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Software » SYSTEM Tools → Magic Memory Optimizer 8.2.1.602

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Wed, 01 Sep 2010 10:16:25 PDT

WinApp | Magic Memory Optimizer 8.2.1.602 | 1.78 MB

Whether you want to optimize your system performance or cleanse fragmentation collected in your system with as little effort as possible, Magic Memory Optimizer is the tool of choice. No other program is as feature-rich, yet as easy to use as Magic Memory Optimizer. Magic Memory Optimizer is designed to tackle difficult but crucial problems of memory management. Memory is the most precious resource in your computer; when it becomes low, your computer will slow down severely or crash. Windows doesn't handle your memory properly by itself. Over time, no matter how much memory you have, Windows will slowly lose memory, bringing you to a critical state. Magic Memory Optimizer has the solution to this problem by reclaiming lost memory for your applications.

Key features:
· Improves System response Time.
· Defrag memory in the background
· Reclaim lost memory for your programs
· Monitor your system and automatically optimize it when needed without interrupting your work
· Display how much memory you have in real time
· Show current amount of memory occupied by all running processes
· Automatically compress or release memory when free memory falls below specified value
· Add the process you want to clean up or compress into the Black List.
· Add the process you do not want to clean up or compress into the White List.
· Specify desired memory amount to free up or reclaim.

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Windows 7 Inside Out Book/CD Package

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Wed, 01 Sep 2010 10:09:24 PDT

Windows 7 Inside Out Book/CD Package
English | 1056 pages | PDF | 48.01 MB

You’re beyond the basics, so now dive in and really put your PC to work! This supremely organized reference is packed with hundreds of timesaving solutions, troubleshooting tips, and workarounds. It’s all muscle and no fluff. Discover how the experts tackle Windows 7—and challenge yourself to new levels of mastery!

Compare features and capabilities in each edition of Windows 7.
Configure and customize your system with advanced setup options.
Manage files, folders, and media libraries.
Set up a wired or wireless network and manage shared resources.
Administer accounts, passwords, and logons—and help control access to resources.
Configure Internet Explorer® 8 settings and security zones.
Master security essentials to help protect against viruses, worms, and spyware.
Troubleshoot errors and fine-tune performance.
Automate routine maintenance with scripts and other tools.
CD includes:
Fully searchable eBook
Downloadable gadgets and other tools for customizing Windows 7
Insights direct from the product team on the official Windows 7 blog
Links to the latest security updates and products, demos, blogs, and user communities

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Endowment selling

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sun, 22 Aug 2010 10:38:40 PDT

Endowment selling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Endowment selling is the practice in the United Kingdom of selling an endowment policy to a third party. This is often an attempt to gain more money than the value given when surrendering the policy to the original life assurance company.

Background

With-profits endowment policies were aggressively sold for many years, including during the 1980s, by insurance companies. The policies were marketed as an almost guaranteed way to pay off a mortgage and leave the policy holder with a lump sum once it had matured.

The with profits endowment policy was sold alongside an interest only mortgage. By only paying interest, mortgage repayments were kept low. The endowment policy also had monthly premiums to pay which ran for the term of the mortgage. The policy would rise in value as premiums were paid and through profits from investments, paying off the mortgage when the policy matured.

However, many policies did not increase to the level that was required.
Surrendering vs. selling

When it became apparent that many policies would not cover the cost of the mortgage loan, policy holders sought alternative methods to repay their mortgage and dispose of their endowment policies. Whilst initially, the only method was to surrender (cancel) the policy with the life assurance company themselves, obtaining the surrender value calculated by them, a second hand market slowly developed, providing policyholders with much added value over their surrender values.

Now, many companies offer to buy the with profits endowment policy from the holder for more than the surrender value. This practice has created a thriving industry of endowment policy buyers. Members of the public can either contact these companies directly or they can use the services of a Traded Endowment Specialist.

Traded Endowment Specialists are companies that deal exclusively with Second Hand Endowment Policies and obtain offers from the entire market. They can also provide offers from some buyers that do not purchase directly from the public and will only offer through these Traded Endowment Specialists.

Not all purchase offers are the same as some buyers will purchase on a 'guaranteed-offer' basis whilst others will make initial offers that are subject to sale. These offers are not guaranteed as there is no definite purchaser in place. Yet other companies retain the right to revalue or cancel their offer at their discretion throughout the sale. A Traded Endowment Specialist can assist you in understanding the nature of the different offers you receive - making sure you don't end up with an offer that is not suitable for your circumstances.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endowment_selling"
Categories: Insurance

Structured settlement

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sun, 22 Aug 2010 10:37:33 PDT

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
By Aaron Larson
Law Offices of Aaron Larson

A structured settlement is a financial or insurance arrangement, including periodic payments, that a claimant accepts to resolve a personal injury tort claim or to compromise a statutory periodic payment obligation. Structured settlements were first utilized in Canada[1] and the United States during the 1970s as an alternative to lump sum settlements. Structured settlements are now part of the statutory tort law of several common law countries including Australia, Canada, England and the United States. Although some uniformity exists, each of these countries has its own definitions, rules and standards for structured settlements. Structured settlements may include income tax and spendthrift requirements as well as benefits. Structured settlement payments are sometimes called “periodic payments.” Often the structured settlement will be created through the purchase of one or more annuities, which guarantee the future payments[2]. A structured settlement incorporated into a trial judgment is called a “periodic payment judgment."

Sometimes when a plaintiff settles a case for a large sum of money, the defendant, the plaintiff's attorney, or a financial planner consulted in association with the settlement, will propose paying the settlement in installments over time rather than in a single lump sum. When a settlement is paid in this manner it is called a "structured settlement". Often the structured settlement will be created through the purchase of one or more annuities, which guarantee the future payments.

A structured settlement can provide for payment in pretty much any schedule the parties choose. For example, the settlement may be paid in annual installments over a number of years, or it may be paid in periodic lump sums every few years.

Benefits of a Structured Settlement

One significant advantage of a structured settlement is tax avoidance. With appropriate set-up, a structured settlement may significantly reduce the plaintiff's tax obligations as a result of the settlement, and may in some cases be tax-free.

A structured settlement can protect a plaintiff from having settlement funds dissipated, when they are necessary to pay for future care or needs. Sometimes a structured settlement can help protect a plaintiff from himself - some people simply aren't good with money, or can't say no to relatives who want to "share the wealth", and even a large settlement can be rapidly exhausted. Minors may benefit from a structured settlement as well, such as a settlement which provides for certain costs during their youth, an additional disbursement to pay for college or other educational expenses, and then one or more disbursements in adulthood. An injured person who has long-term special needs may benefit from having periodic lump sums with which to purchase medical equipment or modified vehicles.

In some situations, it will be better for a severely disabled plaintiff to set up a special needs trust, rather than entering into a lump sum or structured settlement. Any plaintiff who is receiving, or expects to receive, Medicaid or other public assistance, or the guardian or conservator entering into a settlement on behalf of a disabled ward, should consult with a disabilities financial planner about their situation before choosing any particular settlement option or structure.
Potential Disadvantages of Structured Settlements

Some people who enter into structured settlements feel trapped by the periodic payments. They may wish to purchase a new home, or other expensive item, yet be unable to muster the resources because they can't borrow against future payments under their settlement.

Some people will do better by accepting a lump sum settlement, and investing it themselves. Many standard investments will give a greater long-term return than the annuities used in structured settlements.
Selling a Structured Settlement

If you have a structured settlement, you may have been approached by a company interested in purchasing your settlement, or may be curious about selling your settlement in return for a lump sum buyout. About two thirds of states have enacted laws which restict the sale of structured settlements, and tax-free structured settlements are also subject to federal restrictions on their sale to a third party. Also, some insurance companies will not assign or transfer annuities to third parties, to discourage the sale of structured settlements. As a consequence, depending upon where you live and the terms of your annuities, it may not be possible for you to sell your settlement.

Keep in mind that companies which buy structured settlements intend to profit from their purchase, and sometimes their offers may seem quite low. You may benefit from approaching more than one company in relation to the sale of your settlement, to make sure that you obtain the highest payoff. You also want to be sure that the company which wants to buy your settlement is established, well-funded, and reputable - you don't want a fly-by-night outfit to obtain the rights to your annuities but to disappear or go bankrupt before paying you the buyout money. You may have to go to court to get a judge to approve the buyout. It is usually a good idea to consult with a lawyer before entering into an agreement to sell your settlement.
Special Considerations

Any person entering into a structured settlement should be on guard for potential exploitation in relation to the settlement:

Excessive Commissions - Annuities can be highly profitable for insurance companies, and they often carry very large commissions. It is important to ensure that the commissions charged in setting up a structured settlement don't consume an inappropriate percentage of its principal.

Overstated Value - Sometimes, after negotiating a particular settlement figure, the defense will overstate the value of a structured settlement. As a result the plaintiff, in accepting the settlement, in fact obtains a significantly lower dollar value than was agreed upon. Some defendants have nominally paid the full amount of the settlement, knowing that they would later obtain significant rebates from the annuity companies they used. Plaintiffs should consider compariing the fees and commissions charged for similar settlement packages by a variety of insurance companies, to make sure that they are in fact getting full value. A plaintiff may wish to make it a condition of the settlement that the defendant will actually pay the full value of the settlement in setting up the structured settlement, and that any rebates received by the defendant for annuities included in the settlement be payable to the plaintiff.

Self-Dealing - There have been cases where the plaintiff's lawyer is also in the insurance business, and sets up a structured settlement on behalf of a client without disclosing that the attorney is purchasing the annuities from his own business, or is pocketing a large commission on the annuities. Similarly, there have been situations where the plaintiff's attorney has referred the client to a particular financial planner to set up a structured settlement, without disclosing that the financial planner will be paying the attorney a referral fee in relation to the client's account. Make sure that you know what financial interest, if any, your lawyer has in relation to any financial services sold or recommended by the lawyer.

Life Expectancy - It is unfortunate, but many people who receive large personal injury or workers' compensation settlements will have a shortened life expectancy as a result of their injuries. It is important to consider life expectancy in association with any structured settlement, and to consider whether it is appropriate to enter into an annuity where payments will cease upon death. Sometimes it will make sense to insist upon an annuity that pays a minimum number of payments, or one that will pay a balance into the plaintiff's estate, such that the value of the settlement is not lost to an insurance company upon the plaintiff's untimely death.

Using Multiple Insurance Companies - For larger settlements, it often makes sense to purchase annuities for a structured settlement from several different companies, dividing the settlement between those companies. This can provide you with protection in the event that a company that issued annuities for your settlement package goes into bankruptcy - even in the event that one of the companies defaults in part or in full on your settlement payments, you would still receive full payment from the other companies.

Kylie Minogue - Hits+ (USA Release) (2002)

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sat, 21 Aug 2010 11:41:45 PDT

Kylie Minogue - Hits+ (USA Release) (2002)
1CD | EAC Rip | APE(tracks) + CUE + LOG | 67:35 | Complete Scans | 419 MB
Genre: Pop | Label: Arista

Between her late 1980s reign as the "I Should Be So Lucky" Aussie soap star turned pop princess and her iconic re-emergence, Kylie Minogue had an altogether different kind of pop career. In the mid-1990s, she released two exquisitely sophisticated albums, both simply titled Kylie Minogue, for the dance label Deconstruction. The best tracks from that period, plus a handful of previously unreleased songs and remixes, fill Hits +. Although the title is somewhat misleading given that the albums from which the tracks come were commercial flops, it's not overstating the case to say that with the likes of "Breathe," "Did It Again," and "Automatic Love" leading the way, this collection contains some wonderfully stylish pop. But it's the haunting singles "Confide in Me," "Put Yourself in My Place," and the Nick Cave duet "Where the Wild Roses Grow," graced by the sumptuously breathy vocals that transformed bubblegum-pop Kylie into a seductress and institution, that are the jewels of this retrospective and her career.

Tracklist:
1. Confide in Me
2. Put Yourself in My Place
3. Where Is the Feeling?
4. Some Kind of Bliss
5. Did It Again
6. Breathe
7. If You Don't Love Me (unreleased)
8. Tears (previously only available on the Japanese edition of Impossible Princess)
9. Gotta Move On (previously unreleased 1993 demo)
10. Difficult by Design (previously unreleased 1993 demo)
11. Stay This Way (previously unreleased 1996 demo)
12. Automatic Love (acoustic version) (previously unreleased version)
13. Where Has the Love Gone? (Roach Motel Remix) (previously unreleased version of the 'Roach Motel Mix')
14. Take Me with You (Unreleased but performed live by Minogue during her "Intimate and Live" Tour)

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Insurance

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sat, 21 Aug 2010 11:33:55 PDT

In law and economics, insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. An insurer is a company selling the insurance; an insured or policyholder is the person or entity buying the insurance policy. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage, called the premium. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.

The transaction involves the insured assuming a guaranteed and known relatively small loss in the form of payment to the insurer in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate (indemnify) the insured in the case of a large, possibly devastating loss. The insured receives a contract called the insurance policy which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insured will be compensated.

Insurance involves pooling funds from many insured entities (known as exposures) in order to pay for relatively uncommon but severely devastating losses which can occur to these entities. The insured entities are therefore protected from risk for a fee, with the fee being dependent upon the frequency and severity of the event occurring. In order to be insurable, the risk insured against must meet certain characteristics in order to be an insurable risk. Insurance is a commercial enterprise and a major part of the financial services industry, but individual entities can also self-insure through saving money for possible future losses

Insurability
Main article: Insurability

Risk which can be insured by private companies typically share seven common characteristics.[2]

1. Large number of similar exposure units. Since insurance operates through pooling resources, the majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of large classes, allowing insurers to benefit from the law of large numbers in which predicted losses are similar to the actual losses. Exceptions include Lloyd's of London, which is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. However, all exposures will have particular differences, which may lead to different rates.
2. Definite Loss. The loss takes place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured person on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.
3. Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable.
4. Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.
5. Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113)
6. Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.
7. Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. Insurable losses are ideally independent and non-catastrophic, meaning that the one losses do not happen all at once and individual losses are not severe enough to bankrupt the insurer; insurers may prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Capital constrains insurers' ability to sell earthquake insurance as well as wind insurance in hurricane zones. In the U.S., flood risk is insured by the federal government. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.

Legal

When a company insures an individual entity, there are basic legal requirements. Several commonly cited legal principles of insurance include:[3]

1. Indemnity – the insurance company indemnifies, or compensates the insured in the case of certain losses only up to the insured's interest
2. Insurable interest – the insured typically must directly suffer from the loss. Insurable interest must exist whether property insurance or insurance on a person is involved. The concept requires that the insured have a "stake" in the loss or damage to the life or property insured. What that "stake" is will be determined by the kind of insurance involved and the nature of the property ownership or relationship between the persons.
3. Utmost good faith – the insured and the insurer are bound by a good faith bond of honesty and fairness
4. Contribution – insurers which have similar obligations to the insured contribute in the indemnification, according to some method
5. Subrogation – the insurance company acquires legal rights to pursue recoveries on behalf of the insured; for example, the insurer may sue those liable for insured's loss
6. Causa Proxima or Proximate Cause – the cause of loss (the "peril") must be covered under the insuring agreement of the policy, and dominant cause must not be excluded

Indemnification
Main article: Indemnity

To "indemnify" means to make whole again, or to be put in the position that one was in, to the extent possible, prior to the happening of a specified event or peril. Accordingly, life insurance is generally not considered to be indemnity insurance, but rather "contingent" insurance (i.e., a claim arises on the occurrence of a specified event). There are generally two types of insurance contracts that seek to indemnify an insured:

1. an "indemnity" policy and
2. a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[4] policy.

The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in practice.

An "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; for example, a visitor to the home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitor's fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000).[4][5]

Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language.[4]

An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss covered in the policy.

When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (i.e., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.

Effects

Insurance can have various effects on society through the way that it changes who bears the cost of losses and damage. It can increase fraud. On the other hand, it can help societies and individuals prepare for catastrophes and mitigate the effects of catastrophes on both households and societies.

Insurance can influence the probability of losses through moral hazard, insurance fraud, and preventive steps by the insurance company. Insurance scholars have typically used morale hazard to refer to the increased loss due to unintentional carelessness and moral hazard to refer to increased risk due to intentional carelessness or indifference.[6] Insurers attempt to address carelessness through inspections, policy provisions requiring certain types of maintenance, and possible discounts for loss mitigation efforts. While in theory insurers could encourage investment in loss reduction, some commentators have argued that in practice insurers had historically not aggressively pursued loss control measures - particularly to prevent disaster losses such as hurricanes - because of concerns over rate reductions and legal battles. However, beginning around 1996 insurers began to take a more active role in loss mitigation through building codes.

Insurers' business model
Underwriting and investing

The business model can be reduced to a simple equation: Profit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting expenses

Insurers make money in two ways:

1. Through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks;
2. By investing the premiums they collect from insured parties.

The most complicated aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price products accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are "winners" (i.e., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are "losers" (i.e., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income); insurance companies essentially use actuarial science to attempt to underwrite enough "winning" policies to pay out on the "losers" while still maintaining profitability.

An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio[8] which is the ratio of losses and expenses to earned premiums. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss. A company with a combined ratio over 100% may nevertheless remain profitable due to investment earnings.

Insurance companies earn investment profits on “float”. “Float” or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest or other income on them until claims are paid out. The Association of British Insurers (gathering 400 insurance companies and 94% of UK insurance services) has almost 20% of the investments in the London Stock Exchange.[9]

In the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance industry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held.

Naturally, the “float” method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle.[10]

Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the United States, due to unpredictable natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this trend.

Claims

Claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance; it is the actual "product" paid for. Claims may be filed by insureds directly with the insurer or through brokers or agents. The insurer may require that the claim be filed on its own proprietary forms, or may accept claims on a standard industry form such as those produced by ACORD.

Insurance company claims departments employ a large number of claims adjusters supported by a staff of records management and data entry clerks. Incoming claims are classified based on severity and are assigned to adjusters whose settlement authority varies with their knowledge and experience. The adjuster undertakes an investigation of each claim, usually in close cooperation with the insured, determines if coverage is available under the terms of the insurance contract, and if so, the reasonable monetary value of the claim, and authorizes payment.

The policy holder may hire their own public adjuster to negotiate the settlement with the insurance company on their behalf. For policies that are complicated, where claims may be complex, the insured may take out a separate insurance policy add on, called loss recovery insurance, which covers the cost of a public adjuster in the case of a claim.

Adjusting liability insurance claims is particularly difficult because there is a third party involved, the plaintiff, who is under no contractual obligation to cooperate with the insurer and may in fact regard the insurer as a deep pocket. The adjuster must obtain legal counsel for the insured (either inside "house" counsel or outside "panel" counsel), monitor litigation that may take years to complete, and appear in person or over the telephone with settlement authority at a mandatory settlement conference when requested by the judge.

If a claims adjuster suspects underinsurance, the condition of average may come into play to limit the insurance company's exposure.

In managing the claims handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraudulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and overcome. Disputes between insurers and insureds over the validity of claims or claims handling practices occasionally escalate into litigation; see insurance bad faith.

History of insurance

In some sense we can say that insurance appears simultaneously with the appearance of human society. We know of two types of economies in human societies: money economies (with markets, money, financial instruments and so on) and non-money or natural economies (without money, markets, financial instruments and so on). The second type is a more ancient form than the first. In such an economy and community, we can see insurance in the form of people helping each other. For example, if a house burns down, the members of the community help build a new one. Should the same thing happen to one's neighbour, the other neighbours must help. Otherwise, neighbours will not receive help in the future. This type of insurance has survived to the present day in some countries where modern money economy with its financial instruments is not widespread.

Turning to insurance in the modern sense (i.e., insurance in a modern money economy, in which insurance is part of the financial sphere), early methods of transferring or distributing risk were practised by Chinese and Babylonian traders as long ago as the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, respectively.[11] Chinese merchants travelling treacherous river rapids would redistribute their wares across many vessels to limit the loss due to any single vessel's capsizing. The Babylonians developed a system which was recorded in the famous Code of Hammurabi, c. 1750 BC, and practised by early Mediterranean sailing merchants. If a merchant received a loan to fund his shipment, he would pay the lender an additional sum in exchange for the lender's guarantee to cancel the loan should the shipment be stolen or lost at sea.

Achaemenian monarchs of Ancient Persia were the first to insure their people and made it official by registering the insuring process in governmental notary offices. The insurance tradition was performed each year in Norouz (beginning of the Iranian New Year); the heads of different ethnic groups as well as others willing to take part, presented gifts to the monarch. The most important gift was presented during a special ceremony. When a gift was worth more than 10,000 Derrik (Achaemenian gold coin) the issue was registered in a special office. This was advantageous to those who presented such special gifts. For others, the presents were fairly assessed by the confidants of the court. Then the assessment was registered in special offices.

The purpose of registering was that whenever the person who presented the gift registered by the court was in trouble, the monarch and the court would help him. Jahez, a historian and writer, writes in one of his books on ancient Iran: "[W]henever the owner of the present is in trouble or wants to construct a building, set up a feast, have his children married, etc. the one in charge of this in the court would check the registration. If the registered amount exceeded 10,000 Derrik, he or she would receive an amount of twice as much."[12]

A thousand years later, the inhabitants of Rhodes invented the concept of the 'general average'. Merchants whose goods were being shipped together would pay a proportionally divided premium which would be used to reimburse any merchant whose goods were deliberately jettisoned in order to lighten the the ship and save it from total loss.

The Greeks and Romans introduced the origins of health and life insurance c. 600 AD when they organized guilds called "benevolent societies" which cared for the families and paid funeral expenses of members upon death. Guilds in the Middle Ages served a similar purpose. The Talmud deals with several aspects of insuring goods. Before insurance was established in the late 17th century, "friendly societies" existed in England, in which people donated amounts of money to a general sum that could be used for emergencies.

Separate insurance contracts (i.e., insurance policies not bundled with loans or other kinds of contracts) were invented in Genoa in the 14th century, as were insurance pools backed by pledges of landed estates. These new insurance contracts allowed insurance to be separated from investment, a separation of roles that first proved useful in marine insurance. Insurance became far more sophisticated in post-Renaissance Europe, and specialized varieties developed.

Some forms of insurance had developed in London by the early decades of the seventeenth century. For example, the will of the English colonist Robert Hayman mentions two "policies of insurance" taken out with the diocesan Chancellor of London, Arthur Duck. Of the value of £100 each, one relates to the safe arrival of Hayman's ship in Guyana and the other is in regard to "one hundred pounds assured by the said Doctor Arthur Ducke on my life". Hayman's will was signed and sealed on 17 November 1628 but not proved until 1633.[13] Toward the end of the seventeenth century, London's growing importance as a centre for trade increased demand for marine insurance. In the late 1680s, Edward Lloyd opened a coffee house that became a popular haunt of ship owners, merchants, and ships’ captains, and thereby a reliable source of the latest shipping news. It became the meeting place for parties wishing to insure cargoes and ships, and those willing to underwrite such ventures. Today, Lloyd's of London remains the leading market (note that it is not an insurance company) for marine and other specialist types of insurance, but it works rather differently than the more familiar kinds of insurance.

Insurance as we know it today can be traced to the Great Fire of London, which in 1666 devoured more than 13,000 houses. The devastating effects of the fire converted the development of insurance "from a matter of convenience into one of urgency, a change of opinion reflected in Sir Christopher Wren's inclusion of a site for 'the Insurance Office' in his new plan for London in 1667."[14] A number of attempted fire insurance schemes came to nothing, but in 1681 Nicholas Barbon, and eleven associates, established England's first fire insurance company, the 'Insurance Office for Houses', at the back of the Royal Exchange. Initially, 5,000 homes were insured by Barbon's Insurance Office.[15]

The first insurance company in the United States underwrote fire insurance and was formed in Charles Town (modern-day Charleston), South Carolina, in 1732. Benjamin Franklin helped to popularize and make standard the practice of insurance, particularly against fire in the form of perpetual insurance. In 1752, he founded the Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire. Franklin's company was the first to make contributions toward fire prevention. Not only did his company warn against certain fire hazards, it refused to insure certain buildings where the risk of fire was too great, such as all wooden houses. In the United States, regulation of the insurance industry is highly Balkanized, with primary responsibility assumed by individual state insurance departments. Whereas insurance markets have become centralized nationally and internationally, state insurance commissioners operate individually, though at times in concert through a national insurance commissioners' organization. In recent years, some have called for a dual state and federal regulatory system (commonly referred to as the Optional federal charter (OFC)) for insurance similar to that which oversees state banks and national banks.

Types of insurance

Any risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set out below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the U.S. typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of coverage for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.

Business insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owner's policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.

Auto insurance
Vehicle insurance

Auto insurance protects you against financial loss if you have an accident. It is a contract between the insured and the insurance company. You agree to pay the premium and the insurance company agrees to pay losses as defined in the policy. Auto insurance provides property, liability and medical coverage:

1. Property coverage pays for damage to or theft of the car.
2. Liability coverage pays for the legal responsibility to others for bodily injury or property damage.
3. Medical coverage pays for the cost of treating injuries, rehabilitation and sometimes lost wages and funeral expenses.

An auto insurance policy comprises six kinds of coverage. Most countries require you to buy some, but not all, of these coverages. If you're financing a car, the lender may also have requirements. Most auto policies are for six months to a year.

In the United States, the insurance company should notify you by mail when it’s time to renew the policy and to pay the premium.

Home insurance
Home insurance

Home insurance provides compensation for damage or destruction of a home from disasters. In some geographical areas, the standard insurances exclude certain types of disasters, such as flood and earthquakes, that require additional coverage. Maintenance-related problems are the homeowners' responsibility. The policy may include inventory, or this can be bought as a separate policy, especially for people who rent housing. In some countries, insurers offer a package which may include liability and legal responsibility for injuries and property damage caused by members of the household, including pets.

Health
Main articles: Health insurance and Dental insurance

Health insurance policies by the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs will cover the cost of medical treatments. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for individuals to protect them against dental costs. In the U.S. and Canada, dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance.
Accident, Sickness and Unemployment Insurance

* Disability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgage loans and credit cards. Short-term and long-term disability policies are available to individuals, but considering the expense, long-term policies are generally obtained only by those with at least six-figure incomes, such as doctors, lawyers, etc. Short-term disability insurance covers a person for a period generally up to six months, paying a stipend each month to cover medical bills and other necessities.
* Long-term disability insurance covers an individual's expenses for the long term, up until such time as they are considered permanently disabled and thereafter. Insurance companies will often try to find other ways to employ the person and reintegrate them back into the work force in preference to and before declaring them unable to work at all and therefore totally disabled. Insurance companies, for obvious reasons, frequently go to great lengths, including undercover surveillance via videocam and repeated independent medical evaluations by company doctors, in hopes of avoiding the necessity of paying permanent disability stipends to a claimant.
* If you are in the market to purchase long-term disability insurance, try to find out whether the prospective insurer has ONLY their own doctors handle ALL claims (including the questionable ones), or whether they hire out to firms who perform medical file reviews and Independent Medical Examinations, and whose doctors have nothing to gain or lose regardless of the opinion they derive from looking at your records or performing an exam. Your claim, should it eventuate to be disability of a permanent nature, is often more likely to be approved if "questionable" claims (those that don't involve loss of all four limbs) are hired out to independent firms for file reviews and/or IMEs as opposed to always being handled by inhouse doctors working solely for the insurance company. Independent companies, such as University Disability Consortium, for instance, perform medical file reviews and IMEs for insurance companies, plaintiff and defense attorneys, among others, and because they have no stake or say-so regarding the final determination of a claimant's disability status, provide totally unbiased reports and IMEs and are, as a result, more likely to facilitate a desirable outcome for the person seeking permanent disability status than are reports and exams performed by doctors who work for the insurance company and have a great deal to gain or lose (e.g., bonuses, their jobs) when disability claims are upheld. So, caveat emptor: beware the practices of your prospective provider regarding claims of total disability prior to handing over those exhorbitant fees they demand per LTD (long-term disability) policy.
* Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work.
* Total permanent disability insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance.
* Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expenses incurred because of a job-related injury.

Casualty

Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.
Main article: Casualty insurance

* Crime insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement.
* Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss.

Life
Main article: Life insurance

Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.

Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.

Certain life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is needed.

In many countries, such as the U.S. and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early death.

In U.S., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (e.g., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation.

Property
Main article: Property insurance

Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.

* Automobile insurance, known in the UK as motor insurance, is probably the most common form of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the insured's vehicle itself. Throughout the United States an auto insurance policy is required to legally operate a motor vehicle on public roads. In some jurisdictions, bodily injury compensation for automobile accident victims has been changed to a no-fault system, which reduces or eliminates the ability to sue for compensation but provides automatic eligibility for benefits. Credit card companies insure against damage on rented cars.
o Driving School Insurance provides cover for any authorized driver whilst undergoing tuition, cover also unlike other motor policies provides cover for instructor liability where both the pupil and driving instructor are equally liable in the event of a claim.
* Aviation insurance insures against hull, spares, deductibles, hull wear and liability risks.
* Boiler insurance (also known as boiler and machinery insurance or equipment breakdown insurance) insures against accidental physical damage to equipment or machinery.
* Builder's risk insurance insures against the risk of physical loss or damage to property during construction. Builder's risk insurance is typically written on an "all risk" basis covering damage due to any cause (including the negligence of the insured) not otherwise expressly excluded. Builder's risk insurance is coverage that protects a person's or organization's insurable interest in materials, fixtures and/or equipment being used in the construction or renovation of a building or structure should those items sustain physical loss or damage from a covered cause.[19]
* Crop insurance "Farmers use crop insurance to reduce or manage various risks associated with growing crops. Such risks include crop loss or damage caused by weather, hail, drought, frost damage, insects, or disease, for instance."[20]
* Earthquake insurance is a form of property insurance that pays the policyholder in the event of an earthquake that causes damage to the property. Most ordinary homeowners insurance policies do not cover earthquake damage. Most earthquake insurance policies feature a high deductible. Rates depend on location and the probability of an earthquake, as well as the construction of the home.
* A fidelity bond is a form of casualty insurance that covers policyholders for losses that they incur as a result of fraudulent acts by specified individuals. It usually insures a business for losses caused by the dishonest acts of its employees.
* Flood insurance protects against property loss due to flooding. Many insurers in the U.S. do not provide flood insurance in some portions of the country. In response to this, the federal government created the National Flood Insurance Program which serves as the insurer of last resort.
* Home insurance, also commonly called hazard insurance or homeowners insurance (often abbreviated in the real estate industry as HOI), is the type of property insurance that covers private homes.
* Landlord insurance covers residential and commercial properties which are rented to others. Most homeowner's insurance covers only owner-occupied homes.
* Marine insurance and marine cargo insurance cover the loss or damage of ships at sea or on inland waterways, and of cargo in transit, regardless of the method of transit. When the owner of the cargo and the carrier are separate corporations, marine cargo insurance typically compensates the owner of cargo for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier or the carrier's insurance. Many marine insurance underwriters will include "time element" coverage in such policies, which extends the indemnity to cover loss of profit and other business expenses attributable to the delay caused by a covered loss.
* Surety bond insurance is a three party insurance guaranteeing the performance of the principal.
* Terrorism insurance provides protection against any loss or damage caused by terrorist activities.
* Volcano insurance is an insurance that covers volcano damage in Hawaii.
* Windstorm insurance is an insurance covering the damage that can be caused by hurricanes and tropical cyclones.

Liability
Main article: Liability insurance

Liability insurance is a very broad superset that covers legal claims against the insured. Many types of insurance include an aspect of liability coverage. For example, a homeowner's insurance policy will normally include liability coverage which protects the insured in the event of a claim brought by someone who slips and falls on the property; automobile insurance also includes an aspect of liability insurance that indemnifies against the harm that a crashing car can cause to others' lives, health, or property. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is twofold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder and indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Liability policies typically cover only the negligence of the insured, and will not apply to results of wilful or intentional acts by the insured.

* Public liability insurance covers a business against claims should its operations injure a member of the public or damage their property in some way.
* Directors and officers liability insurance protects an organization (usually a corporation) from costs associated with litigation resulting from mistakes made by directors and officers for which they are liable. In the industry, it is usually called "D&O" for short.
* Environmental liability insurance protects the insured from bodily injury, property damage and cleanup costs as a result of the dispersal, release or escape of pollutants.
* Errors and omissions insurance: See "Professional liability insurance" under "Liability insurance".
* Prize indemnity insurance protects the insured from giving away a large prize at a specific event. Examples would include offering prizes to contestants who can make a half-court shot at a basketball game, or a hole-in-one at a golf tournament.
* Professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, protects insured professionals such as architectural corporation and medical practice against potential negligence claims made by their patients/clients. Professional liability insurance may take on different names depending on the profession. For example, professional liability insurance in reference to the medical profession may be called malpractice insurance. Notaries public may take out errors and omissions insurance (E&O). Other potential E&O policyholders include, for example, real estate brokers, Insurance agents, home inspectors, appraisers, and website developers.

Credit
Main article: Credit insurance

Credit insurance repays some or all of a loan when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death.

* Mortgage insurance insures the lender against default by the borrower. Mortgage insurance is a form of credit insurance, although the name credit insurance more often is used to refer to policies that cover other kinds of debt.
* Many credit cards offer payment protection plans which are a form of credit insurance.

Other types

* All-risk insurance is an insurance that covers a wide-range of incidents and perils, except those noted in the policy. All-risk insurance is different from peril-specific insurance that cover losses from only those perils listed in the policy.[21] In car insurance, all-risk policy includes also the damages caused by the own driver.
* Business interruption insurance covers the loss of income, and the expenses occurred, after a covered peril interrupts normal business operations.
* Collateral protection insurance or CPI, insures property (primarily vehicles) held as collateral for loans made by lending institutions.
* Defense Base Act Workers' compensation or DBA Insurance provides coverage for civilian workers hired by the government to perform contracts outside the U.S. and Canada. DBA is required for all U.S. citizens, U.S. residents, U.S. Green Card holders, and all employees or subcontractors hired on overseas government contracts. Depending on the country, Foreign Nationals must also be covered under DBA. This coverage typically includes expenses related to medical treatment and loss of wages, as well as disability and death benefits.
* Expatriate insurance provides individuals and organizations operating outside of their home country with protection for automobiles, property, health, liability and business pursuits.
* Financial loss insurance or Business Interruption Insurance protects individuals and companies against various financial risks. For example, a business might purchase coverage to protect it from loss of sales if a fire in a factory prevented it from carrying out its business for a time. Insurance might also cover the failure of a creditor to pay money it owes to the insured. This type of insurance is frequently referred to as "business interruption insurance." Fidelity bonds and surety bonds are included in this category, although these products provide a benefit to a third party (the "obligee") in the event the insured party (usually referred to as the "obligor") fails to perform its obligations under a contract with the obligee.
* Kidnap and ransom insurance
* Legal Expenses Insurance covers policyholders against the potential costs of legal action against an institution or an individual.
* Locked funds insurance is a little-known hybrid insurance policy jointly issued by governments and banks. It is used to protect public funds from tamper by unauthorized parties. In special cases, a government may authorize its use in protecting semi-private funds which are liable to tamper. The terms of this type of insurance are usually very strict. Therefore it is used only in extreme cases where maximum security of funds is required.
* Media Insurance is designed to cover professionals that engage in film, video and TV production.
* Nuclear incident insurance covers damages resulting from an incident involving radioactive materials and is generally arranged at the national level. See the Nuclear exclusion clause and for the United States the Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act)
* Pet insurance insures pets against accidents and illnesses - some companies cover routine/wellness care and burial, as well.
* Pollution Insurance which consists of first-party coverage for contamination of insured property either by external or on-site sources. Coverage for liability to third parties arising from contamination of air, water, or land due to the sudden and accidental release of hazardous materials from the insured site. The policy usually covers the costs of cleanup and may include coverage for releases from underground storage tanks. Intentional acts are specifically excluded.
* Purchase insurance is aimed at providing protection on the products people purchase. Purchase insurance can cover individual purchase protection, warranties, guarantees, care plans and even mobile phone insurance. Such insurance is normally very limited in the scope of problems that are covered by the policy.
* Title insurance provides a guarantee that title to real property is vested in the purchaser and/or mortgagee, free and clear of liens or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records performed at the time of a real estate transaction.
* Travel insurance is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, loss of personal belongings, travel delay, personal liabilities, etc.

Insurance financing vehicles

* Fraternal insurance is provided on a cooperative basis by fraternal benefit societies or other social organizations.[22]
* No-fault insurance is a type of insurance policy (typically automobile insurance) where insureds are indemnified by their own insurer regardless of fault in the incident.
* Protected Self-Insurance is an alternative risk financing mechanism in which an organization retains the mathematically calculated cost of risk within the organization and transfers the catastrophic risk with specific and aggregate limits to an insurer so the maximum total cost of the program is known. A properly designed and underwritten Protected Self-Insurance Program reduces and stabilizes the cost of insurance and provides valuable risk management information.
* Retrospectively Rated Insurance is a method of establishing a premium on large commercial accounts. The final premium is based on the insured's actual loss experience during the policy term, sometimes subject to a minimum and maximum premium, with the final premium determined by a formula. Under this plan, the current year's premium is based partially (or wholly) on the current year's losses, although the premium adjustments may take months or years beyond the current year's expiration date. The rating formula is guaranteed in the insurance contract. Formula: retrospective premium = converted loss + basic premium × tax multiplier. Numerous variations of this formula have been developed and are in use.
* Formal self insurance is the deliberate decision to pay for otherwise insurable losses out of one's own money. This can be done on a formal basis by establishing a separate fund into which funds are deposited on a periodic basis, or by simply forgoing the purchase of available insurance and paying out-of-pocket. Self insurance is usually used to pay for high-frequency, low-severity losses. Such losses, if covered by conventional insurance, mean having to pay a premium that includes loadings for the company's general expenses, cost of putting the policy on the books, acquisition expenses, premium taxes, and contingencies. While this is true for all insurance, for small, frequent losses the transaction costs may exceed the benefit of volatility reduction that insurance otherwise affords.
* Reinsurance is a type of insurance purchased by insurance companies or self-insured employers to protect against unexpected losses. Financial reinsurance is a form of reinsurance that is primarily used for capital management rather than to transfer insurance risk.
* Social insurance can be many things to many people in many countries. But a summary of its essence is that it is a collection of insurance coverages (including components of life insurance, disability income insurance, unemployment insurance, health insurance, and others), plus retirement savings, that requires participation by all citizens. By forcing everyone in society to be a policyholder and pay premiums, it ensures that everyone can become a claimant when or if he/she needs to. Along the way this inevitably becomes related to other concepts such as the justice system and the welfare state. This is a large, complicated topic that engenders tremendous debate, which can be further studied in the following articles (and others):
o National Insurance
o Social safety net
o Social security
o Social Security debate (United States)
o Social Security (United States)
o Social welfare provision
* Stop-loss insurance provides protection against catastrophic or unpredictable losses. It is purchased by organizations who do not want to assume 100% of the liability for losses arising from the plans. Under a stop-loss policy, the insurance company becomes liable for losses that exceed certain limits called deductibles.

Closed community self-insurance

Some communities prefer to create virtual insurance amongst themselves by other means than contractual risk transfer, which assigns explicit numerical values to risk. A number of religious groups, including the Amish and some Muslim groups, depend on support provided by their communities when disasters strike. The risk presented by any given person is assumed collectively by the community who all bear the cost of rebuilding lost property and supporting people whose needs are suddenly greater after a loss of some kind. In supportive communities where others can be trusted to follow community leaders, this tacit form of insurance can work. In this manner the community can even out the extreme differences in insurability that exist among its members. Some further justification is also provided by invoking the moral hazard of explicit insurance contracts.

In the United Kingdom, The Crown (which, for practical purposes, meant the Civil service) did not insure property such as government buildings. If a government building was damaged, the cost of repair would be met from public funds because, in the long run, this was cheaper than paying insurance premiums. Since many UK government buildings have been sold to property companies, and rented back, this arrangement is now less common and may have disappeared altogether.

Insurance companies

Insurance companies may be classified into two groups:

* Life insurance companies, which sell life insurance, annuities and pensions products.
* Non-life, General, or Property/Casualty insurance companies, which sell other types of insurance.

General insurance companies can be further divided into these sub categories.

* Standard Lines
* Excess Lines

In most countries, life and non-life insurers are subject to different regulatory regimes and different tax and accounting rules. The main reason for the distinction between the two types of company is that life, annuity, and pension business is very long-term in nature — coverage for life assurance or a pension can cover risks over many decades. By contrast, non-life insurance cover usually covers a shorter period, such as one year.

In the United States, standard line insurance companies are "mainstream" insurers. These are the companies that typically insure autos, homes or businesses. They use pattern or "cookie-cutter" policies without variation from one person to the next. They usually have lower premiums than excess lines and can sell directly to individuals. They are regulated by state laws that can restrict the amount they can charge for insurance policies.

Excess line insurance companies (also known as Excess and Surplus) typically insure risks not covered by the standard lines market. They are broadly referred as being all insurance placed with non-admitted insurers. Non-admitted insurers are not licensed in the states where the risks are located. These companies have more flexibility and can react faster than standard insurance companies because they are not required to file rates and forms as the "admitted" carriers do. However, they still have substantial regulatory requirements placed upon them. State laws generally require insurance placed with surplus line agents and brokers not to be available through standard licensed insurers.

Insurance companies are generally classified as either mutual or stock companies. Mutual companies are owned by the policyholders, while stockholders (who may or may not own policies) own stock insurance companies. Demutualization of mutual insurers to form stock companies, as well as the formation of a hybrid known as a mutual holding company, became common in some countries, such as the United States, in the late 20th century.

Other possible forms for an insurance company include reciprocals, in which policyholders 'reciprocate' in sharing risks, and Lloyd's organizations.

Insurance companies are rated by various agencies such as A. M. Best. The ratings include the company's financial strength, which measures its ability to pay claims. It also rates financial instruments issued by the insurance company, such as bonds, notes, and securitization products.

Reinsurance companies are insurance companies that sell policies to other insurance companies, allowing them to reduce their risks and protect themselves from very large losses. The reinsurance market is dominated by a few very large companies, with huge reserves. A reinsurer may also be a direct writer of insurance risks as well.

Captive insurance companies may be defined as limited-purpose insurance companies established with the specific objective of financing risks emanating from their parent group or groups. This definition can sometimes be extended to include some of the risks of the parent company's customers. In short, it is an in-house self-insurance vehicle. Captives may take the form of a "pure" entity (which is a 100% subsidiary of the self-insured parent company); of a "mutual" captive (which insures the collective risks of members of an industry); and of an "association" captive (which self-insures individual risks of the members of a professional, commercial or industrial association). Captives represent commercial, economic and tax advantages to their sponsors because of the reductions in costs they help create and for the ease of insurance risk management and the flexibility for cash flows they generate. Additionally, they may provide coverage of risks which is neither available nor offered in the traditional insurance market at reasonable prices.

The types of risk that a captive can underwrite for their parents include property damage, public and product liability, professional indemnity, employee benefits, employers' liability, motor and medical aid expenses. The captive's exposure to such risks may be limited by the use of reinsurance.

Captives are becoming an increasingly important component of the risk management and risk financing strategy of their parent. This can be understood against the following background:

* heavy and increasing premium costs in almost every line of coverage;
* difficulties in insuring certain types of fortuitous risk;
* differential coverage standards in various parts of the world;
* rating structures which reflect market trends rather than individual loss experience;
* insufficient credit for deductibles and/or loss control efforts.

There are also companies known as 'insurance consultants'. Like a mortgage broker, these companies are paid a fee by the customer to shop around for the best insurance policy amongst many companies. Similar to an insurance consultant, an 'insurance broker' also shops around for the best insurance policy amongst many companies. However, with insurance brokers, the fee is usually paid in the form of commission from the insurer that is selected rather than directly from the client.

Neither insurance consultants nor insurance brokers are insurance companies and no risks are transferred to them in insurance transactions. Third party administrators are companies that perform underwriting and sometimes claims handling services for insurance companies. These companies often have special expertise that the insurance companies do not have.

The financial stability and strength of an insurance company should be a major consideration when buying an insurance contract. An insurance premium paid currently provides coverage for losses that might arise many years in the future. For that reason, the viability of the insurance carrier is very important. In recent years, a number of insurance companies have become insolvent, leaving their policyholders with no coverage (or coverage only from a government-backed insurance pool or other arrangement with less attractive payouts for losses). A number of independent rating agencies provide information and rate the financial viability of insurance companies.

Frow Wikipedia

Secured loan

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sat, 21 Aug 2010 11:21:35 PDT

A secured loan is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (e.g. a car or property) as collateral for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan. The debt is thus secured against the collateral — in the event that the borrower defaults, the creditor takes possession of the asset used as collateral and may sell it to regain some or all of the amount originally lent to the borrower, for example, foreclosure of a home. From the creditor's perspective this is a category of debt in which a lender has been granted a portion of the bundle of rights to specified property. If the sale of the collateral does not raise enough money to pay off the debt, the creditor can often obtain a deficiency judgment against the borrower for the remaining amount. The opposite of secured debt/loan is unsecured debt, which is not connected to any specific piece of property and instead the creditor may only satisfy the debt against the borrower rather than the borrower's collateral and the borrower.

Purpose

There are two purposes for a loan secured by debt. In the first purpose, by extending the loan through securing the debt, the creditor is relieved of most of the financial risks involved because it allows the creditor to take the property in the event that the debt is not properly repaid. In exchange, this permits the second purpose where the debtors may receive loans on more favorable terms than that available for unsecured debt, or to be extended credit under circumstances when credit under terms of unsecured debt would not be extended at all. The creditor may offer a loan with attractive interest rates and repayment periods for the secured debt.

Types

* A mortgage loan is a secured loan in which the collateral is property, such as a home.
* A nonrecourse loan is a secured loan where the collateral is the only security or claim the creditor has against the borrower, and the creditor has no further recourse against the borrower for any deficiency remaining after foreclosure against the property.
* A foreclosure is a legal process in which mortgaged property is sold to pay the debt of the defaulting borrower.
* A repossession is a process in which property, such as a car, is taken back by the creditor when the borrower does not make payments due on the property. Depending on the jurisdiction, it may or may not require a court order.

United States law of debt secured by property

In the case of real estate, the most common form of secured debt is the lien. Liens may either be voluntarily created, as with a mortgage, or involuntarily created, such as a mechanics lien. A mortgage may only be created with the express consent of the title owner, without regard to other facts of the situation. In contrast, the primary condition required to create a mechanics lien is that real estate is somehow improved through the work or materials provided by the person filing a mechanics lien. Although the rules are complex, consent of the title owner to the mechanics lien itself is not required.

In the case of personal property, the most common procedure for securing the debt is described through the Uniform Commercial Code or UCC. This statute provides a system of forms and public filing of documents by which the creditor's interest in the property is made known.

In the event that the underlying debt is not properly paid, the creditor may decide to foreclose the interest in order to take the property. Generally, the law that allows the secured debt to be made also provides a procedure whereby the property will be sold at public auction, or through some other means of sale. The law commonly also provides a right of redemption, whereby a debtor may arrange for late payment of the debt but keep the property.

How to create secured debt

Debt can become secured by a contractual agreement, statutory lien, or judgment lien. Contractual agreements can be secured by either a Purchase Money Security Interest (PMSI) loan, where the creditor takes a security interest in the items purchased (i.e. vehicle, furniture, electronics); or, a Non-Purchase Money Security Interest (NPMSI) loan, where the creditor takes a security interest in items that the debtor already owns.

From wikipedia

Mesothelioma Patient Care

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sat, 21 Aug 2010 11:17:34 PDT

Caring for a mesothelioma patient can be quite challenging — emotionally, physically, spiritually, and financially. Whether you're just beginning to deal with your loved one's mesothelioma diagnosis or you've been caring for a mesothelioma patient for some time now, it's a good idea to gather all possible tips and helpful information. Your loved one's physician may have given you an idea of what to expect, and as you strive to provide the best possible care, the choice of where your loved one's caregiving will be provided is fundamental.
Mesothelioma Cancer Nursing Care Provided

There are a number of options for caring for a mesothelioma cancer patient. Your loved one's health, his or her desires and needs, your own needs, and financial factors will all play a part in the determination of where the patient's medical care will be provided. In addition, the location of the caregiving may need to change as your loved one's condition changes. The places where caring for mesothelioma patients takes place usually include:

* At home — Lots of people prefer to spend the end of their lives with their families, at home. Home care may be a feasible option for the whole term of your loved one's care, or it may be appropriate for just part of the process (for instance, in the early stages of the disease or in the final days). Whether or not your loved one has been cared for in another setting at an earlier point, he or she (and you) may want to have the last days spent at home with family. At-home care can usually be supplemented with professional home-care services, including visiting nurses.

* At a hospital — A significant benefit of hospital care is that doctors, nurses, and emergency equipment are always at hand. As a family member, you may also be able to share in the provision of caregiving for a mesothelioma patient at the hospital.

* With hospice care — Hospice care for a mesothelioma cancer patient can be provided in a number of settings: at the patient's home or another residence, or at a nursing home, or at a specialized hospice center. The purpose of hospice centers is to provide comfort and care to the terminally ill. It is often a more warm and hospitable setting compared to hospitals.

* At a nursing home — A nursing home provides medical care around the clock, and if your loved one with mesothelioma cancer needs nursing care that you are not able to provide, a nursing home can be a good choice. Some mesothelioma patients prefer to use the services of a nursing home in order to take the burden of care from their family members.

Private health insurance, an asbestos cancer settlement, an asbestos trust fund, and Medicaid or Medicare may cover part or all of the nursing care at differing facilities, including the home.

Mesothelioma

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Tue, 17 Aug 2010 04:37:15 PDT

Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is as grave a situation as any imaginable, for diagnosis usually precedes a long and painful death. New technology for treating mesothelioma provides the most hope for the victims of this condition, but due to the skyrocketing cost of medical care in America, most of these advanced treatments are out of reach for all but the wealthiest of people. Nevertheless, treatments like angiogenesis, gene therapy, and photodynamic therapy provide the most hope for victims of mesothelioma who have failed to respond to conventional treatments.

Mesothelioma diagnosis is not the end

Hope is crucial for victims of mesothelioma because hope gives strength, and fighting an affliction as insidious and pervasive as mesothelioma requires an incredible amount of strength. Many people draw strength from their families, or in their spiritual convictions, and others take stock of a life of accomplishments and resolve themselves to persevere in their struggle. As long as those unfortunate victims still have hope, then their struggle against mesothelioma is never in vain.

New hope for victims of mesothelioma comes from treatment derived from the most unlikely places.

* Celebrex, a COX-2 inhibitor has been shown to halt the growth of mesothelioma cells in a Petri dish in a recent study conducted by Dr. Alfonso Catalano at the University of Marche in Italy. Lab animals also showed significant improvement, as the survival rate of with mice with mesothelioma improved from 45 days to 62 days, and in a few cases over 120 days. It is now believed that human tests are in the immediate future, as malignant mesothelioma remains one of the deadliest and hardest to treat cancers.

Never give up your most precious asset: hope

Even the best medical treatments are worthless if the patient does not commit to surviving through the pain and adversity of the procedures. It is true that mesothelioma treatment can involve unpleasant surgery, radiation, and chemotherapies, but when hope is lost, everything is. The belief that mesothelioma, like an obstacle, can be surmounted and conquered is sometimes more effective than the latest medical breakthrough, and such fortitude in the face of adversity often inspires those around you, even if they are not afflicted with such a condition.

Do not let mesothelioma make a victim out of you

Hope can also take the form of justice. Justice against the asbestos companies that chose to ignore or conceal the risks their product would inflict on innocent people. Justice that will prevent them from hurting anyone else like you have been hurt, and justice to know that you will not have suffered in vain. If you want to strike back at those that caused you so much undeserved pain and misery, you are not alone. Our dedicated and aggressive mesothelioma attorneys are ready to take action, and help you get the compensation you deserve.

Yngwie Malmsteen Lesson

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Fri, 14 May 2010 00:29:21 PDT

From Wikipedia

Yngwie Johann Malmsteen (English pronunciation: /ˈɪŋveɪ ˈmɑːlmstiːn/ ING-vay MAHLM-steen; born Lars Johan Yngve Lannerbäck on June 30, 1963) is a Swedish guitarist, composer, multi-instrumentalist and bandleader. Malmsteen became notable in the mid-1980s for his technical fluency and neo-classical metal compositions, often incorporating high speed picking with harmonic minor scales, diminished scales and sweep picked arpeggios. Four of his albums, from 1984 to 1988, Rising Force, Marching Out, Trilogy, and Odyssey, ranked in the top 100 for sales.
Recording career
[edit]
1980s

In late 1982 Malmsteen was brought to the U.S. by Mike Varney of Shrapnel Records, who had heard a demo tape of Malmsteen's playing. He had brief engagements with Steeler, for their self-titled album of 1983, then Graham Bonnet's Alcatrazz, for their 1983 debut No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll, and the 1984 live album Live Sentence. Malmsteen released his first solo album Rising Force in 1984, which featured Barrie Barlow of Jethro Tull on drums. His album was really meant to be an instrumental side-project of Alcatrazz, but it contained vocals, and Malmsteen left Alcatrazz soon after the release of Rising Force.

Rising Force won the Guitar Player Magazine's award for Best Rock Album and was also nominated for a Grammy for 'Best Rock Instrumental', achieving #60 on the Billboard album chart. Yngwie J. Malmsteen's Rising Force (as his band was thereafter known) next released Marching Out (1985). Jeff Scott Soto filled vocal duties on these initial albums. His third album, Trilogy, featuring the vocals of Mark Boals, was released in 1986. In 1987, another singer, former Rainbow vocalist Joe Lynn Turner joined his band. That year, Malmsteen was in a serious car accident, smashing his Jaguar E-Type into a tree and putting him in a coma for a week. Nerve damage to his right hand was reported. During his time in the hospital, Malmsteen's mother died from cancer. In the summer of 1988 he released his fourth album, Odyssey. Odyssey would be his biggest hit album, mainly because of its first single "Heaven Tonight". Shows in Russia during the Odyssey tour were recorded, and released in 1989 as his fifth album Trial By Fire: Live in Leningrad.

Malmsteen's "Neo-classical" style of metal became widely popular among guitarists during the mid 1980s, with contemporaries such as Jason Becker, Timo Tolkki, Paul Gilbert, Marty Friedman, Tony MacAlpine and Vinnie Moore becoming prominent. MacAlpine came to the neoclassical/shred field by applying his classical piano training to his guitar playing and Moore arrived at a similar style because he shared Malmsteen's major influences. In late 1988, Malmsteen's signature Fender Stratocaster guitar was released, making him and Eric Clapton the first artists to be honored by Fender.

1990s

In the early 1990s Malmsteen released the albums Eclipse (1990), The Yngwie Malmsteen Collection (1991), Fire and Ice (1992) and The Seventh Sign (1994). Despite his early success, and continuous success in Europe and Asia, by the early 1990s 1980s heavy metal styles such as neoclassical metal and lengthy, virtuoso shred guitar solos had become unfashionable in the US. In 1993, Malmsteen's future mother-in-law, opposed to his engagement to her daughter, had him falsely arrested for holding the woman hostage with a gun. The charges were quickly dropped.[2]. Malmsteen continued to record and release albums under the Japanese record label Pony Canyon, and maintained a devoted following from some fans in Europe and Japan, and to a lesser extent in the USA. In 2000, he once again acquired a contract with a US record label, Spitfire, and released his 1990s catalog into the US market for the first time, including what he regards as his masterpiece, Concerto Suite for Electric Guitar and Orchestra, recorded with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in Prague.

2000s

Malmsteen in Barcelona

After the release of War to End All Wars in 2000, singer Mark Boals left the band. Malmsteen went on tour with former Ark vocalist Jorn Lande. Due to various tensions on tour, Jorn left before the recording of Malmsteen's next album, Attack!!. He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Doogie White. White's vocals were well received by fans. In 2003, Malmsteen joined Joe Satriani and Steve Vai as part of the G3 supergroup. Malmsteen made two guest appearances on keyboardist Derek Sherinian's albums Black Utopia (2003), and Blood of the Snake (2006) where Malmsteen is heard on the same tracks as Al Di Meola and Zakk Wylde. In 2004, Malmsteen made two cameo appearances on Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law- possibly alluded to his status as a guitarist.

Malmsteen released Unleash the Fury in 2005. (This title may be a reference to an audio recording that supposedly captured Malmsteen's immoderate response to a flight attendant who spilled a beverage on him. The recording found popularity in filesharing networks as an example of the absurd behavior of celebrities.) He is married to April (Ebru Solmaz) and has a son named Antonio after Antonio Vivaldi, and they live in Miami, Florida. A noted Ferrari enthusiast, he owned a black 1985 308 GTS[3] for 18 years before selling it on eBay, and a red 1962 250 GTO.[4] In the mid-2000s, he gave up smoking and drinking alcohol (date: April 2007).

In 2007, Malmsteen was honored in the Xbox 360 version of Guitar Hero II. Players can receive the "Yngwie Malmsteen" award by hitting 1000 or more notes in succession.[5] February 2008 saw the replacement of singer Doogie White with former Iced Earth and Judas Priest and current Beyond Fear singer Tim Owens, with whom Malmsteen had once recorded a cover of Ozzy Osbourne's song "Mr. Crowley", for the 2000 Osbourne tribute album Bat Head Soup: A Tribute to Ozzy. The first Malmsteen album to feature Owens is titled Perpetual Flame and was released on October 14. On November 25, 2008, Malmsteen had three of his songs ("Caprici Di Diablo", "Damnation Game", and "Red Devil") released as downloadable content for the video games Rock Band and Rock Band 2. In 2008 Malmsteen was a special guest on the VH1 Classic show "That Metal Show". In the 10th of March 2009, Malmsteen's label Rising Force has launched his new release Angels of Love, an instrumental album which features acoustic arrangements of some of his best-known ballads.

In August, 2009, Time Magazine named Malmsteen #9 on its list of the 10 best electric guitar players of all-time.[6]

Malmsteen recently released another album compilation entitled High Impact on December 8, 2009.
Malmsteen is best known for his extremely fast shred guitar solos and Neo-classical style of playing. He favors the harmonic minor scale, and often uses diminished arpeggios and phrygian scales and draws an influence from Bach and Beethoven. In an interview, Malmsteen confessed that his regular use of harmonic minor was because in the 1980s he was trying to move away from the blues-based pentatonic scales that "everybody else was using".

Musical equipment

Malmsteen has been a longtime user of Fender Stratocasters. His most famous Stratocaster is his 1971 blonde Strat, nicknamed "The Duck" because of its yellow color and the Donald Duck stickers on the body. He also has a signature Stratocaster. It comes in a Vintage White finish with a maple neck and either a maple or rosewood fretboard. Every fret is scalloped.

He is an avid fan of Marshall amplifiers. He has been in magazine ads where he has been quoted as saying "I'd rather pay for a Marshall than play anything else for free."

In the mid to late 80s Malmsteen endorsed Schecter guitars which produced multiple custom models with Strat style bodies and reversed Fender headstocks for him.

Band members
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Yngwie Malmsteen band members
Current members
Tim "Ripper" Owens - vocals (2008–present)
Bjorn Englen - bass (2008–present)
Patrick Johansson - drums, percussion (2001–present)

Discography
SteelerDate of Release Title Label Chart positions US sales
1983 Steeler Shrapnel

AlcatrazzDate of Release Title Label Chart positions US sales
1984 No Parole from Rock N' Roll Polydor
Live Sentence
2010 Live '83
No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll Tour Live in Japan 1984.1.28 Audio Tracks

SoloYear Album Publisher Chart positions US sales
1984 Rising Force Polydor 60
October 1985 Marching Out 54
1986 Trilogy 44
March, 1988 Odyssey 40
October, 1989 Trial By Fire: Live in Leningrad 128
1990 Eclipse 112
November, 1991 The Yngwie Malmsteen Collection
1992 Fire and Ice Elektra 121
February 18, 1994 The Seventh Sign Pony Canyon
September 21, 1994 Power And Glory
October 21, 1994 I Can't Wait
June 6, 1995 Magnum Opus
November 5, 1996 Inspiration
September 3, 1997 Facing the Animal
February 4, 1998 Concerto Suite for Electric Guitar and Orchestra in E flat minor, Opus 1
September 18, 1998 Double LIVE!
September 17, 1999 Alchemy
March 15, 2000 Anthology 1994-1999
April 25, 2000 The young person's guide to the classic.1
April 25, 2000 The young person's guide to the classic.2
May 9, 2000 The Best Of: 1990-1999 Dream Catcher
November 22, 2000 War to End All Wars Pony Canyon
January 9, 2002 Concerto Suite LIVE With the New Japan Philharmonic
September 4, 2002 Attack!!
December 30, 2002 The Genesis
January 1, 2004 Oujya Ressou - Instrumental Best Album
March 10, 2004 G3: Rockin' in the Free World Epic
February 23, 2005 Unleash the Fury Universal Music
May 24, 2005 20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection: The Best of Yngwie Malmsteen Polydor
October 14, 2008 Perpetual Flame Rising Force Records
March 10, 2009 Angels of Love
December 8, 2009 High Impact

Yngwie Malmsteen Lesson Part 1

Yngwie Malmsteen Lesson Part 2

Yngwie Malmsteen Lesson Part 3

Yngwie Malmsteen Lesson Part 4

yngwie malmsteen lesson part 5

Skid Row - 1989(album)

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Fri, 14 May 2010 00:23:35 PDT

From Wikipedia

Skid Row is the debut album from the American heavy metal band Skid Row, released on January 24, 1989. The album is certified 5x Platinum by the RIAA. The album spawned the top 10 singles "18 and Life" and "I Remember You" and the Mainstream rock hit "Youth Gone Wild". It is the band's most commercially successful album. It went on to sell over 10 million copies worldwide, including 5 million in the United States alone

No.
1. "Big Guns" Rachel Bolan, Scotti Hill, Dave Sabo, Rob Affuso 3:36
2. "Sweet Little Sister" Bolan, Sabo 3:10
3. "Can't Stand the Heartache" Bolan 3:24
4. "Piece of Me" Bolan 2:48
5. "18 and Life" Bolan, Sabo 3:50
6. "Rattlesnake Shake" Bolan, Sabo 3:07
7. "Youth Gone Wild" Bolan, Sabo 3:18
8. "Here I Am" Bolan, Sabo 3:10
9. "Makin' a Mess" Sebastian Bach, Bolan, Sabo 3:38
10. "I Remember You" Bolan, Sabo 5:10
11. "Midnight/Tornado" Matt Fallon, Sabo 4:17

Personnel
Sebastian Bach – lead vocals
Scotti Hill – lead and rhythm guitar
Dave "The Snake" Sabo – rhythm and lead guitar, backing vocals
Rachel Bolan – bass guitar, backing vocals
Rob Affuso – drums and percussion
David Kent – engineer
Michael Wagener – producer, engineer, mixing

Download Mp3 Skid Row 1989

Portable Arafasoft My Autoplay 8.5 build 040709D

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Wed, 07 Apr 2010 00:17:12 PDT

Portable My Autoplay 8.5 build 040709D|Work in Windows XP,Vista,Win 7
It's packaged in VMWare ThinApp v 4.5.0.238809 Program is registered|rar|79.4 MB

My Autoplay Is best suited for creating autorun menus, interactive presentations, multimedia applications, software CDs, CD catalogs, CD presentations, CD photo albums, slide-shows, E-Books, CD business cards and promotional CDs.

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Is very user-friendly and easy to learn less than 10 minutes to understand it. one of easy tools for creating professional autoplay menus, interactive presentations, multimedia applications,
and custom software in just minutes without programming experience.
WYSIWYG Development
Powerful WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) designer, easy to use without learning, no programming experience is necessary!. Use your favorite content such as images, video, music, web, flash, text, buttons, Hyperlinks, and more!.
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Choose from a variety of ready-to-use projects and then modify them to fit your needs. We include examples of software installer menus, electronic business cards, marketing brochures and many others.
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There are 20 different object types to choose from. Objects types include buttons, labels, hyperlink labels, text box, rich text, images, videos, Macromedia Flash, web browsers, hotspots, timer, radio buttons, files list and much more. Each is fully customizable.
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John Mayer - Where the Light Is Live in Los Angeles 2008 1080p DTS BDrip

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Wed, 07 Apr 2010 00:13:36 PDT

John Mayer - Where the Light Is Live in Los Angeles 2008 1080p DTS BDrip
Format:Blu-ray rip | Video: MKV,1080p, 1920x1080p,23.976 fps, ~ 9700 Kbps | Audio: DTS 5.1, Front: L C R, Surround: L R, LFE, 1536 Kbps
Recorded: December 8, 2007 at the L.A. Live Nokia Theatre
Producer: John Mayer, Steve Jordan
Genre: Blues rock | Released: July 1, 2008 | 10.78 GB

Where The Light Is: John Mayer Live in Los Angeles captures the multi-Grammy® Award-winning, Platinum-selling singer/songwriter in the element where fans love him the most: live on stage. This special concert includes three sets: an acoustic performance, a rare set with John Mayer Trio (John Mayer, Steve Jordan and Pino Palladino), as well as a set featuring Mayer's full band. John Mayer's Where The Light Is includes 22 songs and features a one-of-a-kind song list made up of the three distinct performances - all recorded the night of December 8th, 2007 at the NOKIA Theatre in Los Angeles.

Blu-ray Disc Track Listing:
Acoustic Set:
1. Neon
2. Stop This Train
3. In Your Atmosphere
4. Daughters
5. Free Fallin'

Trio Set:
6. Everyday I Have The Blues
7. Wait Until Tomorrow
8. Who Did You Think I Was
9. Come When I Call
10. Good Love Is On The Way
11. Out Of My Mind
12. Vultures
13. Bold As Love

Band Set:
14. Waiting On The World To Change
15. Slow Dancing In A Burning Room
16. Why Georgia
17. The Heart Of Life
18. I Don't Need No Doctor
19. Gravity
20. I Don't Trust Myself (With Loving You)
21. Belief
22. I'm Gonna Find Another You

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Internet Explorer - Menambahkan Fungsi “New Window” dalam Toolbar

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 12:47:31 PST

Biasanya, saat Anda ingin membuka satu alamat website dengan menggunakan browser Microsoft Internet Explorer, Anda harus mengklik icon IE, baik yang ada di taskbar maupun di desktop. Cara lainnya, Anda bisa membukanya dari dalam browser dengan mengklik menu "File | New Window" lalu Anda tinggal menulis alamat website tersebut di dalam "Address Bar". Namun, apakah masih ada cara yang lebih cepat untuk membuka jendela baru Internet Explorer, dibandingkan dengan cara-cara yang telah disebutkan tadi? Jawabannya ada, yaitu melalui toolbar. Namun, bagaimana menambahkan tombol baru untuk fungsi tersebut di toolbar? Sementara jika Anda mengatur toolbar melalui "View | Toolbar | Customize Toolbar", Anda tidak menemukan option "New Window" untuk diaktifkan dalam toolbar. Bagaimana memecahkan masalah ini? Ikuti trik di bawah ini.

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Extensions\{8c5a024c-7a50-45d5-89ca-bbd0fb4cabfd}]
"CLSID"="{1FBA04EE-3024-11d2-8F1F-0000F87ABD16}"
"ButtonText"="New Window"
"Icon"="%SystemRoot%\\System32\\shell32.dll,178"
"HotIcon"="%SystemRoot%\\System32\\shell32.dll,178"
"Default Visible"="Yes"
"Exec"="C:\\Program Files\\Internet Explorer\\iexplore.exe"
"MenuText"="New Window"

Untuk membuat tombol "New Windows" di dalam toolbar, Anda harus menambahkan key-key registry baru. Untuk mengubah registry tersebut, Anda tidak harus membuka tool registry editor. Untuk trik ini, Anda cukup membuka NotePad. Buka NotePad dari menu "Start | All Programs | Accessories". Selanjutnya, salin list registry seperti yang tertera dalam boks. Apabila sudah, simpan melalui menu "File | Save As" dengan nama "New Window". File ini dapat Anda simpan dalam desktop atau folder lainnya yang Anda kehendaki. Jika sudah, tutup semua jendela Internet Explorer yang masih terbuka lalu klik ganda file tersebut dan jawab semua pertanyaan yang muncul dengan "Yes" atau "OK". Kini, restart PC Anda, buka Internet Explorer kembali, dan lihat dalam toolbar. Kini sebuah tombol baru "New Window" menempel di sana. Tombol ini dapat Anda gunakan untuk membuka jendela Internet Explorer baru.

Sumber

Menonaktifkan Fungsi Download File Pada Internet Explorer (registry trick)

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 12:41:21 PST

Menonaktifkan Fungsi Download File Pada Internet Explorer
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Curre ntVersion\Internet Settings\Zones\3
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Curr entVersion\Internet Settings\Zones\3
Buat sebuah DWORD Value baru jika belum tersedia, dan beri nama 1803.
Klik ganda 1803 dan masukkan angka 3 pada Value Data.

WinZip Pro 14.0 Build 8688 Final

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Mon, 23 Nov 2009 13:55:57 PST

WinApp | WinZip Pro 14.0 Build 8688 Final | 13.77 Mb

WinZip® is the original and most trusted file compression software for Windows. No other compression utility is as easy-to-use or offers the comprehensive feature set and productivity-enhancing approach that has made WinZip the gold standard in file compression tools. The new WinZip 14 provides deep integration with Windows, including Microsoft’s latest operating system - Windows 7 - as well as innovative features that improve zipping security and simplicity.

With WinZip 14 you can quickly zip and unzip files to conserve storage space, speed up e-mail transmission, and reduce download times. In addition to state-of-the-art file compression, WinZip 14 offers strong AES encryption for securing sensitive data, the ability to bundle files into convenient, compressed packages, and an automated data backup facility to prevent data loss. WinZip creates Zip, LHA, and Zipx files - the smallest Zip files ever - and it opens Zip, Zipx, RAR, 7Z, BZ2, CAB, JAR, IMG, and most other compressed file types.

WinZip 14 even supports photo and image compression. Now you can compress your digital photographs and graphic images by 20 to 25% with no loss of photo quality or data integrity. This lets you send pictures faster and fit more on your flash drive, CD/DVD, or hard disc than ever before.

Use WinZip for all your compression, encryption, file packaging, and data backup needs. WinZip 14 starts at only 29.95 for a single user license and is available in three product editions: WinZip Standard edition, the new WinZip Backup edition, and the full-featured WinZip Pro edition.

Compress:
• Compress files to save space and reduce transmission times
• Create Zip, LHA, and new Zipx files – the smallest Zip files ever
• Let WinZip select the "best" compression method based on file type to maximize efficiency
• Compress JPEG image files by 20 to 25% with no loss of photo quality or data integrity
• Open and extract from Zip, Zipx, RAR, 7Z, LHA BZ2, CAB, IMG, ISO, and other archive files
• Experience better performance on most files with LZMA compression
• View international characters in filenames through Unicode support
• Create and read Zip files larger than 4GB

Encrypt:
• Secure sensitive data with FIPS-197 certified AES encryption (128- and 256-bit)
• Encrypt and decrypt confidential files and email attachments
• NEW! Auto-wipe ("shred") temporarily extracted copies of encrypted files
• NEW! Feel safe knowing Auto-wipe uses the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD 5220.22-M) standard
• Set password policy by controlling complexity requirements
• Set or disable available encryption methods
• NEW! Take advantage of hardware support in certain Intel-based computers for even faster AES encryption

Package and Share:
• Bundle files into zipped packages, creating convenient, logical groups of related files
• Organize and secure email attachments, which transmit faster thanks to smaller file sizes
• NEW! See the content of Zip file attachments in Outlook 2007 using the Zip file previewer
• NEW! Double click on a file in the Zip file previewer for Outlook 2007 to open it for viewing
• View photos in Zip files without extracting, using WinZip’s internal image viewer
• NEW! Resize Photos when using Zip & E-Mail
• Quickly create and send Zip files with one-click "Zip & E-Mail"
• Resize photos from a Zip file when sending by email or to a new Zip file
• Use “Send To” to send new and existing Zip files as e-mail attachments
• Use Save As, Rename, and New Folder commands to easily manage Zip files
• Create Self-Extracting Archives with Self-Extractor Personal Edition
• Split Zip files to make large Zip files fit on removable media
• Use Zip from Camera Wizard to quickly transfer, rotate, and compress photos from supported cameras

Backup / Automate:
• Prevent data loss with WinZip’s automated data backup facility
• Burn back-ups to CD or DVD and automatically split them over multiple discs, if necessary
• Upload your back-ups to an off-site server using WinZip’s internal FTP client
• Create custom WinZip jobs to automate routine zip tasks
• Schedule WinZip jobs to run automatically and unattended
• Utilize predefined WinZip jobs
• Email, FTP upload, or burn Zip files to disc using WinZip Job Wizard
• Email log files upon WinZip job completion
• Utilize WinZip’s command line interface for scripting (free add-on)

Simplify:
• Choose your interface style – Wizard, Classic, Windows Shell Integration
• NEW! Get easy access to recent Zip files, Jobs, and WinZip commands with Windows 7 Jump List support
• NEW! Easily locate files, folders, and libraries using updated, Windows 7 style WinZip dialogs, including New, Open, Add, and Extract
• NEW! Zip just the files you want using the Add dialog’s Include and Exclude filters
• NEW! Zip your Windows 7 libraries and unzip into Windows 7 libraries
• NEW! See the content of your Zip files in Explorer with the Zip file previewer for Windows 7 and Vista
• NEW! Double Click on a file in the Explorer Zip file previewer to open it for viewing
• NEW! Utilize Windows 7 touch screen gestures - simple finger movements - to simplify tasks
• Temporarily extract Zip files using the Check Out feature and have WinZip clean them up when done
• Rotate, Resize, and View full sized images directly from a Zip file
• Use the content-sensitive Smart View to logically display the files in a Zip file
• Use Explorer View to display image thumbnails for easy browsing

Requirements: Microsoft® Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista® or Windows 7

Download

Letitbit

RapidShare

Christmas Dance Tracks (2009)

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Mon, 23 Nov 2009 13:50:28 PST

Christmas Dance Tracks (2009)
MP3 | 320 kbps | Trance / House / Dance | 1CD | 222.93 MB

Tracks:

01 - Epic Alliance - Do They Know It's Christmas [Dance 2 Infinity Remix]
02 - X-Mas Allstars - Last Christmas 2010 [Ft. Fab] [Solid Sleep Trance Mix Edit]
03 - DJ Generic - Tears Don't Lie [Reloaded Edit]
04 - Trance Attack - Pour Elise [State Of Trance Remix]
05 - Anjuna - Moments In Love [Agamemnon Project Remix]
06 - Skysurfer - The Power Of Love [Magic Mashup Dub]
07 - Bondi Beach - Mary Had A Little Boy [Ft. Georgia] [Phantastique House Dub]
08 - Juan Padilla - Hijo De La Luna [Mallorcalectro Edit]
09 - Breakout Sister - White Christmas [Electro Dub]
10 - Rainmaker - Da Vinci [Feel The Mighty High]
11 - The Flame - Chariots Of Fire [Pearlcoder Mashup Mix]
12 - Off Shore - La Serinissima [Live At The Oasis]
13 - Ramin & Silver - Amazing Grace [Vocal Trance Mix]
14 - Trulleberg - Suite From Air [Club Mix]
15 - Bunker Babe - Mary's Boychild [Paparazzi Remix]
16 - Tech Track & Truck - Jingle Bells [DJ Generic Happy Dance Remix]
17 - X-Mas Allstars - Last Christmas 2010 [Ft. Fab] [Twister Techno Remix Edit]
18 - The Dissident Army - Auld Lang Syne [Rob Hilton Mix]
19 - Generation Of Love - Wonderful Dream [Alex M. House Remix]
20 - Dance 2 Infinity - Hide And Seek [Ft. Elena] [Matthew Kramer Mix]
21 - Saphire & Weimar - Ave Maria [Original Church Mix]
22 - Marian Berchiu - New World [Reconstructed]
23 - Mc Bohemian - Baroque [Illuminati Mix]
24 - Bass Invaders - Maid Of Orleans [Planet Trax Mix]
25 - Solaris Inc. - Childen [Dreamagic Dreamdance Remix]

Download
--------------><---------------
From Hotfile
---------------------------------------------
http://hotfile.com/dl/18421840/b3ef1ce/VA_-_Christmas_Dance_Tracks_(2009).part1.rar.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/18421841/145a96c/VA_-_Christmas_Dance_Tracks_(2009).part2.rar.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/18421917/22413d3/VA_-_Christmas_Dance_Tracks_(2009).part3.rar.html

From Rapidshare
---------------------------------------------
http://rapidshare.com/files/311231330/VA_-_Christmas_Dance_Tracks__2009_.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/311233134/VA_-_Christmas_Dance_Tracks__2009_.part2.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/311229687/VA_-_Christmas_Dance_Tracks__2009_.part3.rar

SmartFTP PRO 4.0.1072.0 FINAL

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sat, 21 Nov 2009 11:21:14 PST

Windows Sofware | SmartFTP PRO 4.0.1072.0 FINAL | 11.2 MB

SmartFTP allows you to transfer files across the Internet. Multiple FTP connections can be opened at the same time, and you can copy files from one remote host to another (FXP). Remote-host directory information is cached for future viewing, and FTP URLs are supported. SmartFTP features including SSL (Implicit/Explicit), FXP support, Multiple connections, Proxy Firewall Support, Drag and Drop from Explorer, Remote Directory caching, the ability to resume broken downloads, Background transfers, Passive transfer mode and the ability to perform recursive downloads, uploads, and deletes. SmartFTP can be used for: Web site publishing and maintenance; Upload and download of images, documents, movie and music files; Share your files with your friends and coworkers; Backups of local or remote files.

Features:
• FTP and FTPS (Secure FTP)
o HIPAA compliant
• SFTP over SSH
• FIPS 140-2 compliant
• Modern Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• File/Folder Synchronization
• Multilingual (more than 20 languages)
• Thumbnails View and Preview
• Visual Compare
• Advanced Schedule
• IPv6
• On-the-fly Compression (MODE Z)
• UTF-8 Support
• Drag & Drop
• Multiple Connections
• Auto reconnect and resume of broken transfers
• Transfer Integrity. Verified Transfers (XCRC, XMD5, XSHA)
• FXP (Server-To-Server Transfer) support
• Remote Edit of files
• Search for files and folders on the server
• Enhanced NAT/UPnP Support. UPnP (Universal Plug and Play), ICS, ICF
• Transfer Queue
o Scheduling
o Uploads/Downloads/FXP
o Unlimited simultaneous threads
• International Domain Names (IDN)
• Proxy / Firewall support
o SOCKS5, SOCKS4, SOCKS4A, HTTP Proxy
o Wingate, Winproxy, CSM, Checkpoint FW-1, Raptor
• Backup Tool
• URL Watcher
• Cache Remote Directories
• FTP command line
• Custom Commands
• CHMOD (Properties)
• and much more ...

Changes in Version 4.0 Build 1072 (2009-11-20):
* Windows 7: Added History Jump List
* Favorites: Added new [x] Synchronize Navigation setting to Local dialog

Download:

DOWNLOAD FROM MISSUPLOAD

Mirror:

DOWNLOAD FROM RAPIDSHARE

Elven Legacy Siege (2009)

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sat, 21 Nov 2009 11:16:43 PST

Elven Legacy Siege (2009) 190 MB

Release: 2009
Genre: strategy
Language: En
Size: 190 MB

Several months have passed since the events of Elven Legacy: Ranger. Outcast elves, living under the leadership of the elven Lord Saggitel, have once more acted provocatively and dared to cross into the realm of man. Yet, the human armies await. Inciting the wrath of the fearsome knight of the Holy Inquisition, along with the agent of New Tixus, the ranger Cornelius, Saggitel is now the target of retribution. How far can Saggitel run before he is caught up to?

System Requirements

* System: Windows XP,Windows Vista
* Processor: 1.5 GHz Pentium IV or AMD 2000+ 1.5 GHz(Single Core)
* RAM: 256 MB
* Graphics card: Nvidia Geforce FX 5600 or ATI Radeon 9600 64 MB
* Sound card: DirectX -compatible
* Hard drive: 3 GB of free space
* DirectX: 9.0c (4.09.0000.0904)

Download

http://hotfile.com/dl/18219367/b518e5c/ElvenLegaSieg.rar.html

or

http://www.filefactory.com/file/a1ddd0g/n/ElvenLegaSieg.rar

Saint Paint Studio v16.1

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sat, 21 Nov 2009 11:12:26 PST

Windows Sofware | Saint Paint Studio v16.1 | 3.45 MB

Saint Paint is the ideal paint package for creating and editing True Colour, 256 colour, 16 colour, and Monochrome graphics, and animating in any mode or combination of modes, with AVI editing support. It features all the essential graphic tools you'll need in everyday use, in a neat and very easy to use manner. Whether you are a newbie or a professional, you'll be amazed how you managed without it. Supporting GIF and JPG formats (and many more besides), it is the perfect package for designing web graphics. It is also fantastic for photo editing, with many tools including a tool for eliminating red-eye, image sharpening, and full support for printing out images. Its versatility makes it the essential graphics tool, whatever your needs are. Even if you already have a much more expensive paint package you'll find Saint Paint Studio to be invaluable. Developed for use in the games industry by artists and programmers, it has all you need for everyday use, and will establish itself as your only essential paint package.

File Formats supported:
• BMP, JPG/JPEG, GIF, ICO, CUR, AVI, PNG, PCX, TIF/TIFF, TGA, WBMP and SPS (Saint Paint Studio's own format which stores animation, layers and alpha channels).

Saint Paint Studio Features:
• Images in Saint Paint are device independent (DIBs). When you edit your image, all the information about the palette, and the colours used will be saved internally and retained. Other paint software utilities are well known to alter palettes and images internally especially when saving, which can lead to no end of headaches.
• Full support for every combination of colour depth conversion between True Colour/256 colour/16 colour/Monochrome colour images, including 2 dithering options.
• Complete animation system, with GIF and basic AVI support, including mixed colour depth images and mixed image sizes. Also with a full set of animation playback controls.
• A fully featured layer and alpha channel editor.
• An image file browser with adjustable viewing grid and an integrated set of file handling functions - find, rename, copy, delete, undo.
• Square or free hand brush grabs (selecting part of an image to use as a brush to paint with) and a comprehensive set of tools for manipulating them, including rotation (through any angle), resizing (with a bi-linear interpolation option), flipping, colour palette swapping, loading and saving, pasting as a newly created image, pasting with anti-aliasing. Also you can deform the brush image into almost any shape you like. This can be used to create a variety of interesting effects including perspective.
• Single image or animated brush grabs with a variety of pasting options.
• Image processing tools including conversion to negative image, conversion to black & white, brightness (including automatic brightness correction), hue control (colour tinting), contrast, gamma correction, image sharpening, image de-speckling, image blurring/softening/smoothing, image simplification (oil painting effect), a red-eye filter for eliminating red-eye from photographs, image resizing/cropping/stretching/shrinking functions (with the option of bi-linear interpolation) and image flipping.
• Effects include smoothing/blurring, translucency and brush paste fades.
• Quick Image duplication. Image copying and pasting via the Windows Clipboard, therefore incorporating screen capture functionality.
• A full range of painting tools including lines, simple geometry, spray can, text, curves, square and freehand brushes.
• A 256 colour palette remapping and swapping utility, including batch processing. Also batch processing into different file formats etc can be acheived by using the animation system as a simple image buffer.
• A host of palette manipulation tools, including loading and saving palettes, colour spreads, swapping, copying and excluding (a palettised image can be forced into any set of selected colours).
• A symmetry tool that allows easy production of cyclic or tiled patterns (very useful for website wallpaper). Full support for printing.

DOWNLOAD FROM MISSUPLOAD

Mirror:
DOWNLOAD FROM RAPIDSHARE

Manchester United vs Manchester City

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Mon, 21 Sep 2009 00:58:06 PDT

Manchester United 4 vs 3 Manchester City
20/09/09

Chelsea 3 vs 0 Tottenham Hotspur (20/09/09)

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Mon, 21 Sep 2009 00:47:13 PDT

7 Sins (ISO)

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 10:25:58 PST

7 Sins (ISO) - Not a porn game
Part1
part2
Part3
part4
Part5
Part6
Part7
Password: Opus

Final Fantasy VII PC Rip + Patch

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 10:13:15 PST

Patch PT-BR 140MB
Esay-share Part 1 | Part 2
Rapidshare Part 1 | Part 2

Breath Of Fire 4 (PC)

noreply@blogger.com (Koz) — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 10:03:48 PST

Download

Download - Part 1

Download - Part 2

Download - Part 3

Download - Part 4

Download - Part 5