported on Tuesday.

The report states that one of Musharraf’s arteries is blocked and one of his shoulders is not working properly.

The former president has problems in his left knee and spinal cord, and he also suffers from hyper tension, the report further stated.

Earlier today, the medical report was presented to the special court in a sealed envelope by the registrar of the court Abdul Ghani Soomro.

The former president was also given two days of exemption from appearing before the court.

The court had issued an order on January 6 demanding the medical certificate of Musharraf and had also exempted him from appearing before it in person yesterday as he had failed to appear due to ill health.

“Lawyers will also be allowed to see the report,” stated Justice Faisal Arab of the Sindh High Court (SHC), who is heading the special court.

The former military ruler faces treason charges under Article 6 for suspending, subverting and abrogating the Constitution, imposing an emergency in the country in November 2007 and detaining judges of the superior courts.

“The court has directed that the respondents should be given copies of the medical report,” stated Musharraf’s lawyer Ahmed Raza Kasuri, while talking to the media in Islamabad.

Musharraf’s medical records were also sent to expert’s in Britain who will decide whether he requires treatment abroad or not.

Musharaf’s medical report:

Insulin Pill Will Soon Be a Reality

2014-01-06T05:12:00.000-08:00

Daily jabs of insulin are a painful reality for many with diabetes. That may change if researchers who have successfully tested oral insulin in rats are able to replicate those results in humans.

Nearly 350 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, and that number is predicted to grow to more than 500 million by 2030. While the more common form, type-2 diabetes, does not always need insulin treatment, nearly a quarter of all diabetes patients depend on insulin injections. Estimated annual sales of oral insulin could be as high as $17 billion.

The benefits of an insulin pill include more than just ease of taking the drug. A pill would mean patients can start taking insulin earlier in the disease's development, which could reduce some of diabetes' secondary complications like blindness and the impaired healing that leads to amputations.

The idea of oral insulin has been around since the 1930s, but the difficulties of making it have previously seemed too large to overcome. First, insulin is a protein—when it comes in contact with stomach enzymes, it is quickly destroyed. Second, if insulin can pass through the stomach safely, it is too big a molecule (about 30 times the size of aspirin) to be absorbed into the bloodstream, where it needs to be in order to regulate blood-sugar levels.

In spite of the difficulties, Sanyog Jain at India’s National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research and his colleagues have been working on delivering insulin in the oral form for many years. Their first fully successful attempt came in 2012, when they developed a formulation that successfully controlled blood-sugar levels in rats. But the materials used were too expensive to consider commercializing the technology.

Now, in a paper published in the journal Biomacromolecules, they have found a cheaper and more reliable way of delivering insulin. They overcome the two main hurdles by first packing insulin into tiny sacs made of lipids (fats) and then attaching to it folic acid (vitamin B9) to help improve its absorption into the bloodstream.

The lipids they use are cheap and have, in the past, been successfully employed to deliver other drugs. They help to protect insulin from being digested by stomach enzymes, which gets it to the small intestine. When the lipid-covered sacs enter the small intestine, special cells on its lining, called microfold cells, are attracted to the folic acid. The folic acid helps activate a transport mechanism that can let big molecules pass through into the blood. The amount of folic acid used in the formulation also appears to be in the safe region.

In rats, Jain’s formulation was as effective as injected insulin, although the relative amounts that entered the blood stream differed. However, it exceeded injected insulin in one key aspect: whereas the effects of an injection subside in 6 to 8 hours, Jain’s formulation helped control blood-sugar levels for more than 18 hours.

The most important part of the research comes after successful testing in animals—the formulation needs to be given to human volunteers. But, Jain said, “at a government institute like ours, we don’t have the sort of money needed for clinical trials.”

He may not have to wait for long, as big pharma companies have been searching for an insulin pill formulation for decades. Two of them, Danish pharma giant Novo Nordisk and Israeli upstart Oramed are in a race to come up with a solution. Google’s venture capital arm, Google Ventures, recently invested $10m in Rani Therapeutics with the hope it will help develop an oral insulin product. Indian firm Biocon also does oral insulin research, and it recently signed an agreement with pharma giant Bristol-Myers Squibb.

Oramed is ahead of Novo Nordisk, with its oral insulin product soon to enter phase-II clinical trials, which is the most advanced stage any oral insulin formulation has ever reached. Oramed chief scientist Miriam Kidron said of Jain’s research: “Most people have the same basic idea to develop an insulin pill, but it's the little differences that will determine ultimate success.”

While Kidron did not reveal Oramed’s formulation, she said, “we attempted liposomal delivery before, just like Jain’s work, but we weren’t successful.” She warned that translating success from rats to humans is very difficult. And she is right—most drugs have a high cull-rate at each stage of their development. Even so, research like Jain’s gives hope that an insulin pill may not remain a dream for long.The Conversation

FCPS Part 1 ALL BOOKS (DOWNLOAD)

2014-01-01T06:28:00.002-08:00

(A) FIRST AIDs

First Aid 2013 PDF

Download link:http://www.2shared.com/document/-FWGmEPI/First_Aid_2013.html
Errata (13/5/2013): http://www.firstaidteam.com/wp-content/uploads/2013-FA-Step-1-Errata-130513.pdf

First Aid 2012 PDF (With TA7 notes+ UW 2012 notes)

Download link:https://hotfile.com/dl/175871329/b27b819/First_aid_2012_arranged_1.pdf.html

(B) KAPLAN BOOKS

Kaplan USMLE STEP 1 LNs 2012 PDF - Colored &High quality.

Anatomy http://www.gulfup.com/?YT247l
Behavioral http://www.gulfup.com/?6GlHGy
Biochemistry and Genetics http://www.gulfup.com/?BfPyPA
Immunology and Microbiology http://www.gulfup.com/?I8M4zw
Pathology http://www.gulfup.com/?9IreTz
Pharmacology http://www.gulfup.com/?4T22At
Physiology http://www.gulfup.com/?bD0fz7

Kaplan USMLE step 1 LNs 2011

Anatomy http://www.mediafire.com/?qp18c556n2ebpv9
Immunology and Microbiology http://www.mediafire.com/?9rbyagpukmprcht
Behavioral Sciences http://www.mediafire.com/?11n6zrvn3a2ltg1
Biochemistry and Medical Genetics http://www.mediafire.com/?mmo3q67nfo7pq9q
Pathology http://www.mediafire.com/?7m7nb30bnhy0ato
Physiology http://www.mediafire.com/?kd11c7hxl0dvom6
Q Book http://www.mediafire.com/?20qsashp9ppextg
Pharmacology http://www.mediafire.com/?t1bypcb5n1t8rvi

Kaplan High Yield PDFs

Download link: http://www.mediafire.com/?f123ttv786zm6

(C) GOLJAN:

Goljan 125 Pages http://bit.ly/Zz9raK
Goljan Comprehensive Pathology Exam. http://bit.ly/11WKbti
Goljan HY 46 Pages notes 2004 http://bit.ly/11Bow9t
Goljan 36 Pages http://bit.ly/10UhHF3
Goljan 59 Pages http://bit.ly/Ylx9IP
Review Goljan Pictures with Notes http://bit.ly/15YVxCG
Goljan Rapid Review 600 Pages http://www.mediafire.com/?k68d55c43cz8r75
Goljan Rapid Review Pathology 4th Editionhttp://mcqs3000.blogspot.com/2013/08/rapid-review-pathology-4th-edition-by-e.html

(D) HI-YIELD SERIES:

High Yield Series Collection

Download link: http://www.mediafire.com/folder/iwu8dz48u30nk/High_Yield_Series

High Yield Behavioral Sience (4thEdition)

Download Link:

http://www.mediafire.com/download/wf75b9n7ro80k6v/High-Yield_Behavioral_Science_4.pdf

High-Yield Neuroanatomy (4thEdition)

Download link:

http://www.mediafire.com/download/ovh3k1zku7uj5k9/High-Yield_neuroanatomy_4.pdf

High-Yield Gross anatomy (4thEdition)

Download link:

http://www.mediafire.com/download/hww1217v9krrsq6/High-Yield_Gross_Anatomy_4.pdf

https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B4F8rfVJW8XWbVlUUWZBMkFSY1U/edit?usp=sharing

High-Yield Embryology (4th Edition)

Download link:

http://www.mediafire.com/download/xfdqwojl5qaokxc/highyieldembryology.www.dr-amir.net.pdf

http://www.2shared.com/document/DimDHL5x/High-Yield_Embryology_4.html

High-Yield Biostatistics (4thEdition)

Download link: http://www.mediafire.com/download/tak76xbc1gs5qo6/High-Yield_Biostatistics_4th.pdf

High Yield Pharmacology (3rdEdition)

Download Link: http://www.mediafire.com/download/aoauwzqgohwvis4/High-Yield_Pharmacology_3.pdf

(E) OTHER BOOKS:

Pathoma

Download links:

http://www.4shared.com/rar/f8Z-iDQ7/BookErrata.html

https://www.facebook.com/notes/med-studentz-help-line/pathology-pathoma/470934596313703

http://thepiratebay.sx/torrent/7378841/

http://depositfiles.com/files/or5ld81i2

Lippincott's Microcards

Download link: http://www.2shared.com/document/-XXF3cAT/lippincotts_microcards.html

BRS Physiology (5th Ed) PDF

Download link:http://www.mediafire.com/download/xtbw6uyldrecccl/BRS+Physiology+5th+ed.pdf

BRS Behavioral Science (6th Ed) PDF

Download link:http://www.mediafire.com/download/osu9x51fawss38e/BRS+behavioral+science+6.pdf

USMLE Medical Ethics "The 100Cases" PDF

Download link: http://www.mediafire.com/?s60bmx8s4qfi43a

Costanzo Physiology (4th Ed.) PDF

(A more detailed physiology text byL.Costanzo the author of BRS physiology)

Download link:http://www.2shared.com/document/gA510_U8/costanzo_physiology_4.html

Prime minister loan scheme 2013 Details procedure

2013-12-25T08:22:00.002-08:00

To KNOW HOW TO APPLY(Click Here)

Purpose of Scheme:

To provide tiny business loans in form of Term loan specialise in (but won’t restricted to) idle youth, particularly educated youth probing for establishing or extending commerce.

Eligibility Criteria:

Females age between 21 to 45 year having ability to start their own business or intend to expand the existing business. Applicant should have some experience of relevant field or holds a business related diploma/certificate pertaining trade of proposed business setup.

Pricing / Markup Rate : 8%

Tenor:

Maximum 7 years. The tenor will depend upon the nature of business, pattern of income and repayment capacity.

Finance Limit

Minimum : 500,000 Rs.

Maximum : 2,000,000 Rs.

Processing Time:

Processing time will not exceed 15 working days after submission of complete basic documents by the applicant.

Borrower’s Capital : 10% of Loam Amount

Collateral / Security:

From Rs. 500,000/- to Rs 749,999/- will be secured against Hypothecation of stocks/Assets & two personal guarantees of high net/credit worthy individuals including one of government servants minimum in BPS 17.

From Rs. 750,000/= up-to Rs 2,000,000/= will be secured against tangible securities such as Lien on deposit certificates, property mortgage, pledge of gold ornaments, Pledge of stocks.

Repayment of the Loan:

Equal monthly installments with grace period of 6 months for principal payment Sector and Products

Sectors and Products:

All sectors. Borrowers will be encouraged to obtain standardized schemes/projects/undertakings from SMEDA or any other body but this will not be mandatory for the borrower.

DOWNLOAD APPLICATION FORM

Please contact on below mentioned Contact no. for Prime Minister’s Youth Business Loan Scheme : 03311006767

prime minister youth loan scheme form.prime minister youth loan scheme 2013 website.P M youth loan scheme application forms.prime minister youth loan scheme procedure.prime minister youth loan scheme detail by state bank of pakistan.loan scheme 2013 for youth.loan scheme of nawaz sharif.

How to apply for prime minister loan scheme 2013

2013-12-25T08:21:00.002-08:00

Step by Step process to Apply for the Loan Scheme 2013.

1) Download the Application Form, Print it and Fill it. Download. or you can get it from Following Banks, There is no cost of application form.
National Bank of Pakistan (NBP)
First Women Bank (FWBL)

2) One personal guarantee required – No other security
Following individuals can provide guarantee for the loan applicants:
Government Servant of BPS 15 or above, OR
Any other individual having net worth of 1.5 times of the loan amount applied for.
Net worth is total assets (Moveable or immoveable) in the name of the individual minus any liabilities such as loans from banks or other individuals.
No, Blood Relatives’ guarantee is usually not acceptable to the Banks.

3) You are required for 10% of the loan amount as Borrowers Capital

4) If you are a bank defaulter, you are ineligible. You cannot apply for loan

5) Following documents are required along with loan application form.

a) 1 Recent Passport size photograph of the applicant
b) Photocopy of Applicants CNIC
c) Photocopy of Guarantor’s CNIC
d) Basic Borrowers Fact Sheet (Part A of form)
e) Guarantor’s Information (Part B of form)
f) Copy of SMEDA Pre-feasibility Study or Applicant’s own prepared Business Plan / Feasibility / Project Proposal

DOWNLOAD APPLICATION FORM

After Fulfilling All Above Requirements.

Submit Loan applications can be submitted in all branches of following banks

National Bank of Pakistan (NBP)

First Women Bank (FWBL)

Rs 100 has to be paid as processing charges to participating Banks at the time of form submission 15 days are required by participating banks to process the loan.

The bank will inform you about through letter / telephone call / SMS/email.TheSMS will come from PMYouthProg or 80028 PMO websitewww.pmo.gov.pk). Confirmation from any other number / source should not be relied upon.

Loan Amount is up to Rs. 20 Lack (Rs.100000/= – Rs. 20,00000/=) Maximum Loan under this scheme is Rs. 20 Lack.

Total No. of loans to be given are 100,000 for Year 2013-14

After you Get Lone Start Working on your Business.

First Loan installment will be due after one year of loan disbursement
Sometimes businesses have problems. All loan beneficiaries are advised to give their best to make their business successful. It is also advisable to keep your banker informed of any problems, which may affect your ability to repay loan and seek technical guidance. SMEDA and the banks have been directed to put in place system of periodic guidance to the entrepreneurs in running their businesses successfully.
Mark-up Rate is 8% p.a.
The maximum tenor of the loan is 8 years, including 1 year’s grace period. The tenor will depend upon the nature of business, pattern of income and repayment capacity.