tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89467559477148881052024-09-20T17:25:00.115-07:00Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.comBlogger175125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-80889812591711903852012-10-05T11:09:00.003-07:002012-10-05T11:09:39.124-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Schools, that question is as common as flies at a picnic. <br /><br /> "Technology needs to become a tool for learning, not another subject to teach," Campbell patiently explained. <br /> "At first, many teachers don't know what to ask or how to ask a question," said Tech Team member Libby Adams. "They begin asking questions when they begin to feel comfortable using technology."<br /><br /><br /> "As a teacher, your primary goal is to use technology to supplement learning -- rather than teaching technology in isolation," Campbell continued. "The use of computers should be so infused that the students think that technology is part of the natural learning process." <br /><br /> Don't give up on proven strategies and practices just to insert technology, Campbell added. Instead, seek ways to insert technology where it enhances student learning. <br /><br /><br /> "I begin by looking at the core curriculum with the staff at my school," added Libby Adams, computer resource teacher at Troost Academy in Kansas City, Missouri. "We talk about what teachers are presently teaching and then we talk about how we might integrate technology. We look at appropriate software applications. We talk about how the Internet might be used. We check the readability of [Web] sites to make sure they are age-appropriate and that students can use them independently." <br /><br /> Stew Pruslin -- a third-grade teacher and technology specialist at J.T. Hood School in North Reading, Massachusetts -- hears the "time question" from time to time too. <br /><br /> "My role is more behind the scenes and maintenance," noted Pruslin, who would like to see a person in his school whose full time job would be dedicated to helping teachers work technology into their classrooms and their curricula. <br /><br /> "I would like to see a building technology integration specialist, much like a reading specialist, who comes around, works in classrooms, helps with special projects, 'gets the ball rolling, ...'" said Pruslin. "Right now, we have one such specialist for the five schools in our district, but one per building would be better." <br /><br />HOW CAN I MANAGE COMPUTERS IN THE CLASSROOM? <br /><br /> So you're ready to start infusing technology, you've found valuable ways to make it an integral -- and integrated -- part of the curriculum, but now you wonder how you can ever manage when you have two computers for 22 kids? <br /><br /> Susan Myers is an integration specialist in the Lockport (New York) School District. Planning ways to manage the integration of technology is a large part of her job. <br /><br /> "Classroom management is a big issue," said Myers, "and I usually suggest a center approach. The computers are one of the centers, and the students rotate to that center in groups. In that way, every student can have access to technology every day." <br /><br /> Many teachers worry about managing computers because they are not secure in their own knowledge of them. That lack of knowledge can be very disconcerting for a teacher who is use to being organized, hands-on, and goal-oriented. <br /><br /> "The teacher doesn't always have to know the application well enough to help students," said Myers. "Often I train the students and the teacher at the same time in the classroom. I may present a 20-minute lesson on an application such as Hyperstudio. After the lesson, many students just pick it up naturally and problem-solve on their own. ... The students will help each other, and the teacher will learn from them as they learn." <br /><br /> The next time that application is used, the teacher might know as much as the students do. And soon after that, the teacher might begin to get really creative with the application. ... That's how reluctant teachers become true technology infusers! <br /><br />STUDENT 'GURUS' CAN BE A BIG HELP <br /><br /> Susan Myers isn't the only one who has found that students can be a tremendous help by taking on some computer training responsibilities. Katy Wonnacott has had a similar experience at Signal Hill School in Belleville, Illinois. <br /><br /> "Many of the teachers in our school are still relatively new at technology integration," said Wonnacott, a social studies teacher who often serves as an impromptu technology coordinator. And, like many technology coordinators, she is frequently asked how the computer might be used to individualize instruction for students, especially bright students. <br /><br /> If Wonnacott doesn't know which software packages or Web sites to recommend to a teacher, she will often post a question on one of the listservs she belongs to. Listservs can be "super sources" of such information, she said. Then she passes that information -- and the software, if she has it or can purchase it -- along to the teacher to use with the student. Often, the student will end up teaching herself or himself how to use the Web site or the software. <br /><br /> "Though I don't approve of using the computer as a baby-sitter, I deviously know that I am also planting a resource in the classroom in the form of that student," added Wonnacott. Once the child explores the Web site or learns the software, that child can aid the rest of the class -- and the teacher -- by serving as an instructor and by solving problems as they come up. <br /><br /> "It's especially gratifying when that child is one who might be struggling in school," added Wonnacott. "That child becomes a computer 'guru,' and the success that occurs often adds to that child's self-esteem." <br /><br /> Libby Adams also tries to train students as technology teachers. "We try to develop student 'mavens' who are pros on different pieces of software," says Adams, who serves as the students' trainer. "The mavens then go into the classroom and teach two students in the room the application. Those students then work with others in the room, and the teaching continues. <br /><br /> "Another strategy that has been very helpful is that our teachers attend the computer lab with their students," added Adams. In the lab, teachers have several choices. "If I'm teaching a new program or about a new Web site, they take the role of a student. [Otherwise] the time can be used to look at appropriate software or Web sites they might use. <br /><br /> "Most teachers develop a system in their classrooms to rotate students on their computers," said Adams, adding, "computers are never used for reward or punishment. They are learning tools to be used by all students. Once that is understood by all students, the management system seems to fall into place." <br /><br />SAFETY FEARS <br /><br /> Another common fear (or excuse?) expressed by teachers reluctant to use technology is the fear of what lurks on the Internet. Most of Education World's Tech Team members have heard that worry voiced in one way or another. <br /><br /> "Many teachers -- and parents -- who have never dealt with the Internet are quite convinced that somehow a student can be tracked down very easily through a school Web site, or any other Web site for that matter," said John Simeone, Webmaster and an instrumental music teacher at Beach Street Middle School in West Islip, New York. "I try to assure them that it is safe for a school to be on-line and that we never post names and pictures together. <br /><br /> "It's funny," added Simeone, "we have posted names, addresses, and pictures of kids for years in local newspapers and school newspapers, and that has never scared anyone. ... I assure [parents] that we built our school Web site with safety in mind, and we go out of our way to ensure that safety." <br />For additional Education World articles about Internet safety, see the listing at the end of this article.<br /><br />WHAT IF I BREAK THE COMPUTER? <br /><br /> Technology teachers know when they have finally turned the corner with a teacher who is reluctant to use technology in the classroom. It's that moment when the teacher doesn't panic if something goes wrong -- that moment when the teacher finally realizes that a computer glitch doesn't mean "I've broken it!" <br /><br /> Education World's Tech Team members are constantly encouraging novice technology users to experiment, to make mistakes. Sooner or later, those teachers will make most of the common mistakes. Once a teacher realizes that a "broken" computer is a really an opportunity to learn something more about how computers operate, they've overcome a huge hurdle. <br /><br /> "How did you learn all this?" is a question Corrie Rosetti hears all the time as he's teaching teachers the fine points of computer use. "My answer is 'I just played,'" said Rosetti, a language arts and technology teacher at Lincoln Middle School in Clarkston, Washington. "There isn't much you are going to do from the keyboard that is going to cause major damage to your system," he tells teachers, challenging them to "Give it a try and see what happens." <br /><br /> A hands-on approach to learning is what most technology teachers suggest. And it's the approach most use to solve problems too. <br /><br /> "I believe in a hands-on approach to teaching," said Fred Holmes, Webmaster for the Osceola Public Schools in Nebraska. "I talk teachers through the steps as they do it for themselves." Mistakes are corrected as they go along. "I tell them I learned by trial and error," said Bill Bagley, co-Webmaster and social studies teacher at Cullman High School in Alabama. "I tell them I learn best if I just dig in and see what happens." If a teacher responds with a fearful look and comments about being afraid to "tear up my computer," then he offers this advice: "Most new computers are very simple to use ... so enjoy your computer, and don't worry about all the stories that you have heard about how easy they are to crash. They are also very easy to fix." <br /><br />TRAINING IS THE KEY <br /><br /> When Jennifer Wagner hears the question "What if I break the computer?" she knows she's dealing with a teacher who hasn't attended one of the afternoon or evening training sessions she's offered. "The teachers who have attended know that the [blank] blue screen does not mean death to the computer, it just means to call for the technician," says Wagner, computer coordinator at Crossroads Christian School in Corona, California. <br /><br /> Other common questions Wagner hears include "Why do I need to understand the computer?" and "Where did the file go that I saved on the computer yesterday?" <br /><br /> "Again, lack of training leads to lack of understanding," said Wagner, adding with a smile, "What I like most is that the question about saving files is usually followed with the comment, 'The computer must have eaten it.' I continually tell my staff that the computer is not human and it does not randomly delete files just to frustrate teachers, but alas, they don't believe me!" <br /><br /> But it's true! Ask any member of Education World's Tech Team. They'll tell you that dedicated training followed by "playing" and "trial and error" -- and by calling for technical support when the computer "breaks" or when a file is "eaten" -- is the way that every technology pro has learned. Once computer novices understand those things -- really understand them -- then they can move forward. Then they're novices no longer! <br /><br />INTERNET SAFETY RESOURCES FROM EDUCATION WORLD <br /><br />Getting Started on the Internet: Safe Surfing How can teachers and computer specialists help teach students the skills they need to be efficient and safe Internet surfers? Education World offers ideas and Internet resources for tackling the task in this article, the sixth article in our "Getting Started on the Internet" series. (5/4/98) <br /><br />Getting Started on the Internet: Developing an Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) The Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) for Internet use is one of the most important documents a school will produce. Creating a workable AUP requires thoughtful research and planning. Education World offers food for thought and a few useful tools for educators faced with developing a workable AUP for their schools' students. (9/28/98) <br /><br />The Internet Safety Debate Yes -- it's OK to filter Internet content in schools. No -- students should learn how to handle the Internet as it is. The debate continues ... and no solution is in sight. (4/27/98) <br /><br />Paving the Way to Internet Safety! Read the details of President Clinton's strategy for making the Internet child-safe and family-friendly, and check out a handful of Web sites that will help you provide a safe Internet</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-42349095365578266662012-10-05T11:09:00.001-07:002012-10-05T11:09:15.228-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Tablet Plus Participating Hotels<br />Argentina<br />Buenos Aires<br />Algodon Mansion<br />Atempo Hotel<br />Buenos Aires cE, Design Hotel<br />Faena Hotel Buenos Aires<br />Hotel Pulitzer Buenos Aires<br />L'Hotel Palermo<br />Mine Hotel Boutique<br />Sofitel Buenos Aires<br />Vain Boutique Hotel<br />Vitrum<br />Patagonia<br />Sol Arrayan Hotel &amp; Spa<br />San Carlos de Bariloche<br />Aldebaran Hotel &amp; Spa<br />Llao Llao Hotel &amp; Resort<br />Australia<br />Melbourne<br />Lyall Hotel and Spa<br />Sydney<br />Blue Sydney <br />Austria<br />Lech-Zürs<br />Hotel &amp; 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Ron Hubbard would not want you to read! <br /><br />Pardon the bare walls. You're welcome to browse! <br />Anderson, Kevin <br />Report of the Board of Enquiry into Scientology (1965) <br />(Also called the Anderson Report or the Australian Report)<br />Atack, Jon <br />A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics, and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed (1990) <br /> Behar, Richard <br />The prophet and profits of Scientology (Forbes Magazine, October 1986) (pdf scan) <br />Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power (TIME Magazine, May 6, 1991) <br />Cooper, Paulette <br />The Scandal of Scientology (1971) <br />Corydon, Bent, and L. Ron Hubbard Jr. <br />L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman? (1987) <br />Letter to the NY Times by publisher Lyle Stuart <br /> Fischer, Harvey Jay <br />Dianetic Therapy: an Experimental Evaluation (1953) <br />Forte, John <br />The Commodore &amp; The Colonels (1980) <br />Fuller, Laura K. <br />Scientology and Totalitarianism (1999) <br />Gardner, Martin <br />Dianetics (From Fads &amp; Fallacies, 1957) <br />Kaufman, Robert <br />Inside Scientology/Dianetics (1995 revision) <br />Kent, Stephen A. <br />International society control by the Church of Scientology (1992) <br />Scientology's relationship with eastern religious traditions (1996) <br />Scientology -- Is this a religion? (1997) <br />Lamont, Stewart <br />Religion, Inc. (1986) <br />Malko, George <br />Scientology: The Now Religion (1970) <br />Miller, Russell <br />Bare-Faced Messiah: The Story of L. Ron Hubbard (1987) <br />Annotated and augmented with essays by Chris Owen<br />Penny, Robert <br />Social Control in Scientology (1991) <br /> Also available in a German translation <br />Pignotti, Monica <br />My Nine Lives in Scientology (1989) <br />Roos, Otto <br />The O. J. Roos Story (1984) <br />Rolph, C. H. (Cecil Rolph Hewitt) <br />Believe What You Like (1973) <br />Sappell, Joel and Robert W. Welkos <br />The Scientology Story (1990) <br />Six-part series in the Los Angeles Times, June 24-29<br /> Townsend, Eric <br />The Sad Tale of Scientology (1985) <br />Vosper, Cyril <br />The Mind Benders (1971) <br />Wallis, Roy <br />The Road to Total Freedom (1976) <br />Wakefield, Margery <br />The Road to Xenu (1991), also available in a Slovak translation <br />Understanding Scientology (1991) <br />Testimony (1996), also available in German translation <br />What Christians Should Know about Scientology (1991) <br />Other collections: <br />Cornelius Krasel (Germany) <br />Scientology Rare Book Library (USA) <br />FACTNet archives; Books (xenu.org, Holland) <br />Chris Owen (UK) <br />"Operation Clambake" (Norway) <br />Church of Scientology (official website, USA) <br /><br />For a comprehensive bibliography of works related to Scientology, see <br />Martin Hunt's Booklist. <br /><br />The Librarian recommends these entry points to webbed information about Scientology: <br />An Introduction to Scientology (by Modemac) <br />Church of Scientology vs. the Net (by Ron Newman) <br />Church of Scientology v. Fishman &amp; Geertz (by Dave Touretzky) <br /> Website created by Dean Benjamin, Head Librarian, The Secret Library of Scientology.</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-89615818246726312172012-10-05T11:08:00.001-07:002012-10-05T11:08:11.116-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Online Books<br />Free onlilne books can be viewed here.<br /><br />Castin’Craft Ideal Book by Casey Carlton<br /><br />Castin Craft Idea Book<br />Resin casting is an exciting and fun craft that allows you to embed or encase almost any object in crystal-clear plastic! Learn the basics and then try some of the castin' craft projects included with step by step instructions. Make:Butterfly Wind Chime, Key To My Heart Note Holder, Frozen Ocean, Embroidery Paperweight, Creepy-Crawler Cooler, Key I.D., Nighty Night-Light, Frosted Ornaments, "Egg-Timer"Recipe Card Holder. 20 Pages<br /><br /><br /> EasyCast Resin Knobs by Marie Browning<br /><br />EasyCast Resin Knobs<br />"Easy Cast Resin Knobs" Book: By Marie Browning. 20 page full color book. Ten easy how to techniques, with dozens of projects. Bonus projects: jewelry and magnets.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> Coating with Envirotex Book<br /><br />Coating with Envirotex Book<br />Excellent projects and information. High gloss polymer coating that is as simple as 1-2-3. Cermaics without a kiln. Marquetry with wood and paper. Wood burning and signs. Preserving dried flowers on plaques. Quick and easy decoupage. And more. Everything on this book also applies to Ultra-Glo. 32 pages<br /><br /><br /><br /> EasyCast Resin Jewelry Booklet<br /><br />EasyCast Resin Jewelry Booklet<br />This full color instructional booklet by Marie Browning contains everything you need to know to create jewelry pieces using EasyCast Clear Casting Epoxy. The booklet shows you how to cast faux amber, jade, and rose quartz gems, how to make rolled beads, how to make your own molds, and more! Book specifications: paperback, 24 pgs.<br /><br /><br /><br />Product Information Overview <br />TAP Plastics TV Channel <br />Plastics Information <br />Online Books<br />Why Use Carbon Fiber <br />Mold Making Guide <br />Mold Making Supplies <br />Data Sheets <br />Product Bulletins <br />MSDS <br />Signage Information <br />EX-74 Instructions <br />Emergency Repair Tape <br />FAQs <br />TAP Tips <br />TAP Plastics TV<br />The Basic of Fiberglass Fabric<br />Picture Framing<br />See all TAP Plastics instructional videos » <br /><br />Follow us Share <br /> Product Information | Pro</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-53460701302472511852012-10-05T11:07:00.002-07:002012-10-05T11:07:30.525-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> 05 Sep 2012 - The International Rescue Committee has launched a multi-channel campaign to support New Roots, a dynamic community gardening and nutrition program that enables refugees to grow, harvest and sell fresh and affordable produce while integrating into their new communities across the United States. <br />“We want newly arrived refugees to have a healthy start here, but in many communities where they can afford to live, finding healthy and affordable produce is not easy,” says Ellee Igoe, the IRC’s U.S. advisor for food security and agriculture. “The New Roots program is changing that.” <br /> <br />Working with community partners, the IRC has established New Roots gardens or farms in nine of the 22 cities where it resettles refugees. What once were abandoned lots in cities like San Diego and Phoenix have become thriving community farms where refugees from some of the world’s worst conflict zones find solace in the land, return to the farming traditions they left behind and make locally grown fruits and vegetables available to their families and neighbors.<br /> <br />“The IRC’s New Roots program is transforming lives and communities,” says Igoe, “It’s truly ‘growing good from the ground up,’” which is the campaign’s tagline. <br /> <br />The New Roots campaign seeks to engage the public through webisodes that tell the stories of refugee farmers planting new roots in the Bronx and favorite recipes shared by New Roots farmers from Sudan, Zimbabwe and Myanmar. It also features a social action pledge to stand with refugees as they rebuild their lives in the United States and ways to support the expansion of New Roots and other IRC refugee resettlement programs. Donations will be matched by Newman’s Own Foundation and Starr International Foundation.<br /> <br />Joining the IRC in promoting the New Roots campaign are award-winning chefs and restaurateurs David Burke and Michel Nischan and culinary adventurer Eden Grinshpan. Burke is an author, entrepreneur, philanthropist and owner of eight restaurants, including David Burke Townhouse and David Burke Kitchen at the James Hotel in New York. Michel Nischan is the founder and president of the nonprofit organization Wholesome Wave, which is committed to increasing access to affordable and locally grown produce. He also owns Dressing Room: A Homegrown Restaurant in Westport, Conn. Grinshpan is the host of Eden Eats on The Cooking Channel. <br /> <br />“Many refugees still have that wisdom of the land,” says Nischan, who has met with many refugees who were farmers before being forced to flee. “When they can share that wisdom with their neighbors and exchange ideas about farming, they can contribute to the restoration of communities across this country.” <br /> <br />In New Roots cities, refugees are growing a diverse array of produce. Amaranth, bok choy, shisho and mizuna are sprouting up alongside African eggplant, Asian mustards, Malabar spinach and okra. <br /> <br />“It’s a real cornucopia,” says Burke, whose restaurant David Burke Garden has served produce from the IRC’s New Roots garden in the Bronx. “These gardens show how small spaces, used in this way, can have a real and positive impact on the diets of refugees and local residents in urban food deserts across the United States.”<br /> <br />To find out more about the International Rescue Committee’s New Roots Campaign, social action pledge and other ways to get involved, visit http://www.rescue.org/newroots.<br /> <br />For information about the phone briefing, coverage of the New Roots campaign, interviews or visits to New Roots programs, contact Lucy Carrigan, 212 551-0969, Lucy.Carrigan@rescue.org or Melissa Winkler, 212-551-0972, Melissa.Winkler@rescue.org.<br /> <br /> <br />Share this page<br /> <br /><br /><br /><br />IRC on Facebook<br />IRC on Twitter<br />IRC on YouTube<br />IRC Careers<br />Log In<br /><br /> <br /> <br /><br /><br /><br />Set Your Location:<br />USA<br />United Kingdom<br />Belgium<br /><br /><br />International Rescue Committee<br /> 122 East 42nd Street<br /> New York, NY 10168 USA<br /> Phone: +1 212 551 3000<br /> Donate: +1 855 9RESCUE<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />The American Institute of Philanthropy gives the IRC an A+.<br /><br /><br />Charity Navigator gave the IRC its highest rating of four stars.<br /><br /><br />IRC meets all 20 of BBB Wise Giving Alliance’s accountability standards.<br /><br />PROGRAMS<br />Emergency Response<br />Crisis in the Sahel<br />Syria Crisis<br />Drought in East Africa<br />Japan Tsunami<br />Africa<br />Burundi<br />Central African Republic<br />Chad<br />Democratic Republic of Congo<br />Ethiopia<br />Ivory Coast / Cote d’Ivoire<br />Kenya<br />Liberia<br />Rwanda<br />Sierra Leone<br />Somalia<br />South Sudan<br />Tanzania<br />Uganda<br />Zimbabwe<br />Asia<br />Afghanistan<br />Myanmar<br />Pakistan<br />Thailand<br />Caribbean<br />Haiti<br />Caucasus<br />Northern Caucasus<br />Middle East<br />Iraq<br />Jordan <br />United States<br />Atlanta, GA<br />Baltimore, MD<br />Boise, ID<br />Charlottesville, VA<br />Dallas, TX / Abilene<br />Los Angeles, CA<br />Miami, FL<br />New York, NY / Elizabeth, NJ<br />Northern California, CA<br />Phoenix, AZ<br />Salt Lake City, UT <br />San Diego, CA <br />Seattle, WA / SeaTac<br />Silver Spring, MD<br />Tucson, AZ<br />Wichita, KS<br />ISSUES IN FOCUS<br />Advocacy<br />Anti-trafficking<br />Child Soldiers<br />Child Survival<br />Domestic Violence<br />Economic Recovery<br />Education<br />Emergency Response<br />Ending Violence against Women<br />Governance &amp; Rights<br />Humanitarian Aid<br />Immigration<br />Humanitarian Aid<br />Iraqis in Crisis<br />New Roots Refugee Gardening<br />Organizations Assisting Refugees<br />Overseas Processing<br />Post Conflict Development<br />Protecting Children<br />Reproductive Health Care<br />Resettling Refugees<br />Water and Sanitation<br />OTHER IRC SITES<br />IRC Blog: Voices from the Field<br />Rescue Gifts<br />IRC-UK<br />Women's Refugee Commission<br /> <br /><br /></div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-22998906137372924432012-10-05T11:06:00.004-07:002012-10-05T11:06:52.500-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> 92 products match your selection!<br /> SHARE <br /> <br />Print This Page<br /> View: <br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> View Larger<br /> Product Details<br /><br /> compare »<br />Toshiba CAMILEO® Clip Camcorder with 4GB Micro SD Card <br /> Clip in to incredible HD video <br />Part Number: PA3997U-1C1A <br /><br /> Usually ships in 1-2 business days <br /> List Price: <br />$109.99<br /> Instant Savings: <br /> -$10.00 <br /> Total Price: <br />$99.99 <br /><br />Add to Cart <br /> <br /><br /><br /> View Larger<br /> Product Details<br /><br /> compare »<br />Toshiba CAMILEO® BW10 Waterproof Camcorder <br /> Get wet and wild. 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This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks.<br /><br /><br /> 1974 ABC interview with Arthur C. Clarke in which he describes a future of ubiquitous networked personal computers.<br /><br />In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.<br /><br />Since the mid-1990s the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking.History of computing<br />Hardware<br />Hardware before 1960 · Hardware 1960s to present · Hardware in Soviet Bloc countries <br />Computer science<br />Artificial intelligence · Compiler construction · Computer science · Operating systems · Programming languages · Software engineering <br />Modern concepts<br />Graphical user interface · Internet · Personal computers · Laptops · Video games · World Wide Web <br />Timeline of computing<br />2400 BC–1949 · 1950–1979 · 1980–1989 · 1990–1999 · 2000–2009 · More timelines... <br />More...<br />v · t · e <br />Internet<br /><br />Routing paths through a portion of the Internet as visualized by the Opte Project<br />General<br />Access · Censorship · Democracy<br />Digital divide · Digital rights<br />Freedom · History · Network neutrality<br />Phenomenon · Pioneers · Privacy<br />Sociology · Usage<br />Internet governance<br />Internet Corporation for Assigned<br /> Names and Numbers (ICANN)<br />Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)<br />Internet Governance Forum (IGF)<br />Internet Society (ISOC)<br /><br />Protocols and infrastructure<br />Domain Name System (DNS)<br />Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)<br />IP address · Internet exchange point<br />Internet Protocol (IP)<br />Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP)<br />Internet service provider (ISP)<br />Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)<br /><br />Services<br />Blogs · Microblogs · E-mail<br />Fax · File sharing · File transfer<br />Instant messaging · Gaming<br />Podcast · TV · Search<br />Shopping · Voice over IP (VoIP)<br />World Wide Web<br /><br />Guides<br />Outline<br /> Internet portal<br /><br />This box: view · talk · edit <br /><br /> <br />Len Kleinrock and the first Interface Message Processor.[1]Internet history timeline<br /><br />Early research and development:<br />1961 First packet-switching papers<br />1966 Merit Network founded<br />1966 ARPANET planning starts<br />1969 ARPANET carries its first packets<br />1970 Mark I network at NPL (UK)<br />1970 Network Information Center (NIC)<br />1971 Merit Network's packet-switched network operational<br />1971 Tymnet packet-switched network<br />1972 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established<br />1973 CYCLADES network demonstrated<br />1974 Telenet packet-switched network<br />1976 X.25 protocol approved<br />1978 Minitel introduced<br />1979 Internet Activities Board (IAB)<br />1980 USENET news using UUCP<br />1980 Ethernet standard introduced<br />1981 BITNET established<br /><br />Merging the networks and creating the Internet:<br />1981 Computer Science Network (CSNET)<br />1982 TCP/IP protocol suite formalized<br />1982 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)<br />1983 Domain Name System (DNS)<br />1983 MILNET split off from ARPANET<br />1985 First .COM domain name registered<br />1986 NSFNET with 56 kbit/s links<br />1986 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)<br />1987 UUNET founded<br />1988 NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)<br />1988 OSI Reference Model released<br />1988 Morris worm<br />1989 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)<br />1989 PSINet founded, allows commercial traffic<br />1989 Federal Internet Exchanges (FIXes)<br />1990 GOSIP (without TCP/IP)<br />1990 ARPANET decommissioned<br />1990 Advanced Network and Services (ANS)<br />1990 UUNET/Alternet allows commercial traffic<br />1990 Archie search engine<br />1991 Wide area information server (WAIS)<br />1991 Gopher<br />1991 Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)<br />1991 ANS CO+RE allows commercial traffic<br />1991 World Wide Web (WWW)<br />1992 NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)<br />1992 Internet Society (ISOC) established<br />1993 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)<br />1993 InterNIC established<br />1993 Mosaic web browser released<br />1994 Full text web search engines<br />1994 North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) established<br /><br />Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:<br />1995 New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs<br />1995 NSFNET decommissioned<br />1995 GOSIP updated to allow TCP/IP<br />1995 very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)<br />1995 IPv6 proposed<br />1998 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)<br />1999 IEEE 802.11b wireless networking<br />1999 Internet2/Abilene Network<br />1999 vBNS+ allows broader access<br />2000 Dot-com bubble bursts<br />2001 New top-level domain names activated<br />2001 Code Red I, Code Red II, and Nimda worms<br />2003 National LambdaRail founded<br />2006 First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum<br />2010 First internationalized country code top-level domains registered<br />2012 ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names<br /><br />Examples of popular Internet services:<br />1990 IMDb Internet movie database<br />1995 Amazon.com online retailer<br />1995 eBay online auction and shopping<br />1995 Craigslist classified advertisements<br />1996 Hotmail free web-based e-mail<br />1997 Babel Fish automatic translation<br />1998 Google Search<br />1998 Yahoo! Clubs (now Yahoo! Groups)<br />1998 PayPal Internet payment system<br />1999 Napster peer-to-peer file sharing<br />2001 BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing<br />2001 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />2003 LinkedIn business networking<br />2003 Myspace social networking site<br />2003 Skype Internet voice calls<br />2003 iTunes Store<br />2004 Facebook social networking site<br />2004 Podcast media file series<br />2004 Flickr image hosting<br />2005 YouTube video sharing<br />2005 Google Earth virtual globe<br />2006 Twitter microblogging<br />2007 WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks<br />2007 Google Street View<br />2008 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)<br />2008 Dropbox cloud-based file hosting<br />2009 Bing search engine<br />2011 Google+ social networking<br />Further information: Timeline of popular Internet services<br />Contents [hide] <br />1 Precursors<br />2 Three terminals and an ARPA<br />3 Packet switching<br />4 Networks that led to the Internet <br />4.1 ARPANET<br />4.2 NPL<br />4.3 Merit Network<br />4.4 CYCLADES<br />4.5 X.25 and public data networks<br />4.6 UUCP and Usenet<br />5 Merging the networks and creating the Internet (1973–90) <br />5.1 TCP/IP<br />5.2 ARPANET to the federal wide area networks: MILNET, NSI, ESNet, CSNET, and NSFNET<br />5.3 Transition towards the Internet<br />6 TCP/IP goes global (1989–2010) <br />6.1 CERN, the European Internet, the link to the Pacific and beyond<br />6.2 Global digital divide <br />6.2.1 Africa<br />6.2.2 Asia and Oceania<br />6.2.3 Latin America<br />6.3 Opening the network to commerce<br />7 Futurology: Beyond Earth and TCP/IP (2010 and beyond)<br />8 Internet governance <br />8.1 NIC, InterNIC, IANA and ICANN<br />8.2 Internet Engineering Task Force <br />8.2.1 Request for Comments<br />8.3 The Internet Society<br />8.4 Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century<br />9 Use and culture <br />9.1 E-mail and Usenet<br />9.2 From gopher to the WWW<br />9.3 Search engines<br />9.4 File sharing<br />9.5 Dot-com bubble<br />9.6 Mobile phones and the Internet<br />10 Online population forecast<br />11 Historiography<br />12 See also<br />13 References<br />14 Further reading<br />15 External links<br /><br />Precursors<br />See also: Victorian Internet<br /><br />The Internet has precursors that date back to the 19th century, especially the telegraph system, more than a century before the digital Internet became widely used in the second half of the 1990s. The concept of data communication – transmitting data between two different places, connected via some kind of electromagnetic medium, such as radio or an electrical wire – predates the introduction of the first computers. Such communication systems were typically limited to point to point communication between two end devices. Telegraph systems and telex machines can be considered early precursors of this kind of communication.<br /><br />Fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory was developed by Claude Shannon, Harry Nyquist, and Ralph Hartley, during the early 20th century.<br /><br />Early computers used the technology available at the time to allow communication between the central processing unit and remote terminals. As the technology evolved, new systems were devised to allow communication over longer distances (for terminals) or with higher speed (for interconnection of local devices) that were necessary for the mainframe computer model. Using these technologies it was possible to exchange data (such as files) between remote computers. However, the point to point communication model was limited, as it did not allow for direct communication between any two arbitrary systems; a physical link was necessary. The technology was also deemed as inherently unsafe for strategic and military use, because there were no alternative paths for the communication in case of an enemy attack.<br />Three terminals and an ARPA<br />Main articles: RAND Corporation and ARPANET<br /><br />A fundamental pioneer in the call for a global network, J. C. R. Licklider, articulated the ideas in his January 1960 paper, Man-Computer Symbiosis.<br />"A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [which provided] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions."<br />—J.C.R. Licklider, [2]<br /><br />In August 1962, Licklider and Welden Clark published the paper "On-Line Man Computer Communication", one of the first descriptions of a networked future.<br /><br />In October 1962, Licklider was hired by Jack Ruina as Director of the newly established Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) within DARPA, with a mandate to interconnect the United States Department of Defense's main computers at Cheyenne Mountain, the Pentagon, and SAC HQ. There he formed an informal group within DARPA to further computer research. He began by writing memos describing a distributed network to the IPTO staff, whom he called "Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network". As part of the information processing office's role, three network terminals had been installed: one for System Development Corporation in Santa Monica, one for Project Genie at the University of California, Berkeley and one for the Compatible Time-Sharing System project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Licklider's identified need for inter-networking would be made obvious by the apparent waste of resources this caused.<br />"For each of these three terminals, I had three different sets of user commands. So if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C. and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley or M.I.T. about this, I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal, go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them. [...] I said, it's obvious what to do (But I don't want to do it): If you have these three terminals, there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go where you have interactive computing. That idea is the ARPAnet."<br />—Robert W. Taylor, co-writer with Licklider of "The Computer as a Communications Device", in an interview with The New York Times, [3]<br /><br />Although he left the IPTO in 1964, five years before the ARPANET went live, it was his vision of universal networking that provided the impetus that led his successors such as Lawrence Roberts and Robert Taylor to further the ARPANET development. Licklider later returned to lead the IPTO in 1973 for two years.[4]<br />Packet switching<br />Main article: Packet switching<br /><br />At the tip of the problem lay the issue of connecting separate physical networks to form one logical network. During the 1960s, Paul Baran (RAND Corporation), produced a study of survivable networks for the US military. Information transmitted across Baran's network would be divided into what he called 'message-blocks'. Independently, Donald Davies (National Physical Laboratory, UK), proposed and developed a similar network based on what he called packet-switching, the term that would ultimately be adopted. Leonard Kleinrock (MIT) developed mathematical theory behind this technology. Packet-switching provides better bandwidth utilization and response times than the traditional circuit-switching technology used for telephony, particularly on resource-limited interconnection links.[5]<br /><br />Packet switching is a rapid store-and-forward networking design that divides messages up into arbitrary packets, with routing decisions made per-packet. Early networks used message switched systems that required rigid routing structures prone to single point of failure. This led Tommy Krash and Paul Baran's U.S. military funded research to focus on using message-blocks to include network redundancy.[6] The widespread urban legend that the Internet was designed to resist nuclear attack likely arose as a result of Baran's earlier work on packet switching, which did focus on redundancy in the face of a nuclear "holocaust."[7][8]<br />Networks that led to the Internet<br />ARPANET<br />Main article: ARPANET<br /><br />Promoted to the head of the information processing office at DARPA, Robert Taylor intended to realize Licklider's ideas of an interconnected networking system. Bringing in Larry Roberts from MIT, he initiated a project to build such a network. The first ARPANET link was established between the University of California, Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute on 22:30 hours on October 29, 1969.<br />"We set up a telephone connection between us and the guys at SRI ...", Kleinrock ... said in an interview: "We typed the L and we asked on the phone,<br />"Do you see the L?"<br />"Yes, we see the L," came the response.<br />We typed the O, and we asked, "Do you see the O."<br />"Yes, we see the O."<br />Then we typed the G, and the system crashed ...<br /> Yet a revolution had begun" ....[9]<br /><br /><br />By December 5, 1969, a 4-node network was connected by adding the University of Utah and the University of California, Santa Barbara. Building on ideas developed in ALOHAnet, the ARPANET grew rapidly. By 1981, the number of hosts had grown to 213, with a new host being added approximately every twenty days.[10][11]<br /><br />ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet, and a primary tool in developing the technologies used. ARPANET development was centered around the Request for Comments (RFC) process, still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems. RFC 1, entitled "Host Software", was written by Steve Crocker from the University of California, Los Angeles, and published on April 7, 1969. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing.<br /><br />International collaborations on ARPANET were sparse. For various political reasons, European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks. Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) in 1972, followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter Kirstein's research group in the UK, initially at the Institute of Computer Science, London University and later at University College London.[12]<br />NPL<br /><br />In 1965, Donald Davies of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) proposed a national data network based on packet-switching. The proposal was not taken up nationally, but by 1970 he had designed and built the Mark I packet-switched network to meet the needs of the multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions.[13] By 1976 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached and more were added until the network was replaced in 1986.<br />Merit Network<br /><br />The Merit Network[14] was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development.[15] With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation (NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit.[16] In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad. Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections, host to host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks, X.25 host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks, Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network.[16][17] All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s.<br />CYCLADES<br /><br />The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the initial ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for the reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms.[18][19]<br />X.25 and public data networks<br />Main articles: X.25, Bulletin board system, and FidoNet<br /><br />Based on ARPA's research, packet switching network standards were developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the form of X.25 and related standards. While using packet switching, X.25 is built on the concept of virtual circuits emulating traditional telephone connections. In 1974, X.25 formed the basis for the SERCnet network between British academic and research sites, which later became JANET. The initial ITU Standard on X.25 was approved in March 1976.[20]<br /><br />The British Post Office, Western Union International and Tymnet collaborated to create the first international packet switched network, referred to as the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), in 1978. This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. By the 1990s it provided a worldwide networking infrastructure.[21]<br /><br />Unlike ARPANET, X.25 was commonly available for business use. Telenet offered its Telemail electronic mail service, which was also targeted to enterprise use rather than the general email system of the ARPANET.<br /><br />The first public dial-in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network. Some networks, such as CompuServe, used X.25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet-switched backbones, while others, such as Tymnet, used proprietary protocols. In 1979, CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users. The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real-time chat with its CB Simulator. Other major dial-in networks were America Online (AOL) and Prodigy that also provided communications, content, and entertainment features. Many bulletin board system (BBS) networks also provided on-line access, such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users, many of them hackers and amateur radio operators.[citation needed]<br />UUCP and Usenet<br />Main articles: UUCP and Usenet<br /><br />In 1979, two students at Duke University, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, came up with the idea of using simple Bourne shell scripts to transfer news and messages on a serial line UUCP connection with nearby University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Following public release of the software, the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the Usenet news rapidly expanded. UUCPnet, as it would later be named, also created gateways and links between FidoNet and dial-up BBS hosts. UUCP networks spread quickly due to the lower costs involved, ability to use existing leased lines, X.25 links or even ARPANET connections, and the lack of strict use policies (commercial organizations who might provide bug fixes) compared to later networks like CSnet and Bitnet. All connects were local. By 1981 the number of UUCP hosts had grown to 550, nearly doubling to 940 in 1984. – Sublink Network, operating since 1987 and officially founded in Italy in 1989, based its interconnectivity upon UUCP to redistribute mail and news groups messages throughout its Italian nodes (about 100 at the time) owned both by private individuals and small companies. Sublink Network represented possibly one of the first examples of the internet technology becoming progress through popular diffusion.[22]<br />Merging the networks and creating the Internet (1973–90)<br />TCP/IP<br /> <br /> Map of the TCP/IP test network in February 1982<br />Main article: Internet Protocol Suite<br /><br />With so many different network methods, something was needed to unify them. Robert E. Kahn of DARPA and ARPANET recruited Vinton Cerf of Stanford University to work with him on the problem. By 1973, they had worked out a fundamental reformulation, where the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol, and instead of the network being responsible for reliability, as in the ARPANET, the hosts became responsible. Cerf credits Hubert Zimmerman, Gerard LeLann and Louis Pouzin (designer of the CYCLADES network) with important work on this design.[23]<br /><br />The specification of the resulting protocol, RFC 675 – Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, Network Working Group, December 1974, contains the first attested use of the term internet, as a shorthand for internetworking; later RFCs repeat this use, so the word started out as an adjective rather than the noun it is today.<br /> <br /> A Stanford Research Institute packet radio van, site of the first three-way internetworked transmission.<br /><br />With the role of the network reduced to the bare minimum, it became possible to join almost any networks together, no matter what their characteristics were, thereby solving Kahn's initial problem. DARPA agreed to fund development of prototype software, and after several years of work, the first demonstration of a gateway between the Packet Radio network in the SF Bay area and the ARPANET was conducted by the Stanford Research Institute. On November 22, 1977 a three network demonstration was conducted including the ARPANET, the Packet Radio Network and the Atlantic Packet Satellite network.[24][25]<br /><br />Stemming from the first specifications of TCP in 1974, TCP/IP emerged in mid-late 1978 in nearly final form. By 1981, the associated standards were published as RFCs 791, 792 and 793 and adopted for use. DARPA sponsored or encouraged the development of TCP/IP implementations for many operating systems and then scheduled a migration of all hosts on all of its packet networks to TCP/IP. On January 1, 1983, known as flag day, TCP/IP protocols became the only approved protocol on the ARPANET, replacing the earlier NCP protocol.[26]<br />ARPANET to the federal wide area networks: MILNET, NSI, ESNet, CSNET, and NSFNET<br />Main articles: ARPANET and NSFNET<br /> <br />BBN Technologies TCP/IP internet map early 1986<br /><br />After the ARPANET had been up and running for several years, ARPA looked for another agency to hand off the network to; ARPA's primary mission was funding cutting edge research and development, not running a communications utility. Eventually, in July 1975, the network had been turned over to the Defense Communications Agency, also part of the Department of Defense. In 1983, the U.S. military portion of the ARPANET was broken off as a separate network, the MILNET. MILNET subsequently became the unclassified but military-only NIPRNET, in parallel with the SECRET-level SIPRNET and JWICS for TOP SECRET and above. NIPRNET does have controlled security gateways to the public Internet.<br /><br />The networks based on the ARPANET were government funded and therefore restricted to noncommercial uses such as research; unrelated commercial use was strictly forbidden. This initially restricted connections to military sites and universities. During the 1980s, the connections expanded to more educational institutions, and even to a growing number of companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation and Hewlett-Packard, which were participating in research projects or providing services to those who were.<br /><br />Several other branches of the U.S. government, the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Department of Energy (DOE) became heavily involved in Internet research and started development of a successor to ARPANET. In the mid 1980s, all three of these branches developed the first Wide Area Networks based on TCP/IP. NASA developed the NASA Science Network, NSF developed CSNET and DOE evolved the Energy Sciences Network or ESNet.<br /> <br /> T3 NSFNET Backbone, c. 1992<br /><br />NASA developed the TCP/IP based NASA Science Network (NSN) in the mid 1980s, connecting space scientists to data and information stored anywhere in the world. In 1989, the DECnet-based Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) and the TCP/IP-based NASA Science Network (NSN) were brought together at NASA Ames Research Center creating the first multiprotocol wide area network called the NASA Science Internet, or NSI. NSI was established to provide a totally integrated communications infrastructure to the NASA scientific community for the advancement of earth, space and life sciences. As a high-speed, multiprotocol, international network, NSI provided connectivity to over 20,000 scientists across all seven continents.<br /><br />In 1981 NSF supported the development of the Computer Science Network (CSNET). CSNET connected with ARPANET using TCP/IP, and ran TCP/IP over X.25, but it also supported departments without sophisticated network connections, using automated dial-up mail exchange. Its experience with CSNET lead NSF to use TCP/IP when it created NSFNET, a 56 kbit/s backbone established in 1986, that connected the NSF supported supercomputing centers and regional research and education networks in the United States.[27] However, use of NSFNET was not limited to supercomputer users and the 56 kbit/s network quickly became overloaded. NSFNET was upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s in 1988. The existence of NSFNET and the creation of Federal Internet Exchanges (FIXes) allowed the ARPANET to be decommissioned in 1990. NSFNET was expanded and upgraded to 45 Mbit/s in 1991, and was decommissioned in 1995 when it was replaced by backbones operated by several commercial Internet Service Providers.<br />Transition towards the Internet<br /><br />The term "internet" was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol (RFC 675:[28] Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974) as an abbreviation of the term internetworking and the two terms were used interchangeably. In general, an internet was any network using TCP/IP. It was around the time when ARPANET was interlinked with NSFNET in the late 1980s, that the term was used as the name of the network, Internet,[29] being a large and global TCP/IP network.<br /><br />As interest in widespread networking grew and new applications for it were developed, the Internet's technologies spread throughout the rest of the world. The network-agnostic approach in TCP/IP meant that it was easy to use any existing network infrastructure, such as the IPSS X.25 network, to carry Internet traffic. In 1984, University College London replaced its transatlantic satellite links with TCP/IP over IPSS.[30]<br /><br />Many sites unable to link directly to the Internet started to create simple gateways to allow transfer of e-mail, at that time the most important application. Sites which only had intermittent connections used UUCP or FidoNet and relied on the gateways between these networks and the Internet. Some gateway services went beyond simple email peering, such as allowing access to FTP sites via UUCP or e-mail.[31]<br /><br />Finally, the Internet's remaining centralized routing aspects were removed. The EGP routing protocol was replaced by a new protocol, the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). This turned the Internet into a meshed topology and moved away from the centric architecture which ARPANET had emphasized. In 1994, Classless Inter-Domain Routing was introduced to support better conservation of address space which allowed use of route aggregation to decrease the size of routing tables.[32]<br />TCP/IP goes global (1989–2010)<br />CERN, the European Internet, the link to the Pacific and beyond<br /><br />Between 1984 and 1988 CERN began installation and operation of TCP/IP to interconnect its major internal computer systems, workstations, PCs and an accelerator control system. CERN continued to operate a limited self-developed system CERNET internally and several incompatible (typically proprietary) network protocols externally. There was considerable resistance in Europe towards more widespread use of TCP/IP and the CERN TCP/IP intranets remained isolated from the Internet until 1989.<br /><br />In 1988 Daniel Karrenberg, from Centrum Wiskunde &amp; Informatica (CWI) in Amsterdam, visited Ben Segal, CERN's TCP/IP Coordinator, looking for advice about the transition of the European side of the UUCP Usenet network (much of which ran over X.25 links) over to TCP/IP. In 1987, Ben Segal had met with Len Bosack from the then still small company Cisco about purchasing some TCP/IP routers for CERN, and was able to give Karrenberg advice and forward him on to Cisco for the appropriate hardware. This expanded the European portion of the Internet across the existing UUCP networks, and in 1989 CERN opened its first external TCP/IP connections.[33] This coincided with the creation of Réseaux IP Européens (RIPE), initially a group of IP network administrators who met regularly to carry out co-ordination work together. Later, in 1992, RIPE was formally registered as a cooperative in Amsterdam.<br /><br />At the same time as the rise of internetworking in Europe, ad hoc networking to ARPA and in-between Australian universities formed, based on various technologies such as X.25 and UUCPNet. These were limited in their connection to the global networks, due to the cost of making individual international UUCP dial-up or X.25 connections. In 1989, Australian universities joined the push towards using IP protocols to unify their networking infrastructures. AARNet was formed in 1989 by the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee and provided a dedicated IP based network for Australia.<br /><br />The Internet began to penetrate Asia in the late 1980s. Japan, which had built the UUCP-based network JUNET in 1984, connected to NSFNET in 1989. It hosted the annual meeting of the Internet Society, INET'92, in Kobe. Singapore developed TECHNET in 1990, and Thailand gained a global Internet connection between Chulalongkorn University and UUNET in 1992.[34]<br />Global digital divide<br /> <br />Internet users in 2010 as a percentage of a country's population<br />Source: International Telecommunications Union.[35]<br />Main articles: Global digital divide and Digital divide<br /><br />While developed countries with technological infrastructures were joining the Internet, developing countries began to experience a digital divide separating them from the Internet. On an essentially continental basis, they are building organizations for Internet resource administration and sharing operational experience, as more and more transmission facilities go into place.<br />Africa<br /><br />At the beginning of the 1990s, African countries relied upon X.25 IPSS and 2400 baud modem UUCP links for international and internetwork computer communications.<br /><br />In August 1995, InfoMail Uganda, Ltd., a privately held firm in Kampala now known as InfoCom, and NSN Network Services of Avon, Colorado, sold in 1997 and now known as Clear Channel Satellite, established Africa's first native TCP/IP high-speed satellite Internet services. The data connection was originally carried by a C-Band RSCC Russian satellite which connected InfoMail's Kampala offices directly to NSN's MAE-West point of presence using a private network from NSN's leased ground station in New Jersey. InfoCom's first satellite connection was just 64 kbit/s, serving a Sun host computer and twelve US Robotics dial-up modems.<br /><br />In 1996 a USAID funded project, the Leland initiative, started work on developing full Internet connectivity for the continent. Guinea, Mozambique, Madagascar and Rwanda gained satellite earth stations in 1997, followed by Côte d'Ivoire and Benin in 1998.<br /><br />Africa is building an Internet infrastructure. AfriNIC, headquartered in Mauritius, manages IP address allocation for the continent. As do the other Internet regions, there is an operational forum, the Internet Community of Operational Networking Specialists.[36]<br /><br />There are a wide range of programs both to provide high-performance transmission plant, and the western and southern coasts have undersea optical cable. High-speed cables join North Africa and the Horn of Africa to intercontinental cable systems. Undersea cable development is slower for East Africa; the original joint effort between New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and the East Africa Submarine System (Eassy) has broken off and may become two efforts.[37]<br />Asia and Oceania<br /><br />The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), headquartered in Australia, manages IP address allocation for the continent. APNIC sponsors an operational forum, the Asia-Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies (APRICOT).[38]<br /><br />In 1991, the People's Republic of China saw its first TCP/IP college network, Tsinghua University's TUNET. The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994, between the Beijing Electro-Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University's Linear Accelerator Center. However, China went on to implement its own digital divide by implementing a country-wide content filter.[39]<br />Latin America<br /><br />As with the other regions, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC) manages the IP address space and other resources for its area. LACNIC, headquartered in Uruguay, operates DNS root, reverse DNS, and other key services.<br />Opening the network to commerce<br /><br />The interest in commercial use of the Internet became a hotly debated topic. Although commercial use was forbidden, the exact definition of commercial use could be unclear and subjective. UUCPNet and the X.25 IPSS had no such restrictions, which would eventually see the official barring of UUCPNet use of ARPANET and NSFNET connections. Some UUCP links still remained connecting to these networks however, as administrators cast a blind eye to their operation.<br /> <br />Number of Internet hosts worldwide: 1981-2012<br /> Source: Internet Systems Consortium.[40]<br /><br />During the late 1980s, the first Internet service provider (ISP) companies were formed. Companies like PSINet, UUNET, Netcom, and Portal Software were formed to provide service to the regional research networks and provide alternate network access, UUCP-based email and Usenet News to the public. The first commercial dialup ISP in the United States was The World, opened in 1989.[41]<br /><br />In 1992, the U.S. Congress passed the Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1862(g), which allowed NSF to support access by the research and education communities to computer networks which were not used exclusively for research and education purposes, thus permitting NSFNET to interconnect with commercial networks.[42][43] This caused controversy within the research and education community, who were concerned commercial use of the network might lead to an Internet that was less responsive to their needs, and within the community of commercial network providers, who felt that government subsidies were giving an unfair advantage to some organizations.[44]<br /><br />By 1990, ARPANET had been overtaken and replaced by newer networking technologies and the project came to a close. New network service providers including PSINet, Alternet, CERFNet, ANS CO+RE, and many others were offering network access to commercial customers. NSFNET was no longer the de facto backbone and exchange point for Internet. The Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX), Metropolitan Area Exchanges (MAEs), and later Network Access Points (NAPs) were becoming the primary interconnections between many networks. The final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic ended on April 30, 1995 when the National Science Foundation ended its sponsorship of the NSFNET Backbone Service and the service ended.[45][46] NSF provided initial support for the NAPs and interim support to help the regional research and education networks transition to commercial ISPs. NSF also sponsored the very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) which continued to provide support for the supercomputing centers and research and education in the United States.[47]<br />Futurology: Beyond Earth and TCP/IP (2010 and beyond)<br /><br />The first live Internet link into low earth orbit was established on January 22, 2010 when astronaut T. J. Creamer posted the first unassisted update to his Twitter account from the International Space Station, marking the extension of the Internet into space. (Astronauts at the ISS had used email and Twitter before, but these messages had been relayed to the ground through a NASA data link before being posted by a human proxy.) This personal Web access, which NASA calls the Crew Support LAN, uses the space station's high-speed Ku band microwave link. To surf the Web, astronauts can use a station laptop computer to control a desktop computer on Earth, and they can talk to their families and friends on Earth using Voice over IP equipment.[48]<br /><br />Communication with spacecraft beyond earth orbit has traditionally been over point-to-point links through the Deep Space Network. Each such data link must be manually scheduled and configured. In the late 1990s NASA and Google began working on a new network protocol, Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) which automates this process, allows networking of spaceborn transmission nodes, and takes the fact into account that spacecraft can temporarily lose contact because they move behind the Moon or planets, or because space "weather" disrupts the connection. Under such conditions, DTN retransmits data packages instead of dropping them, as the standard TCP/IP internet protocol does. NASA conducted the first field test of what it calls the "deep space internet" in November 2008.[49] Testing of DTN-based communications between the International Space Station and Earth (now termed Disruption-Tolerant Networking) has been ongoing since March 2009, and is scheduled to continue until March 2014.[50]<br /><br />This network technology is supposed to ultimately enable missions that involve multiple spacecraft where reliable inter-vessel communication might take precedence over vessel-to-earth downlinks. According to a February 2011 statement by Google's Vint Cerf, the so-called "Bundle protocols" have been uploaded to NASA's EPOXI mission spacecraft (which is in orbit around the sun) and communication with Earth has been tested at a distance of approximately 80 light seconds.[51]<br />Internet governance<br />Main article: Internet governance<br /><br />As a globally distributed network of voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks, the Internet operates without a central governing body. It has no centralized governance for either technology or policies, and each constituent network chooses what technologies and protocols it will deploy from the voluntary technical standards that are developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).[52] However, throughout its entire history, the Internet system has had an "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority" (IANA) for the allocation and assignment of various technical identifiers needed for the operation of the Internet.[53] The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) provides oversight and coordination for two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System.<br />NIC, InterNIC, IANA and ICANN<br />Main articles: InterNIC, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, and ICANN<br /><br />The IANA function was originally performed by USC Information Sciences Institute, and it delegated portions of this responsibility with respect to numeric network and autonomous system identifiers to the Network Information Center (NIC) at Stanford Research Institute (SRI International) in Menlo Park, California. In addition to his role as the RFC Editor, Jon Postel worked as the manager of IANA until his death in 1998.<br /><br />As the early ARPANET grew, hosts were referred to by names, and a HOSTS.TXT file would be distributed from SRI International to each host on the network. As the network grew, this became cumbersome. A technical solution came in the form of the Domain Name System, created by Paul Mockapetris. The Defense Data Network—Network Information Center (DDN-NIC) at SRI handled all registration services, including the top-level domains (TLDs) of .mil, .gov, .edu, .org, .net, .com and .us, root nameserver administration and Internet number assignments under a United States Department of Defense contract.[53] In 1991, the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) awarded the administration and maintenance of DDN-NIC (managed by SRI up until this point) to Government Systems, Inc., who subcontracted it to the small private-sector Network Solutions, Inc.[54][55]<br /><br />The increasing cultural diversity of the Internet also posed administrative challenges for centralized management of the IP addresses. In October 1992, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) published RFC 1366,[56] which described the "growth of the Internet and its increasing globalization" and set out the basis for an evolution of the IP registry process, based on a regionally distributed registry model. This document stressed the need for a single Internet number registry to exist in each geographical region of the world (which would be of "continental dimensions"). Registries would be "unbiased and widely recognized by network providers and subscribers" within their region. The RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) was established as the first RIR in May 1992. The second RIR, the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), was established in Tokyo in 1993, as a pilot project of the Asia Pacific Networking Group.[57]<br /><br />Since at this point in history most of the growth on the Internet was coming from non-military sources, it was decided that the Department of Defense would no longer fund registration services outside of the .mil TLD. In 1993 the U.S. National Science Foundation, after a competitive bidding process in 1992, created the InterNIC to manage the allocations of addresses and management of the address databases, and awarded the contract to three organizations. Registration Services would be provided by Network Solutions; Directory and Database Services would be provided by AT&amp;T; and Information Services would be provided by General Atomics.[58]<br /><br />Over time, after consultation with the IANA, the IETF, RIPE NCC, APNIC, and the Federal Networking Council (FNC), the decision was made to separate the management of domain names from the management of IP numbers.[57] Following the examples of RIPE NCC and APNIC, it was recommended that management of IP address space then administered by the InterNIC should be under the control of those that use it, specifically the ISPs, end-user organizations, corporate entities, universities, and individuals. As a result, the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) was established as in December 1997, as an independent, not-for-profit corporation by direction of the National Science Foundation and became the third Regional Internet Registry.[59]<br /><br />In 1998 both the IANA and remaining DNS-related InterNIC functions were reorganized under the control of ICANN, a California non-profit corporation contracted by the United States Department of Commerce to manage a number of Internet-related tasks. As these tasks involved technical coordination for two principal Internet name spaces (DNS names and IP addresses) created by the IETF, ICANN also signed a memorandum of understanding with the IAB to define the technical work to be carried out by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.[60] The management of Internet address space remained with the regional Internet registries, which collectively were defined as a supporting organization within the ICANN structure.[61] ICANN provides central coordination for the DNS system, including policy coordination for the split registry / registrar system, with competition among registry service providers to serve each top-level-domain and multiple competing registrars offering DNS services to end-users.<br />Internet Engineering Task Force<br />Main article: Internet Engineering Task Force<br /><br />The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is the largest and most visible of several loosely related ad-hoc groups that provide technical direction for the Internet, including the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF).<br /><br />The IETF is a loosely self-organized group of international volunteers who contribute to the engineering and evolution of Internet technologies. It is the principal body engaged in the development of new Internet standard specifications. Much of the IETF's work is done in Working Groups. It does not "run the Internet", despite what some people might mistakenly say. The IETF does make voluntary standards that are often adopted by Internet users, but it does not control, or even patrol, the Internet.[62][63]<br /><br />The IETF started in January 1986 as a quarterly meeting of U.S. government funded researchers. Non-government representatives were invited starting with the fourth IETF meeting in October 1986. The concept of Working Groups was introduced at the fifth IETF meeting in February 1987. The seventh IETF meeting in July 1987 was the first meeting with more than 100 attendees. In 1992, the Internet Society, a professional membership society, was formed and IETF began to operate under it as an independent international standards body. The first IETF meeting outside of the United States was held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in July 1993. Today the IETF meets three times a year and attendnce is often about 1,300 people, but has been as high as 2,000 upon occasion. Typically one in three IETF meetings are held in Europe or Asia. The number of non-US attendees is roughly 50%, even at meetings held in the United States.[62]<br /><br />The IETF is unusual in that it exists as a collection of happenings, but is not a corporation and has no board of directors, no members, and no dues. The closest thing there is to being an IETF member is being on the IETF or a Working Group mailing list. IETF volunteers come from all over the world and from many different parts of the Internet community. The IETF works closely with and under the supervision of the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)[64] and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB).[65] The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) and the Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG), peer activities to the IETF and IESG under the general supervision of the IAB, focus on longer term research issues.[62][66]<br />Request for Comments<br />Main article: Request for Comments<br /><br />Request for Comments (RFCs) are the main documentation for the work of the IAB, IESG, IETF, and IRTF. RFC 1, "Host Software", was written by Steve Crocker at UCLA in April 1969, well before the IETF was created. Originally they were technical memos documenting aspects of ARPANET development and were edited by the late Jon Postel, the first RFC Editor.[62][67]<br /><br />RFCs cover a wide range of information from proposed standards, draft standards, full standards, best practices, experimental protocols, history, and other informational topics.[68] RFCs can be written by individuals or informal groups of individuals, but many are the product of a more formal Working Group. Drafts are submitted to the IESG either by individuals or by the Working Group Chair. An RFC Editor, appointed by the IAB, separate from IANA, and working in conjunction with the IESG, receives drafts from the IESG and edits, formats, and publishes them. Once an RFC is published, it is never revised. If the standard it describes changes or its information becomes obsolete, the revised standard or updated information will be re-published as a new RFC that "obsoletes" the original.[62][67]<br />The Internet Society<br />Main article: Internet Society<br /><br />The Internet Society or ISOC is an international, nonprofit organization founded during 1992 to "to assure the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world". With offices near Washington, DC, USA, and in Geneva, Switzerland, ISOC has a membership base comprising more than 80 organizational and more than 50,000 individual members. Members also form "chapters" based on either common geographical location or special interests. There are currently more than 90 chapters around the world.[69]<br /><br />ISOC provides financial and organizational support to and promotes the work of the standards settings bodies for which it is the organizational home: the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). ISOC also promotes understanding and appreciation of the Internet model of open, transparent processes and consensus-based decision making.[70]<br />Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century<br /><br />Since the 1990s, the Internet's governance and organization has been of global importance to governments, commerce, civil society, and individuals. The organizations which held control of certain technical aspects of the Internet were the successors of the old ARPANET oversight and the current decision-makers in the day-to-day technical aspects of the network. While recognized as the administrators of certain aspects of the Internet, their roles and their decision making authority are limited and subject to increasing international scrutiny and increasingly objections. These objections have led to the ICANN removing themselves from relationships with first the University of Southern California in 2000,[71] and finally in September 2009, gaining autonomy from the US government by the ending of its longstanding agreements, although some contractual obligations with the U.S. Department of Commerce continued.[72][73][74]<br /><br />The IETF, with financial and organizational support from the Internet Society, continues to serve as the Internet's ad-hoc standards body and issues Request for Comments.<br /><br />In November 2005, the World Summit on the Information Society, held in Tunis, called for an Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to be convened by United Nations Secretary General. The IGF opened an ongoing, non-binding conversation among stakeholders representing governments, the private sector, civil society, and the technical and academic communities about the future of Internet governance. The first IGF meeting was held in October/November 2006 with follow on meetings annually thereafter.[75] Since WSIS, the term "Internet governance" has been broadened beyond narrow technical concerns to include a wider range of Internet-related policy issues.[76][77]<br />Use and culture<br />Main article: Sociology of the Internet<br />E-mail and Usenet<br />Main articles: e-mail, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, and Usenet<br /><br />E-mail is often called the killer application of the Internet. However, it actually predates the Internet and was a crucial tool in creating it. Email started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time-sharing mainframe computer to communicate. Although the history is unclear, among the first systems to have such a facility were SDC's Q32 and MIT's CTSS.[78]<br /><br />The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the evolution of e-mail. There is one report[79] indicating experimental inter-system e-mail transfers on it shortly after ARPANET's creation. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson created what was to become the standard Internet e-mail address format, using the @ sign to separate user names from host names.[80]<br /><br />A number of protocols were developed to deliver e-mail among groups of time-sharing computers over alternative transmission systems, such as UUCP and IBM's VNET e-mail system. E-mail could be passed this way between a number of networks, including ARPANET, BITNET and NSFNET, as well as to hosts connected directly to other sites via UUCP. See the history of SMTP protocol.<br /><br />In addition, UUCP allowed the publication of text files that could be read by many others. The News software developed by Steve Daniel and Tom Truscott in 1979 was used to distribute news and bulletin board-like messages. This quickly grew into discussion groups, known as newsgroups, on a wide range of topics. On ARPANET and NSFNET similar discussion groups would form via mailing lists, discussing both technical issues and more culturally focused topics (such as science fiction, discussed on the sflovers mailing list).<br /><br />During the early years of the Internet, e-mail and similar mechanisms were also fundamental to allow people to access resources that were not available due to the absence of online connectivity. UUCP was often used to distribute files using the 'alt.binary' groups. Also, FTP e-mail gateways allowed people that lived outside the US and Europe to download files using ftp commands written inside e-email messages. The file was encoded, broken in pieces and sent by e-mail; the receiver had to reassemble and decode it later, and it was the only way for people living overseas to download items such as the earlier Linux versions using the slow dial-up connections available at the time. After the popularization of the Web and the HTTP protocol such tools were slowly abandoned.<br />From gopher to the WWW<br />Main articles: History of the World Wide Web and World Wide Web<br /><br />As the Internet grew through the 1980s and early 1990s, many people realized the increasing need to be able to find and organize files and information. Projects such as Archie, Gopher, WAIS, and the FTP Archive list attempted to create ways to organize distributed data. Unfortunately, these projects fell short in being able to accommodate all the existing data types and in being able to grow without bottlenecks.[citation needed]<br /><br />One of the most promising user interface paradigms during this period was hypertext. The technology had been inspired by Vannevar Bush's "Memex"[81] and developed through Ted Nelson's research on Project Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart's research on NLS.[82] Many small self-contained hypertext systems had been created before, such as Apple Computer's HyperCard (1987). Gopher became the first commonly used hypertext interface to the Internet. While Gopher menu items were examples of hypertext, they were not commonly perceived in that way.<br /> <br /> This NeXT Computer was used by Sir Tim Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first Web server.<br /><br />In 1989, while working at CERN, Tim Berners-Lee invented a network-based implementation of the hypertext concept. By releasing his invention to public use, he ensured the technology would become widespread.[83] For his work in developing the World Wide Web, Berners-Lee received the Millennium technology prize in 2004.[84] One early popular web browser, modeled after HyperCard, was ViolaWWW.<br /><br />A turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction[85] of the Mosaic web browser[86] in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen. Funding for Mosaic came from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a funding program initiated by the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 also known as the Gore Bill.[87] Mosaic's graphical interface soon became more popular than Gopher, which at the time was primarily text-based, and the WWW became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet. (Gore's reference to his role in "creating the Internet", however, was ridiculed in his presidential election campaign. See the full article Al Gore and information technology).<br /><br />Mosaic was eventually superseded in 1994 by Andreessen's Netscape Navigator, which replaced Mosaic as the world's most popular browser. While it held this title for some time, eventually competition from Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers almost completely displaced it. Another important event held on January 11, 1994, was The Superhighway Summit at UCLA's Royce Hall. This was the "first public conference bringing together all of the major industry, government and academic leaders in the field [and] also began the national dialogue about the Information Superhighway and its implications."[88]<br /><br />24 Hours in Cyberspace, "the largest one-day online event" (February 8, 1996) up to that date, took place on the then-active website, cyber24.com.[89][90] It was headed by photographer Rick Smolan.[91] A photographic exhibition was unveiled at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History on January 23, 1997, featuring 70 photos from the project.[92]<br />Search engines<br />Main article: Search engine (computing)<br /><br />Even before the World Wide Web, there were search engines that attempted to organize the Internet. The first of these was the Archie search engine from McGill University in 1990, followed in 1991 by WAIS and Gopher. All three of those systems predated the invention of the World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the Internet for several years after the Web appeared. There are still Gopher servers as of 2006, although there are a great many more web servers.<br /><br />As the Web grew, search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things. The first full-text Web search engine was WebCrawler in 1994. Before WebCrawler, only Web page titles were searched. Another early search engine, Lycos, was created in 1993 as a university project, and was the first to achieve commercial success. During the late 1990s, both Web directories and Web search engines were popular—Yahoo! (founded 1994) and Altavista (founded 1995) were the respective industry leaders. By August 2001, the directory model had begun to give way to search engines, tracking the rise of Google (founded 1998), which had developed new approaches to relevancy ranking. Directory features, while still commonly available, became after-thoughts to search engines.<br /><br />Database size, which had been a significant marketing feature through the early 2000s, was similarly displaced by emphasis on relevancy ranking, the methods by which search engines attempt to sort the best results first. Relevancy ranking first became a major issue circa 1996, when it became apparent that it was impractical to review full lists of results. Consequently, algorithms for relevancy ranking have continuously improved. Google's PageRank method for ordering the results has received the most press, but all major search engines continually refine their ranking methodologies with a view toward improving the ordering of results. As of 2006, search engine rankings are more important than ever, so much so that an industry has developed ("search engine optimizers", or "SEO") to help web-developers improve their search ranking, and an entire body of case law has developed around matters that affect search engine rankings, such as use of trademarks in metatags. The sale of search rankings by some search engines has also created controversy among librarians and consumer advocates.[93]<br /><br />On June 3, 2009, Microsoft launched its new search engine, Bing.[94] The following month Microsoft and Yahoo! announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo! Search.[95]<br />File sharing<br />Main articles: File sharing , Peer-to-peer file sharing , and Timeline of file sharing<br /><br />Resource or file sharing has been an important activity on computer networks from well before the Internet was established and was supported in a variety of ways including bulletin board systems (1978), Usenet (1980), Kermit (1981), and many others. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for use on the Internet was standardized in 1985 and is still in use today.[96] A variety of tools were developed to aid the use of FTP by helping users discover files they might want to transfer, including the Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) in 1991, Gopher in 1991, Archie in 1991, Veronica in 1992, Jughead in 1993, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) in 1988, and eventually the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1991 with Web directories and Web search engines.<br /><br />In 1999 Napster became the first peer-to-peer file sharing system.[97] Napster used a central server for indexing and peer discovery, but the storage and transfer of files was decentralized. A variety of peer-to-peer file sharing programs and services with different levels of decentralization and anonymity followed, including: Gnutella, eDonkey2000, and Freenet in 2000, FastTrack, Kazaa, Limewire, and BitTorrent in 2001, and Poisoned in 2003.[98]<br /><br />All of these tools are general purpose and can be used to share a wide variety of content, but sharing of music files, software, and later movies and videos are major uses.[99] And while some of this sharing is legal, large portions are not. Lawsuits and other legal actions caused Napster in 2001, eDonkey2000 in 2005, Kazza in 2006, and Limewire in 2010 to shutdown or refocus their efforts.[100][101] The Pirate Bay, founded in Sweden in 2003, continues despite a trial and appeal in 2009 and 2010 that resulted in jail terms and large fines for several of its founders.[102] File sharing remains contentious and controversial with charges of theft of intellectual property on the one hand and charges of censorship on the other.[103][104]<br />Dot-com bubble<br />Main article: Dot-com bubble<br /><br />Suddenly the low price of reaching millions worldwide, and the possibility of selling to or hearing from those people at the same moment when they were reached, promised to overturn established business dogma in advertising, mail-order sales, customer relationship management, and many more areas. The web was a new killer app—it could bring together unrelated buyers and sellers in seamless and low-cost ways. Entrepreneurs around the world developed new business models, and ran to their nearest venture capitalist. While some of the new entrepreneurs had experience in business and economics, the majority were simply people with ideas, and did not manage the capital influx prudently. Additionally, many dot-com business plans were predicated on the assumption that by using the Internet, they would bypass the distribution channels of existing businesses and therefore not have to compete with them; when the established businesses with strong existing brands developed their own Internet presence, these hopes were shattered, and the newcomers were left attempting to break into markets dominated by larger, more established businesses. Many did not have the ability to do so.<br /><br />The dot-com bubble burst in March 2000, with the technology heavy NASDAQ Composite index peaking at 5,048.62 on March 10[105] (5,132.52 intraday), more than double its value just a year before. By 2001, the bubble's deflation was running full speed. A majority of the dot-coms had ceased trading, after having burnt through their venture capital and IPO capital, often without ever making a profit. But despite this, the Internet continues to grow, driven by commerce, ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge and social networking.<br />Mobile phones and the Internet<br />See also: Mobile Web<br /><br />The first mobile phone with Internet connectivity was the Nokia 9000 Communicator, launched in Finland in 1996. The viability of Internet services access on mobile phones was limited until prices came down from that model and network providers started to develop systems and services conveniently accessible on phones. NTT DoCoMo in Japan launched the first mobile Internet service, i-mode, in 1999 and this is considered the birth of the mobile phone Internet services. In 2001 the mobile phone email system by Research in Motion for their BlackBerry product was launched in America. To make efficient use of the small screen and tiny keypad and one-handed operation typical of mobile phones, a specific document and networking model was created for mobile devices, the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). Most mobile device Internet services operate using WAP. The growth of mobile phone services was initially a primarily Asian phenomenon with Japan, South Korea and Taiwan all soon finding the majority of their Internet users accessing resources by phone rather than by PC.[citation needed] Developing countries followed, with India, South Africa, Kenya, Philippines, and Pakistan all reporting that the majority of their domestic users accessed the Internet from a mobile phone rather than a PC. The European and North American use of the Internet was influenced by a large installed base of personal computers, and the growth of mobile phone Internet access was more gradual, but had reached national penetration levels of 20–30% in most Western countries.[citation needed] The cross-over occurred in 2008, when more Internet access devices were mobile phones than personal computers. In many parts of the developing world, the ratio is as much as 10 mobile phone users to one PC user.[106]<br />Online population forecast<br />See also: Global Internet usage<br /> <br />Internet users per 100 inhabitants<br />Source: International Telecommunications Union.[107]<br /><br />A study conducted by JupiterResearch anticipates that a 38 percent increase in the number of people with online access will mean that, by 2011, 22 percent of the Earth's population will surf the Internet regularly. The report says 1.1 billion people have regular Web access. For the study, JupiterResearch defined online users as people who regularly access the Internet from dedicated Internet-access devices, which exclude cellular telephones.[108]<br />Historiography<br /><br />Some concerns have been raised over the historiography of the Internet's development. Specifically that it is hard to find documentation of much of the Internet's development, for several reasons, including a lack of centralized documentation for much of the early developments that led to the Internet.<br />"The Arpanet period is somewhat well documented because the corporation in charge – BBN – left a physical record. Moving into the NSFNET era, it became an extraordinarily decentralized process. The record exists in people's basements, in closets. [...] So much of what happened was done verbally and on the basis of individual trust."<br />—Doug Gale (2007)[109]<br />See also Internet portal<br /> Book: Internet<br />Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.<br /><br />Index of Internet-related articles<br />Outline of the Internet<br />Texts related to the history of the Internet<br />History of hypertext<br />History of Internet in Colombia<br />History of the World Wide Web<br />History of the Internet in Sweden<br />Internet organizations<br />Internet pioneers<br />List of Internet phenomena, themes, catchphrases, images, viral videos, …<br />List of virtual communities with more than 100 million users<br />Timeline of computing<br />Timeline of hypertext technology<br />Timeline of Internet conflicts<br />Timeline of popular Internet services<br />Timeline of web browsers<br />References<br />^ Leonard Kleinrock (2005). The history of the Internet. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ J. C. R. Licklider (1960). Man-Computer Symbiosis.<br />^ "An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution". An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution. December 20, 1999. Retrieved November 25, 2005.<br />^ Licklider and the Universal Network<br />^ Ruthfield, Scott (September 1995), "The Internet's History and Development From Wartime Tool to the Fish-Cam", Crossroads 2 (1): 2–4, archived from the original on October 18, 2007, retrieved July 25, 2012<br />^ "About Rand". Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet. Retrieved July 25, 2012.<br />^ Baran, Paul (May 27, 1960) (pdf), Reliable Digital Communications Using Unreliable Network Repeater Nodes, The RAND Corporation, p. 1, retrieved July 25, 2012<br />^ Johna Till Johnson (June 7, 2004). "'Net was born of economic necessity, not fear". Retrieved July 25, 2012.<br />^ "Roads and Crossroads of Internet History" by Gregory Gromov. 1995<br />^ Hafner, Katie (1998). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83267-4.<br />^ Ronda Hauben (2001). From the ARPANET to the Internet. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "NORSAR and the Internet". NORSAR. Retrieved June 5, 2009.<br />^ Celebrating 40 years of the net, by Mark Ward, Technology correspondent, BBC News, October 29, 2009<br />^ The Merit Network, Inc. is an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities. Merit receives administrative services under an agreement with the University of Michigan.<br />^ A Chronicle of Merit's Early History, John Mulcahy, 1989, Merit Network, Ann Arbor, Michigan<br />^ a b Merit Network Timeline: 1970–1979, Merit Network, Ann Arbor, Michigan<br />^ Merit Network Timeline: 1980–1989, Merit Network, Ann Arbor, Michigan<br />^ "A Technical History of CYCLADES", Technical Histories of the Internet &amp; other Network Protocols, Computer Science Department, University of Texas Austin<br />^ "The Cyclades Experience: Results and Impacts", Zimmermann, H., Proc. IFIP'77 Congress, Toronto, August 1977, pp. 465–469<br />^ tsbedh. "History of X.25, CCITT Plenary Assemblies and Book Colors". Itu.int. Retrieved June 5, 2009.<br />^ "Events in British Telecomms History". Events in British TelecommsHistory. Archived from the original on April 5, 2003. Retrieved November 25, 2005.<br />^ UUCP Internals Frequently Asked Questions<br />^ Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff (2003). A Brief History of Internet. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "Computer History Museum and Web History Center Celebrate 30th Anniversary of Internet Milestone". Retrieved November 22, 2007.<br />^ Ogg, Erica (2007-11-08). "'Internet van' helped drive evolution of the Web". CNET. Retrieved 2011-11-12.<br />^ Jon Postel, NCP/TCP Transition Plan, RFC 801<br />^ David Roessner, Barry Bozeman, Irwin Feller, Christopher Hill, Nils Newman (1997). The Role of NSF's Support of Engineering in Enabling Technological Innovation. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "RFC 675 – Specification of internet transmission control program". Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1996). Computer Networks. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-394248-1.<br />^ Hauben, Ronda (2004). "The Internet: On its International Origins and Collaborative Vision". Amateur Computerist 12 (2). Retrieved May 29, 2009.<br />^ "Internet Access Provider Lists". Retrieved May 10, 2012.<br />^ "RFC 1871 – CIDR and Classful Routing". Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Ben Segal (1995). A Short History of Internet Protocols at CERN.<br />^ "Internet History in Asia". 16th APAN Meetings/Advanced Network Conference in Busan. Retrieved December 25, 2005.<br />^ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2010", International Telecommunications Union, accessed 16 April 2012<br />^ "ICONS webpage". Icons.afrinic.net. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Nepad, Eassy partnership ends in divorce,(South African) Financial Times FMTech, 2007<br />^ "APRICOT webpage". Apricot.net. May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "A brief history of the Internet in China". China celebrates 10 years of being connected to the Internet. Retrieved December 25, 2005.<br />^ J. C. R. Licklider (1960). Man-Computer Symbiosis.<br />^ "An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution". An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution. December 20, 1999. Retrieved November 25, 2005.<br />^ Licklider and the Universal Network<br />^ Ruthfield, Scott (September 1995), "The Internet's History and Development From Wartime Tool to the Fish-Cam", Crossroads 2 (1): 2–4, archived from the original on October 18, 2007, retrieved July 25, 2012<br />^ "About Rand". Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet. Retrieved July 25, 2012.<br />^ Baran, Paul (May 27, 1960) (pdf), Reliable Digital Communications Using Unreliable Network Repeater Nodes, The RAND Corporation, p. 1, retrieved July 25, 2012<br />^ Johna Till Johnson (June 7, 2004). "'Net was born of economic necessity, not fear". Retrieved July 25, 2012.<br />^ "Roads and Crossroads of Internet History" by Gregory Gromov. 1995<br />^ Hafner, Katie (1998). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83267-4.<br />^ Ronda Hauben (2001). From the ARPANET to the Internet. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "NORSAR and the Internet". NORSAR. Retrieved June 5, 2009.<br />^ Celebrating 40 years of the net, by Mark Ward, Technology correspondent, BBC News, October 29, 2009<br />^ The Merit Network, Inc. is an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities. Merit receives administrative services under an agreement with the University of Michigan.<br />^ A Chronicle of Merit's Early History, John Mulcahy, 1989, Merit Network, Ann Arbor, Michigan<br />^ a b Merit Network Timeline: 1970–1979, Merit Network, Ann Arbor, Michigan<br />^ Merit Network Timeline: 1980–1989, Merit Network, Ann Arbor, Michigan<br />^ "A Technical History of CYCLADES", Technical Histories of the Internet &amp; other Network Protocols, Computer Science Department, University of Texas Austin<br />^ "The Cyclades Experience: Results and Impacts", Zimmermann, H., Proc. IFIP'77 Congress, Toronto, August 1977, pp. 465–469<br />^ tsbedh. "History of X.25, CCITT Plenary Assemblies and Book Colors". Itu.int. Retrieved June 5, 2009.<br />^ "Events in British Telecomms History". Events in British TelecommsHistory. Archived from the original on April 5, 2003. Retrieved November 25, 2005.<br />^ UUCP Internals Frequently Asked Questions<br />^ Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff (2003). A Brief History of Internet. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "Computer History Museum and Web History Center Celebrate 30th Anniversary of Internet Milestone". Retrieved November 22, 2007.<br />^ Ogg, Erica (2007-11-08). "'Internet van' helped drive evolution of the Web". CNET. Retrieved 2011-11-12.<br />^ Jon Postel, NCP/TCP Transition Plan, RFC 801<br />^ David Roessner, Barry Bozeman, Irwin Feller, Christopher Hill, Nils Newman (1997). The Role of NSF's Support of Engineering in Enabling Technological Innovation. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "RFC 675 – Specification of internet transmission control program". Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1996). Computer Networks. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-394248-1.<br />^ Hauben, Ronda (2004). "The Internet: On its International Origins and Collaborative Vision". Amateur Computerist 12 (2). Retrieved May 29, 2009.<br />^ "Internet Access Provider Lists". Retrieved May 10, 2012.<br />^ "RFC 1871 – CIDR and Classful Routing". Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Ben Segal (1995). A Short History of Internet Protocols at CERN.<br />^ "Internet History in Asia". 16th APAN Meetings/Advanced Network Conference in Busan. Retrieved December 25, 2005.<br />^ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2010", International Telecommunications Union, accessed 16 April 2012<br />^ "ICONS webpage". Icons.afrinic.net. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Nepad, Eassy partnership ends in divorce,(South African) Financial Times FMTech, 2007<br />^ "APRICOT webpage". Apricot.net. May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "A brief history of the Internet in China". China celebrates 10 years of being connected to the Internet. Retrieved December 25, 2005.<br />^ "Internet host count history". Internet Systems Consortium. Retrieved May 16, 2012.<br />^ "The World internet provider". Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ OGC-00-33R Department of Commerce: Relationship with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. Government Accountability Office. July 7, 2000. p. 6.<br />^ Even after the appropriations act was amended in 1992 to give NSF more flexibility with regard to commercial traffic, NSF never felt that it could entirely do away with the AUP and its restrictions on commercial traffic, see the response to Recommendation 5 in NSF's response to the Inspector General's review (a April 19, 1993 memo from Frederick Bernthal, Acting Director, to Linda Sundro, Inspector General, that is included at the end of Review of NSFNET, Office of the Inspector General, National Science Foundation, March 23, 1993)<br />^ Management of NSFNET, a transcript of the March 12, 1992 hearing before the Subcommittee on Science of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, Hon. Rick Boucher, subcommittee chairman, presiding<br />^ "Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era", Susan R. Harris, Ph.D., and Elise Gerich, ConneXions, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996<br />^ "A Brief History of the Internet".<br />^ NSF Solicitation 93-52 – Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program, May 6, 1993<br />^ NASA Extends the World Wide Web Out Into Space. NASA media advisory M10-012, January 22, 2010. Archived<br />^ NASA Successfully Tests First Deep Space Internet. NASA media release 08-298, November 18, 2008 Archived<br />^ Disruption Tolerant Networking for Space Operations (DTN). July 31, 2012<br />^ Cerf: 2011 will be proving point for 'InterPlanetary Internet' Network World interview with Vint Cerf, February 18, 2011 Archived<br />^ "Internet Architecture". IAB Architectural Principles of the Internet. Retrieved April 10, 2012.<br />^ a b "DDN NIC". IAB Recommended Policy on Distributing Internet Identifier Assignment. Retrieved December 26, 2005.<br />^ "GSI-Network Solutions". TRANSITION OF NIC SERVICES. Retrieved December 26, 2005.<br />^ "Thomas v. NSI, Civ. No. 97-2412 (TFH), Sec. I.A. (DCDC April 6, 1998)". Lw.bna.com. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "RFC 1366". Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space. Retrieved April 10, 2012.<br />^ a b "Development of the Regional Internet Registry System". Cisco. Retrieved April 10, 2012.<br />^ "NIS Manager Award Announced". NSF Network information services awards. Retrieved December 25, 2005.<br />^ "Internet Moves Toward Privatization". http://www.nsf.gov. 24 June 1997.<br />^ "RFC 2860". Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Technical Work of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Retrieved December 26, 2005.<br />^ "ICANN Bylaws". Retrieved April 10, 2012.<br />^ a b c d e "The Tao of IETF: A Novice's Guide to the Internet Engineering Task Force", FYI 17 and RFC 4677, P. Hoffman and S. Harris, Internet Society, September 2006<br />^ "A Mission Statement for the IETF", H. Alvestrand, Internet Society, BCP 95 and RFC 3935, October 2004<br />^ "An IESG charter", H. Alvestrand, RFC 3710, Internet Society, February 2004<br />^ "Charter of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)", B. Carpenter, BCP 39 and RFC 2850, Internet Society, May 2000<br />^ "IAB Thoughts on the Role of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)", S. Floyd, V. Paxson, A. Falk (eds), RFC 4440, Internet Society, March 2006<br />^ a b "The RFC Series and RFC Editor", L. Daigle, RFC 4844, Internet Society, July 2007<br />^ "Not All RFCs are Standards", C. Huitema, J. Postel, S. Crocker, RFC 1796, Internet Society, April 1995<br />^ Internet Society (ISOC) - Introduction to ISOC<br />^ Internet Society (ISOC) - ISOC's Standards Activities<br />^ USC/ICANN Transition Agreement<br />^ ICANN cuts cord to US government, gets broader oversight: ICANN, which oversees the Internet's domain name system, is a private nonprofit that reports to the US Department of Commerce. Under a new agreement, that relationship will change, and ICANN's accountability goes global Nate Anderson, September 30, 2009<br />^ U.S. Eases Grip Over Web Body: Move Addresses Criticisms as Internet Usage Becomes More Global Christopher Rhoads, October 2, 2009<br />^ The U.S. Abandons the Internet: Multilateral governance of the domain name system risks censorship and repression Jeremy Rabkin and Jeffrey Eisenach, October 2, 2009<br />^ J. C. R. Licklider (1960). Man-Computer Symbiosis.<br />^ "An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution". An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution. December 20, 1999. Retrieved November 25, 2005.<br />^ Licklider and the Universal Network<br />^ Ruthfield, Scott (September 1995), "The Internet's History and Development From Wartime Tool to the Fish-Cam", Crossroads 2 (1): 2–4, archived from the original on October 18, 2007, retrieved July 25, 2012<br />^ "About Rand". Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet. Retrieved July 25, 2012.<br />^ Baran, Paul (May 27, 1960) (pdf), Reliable Digital Communications Using Unreliable Network Repeater Nodes, The RAND Corporation, p. 1, retrieved July 25, 2012<br />^ Johna Till Johnson (June 7, 2004). "'Net was born of economic necessity, not fear". Retrieved July 25, 2012.<br />^ "Roads and Crossroads of Internet History" by Gregory Gromov. 1995<br />^ Hafner, Katie (1998). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83267-4.<br />^ Ronda Hauben (2001). From the ARPANET to the Internet. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "NORSAR and the Internet". NORSAR. Retrieved June 5, 2009.<br />^ Celebrating 40 years of the net, by Mark Ward, Technology correspondent, BBC News, October 29, 2009<br />^ The Merit Network, Inc. is an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities. Merit receives administrative services under an agreement with the University of Michigan.<br />^ A Chronicle of Merit's Early History, John Mulcahy, 1989, Merit Network, Ann Arbor, Michigan<br />^ a b Merit Network Timeline: 1970–1979, Merit Network, Ann Arbor, Michigan<br />^ Merit Network Timeline: 1980–1989, Merit Network, Ann Arbor, Michigan<br />^ "A Technical History of CYCLADES", Technical Histories of the Internet &amp; other Network Protocols, Computer Science Department, University of Texas Austin<br />^ "The Cyclades Experience: Results and Impacts", Zimmermann, H., Proc. IFIP'77 Congress, Toronto, August 1977, pp. 465–469<br />^ tsbedh. "History of X.25, CCITT Plenary Assemblies and Book Colors". Itu.int. Retrieved June 5, 2009.<br />^ "Events in British Telecomms History". Events in British TelecommsHistory. Archived from the original on April 5, 2003. Retrieved November 25, 2005.<br />^ UUCP Internals Frequently Asked Questions<br />^ Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff (2003). A Brief History of Internet. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "Computer History Museum and Web History Center Celebrate 30th Anniversary of Internet Milestone". Retrieved November 22, 2007.<br />^ Ogg, Erica (2007-11-08). "'Internet van' helped drive evolution of the Web". CNET. Retrieved 2011-11-12.<br />^ Jon Postel, NCP/TCP Transition Plan, RFC 801<br />^ David Roessner, Barry Bozeman, Irwin Feller, Christopher Hill, Nils Newman (1997). The Role of NSF's Support of Engineering in Enabling Technological Innovation. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "RFC 675 – Specification of internet transmission control program". Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1996). Computer Networks. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-394248-1.<br />^ Hauben, Ronda (2004). "The Internet: On its International Origins and Collaborative Vision". Amateur Computerist 12 (2). Retrieved May 29, 2009.<br />^ "Internet Access Provider Lists". Retrieved May 10, 2012.<br />^ "RFC 1871 – CIDR and Classful Routing". Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Ben Segal (1995). A Short History of Internet Protocols at CERN.<br />^ "Internet History in Asia". 16th APAN Meetings/Advanced Network Conference in Busan. Retrieved December 25, 2005.<br />^ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2010", International Telecommunications Union, accessed 16 April 2012<br />^ "ICONS webpage". Icons.afrinic.net. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Nepad, Eassy partnership ends in divorce,(South African) Financial Times FMTech, 2007<br />^ "APRICOT webpage". Apricot.net. May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "A brief history of the Internet in China". China celebrates 10 years of being connected to the Internet. Retrieved December 25, 2005.<br />^ "Internet host count history". Internet Systems Consortium. Retrieved May 16, 2012.<br />^ "The World internet provider". Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ OGC-00-33R Department of Commerce: Relationship with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. Government Accountability Office. July 7, 2000. p. 6.<br />^ Even after the appropriations act was amended in 1992 to give NSF more flexibility with regard to commercial traffic, NSF never felt that it could entirely do away with the AUP and its restrictions on commercial traffic, see the response to Recommendation 5 in NSF's response to the Inspector General's review (a April 19, 1993 memo from Frederick Bernthal, Acting Director, to Linda Sundro, Inspector General, that is included at the end of Review of NSFNET, Office of the Inspector General, National Science Foundation, March 23, 1993)<br />^ Management of NSFNET, a transcript of the March 12, 1992 hearing before the Subcommittee on Science of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, Hon. Rick Boucher, subcommittee chairman, presiding<br />^ "Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era", Susan R. Harris, Ph.D., and Elise Gerich, ConneXions, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996<br />^ "A Brief History of the Internet".<br />^ NSF Solicitation 93-52 – Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program, May 6, 1993<br />^ NASA Extends the World Wide Web Out Into Space. NASA media advisory M10-012, January 22, 2010. Archived<br />^ NASA Successfully Tests First Deep Space Internet. NASA media release 08-298, November 18, 2008 Archived<br />^ Disruption Tolerant Networking for Space Operations (DTN). July 31, 2012<br />^ Cerf: 2011 will be proving point for 'InterPlanetary Internet' Network World interview with Vint Cerf, February 18, 2011 Archived<br />^ "Internet Architecture". IAB Architectural Principles of the Internet. Retrieved April 10, 2012.<br />^ a b "DDN NIC". IAB Recommended Policy on Distributing Internet Identifier Assignment. Retrieved December 26, 2005.<br />^ "GSI-Network Solutions". TRANSITION OF NIC SERVICES. Retrieved December 26, 2005.<br />^ "Thomas v. NSI, Civ. No. 97-2412 (TFH), Sec. I.A. (DCDC April 6, 1998)". Lw.bna.com. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "RFC 1366". Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space. Retrieved April 10, 2012.<br />^ a b "Development of the Regional Internet Registry System". Cisco. Retrieved April 10, 2012.<br />^ "NIS Manager Award Announced". NSF Network information services awards. Retrieved December 25, 2005.<br />^ "Internet Moves Toward Privatization". http://www.nsf.gov. 24 June 1997.<br />^ "RFC 2860". Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Technical Work of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Retrieved December 26, 2005.<br />^ "ICANN Bylaws". Retrieved April 10, 2012.<br />^ a b c d e "The Tao of IETF: A Novice's Guide to the Internet Engineering Task Force", FYI 17 and RFC 4677, P. Hoffman and S. Harris, Internet Society, September 2006<br />^ "A Mission Statement for the IETF", H. Alvestrand, Internet Society, BCP 95 and RFC 3935, October 2004<br />^ "An IESG charter", H. Alvestrand, RFC 3710, Internet Society, February 2004<br />^ "Charter of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)", B. Carpenter, BCP 39 and RFC 2850, Internet Society, May 2000<br />^ "IAB Thoughts on the Role of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)", S. Floyd, V. Paxson, A. Falk (eds), RFC 4440, Internet Society, March 2006<br />^ a b "The RFC Series and RFC Editor", L. Daigle, RFC 4844, Internet Society, July 2007<br />^ "Not All RFCs are Standards", C. Huitema, J. Postel, S. Crocker, RFC 1796, Internet Society, April 1995<br />^ Internet Society (ISOC) - Introduction to ISOC<br />^ Internet Society (ISOC) - ISOC's Standards Activities<br />^ USC/ICANN Transition Agreement<br />^ ICANN cuts cord to US government, gets broader oversight: ICANN, which oversees the Internet's domain name system, is a private nonprofit that reports to the US Department of Commerce. Under a new agreement, that relationship will change, and ICANN's accountability goes global Nate Anderson, September 30, 2009<br />^ U.S. Eases Grip Over Web Body: Move Addresses Criticisms as Internet Usage Becomes More Global Christopher Rhoads, October 2, 2009<br />^ The U.S. Abandons the Internet: Multilateral governance of the domain name system risks censorship and repression Jeremy Rabkin and Jeffrey Eisenach, October 2, 2009<br />^ Mueller, Milton L. (2010). Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance. MIT Press. pp. 67. ISBN 978-0-262-01459-5.<br />^ Mueller, Milton L. (2010). Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance. MIT Press. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-0-262-01459-5.<br />^ DeNardis, Laura, The Emerging Field of Internet Governance (September 17, 2010). Yale Information Society Project Working Paper Series.<br />^ "The Risks Digest". Great moments in e-mail history. Retrieved April 27, 2006.<br />^ "The History of Electronic Mail". The History of Electronic Mail. Retrieved December 23, 2005.<br />^ "The First Network Email". The First Network Email. Retrieved December 23, 2005.<br />^ Vannevar Bush (1945). As We May Think. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Douglas Engelbart (1962). Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework.<br />^ "The Early World Wide Web at SLAC". The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Documentation of the Early Web at SLAC. Retrieved November 25, 2005.<br />^ "Millennium Technology Prize 2004 awarded to inventor of World Wide Web". Millennium Technology Prize. Archived from the original on August 30, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2008.<br />^ "Mosaic Web Browser History – NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina". Livinginternet.com. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "NCSA Mosaic – September 10, 1993 Demo". Totic.org. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech". Cs.washington.edu. February 14, 1996. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "UCLA Center for Communication Policy". Digitalcenter.org. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Mirror of Official site map[dead link]<br />^ Mirror of Official Site[dead link]<br />^ "24 Hours in Cyberspace (and more)". Baychi.org. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "The human face of cyberspace, painted in random images". Archive.southcoasttoday.com. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ Stross, Randall, Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know, New York : Free Press, September 2008. ISBN 978-1-4165-4691-7<br />^ "Microsoft’s New Search at Bing.com Helps People Make Better Decisions: Decision Engine goes beyond search to help customers deal with information overload (Press Release)". Microsoft News Center. May 28, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009.<br />^ "Microsoft and Yahoo seal web deal", BBC Mobile News, July 29, 2009.<br />^ RFC 765: File Transfer Protocol (FTP), J. Postel and J. Reynolds, ISI, October 1985<br />^ Reliable distributed systems: technologies, Web services, and applications - Kenneth P. Birman - Google Books. Books.google.ca. Retrieved 2012-01-20.<br />^ Menta, Richard (July 20, 2001). "Napster Clones Crush Napster. Take 6 out of the Top 10 Downloads on CNet". MP3 Newswire.<br />^ Movie File-Sharing Booming: Study, Solutions Research Group, Toronto, 24 January 2006<br />^ Menta, Richard (December 9, 1999). "RIAA Sues Music Startup Napster for $20 Billion". MP3 Newswire.<br />^ "EFF: What Peer-to-Peer Developers Need to Know about Copyright Law". W2.eff.org. Retrieved 2012-01-20.<br />^ Kobie, Nicole (November 26, 2010). "Pirate Bay trio lose appeal against jail sentences". pcpro.co.uk (PCPRO). Retrieved November 26, 2010.<br />^ "Poll: Young Say File Sharing OK", Bootie Cosgrove-Mather, CBS News, 11 February 2009<br />^ "When Stealing Isn't Stealing", Stuart P. Green, Op-Ed Contributor, The New York Times, 28 March 2012<br />^ Nasdaq peak of 5,048.62<br />^ Hillebrand, Friedhelm, ed. (2002). GSM and UMTS, The Creation of Global Mobile Communications. John Wiley &amp; Sons. ISBN 0-470-84322-5.<br />^ "Internet users per 100 inhabitants 2001-2011", International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, accessed 4 April 2012<br />^ "Brazil, Russia, India and China to Lead Internet Growth Through 2011". Clickz.com. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />^ "An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution". Illuminating the net's Dark Ages. August 23, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2008.<br />Further reading<br />Abbate, Janet. Inventing the Internet, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.<br />Bemer, Bob, "A History of Source Concepts for the Internet/Web"<br />Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William. Computer: A History of the Information Machine. New York: BasicBooks, 1996.<br />Clark, D. (1988). "The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols". SIGCOMM '88 Symposium proceedings on Communications architectures and protocols (ACM): 106–114. doi:10.1145/52324.52336. Retrieved 2011-10-16.<br />Graham, Ian S. The HTML Sourcebook: The Complete Guide to HTML. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995.<br />Krol, Ed. Hitchhiker's Guide to the Internet, 1987.<br />Krol, Ed. Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog. O'Reilly &amp; Associates, 1992.<br />Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks, September 1991.<br />External links<br />Thomas Greene, Larry James Landweber, George Strawn (2003). A Brief History of NSF and the Internet. National Science Foundation. Retrieved May 28, 2009.<br />Robert H Zakon. "Hobbes' Internet Timeline v10.1". Retrieved July 23, 2010.<br />"Principal Figures in the Development of the Internet and the World Wide Web". University of North Carolina. Retrieved July 3, 2006.<br />"Internet History Timeline". Computer History Museum. Retrieved November 25, 2005.<br />Marcus Kazmierczak (September 24, 1997). "Internet History". Archived from the original on October 31, 2005. Retrieved November 25, 2005.<br />Harri K. Salminen. "History of the Internet". Heureka Science Center, Finland. Retrieved June 11, 2008.<br />"Histories of the Internet". Internet Society. Retrieved December 1, 2007.<br />"Living Internet". Retrieved January 1, 2009. Internet History with input from many of the people who helped invent the Internet<br />"Voice of America: Overhearing the Internet" , Robert Wright, The New Republic, September 13, 1993<br />"How the Internet Came to Be", by Vinton Cerf, 1993<br />"Cybertelecom :: Internet History", focusing on the governmental, legal, and policy history of the Internet<br />"History of the Internet", an animated documentary from 2009 explaining the inventions from time-sharing to filesharing, from Arpanet to Internet<br />"The Roads and Crossroads of Internet History", by Gregory R. Gromov<br />The History of the Internet According to Itself: A Synthesis of Online Internet Histories Available at the Turn of the Century, Steven E. Opfer, 1999<br />"Fool Us Once Shame on You—Fool Us Twice Shame on Us: What We Can Learn from the Privatizations of the Internet Backbone Network and the Domain Name System", Jay P. Kesan and Rajiv C. Shah, Washington University Law Review, Volume 79, Issue 1 (2001)<br />"How It All Started" (slides), Tim Berners-Lee, W3C, December 2004<br />"A Little History of the World Wide Web: from 1945 to 1995", Dan Connolly, W3C, 2000<br />"The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future", Tim Berners-Lee, August 1996[show]<br />v · t · e <br />Internet censorship by country<br /><br />[show]<br />v · t · e <br />Telecommunications (general)<br /><br /><br /><br />View page ratings<br />Rate this page<br />What's this?<br />Trustworthy<br />Objective<br />Complete<br />Well-written<br />I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)<br />Submit ratings<br />Categories: History of the Internet<br />Internet governance<br />Create account<br />Log in<br />Article<br />Talk<br />Read<br />View source<br />View history<br /><br />Main page<br />Contents<br />Featured content<br />Current events<br />Random article<br />Donate to Wikipedia<br />Wikipedia Shop<br />Interaction<br />Help<br />About Wikipedia<br />Community portal<br />Recent changes<br />Contact Wikipedia<br />Toolbox<br />Print/export<br />Languages<br />???????<br />?????<br />Català<br />Cesky<br />Deutsch<br />Español<br />?????<br />Français<br />??????<br />Bahasa Indonesia<br />Italiano<br />?????<br />?????<br />???????<br />Kiswahili<br />Latviešu<br />Bahasa Melayu<br />Nederlands<br />???<br />?????????<br />Polski<br />Português<br />???????<br />?????? / srpski<br />Svenska<br />Tagalog<br />?????<br />??????<br />???<br />Türkçe<br />??<br /> This page was last modified on 20 September 2012 at 05:54.<br />Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details.<br /> Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.<br />Contact us<br />Privacy policy<br />About Wikipedia<br />Disclaimers<br />Mobile view<br /> <br /> <br />"The Tao of </div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-41399110812237818842012-10-05T11:05:00.002-07:002012-10-05T11:05:55.107-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> China Datacenter Forum Opening to be Officiated by Ministry of Information and Industry<br />Tweet <br />in<br />Share<br /> <br />A new annual forum for Datacenters and Cloud in China<br />WEBWIRE – Thursday, September 20, 2012<br /><br />Shanghai/London – 20 September 2012 – International consulting firm BroadGroup has announced that Mr He Baohong, Director of Communications Standards Research Institute, China Academy of Telecommunication Research, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will officiate at the opening of the inaugural Datacentres China forum which takes place in Shanghai, 2 November 2012 (www.datacentreschina.com).<br /> <br /> Mr He also holds the posts of Director of Internet Center of Communications Standards Research Institute and is Vice Chairman of the IP &amp; Multimedia Technology Working Committee, China Communications Standards Association. He will be followed by Mr Zheng Hong, Secretary General of Data Center Industry Alliance of China who will provide an opening presentation.<br /> <br /> The forum brings together the leadership of datacentres in China with international experts, and will discuss current growth in the sector has been fast paced. Research by BroadGroup, suggests that the deployment of large scale cloud computing centres, disaster recovery and backup requirements and outsourcing will boost demand for reliable facilities.<br /> <br /> Reflecting these opportunities, the conference programme includes China datacentre leadership roundtable, a market perspective of China, with current trends in demand across the region and growth forecasts based on new research by BroadGroup. Topics also include datacentre finance and investment, renewable energy in China, modular datacentres, fibre connectivity and cabling systems and cloud evolution.<br /> <br /> Speakers at the forum include Madam Zhou Chaonan, president of Range International, Madam Zhao Yinru, director of Datacentres at China Mobile, Mr Zhang Jian, Vice General Manager of the Center for System Integration, China United Network Communication Co. Ltd, Mr Kang Nan, Vice General Manager of IDC Operation Center, Unicom System Integration Limited Company, and Lin Guanming, Technical Director of Internet Data Center Operation Branch, China Telecom. A keynote will be provided by Jean Pascal Tricoire, President and CEO, Schneider Electric. Other international speakers include Paul-Francois Cattier Global Vice President Data Center, Schneider Electric, Mark Thiele, Executive Vice-President, Data Center Tech Switch, and Emmanuel Tong-Viet, Architect and Energy Efficiency Subject Matter Expert at IBM.<br /> <br /> “China represents the largest market in capacity outside the US,” commented Philip Low, managing director at BroadGroup. “The exceptional speaker academy, content and fresh insight will provide a new annual international forum and gateway for engaging and networking in this intensely complex market structure.”<br /> <br /> The forum Patron is Schneider Electric, and sponsors and partners include the Data Center Industry Alliance of China, GDS, Actel Consulting, AST Modular, ARUP. The event is supported by an industry exhibition. Datacentres.com News (www.datacentres.com) is the official publication for the event and the official newsletter is Finance and Investment for Datacentres (www.datafinancenews.com).</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-87641382433649881802012-10-05T11:04:00.004-07:002012-10-05T11:04:58.171-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> A relative newcomer to the American marketplace, Hyundai is a Korean automaker with a product line that has improved greatly over the past decade. Hyundai cars and SUVs provide a high level of content for an affordable price, and are currently backed by one of the industry's longest warranties.<br /><br />In 1947, Chung Ju Yung founded the Hyundai Civil Engineering Company. Mere months later, the outfit was bombed in the Korean War. However, the company regained its footing to distinguish itself as one of Korea's leading construction enterprises during the 1950s.<br /><br />By the late 1960s, Chung had turned his attention to the automobile industry. The Korean government at that time believed that it made more sense to import vehicles than produce them domestically, and had made its opinion known. Still, Chung opted to follow his own convictions, and in 1967, he founded the Hyundai Motor Company.<br /><br />The company quickly established an alliance with one of the industry's oldest automakers, signing a two-year contract with Ford in 1968 to share assembly technology. Hyundai's first car, the Cortina, was created from that partnership. The manufacturer's first car to be designed and built in Korea was the compact Pony (although the car was based on Japanese technology courtesy of Mitsubishi). The vehicle made its debut in 1974, and the following year Hyundai began exporting it to overseas markets.<br /><br />Hyundai entered the U.S. market in 1986 with the introduction of its subcompact Excel. The car was an immediate hit, with its supreme affordability being a primary selling point. More than 100,000 Excels were sold stateside in the first seven months. By 1988, Hyundai had begun to produce cars using its own technology. The midsize Sonata was the first fruit borne of this endeavor.<br /><br />Unfortunately, Hyundai's nascent image was soon tarnished by the poor durability and reliability of its vehicles. Sales tanked. However, rather than abandon the American market in the '90s, Hyundai chose to invest heavily in new product designs and improvements in overall quality and reliability. In 1998, Hyundai also purchased Kia, another Korean automaker, to expand its business and economies of scale.<br /><br />It all started to pay off by the start of the new millennium, with the 2001 Elantra in particular showing massive improvements in overall quality, reliability and performance. Other models followed suit and the desirability of Hyundai cars increased sharply. Providing an extraordinarily long warranty period didn't hurt either. <br /><br />Today's lineup is indicative of Hyundai's complete turnaround. Hyundai has a vehicle for nearly every segment, including the economical Accent subcompact, the popular Elantra compact, the midsize Sonata sedan (also available as a hybrid), sporty Genesis and Veloster coupes and a couple of stylish SUVs. Hyundai has also expanded into the entry-level and premium-level luxury sedan markets with its Genesis and Equus sedans. Having gone from being the butt of late-night TV jokes in the 1980s to a well-respected manufacturer of quality vehicles, Hyundai has created a very inspiring rags-to-riches story.</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-36733367217155268652012-10-05T11:04:00.002-07:002012-10-05T11:04:24.319-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> London Hotels<br /> <br />Britannia International Hotel <br />163 Marsh Wall<br /> 4 stars <br />| 3.65 / 5 average rating 14 reviews <br />Located in central London, The Britannia International Hotel London is near the airport and close to One Canada Square, Excel Exhi... more<br />$220+<br />Get Rates <br /> <br />Strand Palace Hotel <br />372 The Strand<br /> 3 stars <br />| 4.2 / 5 average rating 12 reviews <br />The Strand palace is a majestic 9-story building with beautiful 19th century architecture and wide windows. 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Find Out</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-82515192354735770502012-10-05T11:03:00.001-07:002012-10-05T11:03:50.006-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Have You Ever Considered Working From Home Online?<br /><br /> Mary Stevens from Torrance , CA never thought that she would work online, until curiosity got the best of her and she ordered a course from Millionaire author Angela Bussio called Profit Masters Academy. Before she knew it, she discovered her secret to beating the recession, and being able to provide for her family while at home with her three children. <br /><br />I read Mary Stevens blog last month and decided to feature her story in our weekly consumer report. In our phone interview she told me her amazing story. "I actually make a steady $7,000-$8,000 a month working from home online. It's enough to comfortably replace my old jobs income, especially considering I only work about 15 hours a week from my own home online. It gives me so much time to spend with my family."<br /><br />A check Mary Stevens recently received using Profit Masters Academy<br /><br /> Working online has been a financial windfall for Mary Stevens, who struggled for months to find a decent job but kept hitting dead ends. "I lost my job shortly after the recession hit, I needed reliable income, I was not interested in the "get rich quick" scams you see all over the internet. Those are all pyramid scams or stuff where you have to sell to your friends and family. I just needed a legitimate way to earn a living for me and my family. The best part of working online is that I am always home with the kids. Thanks to the Profit Masters Academy I am giving my kids the childhood they deserve." <br /><br />I asked her about how she started her life-changing journey. "It was pretty easy", I saw an ad by Angela Bussio about a course called Profit Masters Academy. I knew about Angela Bussio from TV and knew she was legit, and since they offered a "Money Back Guarantee" - I figured I really had nothing to lose. so I invested in the course. <br /><br /> I got the course and within five weeks I had made over $8,000!!! Its really simple, I am not a computer whiz, but I can use the internet. I follow Angela Bussio's simple instruction. "I don't even have to sell anything and nobody has to buy anything from me". There are openings all over the country, you should try it."<br /><br />The companies you work with are worth over 100 billion dollars and are the most used sites in the internet market place, like Amazon, Google, Walmart, Delta, Apple and more... You're using the top ranked sites in the world, over 50 percent of all internet traffic flows through them everyday. It's a great opportunity and this has been helping people work at home online for over 5 years. Why not get in with the internet's best and biggest companies? <br /><br />There are plenty of scams on the internet claiming you can make $50,000 a month, but that is exactly what they are, scams. This kit, however, is not definately not one of those! From my conversation with Mary, "I am making a good salary from home online, which is amazing, under a year ago I was jobless in a horrible economy. Today I make about $80/Hr and I don't even have to leave the house. I thank God every day that I filled out that form and got my kit just minutes later."<br /><br />Quickly, Mary Stevens was able to use the simple Angela Bussio's Profit Masters Academy to make it out of the recession.<br /> "I went from a fixed salary at work to grossing an additional $7,000-$8,000 a month from my home computer." <br /> -Mary Stevens<br /><br />Mary had never shared her story before, this is the first time she's going public<br /> If you would like to take advantage of the same opportunity as Mary. Here's how to get started:<br /><br />Step 1<br /> Go to Profit Masters Academy, and fill out the form to get instant activation. <br /><br />Step 2<br /> Get Angela Bussio's Profit Masters Academy Course and complete the attached Ad Placement Associate Certification(takes just 5-10 short minutes, you don't need any special knowledge). <br /><br />Step 3<br /> Deposit your Earnings by check or direct bank transfer. (Making money has never been so easy. Get ready for your life to change.) <br /><br />Associated Links:<br /><br />Profit Masters Academy - OFFICIAL WEBSITE<br /><br />WARNING - OFFER EXPIRES ON Monday, September 24, 2012<br />Read Responses For This Article<br />("Work At Home Mom Makes $8,000/Month Part-Time." )<br />Simon<br />Sunday, September 16, 2012 @ 9:37am<br /><br />does this really work? I mean the whole working at home stuff? Has anyone tried this yet? Looks promising..<br /><br /><br />Kenneth<br />Sunday, September 16, 2012 @ 10:42am<br /><br />Simon: you have to work and use the computer and internet, and if you can do that and dedicate some time each day then you can do this with no problem.<br /> I have been working with this for a month and have made over $2,000 already. let me know if you need more help.<br /><br /><br />Ben<br />Sunday, September 16, 2012 @ 1:07pm<br />I'd just like to add my story; I think others would like to hear it. I too was always leery about work at home offers because they always seemed to be scams. But soon after hit by recession, I was a little frightened. I wanted to have a backup plan just in case. So, I took your advice and got my Profit Masters Academy (cuz they offered a Moneyback Guarantee,) . It worked like a charm - I was earning money right away! I eventually did get laid off, just as I had feared, but since I had been using the the Angela Bussio System I had money to fall back on. Now I'm doing better than I had at my job!<br /><br /><br />Jake T<br /> @ 9:32pm<br />Gonna get i tomorrow...<br /><br /><br />Dennis<br /> @ 9:45am<br />Thanks for the info, just started this 4 weeks ago. I've got my FIRST cheque total of $350, pretty cooll.!<br /><br /><br />Amanda<br />Monday, September 17, 2012 @ 2:19pm<br />I was kind of worried about the entire thing. I've never worked from home, But Yeah, I did just join and all is good. so I will post back how it goes! <br /><br /><br />Jane<br />Monday, September 17, 2012 @ 6:18pm<br />I just wanted to tell everyone I got my first check today for $800!<br /><br /><br />Liz<br />Monday, September 17, 2012 @ 11:03am<br />This is amazing! With all the scams online it was hard to find a legit system now a days, thanks for the info...<br /><br /><br />Kate<br />Tuesday, September 18, 2012 @ 2:33pm<br />Even though I was not very pleased ordering online didn't wanna miss out on this offer, Great service and many thanks for the information, I have gone and ordered..<br /><br /><br />Lyn<br />Tuesday, September 18, 2012 @ 4:58pm<br />It's nice to read your story Ben....glad you are making some money' Gives me hope that it will work for me too! hopefully I could come out of my college debt...<br /><br /><br />Jess<br />Tuesday, September 18, 2012 @ 9:28pm<br />I just got the package. Thanks for the advice! I will keep in touch.. I could be making some extra money soon...:)<br /><br /><br />Alex G<br />Wednesday, September 19, 2012 @ 10:48am<br />Just a quick notice... It does work but you have to be able to use a computer at least somewhat. If you can use email, etc. then you'll be fine.<br /><br /><br />Mel<br />Wednesday, September 19, 2012 @ 11:08am<br />I think this is great and will come in really handy right now. I'm not the best computer user but I think I can post links!!! :)<br /><br /><br />Sue<br />Wednesday, September 19, 2012 @ 12:18pm<br />I just started 6 weeks ago and I've gotten 2 check for a total of $2,200...this is the best decision I made in a long time! "Thank you for giving me this extraordinary opportunity to make extra money from home. This extra cash has changed my life in so many ways, thank you!"<br /><br /><br />Angie<br />Wednesday, September 19, 2012 @ 3:15pm<br />I will do anything to never have to work in a 4 x 4 cubicle ever again...if I could be my own boss that would be amazing... <br /><br /><br />Nigel<br />Wednesday, September 19, 2012 @ 4:08pm<br />The timing of this couldn't be better, We are struggling too and this could be our answer.<br /><br /><br />Jen<br />Thursday, September 20, 2012 @ 10:27am<br /><br />Does this really work guys..? I'm a bit skeptical.. how much effort do I have to put?<br /><br /><br />Carrie<br />Thursday, September 20, 2012 @ 11:51am<br /><br />Hey Jen, I'm using it now and it's awesome! I've signed up for my account and have been bringing in fat paychecks. For real, my first week I made $302 and the second week I doubled it and then it kinda snowballed to $120 a day! juet folllow the course.. they will help you out...<br /><br /><br />Janet D<br />Thursday, September 20, 2012 @ 5:07pm<br /><br />Thanks for the info, just started this 5 weeks ago. I've got 2 checks for a total of $750, pretty cooll.! <br /><br /><br />Wes<br />Thursday, September 20, 2012 @ 8:12pm<br /><br />I ordered it today.. can't wait to get my hands on it.. thanks for the info...</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-45390616623878930682012-10-05T11:02:00.003-07:002012-10-05T11:02:52.070-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> The first known inhabitants of the modern-day Pakistan region are believed to have been the Soanian (Homo erectus), who settled in the Soan Valley and Riwat 1.9 million years ago. Over the next several thousand years, the region would develop into various civilizations like Mehrgarh and the Indus Valley Civilization. Prior to the independence as a modern state in 1947, the country was both independent and under various colonial empires throughout different time periods. The region's ancient history also includes some of the oldest empires from the subcontinent[1] and some of its major civilizations.[2][3][4][5] Thus, Pakistan is in fact a multi-regional state and not a South Asian state actor only; its history if analyzed in depth would prove the point. By the 18th century the land was incorporated into British India. The political history of the nation began with the birth of the All India Muslim League in 1906 to protect Muslim interests, amid neglect and under-representation, in case the British Raj decided to grant local self-rule. On 29 December 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal called for an autonomous state in "northwestern India for Indian Muslims".[6] The League rose to popularity in the late 1930s. Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the League to adopt the Lahore Resolution[7] of 1940, demanding the formation of independent states in the East and the West of British India. Eventually, a united Pakistan with its wings – West Pakistan and East Pakistan – gained independence from the British, on 14 August 1947. After a civil war, the Bengal region of East Pakistan, separated at a considerable distance from the rest of Pakistan, became the independent state of Bangladesh in 1971.<br /><br />Pakistan declared itself an Islamic republic on adoption of a constitution in 1956, but the civilian rule was stalled by the 1958 military coup d'etat by Ayub Khan, who ruled during a period of internal instability and a second war with India in 1965. Economic grievances and political disenfranchisement in East Pakistan led to violent political tensions and army repression, escalating into civil war[8] followed by the third war with India. Pakistan's defeat in the war ultimately led to the secession of East Pakistan and the birth of Bangladesh.[9]<br /><br />Civilian rule resumed from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Pakistan's Obsolete-secular policies were replaced by the new Islamic Shariah legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of Zia-ul-Haq in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she alternated power with Nawaz Sharif, as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Military tensions in the Kargil conflict[10] with India were followed by a 1999 coup d'état in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers.<br /><br />In 2001, Musharraf named himself President after the resignation of Rafiq Tarar. In the 2002 Parliamentary Elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 by Shaukat Aziz. On 15 November 2007 the National Assembly completed its term and a caretaker government was appointed with the former Chairman of The Senate, Muhammad Mian Soomro as Prime Minister. Following the assassination of Benazir Bhutto, that resulted in a series of important political developments, her husband Asif Ali Zardari was eventually elected as the new President in 2008.Contents [hide] <br />1 Prehistory <br />1.1 Soanian Culture<br />1.2 Mehrgarh<br />1.3 Indus Valley Civilization<br />2 Early history <br />2.1 Vedic period<br />2.2 Achaemenid Empire<br />2.3 Greek invasion<br />2.4 Maurya Empire<br />2.5 Gandhara culture<br />2.6 Graeco-Indians<br />2.7 Indo-Scythians<br />2.8 Indo-Parthians, Romans and Christianity<br />2.9 Kushan Empire<br />2.10 Gupta Empire<br />2.11 Sassanid Empire<br />2.12 The White Huns<br />2.13 Rai dynasty<br />2.14 Harsha, Rajputs and Pala Empire<br />3 Later Medieval Age <br />3.1 Arab Invasion<br />3.2 Ghaznavid Dynasty<br />3.3 Delhi Sultanate<br />3.4 Mughal Empire<br />3.5 Post Mughal era <br />3.5.1 Durrani Empire<br />3.5.2 Maratha Empire<br />3.5.3 Durrani reconquest<br />3.6 Sikh Empire<br />4 British colony<br />5 Freedom Movement <br />5.1 Early nationalism period<br />5.2 The Muslim League<br />5.3 Muslim homeland - "Now or Never"<br />5.4 Independence of Pakistan<br />6 Modern day Pakistan <br />6.1 First democratic era (1947–1958)<br />6.2 First military era (1958–1971) <br />6.2.1 Presidential republic (1962–1969)<br />6.2.2 Martial law in Pakistan (1969–1971)<br />6.3 Second democratic era (1971–1977)<br />6.4 Second military era (1977–1988)<br />6.5 Third democratic era (1988–1999): Benazir-Nawaz period<br />6.6 Third military era (1999–2007): Musharraf-Aziz Period<br />6.7 Fourth democratic era (2008–present)<br />7 See also<br />8 References<br />9 Further reading<br />10 External links<br /><br />[edit]<br />Prehistory<br />[edit]<br />Soanian Culture<br />Main article: Soanian<br /> <br /> An early farming village in Mehrgarh, c. 7000 BCE, with houses built with mud bricks. (Musée Guimet, Paris).<br /><br />The Soanian is an archaeological culture of the Lower Paleolithic (ca. 1.9 mya to 125,000 BC), contemporary to the Acheulean. It is named after the Soan Valley in the Sivalik Hills, near modern-day Islamabad/Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The bearers of this culture were Homo erectus. In Adiyala and Khasala[disambiguation needed], about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Rawalpindi, on the bend of the Soan River hundreds of edged pebble tools were discovered. No human skeletons of this age have yet been found. In the Soan River Gorge many fossil bearing rocks are exposed on the surface. The 14 million year old fossils of gazelle, rhinoceros, crocodile, giraffe and rodents have been found there. Some of these fossils are on display at the Natural History Museum in Islamabad.<br />[edit]<br />Mehrgarh<br />Main article: Mehrgarh<br /><br />Mehrgarh, (7000–5500 BCE), on the Kachi Plain of Balochistan, is an important Neolithic site discovered in 1974, with early evidence of farming and herding,[11] and dentistry.[1] Early residents lived in mud brick houses, stored grain in granaries, fashioned tools with copper ore, cultivated barley, wheat, jujubes and dates, and herded sheep, goats and cattle. As the civilization progressed (5500–2600 BCE) residents began to engage in crafts, including flint knapping, tanning, bead production, and metalworking. The site was occupied continuously until 2600 BCE,[12] when climatic changes began to occur. Between 2600 and 2000 BCE, region became more arid and Mehrgarh was abandoned in favour of the Indus Valley,[13] where a new civilization was in the early stages of development.[14]<br />[edit]<br />Indus Valley Civilization<br />Main article: Indus Valley Civilization<br /><br />The Indus Valley Civilization developed between 3300–1700 BCE on the banks of the Indus River. At its peak, the civilisation hosted a population of approximately 5 million in hundreds of settlements extending as far as the Arabian Sea, present-day southern and eastern Afghanistan, southeastern Iran and the Himalayas.[15] Major urban centers were at Dholavira, Kalibangan, Harappa, Lothal, Mohenjo-daro, and Rakhigarhi, as well as an offshoot called the Kulli culture (2500–2000 BCE) in southern Balochistan, which had similar settlements, pottery and other artifacts. The civilization collapsed abruptly around 1700 BCE.<br /><br />In the early part of the second millennium BCE, the Rigvedic civilization existed,[16] between the Sapta Sindhu and Ganges-Yamuna rivers.[17] The city of Taxila in northern Pakistan, became important to Vedic religion (and later in Buddhism).[18]<br />[edit]<br /> Early history<br />[edit]<br />Vedic period<br />Main article: Vedic Civilization<br />See also: Vedas and Indo-Aryans<br /> <br /> Archaeological cultures. The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans.<br /><br />Early Vedic society consisted of largely pastoral groups, with late Harappan urbanization having been abandoned.[19] After the time of the Rigveda, Aryan society became increasingly agricultural and was socially organized around the four varnas, or social classes. In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period.[20] The early Indo-Aryan presence probably corresponds, in part, to the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture in archaeological contexts.[21]<br /><br />The Kuru kingdom[22] corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Grey Ware cultures and to the beginning of the Iron Age in South Asia, around 1000 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda, the first Vedic text to mention iron, as syama ayas, literally "black metal." The Painted Grey Ware culture spanned much of northern India from about 1100 to 600 BCE.[21] The Vedic Period also established republics such as Vaishali, which existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE. The later part of this period corresponds with an increasing movement away from the previous tribal system towards the establishment of kingdoms, called mahajanapadas.<br />[edit]<br />Achaemenid Empire<br />Main article: Achaemenid Empire<br /> <br /> Much of modern-day Pakistan was subordinated to the Achaemenid Empire and forced to pay tributes to Persia<br /><br />Little is known about the Achaemenid Persian invasion of modern-day Pakistan as historical sources and evidence are scant and fragmentary containing little detail. There is no archaeological evidence of Achaemind control over modern-day Pakistan as not a single archaeological site that can be positively identified with the Achaemenid Empire has been found anywhere in Pakistan, including at Taxila.[23] What is known about the easternmost satraps and borderlands of the Achaemenid Empire are alluded to in the Darius inscriptions and from Greek sources such as the Histories of Herodotus and the later Alexander Chronicles (Arrian, Strabo et al.). These sources list three Indian tributaries or conquered territories that were subordinated to the Persian Empire and made to pay tributes to the Persian Kings: Gandhara, Sattagydia (Thatagus) and Hindush.[24]<br /><br />Gandhara and Sattagydia (Thatagus) are listed amongst the provinces inherited by Darius when he seized the throne in 522 BC in his commemorative Behistun inscription, however, the dates of the initial annexation of these two regions is not certain.[24] The locations of Sattagydia and Hindush and the extent of their boundaries have not been identified either though it is certain that these two tributaries existed along the river Indus as the name Hindush is analogous with the Indus and was derived by the Persians from the Sanskrit word Sindhu.<br /><br />Additionally, much of what constitutes Balochistan province in southwest Pakistan formed part of the Achaemenid satrap of Gedrosia.[25]<br />[edit]<br />Greek invasion<br /> <br /> Map showing the route of Alexander the Great<br />Main article: Alexander the Great<br /><br />Crushing the Persian Achaemenid empire, Alexander the Great, the Greek king from Macedonia, eventually invaded the region of modern Pakistan and conquered much of the Punjab region. After defeating King Porus in the fierce Battle of the Hydaspes (modern day Jhelum), his battle weary troops refused to advance further into India[26] to engage the formidable army of Nanda Dynasty and its vanguard of trampling elephants, new monstorities to the invaders. Therefore, Alexander proceeded southwest along the Indus valley.[27] Along the way, he engaged in several battles with smaller kingdoms before marching his army westward across the inhospitable Makran desert towards modern Iran. Alexander founded several new Macedonian and Greek settlements in Gandhara, Punjab and Sindh[citation needed]. During that time, many Greeks settled all over in Pakistan[dubious – discuss], initiating interaction between the culture of Hellenistic Greece and the region's prevalent Hindu and Buddhist cultures.<br />Main article: Greco-Bactrian Kingdom<br /><br />After Alexander's untimely death in 323 BC, his Diadochi (generals) divided the empire among themselves, with the Macedonian warlord Seleucus setting up the Seleucid Kingdom, which included the Indus plain.[28] Around 250 BCE, the eastern part of the Seleucid Kingdom broke away to form the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.<br />[edit]<br />Maurya Empire<br /> <br /> Mauryan Empire under Ashoka the Great<br />Main article: Maurya Empire<br /><br />Modern day Pakistan was conquered by Chandragupta Maurya, who overthrew the powerful Nanda Dynasty of Magadha and established Maurya empire: He conquered the trans-Indus region to the west, which was under Macedonian rule - annexing Balochistan, south eastern parts of Iran and much of what is now Afghanistan, including the modern Herat[29] and Kandahar provinces - and then defeated the invasion led by Seleucus I, a Greek general from Alexander's army. Seleucus is said to have reach a peace treaty with Chandragupta by giving control of the territory south of the Hindu Kush to him upon intermarriage and 500 elephants.<br />Alexander took these away from the Indo-Aryans and established settlements of his own, but Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus (Chandragupta), upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange 500 elephants.[30]<br />—Strabo, 64 BC–24 AD<br /><br />The Empire was expanded into India's central and southern regions by the emperors Chandragupta and Bindusara, but it excluded a small portion of unexplored tribal and forested regions near Kalinga (modern Orissa), till it was conquered by Ashoka. With an area of 5,000,000 km2, it was one of the world's largest empires in its time, and the largest ever in the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the empire stretched to the north along the natural boundaries of the Himalayas, and to the east stretching into what is now Assam province near the border with modern Myanmar (Burma).<br /><br />Under Chandragupta and his successors, internal and external trade, agriculture and economic activities, all thrived and expanded across India thanks to the creation of a single and efficient system of finance, administration, and security. Mauryan India also enjoyed an era of social harmony, religious transformation, and expansion of the sciences and of knowledge. Mauryans were followers of Buddhism and Hinduism. Chandragupta Maurya's embrace of Jainism increased social and religious renewal and reform across his society, while Ashoka's embrace of Buddhism has been said to have been the foundation of the reign of social and political peace and non-violence across all of South Asia. Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist ideals into Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, West Asia and Mediterranean Europe.[29] After the Kalinga War, the Empire experienced half a century of peace and security under Ashoka. Mauryan Empire's decline began 60 years after Ashoka's rule ended, and it dissolved in 185 BC with the foundation of the Sunga Dynasty in Magadha.<br />[edit]<br />Gandhara culture<br /><br />Greco-Buddhism (or Græco-Buddhism) was the syncretism between the culture of Classical Greece and Buddhism in the then Gandhara region of modern Afghanistan and Pakistan, between the 4th century BCE and the 5th century CE.[31] It influenced the artistic development of Buddhism, and in particular Mahayana Buddhism, before it spread to central and eastern Asia, from the 1st century CE onward. Demetrius (son of the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus) invaded northern India in 180 BCE as far as Pataliputra and established an Indo-Greek kingdom. To the south, the Greeks captured Sindh and nearby coastal areas, completing the invasion by 175 BCE and confining the borders of Sunga's (Magadha Empire) to the east. Meanwhile, in Bactria, the usurper Eucratides killed Demetrius in a battle. Although the Indo-Greeks lost part of the Gangetic plain, their kingdom lasted nearly two centuries.<br />[edit]<br />Graeco-Indians<br /> <br /> A coin of Menander I, who ruled the eastern dominions of the divided Greek empire of Bactria and the modern Pakistani provinces of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh.<br /><br />The Indo-Greek Menander I (reigned 155–130 BCE) drove the Greco-Bactrians out of Gandhara and beyond the Hindu Kush, becoming a king shortly after his victory. His territories covered Panjshir and Kapisa in modern Afghanistan and extended to the Punjab region, with many tributaries to the south and east, possibly as far as Mathura. The capital Sagala (modern Sialkot) prospered greatly under Menander's rule and Menander is one of the few Bactrian kings mentioned by Greek authors.[32] The classical Buddhist text Milinda Pañha praises Menander, saying there was "none equal to Milinda in all India".[33] His empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last independent Greek king, Strato II, disappeared around 10 CE. Around 125 BCE, the Greco-Bactrian king Heliocles, son of Eucratides, fled from the Yuezhi invasion of Bactria and relocated to Gandhara, pushing the Indo-Greeks east of the Jhelum River. The last known Indo-Greek ruler was Theodamas, from the Bajaur area of Gandhara, mentioned on a 1st century CE signet ring, bearing the Kharo??hi inscription "Su Theodamasa" ("Su" was the Greek transliteration of the Kushan royal title "Shau" ("Shah" or "King")). Various petty kings ruled into the early 1st century CE, until the conquests by the Scythians, Parthians and the Yuezhi, who founded the Kushan dynasty.<br />[edit]<br />Indo-Scythians<br /><br /><br />The Indo-Scythians were descended from the Sakas (Scythians) who migrated from southern Siberia to pakistan[citation needed] and Arachosia from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. They displaced the Indo-Greeks and ruled a kingdom that stretched from Gandhara to Mathura. Scythian tribes spread into the present-day Pakistan region and the Iranian plateau.<br />[edit]<br />Indo-Parthians, Romans and Christianity<br /><br />The Parni, a nomadic Central Asian tribe, invaded Parthia in the middle of the 3rd century BCE, drove away its Greek satraps — who had just then proclaimed independence from the Seleucids — and annexed much of the Indus region, thus founding an Arsacids[citation needed] dynasty of Scythian or Bactrian origin. Following the decline of the central Parthian authority after clashes with the Roman Empire, a local Parthian leader, Gondophares established the Indo-Parthian Kingdom in the 1st century CE. The kingdom was ruled from Taxila and covered much of modern southeast Afghanistan and Pakistan.[34] Christian writings claim that the Apostle Saint Thomas – an architect and skilled carpenter – had a long sojourn in the court of king Gondophares, had built a palace for the king at Taxila and had also ordained leaders for the Church before leaving for Indus Valley in a chariot, for sailing out to eventually reach Malabar Coast.<br />[edit]<br />K</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-88614811694766273772012-10-05T11:02:00.001-07:002012-10-05T11:02:21.367-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> What Is High Blood Pressure?<br /><br />Click image for description<br /><br />Each time your heart beats, it pumps oxygen-rich blood through the blood vessels, or arteries, that run through your body. Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries. <br />Systolic Pressure and Diastolic <br /><br />The pressure of blood against the artery walls when your heart beats is called systolic pressure. The pressure between beats when your heart relaxes is called diastolic pressure.<br /><br />Blood pressure is always given as two numbers, the systolic and diastolic pressures. Both are important. Usually they are written one above or before the other -- for example, 120/80 mmHg. The top, or first, number is the systolic and the bottom, or second number, is the diastolic. If your blood pressure is 120/80, you say that it is "120 over 80." <br /><br />Your blood pressure changes throughout the day. It is usually lowest when you're asleep, and it rises when you awaken. It also can rise when you are excited, nervous, or active. So it varies throughout the day. <br />Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) <br /><br />A systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher, or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher, is considered high blood pressure, or hypertension. Hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure. <br /><br />If you have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, your recommended blood pressure levels are a systolic blood pressure of 130 mmHg or lower, and a diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg or lower. <br /><br />High blood pressure currently affects more than 72 million Americans. That's 1 in every 3 adults. <br />Usually Has No Symptoms <br /><br />High blood pressure is often called "the silent killer" because it usually has no symptoms. Occasionally, headaches may occur. Some people may not find out they have high blood pressure until they have trouble with their heart, kidneys, or eyes. When high blood pressure is not diagnosed and treated, it can lead to other life-threatening conditions, including heart attack, heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure. It can also lead to vision changes or blindness.<br />Possible Effects Over Time<br /><br />Over time, high blood pressure can cause<br />your heart to work too hard and become larger or weaker, which can lead to heart failure. <br />small bulges (aneurysms) to worsen in your blood vessels. Common locations for aneurysms are the aorta, which is the main artery from the heart; the arteries in your brain, legs, and intestines; and the artery leading to your spleen.<br />blood vessels in your kidneys to narrow, which can cause kidney failure.<br />blood vessels in your eyes to burst or bleed, which can cause vision changes and can result in blindness. <br />arteries throughout your body to "harden" faster, especially those in your heart, brain, kidneys, and legs. This can cause a heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure.<br />Recommended Levels<br /><br />Click image for description<br /><br />A blood pressure reading of 120/80 mmHg or less is considered normal. Usually, the lower, the better, although very low blood pressure can sometimes be a cause for concern and should be checked out by your doctor. <br />Pre-hypertension<br /><br />If either your systolic or diastolic blood pressure is higher than normal (120/80) but not high enough to be considered high blood pressure (140/90), you have pre-hypertension. Pre-hypertension is a top number between 120 and 139 or a bottom number between 80 and 89 mmHg. For example, blood pressure readings of 138/82, 128/70, or 115/86 are all in the "pre-hypertension" range. <br /><br />If you have pre-hypertension, your chances of developing high blood pressure are greater than average unless you take action to prevent it. In fact, having pre-hypertension doubles a woman's chances of having heart disease or a stroke. That's a 100 percent increase. For men, the increase is 45 percent. Talk to your health care provider about lifestyle changes you can make to lower your blood pressure and prevent hypertension. <br /><br />About two out of every three people over the age of 60 who have high blood pressure have isolated systolic hypertension. This means that only the top number, the systolic pressure, is high (140 mmHg or higher). Isolated systolic hypertension can be as harmful as when both numbers are high.<br /><br />You may have isolated systolic hypertension and feel fine. As with other types of high blood pressure, it often causes no symptoms. <br /><br />When your systolic and diastolic pressures fall into different categories, the more severe category is used to classify your blood pressure level. For example, 160/80 mmHg is considered stage 2 high blood pressure even though a diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg is in the pre-hypertension range.</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-52219963408917274912012-10-05T11:01:00.001-07:002012-10-05T11:01:57.543-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Grammarlogs (posted responses to ASK GRAMMAR queries). The Frequently Asked Questions page and the Guide's Search Engine will also help you find help on grammatical issues, tips on composition, and advice on English usage. <br />A, An, The (articles) <br />A- Adjectives <br />Abbreviations <br />Abstract Nouns <br />Absolute Phrases <br />Acronyms (plurals of) <br />Acronyms (redundancy) <br />Active Voice (in verbs) <br />A.D. and B.C. <br />Adjectives <br />Adjective Clauses <br />Adjectival Labels <br />Adjuncts <br />Adverbs <br />Adverb Clauses <br />Adverbial Conjunctions <br />Agenda (for meetings) <br />Agent (of a sentence) <br />Agreement: Pron. &amp; Ant. <br />Agreement: Subj. - Verb <br />Alphabetical Order <br />Amplifiers <br />Analysis-Classification <br />And to begin sent. <br />Anomalous Anonymies <br />Antecedent <br />Apologetic Quotation Marks <br />Apostrophe <br />APA-style Documentation <br />Appositive Phrases <br />Argumentative Essays <br />Articles <br />Articles &amp; Acronyms <br />As versus Like <br />Ask Grammar <br />Attributive Noun <br />Author's Credentials <br />Auxiliary Verbs <br />Awards (for this site) <br />Bad and Badly <br />Bare Infinitive <br />"Be" (the verb) <br />Because to begin sent. <br />Because clause <br />Bible (parallelism) <br />Bookshelf (recommended) <br />Brackets <br />Brainstorming <br />British Spelling <br />Bulleted Lists <br />Bush, George W., solecisms <br />Business Letter (format) <br />But to begin sent. <br />Can and Could <br />Capitalization <br />Case (of pronouns) <br />Cases in appositives <br />Catenative Verbs <br />Causative Verbs <br />Cause-Effect Essays <br />Classification-Analysis <br />Clauses <br />Cleft Sentences <br />Clichés (Eliminating) <br />Clustering (ideas) <br />Coherence <br />Collective Adjectives <br />Collective Nouns <br />Colon <br />Combining Sentences <br />Commas <br />Comma Splices <br />Company Names <br />Comparative Adjectives <br />Comparative Adverbs <br />Comparison-Contrast <br />Complements <br />Complete Predicates <br />Complex Sentences <br />Compositions (writing) <br />Compound Plurals <br />Compound Possessives <br />Compound Words <br />Compound Sentences <br />Compounded Subjects/Objects <br />Compound-Complex Sentences <br />Compounding Pronouns <br />Computers and Writing <br />Concluding Paragraphs <br />Concrete Language <br />Concise Sentences <br />Conditional Verbs <br />Conditional (1st, 2nd, 3rd) <br />Confusion (Eliminating) <br />Conjunctions <br />Conjunctive Adverbs <br />Conjuncts <br />Contractions <br />Contractions (in essays) <br />Coordinate Adjectives <br />Coordinating Conjunctions <br />Copulas (verbs) <br />Correlative Conjunctions <br />Could <br />Count Nouns <br />Cumulative Sentences <br />Dangling Modifiers <br />Dashes <br />Deadly Sin Checklist <br />Definition Essays <br />Degrees (adj) w/ premodifiers <br />Demonstrative Pronouns <br />Dependent Clauses <br />Descriptive Essays <br />Determiners <br />Diagramming Sentences <br />Dictionaries, Thesauri (list) <br />Direct Objects <br />Directory of Tenses <br />Discontinuous noun phrase <br />Disjuncts <br />Display (Vertical) Lists <br />Ditransitive Verbs <br />Do, Does, Did <br />Do versus Make <br />Double Negatives <br />Double Possessives <br />Double Prepositions <br />Double Punctuation <br />Downtoners <br />Dynamic Verbs <br />Editing/Proofreading <br />E.g. and i.e. <br />Ellipsis <br />Elliptical Clauses <br />E-mail (capitals) <br />Emphasizers <br />Emphatic Sentences <br />Essay Writing <br />Essential Clauses <br />Euphemism <br />Evaluative Essays <br />Examples (in essays) <br />Exclamation Mark <br />Expletive Constructions <br />Factitive Verbs <br />Family Names (plurals) <br />FANBOYS <br />FAQ (page) <br />Few and A Few <br />Fewer and Less <br />Finite Verbs <br />First Conditional <br />Five-Paragraph Essay <br />Focus Adverbs <br />Format Requirements <br />Fragments <br />Freewriting <br />Freq. Asked Questions <br />Fused Sentences <br />Future Tenses <br />Gender Problems <br />Gerunds <br />Gerunds vs Infinitives <br />Gerund Phrases <br />Gettysburg Address (parallelism) <br />Going to . . . <br />Good and Well <br />GRAMMARLOGS (answers) <br />GrammarPoll <br />GrammarRock Lyrics <br />Guestbook <br />Guestbook Archives <br />Have, Has, and Had <br />Helping Verbs <br />Historical (a/an) <br />Holidays (forms) <br />Homonyms/Homophones <br />Hyphens <br />I.e. and e.g. <br />Imperative Mood <br />Indefinite Pronouns <br />Indefinite Relative Pronouns <br />Independent Clauses <br />Indicative Mood <br />Indirect Objects <br />Indirect Questions <br />Indirect Quotations <br />Indirect Speech <br />Infinitives <br />Infinitive Phrases <br />Initials <br />Intensifiers (adverbs) <br />Intensifiers (Unnecessary) <br />Intensive Pronouns <br />Interjections <br />Internet (writing resource) <br />Interrobang <br />Interrogative Adjectives <br />Interrogative Pronouns <br />Intransitive Verbs <br />Introductory Paragraphs <br />Inversion (of subj-verb) <br />Irregular Plurals <br />Irregular Verb Forms <br />Italics <br />Its versus It's <br />Jr., Sr., etc. <br />Lay, lie <br />Less and Fewer <br />Like versus As <br />Linking Verbs <br />Lists <br />Literature (writing about) <br />Little and A Little <br />Logic <br />Mass Nouns <br />May and Might <br />Minutes (for meetings) <br />Misplaced Modifiers <br />Mixed Constructions <br />Mixed Metaphors <br />MLA-style documentation <br />Mnemonics (spelling) <br />Modal Auxiliary Verbs <br />Modifiers <br />Modifier Placement <br />Moods of Verbs <br />More Than vs Over <br />Mutating/Mutated Plurals <br />Myself, me <br />Narrative Essays <br />Nonrestrictive Clauses <br />Negative Adverbs <br />Nominative Absolute <br />Nominative Possessive <br />Non-Count Nouns <br />None (singular/plural) <br />Non-Finite Verbs <br />Nouns <br />Noun Clauses <br />Noun Markers <br />Noun of Address <br />Noun Phrases <br />NOTORIOUS CONFUSABLES <br />Numbered Lists <br />Numbers (Using) <br />Object Complements <br />Objectivity (maintaining) <br />Objects <br />One (as a pronoun) <br />Online Resources <br />Outlining <br />Over vs. more than <br />Oxford Comma <br />Packed Noun Phrases <br />Paragraphs <br />Parallelism <br />Parentheses <br />Parenthetical Elements <br />Participles <br />Participial Phrases <br />Particles <br />Parts of Speech <br />Passive Gerunds <br />Passive Infinitives <br />Passive Participles <br />Passive Voice (in verbs) <br />Perfect Infinitive <br />Periodic Sentences <br />Periods <br />Person (of pronouns) <br />Personal Essays <br />Personal Pronouns <br />Phrasal Modals <br />Phrasal Verbs <br />Phrases <br />Plagiarism (avoiding) <br />Plague Words <br />Pleonasm <br />Plural Noun Forms <br />Plurals &amp; Apostrophes <br />Plurals of Compounds <br />Point of View <br />Possessives <br />Possessive w/ Gerunds <br />Powerpoint Presentations <br />Predeterminers <br />Predicate Adjectives <br />Predicate Nominative <br />Predicates <br />Prefixes <br />Preposition (end of sent.) <br />Prepositions <br />Prepositions (list) <br />Prepositions, Superfluous <br />Prepositional Phrases <br />Primer Language (Avoiding) <br />Process Essays <br />Progressive Verbs <br />Pronouns (Defined) <br />Pronoun - Ant. Agrmnt <br />Pronouns &amp; Nouns Combined <br />Pronoun Cases <br />Pronoun Consistency <br />Proofreading/Editing <br />Proofreading Symbols <br />Proper Adjectives <br />Proper Nouns <br />Punctuation <br />Purpose (in writing) <br />Quantifiers <br />Question Marks <br />QUIZZES <br />Quotation Marks <br />Reciprocal Pronouns <br />Redundancy (Avoiding) <br />Referral Form <br />Relative Adverbs <br />Relative Clauses <br />Relative Pronouns <br />Reflexive Pronouns <br />Reported Speech <br />Research Papers <br />Restrictive Clauses <br />Resulting Copulas <br />Resumes <br />Resumptive Modifier <br />Reviews (Literary) <br />Rhetorical Questions <br />Run-on Sentences <br />SEARCH ENGINE <br />Second Conditional <br />Sequence of Tenses <br />Semicolons <br />Sentence Combining <br />Sentences (defined) <br />Sentences (types) <br />Sentential Clauses <br />Sequence of Verbs <br />Serial Comma <br />Sexism in Language <br />Shall and Will <br />Should <br />Sic <br />Silent Speech <br />Simple Predicates <br />Simple Sentences <br />Simple Subjects <br />Single Quote Marks <br />Slant (or Slash) <br />Slash (or Virgule) <br />Solidus (or Slant) <br />Spelling <br />Split Infinitives <br />Sports Teams' Names <br />Squinting Modifiers <br />Stacked Noun Phrases <br />Stative Verbs <br />Stylistic Fragments <br />Subject Complements <br />Subjects <br />Subject-Verb Agreement <br />Subject-Verb Inversion <br />Subjunctive Mood <br />Subordinate Clause <br />Subordinating Conjunctions <br />Summative Modifier <br />Suffixes <br />Superlative (Adjectives) <br />Suspended Compounds <br />Tag Questions <br />Tenses of Verbs <br />Tense Consistency <br />Than and Then <br />Than (in comparisons) <br />That (omitted) <br />That versus Which <br />Thesis Statement <br />Third Conditional <br />Third-Person Essays <br />Titles (italics, etc.) <br />"To Be" Verb <br />Tone <br />Topic Sentence <br />Toward and Towards <br />Transitions (b/w sentences, par's) <br />Transitive Verbs <br />Unbiased Language <br />Underlining <br />Understood Subjects <br />Untriggered Reflexive Pron. <br />Used to <br />Verbals <br />Verbs <br />Verb Complements <br />Verb Tense Sequence <br />Verb Tense Directory <br />Verb Tenses <br />Verb Tense Consistency <br />Vertical (Display) Lists <br />Viewpoint Adverbs <br />Virgule (or Slash) <br />Vocatives <br />Vocabulary (Building) <br />Voice (active/passive) <br />Warning (about Guide use) <br />Well and Good <br />Which versus That <br />Who and Whom <br />Will and Shall <br />Will and Would <br />Wordy versus Concise Sentences <br />Writers (on writing) <br />Writer's Block <br />Zero Articles</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-2664804048809214012012-10-05T11:00:00.001-07:002012-10-05T11:00:22.047-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> September 17 is Constitution Day and Citizenship Day (Constitution Day). This day commemorates the September 17, 1787 signing of the United States Constitution.<br /><br />This year is the 225th anniversary of the Constitution.<br /><br />Each educational institution that receives Federal funds for a fiscal year is required to hold an educational program about the U.S. Constitution for its students. In 2012, because September 17 falls on a religious holiday (Rosh Hashanah), educational institutions receiving Federal funding may celebrate Constitution Day during the preceding or following week. <br /><br />This posting is intended to remind affected educational institutions of this responsibility and to provide resources for them to use in developing their program. <br /><br />To assist in planning Constitution Day programs, we are pleased to provide links to Web sites that contain materials that can be publicly accessed for general use or for use as teaching materials in the classroom.<br /><br />Constitution Day Resources<br /><br />The Department of Education maintains a Web site, Federal Resources for Educational Excellence (FREE), for finding teaching resources across the Federal government. Some of the resources provide important information on the U.S. Constitution. Through this Web site, you can meet the delegates who gathered in Philadelphia in May 1787 to rewrite the Articles of Confederation; learn what issues they faced; discover the sources that inspired them; read the essays printed in New York City papers urging ratification of the delegates' proposal; explore a 200-year timeline showing the impact of the Constitution on our history, and search the Constitution. FREE resources can be found at: http://free.ed.gov/subjects.cfm?subject_id=19<br /><br />The National Archives and Records Administration, which holds and exhibits the U.S. Constitution, hosts a number of online resources for teachers and students at http://docsteach.org/home/constitution and http://www.archives.gov/calendar/constitution-day/.<br /><br />We refer you to these additional National Archives links: <br /><br />Celebrate Constitution Day<br /> Read the Constitution in its original form and in a transcript. View Webcasts of Senator Robert Byrd's remarks and discussions on federalism and checks and balances.<br /><br />The Constitution of the United States<br /> View high resolution scans of the original, signed Constitution. Obtain a transcript. Read an essay about the Constitutional Convention. Learn dozens of fascinating facts about the Constitution. Learn about each of the signers of the Constitution. <br /><br />Observing Constitution Day: The Signers of the Constitution<br /> Find out about the delegates who signed the Constitution on September 17, 1787.<br /><br />Observing Constitution Day: The Constitution Game<br /> Explore, in this simulation, how the members of the Constitutional Convention might have felt as they gathered in Philadelphia's Independence Hall and began the task of writing the Constitution.<br /><br />Teaching with Documents: The Ratification of the Constitution<br /> Uncover the issues involved in the creation and ratification of the Constitution and the new government it established.<br /><br />In addition, the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is sponsoring an Emancipation Portal, which can be found at: http://emancipation.neh.gov/. The NEH has collaborated with University of Richmond President and Civil War historian Edward L. Ayers to create a number of opportunities—including an interactive discussion with leading emancipation historians and a creative student contest—which encourage high school and college students across the nation to consider the immediate and long-term implications of emancipation as it relates to the U.S. Constitution and their lives today.<br /><br />We also encourage participants to visit The National History Education Clearinghouse (NHEC) Web site at www.teachinghistory.org. The NHEC is funded by the U.S. Department of Education under contract number ED-07-CO-0088. Teaching History.org has posted a "splash page" which provides additional information: http://teachinghistory.org/spotlight/constitution-day.<br /><br />Thank you for your interest in Constitution Day and these resources. If you have any questions regarding Constitution Day and Citizenship Day, please contact Tony Fowler at (202) 401-3673 or Anthony.Fowler@ed.gov.</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-39061110689988212002012-10-05T10:59:00.004-07:002012-10-05T10:59:53.860-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> An EPOS system can significantly reduce the number of business hours spent on administrative tasks. In the days before EPOS systems, some businesses used to take days to carry out lengthy stock takes and the end of day cash-up was often a headache when till receipts didn’t tally and takings couldn’t be properly measured.<br /><br />From clothing retailers, to book stores and fast food outlets to pharmacies, EPOS systems offer benefits far beyond those of a cash register. Food retailers often operate with tight stock control conditions and waste can be a problem if stock isn’t monitored effectively. Moreover, trends and tastes are more easily identified by using an EPOS system, not only for food retailers, but also for clothing, footwear and accessories retailers too.<br /><br />An EPOS system can save businesses a lot of time and effort in handling these and other important aspects, leaving you and your staff free to be more productive in making your business a success.<br /><br /> Top 5 Reasons you need an EPOS System<br /><br />Maintaining control over your business as a whole is the key feature of an EPOS system. But under the umbrella of ‘control’ are several important reasons as to why you need to have an EPOS system in place for your business.<br /><br /> 1. One Package, Many Tools<br /><br />If you want the best possible reason for getting an EPOS system, whilst justifying the cost, then consider the fact that an EPOS system houses several different tools in one package. If you were thinking of buying separate systems for employee payroll/clock information, or a particular system of stock control, an EPOS system can perform all of these tasks, along with many others.<br /><br />2. Maximize Staff Productivity<br /><br />This is possibly one of the largest areas of inefficiency within a business. For example, the constant checking, rechecking and endless cash reconciliation when using cash registers means that staff are often engaged in non-productive tasks for unacceptable amounts of time. EPOS systems allow your staff to spend their time where it’s vital to the success of your business, i.e. looking after your customers, and not bogged down in figures.<br /><br />3. Easily Identify Stock Deficiencies<br /><br />Keeping track of stock levels is an area where you cannot afford to take your eye off the ball. EPOS will integrate your sales with your stock levels, so that each time you make a sale, the system requests a replacement to add to your current stock. With this tool you can also monitor date sensitive stock; this is particularly relevant to food retailers, restaurants and other eating establishments. Older stock is highlighted and pushed, or knocked-down in price to keep waste to a minimum and your profit margins healthy.<br /><br /> 4. Keep Track of Offers and Promotions<br /><br />Whether it’s a 2 for 1, coupon, or percentage off promotion, today’s retailer depend on such promotions for attracting customers through their doors. Because these types of promotions come and go so quickly, it’s difficult to pin down exactly how successful they were. Regular cash registers can’t cope with pinpointing such detail, but this system can give you the information you need about any of your promotions, making it easier for you to know exactly which ones to run, and at what times of year they perform best.<br /><br /> 5. Consistency Across All Locations and Premises<br /><br />It doesn’t look good if a customer walks into your store and tells you that item ‘X’ is cheaper in this location than in the location of your other store. The best way to ensure you have optimum consistency throughout all of your business locations is to use an EPOS system. As well as ensuring uniformity in your pricing, you will also be able to reassure customers that you can source an out of stock item from another one of your locations.<br /><br />An EPOS system is a viable asset to your business and to your staff’s productivity. It allows you to monitor aspects of your business that are difficult and costly to achieve using traditional methods; and it allows you to keep control of things when you are absent.<br /><br />Photo credit: alisonatbluebell.wordpress.com<br /><br />Oliver Ortiz works for Expert Market, a division of MVF Global. Expert Market is a B2B UK based provider of a wide variety of business related equipment. Our services include helping your business acquire small retail EPOS systems. Follow us on Twitter and connect with us on Facebook.</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-27781677294062425922012-10-05T10:59:00.002-07:002012-10-05T10:59:24.781-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> INTRODUCTION<br />Capture, create, and share<br />like never before<br />The 4G LTE capable Samsung Galaxy Note™ combines all the benefits of a tablet with the functionality and portability of a smartphone. Whether keeping track of your family's schedule, taking notes, or editing your company’s budget, the state-of-the-art and stylish Galaxy Note lets you do it all with ease. With its integrated S Pen™, dual-core processor, and 5.3-inch HD Super AMOLED™ screen, now you can multitask while on the go with one easy-to-carry device.<br />PERFORMANCE<br />All in one<br />Work, play, and share without sacrificing speed, performance, or the pleasure and convenience of a larger screen. The Samsung Galaxy Note delivers fast downloads, smoother Web browsing, and an unparalleled multimedia experience powered by blazing-fast network speeds and a 1.5GHz dual-core processor. And improved calendar features will help you manage complicated schedules.<br />DESIGN<br />Ready for the big screen<br />A distinctive user interface and large tablet-like 5.3" HD Super AMOLED display provide crisp, clear text and imagery for superior Web browsing, photo viewing, and HD video playback. The distinctive interface provides fast, easy multitasking with full-screen utilization. See and do more with minimum scrolling and a split-view screen for email. The Note’s super-fast connection speeds, powerful dual-core processor, 8-megapixel camera, and 1080p HD video capture combine to create a user experience second to none.<br />COMMUNICATION<br />Made by you<br />Let the ideas flow. The Samsung Galaxy Note’s integrated S Pen solution makes composing emails, taking notes, drawing and capturing ideas simpler and more natural than ever. Create content in your own handwriting. The S Pen is fully integrated with native applications, making communication fast and easy. Use the S Pen to copy, crop, and paste images and write personalized messages on photos and video.<br /><br />Limited 4G LTE availability in select markets. 4G speeds delivered by LTE, or HSPA+ with enhanced backhaul, where available. Deployment ongoing. Compatible device and data plan required. LTE is a trademark of ETSI. Learn more at att.com/network.<br /><br /> Samsung and Galaxy Note are both trademarks of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.<br /><br /><br />Limited 4G LTE availability in select markets. 4G speeds delivered by LTE, or HSPA+ with enhanced backhaul, where available. Deployment ongoing. Compatible device and data plan required. LTE is a trademark of ETSI. Learn more at att.com/network. <br /><br />*AT&amp;T U-verse Live TV requires mobile broadband service. Service not available in all areas. Programming subject to blackout restrictions. Download and watch capability available for select content requires Wi-Fi connection and is available for viewing for limited time periods.<br /><br />All talk, data and standby times depend on network configuration. <br /><br />Limited-time offer. Discounted pricing requires new 1 or 2-year agreement with qualifying voice and data plans. Subject to Wireless Customer Agreement. Credit approval required. Activation fee $36/line. Geographic, usage and other terms, conditions and restrictions apply, and may result in service termination. Coverage and services not available everywhere. Taxes and other charges apply. Data (att.com/dataplans): If usage exceeds your monthly data allowance, you will automatically be charged overage for additional data provided. Early Termination Fee (att.com/equipmentETF): After 30 days, ETF up to $325. Restocking fee up to $35. Other Monthly Charges/line may include a Regulatory Cost Recovery Charge (up to $1.25), a gross receipts surcharge, federal and state universal service charges, fees and charges for other government assessments. These are not taxes or government required charges.<br /><br />Samsung and Galaxy Note are both trademarks of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.<br /><br /><br />All marks contained herein are the property of their respective owners.<br /><br />Service provided by AT&amp;T Mobility.<br /><br /><br />Item SKU: R5503(Samsung Galaxy Note (TM) - Carbon Blue (Refurbished))</div> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14922107445732407622noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-54409613382825008642012-06-29T10:25:00.000-07:002012-06-29T10:25:17.727-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Internet Explorer And Keyboard Shortcuts </h2><br /> Internet Explorer keyboard shortcuts <br /> F11 Toggle between Full Screen and regular view of the browser window<br /> TAB Move forward through the items on a Web page, the Address bar, and the Links bar<br /> SHIFT+TAB Move back through the items on a Web page, the Address bar, and the Links bar<br /> ALT+HOME Go to your Home page<br /> ALT+RIGHTARROW Go to the next page<br /> ALT+LEFT ARROW Go to the previous page<br /> BACKSPACE Go to the previous page<br /> SHIFT+F10 Display a shortcut menu for a link<br /> CTRL+TAB Move forward between frames<br /> F6 Move forward between frames<br /> SHIFT+CTRL+TAB Move back between frames<br /> UP ARROW Scroll toward the beginning of a document<br /> END Move to the end of a document<br /> CTRL+F Find on this page<br /> F5 or CTRL+R Refresh the current Web page only if the time stamp for the Web version and your locally stored version are different<br /> CTRL+F5 efresh the current Web page, even if the time stamp for the Web version and your locally stored version are the same&amp;<br /> ESC Stop downloading a page<br /> CTRL+O or<br /> CTRL+L Go to a new location<br /> CTRL+N Open a new window<br /> CTRL+w Close the current window<br /> F1 Display the Internet Explorer Help, or when in a dialog box, display context help on an item<br /> CTRL+D Add the current page to your favorites<br /> CTRL+B Open the Organize Favorites dialog box<br /> ALT+UP ARROW Move selected item up in the Favorites list in the Organize Favorites dialog box<br /> ALT+DOWN ARROW Move selected item down in the Favorites list in the Organize Favorites dialog box<br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Chat Abbreviations</h2>Abbreviations means Abbrevi means<br /> EMFBI Excuse me for butting in 404 I haven't a clue<br /> EMSG E-mail message ADN Any day now<br /> F2F Face to face AFAIK As far as I know<br /> FISH First in, still here AFK Away from keyboard<br /> FLA Four-letter acronym AFK Away from keyboard<br /> FMTYEWTK Far more than you ever wanted to know ARE Acronym-rich environment<br /> FYI For your information ASAP As soon as possible<br /> GAL Get a life A/S/L? Age/sex/location?<br /> GIWIST Gee, I wish I'd said that B4N Bye for now<br /> GL Good luck BAK Back at the keyboard<br /> GMAB Give me a break BBL Be back later<br /> GTRM Going to read mail BBN Bye bye now<br /> H&amp;K Hug and kiss BF Boy friend<br /> HAGN Have a good night BL Belly laughing<br /> HAND Have a nice day BOTEC Back-of-the-envelope calculation<br /> IC I see BRB Be right back<br /> IHU I hear you BTW By the way<br /> IM Immediate message CICO Coffee in, coffee out<br /> IMO In my opinion CNP Continued in next post<br /> IMS I am sorry CU See you<br /> IWALU I will always love you CUL See you later<br /> IYSWIM If you see what I mean CYO See you online<br /> JIC Just in case DIKU Do I know you?<br /> JMO Just my opinion DITYID Did I tell you I'm distressed?<br /> KISS Keep it simple stupid DOM Dirty old man<br /> KOTC Kiss on the cheek DWB Don't write back<br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Isp setting</h2>Primary DNS Server Assigned<br /> Secondary DNS Server Assigned<br /> Outgoing mail.cyberaccess.com.pk<br /> Incoming mail.cyberaccess.com.pk<br /> Proxy Direct<br /> Dialup No. 13111155.13122255.13133355<br /> Website www.cyberaccess.com.pk<br /> Help Line 4548674-76<br /> Primary DNS Server Assigned<br /> Secondary DNS Server Assigned<br /> Outgoing smtp.brain.net.pk<br /> Incoming - - -<br /> Proxy Direct<br /> Dialup No. 13145678-79<br /> Website www.brain.net.pk<br /> Help Line 111-222-888<br /> Primary DNS Server Assigned<br /> Secondary DNS Server Assigned<br /> Outgoing smtp.khi.comsats.net.pk<br /> Incoming pop.khi.comsats.net.pk<br /> Proxy Direct<br /> Dialup No. 13111333<br /> Website www.comsats.net.pk<br /> Help Line 111-700-800<br /> Primary DNS Server Assigned<br /> Secondary DNS Server Assigned<br /> Outgoing mail.cyberaccess.com.pk<br /> Incoming mail.cyberaccess.com.pk<br /> Proxy Direct<br /> Dialup No. 13111155.13122255.13133355<br /> Website www.cyberaccess.com.pk<br /> Help Line 4548674-76<br /> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-918637236365803002012-06-29T10:20:00.000-07:002012-06-29T10:20:38.985-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h2 style="text-align: left;">Nokia Secret Code</h2><h4 style="text-align: left;">Short Hand for Nokia:We Provides Stander Nokia Code for various network services. Most Nokia phones have easier ways to activate them through the menus. Check the guides for your model.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Provider lock status: # p w + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 + 1 </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">IMEI number: * # 0 6 # </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Software version: * # 0 0 0 0 # lub * # 9 9 9 9 # </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Half Rate: * 4 7 2 0 # </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Sim lock info: * # 9 2 7 0 2 6 8 9 # </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Enhanced Full Rate: * 3 3 7 0 # [ # 3 3 7 0 # off] </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Network lock status: # p w + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 + 2 </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Provider lock status: # p w + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 + 3 </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">SimCard lock status: # p w + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 + 4 </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1234567890 - MasterCode which is generated from IMEI </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Detailed Notes for Nokia</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view IMEI number *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Software Version enter *#0000#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Status of Sim Clock Stop. Enter *#746025625#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Latest Version is under Phone Info</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Type is NSE-3NX</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#92702689# offers you Serial Number and also IMEI number. There are various options to scroll here.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The code is easier to remember as *#war0anty# (warranty)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The next screen is the date of manufacture in the format Made: 1197</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The next screen is the purchase date in the format Purchasing Date: 1197 (this can be edited)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The next screen has Repaired: 0000 (presumable at repair the date is entered)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The next screen has Transfer User Data? (the same option as the 8110)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To exit turn the phone off and then back on.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*3370# to activate Enhanced Full Rate (*efr0#)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">#3370# to deactivate Enhanced Full Rate (#efr0#)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*4720# to activate Half Rate (*hra0#) ONLY IN SOFTWARE VERSION V4.33 OR EARLIER</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">#4720# to deactivate Half Rate (#hra0#)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">After pressing these codes the phone will shut down and start up again with the service activated/deactivated.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unlock SP lock</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Here is a way to Unlock your phone which is Service Provider locked, without to know SP Lock code !!!!</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Give it a try:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">First of all, PIN CODE MUST BE ON, then press:C</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">C and hold until it clears display</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">* and hold until start to blink</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">* and hold until start to blink</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">04* * *your pin#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Each time you turn your phone OFF it resets the lock, so this need to be done each time you'll turn your phone ON :-(</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Anyway it's better than nothing, isn't it?</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">6110 Sim Card Locking</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">There are four different types of Sim Locks on the 6110 (not sure about 5110 yet).</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1 = Country Lock - Lock to Specific Country</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2 = Network Lock - Lock to Network</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3 = Provider Lock - Lock to Service Provider</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">4 = Sim Lock - Lock to Specific SIM Card</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To see the status of your phone</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">#pw+(mastercode)+X#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(mastercode) is a 10 digit number WITHOUT the brackets.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">X is a number 1 through 4, it shows the above locks. Not sure of which numbers are assigned to which lock yet. (The numbers above stand for X =&gt; for example: 1 = Country Lock</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Sim not restricted message means your phone is NOT sim locked - Check all 4 to be sure.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Most SIMs are locked with the Service Provider Lock =&gt; f.e. to the network of MAX</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Adding NEW Ring Tones</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Set SMSC to +358405202999 (Smart Messaging)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Send a SMS to 99999 with the word TONES in the message</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">When you get the reply, edit the message so that the tone that you want does not have a asterisk in front of it. Now send the message to 99999. The phone will display NEW RING TONE RECEIVED.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Turning on Car Kit and Head Set Menus (Cannot be turned off)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To enable the headset-function, you have to short-circuit the "3" and "4". After a short time there is "Headset" on the display Now, menu 3-6 is now enabled!</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To enable the car kit-function you have to short-circuit the "4" and "5". After a short time, "Car" is shown on the display and the menu 3-7 is enabled!!</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">If you short-circuit the left and the right contact with the middle contact ("3", "6" and "9") the Nokia Software hangs! The profile "Headset" will be activated. Before you do this, just active the "auto call receive" function in the headphone profile and set the ringing volume to "mute" Now you can use your phone for checking out what people are talking about in a room. Place the phone somewhere under a table in this room and call your phone! The phone receives the call without ringing and you can listen to the words these people are talking about!</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 1610</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view IMEI number *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Software Version enter *#170602112302#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Latest Version is under Phone Info</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Pin outs</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Desktop Charger----------------------|</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">| |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">| |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">CHARGER--| + TOP OF PHONE -</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">V V 1 2 3 4 5 6 V </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(o) | | [= = = = = =] | |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7 8 9 10 11 12 </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1 GND Digital Ground</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2 V_OUT Accessory Output Supply. (Min/Typ/Max - 3.25V...10V - Output Current 50mA)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3 XMIC External Microphone Input and Accessory Identification</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Identification</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*TYP/MAX: 8...50 mV (The Maximum Value Corresponds to 0dBm Network</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">LEVEL WITH INPUT AMPLIFIER GAIN SET TO 20 dB ,TYPICAL VALUE IS MAXIMUM VALUE -16 dB)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">ID Accessory Identification</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*1,7...2,05 V HEADSET ADAPTOR CONNECTED</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*1,15...1,4 V COMPACT HANDS FREE UNIT CONNECTED </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">4 NC Not Connected</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">5 NC Not Connected</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">6 MBUS Serial Control Bus</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*Logic Low Level: 0....0.5V</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*Logic High Level:2.4V....3.2V</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7 NC Not Connected</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">8 SGND Signal Ground</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">9 XEAR External Speaker and Mute Control</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*Min/Typ/Max: 0....32....500 mV (Typical level corresponds to -16 dBM)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Network Level with Volume Control in Nominal Position 8dB Below Maximum</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Maximum 0 dBM Maximum Volume Codec Gain -6dB)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Mute ON (HF SPEAKER MUTE ):0...0,5 V d.c.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Mute OFF (HF SPEAKER ACTIVE ): 1,0...1,7 V d.c.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">10 Hook Hook Signal</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*Hook Off (Handset in Use): 0....0.5V</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*Hook On (Handset in Use): 2.4V....3.2V</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">11 NC Not Connected</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">12 V_IN Charging Supply Voltage (Max 16V)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 2010</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view IMEI number *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Software Version enter *#9999#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 2110</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view IMEI number *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Software Version enter *#9999#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Latest Version is under Phone Info</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Type is NHE-1XN</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unlock SP lock</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Here is a way to Unlock your phone which is Service Provider locked, without to know SP Lock code !!!!</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Give it a try</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Turn the phone on, when the phone asks for the Security Code,</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">press:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">112</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">now quickly press:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">send</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">end</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">send</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">end.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Each time you turn your phone OFF it resets the lock, so this need to be done each time you'll turn your phone ON :-(</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Anyway it's better than nothing, isn't it?</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 2110e/2110i</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view IMEI number *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Software Version enter *#170602112302#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">If you have latest software version you have to enter *#682371158412125#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Latest Version is under Phone Info</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Week and Year of manufacture enter *#3283#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">On phones prior to 01/01/96 1295 means December 95, On phones after 01/01/96 2196 means 21st week of 1996.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To enter small letters hold down the key for a few seconds and it will turn caps off</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 2110 Pin outs</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Pin outs of X100 system connector</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">ANT 16 9 Charging connector</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(O) I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I ( ) ( o )</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">CON 8 1</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The left symbol (O) is the antenna connector for car kits. The symbol numbered 16-9 on the top and 8-1 on the bottom is the system connector. the ( ) is the open space next to the connector and the ( o ) is the charging connector for you home-charger.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">PIN Name Description</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">--- ---- -----------</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1,9 GND Digital ground</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2 MIC/JCONN External audio input from accessories or hands free microphone. Multiplexed with junction box connection control signal</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3 AGND Analogue ground for accessories</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">4 TDA Transmitted DBUS data to the accessories</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">5 M2BUS Serial Bidirectional data and control between the hand portable and accessories</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">6 HOOK/RXD2 Hook indication. HP has a 100KE pull-up resistor.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7 PHFS/TXD2 Hands free device power on/off, data to flash programming device.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">8,16 VCHAR Battery charging voltage</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">10 EAR/HFPWR External Audio output to accessories or hands free speaker</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">11 DSYNC DBUS data bit sync clock</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">12 RDA DBUS received data from the accessories</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">13 BENA Power supply to headset adapter</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">14 VF Programming voltage for FLASH</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">15 DCLK DBUS data clock</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Battery Connector (on the phone) </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">|--|--|--| </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1 2 3 4 </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1 ...... GND ground (-) </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2 ...... TBAT battery temperature </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3 ...... BTYPE -"- type </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">4 ...... VBATT -"- battery voltage (+) </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">As you can imagine. YOU CAN DESTROY YOUR NOKIA BY FOOLING AROUND WITH THESE CONNECTIONS. Therefore I accept NO responsibility for any possible damages. My advise to you is to think twice before doing something and if you are going to try make use of a car-kit holder to get access to the X100 connector since it is to tiny to use a self-fashioned connector. IT IS POSSIBLE TO REPROGRAM THE NOKIA 2110 as is indicated by the pin out description so watch it !</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">DTMF Programming</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">If you dial in to a service number which requires DTMF strings after you have dialed in, you can program the whole sequence. What you do is:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Key in the number.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Press the * three times: a 'p' appears (pause).</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Key in the DTMF code, you can use 'p' again in this string.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Store this in memory.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">If you select the memory place, and dial the stored number, the mobile will wait a few seconds (pause) and then send the string as DTMF.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Another option is to press the * four times: a 'w' appears (wait). When the 'w' is reached in the call string, 'DTMF' appears at the left menu button. When you press the left menu button the mobile starts sending DTMF.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Car kit Programming</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">If you use a car kit with hands free AND additional handset, and you want to switch from handset to hands free:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Press the left menu button, and put the additional handset on hook.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Now you are on hands free.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Interesting thing to try</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">As you may know, 2110i supports Call Cost Limit function which means that you can limit the maximum of calls from your phone. This function has a feature that it shows the remaining credits in the third row of the display. It should decrease every time you make a call, but if your operator doesn't support this yet, you can display your phone number or anything else there.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">And how to do this? First, go to the "DURATION AND COST" menu. Select "CALL COSTS LIMIT". The phone asks you the PIN2-code, you should get it from your operator. After entering PIN2, select "Set". Phone asks you "Limit:". Enter maximum of seven numbers you want to be visible on display, for example my phone number is 0405100210, so I enter 5100210. So these numbers will be last numbers on display.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">And then go to back to the "DURATION AND COST" menu. Select "SHOW COST IN". Enter the PIN2-code. Select "Currency". Enter "Unit price:", I recommend setting it "1". Phone asks you "Currency unit:" Enter the maximum of three numbers or letters or symbols you want to be visible as first numbers/letters/ symbols on display. I entered "040".</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Now you are ready. Quit the menu and the number should be on the third row of the display! So, on my display, the last row of the display says 0405100210. It stays there even if you switch off your phone. (Of course it disappears while</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">you dial a number or use the menu etc.)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 3110</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view IMEI number *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Software Version enter *#3110#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#92702689# - phone asks warranty code:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">There are a number of choices here</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">6232 (OK) : Displays the Month and Year of Manufacture</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7332 (OK) : Displays the date of the last repair</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7832 (OK) : Displays the date where the phone was purchased</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">9268 (OK) : Display Serial Number</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">37832 (OK) : Set the Purchasing Date MM YY</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">87267 (OK) : Confirm Transfer, Related to firmware upgrade.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#746025625# - phone says 'SIM CLOCK STOP ALLOWED' or "SIM CLOCK STOP NOT ALLOWED" depending on your SIM Card.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#7780# restores phone's factory settings.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Type is NHE-8</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Pin outs</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Desktop Charger----------------------|</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">| |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">| |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">CHARGER--| + TOP OF PHONE -</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">V V 1 2 3 4 5 6 V </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(o) | | [= = = = = =] | |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7 8 9 10 11 12 </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unlock SP lock</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Here is a way to Unlock your phone which is Service Provider locked, without to know SP Lock code !!!!</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Give it a try:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">First of all, PIN CODE MUST BE ON, then press:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">C</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">C and hold until it clears display</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">* and hold until start to blink</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">* and hold until start to blink</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">04* * *your pin#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Each time you turn your phone OFF it resets the lock, so this need to be done each time you'll turn your phone ON :-(</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Anyway it's better than nothing, isn't it?</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 3810</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view IMEI number *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Software Version enter *#3810#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Pin outs</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Desktop Charger----------------------|</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">| |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">| |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">CHARGER--| + TOP OF PHONE -</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">V V 1 2 3 4 5 6 V </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(o) | | [= = = = = =] | |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7 8 9 10 11 12 </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 6150</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#0000# shows the SW version. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#06# for checking the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#92702689# to enter service menu.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 7110</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#06# for checking the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#0000# shows the SW version.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#3370# - better sound quality</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#3370* - better sound quality turned off</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#4720# - bad sound quality, save up to 30% off battery</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#4720* - normal sound quality</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#746025625# - Sim clock allowed status. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 8110/8110i</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view IMEI number *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Software Version enter *#8110#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Latest Version is under Phone Info.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#92702689# - phone asks 'warranty code:'</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">There are a number of choices here</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">6232 (OK) : Displays the Month and Year of Manufacture</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7332 (OK) : Displays the date of the last repair</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7832 (OK) : Displays the date where the phone was purchased</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">9268 (OK) : Display Serial Number</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">37832 (OK) : Set the Purchasing Date MM YY</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">87267 (OK) : Confirm Transfer, Related to firmware upgrade.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#746025625# - phone says 'SIM CLOCK STOP ALLOWED' or "SIM CLOCK STOP NOT ALLOWED" depending on your SIM Card.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Type of Phone is NHE-6</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Pin outs</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Desktop Charger----------------------|</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">| |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">| |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">CHARGER--| + TOP OF PHONE -</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">V V 1 2 3 4 5 6 V </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(o) | | [= = = = = =] | |</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7 8 9 10 11 12 </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1 GND Charger/System Ground</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2 V_OUT Accessory Output Supply. (Min/Typ/Max - 3.4V...10V - Output Current 50mA)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3 XMIC External Microphone Input and Accessory Identification</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Identification</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*TYP/MAX: 8...50 mV (The Maximum Value Corresponds to 0dBm Network</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Level with input amplifier gain set to 20 dB ,typical value is maximum value -16 dB)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">ID Accessory Identification</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*1,7...2,05 V Headset Adapter Connected</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*1,15...1,4 V Compact Hands free Unit Connected</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*2.22...2.56 V Infra Red Link Connected</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">4 EXT_RF External RF Control Input</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Min/Max: 0...0.5V External RF in use</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Min/Max: 2.4...3.2V Internal Antenna in use</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">5 TX FBUS Transmit</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">6 MBUS Serial Control Bus</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*Logic Low Level: 0....0.5V</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*Logic High Level:2.4V....3.2V</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7 BENA Not Connected</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">8 SGND Signal Ground</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">9 XEAR External Speaker and Mute Control</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*Min/Typ/Max: 0....32....500 mV (Typical level corresponds to -16 dBM)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Network Level with Volume Control in Nominal Position 8dB Below Maximum</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Maximum 0 dBM Maximum Volume Codec Gain -6dB)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Mute ON (HF SPEAKER MUTE ):0...0,5 V d.c.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Mute OFF (HF SPEAKER ACTIVE ): 1,0...1,7 V d.c.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">10 Hook Hook Signal</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*Hook Off (Handset in Use): 0....0.5V</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*Hook On (Handset in Use): 2.4V....3.2V</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">11 RX FBUS Receive</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*Accessory FBUS Receive Signal</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">12 V_IN Charging Supply Voltage (Max 16V) </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 8810</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view IMEI number *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 9000/9000i</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view IMEI number *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Software Version enter *#682371158412125#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Latest Version is under Phone Info</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view Week and Year of manufacture enter *#3283# </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 3110 Secret Codes</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unlock your Nokia</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To unlock your Nokia phone you will need some of the following:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1. Data Cable</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2. Unlock Software</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3. Extra Help + help Guides</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#06# for checking the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#7780# restores Factory Settings..(Memory, language, counters not included)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#3110# for checking the phone's software (SW) - called firmware revision information.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#746025625# [*#sim0clock#] to check if the Sim-Clock can be Stopped</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(Sim-clock-stop is a kind of standby mode which will save battery time)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#92702689# [*#war0anty#] Phone asks 'warranty code:'</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Press the following warranty code:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">6232 (OK) : Displays the Month and Year of Manufacture (0997)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7332 (OK) : Displays the date of the last repair - if found ('DATE NOT SAVED'...)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7832 (OK) : Displays (if found) the date where the phone was purchased ('DATE NOT SAVED'...)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">9268 (OK) : Displays Serial Number</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">37832 (OK) : Set the Purchasing Date MMYY (Warning: You can only do this once - So be careful ...)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">87267 (OK) : Transfers ALL phone numbers, pictures, sounds from one phone to another</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(e.g. if broken) with 6110 u can transfer all data via IRport. (Confirm Transfer?)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">'Fast silent mode'.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">In the newer versions (v.7.11-&gt;) a quick silent mode can by entered.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Press Menu then #.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The 54# Tip:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Type 1#, 2#........54# on the keypad (when you're not in the menu) to get the phone number used for with this key when speed dialing.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 3210 Secret Codes</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unlock your Nokia</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To unlock your Nokia phone you will need some of the following:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1. Data Cable</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2. Unlock Software</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3. Extra Help + help Guides</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#06# for checking the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#0000# shows the SW version.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#3370# - Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR) activation. It will automatically restart.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#3370* - Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR) deactivation. It will automatically restart.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#4720# - Half Rate Codec activation. It will automatically restart</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#4720* - Half Rate Codec deactivation. It will automatically restart</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#746025625# - Sim clock allowed status.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Enhanced Full Rate will give you much better sound quality when you enable it. The new Enhanced Full Rate CODEC adopted by GSM uses the ASELP (AlgebraicCode Excitation Linear Prediction) compression technology. This technology allows for much great voice quality in the same number of bits as the older Full Rate CODEC. The older technology was called LPC-RPE (Linear Prediction Coding with Regular Pulse Excitation). Both operate at 13 kilobits.(but you take up more space on the network, so they can charge you more) - Talk-time is reduced with about 5%</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Half Rate will give you bad soundquality, which gives the serviceprovider the opportunity to have more calls on the network, and you might get a lower charge from them. - Will give you 30% longer talk-time.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Sim Clock Stop : *#746025625# apparently only works for 3 minuts.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#92702689# - takes you to a secret menu with 6 choices</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1) shows the serial nr.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2) shows when the cel phone was made mmyy</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3) shows when the the cel. phone was purchased mmyy</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">4) shows how many times the cel. phone has been repaired.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">5) makes u capebel of transferring user data if u have the gear for it</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">6) shows how many houres the phone has been on</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 3310 Secret Codes</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unlock your Nokia</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To unlock your Nokia phone you will need some of the following:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1. Data Cable</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2. Unlock Software</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3. Extra Help + help Guides</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Enhanced Full Rate</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">For activation enter *#3370# </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">For deactivation enter *#3370* </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">In both cases the phone will automatically restart. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Firmware check</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#682371158412125#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Service codes</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#0000# or *#9999# (Not Tested) </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1st Line - Software Version </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2nd Line - Date of Software release </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3rd Line - Phone Type. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#92702689# or *#92772689# Display the phone's software version.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">SIM Clock Stop</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#746025625#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 3330 Secret Codes</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unlock your Nokia</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To unlock your Nokia phone you will need some of the following:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1. Data Cable</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2. Unlock Software</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3. Extra Help + help Guides</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Imei Information</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To view the imei number on this model simply type *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#170602112302# shows the SW version.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Service Provider Lock</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Service Provider lock is the lock to your phone which is implement by your service provider e.g. Orange onto your sim card.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The phone is usually locked to a certain SP but it can be unlocked allowing you access to other service providers that provide a better deal.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The same effect can also be used by using a Dual sim, you could have two sim cards in one phone allowing you to switch between sims and SP</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1. First sim = Orange</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2. Second sim = One2One</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">SMSC (Short Message Serivce Centre Numbers)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">SMS Centre number allow you to send free sms, by changing your message centre number like this:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1. Go to messages</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2. Message Settings</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3. Set 1</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">4. Message Centre Number</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">5. Then change the number to one from SMSC Number section</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Codes</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#war0anty# - Warranty</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">This will show your warrnty details *#92702689#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*3370#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Basically increases the quality of calling sound, but decreases battery length.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">#3370#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Deactivates the above.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#0000#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Shows your software version.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Shows your IMEI number.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#sim0clock#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">This shows if your phone will allow simclock stoppage.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*4370#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Half Rate Codec activation. It will automatically restart</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">#4370#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Half Rate Codec deactivation. It will automatically restart</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*3001#12345# (TDMA phones only)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">This will put your phone into programming mode, and you'll be presented with the programming menu.2) Select "NAM1"</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3) Select "PSID/RSID"</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">4) Select "P/RSID 1"</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Note: Any of the P/RSIDs will work</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">5) Select "System Type" and set it to Private</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">6) Select "PSID/RSID" and set it to 1</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">7) Select "Connected System ID"</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Note: Enter your System ID for Cantel, which is 16401 or 16423. If you don't know yours, ask your local dealer for it.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">8) Select "Alpha Tag"</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">9) Enter a new tag, then press OK</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">10) Select "Operator Code (SOC)" and set it to 2050</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">11) Select "Country Code" and set it to 302 for Canada, and 310 for the US. Ask on the forum for any other codes.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">12) Power down the phone and power it back on again</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">ISDN Code</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To check the ISDN number on your nokia use this code *#92772689#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Restore Factory Settings</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To do this simply use this code *#7780#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Manufacturer Info</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Date of Manufacturing *#3283#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 3810 Secret Codes</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unlock your Nokia</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To unlock your Nokia phone you will need some of the following:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1. Data Cable</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2. Unlock Software</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3. Extra Help + help Guides</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#06# To view IMEI number</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#3810# To view software version </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 1610/1611 Secret Codes</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unlock your Nokia</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To unlock your Nokia phone you will need some of the following:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1. Data Cable</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2. Unlock Software</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3. Extra Help + help Guides</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#06# for checking the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#170602112302# shows the SW version.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Latest software version on Nokia 1610: v 5.15 (25.02.97) NHE-5NX - older version</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">V 4.19</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Latest software version on Nokia 1611: V 4.03 NHE-5SX</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">New Info Below</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To View IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">enter *#06#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Firmware version enter</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">*#170602112302#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unlock information</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Service Provider unlock information</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The Service provider (SP) lock is used to lock the cell phone to the SP's SIM card. Once the cell phone is locked to a specific operator, and one inserts a SIM card from a different operator the phone will refuse to accept it! The cell phone will however accept another SIM card from the same operator.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Tips and Tricks</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Bypass the SP lock</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">With some versions of Nokia 16xx/21xx/31xx/51xx/81xx that are SIMlocked you can bypass the SP lock like this:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1] Insert sim card of diferent provider.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2] Turn on the phone and press the UP VOLUME key for 3 sec. then release it and the phone says PIN CODE ?</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3] Press the "C" key.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">4] Then Press * and wait until it desapear and apear again, then press * one more time and 04*PIN*PIN*PIN#</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The phone now says: PIN CODE CHANGED (or ACCEPTED)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">and the SIM card is accepted until you restart the phone again.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">NOTE: On vesion 5.04 (5110) Nokia has removed this option !</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">FREE sms</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Some service number (SMSC) for sending sms can be found around the world.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">We have collected some of them and listed them for you:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Denmark: +4528187000</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(Only Danish Sonofon subscriber can use this number and only from monday-friday)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Germany: +491722271042</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Russia: +78129600096</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unknown: +352091000030</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Unknown: +352021100003</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Sweden: +46707990001 Comviq</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Austrlia +61411990001 Optus</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Tip for some service providers:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">- Type *n# in the begining of the sms for a status report.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">- Type *h# in the begining of the sms to hide your ID.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">It seem that TELENOR MOBIL send out letters with the purpose of closing all free servers.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Firmware information</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Firmware</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The phone should display something similar to this:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">5.31</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">06-01-96</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">NHE-4</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">First line</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The firmware Version</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Second line</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The date of the SW release.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Third line</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">NHE-4 has something to do with the type of phone you are dealing with.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Is it GSM 900 (standard), GSM 1800 (DCS1800) or GSM 1900 (PCS1900)?</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia 2110, 3110, 8110(i) are all NHE types. The only thing that vary is the code after NHE- ("4").</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">NHE = GSM 900, NHK =GSM 1800 - The number in the end = the model (2110i = 4 etc.)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Firmware update</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">We have been asked a lot about how to update the firmware in Cellular phones.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The easiest thing to do is to go to the nearest cellular dealer and make him do it for you.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Just remember that it is supposed to be free if the garranty has not ran out however a receipt is normally required.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Latest Firmware</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Type: NHE-5NX</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">V 5.23 (00-00-00) NHE-5NX</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">V 4.19 (00-00-00) NHE-5NX</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">General information</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Cell Broadcast</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">While Short Message Service (SMS) can be configured as a personal service, Cell Broadcast is a general service which is designed for subscribers of a specific cell or topic. For example, a subscriber to cell 050 in England will receive information on the GSM tower currently being used by their phone. This new concept brings a whole new meaning to the term mobile communications as the phone is now able to receive information such as share prices or weather updates without the need of data cards and computers. At present the following message types exist (note: this may vary from carrier to carrier and some carriers may charge for this service):</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Code Title</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">000 Index</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">010 Flashes</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">020 Hospitals</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">022 Doctors</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">024 Pharmacy</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">030 Long Distant Road Reports</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">032 Local Road Reports</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">034 Taxis</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">040 Weather</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">050 District</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">052 Network Information</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">054 Operator Services</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">056 Directory Inquiries (national)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">057 Directory Inquiries (international)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">058 Customer Care (national)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">059 Customer Care (international)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">IMEI Information</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">XXXXXX XX XXXXXX X</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">TAC FAC SNR SP</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">TAC = Type Approval Code (first 2 digits = country code of the approval-country )</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">FAC = Final Assembly Code (01,02 = AEG)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(10,20 Nokia)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(40,41,44 Siemens)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(30 Ericsson)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(50 Bosch)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(51 Sony,Siemens,Ericsson)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(60 Alcatel)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(65 AEG)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(70 Sagem)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(75 Dancall)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(80 Philips)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">(85 Panasonic)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">SNR = Serial Nr.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">SP = Spare (always "0") </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">NOKIA 5110/5120/5130/5190</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">IMEI number: * # 0 6 #</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Software version: * # 0 0 0 0 #</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Simlock info: * # 9 2 7 0 2 6 8 9 #</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Enhanced Full Rate: * 3 3 7 0 # [ # 3 3 7 0 # off]</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Half Rate: * 4 7 2 0 #</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Provider lock status: #pw+1234567890+1</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Network lock status #pw+1234567890+2</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Provider lock status: #pw+1234567890+3</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">SimCard lock status: #pw+1234567890+4 </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">NOKIA 6110/6120/6130/6150/6190</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">IMEI number: * # 0 6 #</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Software version: * # 0 0 0 0 #</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Simlock info: * # 9 2 7 0 2 6 8 9 #</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Enhanced Full Rate: * 3 3 7 0 # [ # 3 3 7 0 # off]</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Half Rate: * 4 7 2 0 # </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Nokia N201 Cellular Telephone (170-1499) Programming </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">1. Turn on phone. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">2. Enter *3001#12345. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">3. Enter [STO]00. Display says STOR</h4></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-39366519490473686322012-06-26T05:50:00.004-07:002012-06-29T05:53:05.135-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='266' height='400' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/Exkn3kLZbI4?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">London Paris New York – 2012 – Full HD Movie</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='400' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/EiuWCpjE3TU?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Jodi Breakers – 2012 – Full HD Movie</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='400' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/h0J7aa4imKE?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Awarapan full movie 2007 high quality HD</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='400' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/LSBnMfID68E?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Players (2012) Eng Sub – Hindi Movie</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><a name='more'></a><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='400' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/8F3oXzsMqfo?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;">Hulchul Full HD Movie</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><object class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://3.gvt0.com/vi/SC3pupLn-_8/0.jpg" height="266" width="400"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/SC3pupLn-_8&fs=1&source=uds" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><embed width="400" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/SC3pupLn-_8&fs=1&source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div><div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Ready – 2011 Full Hindi Movie</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='400' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/COuIxIU-ot0?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Ghajini Full HD Movie – BluRay – Aamir Khan</div><br /> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-52559234297563091752012-06-26T04:50:00.005-07:002012-06-26T05:08:21.769-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/SVdShWCTD6w?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /> <div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/sjSdtiaZ00k?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 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text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/XN28oRJ2l7w?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/iPpyPCdtzWc?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/4CVMqTPlYZ8?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/u5DiL1cZSUM?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><object class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://3.gvt0.com/vi/bxiDpT_N2Zs/0.jpg" height="266" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/bxiDpT_N2Zs&fs=1&source=uds" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/bxiDpT_N2Zs&fs=1&source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/TxB7cBivtgs?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/RO6Yo8Towns?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /> </div><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/P9i5Wd6yUng?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe><br /> <br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: left;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-3383070355526622842012-06-24T05:17:00.000-07:002012-06-24T05:17:45.095-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Welcome to Electrolux Pakistan</span></h2>Starting out with a single vacuum cleaner, after 80 years of innovations and acquisitions, the Electrolux Group today is a global leader in home appliances and appliances for professional use.<br /> <br /> Electrolux is a world leading international appliance company. They are a part in the daily life of hundreds of millions of families around the world.<br /> <br /> Each year, some 40 million consumers in more than 150 countries choose Electrolux products. That translates to two Electrolux products bought every second, every day of the year. Today, Electrolux has a large products mix of electronics products that enjoy strong position in International market.<br /> <br /> The company focuses on innovations that are thoughtfully designed, based on extensive consumer insight, to meet the real needs of consumers and professionals. <br /> <br /> “THINKING OF YOU” expresses the Electrolux offering: always put the users first and foremost, and to maintain continuous focus on the consumer, whether it’s a question of product development, design, production, marketing, logistics or service.<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">ELECTROLUX PAKISTAN</span></h4>New Allied Electronics Industries (Pvt) Ltd is proud to be associated with Electrolux as their Exclusive distributor in Pakistan. At present New Allied offer Electrolux Air Conditioners, Microwaves, Washing Machine, water Kettle, Toaster and Vacuum in Pakistan Market. These products are trusted by consumers who look for innovation, design and durability at affordable price levels.<br /> <br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Latest Products</span></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Air Conditioner</span></h4>http://www.electroluxappliances.com.pk/image/cache/EQB-Pannel-250x250.jpg<br /> <br /> • Color: white<br /> <br /> • Styish Infrared Remote Control<br /> <br /> • Electronic Control: Temperature Digital Display<br /> <br /> • Air Filtration Integrated System: Dust filter, Double Anti Odour Filter<br /> <br /> • Timer Function (24 Hour)<br /> <br /> • 3 fan speeds: High, Medium, Low, Auto-Turbo<br /> <br /> • Auto Restart<br /> <br /> • Anti corrosion Cabinet<br /> <br /> • Fully Tropicalized (Climate Class T3)<br /> <br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Microwave Oven</span></h4>http://www.electroluxappliances.com.pk/image/cache/NA-36BIBG-250x250.jpg<br /> <br /> • Black Colour<br /> <br /> • Electronic<br /> <br /> • Cooking modes: Microwave, Grill<br /> <br /> • Combi Grill plus Microwave<br /> <br /> • Automatic programs: Auto Defrost, Auto Cooking<br /> <br /> • Quartz Grill<br /> <br /> • Cavity size gross 36 litres<br /> <br /> • Microwave output power: 900 Watt<br /> <br /> • Grill output: 1300 Watt<br /> <br /> • Digital Display<br /> <br /> • Cavity material: enamelled steel<br /> <br /> • Glass turnable plate 31,5 cm diameter<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Vacuum Cleaner</span></h4>http://www.electroluxappliances.com.pk/image/cache/ZB2813-250x250.jpg<br /> <br /> Battery and portable cleaner<br /> <br /> • Charging LED<br /> <br /> • Running time: 20 min.<br /> <br /> • Dust compartment volume: 0,5 l<br /> <br /> • 10 batteries NiMH<br /> <br /> • Stick net weight: 3.9 kg.<br /> <br /> • Quick filter clean system.<br /> <br /> • Efficient and easy to keep clean.<br /> <br /> • Cyclonic suction<br /> <br /> • Maintains high suction power.<br /> <br /> • Tools in charging stand<br /> <br /> • Increases areas for use.<br /> <br /> • Easy-to-steer nozzle makes<br /> <br /> • Its easy to steer around furniture.<br /> <br /> • Extra low noise level<br /> <br /> • With reduced vibrations and diffuser.<br /> <br /> • Easy-to-empty dust cup.<br /> <br /> • Just remove and tip out the dust.<br /> <br /> • Super clean. Empty the dust cup<br /> <br /> • With main vacuum cleaner.<br /> <br /> • Removable brush.<br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">ELECTROLUX DESIGN LAB</span></h2><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">ARE YOU THE SOCIAL MEDIA CORRESPONDENT ELECTROLUX DESIGN LAB IS SEARCHING FOR?</span></h4>Published 2012-06-23 in Electrolux Design Lab 2012<br /> <br /> Electrolux Design Lab in collaboration with Design42Day is searching for a social media correspondent that will attend and report from the final event in Milan this autumn.<br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Responsibilities:</span></h4>A member of the Electrolux Design Lab team will act as a mentor and coach for the correspondent throughout the final event.<br /> <br /> - Engage Electrolux Design Lab social media platforms as Facebook, Blog, Twitter, YouTube, Pinterest and other social networks.<br /> <br /> - Coordinate social media final event activities. Duties include online advocacy, interviewing, writing content, posting promotional content and maintaining content calendars.<br /> <br /> - Maintain a consistent presence, creativity and a friendly environment across all communication channels, engaging fans directly via social media channels, the event, direct email, and within Electrolux Design Lab conversations<br /> <br /> - Help develop a strategy and communication schedule before, during and after the final event<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">Skills that we are looking for:</span></h4>- In-depth knowledge and understanding of social media platforms and their respective participants (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Flickr, etc.)<br /> <br /> - Exceptional interpersonal and communication skills, both written and verbal.<br /> <br /> - Highly self-motivated and proactive with ability to work both with minimal supervision and as part of a team environment.<br /> <br /> - The ability to keep a level head and maintain grace under pressure.<br /> <br /> - Knowledge of and passion for social media.<br /> <br /> - Should have a strong work ethic and a positive attitude, and be comfortable working in a fast-paced environment.<br /> <br /> A jury composed of the Electrolux Design Lab team and a representative from Design42day will select one person that will be the correspondent for the final event. The correspondent will get all expenses during the final event paid. The trip includes travel and hotel stay in Milan.<br /> <br /> If this sounds like something you would like to be a part of, the next step is yours. Send us your application to designlab@electrolux.se no later than 6th July and tell us about your experiences from social media and your ability to create engagement within digital and social media channels.<br /> <br /> Check Electrolux Design Lab out at:<br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">“I look for inspiration for design away from design”</span></h2>INTERVIEW WITH INDUSTRIAL DESIGNER RICKARD HEDERSTIERNA, WINNER OF ELECTROLUX DESIGN LAB 2009<br /> <br /> In 2009, Rickard Hederstierna swept the jury away with his visionary concept “Cocoon”, a sustainable response to the world’s growing population and its desire to consume meat and fish. Similar to heating popcorn in a microwave, Cocoon prepares genetically engineered and prepackaged meat and fish dishes. This process uses science to create food, lifting a burden on the planet by reducing the need for further intensive farming and fishing. Three years later Rickard has gone from his initial internship to being a part of the design team at Electrolux head quarters in Stockholm. We met with Rickard for a talk to see what advice and useful reflections he has to offer this year’s Design Lab participants.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Tell us about the process before the deadline and how it affected your life? <br /> It was at the end of my five years of industrial design studies. I knew the choices I made would influence my future so this was something that I really wanted to do. I had seen the film with Henrik Otto where he introduced the brief and talked about the theme for the competition. It inspired me and I was attracted by a company culture that would create this kind of initiative. So I took a rather boring day job to support myself and then spent evenings and nights working on my concept for Design Lab. I put all my eggs in one basket, so to speak. These were hard times for young designers looking to get hired. It was challenging, but I focused on the positive long-term goal.<br /> <br /> What were your thoughts around the actual material that you presented to explain your concept? Did you have a clear idea of what was expected?<br /> Not really, for example I first prepared 100 pages… and then I reduced them to 10. I chose to make a very visual presentation with a lot of images but not too much text. I put a lot of energy into making the presentation material visually appealing and interesting.<br /> <br /> Can you describe the thought process behind your concept? How did you come up your the idea?<br /> It is important to me when working with technology and the future, to keep your focus on relevance and needs – rather than just falling in love with the technological possibilities. So that’s how I started. I analyzed the scenario and circumstances of the future consumers, defining given aspects and new needs. From there I could map out a problem and then create a solution for that. I believe this is key to the innovation process, we always need to keep asking ourselves: is this relevant, does it cater to an actual need?<br /> <br /> At the finals, you had to present your concept in front of the jury and answer their questions. Were you nervous?<br /> A little bit nervous, yes, of course, because it was an important moment. But I had practiced a lot before, at home in front of the mirror as well as recording and listening to myself presenting. We also got to rehearse with a coach before the final presentation. The experience of having to do the live presentation was very useful and relevant because you have to do this often as a designer. You need to be good at presenting your ideas in a persuasive way. This first experience prepared me for all the lectures, interviews etc. that have followed.<br /> <br /> How did it feel to see your idea made into a real prototype?<br /> Actually, I had not realized that this was going to happen initially so this was an amazing surprise. And then I got rather obsessed with the details, what exact color it would be etc. I wanted it to be perfect. It was extremely cool to have real pros build my product.<br /> <br /> And what about the time after you won and came to the design centre at Electrolux?<br /> It was great because I was quickly integrated in the teams that worked on very cool big projects. Everyone was very understanding towards me and the role of an intern provided me with some time to grow into my responsibilities.<br /> <br /> One last more general question. Where do you look for inspiration?<br /> I follow several design blogs and architecture also really inspires me. Generally, I look for inspiration for design from other sources than product design like architecture, nature, paintings, sculptures etc.<br /> <br /> RICKARD HEDERSTIERNA<br /> Age: 29<br /> Title: Industrial designer at Dishcare, Major Appliances, Electrolux Design Group<br /> Design Lab Experience: Global winner of the competition with ‘Cocoon’ in 2009<br /> <br /> Rickard’s advice to Design Lab participants<br /> 1) Join the competition! It is a great experience that will teach you so much and give you the opportunity to meet very talented and experienced people. If you win it is a great way to start your career.<br /> 2) Don’t fall in love with technology for technology’s sake. Look for the relevance and purpose of your idea.<br /> 3) Keep a global focus, both when it comes to inspiration and for your own benchmark.<br /> 4) Keep your presentation tight and interesting. Show the thought process but don’t overwhelm with details.<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: cyan;">Blogs Rickard reads:</span><span style="color: cyan;"><br /> </span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: cyan;">http://www.coolhunting.com/</span><span style="color: cyan;"><br /> </span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: cyan;">http://www.core77.com/</span><span style="color: cyan;"><br /> </span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: cyan;">http://www.yankodesign.com/</span><span style="color: cyan;"><br /> </span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: cyan;">http://abduzeedo.com/</span><span style="color: cyan;"><br /> </span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: cyan;">http://www.architizer.com/en_us/</span></h4><br /> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-71324984815981820522012-06-24T05:04:00.000-07:002012-06-24T05:04:21.317-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: left;">&nbsp;Electronic Engineering Jobs</h2><h4 style="text-align: left;">Functional Duties : Supervises, assigns, and schedules work, usually for a major project or several minor projects, simultaneously, under general direction of the Chief Engineer. May supervise specialized technical sub-groups.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Specific Duties and Responsibilities :</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> • Input to coaching, teaching, mentoring and effective supervision of assigned personnel.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> • Assists ... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Uralsk, KAZAKHSTAN</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Manager, Estimating - Upstream, WorleyParsons Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">  </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> WorleyParsons is a leading provider of professional services to the resources &amp; energy sectors and complex process industries. The US and Latin America/Caribbean region of WorleyParsons has an immediate opening for an Estimating Manager to plan and define upstream estimating strategic and determine the resources required to achieve them, and directs effort to acquire and reta... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Houston, UNITED STATES</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Senior Instrument Engineer, WorleyParsons Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Primary objective</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Carry out instrumentation design engineering activities, including co-ordination with the instrumentation design groups, to engineer tie-ins from a new offshore complex to an existing wellhead platform</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Specific Accountabilities</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Overall supervision of instrument engi... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Atyrau, KAZAKHSTAN</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Lead Instrument Engineer, WorleyParsons Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Specific Accountabilities</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">  Overall supervision of instrument engineers.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Identify areas where specific training would enhance the instrument groups capabilities.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Technical competence of instrument engineering personnel.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Forecast requirements for instrument engineering resources and allocate those reso... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Atyrau, KAZAKHSTAN</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Senior Telecommunications Engineer/Technologist, WorleyParsons Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> “WorleyParsons strives to be an industry leader in health, safety and environmental performance. Our vision is to achieve zero harm to people and assets, and zero environmental incidents. We select people who share our values, beliefs and commitment to this vision and who demonstrate the expected behaviors, competencies and performance associated with their prospective roles within the comp... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Calgary, CANADA</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Intermediate Controls (Modicon) Specialist, WorleyParsons Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> “WorleyParsons strives to be an industry leader in health, safety and environmental performance. Our vision is to achieve zero harm to people and assets, and zero environmental incidents. We select people who share our values, beliefs and commitment to this vision and who demonstrate the expected behaviors, competencies and performance associated with their prospective roles within the comp... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Calgary, CANADA</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Intermediate Controls Engineer/Technologist (Honeywell Systems), WorleyParsons Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> “WorleyParsons strives to be an industry leader in health, safety and environmental performance. Our vision is to achieve zero harm to people and assets, and zero environmental incidents. We select people who share our values, beliefs and commitment to this vision and who demonstrate the expected behaviors, competencies and performance associated with their prospective roles within the comp... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Calgary, CANADA</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Senior Instrument Engineer, WorleyParsons Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Overall Function</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Carry out instrumentation design engineering activities, including co-ordination with the instrumentation design and other discipline groups. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Perform Instrumentation engineering design work in with true regard to Safety both in design detail and engineering design execution.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> To carry out design work under dir... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Miri, MALAYSIA</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Contract</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> SENIOR RELIABILITY ENGINEER, Baker Hughes </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Employment status</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Full time regular</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">About this job</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Responsible for failure analysis and troubleshooting of Directional tools and downhole motors.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Key responsibilities/accountabilities</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">· Demonstrate stand-alone root cause analysis on all assigned technologies.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">· Create Cause Maps for specified t... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Ciudad del Carmen, MEXICO</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Mechanical Design Engineer - Support, Orion Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is a leading global manufacturer of mission critical, complex, stocked and custom oilfield products for use onshore and offshore</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">As Mechanical Design Engineer - Support your main responsibilities will include</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Modelling of complex parts and assemblies and production of detailed drawings and assembly drawings in Solidworks.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Detailed checking of drawings, for ... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Ethics &amp; Compliance and Control Assurance Lead, Orion Engineering Services Ltd </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is an international consortium of several major Oil &amp; Gas companies</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">They are currently recruiting for the position of Ethics &amp; Compliance and Control Assurance Lead, based in Baku Azerbaijan</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Azerbaijan local national salary and terms of employment apply to this position.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Main responsibilities will i... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Baku city, AZERBAIJAN</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> GIS Technician, Orion Engineering Services Ltd </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is one of the world's largest energy companies employing over 80,000 personnel and operating in over 100 countries worldwide with expertise covering a range of energy sources</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">As GIS Technician your main responsibilities will include</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Spatial data collection and basic survey </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Support GIS (Geographical Information System) Team Leader in delivery of GIS strateg... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Baku city, AZERBAIJAN</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Contract</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Senior Geologist: NV West Africa, London, Spencer Ogden </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Senior Geologist, London</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">New Ventures – West Africa</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">‘To be a main provider of geological analysis and advice for the International New Ventures function of The Company. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">A minimum of 10years of experience in a similar role working on Africa and Europe prospect generation’</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Exploration</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">· </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Analysis of all geologically related data to support the ... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: City of London, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Hydraulic Technician (Workshop) - Oil and Gas - Norwich, Hays Oil &amp; Gas </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The global leader in electronic security and fire protection services to the Petrochemical and Marine markets is recruiting Mechanical Engineers and Hydraulic Engineers to their East Anglia office due to continual client demand.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">This market leading service provider help protect 75% of the top 100 refineries, 80% of the commercial vessels at sea and their portfolio also includes some ... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Senior EC&amp;I or Mechanical Engineer - Oil and Gas - Norwich, Hays Oil &amp; Gas </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The global leader in electronic security and fire protection services to the Petrochemical and Marine markets is recruiting Mechanical Engineers and Hydraulic Engineers to their East Anglia office due to continual client demand. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">This market leading service provider help protect 75% of the top 100 refineries, 80% of the commercial vessels at sea and their portfolio also includes some... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Hydraulic Technician (Offshore, Onshore &amp; Manufacturing), Hays Oil &amp; Gas </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The global leader in electronic security and fire protection services to the Petrochemical and Marine markets is recruiting Mechanical Engineers and Hydraulic Engineers to their East Anglia office due to continual client demand. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">This market leading service provider help protect 75% of the top 100 refineries, 80% of the commercial vessels at sea and their portfolio also includes some... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Project Manager (5100), Oceaneering International </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Oceaneering is a global oilfield provider of engineered services and products primarily to the offshore oil and gas industry, with a focus on deepwater applications. Through the use of its applied technology expertise, Oceaneering also serves the defense and aerospace industries. Oceaneering's business offerings include remotely operated vehicles, built-to-order specialty subsea hardware, deepwa... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Project Engineer, Experis UK </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Project Engineer</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">My client, a leading defence and aerospace organisation, are looking to take on a project engineer as a result of continued capability growth.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Responsibilities:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">-Production of concept designs developed from information provided by performance engineers and design schemes.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">-Provide support t... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: West Midlands, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Maintenance Engineer, Raeburn Group Limited </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Supervision of the Maintenance scope of the Maintenance &amp; Inspection Engineering Contract (MIEC) –participation to control and execution of the contract - including documentation quality.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Participation during technical reviews for maintainability of installations during detailed engineering. Review of handling/lifting devices installation during construction and commissioning phase.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Throu... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Contract</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Senior Field Engineer, Raeburn Group Limited </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Supervises and applies procedures for the operation of Wireline equipment / tools / techniques in order to ensure quality and cost effective service is provided to each customer. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The individual will continue to receive training to extend their knowledge of services related to formation evaluation, production logging, perforating services, conveyance, imaging, and explosive and radioactive handl... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Mechanical Hydraulic Technician - VR/02915, Thorpe Molloy </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">**** PLEASE DO NOT APPLY FOR THIS POSITION UNLESS YOU CURRENTLY HOLD THE RIGHT TO WORK IN THE EU/UK. OUR CLIENT IS NOT ABLE TO OFFER SPONSORSHIP FOR THIS SPECIFIC POSITION AT THIS TIME **** </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Responsibilities:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• Manufacture, assembly, test and servicing of workshop manufactured mechanical and hydraulic kit including but not limited to Hydraulic Power Units, Valve Packs, Pan &amp; Tilts, Actuators a... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Project Engineer, Eden Scott </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Eden Scott are recruiting for Project Engineers, the main purpose of job is to assist the project team with the manufacture, installation and commissioning of electrical instrumentation systems, for a significant number of varied projects in onshore and offshore environments.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Key Responsibilities: </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Technical </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• To be responsible for the installation of smalls systems, service, repairs ... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Resourcing and Competency Administrator, Petrofac </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">We currently seek a Resourcing &amp; Competency Administrator to be based in our Aberdeen Office. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Audit Duties:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To ensure all new contractors for the client have gone through the audit process and have the correct information on file. You will be responsible for ensuring the process is adhered to and that all contractors currently working with the client as well as new starts with the compa... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Mechanical/Hydraulic Technician, Forum Energy Technologies </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Forum Energy Technologies require a Mechanical/Hydraulic Technician who will be responsible for the manufacture, assembly, test and servicing of workshop manufactured mechanical and hydraulic kit including but not limited to Hydraulic Power Units, Valve Packs, Pan &amp; Tilts, Actuators and mechanical sub-assemblies and third party supplied equipment. This role is based at Specialist ROV, located in ... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Insch, Aberdeenshire, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Repair &amp; Maintenance Technician x2, Carlton Resource Solutions </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is a leading global service provider to the oil and gas industry and has an immediate staff requirement for 2x technicians to join their team.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The main duties of this include but are not limited to:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Refurbish and re-commission and maintenance of units and equipment onshore. Responsible for the installation, testing and calibration of surface logging equipment. Review all equipme... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: ABERDEEN, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Well Test Engineer, WTS Energy </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">WTS Energy is urgently looking out for Well Test Engineer on a contract hire to work for leading Oil &amp; Gas Company based in India.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Job description:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">•Preparation of Well test Program (WTP)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">•Physical supervision of well testing equipment and tools viz. String Design, DST Tools, Surface, Well Testing Equipment, Stimulation units (Nitrogen unit + Acid pumping unit), CT unit, slick - line, Electro... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: India, INDIA</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Contract</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Project engineer-Downhole tools-staff/Aberdeen, Huxley </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Are you looking for a new position with a large Oil and Gas Company in Aberdeen who are known internationally? I am currently looking for a project engineer to join an established and growing company in Aberdeen. They are looking for someone to come on board and grow within the company. This is an urgent requirement. On top of the progression available, this company pay one of the highest salaries... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Dyce, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> QHSE Co-ordinator 1205-109, Strategic Resources </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">QHSE Co-ordinator Role Synopsis: To provide effective co-ordination administration support to both the QHSE Department in a professional and courteous manner. Key Accountabilities (includes, but not limited to the following): Assist with the administration of Q-pulse including scanning and filing various documentation including training certification, calibration and audit information. Frequ... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeenshire, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Contract</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Engineer, Eden Scott </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Eden Scott's Client is looking to recruit a Engineer, based in Aberdeen (West).</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Engineer</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Key Accountabilities </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Assess design brief to produce the best solution to project requirements, considering, timescale, cost, safety, current client and industry standards.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Integrate products from within the group to achieve said solution and offer external product solutions to complete project bri... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Principle Engineer, Eden Scott </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Eden Scott's Client is looking to recruit a Principle Engineer, based in Aberdeen.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Key Accountabilities </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Assess design brief to produce the best solution to project requirements, considering, timescale, cost, safety, current client and industry standards.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Integrate products from within the group to achieve said solution and offer external product solutions to complete project brief.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Pe... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Senior Engineer, Eden Scott </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Eden Scott's Client is looking to recruit a Senior Engineer based in Aberdeen.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Key Accountabilities </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Assess design brief to produce the best solution to project requirements, considering, timescale, cost, safety, current client and industry standards.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Integrate products from within the group to achieve said solution and offer external product solutions to complete project brief.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Perform de... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Technical lead, Eden Scott </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Purpose of the Job</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">This is a senior staff position. The post holder will have overarching control of all aspects of fluid power engineering across the entirety of the company’s activities. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Experience/Qualifications Required</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• Degree qualified in a relevant engineering discipline</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• Chartered Engineer</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• Significant experience in fluid power system design</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• E... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Engineering Manager, Eden Scott </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Eden Scott's Client is currently looking to recruit an Engineering Manager based in Aberdeen. This post is to complement and enhance an existing small but expanding engineering team.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The candidate should be familiar with well service surface and subsurface mechanical equipment. Daily activities would include:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">looking after the engineering department and the engineers, </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">daily tasks include in... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Design Engineer, Eden Scott </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Eden Scott's Client is currently looking to recruit a Design Engineer, based in Dunfermline.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">ROLE PROFILE</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">" Process engineering information, under the control of electronic data management system (IMAN), working to current industry codes, contract specifications, Dunfermline Operating Procedures and Global Work Instructions.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Engineering design duties in line with operating procedures, inc... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Senior Electronic Engineer/ Aberdeen/ Staff/ Oil and Gas, Huxley </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">OPPORTNITY FOR A SENIOR ELECTRONIC ENGINEER TO PROGRESS AND BUILD UP SALLARY- FUTURE MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITY</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Are you looking for a new position with a large Oil and Gas Company in Aberdeen who are known internationally? I am currently looking for a Senior Electronics Engineer/ Designer to join an established and growing company in Aberdeen. They are looking for someone to come on board and grow wi... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Dyce, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> SENIOR / LEAD INSTRUMENT ENGINEER - Malaysian Only, Velosi Energy Consultants SDN BHD </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Accountable for: </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• As assigned by the Engr. Manager, completing deliverables within budgeted cost and schedule at the appropriate level of quality. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• Provide coaching and mentoring to I&amp;C engineers regarding their deliverables. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• Analyzing and recommending solutions to technical problems in the I&amp;C area. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• Identify opportunities for work process and design tool improvements (with a focus... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Exports Document Management Coordinator, Orion Engineering Services Ltd </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is an international consortium of several major Oil &amp; Gas companies</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">They are currently recruiting for the position of Exports Document Management Coordinator, based in Baku Azerbaijan</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Azerbaijan local national salary and terms of employment apply to this position.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Main responsibilities will include:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Circulation ... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Baku city, AZERBAIJAN</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Contract</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Senior Document Controller, Orion Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is a global provider of services and engineering solutions and work in diverse environments offering the scale and scope to approach any territory or technical challenge. Employing over 20,000 personnel they operate in around 40 countries worldwide</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">As Senior Document Controller your main responsibilities will include</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Assist in managing the daily performance and ... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Contract</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Assistant Treasurer, Raeburn Group Limited </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Reporting to the Group Treasurer, the Assistant Treasurer (Operations) is responsible for cash management, operational banking and financial market activity throughout the group. This is a key role within a small treasury team. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Key Responsibilities and Tasks:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Daily operational liquidity management activities</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Set-up and maintenance of efficient cash management structures</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Integration of... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Real Estate Technical Assistant, Raeburn Group Limited </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">JOB PURPOSE</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">This position will assist the Region Real Estate Manager with developing a Real Estate Database to track all our client's Properties. The database will be continuously updated once set up to reflect the current Property Portfolio. In conjunction with this a new Electronic Library will be developed to store all building related documents, plans, certification etc. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">KEY RESPONSIBILI... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Electronic Software Engineer, Carlton Resource Solutions </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client are a leading Subsea Oil and Gas company who require an experienced Electronic/Software Engineer to support the company's current and future activities globally. The position will be based in Aberdeen and may cover a number of areas including control system design, development and technical support for remote intervention tooling systems, ROV and autonomous systems and Launch and Recov... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ROV Tooling Project Manager, Carlton Resource Solutions </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client are a leading Subsea service company and are currently recruiting for a ROV Tooling Project Manager, this is on a staff basis located in Aberdeen. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Responsibilities include:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Management of Tooling assets, Area Business development, Client communication, and the Coordination and of equipment and personnel in the UK and overseas.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Travel to areas of responsibility on an as requi... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Senior Production Engineer, Air Energi </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Air Energi is a company specialized in Oil and Gas Sector which works with Operators, Contractors and Subcontractors as a recruitment company.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">As a recruiter, I am looking for a Senior Production Engineer.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The position is based in Paris.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">My client is an Operator.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">This is a permanent position.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Presentation</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">The growth ambition of our clie... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Paris, FRANCE</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Project Engineer (Service Department), Orion Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">87788 - Project Engineer (Service Department)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is a global leader in electronic security and fire protection. Employing over 80,000 people they operate in a variety of industries including maritime, mining &amp; petrochemicals.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">They are currently recruiting for the position of Project Engineer (Service Department), based in Norwich.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Maintenance Engineer (TT/MaiEng/Aberdeen), Linear Recruitment Ltd </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Mission</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• Maintenance Engineer is responsible for </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• Supervision of the Maintenance scope of the Maintenance &amp; Inspection Engineering Contract (MIEC) – participation to control and execution of the contract - including documentation quality.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">• Participation during technical reviews for maintainability of installations during detailed engineering. Review of handling/lifting devices installat... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Contract</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Senior Mechanical Discipline Engineer, Orion Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">87789 - Senior Mechanical Discipline Engineer</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is a global leader in electronic security and fire protection. Employing over 80,000 people they operate in a variety of industries including maritime, mining &amp; petrochemicals.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">They are currently recruiting for the position of Senior Mechanical Discipline Engineer, based in Norwich.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Stores Controller, Orion Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">87787 - Stores Controller</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is a global leader in electronic security and fire protection. Employing over 80,000 people they operate in a variety of industries including maritime, mining &amp; petrochemicals.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">They are currently recruiting for the position of Stores Controller, based in Norwich.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Job Description</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">To ... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Mechanical Graduate Engineer, Orion Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">87786 - Mechanical Graduate Engineer</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is a global leader in electronic security and fire protection. Employing over 80,000 people they operate in a variety of industries including maritime, mining &amp; petrochemicals.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">They are currently recruiting for the position of Mechanical Graduate Engineer, based in Norwich.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Job Descrip... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Hydraulic Technician (Offshore/Onshore &amp; Manufacture), Orion Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">87785 - Hydraulic Technician (Offshore/Onshore &amp; Manufacture)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is a global leader in electronic security and fire protection. Employing over 80,000 people they operate in a variety of industries including maritime, mining &amp; petrochemicals.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">They are currently recruiting for the position of Hydraulic Technician (Offshore/Onshore &amp; Manufacture), based in Norwich.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Workshop Hydraulic Technician, Orion Group </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">87781 - Workshop Hydraulic Technician</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Our client is a global leader in electronic security and fire protection. Employing over 80,000 people they operate in a variety of industries including maritime, mining &amp; petrochemicals.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">They are currently recruiting for the position of Workshop Hydraulic Technician, based in Norwich.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Job Descr... </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Location: Norwich, UNITED KINGDOM</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Electronic Engineering Job Type: Staff</h4><br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Electronics Engineer Jobs Pakistan</h2><h3 style="text-align: left;">All Jobs with Tag: Electronics Engineering</h3><br /> <br /> 24-Jun-2012 Daily Jang Job Opportunities - Daud College of Engineering &amp; Technology, Karachi<br /> 24-Jun-2012 Daily Jang Job Opportunities - Chenab Engineering Work &amp; Foundries Pvt Ltd, Faisalabad<br /> 24-Jun-2012 Daily Jang Job Opportunities in Private Organizations, Lahore<br /> 24-Jun-2012 The News Job Opportunities, Institute of Space Technology Islamabad <br /> 23-Jun-2012 Daily Aaj Walk In Interview - University of Engineering &amp; 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It is being recognized as contributing significantly in important national issues. The electronic media in Pakistan has recorded tremendous growth in a limited time period. In terms of audience both television and radio has significant reach.<br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /> </span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Television (TV)</span></h4>TV due to its potentials to offer a greater variety than other elements of electronic media has become the strongest form of media to perform all four functions, i.e. information, education, influence and entertainment.<br /> <br /> Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) broadcasts began in 1964. Today, PTV has six channels, one of which, PTV Global, broadcasts in Europe, Asia and the US. PTV News is a dedicated news channel and PTV National sends programs in the many different languages of Pakistan. PTV’s state monopoly was ended in 2003 when the market for electronic media was liberalized. This led to the boom in new private TV channels that today transmit soaps, news, dramas, and talk shows millions of viewers. The private channels have been issued licenses for cable or satellite only, which means that PTV is the only channel that provides terrestrial services to the population. <br /> Pakistan Television Corporation<br /> After the de-regulation of electronic media sector, TV sector remains vibrant. By 2009, in total Pakistan has 49 TV channels of which 15 are news channels, 32 primarily entertainment and two religious.<br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">News Channels</span></h4>Geo News<br /> Aaj News<br /> ARY News<br /> Channel 5<br /> Dawn News<br /> Dunya News<br /> Express News<br /> Samaa TV<br /> Indus News<br /> Din News<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Entertainment Channels</span></h4>ARY Digital<br /> ATV<br /> Geo TV<br /> Hum TV<br /> Indus Vision<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Cooking Channels</span></h4>Masala TV<br /> ARY Zauq<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Music Channels</span></h4>Aag TV<br /> ARY Musik<br /> Indus Music<br /> Play TV<br /> Oxygene<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Business Channels</span></h4>Business Plus<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Life Style &amp; Fashion Channels</span></h4>Style 360<br /> Vibe TV<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Religious Channels</span></h4>ARY Qtv<br /> HadiTV<br /> Haq TV<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Sports Channels</span></h4>Geo Super<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Radio</span></h4>Radio Pakistan began its broadcast on 14th August 1947 as a government department. Radio Pakistan through 25 stations located at as many places in the country is on air for 24 hours daily both on Medium Wave and Short Wave. In the home service using 20 languages and dialects it reaches 75 per cent of the area and 95 per cent population of the country.<br /> <br /> On a national level, television is the dominant communication medium in Pakistan. But radio remains a crucial conduit for communicating with Pakistanis in certain areas of the country. This is particularly the case in rural areas and less economically developed provinces. A wide range of radio stations are popular in Pakistan. <br /> <br /> After the liberalization of electronic media more than 120 licenses had been issued for private FM radio stations. Pakistan's media regulator estimated that the country could support more than 800 private radio stations. Private stations are only allowed to broadcast music and entertainment.<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Radio Pakistan</span></h4>After the liberalization of electronic media more than 120 licenses had been issued for private FM radio stations. Pakistan's media regulator estimated that the country could support more than 800 private radio stations. Private stations are only allowed to broadcast music and entertainment.<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Private Radio Channels</span></h4>City FM 89<br /> Radio one FM 91<br /> Nine six International Radio Network<br /> FM 96 Sargodha Pakistan<br /> Chiltan FM 88<br /> FM100<br /> Hum FM<br /> Power 99 FM<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN PAKISTAN – By Azam Khan</span></h2><h4 style="text-align: left;">Growth and Development of Electronic Media in Pakistan:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> How it can enhance national Cohesion and Integration?</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> By</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Muhammad Azam Khan</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> PA&amp;AS</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ===============</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PAPER</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">NATIONAL MANAGEMENT COLLEGE, LAHORE</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 92nd NATIONAL MANAGEMENT COURSE</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">A paper submitted to the Faculty of the National Management College, Lahore, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the 92nd National Management Course.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> =============== </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The contents of this paper are the end product of my own efforts and research and reflect my own personal views and are not necessarily endorsed by the College.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Signature……………………</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Date 21st June 2010</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Paper supervised by:</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Mrs. Rashida Bokhari </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Directing Staff</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ………………. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> PREFACE</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Being participant of 92nd National Management Course at the National Management College of the National School of Public Policy, Lahore, I am assigned the topic of Individual Research Paper titled, “Growth and Development of Electronic Media in Pakistan: How it can Enhance National Cohesion and Integration?”</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The growth of electronic media over past few decades is very rapid in Pakistan. The media can impact public opinion in a significant manner. In Pakistan the national integration and cohesion, is indeed a serious issue, which needs to be analyzed. The media’s extraordinary growth can impact this problem. The media is being considered as a fourth pillar of the state.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> In this study a sincere effort has been made in a comprehensive but concise way to analyze the dimensions of “fault lines” in national cohesion and integration that occurred during the last over 60 years. The role of electronic media to enhance the national cohesion and integration has been analyzed in this study. The same has been analyzed in historical, socio-political, socio-economic, governance and leadership context. From this analysis, a starting point, as I perceive can be made to think various aspects concerning national cohesion and integration. In the end the analysis is concluded and some recommendations have been made.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> I am grateful and deeply indebted to professional guidance extended by Dr. Sikander Hayat, Dean National School of Public Policy, for his encouragement at all stages in carrying out this research and making it possible. I am grateful to Mrs. Rashida Bokhari for her vision and hard work in guiding me on the theme of the paper during the process. She was always critical but professional in her outlook that enabled me to complete this research as per requirements. I am thankful to Prof. Sajjad Naseer and Dr Riffat S. Hussain, for sharing socio political outlook and focused in depth analysis of Pakistani Society. I am also grateful to Ms. Naeema and her team for the assistance extended for library research.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> …………………………………</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The cultural, demographic, linguistic and behavioural manifestations do indicate fault-lines in national cohesiveness. The uncertainty about peace, security, bad-governance and system of justice has generated a sense of deprivation in the society. The stake holders in maintenance of national cohesion and integration are State Institutions, Judiciary, Defence Forces, Law and Order Machinery, Political Parties, Civil Society, Public Opinion Groups, and electronic media. The growth and development of electronic media as fourth pillar of the state is a reality. The television is the most favoured medium of communication with a large number of viewer ship with significant results. The national cohesion and integration demonstrate fault lines that threaten very existence of the state. The study is focused around questions of growth of electronic media in Pakistan and the role of electronic media to enhance national cohesion and integration. The National Integration for Pakistan does not mean creating ethnic or national homogeneity throughout the country; rather it only means establishing a bond that may bind the population in common political and social structures, statehood, a sense of identity and of belonging together.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The Questions raised about Pakistan today are; will it survive as an independent country? Will it be prosperous and stable? Invariably these questions concern the prospects of bringing about good governance, reducing poverty, fostering honest leadership, controlling corruption, and reforming legal and moral institutions. The positive and negative role of media has been highlighted in the study. It has been established that the electronic media has a role to play for resolution of problems being faced by Pakistan i.e. political instability, bad governance, weak economy, sectarian and ethnic divide/religious activism, population growth, friction between the provinces and centre, violence and intolerance in the society, lack of national integration and harmony etc.. The impression that the media could solely and independently play a role in making society and the people to behave in a certain way, cannot succeed, there appears no empirical evidence to support this.We have to examine what causes of a certain phenomena, there may be some more research to study about casualty. What causes something to happen? The healthy relationship between electronic media and the government and its agencies is essential for accurate dissemination of news. There is need to draw a fine balance between the excess and denial of freedom to the media. It has been found that government need to evolve a new media policy.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ====================================</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">Table of Contents</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> PREFACE i</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> INTRODUCTION 1</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> SECTION-1 5</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> GROWTH OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN PAKISTAN 5</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.1 What is electronic media? 5</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.2 Influence of electronic media 5</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.3 Functions of electronic media. 6</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.4 Growth of electronic media in Pakistan 6</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.5 Types of electronic media 7</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.6 The media and the ground realities 8</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.7 Pakistan electronic media regulatory authority 8</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> SECTION-2 10</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> FAULT LINES IN NATIONAL COHESION AND INTEGRATION 10</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 2.1 What is National Integration? 10</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 2.2 Fault Lines in National Cohesion and Integration in Pakistan 11</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 2.3 Socio-Political Factors 11</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 2.4. Socio – Economic Factors 14</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> SECTION-3 16</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN PAKISTAN 16</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 3.1 Electronic media’s impact on Pakistani society 16</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 3.2 Positive impact of electronic media 17</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 3.3 Negative impact of electronic media 18</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> SECTION-4 20</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA TO ENHANCE NATIONAL COHESION AND INTEGRATION 20</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 4.1 Analysis of role of electronic media 20</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 4.2 The role of electronic media to create values of nationalism 21</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 4.3 The role of electronic media to enhance national cohesion and integration 21</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> CONCLUSION 24</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> RECOMMENDATIONS 26</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> BIBLIOGRAPHY 28</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">**************************</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> INTRODUCTION</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The theme of the paper is built around three fundamental assumptions. First, Pakistani society manifest deficient levels of maturity in the domain of integration and cohesion. It may have multiple causative factors, starting from constitutional framework, including defective social landscape to the directionless political process. The institutional infrastructure is weak; the political institutions retard the political movement of the society. The writ of the government is challenged. The culture of civic responsibility remains overwhelmed by individualistic motives for gains and shortcuts instead of national aims and objectives. Whether the vision of a ‘cohesive society’ based on rule of law can be achieved? Secondly, the societal dilemmas are, rooted in leadership crisis, lack of continuity in democratic process, and socio- economic imbalances. Whether we can make a quantum jump to overcome the deficiencies? Thirdly, the phenomenal progress made by electronic media in the last decade raises questions as to how this new ‘power house’ can be harnessed in promoting the process of national integration and cohesiveness aiming at social development?</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The study has pointed out fault lines in national cohesion and integration. It has revealed that the uncertainty about peace, security, bad-governance and system of justice has generated a sense of deprivation in the society. The stake holders in maintenance of national cohesion and integration are State Institutions, Judiciary, Defence Forces, Law and Order Machinery, Political Parties, Civil Society, Public Opinion Groups, and electronic media. The electronic media in Pakistan as a source of immense influence and change has also come and has to stay as fourth pillar of the State. The state policies against the aspirations of people and pressure groups are being exposed in the electronic media. The electronic media has also occupied globally a significant and very central position.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The study has also focused on role of electronic media in alleviation of the socio-political problems of Pakistani society. The electronic media has emerged as an effective tool, globally, and at home for building favourable / unfavourable opinions and attitudes of the masses for the preferred themes, to achieve the desired objectives. If applied positively, its contribution in achieving national integration, socio-economic uplift and in building a cohesive, tolerant and forward looking society cannot be over emphasized.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> …………………</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Statement of the Problem</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> This paper seeks to study the growth of electronic media in Pakistan; to identify the fault lines that have threatened the national cohesion and integration; to review the present role of electronic media: also to determine whether electronic media can play a role in national cohesion and integration in Pakistan? To analyse a possible mechanism, how the electronic media can enhance national cohesion and integration?</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Significance and scope of the Study</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The significance of this study emerges from the fact the electronic media can impact the public opinion and perception. The electronic media can play a pivotal and leading role, given the right direction to make Pakistani society cohesive, integrated vibrant, progressive and tolerant society. The scope of study is an analysis of the factors causing disintegration and in- cohesiveness in society, to identify their causes and impact on national cohesion and integration. The scope of study includes possible role of electronic media to rectify these fault lines to bring cohesion and integration in the society.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Outline of the paper</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The study comprises four sections. The first section is devoted to Growth of Electronic Media in Pakistan while the second section is titled Fault Lines in National Cohesion and Integration The third section discusses the Present Status of Electronic Media in Pakistani Society. An analysis of the Role of Electronic Media to Enhance National Cohesion and Integration is the theme of the fourth section .Finally, the study shell draw conclusion and makes certain recommendations.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Methodology</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The exploratory and analytical methodology is followed during the study. While remaining within the permissible scope of the study, an effort has been made to include all relevant and significant dimensions and features of electronic media and its growth in Pakistan. The study is mainly based on relevant books mostly available in the Library of National Management College, articles in national newspapers and journals. The use of internet during the study has been made to access different sources and material related to the topic and also the views of people of different perspectives and backgrounds have also been obtained.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Review of the Literature</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> “Pakistan Social and Cultural transformations in a Muslim nation by Muhammad A. Qadeer 2006 ”, this book directly deals with Pakistani society. It has explained the determinants of Pakistani society from individual to national level. The author also talks of various social problems being faced by Pakistani society. This book shows how modernization as well as Islamization is simultaneously acting as process of social transformation in Pakistan. It concludes by discussing likely future development in Pakistan.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Post Seminar Report, Seminar Titled “Role of Media: Promoting the Culture of Mutual Tolerance, Civic Responsibility and Rule of Law” National Defence University Islamabad (31st December 2009) the post seminar report provides much focused insight to understand the role of electronic media in our context. The seminar was aimed at generating intellectual debate on contemporary societal dilemmas in the way of the nation’s advancement and on how best the powerful media could be harnessed for a remedial course and our societal renaissance. The growth of media especially in electronic domain; its profile: makeup and interests represented; the emergence of media as a ‘new power house’ together with inherent limitation; and the concept of responsibility in the democratic order have been deliberated eminently in this report.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Electronic Media issues and innovations by Rashmi Sharma 2007 tell us Electronic Media are those communication mediums which are based on electronic or electromechanical means of production and most often distinguished from print media. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public worldwide include radio, sound recordings, television, video recording and streaming internet content. This book is a research work directly linked with the present paper.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Development Communication, Source Book by Paolo Mefalopulous 2008. This is a World Bank publication. This source book offers a useful source for those interested in understanding how development communication can work as a foundation for effective and ethical basis for a society, also provide insight to understand impact of communication, on society.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Journalism for All by Dr. Mehdi Hassan and Dr. Abdus Salam Khurshid 1991. This book is about creation of Pakistan and development of journalism and Mass Communication in Pakistan.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Media and Peace in South Asia Edited by Imtiaz Alam 2006. The south Asian policies analysis (Safna). The Article media and Reconciliation by Khalid Ahmad = A critical Evaluation of Media by Raziuddin Ahmad. Develop insight the role of electronic media in transitional society like Pakistan.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> …………………………. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">SECTION-1</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> GROWTH OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN PAKISTAN</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.1 What is electronic media?</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> “Electronic Media” are those communication mediums which are based on electronic or electromechanical means of production and most often distinguished from print media. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public worldwide include radio, sound recordings, television, video recording and streaming internet content” . It denotes, “the main means of communicating with large number of people, especially television, radio, internet and satellite”. The electronic media have four basic functions; to inform, entertain, educate and influence the public opinion. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The 20th century can be termed as the century of communication. The main mean of mass communication grew in succession as the century unfolded. Motion pictures arrived on scene in the first decade of this century. Regular radio broadcasts started in 1920s. Television entered the arena in 1940s, followed by cable television in 1950s, and satellite television in 1970s. Lastly the personal computer gave access to Internet in 1980s. It transformed the interconnected computer networks through World Wide Web by the 1990s.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 2 Influence of electronic media</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> In the last 50 years the media influence has grown significantly with the advance of technology, first there was the telegraph, then the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television and now the internet. We live in a society that depends on information and communication to keep moving in the right direction and do our daily activities like work, entertainment, health care, education, personal relationships, travelling and anything else that we have to do. “What we need to be aware is that most of our decisions, beliefs and values are based on what we know for a fact, our assumptions and our own experience. In our work we usually know what we have to do base on our experience and studies, however on our daily lives we rely on the media to get the current news and facts about what is important and what we should be aware of.” We have put our trust on the media as an authority to give us news, entertainment and education. However, the influence of mass media on our kids, teenagers and society is so big that we should know how it really works.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The electronic media has touched every sphere of the human aspect. In the present times, information and technology are interwoven with the society’s economic progress. The evolution of electronic media has had an overwhelming impact on the society. The Opportunities of communication have broken all barriers across national boundaries and have led to the germination of new ideas through the cross pollination of cultures. Electronic information has had a positive impact in the promotion of various social regimes.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.3 Functions of electronic media. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The primary functions of electronic media are; to inform, educate, influence and entertain. This means of communication has maximum size of audience, its reach, coverage and effectiveness of its impact is increasing. Following is a brief description of some of the functions of the electronic media:-</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> To Provide Information. The provision of reliable verifiable; adequate and complete information is one of the primary functions of the electronic media, objectivity is expected in arranging information for the population.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> To Provide Education . The electronic media can become a powerful and economical tool for education and has a great potential if used imaginatively and with vision. The media can also be used to raise awareness and educate the masses to overcome various social problems and development of civic sense.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> To Influence Public Opinion. The revolution in information technology and potential of media to influence and analyze various national and international issues, suggest various options, weigh the best option to arrive at the correct solutions to guide their audience.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> To Entertain. The electronic media can cater for a wide range of entertainments for tastes and requirements of almost all the segments of the society.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.4 Growth of electronic media in Pakistan</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The electronic media in Pakistan has made rapid progress. Only three or four decades ago, radio and state owned TV was considered to be the main sources of information. Today, we have more than 77 Satellite TV Channels, 2346 cable operators, 28 landing TV Channels from abroad like BBC, CNN, Sky, Star etc. and more than 129 FM Stations(on air and in some cases licences issued) including 46 Radio Channels. The investment this year is expected US$ 1.5 billion. Total investment in this sector is US$ 2.5 billion. The new jobs likely to be created are 150000. The indirect employment is 7 million. The advertisement market in 2008 was US$ 431 Million and in 2009 it was estimated as US$ 691 million. This growth has made available more knowledge and up to date information in all spheres of life to the general public. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> TV started its test transmissions in 1964. Pakistan Television Corporation was incorporated as a joint stock company in 1967 and in 1984 it was converted into a corporation under the Companies Ordinance. PTV has been a great source of entertainment. TV has also effectively disseminated information on a variety of subjects to its viewers. However, the objectives set out for PTV at the time of its inception were:-</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> • Instruction and enlightenment.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> • Enrichment of knowledge and information.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> • Wholesome entertainment.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> • Promotion of national outlook and integration.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> • Presentation of news in a fair, objective, factual manner free from deception by implication and omission.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.5 Types of electronic media</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Radio. In Pakistan like other developing countries, radio is the major source of information and entertainment due to its reach to the far flung areas and being relatively economical. Broadcasts carry news, analyses, commentaries and advertisements. This medium, however, is losing attraction in the public.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Television. TV due to its potentials to offer a greater variety than other elements of electronic media has become the strongest form of media to perform all four functions, i.e. information, education, influence and entertainment.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Internet. Internet is the latest addition into the elements of medium of electronic communication. It is swiftly bringing a historic shift in the dynamics and profile of the global information sector. The medium also provides instant access to the largest data bases and archives of information around the world.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.6 The media and the ground realities </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The most critical obligation of electronic media is to act as the custodian of the facts. There are certain realities and electronic media’s mindset and peculiarities, which to some extent are universal. The electronic media is a business, a billion dollar industry and thus its primary motive remains to earn money and not harmonize the society. Due to intense competition in the field of electronic media industry, media has to be competitive; to be “Exclusive and First”. The electronic media often looks for controversy, sensationalism and negative news to make headlines. In some cases the electronic media feels that it has the right to interpret what is good or bad for society using its own standards.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The electronic Media was primarily and popularly used by our previous regimes as tool of self propaganda, the quality of news poor, unreliable and un-imaginative presentation of events and stories, ultimately losing the confidence of general public. Introduction of Satellite TV, Cable and Private Channels and Dish widened the scope of awareness of people. The Government of Pakistan realized the sensitivity and potential of private electronic media which could not be avoided through State controlled TV only. The governmental policies regarding electronic media took a different direction, to regulate this sector.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 1.7 Pakistan electronic media regulatory authority</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The objective of PEMRA was to regulate the electronic media i.e. Radio and TV. This was necessitated by the decision to allow a large number of private TV and radio channels. The Ordinance also gives a Code of Conduct for media broadcasters/ cable TV operators.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> “This Regulatory Body was established under the PEMRA Ordinance 2002, having the following goals in mind” </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> i) Improve the standards of information, education and entertainment.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ii) Enlarge the choice available to the people of Pakistan in the media for news, current affairs, religious knowledge, art, culture, science, technology, economic development, social sector concerns, music, sports, drama and other subjects of public and national interest.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> iii) Facilitate the devolution of responsibility and power to the grass roots by improving the access of the people to mass media at the local and community level.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> iv) Ensure accountability, transparency and good governance by optimization of the free flow of information.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Challenges</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> In a democratic country like Pakistan where freedom of speech and expression is guaranteed to every citizen by the Constitution. This fundamental right has to be exercised by all with due care to ensure that it may not incite violence, terrorism, racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, sectarianism, extremism, militancy, hatred, pornography, obscenity, vulgarity or anything offensive to the commonly accepted standards of decency. Similarly, the sanctity of national institutions needs to be respected at all costs. In this regard, PEMRA has formulated a Code of Conduct for the broadcasters. However, the concept of Self-Regulation is promoted to encourage the broadcasters to formulate the rules of the game, themselves.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> SECTION-2</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> FAULT LINES IN NATIONAL COHESION AND INTEGRATION</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 2.1 What is National Integration?</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The concept of National Integration is subject to a wide range of interpretations. However, two definitions which catch the essential spirit of the concept include, “The creation of a National Political System which supersedes or incorporates all the regional sub-cultures” , and the creation of a “Common national consciousness, a common national consensus and a common national identity” . These two definitions appear adequate for working purposes as they underline both the political as well as the socio-cultural ingredients of the process of integration. National cohesion refers to the bonds or “glue” that binds members of society, community or other groups together. The most obvious bonds are ideological, ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and historic. However, the homogeneity of a nation is no guarantee of successfully bonding together as a cohesive whole. “The extent of the threat posed to the integrity of a state by the multiplicity of languages, races, religions etc., depends on a variety of factors but there are basically two requisites (conflict of ideology and economic decline) which must be present before a country may be deemed to be faced with a problem of national disunity.” The Pakistani society is in transition, and it faces challenges but still the national interest is to make Pakistan as a unity-in-diversity and there is an ever-growing need to develop a harmonious society. “The balance sheet of social changes in Pakistani society over the past half century has both cost and benefits. Pakistani society has split into class-cum-lifestyle segments. Its social institutions do not dovetail into each other; instead fissures of institutional lag run through them. Its cohesiveness has given way to the fragmentation and the erosion of value and moral consensus”. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 2.2 Fault Lines in National Cohesion and Integration in Pakistan</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Integration or cohesion is an ideal, “it is not a thing but a process. It is dynamism ruled by an inner necessity, being guided in a direction chosen by itself as a goal or rather a series of goals leading to a certain direction ”. National integration and social cohesion is the capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of its all members, minimize disparities and avoid polarization. A cohesive society is mutually supportive community of free individuals, pursuing these common goals by democratic means. National integration and social cohesion is at risk in Pakistan because of many impeding factors, which originate within the country or influenced by external reasons. It may also be a complex outcome of interaction between the country forces and stresses and influences of global scenario. The socio-political factors and socio-economic factors as listed below have contributed to cause fault lines in national cohesion and integration.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 2.3 Socio-Political Factors</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Intolerance and near absence of civic responsibility, now manifested in our society is indeed the outcome of a hierarchical structure and social barriers, further and enforced by policy approaches in the 80s. Politicizing of religion and language is one major source of fractionalization. “Presently, the culture and society of Pakistan are in the grip of an unprecedented upheaval. In the post 9/11 world, the political, religious, and the social dynamics in Pakistan have been under major internal transformation and intense international scrutiny. Ethnic and sectarian violence which ravaged the country for the last two decades has sharply polarized the society. Various Islamic religious groups jostle violently for power. Religious faith, usually a matter of personal redemption, is flagrantly flaunted and a stunning lack of tolerance for difference increasingly defines Pakistani society.”</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Constitutional Crisis. The non-agreement and lack of consensus on various revisions and amendments in 1973 constitution remained a contentious issue among the federating units since long. The delayed process of reconciliation and agreement, on this only document to govern the state is a serious threat to national cohesion and integration. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Provincialism. Imbedded strides of sub national identities engraved into the fabric of the provinces pose an existential threat to national cohesion. This issue is even more pronounced in case of smaller provinces like Khyber Pukhtunwa and Balochistan. Identity crisis prevailing with in the provinces is tarnishing the very physiology of democracy in essence and in dispensation at National level. There are contradictions between national and provincial interests, particularly in matte relating to language, ethnicity, identity, and power. There are small Political groups and movements agitating for their rights, including Baloch issue. Nevertheless, such provincial or regional sentiments swirl within the national cultural pool.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Sectarian Intolerance. The division of society on the basis of sects, tribes, colour and creed gives rise to intolerance towards other sects. The violence on sectarianism basis is on the rise. The religious intolerance and extremism, and over emphasis on religious identities due to that Pakistani society is facing continuous challenge of terrorism in the name of religion and belief.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Political Process and Direction. The directionless political system rarely delivers to the satisfaction of voters. Various derivations of political process have no regard for national objectives and national interests and efforts for achievement of these goals for the country are hardly visible. The political system as a whole is driven by conflicting vested interests. The political parties lack democratic norms in their rank and file.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Leadership Style and Direction. The political leadership as a whole has failed to satisfy the masses. The trust deficit between the leadership and the people has widened, and is increasing with the passage of time. The social and political positions of so-called ruling elites are just a symbol of false pride without much regard for vision and justice.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Non-State Actors. Unorganized political parties have increased the influence of non-state actors in national politics, thereby vested interests are perpetuated, at the cost of national interests.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Challenges to the Writ of the Government. The manifestation of this divide is the challenge to the writ of the State in FATA and Malakand Division where state infrastructure of governance has been uprooted, the power elite has been eliminated (either by murder or forced migration) new and parallel structures have been created and the application of Constitution is challenged. “The so-called Islamic fundamentalists have always been influential in the largely poor, illiterate, and rural Pakistan society. These groups represent a variety of power centres based on an array of belief systems from within Islam. Historically, none of these groups have had much success at the ballot box, but with a strong core of ‘true believers’ with blind faith and unflinching allegiance, they have often been able to display enough Street power to disrupt civil life. Since the war of independence in neighbouring Afghanistan in the 1980s, these religious groups have been encouraged and aided by the government of Pakistan and the US State Department. As a result they have ‘flourished and proliferated under the exhilarating notion of jihad. The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been porous for centuries because of the unusual terrain that facilitates traffic and a common tribal ethos that informs the lives of the bordering populace. With the rapid and fearsome Talibanization of Afghanistan and the Mullahisation of Pakistan, the borders for all practical and ideological purposes dissolved, and these processes played a vital role in the fluctuating social ethos of Pakistan.” </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> War against Terrorism. The country is facing various challenges. The multiple threats and constant pressures are very serious since post 9/11 due to Pakistan’s commitment with West for fight against terrorism. This involvement is viewed as being done to oblige the West. The suicidal attacks and drone attacks are the result of this involvement.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Feudalism / Tribalism. In Pakistan the feudal and tribal society where rights of human being are violated is a matter of concern, people are not free to express their desire to govern. In such circumstances the leadership style is power centred and feudal in character, this leadership enjoys respect because of fear, and not because of trust. “National and regional culture has, at various times, interwoven and competed with each other. In times when centralization is the ideological thrust, national themes and institutions are in the ascendancy, but when the pendulum swings toward decentralization, regional and ethnic societies and cultures reassert their autonomy. The political ideologies and movements that shift the balance between national and regional social and cultural systems are the markers of Pakistan’s social change.” </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Role of Madrassa. There is little control of government over madrassas in the country, these madras do pose a threat to the cohesion of the society in Pakistan, if not regulated adequately.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 2.4. Socio – Economic Factors</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Socio – Economic disparities. The poverty and inflation has caused disparities in the society. The people living below the poverty line have increased in number. The unemployment and low income has caused economic imbalance in the society. The division of society and decline in socio-economic standards have adversely impacted the quality of life.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Bad Governance. Undemocratic &amp; non-participatory governance.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .The perception of governance leading to good governance is flouted; concepts of transparency and accountability are misleading in Pakistani experience. The accountability is selective and by choice, its aim is not to reform the society of negative practices, but to benefit the fittest and powerful. The people have no faith in the system of governance and accountability. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Violation of Human Rights. The human rights violation is on the increase, the weaker segments of the population even do not get the rights given in the constitution and the irony remains ignorance on their part of basic rights bestowed by the constitution. “The perception of women as having a lower status at all levels is the principle barrier in the way of gender equality and is reinforced by customary practises and the laws of the land. Women education, health, labour force participation, mobility, decision making etc, all reflect the unique situation of women in Pakistan.”</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Personal Security Perception. The constant engagement of population in this war against terrorism has changed its perception of personal security. The people have doubts about the success of governmental policies.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Loyalty towards State /individualistic behaviour. The notion of loyalty towards state is blurred, people’s expectation of justice and fair play are shattered, and therefore, their loyalty towards State is also undermined. The individualism has replaced collectivism; the bigger societal group is vanished. The conflicts of values, beliefs, and other sociological imbalances has damaged the national fabric and has caused segmentation on the basis of caste and class</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Justice and Rule of law. The justice is uncertain; the rules of game are settled by abuse of power. The respect for justice is linked with status and position of the seeker. The attitude towards Rule of Law is very negative, law breaking is considered as a pride for the powerful. Due to delayed justice people have lost hope in the system to get justice.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Violence against Women and minorities “Many Analysts are in agreement that women’s poor status as well as poverty is rooted in social and cultural organization of society”. The rights of the women are abused, and such abuse is referred to the culture and customs and here- say, this victimization is devoid of any ideological, religious and legal and Constitutional basis. The religious minorities are threatened and do face violence at their religious places, thereby show concern of threat and personal security. “Empowering women is a challenge, requires changes in the existing class and caste based structure and it needs a focused and active public delivery system to ensure that resources and opportunities earmarked for women reach them”</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Mistrust in Criminal Justice System. The people do not have trust in criminal justice system, and lack of trust generates uncertainty and confusion in the society. “In Pakistani society, the judiciary plays a pivotal role in articulating and enforcing rules of conduct for its citizens. The judiciary derives its legitimacy and power from the constitution.”</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ………………</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">  </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> SECTION-3</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN PAKISTAN</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 3.1 Electronic media’s impact on Pakistani society</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> In Pakistan the electronic media is providing information at a very large scale. It is being recognized as contributing significantly in important national issues. It has a role in accountability process . The Ptv is pursuing an agenda of social responsibility there are two main challenges of sustainability of democracy and good governance face by the country. In such a scenario, role of media is to facilitate the democracy. “The social impact of communication and media has seeped deep into social and cultural institutions, paradoxically reviving traditions as well as introducing new practices. Like other processes, communication and information media are bound up with other socio- economic forces, thus making them a strong current of social change.” The electronic media has created markets resulting in the employment of greater work force in gathering, processing and disseminating information. The electronic media have a vital role to play in the present day world in Pakistan.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The independent electronic media can demonstrate better performance to provide good quality information with its wider reach. “Private channels highlight causes of mis- governance and bring them to the attention of those who are responsible. They can raise public awareness about what the public itself should also do to ensure good governance whether it is correct payment of taxes and bills or issues such as tax avoidance. Such practices should be discouraged and the media has a duty to learn from other countries how this is being done. Private sector media have an enormous educative and mobilizing role to play when it comes to what society do and certainly with respect to highlighting the social responsibility of the media and the citizens.” “How does Pakistani society hold together despite its ethnic divisions, segmented classes, and fragmented institutions? What are the processes that maintain its social cohesion? This two-part question raises a critical issue about some semblance of functional equilibrium of society.” The electronic media role give new direction to social behaviour, “by changing the boundaries of social situations, electronic media do not simply give us quicker or more thorough access to events and behaviours. They give us instead, new events and new behaviour. ” Following are some of the roles, both Negative and positive being played by electronic media in Pakistan.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 3.2 Positive impact of electronic media</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The electronic media direct social change and values. The electronic media may be successful in stimulating the change in the tightly held ideas and rigid attitudes to bring desired change. The media can give direction to social change, and positively guide the society towards the desired goals.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The electronic media and Policy Dialogue. The electronic media can greatly facilitate this exercise and help the people and government to discuss the issues concerning society, to fulfil their desires and achieve their respective objectives. In Pakistan, the people frequently need to be taken into confidence for the initiation of new policies and initiatives. The objective discussion on political and policy issues media can generate support of people for policies of the government..</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Social problems and media. The social problems of our society revolve around ignorance, traditionalism and backwardness. The Pakistani society is in transition, social and ethnic issues have become hard, it happens in many societies, but need to be averted in tolerance. It is an established fact that blaming circumstances, whether disorders or external factors, for what is happening for Pakistan is not going to do any good for Pakistan’s survival as a dignified an honourable nation. The electronic media can partly address the challenge of societal transformation. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The effect of media on national issues. The electronic media has also been highlighting financial irregularities, corrupt practices and inefficiencies of the government functionaries and negative fallouts on the society of the acts of the extremist elements to adopt an appropriate strategy for their eradication. “The media have a measurable effect on public affairs. In the matter of local, national, economic and social issues, they help to create an informed citizenry by clarifying the complex matters of public affairs which exist at the local and national levels. The formation of public opinion towards the civic problems is generated.” As such the media give the public a better understanding of these issues with which it must deal and influence those who have to resolve these issues.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Electronic media communication and information</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Identification of social problems has always been a difficult job as they fall into a grey area and consequently hard to be known. “Advances in communication and information dissemination, such as television, videos, Internet, and CDs, have increased the circulation of ideas, symbols, and images across national and regional borders. People have access to new sources of news, facts, and entertainment. These media help rationalize, redirect, or impede changes that are underway through economic and social development.”</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 3.3 Negative impact of electronic media</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Objectivity and Electronic Media. The objectivity of media is becoming increasingly questionable, the coverage of issues of national interest demand care and restraint. The media in Pakistan is devoid of objectivity, and just telecast such incidents that sometime are not factual.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> “The very nature of media is subjective and selective, and therefore suppressive. The general electronic media content do cover non-event-centric aspects of life in Pakistan. There is an imbalanced fixation with events, incidents, accidents and statements.” In order to improve their ratings and enhance viewers ship, the tool of sensationalism is used. What is important is to think as to what is being done to own sensibilities and social and moral values.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Causing Desperation amongst Nation. These days no news is good news on Pakistani media. Media has taken away the sense of hope from the masses and has made them over sensitive to their surroundings.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Commercialism and Electronic Media. In today’s world, there is a cross commercialization of the electronic media. Commercially driven, ultra-powerful media primarily serves their sponsors rather than the public. Pakistani media is following the saying, ‘We have no obligation to make history. We have no obligation to make art; we have no obligation to make a positive statement, to make money is our only objective.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Electronic Media and Talk Shows Generally the talk shows do not meet basic tests of responsible journalism; fairness, objectivity, balance and differentiation between fact and speculation. Honest discussion must be ruled by reason, not emotion alone. Most anchors try to impose their own perspective, instead of objectivity. “However, unfortunately, this role has moved from delineation to distortion. In essence, distortion is in-built into the very nature of media as it is unable to represent totality of given situation. Therefore, media managers in any ongoing situation in a society should strive to minimize that inherent tendency to distort.” </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Polarisation of the Society. In some instances, the electronic media is accessed by a small segment of society; due to vested interests this group projects its identity disproportionately. The media coverage of such groups is likely to create a polarized society.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Negative Projection of the Country. All events and happenings in Pakistan are not bad. On the contrary sometime nothing positive is discussed in the electronic media. The projection of crimes and anti- social elements all the time is eroding and diminishing the contours of our true identity across the globe.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Pursuance of Foreign Agenda. It is believed that some of Pakistani media has reportedly links with shady foreign characters, are being funded by different foreign elements and their anchors are on their pay rolls and thus are furthering their anti- state agendas.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> =======================</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">SECTION-4</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA TO ENHANCE NATIONAL COHESION AND INTEGRATION</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 4.1 Analysis of role of electronic media</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The society and culture are threatened in Pakistan. The patterns of life are changing because of impact of education and electronic media, which have to be facilitated in a positive manner. “With regards to media’s role in promoting national cohesion and unity, Media can shape public perceptions on these issues but does not create or solve these problems. What matter the most are government policies and their impact. Media can be a force for national unity only if it adheres to an agreed code of ethics. Finally, a liberal media policy is a prerequisite to play its due role as a vehicle for national unity and cohesion. We are a highly polarized society, segmented along ethnic, sectarian, ideological and gender issues. Faltering economic growth and stagnant social development have only reinforced these tensions. Without achieving economic solvency and the promise of a better future, our national cohesion will remain under stress. Our biggest fault line is the rising demographic pressure on our resources. We need to launch a sustained media campaign to bring this pressure down. This is one area in which media can play a pivotal and non-partisan role”. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The strengths of electronic media include the viewer ship which has reached to eighty six million according to 2009 Gallop survey . Since more than 2000, TV cable operators have emerged as audio-video platforms promoting and influencing the society. Meanwhile, increasing influence of internet and TV channels are raising power potential of these audio and video platforms. It is not making values but just making the people aware of events and happenings. The media is often blamed for social ills to the determinant of identifying the real causes of the problems. We have to see the impact of the dynamics of the society, the governmental culture of power and governance, and various policies and actions, instead of putting blame on media. The relationship between electronic media exposure and behaviour is very complex and many other factors do intervene. It has been impossible to prove that the media has direct “effects”; however it has impact on public opinion formation.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><br /> </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 4.2 The role of electronic media to create values of nationalism</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> In this section the role of electronic media in national cohesiveness and integration shall be discussed. It is imperative to define the term “Nation” and” Nationalism”. We know that we are a nation; because we are part of a geographical entity. There is a general consensus that the term nationalism denotes sentiment and consciousness, which bind people together. It reflects a state of mind and a realization nurtured over time. “There is no set pattern or sequence in which the process of National Integration should be attempted. Karl W Deutsch is of the view that just as a house can be built from different construction materials in varying sequences, National Integration too can be attempted in a similar manner” . It may generally involve following five tasks, “the creation of a sense of territorial integrity; the establishment of a national central authority; the bridging the elite-mass gap; the creation of a “minimum “value consensus; and the devising of integrative institutions and behaviour, ensuring adequate representation of all groups in institutions and decision-making processes”. The electronic media can play an important role in this regard to highlight the values of nationalism, in Pakistan.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> 4.3 The role of electronic media to enhance national cohesion and integration.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Internal Security and Electronic Media. The Pakistani electronic media can play its role to enhance national cohesion and integration, can give the right direction and can still play a vital role to create awareness in all the spheres of its reach. During the autocratic regimes government tried to curb the media but it showed great resilience and resolve by putting up the resolute battle not only for its own survival but also for the cause of restoration of various democratic institutions.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> External Security and Electronic Media. The electronic media can play an important role in mobilizing the masses on sensitive matters, concerning issues of external security. The public opinion support is a significant tool to defend against the external threats. This will sensitize the public at large to the dictates of national security, cohesion and stability. The Pakistani electronic media may achieve this goal without dramatizing and blowing up the issues.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Role of Electronic Media in Democratic Process The electronic media can play a very important role to strengthen the democratic process and democratic institutions in Pakistan. The media can assist in promoting a culture of tolerance, mutual co-existence and may help in evolving national character to strengthen democratic process. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Good Governance and Media. Good governance can be best achieved by strengthening the institutions of the country along with internal and external accountability mechanism. The electronic media as a watch dog can play significant role in scrutinizing the public policies through analysis and also with the feedback of public at large. It is observed that the media reporters are extremely useful sources in providing initial leads to probe into the scandals, mismanagement, nepotism and various corrupt practices causing loss to public exchequer.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Role of Electronic Media in Economic Stability. The new currency for internal security is economics. The most significant factor contributing to the growth and progress of a nation is its economic strength. The electronic media can project the government economic policies and their impact on the people. The media may also provide analysis of international best practises for economic development. The media role in projecting economic well being of the people can generate cohesiveness in the society.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Role of Electronic Media in Political Stability. The domestic environment especially the political instability directly affects the national security. Pakistan can project any national policy globally to get support of international community if the internal political environment is peaceful. The electronic media can play an important role in voicing public opinion to generate support for the government policies. The media can also peruse the politicians to a national political agenda, for institutional stability.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Role of Electronic Media in Resolution of Sectarian Crisis. The track record of electronic media on ethnic and sectarian clashes between Mohajir – Pathan, Mohajir – Sindhi and Shia – Sunni is extremely encouraging. The media has always followed the neutral line and supported the efforts of government in fighting these internal security issues. The electronic media in this area can play a decisive role as a continuous effort to keep the situation defused by creating harmony between various sects.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Role of Electronic Media against Social Evils. The electronic media can play a very vital role in educating the masses about ill effects of social evils like ignorance and backwardness including gun culture and drugs in the society. The awareness can make the society robust and well informed to fulfil their obligations. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ======================</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> CONCLUSION</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The forgoing analysis provides answers to two basic questions; the first question is whether the electronic media has the role of enhancing national integration and cohesion? Secondly, is Pakistani electronic media capable of playing this role? It can be concluded that the electronic media to some extent has a role in enhancing national integration and cohesion. The electronic media because of its very fast growth in Pakistan significantly influenced the public opinion on national issues. However for an effective role of electronic media towards these national objectives, media has its inherent strengths and limitations.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The electronic media in Pakistan has recorded tremendous growth in a limited time period. In terms of audience both television and radio has significant reach. It can be termed as fourth pillar of the state. The electronic media has impact (both positive and negative) on generating public opinion on national issues. There are serious socio-political and socio- economic distortions that have caused fault lines in national cohesion. The media, besides the society, has a direct linkage with the politics as well. The electronic media is an agent of change but the direction of change depends upon the reported information. The media has constraints and limitations, like vested interests, corruption, political motives and monetary gains. Because of lack of objectivity in its activities the creditability of media is sometime questioned. The media reporting is also scandalous and unrealistic to define an issue, this aspect of media needs improvement. The main thesis of this argument is that electronic media is not the master of events because of its structural constraints; therefore, the myth of powerful electronic media is not true. The electronic media is striving hard to become an effective pillar of statecraft. The electronic media is to provide, not to create and media is playing this role to a great extent.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The increasing role of the electronic media in Pakistan warrants formulation of a negotiated and practicable media policy by all the stake holders to assign electronic media its role to enhance national cohesion and integration. It may be also concluded that the government and media should focus should make a commitment to improve the utilization of electronic media for national interests in the coming years. It shall be an appropriate step to maintain a data bank of eminent scholars, educationists, leaders and specialists in their respective fields to discuss subjects on the electronic media useful for national cohesion and integration. The education and training of media people may be arranged at appropriate level to equip them with knowledge and skills to improve quality of reporting. The electronic media may identify societal conditions that resist change and cause disintegration, to bridge the gap in national development. The information sharing in the development of human resources, economic growth, modernization of the society; and shaping of a policy to redirect national affairs is possible with a cooperative approach between the government and electronic media.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Pakistani media is a business like other businesses, a billion dollar industry and thus its primary motive remains to earn money. The media often looks for controversy, sensational and negative news to make it breaking news. The Media feels it has the right to interpret what is good or bad for society using its own standards. It, however, has its own agenda of exploitation and money making, and it has also power of projection of its cause directly to the public. It can be concluded that national cohesion is the shared responsibility of all the people, government, national institutions, political and religious leaders, and the electronic media. Without achieving economic sustainability and a promise of a better future, our national cohesion will remain under stress.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> We can conclude however that media is often blamed for social ills to the determinant of identifying the real causes of the problems. We have to see the impact of the dynamics of the society, the governmental culture of power and governance, and various policies and actions, instead of putting blame on media. It is easier to pass a law to prevent conduct of violence. But the real causes of violence in society- such as poverty, instable family system, role of agencies, mental state of the members of the society, are difficult to solve.We have to examine what causes of a certain phenomena, there may be some more research to study about casualty. What causes something to happen? Is it possible that watching a particular television programme could cause a person to behave in a certain way? The relationship between electronic media exposure and behaviour is very complex and many other factors do intervene. It is not possible to prove that the media has direct “effects”, to cause disintegration in the society however it has impact on public opinion formation. The impression that the media could solely and independently play a role in making society and the people to behave in a certain way, cannot succeed, there appears no empirical evidence to support this explanation.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ………………</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">RECOMMENDATIONS</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Formulation of electronic media policy A comprehensive electronic media policy may be formulated for an effective role of the electronic media in national cohesion. This policy may cover issues like awareness creation, resolution of conflicts and the socio-economic uplift of the society. The scope of the regulatory body (PEMRA) may be enlarged to give representation to all the stake holders including civil society and the journalists. The PEMRA should ensure formulation of a negotiated code of conduct. The focus of the strategy should be a free electronic media guided by a code of conduct to fulfil its national duty.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The electronic media role to strengthen Institutions The electronic media must help sustain confidence in our national institutions such as parliament, armed forces, judiciary and our social structure. The media may project optimism to develop a positive opinion and attitude in the people. </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Media to safeguard national interests. The Media should differentiate between state and the government in its criticism. The criticism of government is in order; it must not be resorted against the state. The media is expected to prefer the national interests supreme over their own interests on such sensitive and complex issues</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Media and good governance The media should expose corruption, to exert pressure on the government for fair and transparent accountability. The media should also indicate areas to bring transparency in government actions. The media through awareness campaign should help in building public consensus to condemn corruption to promote a culture of good governance.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> The media to avoid sensations and scandalous coverage The electronic media should help to develop a harmonious society, bridge gap between reality and the distortions. The media should project objective analysis of the events. The media should present the events by avoiding biases, prejudices and negative perceptions of various groups operating in the society.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Education and training of media people There is lack of proper education, training and understanding among media persons about National Security and defence issues. In certain cases this leads to improper reporting. The media people must be properly educated, professionally trained and intellectually motivated to contribute towards national cause.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Feedback and Evaluation of Electronic Media The mechanism to evaluate the performance of the electronic media towards the desired objectives of national cohesion and integration may be evolved. The incentives to media (cash and medals) on account objective analysis of national issues and allocation of reasonable time for coverage of national harmony issues may be considered.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> =============== </h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> BIBLIOGRAPHY</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Akbar S Ahmed, Pakistan Society – Islam, Ethnicity and Leadership in South Asia, Oxford University Press, 1988.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Alam Imtiaz, Media and Peace in South Asia. (SAFNA). 2006</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Arora Rachal, “Impact of electronic media on the society”, www.media influence.com, internet reference dated 11th June 12, 2010</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Deutsch W Karl, and William J.Foltz ,etc ,, Nation Building 2oo6.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Gayathri.V Women’s Empowerment and Local Self Governance “South AsianQuarterly Magazine of South Asian journalists &amp; Scholars”, April June 2007</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Gunnely P Brian, “Journal of International Affairs”, Columbia University, cited by Ikram Azam in “Pakistan’s Security and National Integration”</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Hussain Rifaat Professor and Chairman Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, through email dated 5th April 2010.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Jafari H Amir “Honour Killing Dilemma, Ritual, Understanding”, Oxford University Press 2008.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Jahan Raunaq. Pakistan: Failure in National Integration Columbia University, New York, 1972.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Mehdi Hassan Dr. and Dr. Abdus Salam Khurshid, Journalisim for All, Etisam Publishers 1991.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Mir Safdar. “The Intellectual Aspect in National integration”: Proceedings of the Pakistan council for National integration Mach, 1966, Rawalpindi</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Myron, Weiner “Political Integration and Political Development” The annals of American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, CCCLVIII (1965)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Mumtaz Khawar, women’s, “Empowerment in Pakistan, South Asian Quarterly Magazine of South Asian journalists &amp; Scholars”, April June 2007</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Paolo Mefalopulous, Development Communication Source Book the World Bank Publication 2008</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Qadeer A Muhammad, “Pakistan Social and Cultural transformations in a Muslim nation” New York Routledge 2006</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Sharma Rashmi, Electronic Media issues and innovations, India; Regal Publication, 2007.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Journals and Reports</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Management Paper, Issues in National Integration Pakistan Administrative Staff College 1989.</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> Post Seminar Report, Seminar Titled “Role of Media: Promoting the Culture of Mutual Tolerance, Civic Responsibility and Rule of Law” National Defence University Islamabad (31st December 2009)</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> .</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;">South Asian Journal “Quarterly Magazine of south Asian journalists &amp; Scholars. April-June 07</h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"> ========END========</h4></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8946755947714888105.post-20482130489308961022012-06-24T04:38:00.000-07:002012-06-24T04:38:36.745-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Graduate Degree Progress</span></h2>For each Stanford advanced degree, there is an approved course of study, which meets University requirements as described in the Stanford Bulletin as well as Department requirements, described in the EE Graduate Handbook. The EE Graduate Handbook includes all the information you will need to meet the requirements of your degree program as well as explain academic policies and guidelines. <br /> <br /> The following web pages will serve as useful references as you progress through the requirements of your degree program:<br /> <br /> EE Graduate Handbook<br /> Stanford Graduate Academic Policies and Procedures – GAP Handbook<br /> University Forms<br /> Department Forms<br /> EE Student Web pages<br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Master’s Students</span></h2>The Master's degree program provides advanced preparation for professional practice or for teaching at the junior college level. It may also serve as the first step in graduate work leading to the degree of Engineer or Ph.D. The department does not prescribe specific courses to be taken but it does provide guidelines for acceptable programs. Each student, with the help of a faculty advisor, prepares an individual program of study and submits it to the Graduate Degree Progress Committee for approval. There is no thesis requirement for the Master's of Science degree. Below you will find important web pages to help you plan your M.S. program of study:<br /> <br /> MS Degree Requirements<br /> How to Create a Master's Program Proposal<br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">Ph.D. Students</span></h2>The Ph.D. degree is designed to prepare students for careers in research and teaching at the university level. Students must successfully complete a minimum of three years of residence with graduate standing, two years of which must be in residence at Stanford. Students in the Ph.D. program must complete the following in order to meet the requirements of the program: (1) a qualifying examination given by the faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering; (2) an approved program of study in Electrical Engineering and allied subjects; (3) an approved topic of research and a written dissertation, based on research, which must be a significant contribution to knowledge; (4) and an oral examination that is a defense of dissertation research and is taken near the completion of the doctoral program. Below you will find important web pages to help you plan your Ph.D. program of study:<br /> <br /> Ph.D. Degree Requirements<br /> Application for Candidacy for Doctoral Degree form (01/12)<br /> EE Special University Oral Examination<br /> University Oral Examination Packet (Windows)/(Mac)<br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Engineer’s Degree Students</span></h2>The Engineer's Degree differs from the Ph.D. in that it prepares students for professional engineering work rather than theoretical research. Work toward the degree of Engineer normally includes the same requirements as the Master's degree in Electrical Engineering with an additional year allowing time for either a broader or a more concentrated program. The equivalent of approximately one-quarter is devoted to independent study and thesis work with faculty guidance. The thesis is often in the form of a professional report on the solution of a design problem. Below you will find important web pages to help you plan your Engineer’s program of study: <br /> <br /> Engineer's Degree Requirements<br /> Application for Candidacy for Engineer Degree form<br /> <br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Student Advisors</span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /> </span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Undergraduate Advisor</span></h4>Alex Omid-Zohoor<br /> Office hours :<br /> TTH 12:30pm-3:00pm<br /> F 3pm-6pm<br /> Email: undergradta@ee.stanford.edu<br /> Packard 110<br /> Phone: 650-725-3799<br /> Graduate Advisor<br /> Catherine Chang<br /> Office hours :<br /> MW 3pm-6pm<br /> Email: gradta@ee.stanford.edu<br /> Packard 110<br /> Phone: 650-725-3799<br /> Faculty Academic Advisors<br /> All EE Students are assigned to a faculty member who will serve as their academic program advisor. A list of Academic Advisors can be found in the EE Graduate Handbook.<br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">List of Accredited Engineering Programmes in Pakistan</span></h2><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">First Schedule:</span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /> </span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">(updated SRO: 237(I)/2012 Dated: 5th March, 2012)</span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /> </span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /> </span></h4>(Accredited Engineering Qualifications Granted by Engineering Universities/Institutions in Pakistan) <br /> <br /> See Explanatory Note below<br /> <br /> Locate an institute in [ISLAMABAD] [PUNJAB] [KHYBER-PAKHTUNKHWA] [SINDH] [BALOCHISTAN] [AJ&amp;K] <br /> <br /> Following Engineering Programs of various Universities/Institutions inside Pakistan are accredited by Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC):- <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">ISLAMABAD</span></h2><br /> Air University, Islamabad <br /> Bachelor of Electronics Engineering (Intake of Batch Fall 2002 only). <br /> Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronic or Telecommunication) From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2007. <br /> Bachelor of Mechatronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> Bahria University, Islamabad (Main Campus)<br /> Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronic or Telecomunication) (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007)<br /> Bachelor of Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2001 upto 2007). <br /> Bachelor of Software Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> <br /> Centre of Advanced Study in Engineering (CASE) Islamabad (UET, Taxila)<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Computer or Telecommunication) (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007). <br /> <br /> COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad (Main Campus) <br /> B.Sc. Electrical (Telecommunication) Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2002 upto Spring-2008).<br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1999 upto Fall-2008). <br /> <br /> Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (Main Campus) <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Electronic) (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2008).<br /> <br /> Hamdard Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad Campus (Hamdard University, Karachi)<br /> B.E. Electronic (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2006-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university). <br /> B.E. Telecommunication (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2006-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university). <br /> <br /> Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad<br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S) in Aerospace Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2002 upto 2009).<br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S) in Communication Systems Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2002 upto 2008).<br /> <br /> Institute of Civil Engineering, Islamabad (National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad)<br /> B.E. Civil (Intake of Batch 2008 only).<br /> <br /> International Islamic University, Islamabad. <br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Electronic Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2008).<br /> <br /> Islamic International Engineering College, Islamabad (Riphah International University, Islamabad) <br /> B.Sc. Electrical (Electronic) Engineering (Intake of Batch 2003 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college)<br /> B.Sc. Electrical (Communication) Engineering - (From Intake of Batch 1999 upto 2006).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Communication) - Intake Year 1999 to Intake Year 2002 (Formerly Islamic International Engineering College (UET Taxila), Rawalpindi).<br /> <br /> Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Campus (Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi) <br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2002 upto 2007). <br /> <br /> National University of Computer &amp; Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Main Campus).<br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Telecommunication Engineering (For Intake of Batch 2002- only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2007.<br /> <br /> NUST School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Islamabad (National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad)<br /> Bachelor of Information and Communication Systems Engineering - (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2006), including Intake of Batch Fall-2003 only, enrolled at NUST Institute of Information Technology (NIIT), Rawalpindi. <br /> Bachelor of Engineering (Electronic Engineering) - (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007), including Intake of Batch Fall-2004 only, enrolled at NUST Institute of Information Technology (NIIT), Rawalpindi. <br /> <br /> NUST Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Islamabad (National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad)<br /> Bachelor in Environmental Engineering (Intake of Batch 2008 only). <br /> <br /> National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad (Main Campus) <br /> B.E. Telecommunication (Intake of Batch Fall-2006 and Spring-2007 only).<br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">PUNJAB</span></h2><br /> Army Public College of Management and Science, Rawalpindi (University of Engineering and Technology Taxila) <br /> B.E. Electrical (Electronics or Telecommunication) (Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2008 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university, including enrollment at National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad).<br /> <br /> COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad (Lahore Campus) <br /> Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2005 upto Fall-2008).<br /> Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Spring-2002 Upto Fall-2007).<br /> Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Telecommunication) Engineering (From Intake of Batch Spring-2004 upto Fall-2007).<br /> <br /> COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad (Wah Campus) <br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2001 upto Fall-2007). <br /> <br /> College of Electrical And Mechanical Engineering, Rawalpindi Campus (NUST Islamabad) <br /> B.E. Electrical (From Intake of Batch 1993 upto 2008).<br /> B.E. Mechanical (From Intake of Batch 1993 upto 2007).<br /> B.E. Computer (From Intake of Batch 1996 to 2008). <br /> B.E. Mechatronics (From Intake of Batch 1998 to 2007). <br /> <br /> College of Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Lahore (University of the Punjab, Lahore) <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2008). <br /> <br /> Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi <br /> B.Sc. Software Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2000 upto 2003 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2005.<br /> <br /> Foundation University Institute of Engineering and Management Sciences, Rawalpindi (Foundation University Islamabad) <br /> B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2007)<br /> B.Sc. Software Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> Government College University, Faisalabad <br /> B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering (Intake of Batch 2004 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007.<br /> <br /> Government College University, Lahore <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Telecommunication) (Intake of Batch 2006 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university).<br /> <br /> HITEC University, Taxila Cantt <br /> B.S. Mechanical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> B.S. Electrical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> <br /> Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rawalpindi Campus (Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad) <br /> B.E. Telecommunication (Intake of Batch 2000 upto 2002 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the univeristy/college) and intake of Batch 2003 upto 2005.<br /> <br /> Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Campus (Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad) <br /> B.E. Telecommunication (From Intake of Batch 2000 upto 2003 - only such graudates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college), and intake of Batch 2004 upto 2005.<br /> <br /> Institute of Quality and Technology Management, Lahore (University of the Punjab, Lahore) <br /> B.Sc. Industrial Engineering &amp; Management (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Lahore (University of the Punjab, Lahore) (Quaid-e-Azam Campus) <br /> B.Sc. (Engg). Chemical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2009).<br /> B.Sc. Engg. Metallurgy &amp; Materials Science (Upto Intake of Batch 2004 only). <br /> M.Sc. Tech upto 1968 thereafter B.Sc. Engg. (Chemical, Mining, Metallurgical Engineering).<br /> <br /> Institute of Advanced Materials, Bahauddin Zakaraya University, Multan <br /> B.Sc. Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> <br /> Lahore College for Women University, Lahore (Main Campus) <br /> B.E Electronic (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> Military College of Signals, Rawalpindi Campus (NUST Islamabad) <br /> B.E. Electrical (Communication) From Intake of Batch 1993 upto 2007.<br /> B.E. Computer Software (From Intake of Batch 1996 upto 2008). <br /> <br /> National Textile University, Faisalabad (Former National College of Textile Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore) <br /> B.Sc. Textile Engineering <br /> (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2008), and the graduates of intake Batch from 1998 to 2003, including enrolment at NCTE, Faisalabad.<br /> <br /> The Students enrolled at NCTE, Faisalabad (affiliated with University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore) passing out in the Year 2000 and after. <br /> <br /> National University of Computer &amp; Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Lahore Campus)<br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S) in Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2007). <br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S) in Telecommunication Engineering (Intake of Batch Fall-2002 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2007. <br /> <br /> NFC Institute of Engineering &amp; Fertilizer Research, Faisalabad (University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore) <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1998 upto 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2007). <br /> <br /> NFC Institute of Engineering and Technological Training, Multan (Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan)<br /> B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> <br /> Rachna College of Engineering and Technology, Gujranwala (University of Engineering and technology Lahore)<br /> B.Sc. Industrial &amp; Manufacturing Engineering (Intake of Batches 2003 &amp; Fall-2003-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college), and Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007.<br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Intake of Batches 2003 and Fall-2003-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college). and intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007.<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2003 &amp; Fall-2003-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college) and Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007. <br /> <br /> School of Science and Technology, University of Management &amp; Technology, Lahore<br /> B.S. Electrical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007). <br /> <br /> The University of Central Punjab, Lahore<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto Fall-2008). <br /> <br /> The University of Lahore, Lahore (Main Campus) <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall 2003 to Fall 2008). <br /> <br /> University of South Asia, Lahore<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2005 only). <br /> <br /> University College of Agriculture, Multan (Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan)<br /> B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007). <br /> <br /> University College of Engineering and Technology, Multan (Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan)<br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1994 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering (Intake of Batch 2005 only and Intake of batch 2006- only such graduates who have completed remedial education/courses verified by the university).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1997 upto 2004), and intake of batches 2005 and 2006 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education/courses verified by the university.<br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2005).<br /> B.Sc. Building and Architectural Engineering (Intake of Batch 2005 only).<br /> B.Sc. Architectural Engineering (Intake of Batch 2004 only).<br /> <br /> University College of Textile Engineering (Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan)<br /> B.Sc. Textile Engineering (From Intake Batch 2004 upto 2006).<br /> <br /> University College of Engineering and Technology, Bahawalpur (The Islamia University of Bahawalpur) <br /> B.Sc. Electrical (Power) Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering (Intake of Batches 1999, 2000, 2001 &amp; 2002-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college), and Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2007.<br /> B.Sc. Computer System Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007). <br /> <br /> University of Agriculture, Faisalabad <br /> B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> <br /> University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila (Main Campus)<br /> B.Sc. Telecommunicatino Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Software Engineering (Intake of Batch 2002 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2007.<br /> <br /> University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila (Chakwal Campus)<br /> B.Sc. Mechatronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2005 upto 2007, excluding Intake of Batch 2006, which was not inducted by the university).<br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2005 upto 2007, excluding Intake of Batch 2006, which was not inducted by the university).<br /> <br /> University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (Main Campus)<br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Computer Science and Engineering (Intake of Batch 2001 and 2002 only).<br /> B.Sc. Building &amp; Architectural Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2008). <br /> B. Sc. Architectural Engineering (Intake of Batch 2001 and 2002 only). <br /> B.Sc. Petroleum &amp; Gas Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Geological Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2006).<br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Polymer) (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2007*).<br /> <br /> * B.Sc. Polymer Engineering (Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007) has been merged in B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Polymer).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Mining Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Metallurgical &amp; Materials Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Environmental Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2008). <br /> B.Sc. Industrial &amp; Manufacturing Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1999 upto 2008). <br /> B.Sc. Mechatronics &amp; Control Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2007)<br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008). <br /> B.Sc. Transportation Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2006).<br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008). <br /> <br /> University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (Faisalabad Campus)<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> B.Sc. Electronic &amp; Communication Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2006).<br /> B.Sc. Mechatronics &amp; Control Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Lahore (Kala Shah Kaku Campus) <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> <br /> The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad<br /> Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Telecommunication or Electronic) - (From Intake of Batch Fall-2002 upto Spring 2004-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch Fall- 2004 upto 2005.<br /> Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronics) - From Intake of Batch 2006 upto 2008.<br /> Bachelor of Engineering in Textile (From intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> University of Gujrat, Gujrat <br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> <br /> University of Wah, Wah Cantt <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2008), including enrolment at Wah Engineering College, Wah Cantt. (affiliated with University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila).<br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007), including enrolment at Wah Engineering College, Wah Cantt. (affiliated with University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila).<br /> B.Sc. Mechatronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007), including enrolment at Wah Engineering College, Wah Cantt. (affiliated with University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila).<br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">KHYBER-PAKHTUNKHWA</span></h2><br /> CECOS University of Information Technology and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar<br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2006).<br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering. Intake Year 1997. The Petitioners of W.P No. 119/04.<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering. Intake Year 1997. The Petitioners of W.P No. 119/04. <br /> <br /> College of Aeronautical Engineering, Risalpur Campus (National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad)<br /> B.E. Aerospace (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.E. Avionics (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> <br /> COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad (Abbottabad Campus)<br /> Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall 2001 upto Fall 2008).<br /> Bachelor of Science in Electronic Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto Fall- 2007).<br /> Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Power) Engineering (Intake of Batch Fall-2007 only).<br /> <br /> Gandhara Institute of Science &amp; Technology, PGS Engineering College (NWFP University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Peshawar)<br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2006).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 to 2006).<br /> <br /> Ghulam Ishaque Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi - Swabi <br /> B.Sc. Materials Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2008)<br /> B.Sc. Materials Engineering (Manufacturing) (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1993 upto 2006). <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Computer Software Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2005).<br /> B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1993 upto 2005).<br /> B.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Upto Intake of Batch 2006).<br /> <br /> Iqra University, Karachi (Peshawar Campus) <br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2004 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007.<br /> <br /> Military College of Engineering, Risalpur Campus (National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad) <br /> B.E. Civil (Upto Intake of Batch 2010).<br /> <br /> National University of Computer &amp; Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Peshawar Campus)<br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> NWFP University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Peshawar (Main Campus)<br /> B.Sc. Industrial Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2006 upto 2010).<br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1995 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2010).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Computer Information Systems Engineering (From Intake Year 1999 to 2000).<br /> B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Mining Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Mechatronics Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> <br /> N.W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar (Mardan Campus)<br /> B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Computer Software Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> N.W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar (Bannu Campus)<br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2008).<br /> <br /> N.W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, (Abbotabad Campus)<br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> Peshawar College of Engineering, Peshawar (NWFP University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Peshawar)<br /> B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2004).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1999 upto 2006).<br /> <br /> Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar<br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2006).<br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">SINDH</span></h2><br /> Bahria University, Islamabad (Karachi Campus) <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Electronic or Telecommunication) (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Spring-2001 upto 2005).<br /> B.Sc. Software Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2000 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi Campus (Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro)<br /> B.E.(Industrial Engineering and Management) (Intake of Batch 2005 only). <br /> <br /> [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro from Intake of Batch year 2000, including 1996-97 Batch in which 1995-96 Batch was merged].<br /> <br /> [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro from Intake of Batches 1997 upto 2004 – only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college]. <br /> B.E. Electronic (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2006). <br /> <br /> [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, from Intake of Batch year 2000, including 1996-97 Batch in which 1995-96 batch was merged, upto Intake of Batch 2004].<br /> B.E. Chemical (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2006). <br /> <br /> [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, from Intake of Batch year 2000, including 1996-97 Batch in which 1995-96 batch was merged, upto Intake of Batch 2004].<br /> B.E. (Metallurgy and Materials Engineering) (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007). <br /> <br /> [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, from Intake of Batch year 2000, including 1996-97 Batch in which 1995-96 batch was merged, and Intake of Batch 2004]. <br /> <br /> [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, from Entry Year 2002 (Batch 01 and 02) and Entry Year 2003 – only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college]. <br /> <br /> Hamdard Institute of Information Technology (HIIT) Karachi (Hamdard University, Karachi)<br /> B.E. Telecommunication (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007).<br /> B.E. Computer System (From Intake of Batch Fall-2000 upto 2004).<br /> B.E. Electronic (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> Iqra University, Karachi (Main Campus)<br /> B.E Telecommunication (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007).<br /> B.E. Electronic (Intake Year 2002 upto 2006), excluding Batch-2003 which was not inducted by the university. <br /> <br /> Institute of Business Management, Karachi<br /> B.S. Industrial Engineering &amp; Management (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2005).<br /> <br /> Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering (PCSIR), Karachi (NED-University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi)<br /> B.E. Industrial Electronics (Upto Intake of Batch 2006-07).<br /> <br /> Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro<br /> B.E. Civil (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.E. Electrical (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.E. Mechanical (upto intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.E. Electronic (Upto Intake of Batch 2007). <br /> B.E. Industrial (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.E. Pet-gas (Upto Intake of Batch 2007). <br /> B.E. Computer System (Upto Intake of Batch 2007). <br /> B.E. Chemical (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.E. Metallurgical (Upto Intake of Batch 2008). <br /> B.E. Mining (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.E. Textile (From Intake of Batch 1993 Upto 2007).<br /> B.E. Telecommunication (From Intake of Batch 2001 to 2008).<br /> B.E. Software (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2006).<br /> B.E. Bio-Medical (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> National University of Computer &amp; Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Karachi Campus)<br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2006).<br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S). in Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2007). <br /> <br /> NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi<br /> B.E. Metallurgical (From Intake of Batch 2007-08 upto 2008-09).<br /> B.E. Polymer &amp; Petrochemical (Intake of Batch 2007-08 only).<br /> B.E. Automotive (From Intake of Batch 2005-06 upto 2007-08).<br /> B.E. Bio-Medical (From Intake of Batch 2005-06 upto 2006- 07).<br /> B.E. Electronic (From Intake of Batch 1998-99 upto 2008- 09).<br /> B.E. Electrical (Upto Intake of Batch 2008-09).<br /> B.E. Petroleum (From Intake of Batch 2004-05 upto 2009- 10).<br /> B.E. Urban (From Intake of Batch 2001-02 upto 2008- 09).<br /> B.E. Telecommunications (From Intake of Batch 2002-03 upto 2009- 10).<br /> B.E. Mechanical (Upto Intake of Batch 2009-10).<br /> B.E. Civil (Upto Intake of Batch 2009-10).<br /> B.E. Chemical (From Intake of Batch 2006-07 upto 2008-09).<br /> B.E. Computer Systems (Upto Intake of Batch 1998-99).<br /> B.E. Computer &amp; Information Systems (From Intake of Batch 1999-2000 upto 2008-09).<br /> B.E. Textile (From Intake of Batch 1995-96 upto 2008- 09).<br /> B.E. Industrial &amp; Manufacturing (From Intake of Batch 1999-2000 upto 2008-09).<br /> B.E. Materials (From Intake of Batch 2006-07 upto 2007- 08).<br /> B.E (Chemical, Metallurgical, Electronics, Industrial) awarded to persons enrolled with NED UET upto 1995-96 batch for programs offered at Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi.<br /> <br /> Pakistan Navy Engineering College, Karachi (National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad)<br /> B.E. Industrial and Manufacturing (Intake of Batch 2008 only).<br /> B.E. Electrical (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.E. Mechanical (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.E. Electronics (From Intake of Batch 1998 to 2007).<br /> <br /> Pakistan Air Force-Karachi Institute of Economics &amp; Technology (PAF-KIET), Karachi<br /> B.E. Electronic (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto Fall-2007).<br /> <br /> Plastics Technology Centre, Karachi (Hamdard University, Karachi)<br /> B.E. Polymer (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2006).<br /> <br /> Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science &amp; Technology, Nawabshah<br /> B.E Electronic (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007).<br /> B.E Energy &amp; Environment (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2008).<br /> B.E. Computer Systems (From Intake of Batch 1997 upto 2007).<br /> B.E. Civil (Upto Intake of Batch 2009).<br /> B.E. Electrical (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.E. Mechanical (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> <br /> Sir Syed University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Karachi<br /> B.S. Telecommunication Engineering (Intake of Batch 2008 only).<br /> B.S. Computer Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.S. Civil Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.S. Electronic Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> B.S. Bio-Medical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2008).<br /> <br /> Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam<br /> B.E. Agricultural (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> <br /> Synthetic Fibre Development and Application Centre, Karachi (Hamdard University, Karachi)<br /> B.E. Textile (Intake of Batch 2005 only).<br /> <br /> Sukkur Institute of Business Administration, Sukkur<br /> Bachelor of Engineering in Telecommunication (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> <br /> Usman Institute of Technology, Karachi (Hamdard University, Karachi)<br /> B.E. Computer Systems (From Intake of Batch 1995 upto 2007 (excluding Intake of Batch 2006, which was not inducted by the university).<br /> B.E. Electronic (Industrial) (Intake of Batch 2004-B and 2005-B).<br /> B.E. Electronic From Intake of Batch 1995 upto 2007 (excluding Intake of Batch 2006, which was not inducted by the university).<br /> B.E. Telecommunication From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007 (excluding Intake of Batch 2006, which was not inducted by the university).<br /> <br /> University of Karachi, Karachi<br /> B.E. Chemical (Intake of Batch 2007 only).<br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">BALOCHISTAN</span></h2><br /> Balochistan University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Khuzdar<br /> B.E. Civil (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.E. Electrical (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.E. Mechanical (Upto Intake of Batch 2007).<br /> B.E. Computer System (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2007).<br /> <br /> Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta (Takatoo Campus)<br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Textile Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Petroleum &amp; Gas Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007).<br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2008).<br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2008). <br /> AJ&amp;K<br /> <br /> Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur (AJ&amp;K)<br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2007), including enrolment at Ali Ahmed Shah-University College of Engineering and Technology, Mirpur Campus (The University of Azad Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Muzaffarabad).<br /> B.Sc. Computer System Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007), including enrolment at Ali Ahmed Shah-University College of Engineering and Technology, Mirpur Campus (The University of Azad Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Muzaffarabad).<br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2007), including enrolment at Ali Ahmed Shah-University College of Engineering and Technology, Mirpur Campus (The University of Azad Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Muzaffarabad).<br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">EXPLANATORY NOTE:</span></h2><br /> All students and specially the parents are requested to see the accreditation status of an engineering program of various Universities/Institutions and the Campuses or affiliated Colleges of the chartered Universities before obtaining admission in such engineering programs. PEC shall only register students graduating form Institutions offering accredited engineering programs. The external links on this page point to the official websites of respective universities (as per information &amp; availability of official link). Mail to info@pec.org.pk to add/update link of any university site listed here.<br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">PEC Recognized Engineering Institutions/Programs</span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">PROVINCE/AREA</span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">ISLAMABAD</span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /> </span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">PUNJAB</span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /> </span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">SINDH</span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /> </span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Khyber Pukhtonkhwa</span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /> </span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">BALOCHISTAN</span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /> </span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">AJK</span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #cc0000;">&nbsp;ISLAMABAD</span></h2><br /> Sr# Name of the Institution Accredited Programs/Disciplines<br /> <br /> 1 <br /> Air University, Islamabad <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Electronics Engineering <br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronic or Telecommunication)<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Mechatronics Engineering<br /> <br /> 2 <br /> Bahria University, Islamabad (Main Campus) <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronic or Telecommunication)<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Computer Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Software Engineering<br /> <br /> 3 <br /> Centre of Advanced Study in Engineering (CASE) Islamabad (UET, Taxila) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Computer or Telecommunication)<br /> <br /> 4 <br /> COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad (Main Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical (Telecommunication) Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering<br /> <br /> 5 <br /> Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (Main Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Electronics<br /> <br /> 6 <br /> Hamdard Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad Campus (Hamdard University, Karachi) <br /> <br /> B.E. Electronic<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Telecommunication<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 7 <br /> Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S) in Aerospace Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S) in Communication Systems Engineering<br /> <br /> 8 <br /> Institute of Civil Engineering, Islamabad (National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad) <br /> <br /> B.E. Civil<br /> <br /> 9 <br /> International Islamic University, Islamabad. <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> 10 <br /> Islamic International Engineering College, Islamabad (Riphah International University, Islamabad) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical (Electronic) Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical (Communication) Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Communication)<br /> <br /> 11 <br /> Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Campus (Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> 12 <br /> National University of Computer &amp; Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Main Campus). <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Telecommunication Engineering<br /> <br /> 13 <br /> NUST School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Islamabad (National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad) <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Information and Communication Systems Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics Engineering)<br /> <br /> 14 <br /> National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad (Main Campus) <br /> <br /> B.E. Telecommunication<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; PUNJABS</span></h2>sr# Name of the Institution<br /> Accredited Programs/Disciplines<br /> <br /> 1 <br /> COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad (Lahore Campus) <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Telecommunication) Engineering<br /> <br /> 2 <br /> COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad (Wah Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering<br /> <br /> 3 <br /> College of Electrical And Mechanical Engineering, Rawalpindi Campus (NUST Islamabad) <br /> <br /> B.E. Electrical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Mechanical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Computer<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Mechatronics<br /> <br /> 4 <br /> College of Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Lahore (University of the Punjab, Lahore) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Metallurgy and Materials Engineering<br /> <br /> 5 <br /> Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 6 <br /> Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rawalpindi Campus (Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad) <br /> <br /> B.E. Telecommunication<br /> <br /> 7 <br /> Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Campus (Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad) <br /> <br /> B.E. Telecommunication<br /> <br /> 8 <br /> Institute of Quality and Technology Management, Lahore (University of the Punjab, Lahore) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Industrial Engineering &amp; Management<br /> <br /> 9 <br /> Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Lahore (University of the Punjab, Lahore) (Quaid-e-Azam Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Engg. Chemical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Engg. Metallurgy &amp; Materials Science<br /> <br /> <br /> M.Sc. Tech upto 1968 thereafter B.Sc. Engg. (Chemical, Mining, Metallurgical Engineering)<br /> <br /> 10 <br /> Lahore College for Women University, Lahore (Main Campus) <br /> <br /> B.E Electronic<br /> <br /> 11 <br /> Military College of Signals, Rawalpindi Campus (NUST Islamabad) <br /> <br /> B.E. Electrical (Communication)<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Computer Software<br /> <br /> 12 <br /> National Textile University, Faisalabad (Former National College of Textile Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Textile Engineering<br /> <br /> 13 <br /> National University of Computer &amp; Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Lahore Campus) <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S) in Computer Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S) in Telecommunication Engineering<br /> <br /> 14 <br /> NFC Institute of Engineering &amp; Fertilizer Research, Faisalabad (University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 15 <br /> NFC Institute of Engineering and Technological Training, Multan (Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering<br /> <br /> 16 <br /> Rachna College of Engineering and Technology, Gujranwala (University of Engineering and technology Lahore) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Industrial &amp; Manufacturing Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 17 <br /> School of Science and Technology, University of Management &amp; Technology, Lahore <br /> <br /> B.S. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 18 <br /> The University of Central Punjab, Lahore <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 19 <br /> The University of Lahore, Lahore (Main Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 20 <br /> University of South Asia, Lahore <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 21 <br /> University College of Agriculture, Multan (Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering<br /> <br /> 22 <br /> University College of Engineering and Technology, Multan (Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Building and Architectural Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Architectural Engineering<br /> <br /> 23 <br /> University College of Textile Engineering (BZU, Multan) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Textile Engineering<br /> <br /> 24 <br /> University College of Engineering and Technology, Bahawalpur (The Islamia University of Bahawalpur) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer System Engineering<br /> <br /> 25 <br /> University of Agriculture, Faisalabad <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering<br /> <br /> 26 <br /> University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila (Main Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Software Engineering<br /> <br /> 27 <br /> University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila (Chakwal Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechatronics Engineering<br /> <br /> 28 <br /> University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (Main Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering <br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Science and Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Building &amp; Architectural Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B. Sc. Architectural Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Petroleum &amp; Gas Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Geological Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Polymer)<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Polymer Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mining Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Metallurgical &amp; Materials Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Environmental Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Industrial &amp; Manufacturing Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechatronics &amp; Control Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Transportation Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering<br /> <br /> 29 <br /> University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (Faisalabad Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electronic &amp; Communication Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechatronics &amp; Control Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc Chemical Engineering<br /> <br /> 30 <br /> University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Lahore (Kala Shah Kaku Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering<br /> <br /> 31 <br /> The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Telecommunication or Electronic)<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronics)<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Engineering in Textile<br /> <br /> 32 <br /> University of Gujrat, Gujrat <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 33 <br /> University of Wah, Wah Cantt <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechatronics Engineering<br /> <br /> 34 <br /> Foundation University, Rawalpindi Campus (Foundation University Islamabad) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Software Engineering<br /> <br /> 35 <br /> Government College University, Faisalabad <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; SINDH</span></h2>Sr# <br /> Name of the Institution <br /> Accredited Programs/Disciplines<br /> <br /> 1 <br /> Bahria University, Islamabad (Karachi Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Electronic or Telecommunication)<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Software Engineering<br /> <br /> 2 <br /> Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi Campus (Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro) <br /> <br /> B.E.(Industrial Engineering and Management)<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electronic<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Chemical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. (Metallurgy and Materials Engineering)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 3 <br /> Hamdard Institute of Information Technology (HIIT) Karachi (Hamdard University, Karachi) <br /> <br /> B.E. Telecommunication<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Computer System<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electronic<br /> <br /> 4 <br /> Iqra University, Karachi (Main Campus) <br /> <br /> B.E Telecommunication<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electronic<br /> <br /> 5 <br /> Institute of Business Management, Karachi <br /> <br /> B.S. Industrial Engineering &amp; Management<br /> <br /> 6 <br /> Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering (PCSIR), Karachi (NED-University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi) <br /> <br /> B.E. Industrial Electronics<br /> <br /> 7 <br /> Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro <br /> <br /> B.E. Civil<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electrical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Mechanical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electronic<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Industrial<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Pet-gas<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Computer System<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Chemical <br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Metallurgical <br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Mining<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Textile<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Telecommunication<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Software<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Bio-Medical<br /> <br /> 8 <br /> National University of Computer &amp; Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Karachi Campus) <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Computer Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S). in Telecommunication Engineering<br /> <br /> 9 <br /> NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi <br /> <br /> B.E. Automotive<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Bio-Medical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electronic<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electrical <br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Petroleum<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Telecommunications<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Mechanical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Civil<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Chemical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Computer Systems<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Computer &amp; Information Systems<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Textile<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Industrial &amp; Manufacturing<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Materials<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E (Chemical, Metallurgical, Electronics, Industrial)<br /> <br /> 10 <br /> Pakistan Navy Engineering College, Karachi (National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad) <br /> <br /> B.E. (Electrical)<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Mechanical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electronics<br /> <br /> 11 <br /> Pakistan Air Force-Karachi Institute of Economics &amp; Technology (PAF-KIET), Karachi <br /> <br /> B.E. Electronic<br /> <br /> 12 <br /> Plastics Technology Centre, Karachi (Hamdard University, Karachi) <br /> <br /> B.E. Polymer<br /> <br /> 13 <br /> Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science &amp; Technology, Nawabshah <br /> <br /> B.E Electronic<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E Energy &amp; Environment<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Computer Systems<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Civil<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electrical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Mechanical<br /> <br /> 14 <br /> Sir Syed University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Karachi <br /> <br /> B.S. Computer Engineering <br /> <br /> <br /> B.S. Civil Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.S. Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.S. Bio-Medical Engineering<br /> <br /> 15 <br /> Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam <br /> <br /> B.E. Agricultural <br /> <br /> 16 <br /> Synthetic Fibre Development and Application Centre, Karachi (Hamdard University, Karachi) <br /> <br /> B.E. Textile<br /> <br /> 17 <br /> Usman Institute of Technology, Karachi (Hamdard University, Karachi) <br /> <br /> B.E. Computer Systems<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electronic (Industrial)<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electronic<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Telecommunication<br /> <br /> 18 <br /> University of Karachi, Karachi <br /> <br /> B.E. Chemical <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Khyber Pukhtonkhwa</span></h2>Sr# <br /> Name of the Institution <br /> Accredited Programs/Disciplines<br /> <br /> 1 <br /> CECOS University of Information Technology and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 2 <br /> College of Aeronautical Engineering, Risalpur Campus (National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad) <br /> <br /> B.E. Aerospace<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Avionics<br /> <br /> 3 <br /> COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad (Abbottabad Campus) <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science in Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Power) Engineering<br /> <br /> 4 <br /> Gandhara Institute of Science &amp; Technology, PGS Engineering College (NWFP University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Peshawar) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 5 <br /> Ghulam Ishaque Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi - Swabi <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Materials Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Materials Engineering (Manufacturing)<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Metallurgy and Materials Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Software Engineering <br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Engineering Sciences<br /> <br /> 6 <br /> Iqra University, Karachi (Peshawar Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> 7 <br /> Military College of Engineering, Risalpur Campus (National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad) <br /> <br /> B.E. Civil<br /> <br /> 8 <br /> National University of Computer &amp; Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Peshawar Campus) <br /> <br /> Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Telecommunication Engineering<br /> <br /> 9 <br /> NWFP University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Peshawar (Main Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Industrial Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Information Systems Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mining Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechatronics Engineering<br /> <br /> 10 <br /> N.W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar (Bannu Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Civil Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 11 <br /> N.W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, (Abbotabad Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> 12 <br /> Peshawar College of Engineering, Peshawar (NWFP University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Peshawar) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 13 <br /> Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> 14 <br /> N.W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar (Mardan Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Software Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #990000;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;BALOCHISTAN</span></h2>Sr# <br /> Name of the Institution <br /> Accredited Programs/Disciplines<br /> <br /> 1 <br /> Balochistan University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Khuzdar <br /> <br /> B.E. Civil<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Electrical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Mechanical<br /> <br /> <br /> B.E. Computer System<br /> <br /> 2 <br /> Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta (Takatoo Campus) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Chemical Engineering <br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Textile Engineering <br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Petroleum &amp; Gas Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electronic Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; AJK</span></h2>Sr# <br /> Name of the Institution <br /> Accredited Programs/Disciplines<br /> <br /> 1 <br /> Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur (AJ&amp;K) <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Electrical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Computer System Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering<br /> <br /> <br /> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0