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xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-12-15T05:33:28.543-08:00</app:edited><title>The Portuguese armed forces and the revolution</title><content type="html">&lt;iframe frameborder="0" scrolling="no" style="border:0px" src="http://books.google.pt/books?id=ncoOAAAAQAAJ&amp;lpg=PA12&amp;ots=uztxcbtmL-&amp;dq=the%20portuguese%20colonialism%20and%20adriano%20moreira&amp;hl=pt-PT&amp;pg=PA10&amp;output=embed" width=500 height=500&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-6377194947085244064?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/6377194947085244064/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=6377194947085244064" title="0 Comentários" /><link 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gd:etag="W/&quot;D0cCRXk8cSp7ImA9WhRSGEQ.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-2606398461766504275</id><published>2011-11-21T09:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-21T09:04:24.779-08:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-11-21T09:04:24.779-08:00</app:edited><title>Alexandra Prats, revisada por Dolors Folch (1) G.A. Koshelenko and V.N. Pilipko, "Parthia," History of Civilizations of Central Asia,</title><content type="html">&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;&lt;center style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #233d7a; font-family: geneva;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://depts.washington.edu/"&gt;El Imperio Parto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: geneva;"&gt;La palabra “Partia” aparece originariamente en una inscripción grabada en el año 520 aC por el rey Aqueménida Darío I para referirse a “Parthava”, un territorio que se corresponde aproximadamente con el actual Khorasan, en el moderno Irán. Más tarde el término pasó a referirse a un imperio, cuyos inicios se establecieron en la misma área en el año 247 aC. Los orígenes del Imperio parto no están claros, a pesar de que la tradición nos dice que el primer emperador, un antiguo gobernador bajo los griegos bactrianos, se llamó Arsaces I. Se cree que en algún momento, a finales del siglo III aC, Arsaces se alzó militarmente contra el monarca griego y estableció su propio reino de Partia. Arsaces y sus sucesores consolidaron su control sobre los territorios al sur del mar Caspio y, mediante campañas militares, empezaron a construir un imperio.&lt;br /&gt;
A finales del siglo II aC, los partos controlaban toda la meseta irania, el valle de los ríos Tigris y Éufrates y parte de Siria. Establecieron un primer tratado con sus futuros rivales, los romanos, en el año 92 aC, en un esfuerzo para vencer a su enemigo común, los Seléucidas. Ante el debilitamiento Seléucida, los partos absorbieron parte de su territorio. A mediados del siglo I aC, el Imperio parto, fuerte y estable, se encontraba en su apogeo.&lt;br /&gt;
Los aristócratas, nombrados regentes por los partos, gobernaban el imperio a nivel local. Durante los primeros siglos del imperio, la clase gobernante parta continuó observando muchos de los aspectos de la cultura helenística que había caracterizado a los niveles sociales altos bajo los reyes greco-bactrianos. Las inscripciones y los retratos en estilo griego marcan las monedas partas más antiguas, atestiguando esta etapa “helenofílica” del Imperio parto. Más tarde, los reyes partos empezaron a redefinirse como herederos directos del imperio Aqueménida; Mítrídates II (123-87 aC) fue, presuntamente, el primer soberano parto que usó el antiguo título Aqueménida de “Rey de Reyes” en sus monedas, en vez del correspondiente título griego. A partir de este momento, la cultura parta se desarrolló como una síntesis de la cultura griega y Aqueménida, con patrones locales iranianos que gradualmente fueron suplantando los elementos helenísticos.&lt;br /&gt;
Los partos controlaban las rutas comerciales terrestres entre Asia y el Mediterráneo, una posición que trajo una gran prosperidad financiera. Los mercaderes partos se enriquecieron como intermediarios de los productos de Asia Central y China, especialmente la seda. La artesanía y los productos partos fueron también ampliamente comerciados, especialmente las telas y tejidos.&lt;br /&gt;
Parece ser que varias religiones eran practicadas con pocos conflictos en Partia, aunque el Zoroastrismo ganó una importancia creciente a lo largo de los siglos. El Budismo se practicaba en las regiones más orientales del Imperio parto, y algunos religiosos partos son conocidos por haber tomado parte en misiones a la China con el objetivo de estudiar con los maestros budistas Han.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A partir del siglo I aC, romanos y partos se enzarzaron en una serie de guerras que duraron casi tres siglos. Luchaban principalmente por Siria, Mesopotamia y Armenia, cuyos territorios pasaron primero a manos romanas para ser recuperados después por los partos en sucesivas batallas. Más que llegar a ningún resultado duradero, esto mermó los recursos de ambas partes, por lo que la disputa acabó en tablas, proporcionando casi un siglo de paz.&lt;br /&gt;
En el año 114 dC, las fuerzas romanas penetraron una vez más en la Partia y, en las subsiguientes campañas, Roma fue capaz de retomar de forma permanente territorios que anteriormente habían ido pasando de manos partas a romanas y viceversa. Los partos fueron capaces de evitar la derrota absoluta y retuvieron gran parte de la meseta iraniana, pero a finales del siglo II dC el poder central parto se debilitó. Hacia el año 195 dC, momento de la última guerra con Roma, los regentes se habían vuelto suficientemente ricos y poderosos como para desafiar a la autoridad central, y negarse a proporcionar impuestos y soldados al trono. En el alo 224 dC, una rebelión interna liderada por el rey de los Pars desembocó en una guerra civil. El último rey parto, Artabanus V, murió en la batalla contra el rey persa Ardashir I, que reunificó Irán bajo un nuevo imperio, el Sasánida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: geneva;"&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;Traducción de Alexandra Prats, revisada por Dolors Folch&lt;/div&gt;(1) G.A. Koshelenko and V.N. Pilipko, "Parthia,"&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;History of Civilizations of Central Asia&lt;/i&gt;, volume II (Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1996), pp. 149-150.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-2606398461766504275?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/2606398461766504275/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=2606398461766504275" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/2606398461766504275?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/2606398461766504275?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/11/alexandra-prats-revisada-por-dolors.html" title="Alexandra Prats, revisada por Dolors Folch (1) G.A. Koshelenko and V.N. Pilipko, &quot;Parthia,&quot; History of Civilizations of Central Asia," /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CEQHRXozeyp7ImA9WhRSFEo.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-6999473930171158841</id><published>2011-11-16T11:38:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-16T11:38:54.483-08:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-11-16T11:38:54.483-08:00</app:edited><title>The Paradoxes of the Highest Science: Magic and Occultism Por Eliphas Levi</title><content type="html">&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;iframe frameborder="0" scrolling="no" style="border:0px" src="http://books.google.pt/books?id=Sn5gLwbjW_8C&amp;lpg=PA80&amp;ots=RWhzfRz4Kh&amp;dq=occultism%20electricity%20and%20demons%20eliphas%20levi&amp;hl=pt-PT&amp;pg=PA80&amp;output=embed" width=500 height=500&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-6999473930171158841?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/6999473930171158841/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=6999473930171158841" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/6999473930171158841?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/6999473930171158841?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/11/paradoxes-of-highest-science-magic-and.html" title="The Paradoxes of the Highest Science: Magic and Occultism Por Eliphas Levi" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;C0ICRXo6fyp7ImA9WhRSFEo.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-4311298987597540707</id><published>2011-11-16T11:26:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-16T11:26:04.417-08:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-11-16T11:26:04.417-08:00</app:edited><title>A Brief History of Control by Ron Patton from ThinkAboutIt Website</title><content type="html">&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Amidst the subtle cerebral circumvention of the gullible populace, through a multitude of manipulated mediums, lies one of the most diabolical atrocities perpetrated upon a segment of the human race; a form of systematic mind control which has permeated every aspect of society for almost fifty years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm"&gt;A Brief History of Control&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Mystery Religions of ancient Egypt, Greece, India and Babylon helped lay the foundation for occultism, meaning "hidden knowledge."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;One of the earliest writings giving reference to occultism is the Egyptian Book of the Dead, a compilation of rituals explicitly describing methods of torture and intimidation (to create trauma), the use of potions (drugs) and the casting of spells (hypnotism), ultimately resulting in the total enslavement of the initiate.&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#1." name="[1]_"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[1]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;These have been the main ingredients for a part of occultism known as&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Satanism&lt;/u&gt;, throughout the ages.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the 13&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Century, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_vatican.htm" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;Roman Catholic church&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;increased and solidified its dominion throughout Europe with the infamous Inquisition. Satanism survived this period of persecution, deeply entrenching itself under the veil of various esoteric groups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1776, a Bavarian Jesuit by the name of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_illuminati_0.htm#Illuminati" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;Adam Weishaupt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was commissioned by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_sociopol_rothschild.htm" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;House of Rothschild&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to centralize the power base of the Mystery Religions into what is commonly known as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_sociopol_illuminati.htm" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;the Illuminati&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, meaning "Enlightened Ones." This was an amalgamation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;powerful occultic bloodlines&lt;/u&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;elite secret societies&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;influential Masonic fraternities&lt;/u&gt;, with the desire to construct the framework for a "&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_sociopol_nwo.htm" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;New World Order&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The outward goal of this Utopia was to bring forth universal happiness to the human race. However, their underlying intention was to gradually increase control over the masses, thus becoming masters of the planet.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Anglo Alliance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
By the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;century, Great Britain and Germany were recognized as the primary geographic areas of Illuminati control.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;It then should be of little surprise to know the first work in Behavioral Science research was established in England in 1882, while much of the early medical and psychiatric techniques involved in mind control were pioneered at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Germany.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_committee300_03.htm#Section 1" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;Tavistock Institute of Human Relations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was set up in London in 1921 to study the "breaking point" of humans. Kurt Lewin, a German psychologist, became the director of the Tavistock Institute in 1932, about the same time Nazi Germany was increasing its research into&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;neuropsychology&lt;/u&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;parapsychology&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;multi-generational occultism&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Interestingly, a progressive exchange of scientific ideas was taking place between England and Germany, most notably in the field of&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;eugenics&lt;/u&gt;: the movement devoted to "improving" the human species through the control of hereditary factors in mating. The nefariously enigmatic union between the two countries was bonded, partly through the Order of the Golden Dawn, a secret society which consisted of many&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;high ranking officials in the Nazi party and British aristocracy&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Top SS Nazi officer Heinrich Himmler, was in charge of a scientific project called Lebersborn, which included selective breeding and adoption of children, a peculiarly large number of twins among them.&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#2." name="[2]"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;The purpose of the program was to create a super-race (Aryans) who would have total allegiance to the cause of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Third Reich&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;(New World Order).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Much of the preliminary experimentation concerning genetic engineering and behavior modification was conducted by Dr. Josef Mengele at Auschwitz, where he coldly analyzed the effects of trauma-bonding, eye-coloring and "twinning" upon his victims. Besides the insidious surgical experimentation performed at the concentration camp, some of the children were subjected to massive amounts of electroshock.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Sadly, many of them did not survive the brutality. Concurrently, "brain-washing" was carried out on inmates at Dachau, who were placed under hypnosis and given the hallucinogenic drug&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;mescaline&lt;/u&gt;. During the war, parallel behavioral research was led by Dr. George Estabrooks of Colgate University. His involvement with the Army, CID, FBI and other agencies remains shrouded in secrecy. However, Estabrooks would occasionally "slip" and discuss his work involving the creation of hypno-programmed couriers and hypnotically-induced split personalities.&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#3." name="[3]_"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[3]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After WWII, the U.S. Department of Defense&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;secretly&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;imported many of the top German Nazi and Italian Fascist scientists and spies into the United States via South America and the Vatican. The code name for this operation was&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mj12_17.htm" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;Project PAPERCLIP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#4." name="[4]"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;One of the more prominent finds for the U.S. was German General Reinhard Gehlen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Hitler’s Chief of Intelligence against Russia. Upon arriving in Washington D.C. in 1945, Gehlen met extensively with President Truman, General William "Wild Bill" Donovan, Director of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and Allen Dulles, who would later become the stalwart head of the CIA. The objective of their brain-storming sessions was to reorganize the nominal American intelligence operation, transforming it into a&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;highly-efficient covert organization&lt;/u&gt;. The culmination of their efforts produced the Central Intelligence Group in 1946, renamed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1947.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Reinhard Gehlen also had profound influence in helping to create the National Security Council, from which the National Security Act of 1947 was derived.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;This particular piece of legislation was implemented to protect an unconscionable number of illegal government activities, including clandestine mind control programs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;a href="" name="ARTICHOKE"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Evolution of Project MKULTRA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With the CIA and National Security Council firmly established, the first in a series of covert brain-washing programs was initiated by the Navy in the fall of 1947.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Project CHATTER was developed in response to the Soviet’s "successes" through the use of "truth drugs." This rationale, however was simply a cover story if the program were to be exposed. The research focused on the identification and testing of such drugs for use in interrogations and the recruitment of agents.&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#5." name="[5]"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;The project was officially terminated in 1953.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The CIA decided to expand their efforts in the area of behavior modification, with the advent of Project BLUEBIRD, approved by director Allen Dulles in 1950.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Its objectives were to:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;(1) &amp;nbsp; discover a means of conditioning personnel to prevent unauthorized extraction of information from them by known means&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;(2) &amp;nbsp; investigate the possibility of control of an individual by application of special interrogation techniques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;(3)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; investigate memory enhancement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;(4)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; establish defensive means for preventing hostile control of agency personnel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;In August 1951,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Project BLUE BIRD was renamed&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;Project&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;ARTICHOKE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;, which evaluated offensive uses of interrogation techniques, including hypnosis and drugs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The program ceased in 1956. Three years prior to the halt of Project ARTICHOKE, Project MK-ULTRA came into existence on April 13, 1953 along the lines proposed by Richard Helms, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (DDCI) with the rationale of establishing a "special funding mechanism of extreme sensitivity."&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#6._" name="[6]__"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;[6]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The hypothetical etymology of "MK" may possibly stand for "&lt;u&gt;Mind Kontrolle&lt;/u&gt;." The obvious translation of the German word "Kontrolle" into English is "control."&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#7." name="[7]_"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[7]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A host of German doctors, procured from the post war Nazi talent pool, were an invaluable asset toward the development of MKULTRA. The correlation between the concentration camp experiments and the numerous sub-projects of MKULTRA are clearly evident.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The various avenues used to control human behavior under MKULTRA included:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;radiation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;electroshock&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;psychology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;psychiatry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;sociology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;anthropology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;graphology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;harassment substances&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;paramilitary devices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;materials "LSD" being the most widely dispensed "material"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;A special procedure, designated MKDELTA, was established to govern the use of MKULTRA&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;abroad&lt;/u&gt;. MKULTRA/DELTA materials were used for&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;harassment&lt;/u&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;discrediting&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;disabling purposes&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#8." name="[8]"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There were&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;149 subprojects&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;listed under the umbrella of MKULTRA. Project MONARCH has not been officially identified by any government documentation as one of the corresponding subprojects, but is used rather, as a descriptive "catch phrase" by survivors, therapists, and possible "insiders".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;MONARCH may in fact, have culminated from MKSEARCH subprojects such as operation SPELLBINDER, which was set up to create "sleeper" assassins (ie. "Manchurian candidates") who could be activated upon receiving a key word or phrase while in a post-hypnotic trance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Operation OFTEN, a study which attempted to harness the power of occultic forces was possibly one of several cover programs to hide the insidious reality of Project MONARCH.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990012; font-size: medium;"&gt;Definition and Description&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The name MONARCH is not necessarily defined within the context of royal nobility, but rather refers to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;monarch butterfly&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;When a person is undergoing trauma induced by electroshock, a feeling of light-headedness is evidenced; as if one is floating or fluttering like a butterfly. There is also a symbolic representation pertaining to the transformation or metamorphosis of this beautiful insect: from a caterpillar to a cocoon (dormancy, inactivity), to a butterfly (new creation) which will return to its point of origin. Such is the migratory pattern that makes this species unique.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Occultic symbolism&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;may give additional insight into the true meaning Psyche is the word for both "soul" and "butterfly" coming from the belief that human souls become butterflies while searching for a new reincarnation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#9." name="[9]"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some ancient mystical groups, such as the Gnostics, saw the&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;butterfly&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;as a symbol of corrupt flesh. The "Angel of Death" (remember Mengele?)&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;in Gnostic art&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;was portrayed crushing the butterfly.&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#10." name="[10]"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;A marionette is a puppet that is attached to strings and is controlled by the puppet master, hence MONARCH programming is also referred to as the "Marionette Syndrome." "Imperial Conditioning" is another term used, while some mental health therapists know it as "Conditioned Stimulus Response Sequences."&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Project MONARCH could be best described as a form of structured dissociation and occultic integration, in order to compartmentalize the mind into multiple personalities within a systematic framework. During this process, a Satanic ritual,&lt;u&gt;usually including Cabalistic mysticism&lt;/u&gt;, is performed with the purpose of attaching a particular demon or group of demons to the corresponding alter(s).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Of course, most skeptics would view this as simply a means to enhance trauma within the victim negating any irrational belief that demonic possession actually occurs.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alters and Triggers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another way of examining this convoluted victimization of body and soul is by looking at it as a complex computer program: A&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;file&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;(alter) is created through&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;trauma&lt;/u&gt;, repetition and reinforcement. In order to&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;activate&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;(trigger)&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;the file&lt;/u&gt;, a specific access code or password (cue or command) is required.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The victim/survivor is called a "slave" by the programmer/handler, who in turn is perceived as "master" or "god."&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;About 75% are female&lt;/u&gt;, since they possess a higher tolerance for pain and tend to dissociate easier than males. Subjects are used mainly for cover operations, prostitution and pornography; involvement in the entertainment industry is notable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A former military officer connected to the DIA, told this writer,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;"In the ’big picture’ these people [&lt;u&gt;MONARCH victims&lt;/u&gt;] are in all walks of life, from the bum on the street to the white-collar guy".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;In corroboration, a retired CIA agent vaguely discussed the use of such personnel to be used as "plants" or "chameleons" for the purpose of infiltrating a designated group, gathering information and/or injecting an ulterior agenda.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are an inordinate amount of alters in the victim/survivor with numerous back-up programs, mirrors and shadows. A division of light-side (good) and dark-side (bad) alters are interwoven in the mind and rotate on an axis. One of the main internal structures, (of which their are many) within the system is shaped like a double-helix, consisting of&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;seven levels&lt;/u&gt;. Each system has an internal programmer which oversees the "gatekeeper" (demons?) who grant or deny entry into the different rooms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;A few of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;internal images predominately seen&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;by victims/survivors are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;trees&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;the Cabalistic "Tree of Life," with adjoining root systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;infinity loops&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;ancient symbols and letters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;spider webs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;mirrors or glass shattering&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;masks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;castles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;mazes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;demons/monsters/aliens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;sea shells&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;butterflies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;snakes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;ribbons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;bows&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;flowers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;hour glasses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;clocks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;robots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;chain-of-command diagrams&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;schematics of computer circuitry boards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bloodlines and Twinning&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A majority of the victims/survivors come from&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;multi-generational Satanic families&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;(bloodlines) and are ostensibly programmed "to fill their destiny as the chosen ones or chosen generations" (a term coined by Mengele at Auschwitz).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Some are adopted out to families of similar origin. Others used in this neurological nightmare are deemed as he "expendable ones" (non-bloodliners), usually coming from orphanages, foster care homes, or incestuous families with a long history of pedophilia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;There also appears to be a pattern of family members affiliated with government or military intelligence agencies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many of the abused come from families who use Catholicism, Mormonism, or charismatic Christianity as a "front" for their abominable activities (though members of other religious groups are also involved.) Victims/survivors generally respond more readily to a rigid religious (dogmatic, legalistic) hierarchical structure because it parallels their base programming. Authority usually goes unchallenged, as their will has been usurped through subjective and command-oriented conditioning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Physical identification characteristics on victims/survivors often include multiple electrical prod scars and/or resultant moles on their skin. A few may have had various parts of their bodies mutilated by knives, branding irons, or needles, Butterfly or occult tattoos are also common. Generally, bloodliners are less likely to have the subsequent markings, as their skin is to "remain pure and unblemished."&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ultimate purpose of the sophisticated manipulation of these individuals may sound unrealistic, depending upon our interpretive understanding of the physical and spiritual realms. The deepest and darkest alters within bloodliners are purported to be dormant until the "Anti-Christ" is revealed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;These "&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_sociopol_nwo.htm" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;New World Order&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;" alters supposedly contain call-back orders and instructions to train and/or initiate a large influx of people (possibly clones or "soulless ones"), thereby stimulating social control programs into the new millennium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Non-biological "twinning" is yet another bizarre feature observed within&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;MONARCH programming&lt;/u&gt;. For instance, two young non related children would be ceremoniously initiated in a magical "soul-bonding" ritual so they might be "inseparably paired for eternity" (possibly another Mengele connection?). They essentially share two halves of the programmed information, making them&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;interdependent upon one another&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Paranormal phenomenon such as astral projection, telepathy, ESP, etc. appear to be more pronounced between those who have undergone this process.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990012; font-size: medium;"&gt;Levels of MONARCH Programming&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#11._" name="[11]"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;ALPHA&lt;/b&gt;. Regarded as "general" or regular programming within the base control personality; characterized by extremely pronounced memory retention, along with substantially increased physical strength and visual acuity. Alpha programming is accomplished through deliberately subdividing the victims personality which, in essence, causes a left brain-right brain division, allowing for a programmed union of L and R through neuron pathway stimulation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;BETA&lt;/b&gt;. Referred to as "sexual" programming. This programming eliminates all learned moral convictions and stimulates the primitive sexual instinct, devoid of inhibitions. "Cat" alters may come out at this level.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;DELTA&lt;/b&gt;. This is known as "killer" programming, originally developed for training special agents or elite soldiers (i.e. Delta Force,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/sociopol_firsthearthbattalion.htm" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;First Earth Battalion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Mossad, etc.) in&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;covert operations&lt;/u&gt;. Optimal adrenal output and controlled aggression is evident. Subjects are devoid of fear; very systematic in carrying out their assignment. Self-destruct or suicide instructions are layered in at this level.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;THETA&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;considered to the "psychic" programming.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Bloodliners&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(those coming from&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;multi-generational Satanic families&lt;/u&gt;) were determined to exhibit a greater propensity for having telepathic abilities than did non-bloodliners. Due to its evident limitations, however, various forms of electronic mind control systems were developed and introduced, namely, bio-medical human telemetry devices (brain implants), directed-energy lasers using microwaves and/or&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;electromagnetics&lt;/u&gt;. It is reported these are used in conjunction with highly-advanced computers and sophisticated satellite tracking systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;OMEGA&lt;/b&gt;. A "self-destruct" form of programming, also known as "Code Green." The corresponding behaviors include suicidal tendencies and/or self-mutilation. This program is generally activated when the victim/survivor begins therapy or interrogation and too much memory is being recovered.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;GAMMA&lt;/b&gt;. Another form of system protection is through "deception" programming, which elicits misinformation and misdirection. This level is intertwined with&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;demonology&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;and tends to regenerate itself at a later time if inappropriately deactivated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Method and Components&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The initial process begins with creating dissociation within the subject, usually occurring from the time of birth to about six years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;This is primarily achieved through the use of&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;electroshock&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;(ECT) and is at times performed even when the child is in the mother’s womb.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Due to the severe trauma induced through ECT, sexual abuse and other methods, the mind splits off into alternate personalities from the core. Formerly referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder, it is presently recognized as Dissociative Identity Disorder and is the basis for&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;MONARCH programming&lt;/u&gt;. Further conditioning of the victim’s mind is enhanced through hypnotism, double-bind coercion, pleasure-pain reversals, food, water, sleep and sensory deprivation, along with various drugs which alter certain cerebral functions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The next stage is to embed and compress detailed commands or messages within the specified alter. This is achieved through the use of hi-tech headsets, in conjunction with computer-driven generators which emit inaudible sound waves or harmonics that affect the RNA covering of neuron pathways to the subconscious and unconscious mind.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;"Virtual Reality" optical devices are sometimes used simultaneously with the harmonic generators projecting pulsating colored lights, subliminals and split-screen visuals. High voltage electroshock is then used for memory dissolution.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Programming is updated periodically and reinforced through visual, auditory and written mediums. Some of the first programming themes included the Wizard of Oz and Alice and Wonderland, both heavily saturated with&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;occultic symbolism&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Many of the recent Disney movies and cartoons are used in a two-fold manner:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;desensitizing the majority of the population, using subliminals and neuro-linguistic programming&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;deliberately constructing specific triggers and keys for base programming of highly-impressionable&lt;u&gt;MONARCH children&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;A prime example of how subliminal programming works is by looking at the recent Disney cinematic sensation Pochahontas, curiously billed as their "33&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;" (highest degree in Scottish Rite Freemasonry) animated movie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;In the movie, Grandmother Willow is a mystical 400 year old tree who counsels the motherless Pochahontas to listen to her heart and help her realize all the answers lie within. Grandmother Willow is constantly talking in "double-speak" and using "reversals" (i.e. "Sometimes the right path is not the easiest one"; the esoteric derivative being: the left path [the path that leads to destruction] is the easiest one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Illuminati Structured MPD Systems, the willow tree represents the occultic powers of Druidism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The intrinsic imagery of the tree’s branches, leaves and root systems are very significant, as some of the dark spiritual proper ties associated with the Willow Tree Programming are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;(1) &amp;nbsp; The branches are used to whip victims in rituals for "cleansing" purposes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;(2)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A willow tree can endure severe weather disturbances (i.e. storms) and is known for it’s pliability or flexibility. Victims/Survivors of the programming describe the willow’s branches wrapping around them, with no hope of escape&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;(3) &amp;nbsp; The deep root system of the willow tree makes the victim/survivor feel as if they are falling deeper and deeper into an abyss while in a hypnotic trance.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#12._" name="[12]"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Music plays an instrumental role in programming, through combinations of variable tones, rhythms and words.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Frightmeister&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Stephen King&lt;/b&gt;’s numerous novels and subsequent movies, are purported by credible sources to be used for such villainous purposes. One of his latest books, Insomnia, features a picture of King with the trigger phrase "WE NEVER SLEEP," (indicative of someone with MPD/ DID) below an all-seeing eye.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A partial list of other mediums used to reinforce base programming are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Pinnochio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Sleeping Beauty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Snow White&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Beauty and the Beast&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Aladdin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The Little Mermaid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The Lion King&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;E. T.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Star Wars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Ghost Busters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Trancers II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Batman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Bewitched&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Fantasy Island&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Reboot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Tiny Toons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Duck Tails&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The Dead Sea Scrolls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The Tall Book of Make Believe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;A few movies which depict or portray some aspect of&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;MONARCH programming&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;are Hell raiser 3, Raising Cain, Labyrinth, Telefon, Johnny Mneumonic, Point of No Return, The Lawnmower Man and Closet Land.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990012; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;Programmers and Places&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
It’s difficult to figure out who the original programmer of this satanic project was, due to the substantial amount of disinformation and cross-contamination propagated by the "powers that be."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The two that went by the color-coded name of Dr. Green are a Jewish doctor named Dr. Gruenbaum, who supposedly collaborated with the Nazis during WWII, and Dr. Josef Mengele, whose trademark of cold blooded and calculating brutality has not only scarred the souls of survivors from Auschwitz, but also a countless number of victims throughout the world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Mengele’s direct involvement at the infamous Auschwitz concentration camp was suspiciously downplayed during the&lt;u&gt;Nuremberg Trials&lt;/u&gt;, and consequently no intensified effort by the U.S. and it’s allies was directed toward his capture.&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#13._" name="[13]"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a means to confuse serious investigators as to his whereabouts, U.S. officials would report Mengele being a non-threatening recluse in Paraguay or Brazil, or that he was simply dead (the "Angel of Death" miraculously must have come back to life at least five different times).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;His unprecedented research, at the expense of thousands of lives, undoubtedly was a significant bonus to U.S. interests. Besides using the pseudonym of Dr. Green, survivors knew him as Vaterchen (daddy), Schoner Josef (beautiful Joseph), David and Fairchild. A gracefully handsome man of slight stature, Mengele would disarm people with his gentle demeanor, while at other times, he would explode into violent rages.&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#14._" name="[14]"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other characteristics remembered by survivors were the cadence of his shiny black boots as he paced back and forth and his "I-love-you/l-love-you-not" daisy game.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;When he pulled off the last daisy petal, he would maliciously torture and kill a small child in front of the other child he was programming. Distraught survivors also recalled being thrown naked into cages with monkeys, who were trained to viciously abuse them. Evidently, Mengele enjoyed reducing people to the level of animals. He also would purposely restrain his victims from crying, screaming, or showing any excessive emotion.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dr. D. Ewen Cameron, also known as Dr. White, was the former head of the Canadian, American and World Psychiatric Associations. Because of Cameron’s extensive experience and credentials, the ClA’s Allen Dulles funneled millions of dollars throughout organizations like the society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, which Cameron ruthlessly presided over. Experimentations were conducted at several locations in Montreal, mostly at McGill University, St Mary’s Hospital and Allan Memorial Institute.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Besides the conventional methods of psychiatric tyranny, such as electroshock drug injections and lobotomies, Cameron conceived the technique of "psychic driving," wherein unsuspecting patients were kept in a drug induced coma for several weeks and administered a regimen of electroshocks, while electronic helmets were strapped to their heads and repetitive auditory messages were transmitted at variable speeds.&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#15._" name="[15]"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Many of those exploited were abused children which had been run through the Roman Catholic orphanage system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Not surprisingly, Dr Cameron has been conveniently left out of most psychiatric journals. This may have been, in fact, largely due to Project MKULTRA being publicly exposed in 1970, through lawsuits filed by Canadian survivors and their families. The CIA and Canadian government settled out of court so as not to be required to officially admit to any wrongdoing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A former U.S. Army Lt. Col. in the DIA’s psychological Warfare Division, Michael Aquino, is the latest in a line of alleged government-sponsored sadists. Aquino, an eccentric genius obsessed with Nazi pagan rituals, founded the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #336699; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/cienciareal/crystal_tablet/index.htm" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;Temple of Set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;, an offshoot of Anton LaVey’s Church of Satan. Aquino was connected with the Presidio Army Base day care scandal, in which he was accused child molestation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Much to the dismay of the young victims’ parents, all charges were dismissed. Code-named "Malcolm", Aquino was reported to have developed training tapes on how to create a&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;MONARCH slave&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;and worked as a liaison between Government/Military Intelligence and various criminal organizations and occult groups in the distribution of MONARCH slaves.&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mindcon02.htm#16._" name="[16]_"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;[16]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Heinrich Mueller was another important programmer who went under the code names "Dr. Blue" or "Gog." He apparently has two sons who have carried on the trade. The original "Dr. Black" was apparently Leo Wheeler, the nephew of deceased General Earle G. Wheeler, who was the commander of the Joint Chiefs of Staffs during the Vietnam War. Wheeler’s protégé, E. Hummel is active in the Northwest, along with W. Bowers (from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_sociopol_rothschild.htm" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000dd;"&gt;Rothschild bloodline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other alleged master mind manipulators, past and present, are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Dr. Sydney Gottleib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Lt. Col John Alexander&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Richard Dabney Anderson (USN)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Dr. James Monroe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Dr. John Lilly&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Lt. Comdr. Thomas Narut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Dr William Jennings Bryan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Dr. Bernard L. Diamond&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Dr. Martin T. Orne&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Dr. Louis J. West&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Dr Robert J. Lifton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Dr. Harris Isbel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Col. Wilson Green&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;In order to keep MKULTRA from being easily detected, the CIA segmented its&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;subprojects&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;into specialized fields of research and development at universities, prisons, private laboratories and hospitals. Of course, they were rewarded generously with government grants and miscellaneous funding.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The names and locations of some of the major institutions involved in MONARCH programming experimentation were/are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Cornell&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Duke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Princeton&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;UCLA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;University of Rochester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;MIT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Georgetown University Hospital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Maimonides Medical Center&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;St. Elizabeth’s Hospital (Washington D.C.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Bell Laboratories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Stanford Research Institute&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Westinghouse Friendship Laboratories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;General Electric&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;ARCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Mankind Research Unlimited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The "final product" was/is usually created on military installations and bases, where maximum security is required. Referred to as (re) programming centers or near-death trauma centers, the most heavily identified are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;China Lake Naval Weapons Center&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The Presidio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Ft. Dietrick&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Ft. Campbell&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Ft. Lewis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Ft. Hood&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Redstone Arsenal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Offutt AFB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Patrick AFB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;McClellan AFB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;MacGill AFB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Kirkland AFB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Nellis AFB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Homestead AFB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Grissom AFB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Maxwell AFB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Tinker AFB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Other places recognized as major programming sites are:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Langley Research Center&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Los Alamos National Laboratories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Tavistock Institute&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: -2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;areas in or by Mt. Shasta, CA, Lampe, MO and Las Vegas, NV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;a href="" name="Trance Formation Of America"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-4311298987597540707?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/4311298987597540707/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=4311298987597540707" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/4311298987597540707?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/4311298987597540707?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/11/brief-history-of-control-by-ron-patton.html" title="A Brief History of Control by Ron Patton from ThinkAboutIt Website" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CkUFQ3s9cSp7ImA9WhRSFEo.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-7275194323043591493</id><published>2011-11-16T11:03:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-16T11:03:32.569-08:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-11-16T11:03:32.569-08:00</app:edited><title>On “Mechanical Occultism” * Georg Unger</title><content type="html">&lt;center style="background-color: #f8fff8;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" lang="en-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1408651566"&gt;On “Mechanical Occultism” *&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" lang="en-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" lang="en-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rsarchive.org/RelAuthors/UngerGeorge/MchOcc_index.php"&gt;Georg Unger&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" lang="en-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;*This “introductory lecture” was given at a members' meeting in Wiesbaden, 1963, and printed in&lt;span lang="de-DE"&gt;Mitteilungen aus der Anthroposophischen Arbeit in Deutschland&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;nos. 68–69, 1964, from which the present translation has been made by permission of Dr. Unger and of the editors of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="de-DE"&gt;Mitteilungen&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align="right" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: #f8fff8;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;img height="281" src="http://www.rsarchive.org/RelAuthors/UngerGeorge/images/ungergeorg02.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;It is essential to consider not only the statements of spiritual-scientific research on this subject, but to relate them to what science has to tell us in the field of mechanisms.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;In Rudolf Steiner's lectures entitled&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;In the Changed Conditions of the Times&lt;/i&gt;, [&lt;span&gt;Six lectures given at Dornach, November 29 to December 8, 1918. Translated by Olin D. Wannamaker. New York, Anthroposophic Press; London, Rudolf Steiner Publishing Company, 1941.&lt;/span&gt;] he describes “powers which, in the future, human beings will develop in a quite elemental way.” These lectures are fundamental to our subject. We have to do here with powers that are unknown to materialistic science, since it is concerned with a period during which its general methods have undergone little change.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;Dr. Steiner first refers to “the threefold capacity, of which every well-informed member of these secret circles speaks.” The first is “the capacity for so-called material occultism.” By this means, according to the ideas of these secret societies, “certain social forms which to-day are the foundation of industrialism will be placed on a quite different footing.” Rudolf Steiner continued more specifically:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;Every knowledgeable member of these secret circles is aware that solely by means of certain capacities which are still latent in man but are still evolving, and with the help of the law of harmonious vibrations, machines and mechanical constructions can be set in motion. You will find a small indication of this in what I connected with the figure of Strader in my Mystery Plays. ... The capacity to set motors in motion according to the law or interacting vibrations we develop on a considerable scale among the English-speaking peoples.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;If the reference to Dr. Strader is traced back to its original, we are led by way of Rudolf Steiner's statements about human destiny to the philosopher Gideon Spicker. That is, as it were, one side of the picture. The other side is that Rudolf Steiner's audiences at the beginning of this century were familiar through theosophical literature with the personality of the inventor John Worrell Keely, who was active in America during the second half of the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;century. Keely introduced his “motor,” which depended on raising certain vibrations to ever-higher frequencies. It was, however, governed by mechanical vibrators, regulated by the inventor himself. In Keely’s writings there are accounts of cylinders which released tremendous forces of a mechanical kind, and of vibrators for shattering rocks, useful in the mining industry. There are whole tables of vibration-numbers which go with the various spheres of reality. All this was first published by the Theosophical Society and afterwards arranged in book form by one of Keely's sponsors, Mrs. Bloomfield-Moore.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;The law of interacting phenomena, mentioned by Rudolf Steiner in the lecture quoted, is one to which he refers on other occasions, always as though he were passing on widely known occult facts. For instance, in the 8th lecture of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;First Scientific Lecture Course&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/LightCrse/LitCrs_index.html" style="color: #5e11a6; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="compare"&gt;&lt;i&gt;First Scientific Lecture Course&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, [&lt;span&gt;Ten lectures given at Stuttgart December 23, 1919, to January 3, 1920. Published by the Natural Science Section of the Goetheanum, 1925. English edition, translated by George Adams, issued by the Goethean Science Foundation, Clent Worcs.&lt;/span&gt;] he says:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;You have a pendulum clock; you wind it up and set it going. In the same room you have another pendulum clock: it must, admittedly, be of a certain type. This second clock you do not wind up. Under favourable circumstances you may sometimes discover that gradually this clock starts of its own accord. We will call this the “mutual sympathy” between phenomena, it can be investigated in a very wide domain. A last phenomena of this type, still connected to some extent with the outer world, could be examined far more frequently than it generally is, for it occurs very often. Times without number you may have had this experience. You are at table with another person and he says something you have just been thinking. You were thinking it but did not say it; he now says n. It is the sympathetic going-together of events (or complexes of events which is here making itself felt in a highly spiritual realm. We need to recognise the whole range of continuity from the simple resonance of a violin string, which one may still interpret crudely and unspiritually within the sequence of outer material events, to these parallel phenomena which appear so much more spiritual — as when we experience one another's thoughts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;In a book by the occultist C. G. Harrison,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Transcendental Universe&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(London, 1894), the possible effect of prayer on rainfall is discussed (p. 104): “Is it so unscientific to think that where the wishes of a whole community are concentrated on a certain object, they may perhaps set free forces which are not without influence on the magnetism of the earth? — through vibratory coincidence, say.” In a footnote at this point the author says “If Keely's ‘motor’ should ever become an accomplished fact, who can say what wonderful results the application of the law of vibratory coincidence might not have in the future?”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;Shortly before the passage just quoted, Harrison drops a veiled hint.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;Owing to the connection which he claims to exist between rain, atmospheric moisture and earth-magnetism, the following remark sounds quite natural and harmless: “What after all is magnetism? It is a form of energy. But will-power is also a form of energy. Are our scientists concerned to prove that between these two forms of energy there is no such common factor as is agreed exists between magnetism and other forms of energy such as warmth, electricity, etc.?”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;The idea that is here wrapped up in seemingly commonplace language is brought into the open by Rudolf Steiner in other connections, where he shows that electricity and magnetism are related in their fundamental nature to human will-power. At the same time he emphasizes that these forces are not — like other natural forces — morally neutral, and he warns us of their inherent dangers. [&lt;span&gt;For example, in&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="de-DE"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lebendiges Naturerkennen, intellektueller Suendenfall und spirituelle Suendenerhebung&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, six lectures given at Dornach, January 19–28, 1923. Published at Dornach, 1943. These lectures have been translated separately, but not published as a whole in English.&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;Another indication, which similarly concerns the dissemination of occult knowledge, is given by R. Harte, at that time secretary of the Theosophical Society, in his introduction to the first publication of “Keely's Secrets” by Mrs. Bloomfield-Moore (T.P.S. No. 9, July 10, 1888). These are his words: “Occultists generally believe that the world is not yet ready for the appearance of such terrible forces in the life of humanity. Man is too selfish, cruel, stupid, unsympathetic, bestial, to be entrusted with what in sober reality are secondary ‘divine powers’.” After developing this theme further he continues: “For this reason, most occultists did not think it likely that Keely's discoveries would have ‘results’ in the commercial sense of the word.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;The background to these words must be borne in mind. That is, the existence of “progressive and conservative sides” to the occult movement, to which Rudolf Steiner made specific references in his lectures on&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Occult Movement in the Nineteenth Century&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;So much for this occult side of the matter (we will return to it later, in connection with passages from H. P. Blavatsky's&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Secret Doctrine&lt;/i&gt;). Incidentally, it was not until after his discovery that Keely came into touch with the Theosophical Society. There is something very obscure about all his pronouncements and he seldom goes further than the most veiled indications. One of these is that his force is suited to powering the biggest ship, just as well as a sewing-machine. This brings us back to the characterization of the “Strader machines” in the Mystery Plays. Strader's invention, according to his own words, is intended to transform social life by enabling everybody to use this power for his own convenience in the home he has designed according to his own ideas. Nothing is said about its physical or technical characteristics.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;The situation of the inventor, Strader, is of special interest. First he discovers the basic possibility of the machine, which “maintains itself but cannot set itself going.” The technical realization of the idea miscarries; and the inventor is finally plunged into an agony of doubt about the basis of his work through the interference of an ahrimanically inspired know-all. How he surmounts this crisis shortly before his death marks an important turning-point in the fourth play, “The Soul's Awakening.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;I mention the inventor's situation because of a certain similarity to another situation which was in other ways completely different. This arose at the time the plays were written (1910 to 1913). The warmth generated by radioactive salts was measured in 1903, and confirmed in l908 through the precise measurement of the energy given off by discrete fragments. Between 1911 and 19l3 fundamental facts about the radioactive transformation series were discovered, and co-ordinated with other known facts relating to the nature of the Periodic System of the elements. But it was not until 1919 that a deliberate experimental transmutation of elements, sought for earlier, was achieved, though still only in the realm of those unweighable quantities described as individual atoms.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;The final significance of this line of research did not lie in the fact that it became possible to calculate, in accordance with Einstein's theoretical investigations, the prodigious amounts of energy that could be released under certain conditions through the transmutation of elements. For the step from theory to practice could not then be taken. The later developments that led to present-day nuclear technology have passed into world-history. ...&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;By this means man has acquired a power which all responsible people must view with alarm, for it represents a constant threat to the progress of human civilization and even to the continuance of life on earth.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;One cannot help thinking of the warnings uttered by Harte, for instance, and of Rudolf Steiner's statements in his lecture called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/EthBld_index.html" style="color: #5e11a6; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="compare"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Etherisation of the Blood&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. [&lt;span&gt;Given at Basle October 1, 1911. Revised translation, 1943. (New York Anthroposophic Press, London, Rudolf Steiner Publishing Company.&lt;/span&gt;] He speaks there of the contrast between our civilization and that of a far-distant past:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;If we take the early post-Atlantean periods, we find that people constructed their dwellings in a quite different way from ours to-day. They made use of all growing things to help them. Even when building palaces they summoned nature to their aid by intertwining plants and branches. To-day we have to build with broken fragments. All our external civilization is made out of the products of destruction. In years to come you will understand still better how much else in our civilisation is a product of destruction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;After briefly indicating that electricity in the earth-processes of the post-Atlantean age is “fallen light,” and that chemical force transformed in the course of the earth's evolution, is magnetism, Dr. Steiner describes a third force which “will influence civilisation in an even more wonderful way”:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;The more we make use of this power the more will the earth tend to become a corpse so that the spiritual part of the earth can be preparing itself for the Jupiter stage. Forces have to be used to destroy the earth so that man may be freed from the earth and the body of the earth can fall away. As long as the earth was developing in a forward direction this did not happen for the great civilizing achievements of electricity can serve only a disintegrating earth. However strange this may sound to-day, it must be gradually made known.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;When answering questions after this lecture, [&lt;span&gt;See&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Anthroposophical Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1956, in which these questions and answers arc reported fully in a translation by George Adams.&lt;/span&gt;] he described these three forces as antitypes in the sub-physical worlds of the light-ether chemical-ether and life-ether respectively. These worlds in turn are antitypes of the devachanic and upper devachanic astral worlds. Of the third of these forces he says:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;There is an even more terrifying force which cannot be kept secret much longer. We can only hope that when this force comes, as it quite certainly will, a force we have to think of as far more powerful than the strongest electrical charges — we must hope that before any inventor bestows this power on mankind, nothing un-moral will be left in human nature!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;I should like to give an express warning against identifying the power of so-called atomic energy with this third force described by Rudolf Steiner. However potentially disastrous the uranium and hydrogen bombs may be, we are still only at the beginning of a process whose ultimate outcome we cannot foresee.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;There are other forces stirring in the second half of this century. They are not characterised primarily by tremendous destructive action. The tendency is rather more to implant a sort of lower but autonomous intelligence into machines of human construction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;We will not deal here with the formidable problem of the extent to which so-called cybernetics merely imitates the processes of thought and how far other minds or forms of intelligence enter into such machines. We will turn to what Rudolf Steiner said in a lecture given in Dornach on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/19171125p01.html" style="color: #5e11a6; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="compare"&gt;November 25, 1917&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;[&lt;span&gt;The first of three lectures entitled&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="de-DE"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Individuelle Geisteswesen und eiheitlicher Weltengrund&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Published in English by H. Collison as&lt;i&gt;Secret Brotherhoods&lt;/i&gt;. The extracts quoted are from a new translation now in preparation.&lt;/span&gt;]:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;Where this kind of thing goes on, the wish to yoke up human strength with the strength of machines is always involved. It would be quite mistaken merely to oppose these things They are not going to fade away; they are on the march. The only question is whether in the course of world-history they are going to be brought on to the scene by men who are unselfishly aware of the great aims of earth-evolution and wish to shape these developments for the healing of mankind, or by groups of men who want to use them for their own or the group's selfish ends. That is the issue. The point is not what is going to happen, for it certainly will happen, but&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;how&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;happens — how these things are handled. The welding together of men with machines will be a great and important problem for the rest of earth-evolution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;I have often deliberately pointed out, even in public lectures, that human consciousness depends on destructive forces. During public lectures in Basle I twice said that in our nerve-system we are always in process of dying. These forces of death will become stronger and stronger, and we shall find that they are related to the forces of electricity and magnetism, and to those at work in machines. A man will be able in a certain sense to guide his intentions and his thoughts into the forces of machines. Forces in human nature that are still unknown will be discovered — forces that will act upon external electricity and magnetism.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;Later in the same lecture, Dr. Steiner not only gives warning of the dangers involved, but indicates the appropriate way of using those forces:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;Whether to conquer the cosmic for humanity in a wrong, two-fold way, or rightly in a one-fold way — that is the question facing mankind. From this will come a true renewal of astrology, which in its old form is atavistic and cannot survive. The wise Beings of the cosmos will enter into the struggle; one side will use the morning and evening processes in the way I have indicated; the West will prefer the midday processes, shutting out the morning and evening ones; and the East will prefer the midnight ones. Men win no longer manufacture substances on the basis merely of chemical attraction and repulsion; they will know that different substances arise according to whether they are: made with morning and evening processes, or with midday and midnight ones. It will be known that such substances act in a quite different way on the triad, God, virtue and immortality — gold, health and prolongation of life. When the forces of Pisces and Virgo act in co-operation, nothing wrongful can be brought into being. Men will achieve something through which the mechanics of living will be detached, in a certain sense, from man himself, but will not give any one group power and rulership over another. The cosmic forces drawn from this direction will create remarkable machines, but only those that will relieve man of work, because they will carry a certain power of intelligence within themselves. And a Spiritual Science which itself reaches out towards the cosmic will have to see to it that all the great temptations which come from these machine-animals, created by man himself, are not allowed to exercise any harmful influence upon him.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;With regard to all this, the essential thing is that people should prepare themselves for it by not treating realities as illusions and by coming to a genuine spiritual conception and understanding of the world. To see things as they are — very much depends on that! But we can see them as they are only if we are in a position to bring the ideas of Spiritual Science to bear on reality. For the rest of the earth's existence the dead will be cooperating actively in the highest degree, and it is&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;how&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;they co-operate that will matter. Here will arise, above all, a great distinction. On one side the attitude of men on earth can rightly lead the co-operation of the dead in such a direction that the dead will be active out of their own impulse, an impulse coming from the spiritual world which the dead are themselves experiencing. But from the other side many endeavours will be made to introduce the dead into human existence by artificial means. Along the indirect path through Gemini the dead will be led into human life, with the result that human vibrations will pass over into the mechanisms of machines and will continue to vibrate there in a quite definite way. The cosmos will impart motion to the machines by the indirect path I have indicated.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;It will thus be essential, when these problems emerge, that no improper methods should be applied to them, but only those elemental forces which belong to nature on their own account, and great care will have to be taken not to introduce improper forces into the realm of machines. In this occult sphere the human element must not be related to machinery in such a way that the Darwinian natural selection theory is used to determine the working capacity of human beings, in the way of which I gave you an example last week. [&lt;span&gt;The example was or “Taylorism,” whereby workers were selected for a job after tests of their muscular endurance, and those who failed to pass the test were dismissed.&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;Anyone wishing to go further into these matters should pay particular attention to the strange remark that the “mechanics of living” will in a certain sense be detached from man himself. When, under the influence of cybernetics, the nature of the forces which create and sustain organic patterns are increasingly thought of, in a mechanistic way, as “information,” this is a picture, even though a caricatured one, of the development described above. “Machine-animals” have not yet come about, but their forerunners are playing an effective role on the stage of scientific progress. The first indications of a new technology are emerging out of a confused background. Automation is being developed by purely electrical techniques. Endeavours are being made to account for the working of the brain in terms of electrical wave-forms. It is certain that when in 1911 and 1919 Rudolf Steiner spoke of new possibilities, he was not thinking merely of the technology of electrical waves, which by then was already well developed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;In order to forestall questions that are often asked, it should ho said that the much talked of idea of “implosion instead of explosion” (expounded by L. Brandstätter following certain discoveries by Schauberger) has no positive significance in the sense of Rudolf Steiner's statements. On the contrary, it is well to know that Brandstätter has always written in the vein of a shallow, popular occultism, and still brings out a publication on these lines. Very relevant to all this is what Rudolf Steiner says in the lecture I have just quoted from:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;I am making these remarks — obviously they cannot exhaust the subject in so short a time — in the belief that you will meditate on these things and will try to build a bridge between them and all those experiences of life which can be encountered especially in this difficult time. You will see how things become clear to you if you contemplate them in the light that can come from such ideas as those I have been placing before you. The real point is not that in our time powers and constellations of powers are standing opposed to each other, as we are always being told in external exoteric life. The real point is quite different. It is that a kind of veil is now meant to be spread over the true impulses at work. Certain human powers are intent on saving something for themselves — what is it? Their aim is that impulses which up to the time of the French Revolution were justified, and were represented also by certain occult schools, shall now be taken charge of in an ahrimanic-luciferic sense, so as to maintain a form of society which is generally thought to have been overcome since the end of the 18th century.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;center style="background-color: #f8fff8;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" lang="en-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" lang="en-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;* * *&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" lang="en-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;In connection with Blavatsky's&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Secret Doctrine&lt;/i&gt;, we will now go further into the possibly occult background of Keely's discoveries and into various other relevant circumstances.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;In the chapter called “The Coming Power,” after a vague assertion that sound is a terrible occult force, we find the following (p. 606) [&lt;span&gt;The quotations and page-numbers are from the third and revised edition of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Secret Doctrine&lt;/i&gt;, by H. P. Blavatsky, Vol. 1 (Theosophical Publishing Company, London, 1893).&lt;/span&gt;]:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;And if all this appears too&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;unscientific&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;to be even noticed, let Science explain to what mechanical end physical laws, known to it, are due the recently produced phenomena of the so-called Keely motor. What is it that acts as the formidable generator of invisible but tremendous force, of that power which is not only capable of driving an engine of 25 horse-power, but has even been employed to bodily lift the machinery? Yet this is done simply by drawing a fiddle bow across a tuning fork, as has been repeatedly proven. For the Etheric Force, discovered by John Worrell Keely, of Philadelphia, well-known in America and Europe, is no hallucination. Notwithstanding his failure to utilize it — a failure prognosticated and maintained by some Occultists from the first — the phenomena exhibited by the discoverer during the last few years have been wonderful, almost miraculous, not in the sense of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;supernatural&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;but of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;superhuman&lt;/i&gt;. Had Keely been permitted to succeed, he might have reduced a whole army to atoms in the space of a few seconds, as easily as he reduced a dead ox to that condition.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;On the next page:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;In the humble opinion of the Occultists, as of his immediate friends, Mr. Keely was, and still is, at the threshold of some of the greatest secrets of the Universe; of that chiefly on which is built the whole mystery of physical Forces ...&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;The rest of the chapter consists mainly of long quotations from the writings of Mrs. Bloomfield-Moore.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;A theosophical discussion is followed by the remark that although Keely's opinions are considered “unscientific,” they are “quite&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;orthodox&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;from the spiritual and occult point of view.” Then comes a revealing passage (p. 609):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;Occult Philosophy divulges few of its most important vital mysteries. It drops them like precious pearls, one by one, far and wide apart, and even this only when forced to do so by the evolutionary tidal wave that carries on Humanity slowly, silently, but steadily, toward the dawn of the Sixth Race mankind. For once out of the safe custody of their legitimate heirs and keepers, those mysteries cease to be Occult: they fall into the public domain, and have to run the risk of becoming curses more open than blessings in the hands of the selfish — of the Cains of the human race. Nevertheless, whenever such individuals as the discoverer of Etheric Force are bone, men with peculiar psychic and mental capacities, they are generally and more frequently helped, than allowed to go unassisted, groping on their way; if left to their own resources, they very soon fall victims to martyrdom or become the prey of unscrupulous speculators. But they are helped only on the condition that they should not become, whether consciously or unconsciously, an additional peril to their age:&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;a danger to the poor&lt;/i&gt;, now offered in daily holocaust by the less wealthy to the very wealthy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;A footnote to this passage is not without interest because of the analogy it suggests with the fate of Strader:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;The above was written in 1886, at a time when hopes of success for the “Keely Motor” were at their highest. Every word then said by the writer proved true, and now only a few remarks are added with regard to the failure of Mr. Keely's expectations, so far, a failure now admitted by the discoverer himself. Though, however, the word failure is here used, the reader should understand it in a relative sense, for, as Mrs. Bloomfield-Moore explains: “What Mr. Keely does admit is that, baffled in applying vibratory force to mechanics, upon his first and second lines of experimental research, he was obliged either to confess a commercial failure, or to try a third departure from his base or principle, seeking success through another channel.” And this “channel” is on the physical plane.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;Blavatsky then repeats her own remarks at the Philadelphia centenary exhibition, when she had said that it was beyond Keely's power to contribute anything that lay outside “the capacities inherent in his own particular make-up.” After further praising him highly, she continues (p. 611):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;It is just because Keely's discovery would lead to a knowledge of one of the most Occult secrets, a secret which can never be allowed to fall into the hands of the masses, that his failure to push his discoveries to their logical end seems certain to Occultists. But of this more presently. Even in its limitation this discovery may prove of the greatest benefit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;After quoting some further extravagant assertions by Mrs. Bloomfield-Moore, Blavatsky continues:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;The Occultists are ready to admit all this with the eloquent writer. Molecular vibration is, undeniably, “Keely's legitimate field of research,” and the discoveries made by him will prove wonderful yet&lt;i&gt;only in his hands&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;through himself&lt;/i&gt;. The world so far will get but that with which it can be safely entrusted. The truth of this assertion has, perhaps, not yet quite dawned upon the discoverer himself, since he writes that he is absolutely certain that he will accomplish all that he has promised, and that he will then give it out to the world; but it must dawn upon him, and at no very far distant date.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;In dealing with the question why Keely was not allowed to cross a certain frontier, Blavatsky returns to this theme (p. 614):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;It was because that, which he has unconsciously discovered, is the terrible sidereal Force, known to, and named by the Atlanteans Mash-mak, and by the Aryan Rishis in their Astra Vidyâ by a name that we do not like to give. It is the Vril of Bulwer Lytton's&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Combing Race&lt;/i&gt;, and of the coming Races of our mankind. The name Vril may be a fiction; the Force itself is a fact, as little doubted in India as is the existence of the Rishis, since it is mentioned in all the secret books.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;Then comes a vision of the future, terrifying because of its unnoticed warning of the atomic bomb, although this, after all, has no direct connection with Keely's discovery:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;It is this vibratory Force. which, when aimed at an army from an Agni-ratha, fixed on a flying vessel, a balloon, according to the instructions found in Astra Vidyâ would reduce to ashes 100,000 men and elephants, as easily as it would a dead rat. It is allegorized in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Vishnu Puranâ&lt;/i&gt;, in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Râmâyana&lt;/i&gt;and other works, in the fable about the sage Kapila whose “glance made a mountain of ashes of King Sagara's 60,000 sons,” and which is explained in the Esoteric Works, and referred to as the Kapilâksha — Kapila's Eye.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;In the rest of this chapter there is nothing new.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;If the passages quoted are brought together and considered symptomatically, in the sense recommended by Rudolf Steiner in such cases, the impression is confirmed that Blavatsky at least suspected the presence of occult purposes behind Keely's activities.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;The tone of the account bears the hallmark of the “conservative” or “right wing” section of the occult movement. It was here, according to Rudolf Steiner, that a feeling of responsibility prevailed towards the revealing of occult truths; while the “left wing” consisted of occultists who for various reasons of their own were in favour of the widest possible publicity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;One gets the impression that Blavatsky either is not allowed to say, or does not wish to say, or perhaps has no knowledge of, anything very definite; but through her words glimmers the fact that Keely's results were not permitted to lead to a premature disclosure of certain capacities.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;Rudolf Steiner speaks of this, once more in a different connection, in the lectures called&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Karma of Vocation&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;[&lt;span&gt;Ten lectures given at Dornach, November 4–27, 1916. New York, Anthroposophic Press; London, Rudolf Steiner Publishing Company, 1944.&lt;/span&gt;]. In the fourth lecture we are told that the detachment of the worker from his work is the first sign of a further development. The world is permeated with “concrete, specialised spirituality,” in contrast to the abstract and now decadent terms in which the religious denominations talk of one God:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;Men must learn to know that when a workman stands at his bench and the sparks fly about, elemental spirits are being created who pass over into the world-process and have their significance there. ... They will certainly come into existence; the important point is that they should come into existence rightly, in the right way. For elemental spirits that are destructive of the world-process can be engendered, as well as those that serve the world-process.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;We are shown how humanity stands on the threshold of a world-evolutionary development which will lead to “a connection arising between what man is and the objects he produces and brings forth.” Unless this trend is associated with spiritual-scientific endeavours, it could turn out to be “the very worst thing that could happen to the earth.” It is a trend that will become apparent first in the preparation of medicaments:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;The subtle pulsations existent in the will-life and disposition of human beings will more and more weaves themselves, incorporate themselves, into what he makes, and it will not be a matter of indifference whether someone receives a particular medicament from one person or from another person.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;The lecture then goes further into these effects:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;Human beings will grow into conjunction with the objective world. Everything we touch will gradually come to bear our hunted imprint. And we shall learn, no matter how silly this may sound to the clever people — but St. Paul said long ago that the cleverness of this world is often foolishness in the eyes of God — that a time will come when a machine will stand there motionless, at rest, and a man will step up to it who knows that he has to make a certain movement with his hand, then another movement in a particular way, and then a third, and through the air-vibrations produced by this definite signal, the motor, having been tuned to this signal, will be set in motion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;This is one of the most definite indications given by Rudolf Steiner about the connection between man and machines which future technical developments will bring about. His remarks must of course be considered in relation to other indications about the nature of machines. For instance, in the ninth lecture of this same course he goes very thoroughly into how it was that the technical use made of the vacuum first led to the development of the steam engine. This is how Ahriman is given the possibility of establishing himself as a demon in the physical realm itself when a steam engine is constructed in this way. In constructing steam engines an opportunity is thus provided for the incarnation of demons. If anyone does not want to believe in them, he need not do so; this is negative superstition. Positive superstition consists in seeing spirits where there are none; negative superstition in denying spirits where they exist. In steam engines, Ahrimanic demons are brought right down to the point of physical incorporation. This means that while the cosmos with its spiritual element has descended through what has been poured into human evolution, the spirituality of the cosmos is driven out through what is created in the form of demons. This great and wonderful modern progress has in fact brought about not only a demonology, but a demon magic; and in manifold ways modern technology is demon magic.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;Rudolf Steiner then points to the symptomatic significance of the remarkable fact that when James Watt was compelled for patent reasons to design a new drive for his steam engine, he called it a “sun and planet” movement, after the Copernican picture, which by that time (1781) was fully established:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;Now think of what I mentioned recently as something that is going to happen but is at present in its first beginnings: delicate vibrations will amplify each other by resonance and great effects will be produced. Thank god this has not yet been achieved on earth! But a beginning of it lies in the fact that the movement of the sun and planets is imitated. Do you believe that, since the movements of the sun and planets have great significance for the earth when they radiate inwards, it means nothing when we copy them in miniature and allow them to radiate outwards again into cosmic space? What happens then has great significance for the cosmos. Here you can see quite directly how vibrations are given over to the demon, so that he can develop his activity outwards into cosmic space.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;No-one of course must imagine that what I have just said means that we ought to do away with steam engines. In that case we should have to do away with a great deal, for steam engines are by no means the most demoniacal devices. Wherever electricity and much else is used, there is far more demon magic, for electricity operates with quite different forces which have a different significance for the cosmos. Anyone who understands Spiritual Science will naturally know clearly that these things are not to be done away with; that we cannot be reactionary or conservative in the sense of opposing progress. Indeed, demon magic signifies progress, and the earth will make more and more progress of this kind. A stage will even be reached when it will be possible to produce great effects outwards into the cosmos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;The point is not to abolish these things or to condemn them, for they are obviously justified. The point is that since these things must come about on one side in the course of human progress, counter-forces must be created on the other side so as to re-establish a balance. And it will be possible to create these counter-forces only if humanity comes again to understand the Christ-principle; if humanity finds the way to the Christ.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;There are two remarks to add to these very significant explanations. The obvious one is that what has been said here about the steam engine applies in a much greater degree to the technology of our time. Many years ago I said repeatedly, in conjunction with a Swiss friend, Dr. Marti, who had spent a long time in America, that many cubic metros of vacuum are to be found in our cities wherever electricity is at work — not only in countless small radio valves, but on a much larger scale in mercury-vapour rectifiers and in other modern apparatus of many kinds — television, for example. The result is that the demon magic spoken of by Rudolf Steiner is spreading more and more intensively on all sides. The vacuum is only one example. It is very necessary that anyone who aspires towards the spiritual should realise clearly how the most varied opportunities for a virtual incarnation of elemental beings and demons are constantly on the increase.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;The other remark follows from our so plainly defined duty to create demon-forces. In the last of the lectures on The Karma of Vocation, Rudolf Steiner packs a great deal into a small space; part of this must be given in his own words:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;What used to be accomplished on the altar only must lay hold of the entire world. Humanity must learn to deal with nature as the gods themselves have done: not building machines in an indifferent way, but doing everything as an act of divine service and bringing the sacramental into everything.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;It is only in this way that “negative superstition” can be overcome: the real demons have to be really driven out by treating the handling of machinery as something sacred. Two examples were given by Rudolf Steiner in the same year (1916) as these lectures: the first relates to upbringing and education and the second to knowledge. With regard to this second one, his indication follows from that fundamental sentence in his introduction to Goethe’s scientific writings: “To perceive the idea in the existent reality — that is the true communion of man.” One could regard these words as a basis for all the impulses to which Rudolf Steiner's work gave rise in later years — impulses which found expression in such varied fields as those of art, religious renewal, medicine, agriculture and natural science.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;Many examples could be given of the tasks to be approached in this sense. To take one example only, I will in conclusion say something about scientific method.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;If we wish to publish the results of experimental work — including work influenced by Spiritual Science — we have to satisfy the strict methodological standards set up by materialistic science. Rudolf Steiner spoke of this in the ninth lecture of the course on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA325/English/PAV1933/DevTht_index.html" style="color: #5e11a6; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="compare"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Occult Movement in the 19th Century&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;[&lt;span&gt;Ten lectures given at Dornach, October 10–25, 1915.&lt;/span&gt;]:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;When, after our fifth post-Atlantean epoch and in the course of the post-Atlantean age as a whole, man has in essentials lived through his mineral evolution and enters again into a different form of evolution, the closeness of his relationship to the spiritual world will depend on whether he has already acquired on earth the intelligence and the measure of free-will intended for him; otherwise he will not be able to fulfil the purpose of his evolution. Viewed in this light, the materialistic method acquires great significance; but it must remain a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;method&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;— a method for investigating the external physical-material world.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;These methods do indeed expose man to a deception:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"&gt;But this deception can be actually advantageous, for directly a man has seen through it, he enters at first into the kingdom of Ahriman and his attendant beings. These beings are bent on destruction and death, with the result that the destructive forces in man's nature are developed to a certain point of refinement.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;It needs few words to point out the results of such destructive impulses; they have stemmed from the unconscious or half-conscious crossing of the threshold by natural science in the further course of the 20th century.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #f8fff8; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;To come back to experimental researches in the sense of Spiritual Science, we must take a wider view of what scientific method involves. Besides results, something else plays a significant part — the mood in which researches are carried on. Herein lies an important point, which can hardly be given too much thought whenever experimental science is practiced on the basis of Spiritual Science. We must aspire to imbue all experimental work with a sacramental character. This by no means concerns only the experimenter and his co-workers, in whose souls is engraved the injunction that the laboratory table should become an altar. It concerns our whole movement – all the friends who give collaboration and support. In so far as we carry out relevant research in the mood of Spiritual Science, and support it spiritually and financially. We are helping in the task of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;casting out the demons&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;from our technological environment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-7275194323043591493?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/7275194323043591493/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=7275194323043591493" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/7275194323043591493?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/7275194323043591493?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/11/on-mechanical-occultism-georg-unger.html" title="On “Mechanical Occultism” * Georg Unger" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;AkYCRn09fip7ImA9WhRTEUg.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-8338696736216415749</id><published>2011-11-01T07:36:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-11-01T07:36:07.366-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-11-01T07:36:07.366-07:00</app:edited><title>MACEDO, José Rivair. Os filhos de Cam: a África e o saber enciclopédico medieval.</title><content type="html">&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_19745193"&gt;MACEDO, José Rivair.  Os filhos de Cam: a África e o saber enciclopédico medieval.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_19745193"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_19745193"&gt;SIGNUM: Revista da &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_19745193"&gt;ABREM, Vol. 3, p. 101-132, 2001.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.pem.ifcs.ufrj.br/Filhos.pdf"&gt;OS FILHOS DE CAM: A ÁFRICA E O SABER ENCICLOPÉDICO MEDIEVAL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
José Rivair Macedo&lt;br /&gt;
* *&lt;br /&gt;
No século XIII, acontecimentos decisivos definiram os rumos dos reinos ibéricos. A &lt;br /&gt;
vitória da coligação chefiada por Alfonso VIII de Castela e Pedro II de Aragão na batalha &lt;br /&gt;
de Las Navas de Tolosa contra contingentes de guerreiros marroquinos e hispanomuçulmanos conduzidos pelo emir Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Nasir acelerou o processo &lt;br /&gt;
de Reconquista de territórios peninsulares aos mouros, pondo fim ao império afro-europeu &lt;br /&gt;
erigido pelos almorávidas e almoâdas, do norte da África&lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
. Por volta de 1250, boa parte &lt;br /&gt;
dos domínios castelhanos e aragoneses reconquistados eram repovoados, e os&lt;br /&gt;
governantes cristãos não mediram esforços na luta contra o inimigo islâmico. A tomada de &lt;br /&gt;
Majorca em 1249 por Jaime I, o Conquistador, e os preparativos de ofensiva armada&lt;br /&gt;
apoiada pelo papado e liderada por Alfonso X contra os merínidas em 1260 provam que, &lt;br /&gt;
no plano político-militar, a interferência secular das dinastias berberes no destino da&lt;br /&gt;
Europa meridional havia chegado ao fim&lt;br /&gt;
2&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
Foi  também na segunda metade daquele século que, sob a égide da monarquia &lt;br /&gt;
castelhana, realizou-se amplo movimento cultural de inspiração laica no qual&lt;br /&gt;
encontravam-se envolvidos letrados judeus, cristãos e muçulmanos encarregados de&lt;br /&gt;
organizar e traduzir obras de proveniência greco-romana, islâmica e hebraica,&lt;br /&gt;
reapropriadas em perspectiva cristã, ou então dedicados à elaboração de crônicas,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
O presente artigo integra o projeto de pesquisa “Entre a Cruz e o Crescente: os afro-muçulmanos &lt;br /&gt;
e a Península Ibérica nos séculos XIII e XIV”, agraciado com Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa &lt;br /&gt;
pelo CNPq, com vigência entre março de 1999 e  fevereiro de 2001. &lt;br /&gt;
* *&lt;br /&gt;
Departamento de História e Programa de Pós-Graduação em História – UFRGS.&lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
Para Y. RENOUARD, “ 1212-1216. Comment les traits durables de l’Europe occidentale moderne &lt;br /&gt;
se sont définis au début du XIII siècle”, em IDEM,  Études d’Histoire Médiévale,  Paris, S.E.V.P.E.N., &lt;br /&gt;
1968, p. 88, as batalhas de Bouvines, ocorrida em 1214 no Norte da França, de Muret, ocorrida no &lt;br /&gt;
Languedoc em 1213, e a de Las Navas de Tolosa, travada nas proximidades de Sierra Morena em  &lt;br /&gt;
julho de 1212, fixaram os limites definitivos dos reinos ocidentais. &lt;br /&gt;
2&lt;br /&gt;
F. P. ALGAR, Alfonso X, el Sabio, Madrid, Studium Generalis, 1997, esp. pp. 154-156, 274-278. A  &lt;br /&gt;
última investida marroquina contra a Península transcorreu em 1274, quando o emir Ybn Yuzaf, da &lt;br /&gt;
dinastia dos merínidas, coligado ao rei de Granada, atacou Andaluzia. No século seguinte, os &lt;br /&gt;
merínidas foram definitivamente rechaçados na batalha de Salado, tema estudado por  R. COSTA, &lt;br /&gt;
A guerra na Idade Média: um estudo da mentalidade de cruzada na Península Ibérica, Rio de &lt;br /&gt;
Janeiro, Ed. Paratodos, 1998, esp. pp. 233-240. 2&lt;br /&gt;
ordenações jurídicas e obras sapienciais de interesse geral. A esse universo cultural, que &lt;br /&gt;
teve por veículo de difusão textos em prosa escritos em vernáculo  - romanço  -, e que &lt;br /&gt;
abrangeu diversas áreas do saber (direito, geografia, história, astronomia) o estudioso &lt;br /&gt;
Francisco Márquez Villanueva convencionou denominar “conceito cultural alfonsino”&lt;br /&gt;
3&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Também na segunda metade do século foram fundados colégios de estudos, a&lt;br /&gt;
Universidade de Salamanca, e o  Studium arabicum  do Capítulo dominicano de Toledo  -&lt;br /&gt;
instituição destinada ao estudo da língua árabe e à formação de jovens pregadores na &lt;br /&gt;
terra dos “infiéis”&lt;br /&gt;
4&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Imbuído de propósito político, qual seja, o de promover a unidade em torno do &lt;br /&gt;
reino de Castela, o projeto cultural alfonsino tinha pretensões de alcançe universal. O rei &lt;br /&gt;
Alfonso X, o Sábio, em pessoa, dedicou-se a elaborar textos históricos de grande&lt;br /&gt;
envergadura, que serviram de modelo para a história oficial dos reinos cristãos. De um &lt;br /&gt;
lado, nutriu o desejo de escrever uma obra que servisse de compêndio à história da&lt;br /&gt;
humanidade, cujo resultado efetivo é a General estoria - texto relativo aos fatos da&lt;br /&gt;
Antiguidade Judaica, grega e romana, encerrado em torno de 1280. Possivelmente em &lt;br /&gt;
1275 iniciou o trabalho de  reconstituição histórica da península, particularmente do reino &lt;br /&gt;
de Castela, sistematizando informações de cronistas anteriores (como Lucas de Tuy e&lt;br /&gt;
Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada) no que denominou  Estoria de Espanna - obra concluída pelos &lt;br /&gt;
eruditos a serviço de seu sucessor, conhecida na atualidade como  Primera crónica general &lt;br /&gt;
de España&lt;br /&gt;
5&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
O esforço de Alfonso, o Sábio, em integrar o passado peninsular no quadro mais &lt;br /&gt;
vasto da geografia e da História da humanidade revela-se desde as páginas iniciais de &lt;br /&gt;
suas obras históricas, uma vez que o rei localiza o ponto de partida da narrativa nos &lt;br /&gt;
eventos mítico-religiosos retratados no  Gênesis,  reproduzindo visão providencialista típica &lt;br /&gt;
da literatura histórica produzida na cronística medieval. A Primera crónica general de&lt;br /&gt;
España principia com passagens relativas ao Eden, ao Dilúvio e à Torre de Babel. Moisés, &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3&lt;br /&gt;
F. M. VILLANUEVA,  El concepto cultural alfonsi, Madrid, Editorial MAPFRE, 1994; A preocupação &lt;br /&gt;
do rei com a promoção da cultura também foi estudada por E. S. PROCTER,  Alfonso X of Castile: &lt;br /&gt;
patron of literature and learning, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1951.&lt;br /&gt;
4&lt;br /&gt;
M. G. PEDRERO-SÁNCHEZ, “O saber e os centros de saber nas Sete Partidas de Alfonso X o &lt;br /&gt;
Sábio”,  Veritas (PUCRS), vol. 43 nº 3, 1998, pp. 577-592;  L. ROBLES, “El  Studium Arabicum del &lt;br /&gt;
Capítulo dominicano de Toledo de 1250”, Estudios Lulianos (Palma de Mallorca), vol. 24 nº 1, 1980, &lt;br /&gt;
pp. 23-47.&lt;br /&gt;
5&lt;br /&gt;
Sobre as características da cronística alfonsina, cf. D. CATALÁN, “El taller historiografico alfonsí. &lt;br /&gt;
Métodos y problemas en el trabajo compilatorio”, Romania, vol. 335 nº 3, 1963, pp. 354-375. 3&lt;br /&gt;
a quem é atribuído a redação do  Gênesis, teria deixado essas notícias por escrito, mas &lt;br /&gt;
nada informara sobre o povoamento do mundo logo após o Dilúvio, motivo pelo qual o &lt;br /&gt;
compilador arriscou uma interpretação. Eis a solução proposta ao problema: &lt;br /&gt;
Los sabios que escrivieron todas las tierras fizieron dellas tres partes: e a la una que es &lt;br /&gt;
mayor pusieron nonbre Asia, e a la outra Affrica, e a la tercera Europa... Que pues que&lt;br /&gt;
desampararon aquellos de fazer la Torre e derramaron por el mundo, los fijos de Sem, ell hermano &lt;br /&gt;
mayor, heredaron Asia, mas non toda; los fijos de Cam, ell hermano meridiano, heredaron toda &lt;br /&gt;
Affrica; mas los fijos de Japhet, ell hermano menor, començaron a heredar desde Amano e Thoro &lt;br /&gt;
que son dos montes en la tierra que es llamada Cilicia, e de Siria la Mayor, que son Amas en Asia, &lt;br /&gt;
et heredaron a buelta com ellas toda Europa desde la grand mar, que cerca toda la tierra, que es &lt;br /&gt;
llamado en griego Oceano, fasta la otra mar que llaman Mediterraneo&lt;br /&gt;
6&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
Da passagem, cabe destacar o emprego do recurso às autoridades  – característico &lt;br /&gt;
do pensamento medieval. A alusão aos “sábios” corresponde a uma estratégia textual&lt;br /&gt;
utilizada quando se pretendia explorar certos trechos obscuros da fonte principal do&lt;br /&gt;
conhecimento do mundo, a Biblia. Sabemos que as fontes de informação do rei incluíam &lt;br /&gt;
referências a autores clássicos (Plínio) e a pensadores judaico-cristãos (Flávio Josefo,&lt;br /&gt;
Rabano Mauro e Pedro Comestor, entre outros).  No  caso em questão, encontram-se &lt;br /&gt;
articuladas a tradição vetero-testamentária estabelecida na  Vulgata com um dado comum &lt;br /&gt;
dos conhecimentos geográficos no medievo: o de que a repartição das terras do ecúmeno &lt;br /&gt;
tinha origem na descendência de Noé, espalhada pelo mundo após a construção da Torre &lt;br /&gt;
de Babel.  &lt;br /&gt;
Não obstante a predominância do pensamento cristão, a obra alfonsina apoiava-se &lt;br /&gt;
em diferentes referenciais culturais. É bem sabido o quanto tal conjunto dos escritos &lt;br /&gt;
deveu ao pensamento grego e islâmico, e inclusive o papel de primeiro plano&lt;br /&gt;
desempenhado por letrados judeus nas traduções de obras sapienciais encomendadas e &lt;br /&gt;
patrocinadas pelo rei. Uma dessas, o Libro de las cruces, foi traduzida do árabe&lt;br /&gt;
possivelmente em 1259 por Yehuda ben Moses. Trata-se da reelaboração de texto muito &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6&lt;br /&gt;
Primera Crónica General de España  que mandó componer Alfonso el Sabio y que se continuava &lt;br /&gt;
bajo Sancho IV, ed. R. MENÉNDEZ-PIDAL, Madrid, Editorial Gredos, 1955, Tomo I, p. 5: “Os sábios &lt;br /&gt;
que descreveram todas as terras dividiram-nas em três partes: a maior, nomearam Ásia; a outra, &lt;br /&gt;
África,  e a terceira, Europa... Depois que aqueles desistiram de construir a Torre (de Babel)&lt;br /&gt;
espalharam-se pelo mundo e os filhos de Sem, o irmão mais velho, herdaram a Ásia, mas não toda; &lt;br /&gt;
os filhos de Cam, o irmão do meio, herdaram toda a África; mas os filhos de Jafet, o irmão mais &lt;br /&gt;
novo, herdaram no princípio desde Amano e Thoro, que são dois montes da terra da Cilícia, até a &lt;br /&gt;
Siria Maior, e depois toda a Europa, desde o grande mar, que cerca toda a Terra  – em grego &lt;br /&gt;
denominado Oceano – até o outro mar, chamado de Mediterrâneo.4&lt;br /&gt;
antigo, escrito pela primeira vez no século VIII com a finalidade de divulgar um sistema de &lt;br /&gt;
previsão astrológica empregado por árabes e berberes em Al-Andalus&lt;br /&gt;
7&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
Há no  Libro de las cruces  uma passagem na qual a repartição dos povos obedece &lt;br /&gt;
ao imperativo da diversidade climática. Seu segundo capítulo é reservado ao comentário &lt;br /&gt;
das diferenças entre os povos de acordo com sua posição geográfica e com o tipo de clima &lt;br /&gt;
existente. Os reinos de Açyn, Índia, Babilônia e Roma, os mais nobres, estariam &lt;br /&gt;
localizados na parte setentrional do hemisfério e desfrutariam de clima temperado. Mas &lt;br /&gt;
aqueles povos situados em zona climática muito seca e quente - como os Etíopes -, seriam &lt;br /&gt;
desprovidos de organização, de instituições estáveis, de ciência e de saber, assemelhandose aos animais: &lt;br /&gt;
Mas los que son despos destos, mas adentro et a septemtrion e a oriente, son los ethiopes &lt;br /&gt;
et los que se tyenen con ellos. Et la gran calentura non se tempra en aquel logar, et pareçe en &lt;br /&gt;
ellos, que an su color et sos queros negros et crespos cabellos. Et por esto non se estienden sus &lt;br /&gt;
espiritos por la grant sequedat et por la grant calentura que los quema, et por esto non an sotil &lt;br /&gt;
entendemento, ni an sennorio, ni leyes, nin decretos, nin se entremeten de sciencias nin de&lt;br /&gt;
saberes; et esto es por que son redrados de la egualdat et de la tempradura, et non de deuen &lt;br /&gt;
cuentar com las yentes del poblado por que semeian a las bestias en sus mannas&lt;br /&gt;
8&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Na passagem, chama atenção a associação proposta entre o calor extremo e certa &lt;br /&gt;
condição civilizacional. A ausência de humanidade dos etíopes estaria vinculada ao&lt;br /&gt;
condicionamento da natureza. O mesmo raciocínio é aplicado aos turcos, ambientados ao &lt;br /&gt;
clima úmido e frio do extremo Norte. Por essa razão, teriam grandes corpos brancos e &lt;br /&gt;
cabelos ruivos. O frio excessivo os teria feito pálidos e de pouco entendimento, o que &lt;br /&gt;
explicaria, entre esses, a ausência de governo, de leis ou qualquer forma de organização, &lt;br /&gt;
bem como a falta de saber e de ciência. Etíopes e turcos enquadravam-se, pois, numa &lt;br /&gt;
certa tipologia dos povos, e numa certa concepção de mundo disseminada em obras de &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7&lt;br /&gt;
A respeito da obra, cf. J. SAMSÓ,  Las ciencias de los antiguos en Al-Andalus, Madrid, Editorial &lt;br /&gt;
MAPFRE, 1992, pp. 27-36.  Quanto ao tradutor, ver N. ROTH, “Les collaborateurs juifs à l’oeuvre &lt;br /&gt;
scientifique d’Alphonse X”, em R. BARKAI (dir.), Chrétiens, musulmans et juifs dans l’Espagne &lt;br /&gt;
médiévale: de la convergence à l’expulsion, Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 1994, pp. 203-225. &lt;br /&gt;
8&lt;br /&gt;
ALFONSO EL SABIO,  Libro de las Cruzes, ed.  L. A. KASTEN &amp;amp; L. B. KIDDLE, Madrid, Consejo &lt;br /&gt;
Superior de Investigaciones Cien tificas, 1961, pp. 8-9: “Depois destes, mais para dentro, ao norte e &lt;br /&gt;
ao Oriente, estão os Etíopes e os povos próximos a eles. É grande o calor daquele lugar, a ponto &lt;br /&gt;
de influir em sua aparência, na cor negra de sua pele e nos seus cabelos crespos. Por viverem &lt;br /&gt;
submetidos a grande seca e calor, não tem o espírito desenvolvido, inteligência, nem senhorio, leis &lt;br /&gt;
ou decretos. Também ali não se desenvolvem as ciências ou os saberes, devido aos maus efeitos &lt;br /&gt;
das altas temperaturas. Por isto, estes não devem ser enquadrados entre os povos organizados, &lt;br /&gt;
uma vez que se assemelham às bestas”. 5&lt;br /&gt;
caráter enciclopédico produzidas no medievo  - tanto na tradição cristã quanto na tradição &lt;br /&gt;
islâmica -, e reproduzida nas obras alfonsinas.&lt;br /&gt;
Embora tendo sido preparados com a intenção de resgatar a história dos reinos &lt;br /&gt;
ibéricos, ou de enfocar os problemas culturais próprios da Cristandade latina, as textos &lt;br /&gt;
evidenciados colocam em pauta formas de percepção de populações alheias ao&lt;br /&gt;
cristianismo. Levando em conta a proximidade geográfica entre o Ocidente peninsular e as &lt;br /&gt;
populações norte-africanas, e inclusive as interferências histórico-culturais anteriormente &lt;br /&gt;
mencionadas, parece-nos legítimo indagar a respeito dos padrões de comportamento que &lt;br /&gt;
orientaram o conjunto de representações a respeito da África e dos africanos que as duas &lt;br /&gt;
passagens citadas deixam entrever. O estudo a seguir pretende avaliar os elementos&lt;br /&gt;
conceituais empregados na literatura histórico-geográfica medieval, em particular a&lt;br /&gt;
alfonsina, a fim de compreender o quadro referencial no qual foi elaborada a imagem &lt;br /&gt;
daqueles povos. &lt;br /&gt;
DELIMITAÇÕES E PERCEPÇÕES DO ESPAÇO &lt;br /&gt;
A respeito dos elementos conceituais empregados na descrição da África, não há &lt;br /&gt;
dúvida que tinham por base a literatura geográfica produzida na Antiguidade. Os&lt;br /&gt;
medievais desconheceram as realidades materiais dos povos que habitavam as&lt;br /&gt;
proximidades do Oceano Índico. Algo parecido ocorreu em relação ao interior da África. &lt;br /&gt;
Escritores greco-romanos como Estrabão, Pompônio Mela (De situ orbis) e Plínio, o Velho &lt;br /&gt;
(Historia naturalis) conheciam melhor apenas a África do Norte. Outros, especialmente&lt;br /&gt;
Julio Solino (Collectanea rerum memorabilium), limitaram-se a compilar relatos fabulosos e &lt;br /&gt;
prodígios&lt;br /&gt;
9&lt;br /&gt;
. A obra de Cláudio Ptolomeu, renomado astronomo alexandrino do século II,  na &lt;br /&gt;
qual encontra-se a mais aprofundada descrição da totalidade da África começou a ser&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
9&lt;br /&gt;
O conhecimento geográfico superficial do interior da África na Antiguidade é atestado no trabalho &lt;br /&gt;
de A. BERTHELOT,  L’Afrique saharienne et soudanaise: ce qu’en ont connu les anciens, Paris, Les &lt;br /&gt;
Arts et le Livre, 1927. A imagem convencional dos negros nas obras greco-romanas foi detidamente &lt;br /&gt;
examinada por G. H. BEARDSLEY, The negro in greek and roman civilization: a study of the &lt;br /&gt;
ethiopian type, Baltimore/London, The Johns Hopkins Press/Humprey Milford/Oxford University&lt;br /&gt;
Press, 1929.  Esse conhecimento parcial, transmitido ao medievo em obras de vulgarização como as &lt;br /&gt;
de Solino e Estrabão, contribuiu negativamente na caracterização do território e das populações &lt;br /&gt;
africanas, como bem demonstrou C. de LA RONCIÈRE,  La découverte de l’Afrique au Moyen Age: &lt;br /&gt;
cartographes et explorateurs, Caire, Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale/Société Royale de&lt;br /&gt;
Géographie d’Égypte, 1924, Tome I, pp. 5-11.6&lt;br /&gt;
divulgada no Ocidente apenas no século XV&lt;br /&gt;
10&lt;br /&gt;
. Além disso, os conhecimentos geográficos &lt;br /&gt;
islâmicos, bem desenvolvidos desde o século X da era cristã por autores como al-Bakri e &lt;br /&gt;
al-Idrisi, nem sempre foram incorporados ao pensamento cristão&lt;br /&gt;
11&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
Deste modo, até o fim do século XIII a parte africana efetivamente contatada&lt;br /&gt;
pelos europeus correspondia grosso modo aos territórios da Berbéria, parte do Egito e o &lt;br /&gt;
litoral do Mar Vermelho. Nos tempos do Império Romano, a Província da África&lt;br /&gt;
compreendia pouco mais do que a extensão ocupada pelo atual território da Tunísia. Nos &lt;br /&gt;
séculos posteriores, o Monte Atlas e o deserto do Saara continuaram a representar&lt;br /&gt;
barreiras naturais aos mercadores e viajantes ocidentais. As vastas regiões intertropicais, &lt;br /&gt;
quer dizer, a África interior, excluindo àreas reduzidas de seu litoral oriental, constavam &lt;br /&gt;
nos mapas como  terrae incognitae, ou então eram nomeadas de  Aethiopiae  – território &lt;br /&gt;
que, como veremos adiante, nada tinha que ver com a Etiópia histórica, ou Abissínia&lt;br /&gt;
12&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
São raros os textos de tradição hispânica relativos aos conhecimentos geográficos &lt;br /&gt;
colocados por escrito antes do século XIV. Entre os poucos, e mal conhecidos, encontra-se &lt;br /&gt;
o livro de autoria anônima denominado  Semeiança del mundo, do qual restaram dois &lt;br /&gt;
manuscritos. O mais antigo data das primeiras décadas do século XIII (talvez 1223) e o &lt;br /&gt;
mais recente, do princípio do século XV. Sua primeira publicação, em 1908, coube ao &lt;br /&gt;
espanhol António Blasquez y Delgado Aguilera em 1908, mas receberam atenção especial &lt;br /&gt;
apenas em 1959, quando foram editados e examinados pelos lingüistas norte-americanos &lt;br /&gt;
William E. Bull e Harry F. Williams. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
10&lt;br /&gt;
Seu tratado completo de astronomia era conhecido desde o século XIII, mas o de geografia só &lt;br /&gt;
veio a ser traduzido no século XV. A descrição que deixou da África diz respeito à Mauritânia &lt;br /&gt;
Tingitana (Marrocos), Mauritânia Cesariana (Algéria ocidental e central), a África romana (Algéria &lt;br /&gt;
oriental, Tunísia,  Tripolitânia), a Cirenaica, Egito (mais ou menos com os limites atuais), a Líbia &lt;br /&gt;
interior (Saara, Sudão ocidental e central), a Etiópia sub-egípciana (Bacia superior do Nilo, com o &lt;br /&gt;
Sudão egípcio, Abissínia e Somália) e a Etiópia interior (África central,  até o paralelo de&lt;br /&gt;
Moçambique). A redescoberta da geografia ptolomaica revolucionou os conhecimentos&lt;br /&gt;
cosmográficos no medievo tardio. Embora isso tenha acontecido em 1406, os primeiros manuscritos &lt;br /&gt;
impressos conhecidos datam de 1475 (Vicence), 1478 (Roma), 1482 (Bolonha e Ulm). A publicação &lt;br /&gt;
dos mapas inspirados na sua obra encontra-se em  Géographie de Ptolémée, traduction latine de &lt;br /&gt;
Jacopo d’Angiolo de Florence (reproduction réduite des cartes et plans du manuscrit latin 4802 de &lt;br /&gt;
la Bibliothèque Nationale), Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, s.d&lt;br /&gt;
11&lt;br /&gt;
A respeito da transmissão dos conhecimentos geográficos da Antiguidade aos escritores do&lt;br /&gt;
medievo, cf. G. H. T. KIMBLE, Geografia na Idade Média, trad., Londrina, Ed. U.E.L, 1999, esp. pp. &lt;br /&gt;
27-57.  Para as características da  geografia islâmica, ver A. MIQUEL, “Comment lire la littérature &lt;br /&gt;
géographique arabe du Moyen Age”, Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale, XXV-2, 1972, pp. 97-104. &lt;br /&gt;
12&lt;br /&gt;
A delimitação contemporânea desses territórios aparece em W. FITZGERALD,  Africa: geografia &lt;br /&gt;
social, económica y política, trad., Barcelona, Ediciones Omega, 1950; A. SECK &amp;amp; A.&lt;br /&gt;
MONDJANNAGNI, L’Afrique Occidentale, Paris, PUF, 1967. 7&lt;br /&gt;
As versões de Semeiança del mundo constituem testemunhos importantes  para &lt;br /&gt;
que se possa aquilatar a natureza dos conhecimentos geográficos tidos na Idade Média &lt;br /&gt;
hispânica. A redação do primeiro manuscrito no reino de Castela pouco antes do período &lt;br /&gt;
de governo de Alfonso, o Sábio, levou os editores a enquadrá-lo no repertório das obras &lt;br /&gt;
ditas alfonsinas. Resulta da tradução em língua vulgar efetuada por copista cristão ao livro &lt;br /&gt;
das  Etimologias, de Isidoro de Sevilha, embora compareçam elementos nos quais é&lt;br /&gt;
possível identificar traços do livro De imagine mundi, de Honório de Autun. &lt;br /&gt;
De fato, a estrutura narrativa do texto segue as linhas mestras do Livro XIV das &lt;br /&gt;
Etimologias, Isidoro de Sevilha. Até aqui, nada de excepcional, uma vez que, desde a alta &lt;br /&gt;
Idade Média, quase todos os autores que se dedicaram a fixar os conhecimentos&lt;br /&gt;
geográficos  – entre os quais Beda e Rabano Mauro  -, basearam-se no grande erudito do &lt;br /&gt;
século VII&lt;br /&gt;
13&lt;br /&gt;
. A tradição isidoriana mantinha-se presente ao longo dos séculos, sendo&lt;br /&gt;
claramente notada, por exemplo, nos textos dos principais enciclopedistas dos séculos XII &lt;br /&gt;
e XIII, nas compilações históricas alfonsinas&lt;br /&gt;
14&lt;br /&gt;
,  e no mais importante livro de geografia &lt;br /&gt;
medieval, o  Imago mundi, de Pierre d’Ailly. Não obstante, basta leitura mais atenta para &lt;br /&gt;
que se note certas particularidades  – e inovações  – do conhecimento do mundo tido pelo &lt;br /&gt;
copista castelhano, resultante talvez da mescla das informações da referência principal&lt;br /&gt;
com certos elementos descritivos partilhados pelos ocidentais no século XIII. &lt;br /&gt;
Os propósitos  – e a abrangência – do texto em questão vão muito além dos &lt;br /&gt;
objetivos de estudo antes especificados. Nele comparecem todos os elementos aptos a &lt;br /&gt;
informar sobre a procedência e a configuração do mundo: sua constituição por obra&lt;br /&gt;
divina, seus quatro elementos (ar, água, terra e fogo), suas partes terrestres habitadas e &lt;br /&gt;
suas ilhas. No caso da cópia feita no século XV, denominado pelos editores norteamericanos de “Texto B”, encontram-se menções aos montes, fontes, ventos, rios e&lt;br /&gt;
mares, estrelas e planetas, as propriedades de inúmeras pedras e gemas. Entretanto,&lt;br /&gt;
interessa-nos apenas verificar a maneira e as circunstâncias pelas quais a África e os &lt;br /&gt;
africanos ali comparecem. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
13&lt;br /&gt;
A concepção de mundo isidoriana, por sua vez, deve muito à obra histórico-geográfica do &lt;br /&gt;
bracarense Paulo Orósio, cujo tratado  Historiarum adversus paganos, redigido no princípio do &lt;br /&gt;
século V, tornou-se uma espécie de manual escolar. Cf. A. CORTESÃO, “Paulo Orósio, presbítero &lt;br /&gt;
bracarense, criador do estudo da geografia e da história na Idade Média”, em IDEM,  Esparsos, &lt;br /&gt;
Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra, 1975, pp. 297-315. &lt;br /&gt;
14&lt;br /&gt;
Segundo F. M. VILLANUEVA,  Op. cit., p. 60, Isidoro de Sevilha é referência freqüente na Estoria &lt;br /&gt;
de Espanna,  na  General Estoria,  sendo elogiado nas  Siete Partidas, onde é equiparado a Santo &lt;br /&gt;
Agostinho. 8&lt;br /&gt;
Seguindo de perto o livro XIV das  Etimologias, o tradutor anônimo concebeu os &lt;br /&gt;
limites da África entre as fronteiras do Egito e o reino da Etiópia. Ao Norte terminaria no &lt;br /&gt;
Mar Mediterrâneo, mais especificamente no Estreito Gaditano. Ao Sul, seus limites seriam &lt;br /&gt;
a zona tórrida, desabitada, ou então o “grande oceano”. A porção continental&lt;br /&gt;
compreenderia as províncias de Libia Cirenense, Pentápolis, Trípoli, Bizacio,  Cartago, &lt;br /&gt;
Numídia, Mauritânia sitifense e Mauritânia tingitana, e, nos limites meridionais extremos, a &lt;br /&gt;
Etiópia. Comparando com o que é dito a respeito da Ásia e da Europa, a descrição da &lt;br /&gt;
África é muito sucinta. Sobre a Ásia, o texto não revela qualquer precisão geográfica, mas &lt;br /&gt;
abundam descrições concernentes às “maravilhas das Índias”. Quanto à Europa, o espaço &lt;br /&gt;
é descrito com mais objetividade. Há poucos dados sobre seus diferentes povos, mas a &lt;br /&gt;
precisão é maior. &lt;br /&gt;
No caso da África, encontram-se informações breves, limitadas quase sempre às &lt;br /&gt;
explicações etimológicas. O território especificado circunscreve-se ao Norte, isto é, a parte &lt;br /&gt;
conhecida desde a Antiguidade, inserida nos textos dos geográfos greco-romanos ou de &lt;br /&gt;
algum modo relacionada com os referenciais cristãos. Assim, ao tratar da Numídia, o &lt;br /&gt;
tradutor não deixa de mencionar a cidade de Hipona (Ypone), onde nasceu Santo&lt;br /&gt;
Agostinho, ou, ao falar da Etiópia, aproveita a oportunidade para lembrar que, na cidade &lt;br /&gt;
de Sabá (Sabba), reinara a rainha que foi a Jerusalém “oyr la sapiencia de Salamon”&lt;br /&gt;
15&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
Tratam-se, pois, de imagens convencionais, insípidas sem qualquer acréscimo à &lt;br /&gt;
literatura geográfica produzida noutros reinos europeus. A divisão da África nas sobreditas &lt;br /&gt;
províncias encontrava-se inscrita no De Imagine mundi, de Honório de Autun. No tratado &lt;br /&gt;
em questão, o enciclopedista do século XII não foi muito além da descrição costumeira, &lt;br /&gt;
limitando-se a informar as características físicas dos etíopes, o calor extremo daquela terra &lt;br /&gt;
e a localização do inferno, o qual imaginava estar situado nas ilhas próximas ao&lt;br /&gt;
continente&lt;br /&gt;
16&lt;br /&gt;
. Nos textos de divulgação em verso produzidos no reino da França durante a &lt;br /&gt;
primeira metade do século XIII, entre os quais o  Mappemonde de Pierre - de autoria  &lt;br /&gt;
incerta  - e o poema  L’Image du monde, composto em 1245 por Gossouin de Metz, os &lt;br /&gt;
apontamentos são ainda mais pobres e confusos. Neste último, parte da Siria e da&lt;br /&gt;
Palestina, a Itália, Espanha e todos os países mediterrâneos são incorporados ao território &lt;br /&gt;
africano, que não é tratado em maiores detalhes. Da Etiópia, consta registro sumário &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
15&lt;br /&gt;
Semeiança del mundo: a medieval description of the world, ed. W. E. BULL &amp;amp; H. F. WILLIAMS, &lt;br /&gt;
Berkeley/Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1959, p. 92.&lt;br /&gt;
16&lt;br /&gt;
HONORIUS AUGUSTODUNENSIS, De imagine mundi, PL, 172, col. 130-133.9&lt;br /&gt;
sobre o calor excessivo, que é habitada por negros, que têm desertos, bestas selvagens e &lt;br /&gt;
vermes, e que “termina no grande mar”&lt;br /&gt;
17&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
Apontamentos menos esquemáticos encontram-se numa das mais importantes&lt;br /&gt;
obras de divulgação dos conhecimentos científicos do século XIII, o  Livre del tresor, do &lt;br /&gt;
florentino Brunetto Latini&lt;br /&gt;
18&lt;br /&gt;
. Para o enciclopedista, haveriam três Mauritânias: uma onde &lt;br /&gt;
estava situada a cidade de Sitim, outra onde esteve situada a cidade de Cesária e  a&lt;br /&gt;
terceira, onde localizava-se a cidade de Tingi, por isso designada de Tingitânia. Na&lt;br /&gt;
descrição, o enciclopedista explorou  a correlação entre os condicionamentos naturais e os &lt;br /&gt;
costumes dos povos africanos, tal qual a passagem da tradução do  Libro de las cruces, &lt;br /&gt;
antes mencionada. Com efeito, os habitantes da Etiópia aparecem designados “mouros”, e &lt;br /&gt;
sua suposta desorganização social estaria implicitamente ligada ao calor do sol: &lt;br /&gt;
Encore i est la terre de Ethiope et de mons Athalans, où sont les gens noirs comme meure, &lt;br /&gt;
et por ce sont il apelé Mores, por la prochaineté dou soleil. Et sachiez que la gent de Ethiope et de &lt;br /&gt;
Gartemanz ne savent que est mariage, ainz ont entr’eulx femes communaus à tous, et por ce&lt;br /&gt;
avient que nus ne conoist pere, se mere non, por quoi il sont  apelé la mains noble gent dou &lt;br /&gt;
monde&lt;br /&gt;
19&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
A Etiópia era sempre a derradeira região descrita, aquela situada na fronteira entre &lt;br /&gt;
os conhecimentos possíveis e o desconhecido. Talvez por isso tenha sido esse o domínio &lt;br /&gt;
territorial mais vagamente retratado em  Semeiança del mundo. O tradutor identificou a &lt;br /&gt;
existência de duas Etiópias, uma ao Oriente, onde estaria situada a cidade de Sabá, e &lt;br /&gt;
outra a Ocidente, onde habitariam os Garamantes. Nada mais é mencionado. Abaixo,&lt;br /&gt;
haveriam barreiras naturais intransponíveis. A  falta de dados concretos é compensada por &lt;br /&gt;
signos verbais repletos de significado. O finis terrae assume conotações tenebrosas e&lt;br /&gt;
aterradoras, visíveis em expressões como “grandes desertos”, “montanhas selvagens”,&lt;br /&gt;
“grande calor do sol”, “grande número de serpentes”, “mar oceano fervente”: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
17&lt;br /&gt;
C. V. LANGLOIS, La vie en France au Moyen Age du XII au milieu du XIV siècle, Paris, Hachette, &lt;br /&gt;
1926, Tome II: La connaissance de la nature et du monde, pp. 154-175. &lt;br /&gt;
18&lt;br /&gt;
Este conhecia pessoalmente a Península Ibérica, pois esteve na corte de Alfonso , o Sábio,&lt;br /&gt;
representando o governo de  Florença. A respeito, ver P. AEBISCHER, “Le zebro ‘âne sauvage’de la &lt;br /&gt;
Péninsule Ibérique et Brunetto Latini”, Boletin de Filologia (Madrid), tomo XVI nº ¾, 1957, pp. 171-&lt;br /&gt;
172&lt;br /&gt;
19&lt;br /&gt;
BRUNETTO LATINI,  Livre du trésor,  em  A. PAUPHILET (ed.),  Jeux et sapience du Moyen Age, &lt;br /&gt;
Paris, Gallimard, 1951, p. 773: “Abaixo está a terra da Etiópia e o Monte Atlas, onde habitam as &lt;br /&gt;
gentes negras, como se fossem maduras. Por isso é que são chamados mouros, devido à&lt;br /&gt;
proximidade do Sol. Sabeis que a gente de Etiópia e os garamantes não conhecem o casamento, 10&lt;br /&gt;
Allende desta tierra de Ethiopia son desiertos moy grandes e montannas moy fieras, e son &lt;br /&gt;
logares atales on non mora ningun omne, nin sigue por hy por dos maneras: la una por la calentura &lt;br /&gt;
del sol que hy fiere muy grande, e la otra por la mochedunne grande de serpentes que ha y. &lt;br /&gt;
Desi y luego  es el mar que dizen Occeano que cerca toda la tierra en derredor, e desta &lt;br /&gt;
parte de Ethiopia fierue el mar de la grant  calentura del sol que y faze...&lt;br /&gt;
20&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
A passagem distancia-se do texto de Isidoro de Sevilha. Nas  Etimologias, logo &lt;br /&gt;
depois de descrever a Etiópia o sábio visigodo fez menção à uma eventual quarta parte do &lt;br /&gt;
orbe, embora afirmasse tratar-se de terra fabulosa, descrita por autores pagãos. Estaria &lt;br /&gt;
localizada além do Oceano e  da zona torrida, sendo designada de antípodas&lt;br /&gt;
21&lt;br /&gt;
. Talvez &lt;br /&gt;
tinha em mente as alusões deixadas no século V por Macróbio, autor do Commentarium in &lt;br /&gt;
somnium Scipionis, a respeito da raça humana dos  antoikoi, antípodas ou antíctones, &lt;br /&gt;
povoadores de um continente oposto localizado na zona temperada austral. Gregos e&lt;br /&gt;
romanos, desde os filósofos pitagóricos, evocaram a hipótese da existência de uma região &lt;br /&gt;
temperada abaixo  da zona tórrida, tema que se ajustava mal às exigências da&lt;br /&gt;
infalibilidade bíblica. Por isso mesmo, gerou especulações e controvérsias durante a Idade &lt;br /&gt;
Média, sendo duramente criticado desde o século VI por Cosmas Indicopleutes&lt;br /&gt;
22&lt;br /&gt;
, mal visto &lt;br /&gt;
pela Igreja, mas presente nas reflexões de certos enciclopedistas, em determinados&lt;br /&gt;
mapas-mundi, ou em textos romanescos&lt;br /&gt;
23&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Em Semeiança del mundo, a incidência do maravilhoso transparece na descrição do &lt;br /&gt;
complexo insular africano. Ao traçar os contornos das ilhas Hespérides  (Esperide), &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
que tem entre si mulheres em comum, e por isso desconhecem o pai  se não tem mãe. Encontramse entre a gente menos nobre do mundo”. &lt;br /&gt;
20&lt;br /&gt;
Semeiança del mundo, p. 92: “Abaixo da Etiópia há grandes desertos e montanhas selvagens. &lt;br /&gt;
São lugares  desabitados e intransponíveis, por duas razões: uma ligada ao grande calor do Sol, e a &lt;br /&gt;
outra, ao grande número de serpentes que aí existem. / Logo depois está o mar Oceano que cerca &lt;br /&gt;
toda a Terra. Nesta parte da Etiópia o mar ferve por causa do grande calor do Sol”. &lt;br /&gt;
21&lt;br /&gt;
ISIDORO DE SEVILLA, Etimologías, trad. de L. C. CORTÉS Y GONGORRA, Madrid, BAC, 1951, p. &lt;br /&gt;
349&lt;br /&gt;
22&lt;br /&gt;
COSMAS INDICOPLEUTES,  Topographie Chrétienne, éd.  W. WOLSKA-CONUS, Paris, Du Cerf, &lt;br /&gt;
1968, tome I, pp. 336 e segs, contesta as afirmações em defesa das antípodas. Para ele, admitida &lt;br /&gt;
a esfericidade da terra, a existência de povos vivendo com a cabeça para baixo parecia-lhe oposta &lt;br /&gt;
à razão e à natureza humana, contradizendo a verdade sacralizada nas escrituras. &lt;br /&gt;
23&lt;br /&gt;
O comentário de Macróbio ao “Sonho  de Cipião”, escrito por Cícero, aparece em diversos&lt;br /&gt;
manuscritos  redigidos dos séculos IX-X e, nos seguintes, é citado por Abelardo, Guilherme de &lt;br /&gt;
Conches e João de Salisbury, entre outros. A respeito do debate envolvendo as antípodas, cf. G. &lt;br /&gt;
GIUCCI, Viajantes do maravilhoso: o novo mundo, São Paulo, Companhia das Letras, 1992, pp. 50-&lt;br /&gt;
59; Sobre o tratamento do assunto na literatura romanesca, J. TATTERSALL, “Terra Incognita: &lt;br /&gt;
allusions aux extremes limites du monde dans les anciens textes français jusqu’en 1300”,  Cahiers &lt;br /&gt;
de Civilisation Médiévale, XXIV ¾, 1981, pp. 247-249.11&lt;br /&gt;
situadas nas proximidades da Mauritânia, menção é feita às fábulas antigas, nas quais  os &lt;br /&gt;
autores enumeram jardins com maçãs de ouro guardadas por um dragão, as propriedades &lt;br /&gt;
da lã de suas ovelhas, e relatos alusivos a uma grande ilha submersa com seu povo, “tan &lt;br /&gt;
grande que maor espacio tenia que Affrica e Europa”, referência à Atlândida tirada de &lt;br /&gt;
Platão. Quanto às ilhas Afortunadas (Fortunante), embora seja dito que são abastadas, &lt;br /&gt;
repletas de todos os bens, enfim, uma terra de deleites, sustenta terem os pagãos e os &lt;br /&gt;
gentios errado ao afirmar que se tratava do Paraíso Terrestre&lt;br /&gt;
24&lt;br /&gt;
. Seguia a interpretação &lt;br /&gt;
usual dos escritores cristãos, para quem o Eden estaria no Oriente. &lt;br /&gt;
Tais indicações confirmam as apreciações de estudiosos modernos a respeito da &lt;br /&gt;
percepção do espaço tida no medievo. Alicerçadas em concepções religiosas, as noções &lt;br /&gt;
espaciais encontravam-se ligadas à idéia que o homem fazia da natureza, com a qual&lt;br /&gt;
estabelecia relação muito específica, íntima, e contra a qual não era capaz de se opor de &lt;br /&gt;
maneira clara. Não obstante a existência de dados inscritos na literatura geográfica, seu &lt;br /&gt;
conhecimento provinha de uma experiência sensorial, principalmente visual. Fora desse&lt;br /&gt;
espaço percorrido, vivenciado, inventariado, restavam espaços vazios, preenchidos com o &lt;br /&gt;
recurso aos temas legendários ou míticos. Prisioneiros de suas próprias categorias&lt;br /&gt;
mentais, e reduzidos a um espaço delimitado e demarcado, os enciclopedistas dedicaramse paradoxalmente a projetar no mundo sua própria imagem, de onde a ausência de&lt;br /&gt;
objetividade, as deformações e as projeções miríficas. Nas palavras de Paul Zumthor, seu &lt;br /&gt;
espírito não só era incapaz de distinguir entre espaço e natureza; concebiam essa última &lt;br /&gt;
de acordo com suas próprias medidas&lt;br /&gt;
25&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
POVOS, CLIMAS E PAISAGENS &lt;br /&gt;
Os escritores medievais estabeleceram uma série de correlações textuais com o fim &lt;br /&gt;
de aproximar a África de  sua noção familiar de Cristandade&lt;br /&gt;
26&lt;br /&gt;
. Alfonso, o Sábio, na General &lt;br /&gt;
estoria, propunha alternativas discordantes quanto ao significado da palavra que lhe deu &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
24&lt;br /&gt;
Semeiança del Mundo, p. 96. &lt;br /&gt;
25&lt;br /&gt;
P. ZUMTHOR, La medida del mundo: representación del espacio en la Edad Media, trad.,  Madrid, &lt;br /&gt;
Ediciones Catedra, 1993, p. 45. &lt;br /&gt;
26&lt;br /&gt;
Conforme A. GOUREVICH,  Les categories de la culture médiévale, trad., Paris, Gallimard, 1983, &lt;br /&gt;
p. 82: “les representations spatiales de l’homme du Moyen Âge avaient un caractère symbolique &lt;br /&gt;
très marqué, les notions de vie et de mort, de bien et de mal, de saint et de pécheur, de sacré  et &lt;br /&gt;
de profane, s’associaient  aux notions de haut et de bas, à certains contrées du monde et certaines &lt;br /&gt;
parties de l’espace universal, et possedaient donc des coordonnées topographiques”.  12&lt;br /&gt;
origem. Poderia provir do nome de uma antiga Rainha, mas também era possível que &lt;br /&gt;
derivasse de  africo,  nome de um vento característico da região, ou então seria designada &lt;br /&gt;
Libia  – alusão à rainha Libia, presente na mitologia greco-romana&lt;br /&gt;
27&lt;br /&gt;
. Esta tripla explicação &lt;br /&gt;
etimológica era partilhada por outros autores.  Isidoro de Sevilha argumentava que o &lt;br /&gt;
vento  libus era chamado por alguns de  aufrico. Enciclopedistas posteriores, como Rabano &lt;br /&gt;
Mauro, em  De universo (século IX) e Honório de Autun, empregaram os termos Líbia e &lt;br /&gt;
África para designá-lo, fixando correlação etimológica entre o nome do território e um &lt;br /&gt;
traço de sua geografia física. &lt;br /&gt;
No ensejo de fortalecer pontos de ligação do continente com o universo referencial &lt;br /&gt;
judaico-cristão, ganhou corpo o argumento de que a origem da África estivesse vinculada &lt;br /&gt;
a Afer, descendente de Abraão. Salvo engano, a idéia aparece pela primeira vez nas &lt;br /&gt;
Etimologias, vindo a ser difundida, entre outros,  por Barthelemy l’Anglais, no  Liber de &lt;br /&gt;
proprietatibus rerum, e Vincent de Beauvais, no  Speculum historiale. Explicação bem ao &lt;br /&gt;
gosto dos representantes do pensamento cristão, cuja percepção e compreensão do&lt;br /&gt;
espaço fundava-se na crença de que a verdadeira realidade residia não nas coisas ou nos &lt;br /&gt;
fenômenos terrestres, mas nos protótipos divinos, dos quais eram réplicas e símbolos. A &lt;br /&gt;
referência a Afer tinha a vantagem de tornar familiar uma  realidade aparentemente&lt;br /&gt;
distante e desconhecida, inserindo-a na cosmovisão cristã, mas tinha a desvantagem de &lt;br /&gt;
mesclar elementos mitológicos de forte conotação sincrética&lt;br /&gt;
28&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Com efeito, em alguns textos antigos, o personagem em questão envolve-se em &lt;br /&gt;
temas pertencentes à mitologia grega. Nas  Antiguidades judaicas, de Flávio Josefo, consta &lt;br /&gt;
que Apheras e Iaphras, descendentes de Abraão, juntaram-se à expedição de Hércules na &lt;br /&gt;
conquista da Líbia. Alfonso, o Sábio, valeu-se da obra anterior ao discorrer longamente &lt;br /&gt;
sobre a linhagem abrâmica. Segundo este, o patriarca casou-se com Cetura depois da &lt;br /&gt;
morte de Sara, e com ela teve os filhos Zaura, Vexam, Madam, Jesbet e Sue, os quais &lt;br /&gt;
povoaram a Arábia. Baseado em outros autores antigos, afirma que os nomes dos filhos &lt;br /&gt;
d o   casal seriam Efram, Surim e Afram  - governante da África. Afram prestara auxílio a &lt;br /&gt;
Hércules e depois entregara-lhe a filha em casamento. Sofom, filho de Hércules e Etéia, &lt;br /&gt;
portanto neto de Afram, conquistou toda a Berbéria, quer dizer, o norte da África. Uma&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
27&lt;br /&gt;
ALFONSO EL SABIO,  General Estoria: version gallega del siglo XIV, ed. R. MARTINEZ-LOPEZ, &lt;br /&gt;
Oviedo, Universidad de Oviedo – Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, 1963, p. 64&lt;br /&gt;
28&lt;br /&gt;
F. de MEDEIROS,  L’Occident et l’Afrique  (XIII  – XV siécles): images et representations, Paris, &lt;br /&gt;
Karthala, 1985, pp. 122-124.13&lt;br /&gt;
informação aparentemente secundária esclarece a prolongada digressão. Para Alfonso,&lt;br /&gt;
Cetura era nada mais nada menos do que Agar, mãe de Ismael, o antepassado dos &lt;br /&gt;
árabes, com quem, nessa linha de argumentação, os africanos acabaram assimilados&lt;br /&gt;
29&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
A confluência de substratos mitológicos cristãos e pagãos em torno de Afer pode &lt;br /&gt;
ter contribuído para o progressivo abandono de sua evocação nos textos dos&lt;br /&gt;
enciclopedistas. Preferiram explorar outra possibilidade exegética. Desde o século VI,&lt;br /&gt;
Cosmas Indicopleutes, em sua  Topographie chrétienne, afirmava ter sido a terra povoada &lt;br /&gt;
pelos filhos de Noé&lt;br /&gt;
30&lt;br /&gt;
. No século XIII, estava bem estabelecida a vinculação da África ao &lt;br /&gt;
seu segundo filho, Cam, tal qual pode-se ver no Speculum historiale, de Vincent de&lt;br /&gt;
Beauvais, e na Opus  majus, de Roger Bacon&lt;br /&gt;
31&lt;br /&gt;
. A informação persistiu durante longo&lt;br /&gt;
tempo. Pierre d’Ailly, chanceler da Universidade de Paris no princípio do século XV e autor &lt;br /&gt;
do célebre Imago mundi, aventava a hipótese de que, no passado, a África teria se&lt;br /&gt;
chamado Phutia, palavra derivada de Phut, o filho de Cam&lt;br /&gt;
32&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
Essa proposição continha maior eficácia simbólica. É bem sabido o quanto as &lt;br /&gt;
explicações trinitárias ocuparam espaço nas reflexões dos exegetas medievais, indício dos &lt;br /&gt;
efeitos da trifuncionalidade básica dos povos de extração indo-européia, estudada&lt;br /&gt;
primeiramente por Georges Dumézil e, no que respeita à Idade Média, por Georges&lt;br /&gt;
Duby&lt;br /&gt;
33&lt;br /&gt;
. No pensamento cristão, três são as essências da trindade, assim como três seriam &lt;br /&gt;
as “ordens” instituídas por Deus na sociedade. Por isso mesmo, escritores como Gerald de &lt;br /&gt;
Cambrai e o germânico Gervais de Tilbury comparavam os oratores  a Sem, os bellatores a &lt;br /&gt;
Jafet e os laboratores a Cam. Não será preciso insistir que, na tradição veterotestamentária, Cam foi o filho que zombou da nudez do pai embriagado, tendo sido &lt;br /&gt;
amaldiçoado - ele e sua descendência&lt;br /&gt;
34&lt;br /&gt;
. A filiação dos negros a Cam teve notoriedade nos &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
29&lt;br /&gt;
ALFONSO EL SABIO, General Estoria, pp. 240-241.  A identificação entre Cetura e Agar é&lt;br /&gt;
partilhada por GERVAIS DE TILBURY,  Otia imperialia, onde se pode ler: “Africa enim ab Offer uno &lt;br /&gt;
ex posteris filiis Ceturae, quae est Agar, qui castra sua fixit in Libya, nomen sumsit, vel ab Affar a&lt;br /&gt;
filio Agar cuius filiam Hercules duxit, auxiliator eius”, cit. em F. de MEDEIROS, Op. cit., p.  126.&lt;br /&gt;
30&lt;br /&gt;
COSMAS INDICOPLEUTES, Topographie Chrétienne, Tome I, p. 329.&lt;br /&gt;
31&lt;br /&gt;
F. de MEDEIROS, Op. cit., pp. 125-128. &lt;br /&gt;
32&lt;br /&gt;
PIERRE D’AILLY,  Imago mundi, ed.  E. BURON, Paris, Librairie Orientale et Americaine, 1930, &lt;br /&gt;
Tome I, p. 341.&lt;br /&gt;
33&lt;br /&gt;
Ver G. DUBY, Les trois ordres ou l`imaginaire du féodalisme, Paris, Gallimard, 1972. &lt;br /&gt;
34&lt;br /&gt;
Esta interpretação consta no prefácio de J. LE GOFF ao livro de F. de MEDEIROS,  L’Occident et &lt;br /&gt;
l’Afrique, p. 9. As apropriações da figura de Cam no Ocidente foram estudadas por H. FRANCO JR, &lt;br /&gt;
“A castração de Noé: iconografia, folclore e feudalismo”, em  IDEM, A Eva barbada: ensaios de &lt;br /&gt;
mitologia medieval, São Paulo, EDUSP, 1996, pp. 71-87.14&lt;br /&gt;
manuais religiosos cristãos até pelo menos o século XIX, abrindo um campo muito fértil &lt;br /&gt;
aos defensores da inferioridade das populações negras&lt;br /&gt;
35&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
No imaginário medieval, os africanos eram retratados segundo tais premissas&lt;br /&gt;
teológicas ou segundo pontos de vista que, nos séculos posteriores, viriam consolidar&lt;br /&gt;
concepções etnocêntricas e racistas. Os mapas-mundi denominados T.O. (terrarum orbis) &lt;br /&gt;
produzidos entre os séculos VIII e XIII, equivalentes geográficos das crônicas universais, &lt;br /&gt;
ilustravam a revelação bíblica ao propor em seu interior a imagem cristocêntrica da terra: &lt;br /&gt;
Jerusalém como  axis mundi, o disco terrestre com as três porções do ecúmeno dispostas &lt;br /&gt;
em forma de T, circundadas pelo grande oceano, cada uma delas associada aos herdeiros &lt;br /&gt;
de Noé. Sua configuração procurava dar conta da totalidade do espaço e do tempo&lt;br /&gt;
concedido ao homem pelo criador. O “T” evocava a cruz, remetendo a Cristo  - epicentro &lt;br /&gt;
da salvação. Nessas representações cartográficas, parte do continente africano era&lt;br /&gt;
inserida na chamada “zona tórrida”, confundindo-se com a Terrae incognitae&lt;br /&gt;
36&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Retomemos, por exemplo, a passagem citada do  Libro de las Cruces, na qual a &lt;br /&gt;
diversidade de costumes é interpretada com base nas particularidades climáticas. Tratavase de idéia consagrada, difundida na obra de Macróbio, no De nuptiis philologiae et &lt;br /&gt;
mercurii, de Marciano Capela, e no Pantegnum, de Constantino o Africano, segundo a qual &lt;br /&gt;
a Terra estaria repartida em cinco zonas climáticas: um frio perpétuo congelaria as&lt;br /&gt;
extremidades polares e um calor incessante calcinaria toda vida na parte central do&lt;br /&gt;
mundo  – a zona tórrida -, restando duas áreas temperadas propícias à geração e&lt;br /&gt;
propagação da vida, incluindo pequenas bandas tórridas  às suas margens&lt;br /&gt;
37&lt;br /&gt;
. Daí surgiram &lt;br /&gt;
especulações concernentes aos caracteres antropológicos dos povos submetidos às&lt;br /&gt;
variações climáticas e ao ar. Pensava-se que o ar das regiões setentrionais fosse&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
35&lt;br /&gt;
No Dictionnaire de la Bible, editado por MIGNE em 1846, Cam é apresentado como o deus Amon &lt;br /&gt;
dos Egípcios, o Júpiter dos gregos e latinos, o pai dos egípcios, etíopes e negros. Segundo Jean &lt;br /&gt;
Devisse, até bem pouco tempo as escolas protestantes da África do Sul  ensinavam  que os  negros &lt;br /&gt;
deviam sua inferioridade aos brancos em razão da maldição de Cam, seu ancestral; idéia também &lt;br /&gt;
divulgada em certas escolas “fundamentalistas” norte-americanas da década de 1960. Cf. M. C.&lt;br /&gt;
JACQUEY, “La representation du noir au Moyen Age: entretien avec Jean Devisse”,  Notre Librairie, &lt;br /&gt;
nº 90, 1987, p. 10  &lt;br /&gt;
36&lt;br /&gt;
Entre os estudos da tradição cartográfica medieval, cf. E. EDSON, “Representation of time and &lt;br /&gt;
space: medieval world maps, 800-1300”, em J. R. MACEDO e M. L. C. ARMANDO (eds.), Atas do II &lt;br /&gt;
Encontro Internacional de Estudos Medievais, Humanas: Revista do IFCH-UFRGS, Volume 21 nº 1, &lt;br /&gt;
1998, Tomo 1, pp. 103-116; M. E. B. RIBEIRO, “Fronteiras materiais e imaginárias no Mapa-Mundi &lt;br /&gt;
de Henrique de Mogúncia”,  em  E. NODARI, J. M. PEDRO e Z. M. G. IOKOI (orgs.),  XX Simpósio &lt;br /&gt;
Nacional da ANPUH: História: fronteiras, São Paulo, ANPUH/Humanitas, 1999, vol.II, pp. 1017-&lt;br /&gt;
1024; Paul ZUMTHOR, Op. cit., pp. 306-312.  15&lt;br /&gt;
relativamente favorável ao desenvolvimento dos povos, que o ar das áreas situadas ao Sul &lt;br /&gt;
fosse prejudicial, que o ar do Ocidente fosse pouco conveniente, e que o ar oriental fosse &lt;br /&gt;
o mais recomendável. &lt;br /&gt;
O ar do Oriente, com sua perfeição, evocava de imediato a proximidade do Paraíso &lt;br /&gt;
Terrestre. O ar da Europa era aquele apresentado como sendo o mais parecido com o &lt;br /&gt;
Oriental. Quanto ao ar meridional, isto é, aquele no qual estaria situado parte da Etiópia, &lt;br /&gt;
opunha-se ao do Norte devido ao calor excessivo  - fonte de males e de instabilidade da&lt;br /&gt;
vida. Era nesse esquema altamente desfavorável às populações africanas que o texto &lt;br /&gt;
reproduzido pelos letrados alfonsinos se apoiava. Tal esquema, reproduzido desde os &lt;br /&gt;
autores da Antiguidade, como Plínio e Vitrúvio, tinha evidente conotação racial e&lt;br /&gt;
determinista. Ao opor os Citas (ou turcos) do Norte aos etíopes do Sul, classificando-os &lt;br /&gt;
como dois tipos extremos de humanidade, deixava implícito que o tipo climático e&lt;br /&gt;
civilizacional ideal  seria aquele situado entre esses extremos. &lt;br /&gt;
As elevadas temperaturas e os efeitos do sol ardente eram considerados elementos &lt;br /&gt;
determinantes na constituição das populações negras africanas. O termo utilizado com &lt;br /&gt;
freqüência em toda a Europa ocidental para designar as populações de tez escura&lt;br /&gt;
ocupantes das margens meridionais do mundo era  aethiops – palavra de origem grega &lt;br /&gt;
utilizada inicialmente com o significado de “face queimada”. Esse lugar-comum na&lt;br /&gt;
definição da coloração da pele encontrava-se amplamente difundido, sendo reproduzido &lt;br /&gt;
por Alfonso o Sábio. Na  General estoria, o rei atribuiu a cor dos etíopes aos efeitos dos &lt;br /&gt;
raios solares e aos bafos ardentes do ábrego, um dos ventos mais quentes que existem&lt;br /&gt;
38&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Na imaginação dos ocidentais, os limites geográficos dessa Etiópia mitificada eram &lt;br /&gt;
muito imprecisos, oscilando entre o continente africano e as “Índias”. Com efeito, na&lt;br /&gt;
concepção vigente em boa parte da Idade Média, a dimensão espacial das “Índias” era &lt;br /&gt;
bem maior do que sua configuração real. Segundo Jacques Le Goff, o termo genérico &lt;br /&gt;
“Índias” dizia respeito ao espaço geográfico da África Oriental até a China, no qual podiam &lt;br /&gt;
se distinguir três setores: a “Índia Maior” compreendendo toda a Índia histórica; a “Índia &lt;br /&gt;
Menor” englobando a Costa de Coromandel e as penínsulas do Sudeste Asiático; a “Índia &lt;br /&gt;
Meridional” englobando a Etiópia e as regiões costeiras do Sudeste Asiático&lt;br /&gt;
39&lt;br /&gt;
. Essa&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
37&lt;br /&gt;
G. GIUCCI, Op. cit., p. 54.&lt;br /&gt;
38&lt;br /&gt;
ALFONSO EL SABIO, General estoria, p. 117.&lt;br /&gt;
39&lt;br /&gt;
J. LE GOFF, “O Ocidente medieval e o Oceano Índico: um horizonte onírico”, em IDEM,  Para um &lt;br /&gt;
novo conceito de Idade Média: tempo, trabalho e cultura no Ocidente, trad., Lisboa, Ed. Estampa, &lt;br /&gt;
1980, p. 273.16&lt;br /&gt;
concepção homogeneizadora teve efeitos surpreendentes na constituição das imagens&lt;br /&gt;
européias sobre a África e o Extremo Oriente, pois agrupava povos diferentes sob um &lt;br /&gt;
mesmo rótulo e padronizava determinados clichês empregados para caracterizar seus&lt;br /&gt;
costumes&lt;br /&gt;
40&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
A falta de objetividade e as projeções estereotipadas pesaram negativamente na &lt;br /&gt;
qualificação das populações etíopes, em geral apresentadas em traços bizarros e&lt;br /&gt;
monstruosos. Tanto nas obras de autores cristãos quanto na tradição islâmica os negros &lt;br /&gt;
eram situados na escala mais baixa da humanidade. No capítulo 70 do Liber scale&lt;br /&gt;
Machometi, que os letrados alfonsinos verteram do árabe ao castelhano e ao latim, consta &lt;br /&gt;
a explicação de como Deus teria distribuído  – em escala descendente – seus bens&lt;br /&gt;
espirituais aos diferentes povos do globo, reservando aos etíopes a ignorância&lt;br /&gt;
41&lt;br /&gt;
. Ainda no &lt;br /&gt;
século XV, Pierre d’Ailly afirmava serem os trogloditas da Etiópia habitantes de cavernas, &lt;br /&gt;
que se alimentavam da carne de serpentes e que seriam privados do uso da palavra&lt;br /&gt;
42&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Tais juízos, aceitos e divulgados com frequência pelos escritores ibéricos, aparece no&lt;br /&gt;
tratado moral do final do século XIV denominado Orto do esposo: &lt;br /&gt;
Ennos desertos de Etiopia sõ huas gentes que uiue sen ley asy como bestas e tee molheres &lt;br /&gt;
sem casameto e som chamados garamates. E outros ha hy que maldize o sol, quando se leuata e &lt;br /&gt;
quando se põe, porque os queyma e aquela terra muy fortemete. Outros ha hy que morã e couas e &lt;br /&gt;
come as serpetes e toda outra cousa que pode seer comesta, e estes som chamados trogoditas. &lt;br /&gt;
Outros anda nuus e nõ trabalham e nehua cousa, e estes am nome graphasantes... Aly ha outra &lt;br /&gt;
gente que a o cam por seu rey e tomã agoyro eno mouimeto do cam pera fazerem suas obras. &lt;br /&gt;
Outros ha hy que caçam os liõões e as panteras e come(m) a carne deles. E o rey destes nõ tem &lt;br /&gt;
mays de huu olho ena fronte. E outros nõ come outra cousa senã gafanhotas secas, e estes nõ viue &lt;br /&gt;
aalem de quoreeta ãnos&lt;br /&gt;
43&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
40&lt;br /&gt;
A indistinção entre as fronteiras da Etiópia e das Índias remonta aos relatos de escritores da &lt;br /&gt;
Antiguidade. Ambos os territórios eram retratados tendo em vista o realce de certos aspectos&lt;br /&gt;
exóticos da constituição de seus povos e da natureza circundante. O tópico das “maravilhas do &lt;br /&gt;
oriente” incluía a descrição de luxuriante abundância  vegetal; fauna descomunal; riquezas&lt;br /&gt;
fabulosas em ouro e demais metais preciosos; raças humanas longevas de vida pura ou monstros &lt;br /&gt;
humanos e animais; territórios de dimensão escatológica (paradigmas do Paraíso ou do Inferno). &lt;br /&gt;
Cf .  A.  CRIVAT-V A S I L E ,   “Mirabilis  Oriens: fuentes y transmisión”,  Revista de Filologia Románica &lt;br /&gt;
(Madrid), nº 11/12, 1994/1995, pp. 471-479; J. TATTERSALL, Art. cit., pp. 249-252; J. RICHARD, &lt;br /&gt;
“La vogue de l’Orient dans la littérature occidentale du Moyen Age”, em P. GALLAIS &amp;amp; Y-J.  RIOU &lt;br /&gt;
(éds.), Mélanges offert à René Crozet,  Poitiers, Société d’Études Médiévales, 1966, Tome I, pp. &lt;br /&gt;
557-561&lt;br /&gt;
41&lt;br /&gt;
Livro da escada de Maomé (século XIII), cit. por L. J. LAUAND (org.),  Cultura e educação na &lt;br /&gt;
Idade Média, São Paulo, Livraria Martins Fontes, 1998, p. 279. &lt;br /&gt;
42&lt;br /&gt;
PIERRE D’AILLY, Imago Mundi, Tome I, p. 363. &lt;br /&gt;
43&lt;br /&gt;
Orto do Esposo: texto inédito do século XIV ou começo do XV, ed. B. MAHLER, Rio de Janeiro, &lt;br /&gt;
INL/MEC, 1956, vol. I, p. 117: “Nos desertos da Etiópia habitam os garamantes, que vivem sem lei &lt;br /&gt;
e coabitam com mulheres fora do casamento, como animais. Há outros que maldizem o Sol,17&lt;br /&gt;
Alguns tópicos recorrentes insistiam nas características físicas dos “etíopes”: os &lt;br /&gt;
trogloditas teriam pernas mais velozes do que bestas selvagens e cavalos. Por vezes, a &lt;br /&gt;
evocação de certas particularidades pretendia realçar valores morais defendidos pelo&lt;br /&gt;
cristianismo. Os pigmeus lembravam a humildade, e eram contrapostos aos gigantes,&lt;br /&gt;
símbolos do orgulho e desmesura&lt;br /&gt;
44&lt;br /&gt;
. Tudo naqueles seres de baixa estatura seria reduzido, &lt;br /&gt;
inclusive o ciclo de vida. Para alguns escritores, como Gossouin de Metz em seu L`Image &lt;br /&gt;
du monde, os pigmeus eram férteis aos três anos, e velhos aos sete&lt;br /&gt;
45&lt;br /&gt;
. Os registros &lt;br /&gt;
procuravam acentuar a imperfeição dos corpos monstruosos e aberrantes atribuídos aos &lt;br /&gt;
“etíopes”. No Orto do esposo, fala-se de homens quadrúpedes, pernetas, com pés&lt;br /&gt;
descomunais acima da cabeça  – utilizados como proteção aos raios solares  -, com pés &lt;br /&gt;
voltados para trás, ou com doze dedos em cada pé&lt;br /&gt;
46&lt;br /&gt;
.  &lt;br /&gt;
Nos sistemas de valores medievais, a cor negra lembrava o mal. Os teólogos, de &lt;br /&gt;
Santo Agostinho a Alberto Magno e São Tomás de Aquino, estabeleciam relação do branco &lt;br /&gt;
com a pureza , perfeição espiritual e a verdade, e do negro com a perdição e falsidade&lt;br /&gt;
47&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Quanto aos textos destinados à pregação religiosa - sermões, exempla  e a literatura&lt;br /&gt;
didática  em geral  -, negra era a cor do diabo. Por isso mesmo, até pelo menos o século &lt;br /&gt;
XIV o senhor dos infernos era retratado como “etíope negro”, com cabelo encarapinhado, &lt;br /&gt;
baixa  estatura e corpo disforme em que se misturavam traços humanos e anfíbios&lt;br /&gt;
48&lt;br /&gt;
. Na &lt;br /&gt;
Chanson de Roland,  do século XI, os sarracenos são descritos como negros, similares aos &lt;br /&gt;
demônios, e a Etiópia aparece designada como “terra amaldiçoada”, lugar habitado por &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
quando se levanta e se põe, porque este os queima muito fortemente. Os trogloditas moram em &lt;br /&gt;
cavernas, comem serpentes e toda outra coisa que possa ser comida. Os grafasantes andam nus e &lt;br /&gt;
não trabalham em coisa alguma. Outros têm o cão por rei, e se baseiam no agouro dos&lt;br /&gt;
movimentos do cão para realizarem suas atividades. Outros caçam leões e panteras para comerlhes a carne, e seu rei tem apenas um olho na fronte. Outros comem apenas gafanhotos secos, e &lt;br /&gt;
não vivem mais do que quarenta anos”. &lt;br /&gt;
44&lt;br /&gt;
Sobre a recepção medieval às informações fabulosas concernentes aos pigmeus deixadas pelos &lt;br /&gt;
escritores greco-romanos, ver  C. LECOUTEAUX, Les nains et les elfes au Moyen Age, Paris, Imago, &lt;br /&gt;
1988, pp.  21-27; C. KAPPLER, Monstres, démons et merveilles à la fin du Moyen Age, Paris, Payot, &lt;br /&gt;
1980, p. 132.&lt;br /&gt;
45&lt;br /&gt;
C. V. LANGLOIS, Op. cit., II,  p. 128.&lt;br /&gt;
46&lt;br /&gt;
Orto do esposo, vol. I, p. 101.&lt;br /&gt;
47&lt;br /&gt;
Segundo F. PORTAL,  Des couleurs symboliques dans l’Antiquité , le Moyen Age et les temps &lt;br /&gt;
modernes,  Paris, Éditions Niclaus, s.d., p. 103:  “le blanc est le symbole de la verité absolue, le &lt;br /&gt;
noir devait être celui de l’erreur, du néant, de ce qui n’est pas. Dieu seul possède l’existence en soi; &lt;br /&gt;
le  monde est une emanation de sa pensée, le blanc réfléchit tous les rayons lumineux, le noir est &lt;br /&gt;
la négation de la lumière; il fut attribué à l’auteur de tout mal et de toute fausseté”.&lt;br /&gt;
48&lt;br /&gt;
M. C. JACQUEY, Art. cit., pp. 8-17.  18&lt;br /&gt;
“gente preta de grandes narizes e largas orelhas” cuja pele é mais dura que o ferro  e que &lt;br /&gt;
de branco só tem os dentes&lt;br /&gt;
49&lt;br /&gt;
. Tempos depois, no fim do século XIII, Marco Polo&lt;br /&gt;
manifestava impressão similar ao se defrontar com os negróides da ilha de Zanzibar, na &lt;br /&gt;
África Oriental, apontando-os como gente de boca grande e nariz achatado, lábios e olhos &lt;br /&gt;
muito salientes e feios, parecida em tudo com o diabo&lt;br /&gt;
50&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
As imperfeições aplicavam-se não apenas aos habitantes. O ambiente da Etiópia &lt;br /&gt;
era demarcado por desregramentos naturais e imagens invertidas, sendo atravessado por &lt;br /&gt;
signos fabulosos. No vasto repertório das “maravilhas”, costumava-se indicar a localização &lt;br /&gt;
de fontes de água extraordinárias, como  aquela de Trestan descrita em  Semeiança del &lt;br /&gt;
mundo, onde as águas seriam quentes de noite e geladas durante o dia &lt;br /&gt;
51&lt;br /&gt;
. Por ali passava &lt;br /&gt;
o Nilo ou Gion – um dos quatro rios que emanavam do Paraíso -, mas também havia a ilha &lt;br /&gt;
de Mène onde corria o rio denominado  Lectonius fluvius ou Lecthon infern, quer dizer, o &lt;br /&gt;
rio do Inferno&lt;br /&gt;
52&lt;br /&gt;
. Somem-se ainda menções à existência de plantas ou minerais&lt;br /&gt;
extraordinários (crisólitos, jacintos e hematitas),  animais exóticos (rinocerontes, tigres,&lt;br /&gt;
elefantes e girafas), ou animais quiméricos (dragões contendo gemas no crânio, basiliscos, &lt;br /&gt;
grifos, serpentes aladas e todo o tipo de bestas peçonhentas)&lt;br /&gt;
53&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
A partir do século XIII, a Etiópia passou gradativamente a ocupar lugar distinto no &lt;br /&gt;
conjunto de  estereótipos difundidos na Europa cristã. Para tanto, contribuiu o fato&lt;br /&gt;
daquele espaço mal delineado ter sido reconhecido como reino cristão. Cresceu o&lt;br /&gt;
interesse por personagens etíopes próximos ou enquadrados na tradição bíblica, como a &lt;br /&gt;
célebre rainha de Sabá, ou a suposta esposa etíope de Moisés. Popularizou-se a idéia de &lt;br /&gt;
que ali teria morrido São Tomé, o apóstolo das Índias. Além disso, desde o princípio do &lt;br /&gt;
século XIV o mito político-religioso atinente ao poderoso governante cristão nas Índias &lt;br /&gt;
Orientais, o Preste João, foi aplicado à Etiópia. O suposto governante acabou sendo&lt;br /&gt;
aproximado aos reis magos. Teria sido descendente de Baltazar  – um dos três reis magos &lt;br /&gt;
que, ao final da Idade Média, era retratado como negro&lt;br /&gt;
54&lt;br /&gt;
. Como se sabe, a demanda ao  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
49&lt;br /&gt;
La Chanson de Roland, éd. J. BÉDIER, Paris, L'Édition d'Art H. Piazza, 1944, vv. 2135-2139, &lt;br /&gt;
2151-2156; Sobre a satanização dos sarracenos nos poemas épicos, cf. M. JONES. "The&lt;br /&gt;
conventional saracen of the songs of geste", Speculum, XVII-2, 1942, pp. 201-225.&lt;br /&gt;
50&lt;br /&gt;
MARCO POLO, O livro das maravilhas, trad, Porto Alegre, L&amp;amp;PM Editores, 1985, p. 229. &lt;br /&gt;
51&lt;br /&gt;
Semeiança del mundo, p. 92. &lt;br /&gt;
52&lt;br /&gt;
M. E. B. RIBEIRO, Art. cit., p. 1018. &lt;br /&gt;
53&lt;br /&gt;
G. GIUCCI, Op.cit., pp. 70-71; J. LE GOFF, Art. cit., pp. 274-280.&lt;br /&gt;
54&lt;br /&gt;
Segundo parece, deve-se ao dominicano Jordão Catalan de Séverac, em sua  Descriptions des&lt;br /&gt;
Merveilles, de 1329, a primeira menção ao reino do Preste João na Etiópia. Daí em diante, os 19&lt;br /&gt;
suposto reino do Preste João teve importante papel nas motivações religiosas por ocasião &lt;br /&gt;
do processo de expansão marítima no século XV. &lt;br /&gt;
Alterações significativas nos esquemas religiosos empregados na representação&lt;br /&gt;
européia da África e dos africanos vieram a ocorrer apenas nos séculos finais do medievo. &lt;br /&gt;
A imagem que se tinha daquele continente e a estrutura do discurso elaborado a respeito &lt;br /&gt;
de suas populações mudaram sobretudo no século XV, quando se verifica um conflito &lt;br /&gt;
entre os dados objetivos e o substrato mítico anterior. O certo é que a percepção espacial &lt;br /&gt;
dos ocidentais tornou-se menos subjetiva na medida em que os contatos com outros &lt;br /&gt;
povos se alargaram. Embora persistisse a aplicação de traços miríficos aos grupos&lt;br /&gt;
contatados, a concepção do fines terrae  se dissolveu pouco a pouco em razão da abertura &lt;br /&gt;
de novos horizontes aos navegantes e conquistadores&lt;br /&gt;
55&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
As aludidas modificações devem muito aos progressos do conhecimento&lt;br /&gt;
cosmográfico obtidos pelos integrantes da escola dos cartógrafos de Majorca. Já em&lt;br /&gt;
meados do século XIV, os judeus a serviço dos governantes de Aragão, e depois de outros &lt;br /&gt;
monarcas europeus, elaboravam cartas geográficas muito mais precisas que os mapasmundi do tipo T.O.. As  cartas maiorquinas não tinham a pretensão de dar conta da&lt;br /&gt;
totalidade do orbe, nem expor as verdades fundamentais  do cristianismo, mas apenas &lt;br /&gt;
visavam uma finalidade prática: servir de orientação às rotas de comércio. A cartografia &lt;br /&gt;
maiorquina privilegiava a fixação dos caminhos percorridos por caravanas oriundas da&lt;br /&gt;
África do Norte  – de Fez, Túnis, Tlemcen ou Sidjilmasa - incorporando os conhecimentos &lt;br /&gt;
divulgados pelos geógrafos árabes. Seus criadores inspiraram as cartas portulano,&lt;br /&gt;
fundamentais na era das grandes navegações. &lt;br /&gt;
56&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Os dados registrados pelos cartógrafos de Majorca permitem notar mudanças&lt;br /&gt;
progressivas no modo de retratar os africanos. Os desenhos do relevo são acompanhados &lt;br /&gt;
de ilustrações da fauna, flora, e certas particularidades relativas aos povos e reinos&lt;br /&gt;
identificados. Os elementos mitológicos não desapareceram por completo, mas os&lt;br /&gt;
apontamentos ganharam  em objetividade. O  Atlas catalão de Carlos V, elaborado por&lt;br /&gt;
Abraão Cresques em 1375, talvez a representação cartográfica medieval tecnicamente&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
etíopes passaram a ser apresentados como povo que falava muitas línguas, trazendo na fronte o &lt;br /&gt;
sinal da cruz. Cf.  J. DORESSE, L’empire du Prêtre Jean, Paris, Plon,  1957, vol. II,  pp. 321-328. &lt;br /&gt;
55&lt;br /&gt;
P. ZUMTHOR,  Op. cit., p. 33. No mesmo sentido, H. MARTIN, Mentalités médiévales: XI-XV &lt;br /&gt;
siècles (Nouvelle Clio), Paris, PUF, 1996, p. 137. &lt;br /&gt;
56&lt;br /&gt;
J. R. PASTOR &amp;amp; E. G. CAMARERO, La cartografia mallorquina, Madrid, Consejo Superior de &lt;br /&gt;
Investigaciones Cientificas, 1960, pp. 19-42. 20&lt;br /&gt;
mais perfeita, apresenta descrição pormenorizada dos territórios da África Ocidental,&lt;br /&gt;
inclusive do reino do Mali, no Sudão, local onde estariam situadas minas de ouro e&lt;br /&gt;
abundantes quantidades de sal. Seu governante, Musa Melly, aparece sentado ao trono, &lt;br /&gt;
vestindo traje muçulmano, segurando o cetro e uma enorme pepita de ouro, signo da &lt;br /&gt;
opulência de seu povo. Trata-se de um dos primeiros testemunhos europeus nos quais se &lt;br /&gt;
reconhece a existência de populações negras socialmente organizadas&lt;br /&gt;
57&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
MOUROS, “ETÍOPES”,  E A RECONQUISTA CRISTÃ&lt;br /&gt;
Como se pode ver, embora os autores aqui evidenciados tenham pretendido&lt;br /&gt;
realizar trabalho de descrição geográfica, atuaram também como observadores de&lt;br /&gt;
costumes. Era-lhes dificil minimizar a curiosidade diante do diferente, do estranho, do &lt;br /&gt;
“outro”. Por isso, propuseram explicações bastante interessantes quando se tem em&lt;br /&gt;
mente entender como  os ocidentais lidaram com o problema da alteridade. Isto é&lt;br /&gt;
particularmente sentido quanto aos traços das populações africanas, mormente dos&lt;br /&gt;
habitantes da Mauritânia. Em  Semeiança del mundo, consta que:  “En esta tierra es la &lt;br /&gt;
tierra de los negros. Esta es gran tierra e muy grand terrenno”&lt;br /&gt;
58&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
A brevidade guarda um aparente contra-senso.  Se a terra era grande, porque não &lt;br /&gt;
aparece melhor qualificada? Considerando que a obra pretendia ser cópia fiel da descrição &lt;br /&gt;
do mundo feita por Isidoro de Sevilha, aqui nem os dados consagrados pelo enciclopedista &lt;br /&gt;
são levados em conta. Conforme Isidoro, a palavra Mauritânia derivaria da cor de seus &lt;br /&gt;
habitantes, que são negros, uma vez que os gregos chamam a cor negra de mauron. &lt;br /&gt;
Assim como a Gália recebe esse nome por causa da brancura de seu povo, a Mauritânia &lt;br /&gt;
seria assim designada em razão da tez escura dos que lá moravam. Explicação “natural” &lt;br /&gt;
muito semelhante também é invocada com respeito à designação da Etiópia. O nome se &lt;br /&gt;
devia à cor preta dos que a povoavam, decorrente dos efeitos do sol. O referencial&lt;br /&gt;
linguístico, não obstante, pouco contribuía para a aceitação da diferença, uma vez que, &lt;br /&gt;
segundo Isidoro, a Etiópia era povoada por raças diversas, de horrível aspecto&lt;br /&gt;
59&lt;br /&gt;
.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
57&lt;br /&gt;
Y. K. FALL,  L’Afrique à la naissance de la cartographie moderne: las cartes majorquines - XIV-XV &lt;br /&gt;
siècles, Paris, Karthala/Centre de Recherches Africaines, 1982, esp. p. 78, 183-185.  &lt;br /&gt;
58&lt;br /&gt;
Semeiança del mundo, p. 92.&lt;br /&gt;
59&lt;br /&gt;
ISIDORO DE SEVILLA, Etimologías, pp. 346-349.21&lt;br /&gt;
O copista castelhano do século XIII manteve ipsis litteris os registros “etnográficos” &lt;br /&gt;
do antigo enciclopedista visigodo concernentes aos africanos. Tal inércia surpreende&lt;br /&gt;
quando se sabe que outras passagens das Etimologias, como aquela relativa aos&lt;br /&gt;
antípodas, foram expurgadas ou modificadas. No tocante aos africanos, o redator de&lt;br /&gt;
Semeiança del mundo  manteve-se absolutamente fiel ao texto do século VII, escapandolhe a percepção das mudanças provocadas pela islamização na zona Saheliana, Magreb e &lt;br /&gt;
Egito. A persistência dos esquemas herdados da geografia greco-romana acarretou&lt;br /&gt;
inclusive o mais completo esquecimento dos muçulmanos, lapso digno de nota num texto &lt;br /&gt;
colocado por escrito no período crucial da Reconquista ibérica.  &lt;br /&gt;
Em  Semeiança del mundo, os árabes comparecem na parte relativa aos povos do &lt;br /&gt;
Oriente Médio, sendo apresentados como pagãos, ou assimilados aos moabitas e amonitas &lt;br /&gt;
de que fala o Antigo Testamento. A falta de qualquer alusão mais pormenorizada,&lt;br /&gt;
qualquer acréscimo, qualquer atribuição de sentido cultural à mudança histórica realizada &lt;br /&gt;
após a introdução do islamismo parece-nos comprovar a assombrosa inércia do&lt;br /&gt;
conhecimento difundido pelos letrados ocidentais no que respeitava à evolução dos povos &lt;br /&gt;
exteriores à Cristandade. As parcas indicações, via de regra, tinham a finalidade de&lt;br /&gt;
encontrar conexões daqueles povos com as sagradas escrituras. O nome da terra&lt;br /&gt;
nabatéia, por exemplo, é apresentado como derivado de Nabeth, filho de Ismael. Nesta &lt;br /&gt;
estariam os sarracenos, cujo nome proviria de Sara, a primeira mulher de Abraão, e os &lt;br /&gt;
agarenos, descendentes de Agar,  a escrava de Abrãao e mãe de Ismael  – antepassado &lt;br /&gt;
dos árabes&lt;br /&gt;
60&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Situação distinta ocorre nos textos alfonsinos, onde se pode perceber certa&lt;br /&gt;
consciência das transformações operadas dos dois lados do Atlântico. Já na Primera &lt;br /&gt;
crónica general de España, Alfonso relata o aparecimento em África dos seguidores da &lt;br /&gt;
“seita” de Maomé, o “falso profeta”, e da inserção das populações africanas na referida  &lt;br /&gt;
crença - causa de seus “pecados”. Na sequência da narração, outros informes corroboram &lt;br /&gt;
a percepção de que o islamismo teria aparecido na Arábia, sendo estendido a outras &lt;br /&gt;
partes do mundo, e que, na África, as populações dividiram-se entre a fé islâmica, judaica, &lt;br /&gt;
e a heresia ariana&lt;br /&gt;
61&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Muito diferente também é o uso que se faz do termo “mouro”. Nesse caso, mais do &lt;br /&gt;
que as  populações da Mauritânia, a palavra designava os islâmicos situados nos dois lados &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
60&lt;br /&gt;
Semeiança del mundo, p. 66.22&lt;br /&gt;
do Mediterrâneo. Seu emprego tinha implicações étnicas e raciais, sugerindo a idéia de &lt;br /&gt;
que fossem negros, e a aplicação era acompanhada das conotações negativas antes&lt;br /&gt;
apontadas. Embora na  Primera crónica general de España  os termos agareno, sarraceno &lt;br /&gt;
ou  alaraue  sejam evocados para referir-se ao islâmico, é o vocábulo “mouro” que melhor &lt;br /&gt;
expressa a alteridade em face do cristianismo. Com efeito, o mouro é antes de tudo o &lt;br /&gt;
infiel, o pérfido, o traidor, o bárbaro, quer dizer, uma categoria humana radicalmente&lt;br /&gt;
desvalorizada, situada entre os inimigos da Cristandade&lt;br /&gt;
62&lt;br /&gt;
.  &lt;br /&gt;
Alfonso, o Sábio, percebia a dimensão espacial e cultural do continente africano ao &lt;br /&gt;
distinguir a terra dos mouros da terra dos etíopes, classificando os primeiros na categoria &lt;br /&gt;
de “infiéis”, e os últimos, na categoria de “gentios”. Ao longo da Idade Média, a idolatria e &lt;br /&gt;
o paganismo eram associados com a maldição que recaiu sobre a posteridade de Cam, &lt;br /&gt;
mas, em seu conjunto, as imagens atribuídas aos seus praticantes costumavam ser mais &lt;br /&gt;
positivas quando comparadas com aquelas reservadas aos “infiéis”. Na perspectiva do &lt;br /&gt;
proselitismo cristão, idólatras e gentios tinham maior possibilidade de serem arrebanhados &lt;br /&gt;
pela via da evangelização e do batismo. Quando comparados aos mouros e judeus, os &lt;br /&gt;
pagãos estariam mais propensos a adotar o credo cristão, motivo pelo qual nem sempre &lt;br /&gt;
eram retratados de maneira negativa&lt;br /&gt;
63&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Esta dualidade pode ser observada com certa frequência nos textos alfonsinos. Em &lt;br /&gt;
primeiro lugar, vale ressaltar o fato de que, no trecho da Primera crónica general de&lt;br /&gt;
España citado no início do presente estudo, Alfonso, o Sábio, tenha optado pela&lt;br /&gt;
caracterização dos povos do continente africano a partir do esquema explicativo fundado &lt;br /&gt;
na posteridade de Noé, e não na alusão ao descendente de Abraão, Afer. François de &lt;br /&gt;
Medeiros apresentou argumentos convincentes segundo os quais a filiação dos africanos à &lt;br /&gt;
descendência abrâmica, progressivamente abandonada, tinha implícita a  idéia de que&lt;br /&gt;
estes pudessem afinal pertencer aos “povos da promessa” e estar predestinados à&lt;br /&gt;
salvação, enquanto a opção por sua filiação aos descendentes de Noé, anteriores à&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
61&lt;br /&gt;
Primera Crónica General de España, p. 254, 261.&lt;br /&gt;
62&lt;br /&gt;
Ao examinar as imagens construidas a respeito dos muçulmanos e dos cristãos na cronística dos &lt;br /&gt;
reinos hispanos e  de Al-Andalus, R. BARKAI, Moros y cristianos en la Peninsula Iberica medieval : el &lt;br /&gt;
enemigo en el espejo, Madrid, RIAP, 1984, constata matizes e variantes importantes.  No que tange &lt;br /&gt;
aos mouros, havia a distinção entre aqueles ambientados em território peninsular, e os berberes, &lt;br /&gt;
provenientes do norte da África. &lt;br /&gt;
63&lt;br /&gt;
Seguimos aqui as interessantes considerações de J. S. HORTA, “A imagem do africano pelos &lt;br /&gt;
portugueses antes dos contactos”, em  A. L. FERRONHA (dir.),  O confronto do olhar : o encontro &lt;br /&gt;
dos povos na época das navegações portuguesas, Lisboa, Ed. Caminho, 1991, esp. pp. 55-58.23&lt;br /&gt;
“promessa”, acabava por distanciá-los do ideário judaico-cristão&lt;br /&gt;
64&lt;br /&gt;
. Além do mais,  a&lt;br /&gt;
inserção dos africanos na linhagem maldita de Cam os colocava em posição inferior&lt;br /&gt;
quando comparados aos descendentes de Sem e Jafet. &lt;br /&gt;
Nos capítulos iniciais da General estoria, Alfonso descreveu em minúcias o&lt;br /&gt;
povoamento do mundo logo após o Dilúvio tendo  em referência os escritos de Moisés &lt;br /&gt;
constantes no  Gênesis, as informações de Flávio Josefo e as obras dos “santos padres”. O &lt;br /&gt;
conteúdo da exposição sugere sua preocupação em justificar porque Cam, o segundo &lt;br /&gt;
filho, teria sido colocado abaixo de Jafet  - o irmão mais novo, a quem coube povoar a &lt;br /&gt;
Europa. Valendo-se das fontes disponíveis, propunha a explicação que isso teria ocorrido &lt;br /&gt;
em razão da maldição de Noé, ou porque, embora mais velho, Cam fosse de estatura &lt;br /&gt;
menor que o caçula, ou então porque, embora mais velho, fosse “de menor entedemeto &lt;br /&gt;
que os outros et por esta rrazõ menos mereçedor”. Quanto aos descendentes de Cam, &lt;br /&gt;
fala de Cusch, que povoou a Etiópia, de Mezrraym, que povoou o Egito, de Hut, que&lt;br /&gt;
povoou a Mauritânia, de Put, que povoou a Libia, e de Canaã, que povoou a Cananeia ou &lt;br /&gt;
Judéia&lt;br /&gt;
65&lt;br /&gt;
.   &lt;br /&gt;
Em suma, na perspectiva histórico-geográfica adotada na cronística alfonsina, a&lt;br /&gt;
África e os africanos tendem a ser vistos de três formas. Em primeiro lugar, nota-se a &lt;br /&gt;
preocupação em fixar as origens daquele continente nos temas mitológicos da tradição &lt;br /&gt;
judaica, mas também da Antiguidade grega, aproximando-o ao paganismo clássico nas &lt;br /&gt;
longas passagens relativas à conquista da Líbia por Hércules. Em segundo lugar, suas &lt;br /&gt;
populações não islamizadas são classificadas pagãs, enquadradas no termo genérico de &lt;br /&gt;
“gentios”. Em terceiro lugar, que mais nos interessa sublinhar, há o esforço declarado em &lt;br /&gt;
distinguir a geração dos gentios, quer dizer, os “etíopes”, da geração dos mouros, sendo &lt;br /&gt;
os primeiros vistos como parentes distantes dos cristãos, e os últimos, como descendentes &lt;br /&gt;
exclusivos da linhagem de Cam. Tal equação é claramente sintetizada na passagem a&lt;br /&gt;
seguir: &lt;br /&gt;
Et que quiser saber donde veeo esta malquerença tã grãde et tã longa ontre os christiaos &lt;br /&gt;
et os mouros, daqui cate arrazõ, que os gentíjs et os christiaos que oje son véém prinçipalmete de &lt;br /&gt;
Sem e de Jafet, que poblarõ a Asya et a Europa. E esto asy he como quer que alguus dos de Cã se &lt;br /&gt;
ajam tornados christiaos por predicaçõ ou por premya de prigom ou de seruydue. Et os mouros vee &lt;br /&gt;
prinçipalmete de Cam, que poblou a Africa, ajnda que aja y alguus dos de Sem et de Jafet que por &lt;br /&gt;
lo falso predicameto de Mafoma se tornarõ mouros. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
64&lt;br /&gt;
F. de MEDEIROS, Op. cit., p. 124.&lt;br /&gt;
65&lt;br /&gt;
ALFONSO EL SABIO, General estoria, pp. 68-69.24&lt;br /&gt;
Et nos teemos, que segudo este dereyto et priuylegio que Noe noso padre nos leyxou aos &lt;br /&gt;
de Sem et de Jafet donde nos vijmos que toda cousa de terra et de al que nos dos de Cam de &lt;br /&gt;
Africa, et donde quer queos mouros sejam em quaes quer outras terras; et poys que mouros som, &lt;br /&gt;
todos som de Cam, et se podermos de alguus deles algua cousa levar por batalla ou por (qual) &lt;br /&gt;
quer força et ajnda prenderlos et fazerlos nosos seruos que nõ fazemos em elle pecado, ne torto, &lt;br /&gt;
ne erro negu. Et quanto nos leyxamos deos nõ cõbater et rroubar et prender et fazer sobre elles &lt;br /&gt;
esto, ou he por nossa mesura, ou por nõ téérmos guysado, por que som elles moytos&lt;br /&gt;
66&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
A longa passagem revela-nos concepção muito particular do povoamento do&lt;br /&gt;
mundo, fundada na experiência histórica da Reconquista. Nota-se aqui o deslocamento da &lt;br /&gt;
noção tripartida do mundo, típica dos escritores medievais, para uma oposição de&lt;br /&gt;
natureza religiosa entre cristãos e seguidores de Maomé. A referência aos descendentes &lt;br /&gt;
de Noé encontra-se fortemente articulada com a idéia de legitimidade da conquista das &lt;br /&gt;
terras dos “infiéis”, situadas seja na África, seja na própria península Ibérica. Ao repertório &lt;br /&gt;
dos motivos apontados pelos polemistas cristãos contra os muçulmanos, foi acrescentando &lt;br /&gt;
um novo elemento fundamental, o de que os “mouros”, descendentes de Cam, estariam &lt;br /&gt;
predispostos ao jugo dos descendentes de Sem e Jafet, dado que o redator soube extrair &lt;br /&gt;
todas as possibilidades e conferir a legitimidade do texto bíblico. &lt;br /&gt;
Com efeito, o enfoque alfonsino da questão africana revela bem a complexidade do &lt;br /&gt;
problema étnico-religioso existente em Castela e nos demais reinos ibéricos no que dizia &lt;br /&gt;
respeito às relações entre mouros e cristãos. Se, de um lado, os monarcas permitiram a &lt;br /&gt;
convivência de seus súditos com populações islâmicas subjugadas – designadas de&lt;br /&gt;
mudejares  – estas continuaram a ser grupos “estranhos” no interior da Cristandade. O &lt;br /&gt;
signo infamante de Cam é aplicado aos mouros, mas também àqueles que, por diferentes &lt;br /&gt;
razões, se tornaram mouros, isto é, àqueles que adotaram o islamismo. De uma só vez, o &lt;br /&gt;
julgamento recaía sobre os afro-muçulmanos (mouros) e sobre os hispano-muçulmanos &lt;br /&gt;
aculturados  (muladies), simpatizantes ou aliados daqueles. Assiste-se deste modo à&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
66&lt;br /&gt;
IDEM, p. 73: “Quem quiser saber a origem da grande e antiga inimizade entre cristãos e mouros, &lt;br /&gt;
tire daqui a razão. Os gentios e os cristãos de hoje descendem principalmente de Sem e Jafet, que &lt;br /&gt;
povoaram a Ásia e Europa. Isto é assim porque alguns dos de Cam se tornaram cristãos em virtude &lt;br /&gt;
da pregação ou por constrangimento de prisão ou servidão. E os  mouros descendem&lt;br /&gt;
principalmente de Cam, que povoou a África, embora  haja alguns dos de Sem e de Jafet que pela &lt;br /&gt;
falsa pregação de Maomé se tornaram mouros. / Entendemos, segundo este direito e privilégio, &lt;br /&gt;
que Noé nosso pai nos deixou aos de Sem e de Jafet  – de onde viemos  -, toda a terra e bens dos &lt;br /&gt;
do Cam, de África, e onde quer que os mouros estejam  – pois sendo mouros, são de Cam  – se &lt;br /&gt;
pudermos levar algo deles por batalha ou por qualquer força, prendê-los ou fazê-los nossos servos, &lt;br /&gt;
não estaremos incorrendo em pecado, nem em injustiça, nem cometendo erro algum. E se os &lt;br /&gt;
deixamos de combater, pilhar, prender ou fazer tais coisas, isto se deve ao nosso comedimento, ou &lt;br /&gt;
porque não temos condições, porque são muitos”. 25&lt;br /&gt;
consolidação de uma tendência condenatória aos contatos reais mantidos entre&lt;br /&gt;
integrantes das duas religiões - inclusive lideranças peninsulares -, que as crônicas&lt;br /&gt;
castelhanas anteriores ao século XIII preferiam manter em silêncio, obscurecer ou&lt;br /&gt;
minimizar&lt;br /&gt;
67&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
A referência a possíveis descendentes de Cam tornados cristãos, por outro lado, &lt;br /&gt;
remetia para a alternativa da submissão ou conversão do “gentio” que povoava as terras &lt;br /&gt;
abaixo do Mediterrâneo. Data justamente da segunda metade do século XIII, período de &lt;br /&gt;
esfacelamento do Ocidente muçulmano,  o acirramento de contatos comerciais e da&lt;br /&gt;
atividade missionária levada a cabo por dominicanos e franciscanos na África do Norte&lt;br /&gt;
68&lt;br /&gt;
. &lt;br /&gt;
Em torno de 1270, frades mendicantes, apoiados pelos governantes de Castela e Aragão &lt;br /&gt;
realizavam trabalho missionário em Fez e Marrakech. Pregadores como Raimundo Marti, &lt;br /&gt;
Raimundo de Peñafort, Arnaldo de Forn, Bernardo de Sala e, sobretudo, Raimundo Lúlio, &lt;br /&gt;
atuaram com denodo para converter os mouros em sua própria terra de origem e&lt;br /&gt;
evangelizar os pagãos africanos&lt;br /&gt;
69&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
Pode-se considerar que os primeiros contatos diretos de europeus com populações &lt;br /&gt;
negras não islamizadas ocorreu na segunda metade do século XIII, sendo  retratados em &lt;br /&gt;
1283 no  Libro de Evast y Blanquerna, de Raimundo Lúlio. Neste tratado, o pensador e &lt;br /&gt;
missionário narra as circunstâncias em que se deu o encontro de um emissário cristão &lt;br /&gt;
com as terras povoadas por negros, enumerando suas práticas de adoração dos ídolos, do &lt;br /&gt;
sol e das estrelas, dos pássaros e dos animais&lt;br /&gt;
70&lt;br /&gt;
. Por volta de 1350, novas indicações &lt;br /&gt;
foram fornecidas pelo franciscano anônimo que escreveu o  Libro del conoscimiento de &lt;br /&gt;
todos los regnos y tierras y señorios que son por el mundo, testemunho pouco útil aos &lt;br /&gt;
interessados em compreender as realidades concretas da África, mas bastante revelador &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
67&lt;br /&gt;
Sobre o gradual  mudança operada na consciência dos cronistas castelhanos em relação aos &lt;br /&gt;
islâmicos, J. RICHARD, “L’Islam et les musulmans chez les chroniqueurs castillans du milieu du &lt;br /&gt;
Moyen Age”, Hesperis Tamuda (Madrid), nº 12, 1971, pp. 123-126.&lt;br /&gt;
68&lt;br /&gt;
Para C.-E. DUFOURQ, “La mediterrannée et le christianisme: cadre geopolitique et economique &lt;br /&gt;
de l’apostolat missionaire de Ramon Lull”,  Estudios Lulianos (Palma de Mallorca), vol. XXV nº 1, &lt;br /&gt;
1980, p. 16, no final do século XIII as realidades econômicas cotidianas, a atividade comercial &lt;br /&gt;
entre países cristãos e muçulmanos assinalavam o renascimento de uma unidade euro-africana sob &lt;br /&gt;
a direção dos cristãos, uma vez que seus navegadores e comerciantes eram os principais&lt;br /&gt;
promotores das atividades de troca. A penetração de mercadores nas rotas de caravana do Saara  é &lt;br /&gt;
descrita em pormenores por C. de LA RONCIÈRE, Op. cit., Tome V, esp. 66-92. &lt;br /&gt;
69&lt;br /&gt;
R. L. DIAZ, “La iglesia en Marruecos del siglo XIII al XIX”, em V.V.A.A.,  El cristianismo en el &lt;br /&gt;
Norte de África, Madrid, Editorial MAPFRE, 1993, pp. 79-80. &lt;br /&gt;
70&lt;br /&gt;
RAMON LLULL,  Libro de Evast y Blanquerna,  em IDEM,  Obras literarias, ed. M. BATLLORI y M. &lt;br /&gt;
CALDENTEY, Madrid, BAC, 1948, pp. 403-407. 26&lt;br /&gt;
das imagens convencionais dos cristãos: ali encontram-se apontamentos sobre o culto de &lt;br /&gt;
ídolos, assim como o relato de suas viagens às terras de Abdeselib, governante dos &lt;br /&gt;
domínios do Preste João na Núbia e Etiópia&lt;br /&gt;
71&lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
Eis, pois, algumas reflexões concernentes ao problema das representações&lt;br /&gt;
européias a respeito dos africanos durante a Idade Média. Os esquemas aqui examinados &lt;br /&gt;
não eram gratuitos, nem se limitaram ao plano da abstração. Seus traços perduraram e &lt;br /&gt;
tiveram peso inequívoco na legitimação da conquista daquele continente. Na realidade,&lt;br /&gt;
tais clichês e estereótipos definiram o enquadramento dos negros no mundo ocidental e &lt;br /&gt;
modelaram a atitude dos europeus com respeito àqueles povos no período subsequente,  &lt;br /&gt;
da expansão ultramarina. Com certeza, os representantes das monarquias, marinheiros e &lt;br /&gt;
aventureiros, e os missionários cristãos, carregavam consigo parte dessas imagens, juízos &lt;br /&gt;
e preconceitos. Embora não devam  ser considerados aspectos determinantes no processo &lt;br /&gt;
de conquista, certamente desempenharam o seu papel nas concepções etnocêntricas,&lt;br /&gt;
amplamente utilizadas em defesa da dominação dos povos extra-europeus.&lt;br /&gt;
***&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-8338696736216415749?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/8338696736216415749/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=8338696736216415749" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/8338696736216415749?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/8338696736216415749?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/11/macedo-jose-rivair-os-filhos-de-cam.html" title="MACEDO, José Rivair. Os filhos de Cam: a África e o saber enciclopédico medieval." /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DUMNRXY7eCp7ImA9WhRTEUg.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-333976760502337006</id><published>2011-11-01T07:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-11-01T07:24:54.800-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-11-01T07:24:54.800-07:00</app:edited><title>da batalha do salado e das suas estórias:-</title><content type="html">&lt;a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:qpg-Ou1TFjkJ:cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/bdc/lingua/boletimfilologia/2"&gt;O AUTOR DA NARRATIVA DA BATALHA DO SALADO E A REFUNDÍÇÃO DO LIVRO DO CONDE D. PEDRO :-ANTÓNIO J OSÉ SARAIVA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{.›i..u stranfzm)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;No fragmento da Biblioteca da Ajuda conhecido pelo nome de TerceiroLivro de Linhagens há uma narrativa célebre da batalha do Salario que surpreende a quem está habituado não so ši leitura dos próprios livros delinhagens, mas a toda a prosa medieval portuguesa anterior a Fernão Lopes.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Não se pode deixar de admirar a arte do Autor, quer se considere oconiunto narrativo, quer o pormenor estilistico, quer os discursos, quer aspersonagens, quer o ritmo geral, quer a particularização táctica e topo-gráfica da batalha. A disposição das linhas de combate, o desenvoívimentoda acção no espaço são-nos dados com clareza rara., um pothor percorre toda a acção, que tem um ponto culminante e uma ressaca; as personagens principais têm poderosa saliêneía dramática, especialmente as do campomouro.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;O discurso do rei de Portugal resume de forma lapidar as moti-vações ideologicas dos guerreiros congrcgados para fazer face a umainvasão arabe decisiva; as imprecações dos chefes tanto árabes comocristãos aos seus deuses respectivos são realmente comovedoras. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Uma certa ambiguidade entre o real e o maravilhoso aureola a realidade sem a anular.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
O Autor maneja com igual dominio o discurso directo e o indirecto.&lt;br /&gt;
Quanto à construção frásica e estilística, em periodos longos, cláusulasfrequentemente oratórias, com predomínio da subordinação, não temparalelo na prosa contemporânea e anterior. É uma prosa sábia, para aqual só encontramos nivel igual no século XVI. Estamos perante um prosador que a um forte talento dramático e auma percepção singularmente viva do espaço e do movimento acrescentaum excepcional oficio, de formação clerical e latina. Donde vem este texto inesperado? Não certamente do Conde D. Pe-dro, caia prosa muito mais informe c tacteante conhecemos, nem da Cró-nica Geral de Espanha, nem tão~pouco de uma fonte lendária no géneroda tradição épica de Afonso Henriques, de que resta um fragmento noQuarto L-ioro de Linízagens. Há aqui uma mão diferente e inconfundível, muito mais emoderna» que as aindidas. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Quase seríamos tentados a pensar em Fernão Lopes, único emulo possivei do nosso narrador, se as diferenças entre ambos quanto à atitude ideológica e quanto à estrutura frásim e narrativa não fossem flagrantes: quem quiser compare esta narrativa com a de qualquer das batalhas da Crzmiea de D. ffoão I. Ora a Eeitura do Quarto Livro de Liriízagens e especiašrnente do seu Titulo XXÃ mostra-rios, segundo creio, que &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a narrativa do Salado&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; não está tão isolada como à primeira vista parece, antes pertence a um comjunto que, segundo espero demonstrar, tem uma personalidade própriadentro do Nobiliário do Conde D. Pedro.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;A narrativa do Saiado é um episodio da vida de D. Áivaro Gon- çalves de Pereira, prior dos Hospitalários portugueses. No citado titušoXXI do Quarto Livro encontramos a biografia deste magnata desde o seunascimento, dos amores de D. Gonçaio Pereira, futuro arcebispo deBraga, no tempo em que «sendo muito moço» estudava em Salamanca&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Foi enviado, diz a mesma biografia, por Afonso IV para Castela, iuntode Pedro o Cru, a cujo conseiho pertenceu; foi grande amigo de D. joãoAfonso de Albuquerque, personagem contrai. dos primeiros anos do reinadode Pedro o Cru. Pertenceu depois, voltando a Portugal, ao conselho deAfonso IV; assistiu à sua morte e foi seu testamenteiro; antes disso tiveraum papel importante e paciiicador nas guerras entre este rei e seu filhoD. Pedro. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
É neste ponto, isto e, logo a seguir a estas guerras, que se insere uma aiusão ii batašha do Salado, mais conhecida, então, por «lide de Tarifas: «em este tempo, pouco antes, se fez a lide de Tarifaâr. Com esta alusão a «lide de Tarifa» se interrompe bruscarn-ente, no Quarto Linro de Linƒrogenr, a biografia de D. Álvaro. Segue-se-lhe, até ao fim do Livro XXI, uma lista geneaãogica esquemática reiativa a outro ramo dos Pereiras, os descendentes de Vasco Pereira, que é tio de D. Álvaro.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sente-se que há uma amputação do texto, porque a biografia do Prior fi-ea inconciusa. Ora, se abrirmos o Terceiro Litro (que é como se sabe outra redacçãodo Livro do Conde D. Pedro), iá encontramos a narrativa da lide deTarifa, que as últimas iinhas da biografia do Prior pareciam anunciar.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
E mais do que isso: id encontramos, no seguimento imediato da narra-tiva do bafnz'hu_, n corrrirzuação e conclusão da biografia do Prior: slšste Priol D. Aivaro de Pereira, que vem deste linhagem de que falamos ante do começo destas lides, foi o que passou aalém mar. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[Segue-se um resumo da viagem às terras dos Hospitaiáršos]. El veo d'aió mui bem andanre e com grande louvor. Este iez muitas íortalezas e lugares no reino e foi amado dos Portugueses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
E šazem uma capela que el fez por o serviço de Deus, que há nome Santa Maria Frol da Rosa. &lt;br /&gt;
Ali iazern ao redor de seu rnoimeoto os três cavaleiros que com el se criarom e fororn com el na busca daVera Cruz por salvamento da fé de Jeso Cristo e de toda a Cris- tiidade, assi como havemos rrtostradoài Este texto remete: tz) para a narrativa da batalha, onde o Prior comoportador da Vera Cruz, que restauro-u o ânimo dos Cristãos em começode derrota, teve um papeš decisivo ; Ei) para a linhagem do Prior, que, se-gundo parece inferir-se do mesmo texto, precedia a narrafim da batalha.A Linhagem do Prior não é (teremos ocasião de voltar a este assunto) alinhagem dos descendentes de Vasco Pereira, .intercalada peio editor entrea interrupção da biografia de D. Álvaro e a narrativa da batalha (1). Porisso supomos que a lide de Tarifa (de que não possuimos alias o cornoço}se seguia imediatamente, ou quase, às palavras: «em este tempo, pouco antes, se fez a lide de 'I`arifa››, com que pára, no Quarto Livro, a bio- grafia do Prior. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Em conclusão: a biografia do Prior D. Álvaro, iniciadae interrompida no manuscrito do Livro Quarto, é continuada e concluídano manuscrito do Livro Terceiro, sendo a batalha do Salado o seu epi-sódio culminante. Se voltarmos agora ao Livro Quarto, Titulo XXI, lá encontraremos a genealogia do Prior a que se refere o texto do Livro Terceiro ultimamentecitado: «este linhagem de que falamos ante do começo destas lides.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A história de D. Álvaro É imediatamente precedida da de seu pai, o arce-bispo de Braga D. Gonçalo, de quem se louvam os serviços a Deus e aoreino, especialmente como pacificado-r das guerras entre D. Afonso 'IV e o infante D. Pedro, e entre aquele mesmo rei e o seu cunhado, rei de Castela. E esta segue-se ao panegírico do avô do Prior, também D. Gon-çalo, homem cheio de egraadezas, que num só dia, em Pereira, à sombrade um carvalho, distribuiu pelos seus vassašos sessenta e quatro cavalos. E de antepassado em antepassacio chegamos a Gonçalo Mendes da Maia, o Lidador, cuia filha casou com D. Rodrigo Froyaz, dando origem aos Pe»reiras. Gonçalo Mendes, por sua vez, pertence à casa da Maia, que o&amp;nbsp;Livro Segundo (na realidade o mais antigo, que data de 1270) fazia des-ceoder do Rei Ramiro de Leão. Notemos agora que o texto relativo a Gonçalo Mendes da Maia contém o célebre episodio parafraseado por Herculano na narrativa A morre do Lidador. Gonçalo Mendes, com noventa e cinco anos, é ferido num recon~ tro com os mouros; mas aguenta-se no cavalo, fala aos seus homens, nomeiao seu substituto e cai no recontro que imediatamente se segue, o queredobra o ardor dos cavaleiros, desejosos de vingar o amigo perdido. Seatentarmos, este texto revela a mesma mestria narrativa, o mesmo sentidodramático, a mesma amplidão e segurança frásica e estílistica, o mesmooficio de letrado que encontramos na narrativa do Salado.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Um exemplo apenas: e E em as primeiras feridas caio dom Gonçalo Mende: do cavalo, como aquele que estava ia sem força. E os fidalgos, que eram muito seus amigos e estremados em boridades, quando viram seu caudel, desejando sa vida sobre todalas cousas, faziam cada vezmelhor crescendo-lhes as forças como aqueles que eram mazeladosda perda de tal amigo que tiinham, que ia o nom podiam vingar seali o nom vingavom. E por esta gram força acendia-se cada vez maise mais, como aqueles que. eram de grain coragem. E de todas aspartes do mundo em aquele tempo escrareciarn as sas bondades dascavalarias que faziam. Ali se espedaçavam capelinas e bacinetes, etalhavarn. escudos e esrnalhavam fortes lorigas, e íerirom-se de tãodura força, de tamanhos golpes que os Cristãos de Espanha e os Mouros que desto ouviram falar, dos talhos das espadas que naquelelugar foram feitos disserorn que tais golpes como aqueles nom po~diam ser dados por homens» &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Basta confrontar este texro com dois passos da narrativa do Salariopara se certificar a identidade do autor: «Os seus corações eram tão fortes e esforçados em fazer o quecada um podia que bem é de entender que os fez estremados em beldade de cavalaria sobre las gentes do mundo pera o seu nome per eles haver de seer louvado.&amp;gt;&amp;gt; «Ali se renovou a lide mui dorida de crueza e de sanha, ali seesmalhavam fortes lorigas e fbritavarn e especeavam e talhavam escudos, capelinhas, l:›a.cit1etes, per os grandes e duros golpes que se davam»&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Refaçamos agora o -caminho no sentido descendente. A morte do Lida-dor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;É seguida da 1ist.a dos seus cotnpanhciros, e dai passamos à curiosissimahistoria de seu genro Rodrigo Froyaz de Trastamar, o fundador dosPereiras.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
É nada menos que a história das guerras entre Garcia, rei de Galiza e Portugal, e Sancho, rei de Castela, cuios herois são do lado português o mesmo Rodrigo Proyaz e do lado castelhano o Cid Campeador.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Note-se que Rodrigo Froyaz, em simetria com o Cid, É um cavaleiro que por lealdade incorre no desagrado do seu rei e É obrigado a exilar~se; mas,tendo necessidade dos seus serviços, o rei, arrependido, manda chamá-lo c enche~o de r-ecornpensas.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A guerra que decorre entre Coimbra e Santarém,é descrita com pormenor táctico c local. As batalhas alternam com osdiscursos c os conselhos. Na última batalha, Rodrigo Froyaz, à frente dosefidalgos portuguesess, chega a prender o rei Sancho e a entrega-lo aGarcia, mas morre logo de um golpe anteriormente recebido. Sancho con- segue no entanto escapar-se e refugiar-se numa serra de onde vê chegaro Cid: «E estando ali pareceo üu pendão e uns trezentos de cavalo.E disserom a el-rei dom Sancho: - Senhor veemos viir üu pendãoverde e parece de Rui Diaz Cídc. - E el oolliou por ele e conheceue desto foi mui ledo e disse aos fidalgosz - Alegrade-vos e esforçadoos corações, ea Deus quer que eu cobre meu reino que me tem for-çado meu irmão dom Garcia, pois sai da prisom, e vi a morte dedom Rodrigo Froyaz, que me prendeu, e me chegou o bem aventu-rado Rui Diazl» Esta transcrição da ideia sobretudo do interesse dramático da narra-tiva, isto é, do relevo que nela têm as personagens. Outros passos mos- trariam o uso de processos de construção muito característicos do narrador da batalha do Salado: «Ali foi a perfia grande anrre eles, de üus e. d'outros, assi queos Castelhanos não no puderem sofrer.» Deste Rodrigo Froyaz salra o nosso narrador- para a biografia de seuneto Rodrigo Froyaz II, vassaio de Fernando de Casteia, o que con-quistou Sevilha. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Também ele é protagonista de um drama de lealdadecavaíeirescag como o avô, incorre iniustarnente na ira do rei e desterra-se,mas o seu valor obriga o seu senhor natural a chama-lo numa hora dificil e a restituir-lhe a graça.&lt;br /&gt;
Este cavaleiro e, iuntarncnte com um prior do Hospital {a ordem a que pertencerá D. Álvaro), um dos herois do cerco de zSe.vilha, o que permite ao narrador cont.ar»nos dois adrniráveis episodios do mesmo cerco. Encontramos neste relato uma fiagzrâricía testemunhalque nos surpreende, se pensarmos que foi escrito mais de um século depoisdo acontecimento.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chamo a atenção do leitor para o processo já nosso conhecido, da ašternâncía dos combates e discursos, para o relevo dramá~tico das personagens; para o tipo de construção sintáctica e em especialo uso enlático e estruturador de ealisz «Ali foi a fazenda mui grande e mui crua, de poucos que eram,e os freiras eram muito estrernados de bêos, etc.&amp;gt;› Con1pare»se com esta frase da narrativa. do Salado: «Ali se volveo a šícle dos reis cristãos e dos mouros mui danosa e rnui crua e sem piedade»&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
É de notar por outro lado, nestes dois episódios do cerco, a atenção com que o narrador foca um chefe mouro que cornbatia os cristãos, o que nos faz pensar também na narrativa do Salario, que dá grande relevo aoque se passa no outro iado da linha de combate e em especial ao dramado rei mouro. Segue-se a lista dos efidalgos portugueses» que participaram natornada de Sevilha, do mesmo tipo da lista dos fidalgos que acompanha-ram Gonçalo Mendes da Maia.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
E daqui passamos à historia do filho deRodrigo Froya:-: 11, que fugiu de Castela por ter morto um cavaieirodurante uma disputa à volta do despojo da batalha de Náiera, historiacurta, mas magistraimente contada. Filho deste É um c&lt;valente&gt;› cavaleiroque tendo-lhe a mulher «feito maldade» com um frade de Bouro, nocastelo de Lanhoso, fechou o castelo e «queimou ela e o frade e homense mulheres e bestas e cães e gatos e galinhas c todas cousas vivas, e quei» mou a câmara e panos de vestir e camas, e nom leixou cousa movil›&amp;gt;. Este é o pai de Pero Rodrigues de Pereira, heroi de uma batalha entre senhores,que ti somente aludida, e o avô de D. Gonçalo de Pereira iá nosso conšte-cido pela sua ‹rgraadeza&amp;gt;&amp;gt;, avô por sua vez do Prior Í). Álvaro. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Este coniuuto de biografias e relatos que começa com a morte doLidador e tem como tištimo grande episodio a bataiha do Salado, sin-guiarizzwse pela sua qualidade literária e oferece uma unidade de estilo.Noremos a frequência de quaiificativos como eextrernadosg as frases apo-sštivas introduzidas por «corno aquele que» ou «como homem ques; as construções enfáticas iniciadas pela pašavra «aii&amp;gt;&amp;gt;. 0 fio que as liga não e'a genealogia dos Pereiras ttratada em vários outros lugares do Nobiiiá-rio), mas a dos antepassados do Prior 1). Álvaro Gonçašves. O que con-firma que o parágrafo relativo aos descendentes de D. Vasco Pereira,que precede a batalha do Saiado, não pertence à mesma série. Fica por aqui a mão do nosso escritor? Há um facto estranhissimoneste titulo XXI do Livro Quarto: e' que a narrativa da morte do Lidadoré precedida de uma história do reinado de Pedro o Cru de Castela, curiosa a mais de tituio.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/valente&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;valente&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/valente&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;valente&gt;Esta historia, que ocupa uma página inteira dogrande in Íolio dos Portugoiíae Monumenta Historico, apresenta-nos uma versão dos factos que é, em vários pontos, diferente da que encontramosna Crónica do mesmo rei de Pero Lopez de Ayaia. 'Uma de tais diferençasrespeita à entrevista de D. Pedro com o Principe de Gales em Baiona_ O Livro de Lirrhagens da-nos deste episódio uma versão dramática, de tipo Semílendário: «E falou com o Princepe com muitas iágrimas em sa face, dizen- do-lhe: porque o Deus fezera estrernado de bondade antre os bõosdo mundo e a sua fama tal era que havia iugar poio de Deus e porboa estança de se doer dos reis deserdados assi como ele era do seureino, que ihe pedia que per sa bondade o veesse apoderar de seureino, e el pera sempre lhe seeria mandado e obediente em todalascousas que fossem de sa honra.&amp;gt;› Nem este discurso nem esta atitude suplicante se encontram na crónicade Ayala, e tudo nos leva a crer que se trata de um tratamento literárioe dramático de uma situação que o narrador conhecia nas suas linhasgerais. &lt;br /&gt;
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Mais interessante é o episodio da morte do rei. Diferentementede Ay.a.la (que é muito mais favorável a D. Henrique), o narrador por-tuguês salienta que, quando os dois irmãos vieram às mãos, I). Pedro conseguiu derrubar D. Henrique e pô-io soh si no chão, de tal maneira que o teria mort-o se não estivesse desarmado. São os homens de D. Hen~fique que cortam a cabeça a D. Pedro e a atiram à rua; o corpo desca-beçado foi depois exposto nas ameias do castelo. E, a fechar, considerações sobre a importância dos bons ou maus conselheiros, onde é fácii ver a mão do ietrado: o mal de D. Pedro foi rodear-se de homens vis que oaconselhavam mal, «este rei deixou enxernpro pera os reis haverem bõosconselheiros e leaais e eotendudos e leterados, de bo-oa conciencia e sem prazenteo». &lt;br /&gt;
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O mais surpreendente nesta extensa biografia de um rei easteihano do século XIV é o proprio facto de ela figurar num Livro de Línhagens consagrado à genealogia dos fidalgos portugueses. Outros reis de Espanhase encontram aii oiografados, mas trata-se de reis anteriores à fundaçãode Portugal, antepassados de fidalgos portugueses ou que tiveram um papeldirecto na história de Portugal --e ainda assim nenhum d-eies (à excepçãodo lendário Rei Ramiro) ocupa tão grande espaço como o consagra-do a Pedro o Cru. Qual é a razão disto? A razão formal, ou antes, o pretexto, é que Pedro o Cru pertence à casa da Maia, sendo descendente, por linha feminina, de Soeiro Mendes, irmão do Lidador.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/valente&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;valente&gt;O seu mais longínquo antepassado É, por isso, o Rei Ramiro, que deu origem àquela casa. A his-toria -de Pedro o Cru segue-se à história do Rei Ramiro -e precede a damorte do Lidador. Mas muitos outros reis de Portugal e Espanha tinhama mesma genealogia e nem por isso merecem atenção comparável neste Livrode Linhagens. A verdad"" aplicação da inserção da história de Pedro oCru no tituio XXI do Quarto Livro de Liuiiagens É outra, como vamos ver. Os males deste infeliz reinado, segundo o nosso narrador, começaramno dia em que faltou a Pedro- o Cru o conseiho do seu privado D. joãoAfonso de Albuquerque. A historia começa por estas palavras: «Este rei D. Pedro foi mui justiçoso e temido dos reis seus vizinhos e dos de seu reino: e depois que se dei partio I). João Afonso d'Aibuquerque e de Medeiim, que o conselhava mui bem e verda-deiramente /¡", houve privados que o conselharam mui mal /.../íezerom-no viver com grandes pecados» Ora este D. joão Afonso era o grande amigo do nosso D. Álvaro prior do Hospital, herói do Saiado. Lê»se com efeito na parte do mesmo titulo XX! consagrada à biografia do Prior, que, como vimos, foi por D. AfonsoIV enviado à corte de Castešaz «Andava i dom _¶oão Afonso o bão, senhor d'A1buquerque e deMedelim; eram ambos muito amigos, e enquanto eles estiveram comel-rei e o conseiharam passou o reino bem; e depois que d"'i partiramdesaveo-se el-rei de todolos bõos do reino»&lt;/valente&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;valente&gt;&amp;nbsp;E o biógrafo de D. Álvaro narra a seguir uma intervenção de I). IoãoAfonso e ourros fidalgos jumo de Pedro o Cru, que os repeliu, e como, depois da morte de D. }oão Afonso, os seus vassalos se reuniam -em conselho à voita do seu ataúde. E concluí notando que desde que o ataúde foi enterrado numa capela todas as cousas correram para mal, «ca el-rei D. Pedro matou uns e pôs outros fora da terras.&lt;br /&gt;
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Tudo leva a crer que o biógrafo de Pedro o Cru e o do Prior sãoa mesma pessoa. A Óptica é a mesma: a roda da Fortuna começou a desan»dar no dia em que faltou. D. joão Afonso, o *nom conselheiro. ll) conhe-cimento -directo de certos factos que revela a biografia do rei poder-se-iaexplicar por o Prior ter vivido na corte castelhana. A simpatia e a admi-ração por Pedro o -Cru que na mesma biografia transparece refiecte o sentimento de um homem que o conheceu. pessoalmente nos seus dias felizes. Impõe¬se uma conclusão: Pedro o Cru deve o figurar tão larga-mente no Quarto Livro de Linhagens ao facto de se ter cruzado com a vida do Prior D. Álvaro. Magalhães Basto, intrigado ia por este texto, sustentou que a bio~grafia de Pedro o Cru era da autoria de Fernão Lopes, alegando entreoutros argumentos, a quaiidade do estilo. T* `“"o, nada ha de especial-mente femãolopino nesta prosa., mas a sua qualidade cê evidente, e poroutro iado certas particuiaridades, como o emprego do qualificativo «ex-tremado» aproximam-na do estilo da narrativa do Salado.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/valente&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;valente&gt;Estas razões perrnitem~nos incluir esta parte do titulo XXI na sériea que pertence a morte do Lidador, que imediatamente se lhe segue. Maspodemos talvez ir mais longe. O tronco da casa da Maia, donde descendo Pedro o Cru, é como iávimos, o lendário rei Ramiro. Gonçaío Mendes e seu irmão primogénitoSoeiro Mendes (um dos herois da tradição épica de Afonso Henriques nasua primeira versão) são tetranetos de Aiboazer Ramires, filho do reiRamiro que roubou a irmã do rei rnouro de Gaia e matou a própria mulherque este último tinha raptado. É natural que perguntemos se a versão dalenda de Gaia que figura no Livro Quarto pertence ainda a esta série queatribuimos a um único autor. Esta versão deriva, evidentemente, da que aproximadamente um séculoantes nos dá o Segundo liriro. Não interessam aqui as dišerenças entre asduas versões quanto à matéria narrativa, e Menéndez Pidal jà notou quea versão mais antiga está mais próxima da forma foiclórica original desteconto. O que importa ao nosso caso é notar na segunda versão o desenrolardramático das situações, uma atenção mais demorada à subiectividadedas personagens, o desenvolvimento das faías que exprimem as atitudesdas mesmas, e um estilo muito mais analítico e construído, em contraste com a sobriedade puramente narrativa e o estilo linear e coordenativo do Li-oro de E270.&lt;br /&gt;
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Para dar um exemplo. Rei Ramiro vai assaítar o castešo de Gaia, e, como primeiro passo, detém-se numa fonte iunto do castelo. A versão de 1270 enuncia apenas o facto, antes de passar à acção seguinte «E esse rei Ramiro vesrío-se com partos de velcro, e levou cou- sigo sa espada e seu como /,I e el foi-se estar a uma fonre queestava perto do castelo» O narrador do Lim-o Quarto aproveita este momento que precede oacume da acção, detém-se ele proprio para observar o rei Ramiro e o seu pensamento intimo, e entrega~se a uma reflexão sobre os tiesígnios daProvidência divina. É o momento: «E vistio-se em panos de racariho, e sua espada e seu iorigome o como sô si, e foi-se sóo deitar a. uma fonte que estava sô o castelode Gaia. E esto fazia rei Ramiro por veer a rainha sa mulher perahaver conseiho com ela como poderia mais compridarnente haverdereito d*Alboazer Alboçaciam e de seus filhos e de toda sacompanha, ca tiinha que pelo conselho dela cobraria todo. Ca,cometendo este feito em outra maneira, que poderia escapar AlboazerAlboçadam e seus filhos. E porque ele era de grain coraçom puinhaem esta guisa seu feito em gram ventuira, mas as cousas que somordenadas de Deus vêm aaquelo que a Ele praz, e nom assi comoos homens pensam» Note-se a construção da frase e a perfeição da sua complexa construçãosintáctica. O periodo final faz já pensar na prosa monástica quinhentista,ou mesmo na de Bernardino, se substituirmos «Deusa por «Ventura». Outra manifestação do dedo do narrador é a eloquêricia dramáticadas fašas. O rei mouro, tendo encontrado dentro de casa o rei Ramiro àsua inteira mercê, hesita em mata-lo. A rainha, mulher de Ramiro, disse--lhe então: -st - Ašboazer Alboçadam, fraco de coraçom! Eu sei quem é rei Ramiro, e sê certo que se o salvas de morre que nom podes escaparque a nom prendas dele-ca ele é arteiroso e vingador assi como tu sabes. E nom ouviste tu dizer como ele tirou os olhos a dom Ordooho seu irmão, que era maior ea ei de dias, por o deserdar doreino? E nom te acordes quantas lides ouveste com ele, e te venceu,e te matou e cativou muitos bõos? E iá te esqueceu a força quete fez em ta irmãs, e em como eu era sa mulher /e/' me trouvcste,que É a mor desoosra que os Cristãos podem haver? Nom és paraviver nem para nada se te nom vingas. E se tu o fazes por rua alma, por aqui a salvas, pois É homem de outra lei, e é em eontrairo da tua. E tu dá~}l1e a morte que te pede, pois iá vem conselhado de seu abade.&lt;br /&gt;
Juntamente com a energia da frase, a juêsteza psicológica com que Éexpressa a atitude da mulher que incita o amante a matar o marido, ape-šando para o seu brio de homem e de guerreiro, é de notar como estãocondensaclos nesta fala os argumentos decisivos: o que toca ao medo, oque toca à vingança e o que toca à lei religiosa. Notemos ainda quereencontramos nesta versão da lenda do rei Ramiro um traço muito propriodo narrador do Salado: predilecção pelas personagens muçulrnana.s. Ê umautor que gosta de passar ao outro lado da linha que as separava dos Cristãos, para as ouvir falar. Tudo nos leva a crer que um letrado bem sabedor do seu oficio deprosador, de excepcional talento dramático e muito particularmentedotado na eloquência em discurso directo, tomou à sua conta a lenda deRamiro tal como aparecia no Lioro de 1270 c a desenvolveu e drama-tizou.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/valente&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;valente&gt;E impõe-se a coniectura de que esse autor é o mesmo que redigiutodas as narrativas que se cncadeiam neste Título XXI, isto É 2. a historia do reinado de Pedro o Cru; 3. a morte do Lidador; 4. as guerras do rei Garcia da Galiza e Portugal contra Sancho de Castela; 5. a historia de Rodrigo Froyaz Il e os episódios do cerco de Sevilha; 6. os episodios relativos aos antepassados proxirmos do Prior D. Ál- varo. T. A história do Prior D. Álvaro, que inclui a batalha de Tarifa,também chamada «do S-a1ado», do Livro III. Todos estes episodios estão tratados com mão de mestre. Alguns sãoevidentemente de origem épico-lendária, como as guerras de Sancho eGarcia; outros parecem depoimentos testemunhais, como os episódios do cerco de Sevilha, mas são evidentemente baseados em textos escritos, ou em tradições transmitidas oralmente e renovadas pela excepcional faculdadede visualização do autor; outros, aínda, são arranjos de lendas folclóricas,como a lenda da Gaia. Esta diferença de origem, bem como a diferençaquanto à matéria narrada, reflectem-se na estrutura narrativa do texto. Assim, a narrativa da morte do Lidador é exactamente do mesmo molde que a narrativa do Salado e a identidade do autor de ambas é flagrante.&lt;br /&gt;
Mas iá à história do rei Ramiro falta a movimentação das batalhas emgrandes espaços, a oposição a preto e branco de Cristãos e Mouros, :1esquematização ideológica desta oposição, o largo fôlego épico.&lt;br /&gt;
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Mas a força dramática, a explicitação falada das atitudes, a eloquên-cia, a com-plexidade da frase identificam também o seu autor, segundo creio. O gé- nero šiterário é que é diferente: a historia de Ramiro não e épica, mas romanesca, não se desenvolve em grandes espaços, mas em interior, aspersonagens nem sempre se idensífieam claramente com uma ou outradas duas religiões; os seus mobeis são passionais e não ideológicos oupatrioticos. Se esta conjectura e verdadeira, todo o Título XXI do Livro de Linha-gem atribuida) ao Conde D. Pedro até ao fim da biografia do PriorD. Álenro (o que perfaz quarto quintos do mesmo Título) seria do Autor da nmatioa do Safado. A partir da morte do Prior desaparece a mão do nosso prosador: seguem-se as listas genealógicas entrceortadas de umaou outra anedota, no estilo mais corrente dos Nobiliários.&lt;/valente&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;valente&gt;&amp;nbsp;É de notar que nenhum dos outros titulos do Livro chamado deD. Pedro oferece uma tão longa sequência de relatos desenvolvidos, ne-nhum tem um carácter tão marcadamente literário. As indicações genea-logicas no Título XXI não passam de parênteses intercalados nas historias,justamente ao invés do que sucede com quase todos os outros titulos, quesão listas genealogícas intercaladas de anedotas. Há uma excepção, o Título VII, sobre os reis de Portugal, que insere a tradição épica de Afonso Henriques, além de outros relatos, e a prosa do Conde D. Pedrosobre o reinado de D. Dinis. Mas, deixando outras razões, o estiio, ou antes os estilos, são completamente diferentes do do Livro XXI. Note-se, por exemplo, o contraste entre a mão sábia e fecunda que escreveu amorte do Lidador e a inteireza fruste, hierática mas enérgica, despida deacessorios e contemplações, reduzida ao essencial da acção e das atitudes,de quero quer que redigiu a versão prosificada da lenda épica de AfonsoHenriques. Quanto ao laborioso estilo da parte atribuída ao Conde D. Pe-dro, nada tem a assinala-la à nossa atenção do ponto de vista Íiterário. Mas não fica, talvez, por aqui a intervenção no Livro de Linhagens do narrador do Saindo. Neste mesmo iivro VH de que estamos falando encontramos a historia de Froyaz Vermuiz, outro antepassado do PriorD. Álvaro, pai do genro de Gonçalo Mendes da Maia. Trata-se, maisuma vez de uma história tipicamente cavaleiresca de conflito e congra-çamento entre o vassalo e o seu rei natural, que ;`á encontramos noutrasvidas dos Frovazes. O conde Froyaz Verntuiz, que foi homem de grandes feitos, andava em guerra com D. Afonso de Leão seu senhor, e vem encon- trá-Eo no momento em que este estava cercando Oviedo. Neste lance orei diz aos seus vassalos que voltem as costas a Froyaz, cujo pendão apa-rece ao longe, e se emperihem em atacar as vilas.&lt;br /&gt;
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eCa, diz ele, o conde D. Froyaz Vermuíz de tai feito é quenom comete ninguém se lhe tem as costas voltas, e de nosso emrnigoque ele e, hoie seerá nosso antigos- D. Froyaz, chegado, alinhou as tropas e esperou, mas vendo que orei só queria atacar a vila «disse aos seus que bem entendia o talanrc d'el-rei e o por queaquclo fazia, que nom era senorn por o gaaniiar por amigo e porvassalog e que descavalgassent dos cavalos e lhe fossem fazer serviço; ca, pois ele em si mostrava tamanha cortesia, que maior raxom era fazerem eles feitos que a rnostrassemnz Foi graças a ajuda de I). Froyaz que Alonso pode entrar em Oviedo;mas o conde cegou na batalha «e el-rei foi dentro à. vila e vio como o Conde era cego e pe- sou-lhe tanto que mais nom poderia, e dczia a Deus: - Senhor porque me fezestes tanto mal que hole eu perco tão bõo amigo?Ante eu quisera perder o reino e a vila, ca eu cedo cobrara todopela bondade d'e1.›› Nesta curta historia encontramos, embora não no seu grau superior, toda a técnica e personalidade do Autor da narrativa do Saindo. Note-sea construção complexa e admirável. do penúitimo texto citado, em dis-curso indirecto. Note-se também no último dos dois textos a tendênciadrarnatizadora, e a imprecação directa a Deus. Sc as razões apresentadas são bastantes, teriamos que quase todo o Titulo XXI do Livro atribuido ao Conde D. Pedro é da mesma mão, a mão de urn grande prosador, e que o são também alguns outros textosisolados, relativos aos antepassados do Prior D. Álvaro Gonçalves Pereira. Quem é este autor? Deve tratar-se de um amigo ou criatura do Prior,como é obvio, e também de uma personagem com suas ligações com aordem dos Hospitalários. Com efeito, a narrativa da batalha do Saladotem indicações muito precisas sobre a ordem de batalha própria dos Hos-pitalários, e explica essa técnica de combate pelas condições da guerra contra os Turcos, a que a Ordem se dedicava. &lt;br /&gt;
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Por outro lado, um Prior do Hospital, como vimos, contemporâneo de Rodrigo Froyaz II, é umdos protagonistas centrais de um dos episodios do cerco de Sevilha; e,atendendo ao pormenor realista que caracteriza este episodio, não é descabide imaginar que o narrador encontrou nos papéis ou na tradição daOrdem a fonte do seu admirável rešato. Quanto à data É de presumir que esta sequência de textos foi redigida depois da morte do Prior D. Álvaro, nela dada como sucedida, mas antes dos aconteciinentos em que se celebrizou seu fišho Nuno Álvares Pereira,que nele não aparece mencionado, como aliás nenhum dos seus outros numerosos bastardos. Esta sequência, repito, referia-se unicamente aos antepassados do Prior e não aos Pereiras em geral, e por isso os ramos colaterais, isto É, os tios avos do Prior e seus descendentes, são dela ex- cluídos, (ou só tratados sumariamente, se-gtmdo a maneira normal dos Livros de Linhagens). O Prior faieceu em 1373; a narrativa do Salado e os outros textos do mesmo Autor foram escritos, portanto, entre esta data e 1383, ano da morte do Rei D. Fernando de Portugal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/valente&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;valente&gt;Daqui se tira urna consequência importante: uma parte substancial doLioro chamado do Conde D. Pedro foi escrito depois da mo morte, ocor«ride em 1354. Tem-se discutido se o Conde É ou não o Autor do Livrodado como seu; Herculano atribuiu-lhe apenas uma participação, masoutros autores inclinam-se para a opinião tradicional da autoria gšobal,admitindo embora intercaiações e continuações posteriores à sua morte.Esta segunda opinião tem de sofrer um largo desconto se considerarmosque as íntercalações do Autor da narrativa do Selado consistem, pelo menos, num titulo quase inteiro, dos mais extensos. Temos de admitir que o livro tal como o deixou o Conde D. Pedro e profundamente dife-rente daqucle que conhecemos. No estado actual da questão parece-me queo Livro do Conde foi refundido depois de 1373, com a incorporação dotexto do autor da batalha do Salado, sendo a forma hoie conhecida reai-mente de duas mãos principais: o narrador do Salado e o proprio Conde. Podemos supor duas hipóteses quanto à maneira como se fez estarefundição: ou existia uma história do Prior D. Gonçalo, que foi incorpo~ rada mais ou menos extensarnente no Livro do Conde; ou o narrador do Selado foi o próprio reiundidor do mesmo Livro, para ele escrevendoprosa de sua lavra. So uma investigação mais aprofundada poderá deci-dir; mas desde já avento que a segunda hipotese expiicaria admirável»mente o famoso texto do tituio XXXV, referente ao «bão dom VascoMartiins de Pimentela, que começa: «Diz o Conde D. Pedro no seu livro...», e continua resumindo e emendando o que o mesmo Conde diz. &lt;br /&gt;
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Este D. Vasco Martins foi avô do arcebispo de Braga D. Gonçalo Pe«feira e bisavô, portanto, do nosso Prior D. Álvaro. O biógrafo do Priorestaria corrigindo uma genealogia desairosa para o seu biografado, exis» tente no texto do Conde D. Pedro de cuia refundição se teria encarregado&lt;br /&gt;
Mas ha outra problemática a considerar na obra do grande prosadorque pouco depois de i373 escreveu os feitos do Prior D. Álvaro Gon- çalves -e os dos seus ascendentes. Como iá notamos, trata»se certamente de um letrado, segundo mostra a sua prosa ao mesmo tempo ágil e dis-ciplinada que domina com elegante ligeireza a sintaxe mais complexa.Sob este aspecto, Fernão Lopes não o supera e Zurara fica-lhe, um séculodepois, muito atrás. Creio mesmo que se pode supor que se trata tie umautor habituado a redigir em Latim: sabe«~se a diferença que separa ostextos literários latinos medievais dos seus correspondentes em linguaromance. Este letrado fala por vezes num tom de pessoa autorizada, comoquando pronuncia o seu iuizo sobre a causa das desgraças do reinado dePedro o Cruel de Castela, ou quando a seguir à narrativa do Salado de-clara que não indica os nomes dos principais heróis da batalha para nãocometer injustiças. O tom deste último comentário faz-nos pensar emFernão Lopes, que, como se sabe, tem uma alta consciência da sua funçãodo certificador da verdade perante os posteros. Todavia, a ideologia do narrador do Salado esta nos antípodas da de Femão Lopes. É uma ideologia tipicamente czwaleiresca. Notamos aimportância que tem na sua problemática a ligação do vassalo com osoberano. Muitas das suas historias tem por tema os dramas da lealdadeque obriga o vassalo a incompatibilizanse- com o senhor por amor dosenhor, a quem se deve a verdade. Outro tema é a vingança de honradoméstica lesada: veia-se o caso do rei Ramiro e o do cavaleiro queincendiou o seu castelo e dentro dele a rnolhcr e o frade e todos os habitantes, animais e moveis. É tudo quanto encontramos como historias de amor. O espírito de cruzada anti-islâmica tem um lugar primacial nesta se- quência de textos; mas nele aponta também, embora com menos força, o -sentimento nacional, anti-castelhano, que constitui a fundo ideológico dorelato das guerras de Garcia, aiudaclo pelos efidalgosâ de Portugal» contraSancho de Castela.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/valente&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;valente&gt;Mas, por um lado, a terra portuguesa é para esteautor a terra que os efidašgos portugueses» conquistaram aos mouros,ou seia, um patrimonio he-redítário da nobreza; e por outro lado a fra-ternidade de armas peninsular ocupa também mn Êugar importante -nabatalha do Salado, na conquista de Sevilha e noutros episodios. Trata-sede um patriotismo regional perfeitamente compativel com a ideia de uma comunidade hispânica. É neste autor -que encontramos o mais admirável resumo que conheço da ideologia senhoriai portuguesa medieval: o discurso de D. Afonso IVàs suas tropas no ínicio cia -batašha do Selado.&lt;br /&gt;
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Pela força com que sintetiza as motivações de todo mn grupo socíai-»-»a nobreza que governavaPortugal nas vésperas da insurreíção de 1333 Messe discurso é compa-rável, guardadas as proporções, àquele em que Périešes, segundo Tucidides,resumiu o espirito da sociedade ateniense. Se entre os nossos cronistas quisermos encontrar um com um espíritosemeíhante ao do historiador do Prior D. Áivaro, não é Fernão Lopes, massim Zurara quem devemos escolher. Neste encontramos o mesmo propositode exaíçar os valores senhoriais, mais intencional porque justamente essesvalores tinham sido postos em cheque duas gerações atrás, e pratica-mente toda a nobreza de que faiam os Livros de Línhagens tinha sidoproscrita. Encontramos também a mesma concepção da historia como uma biografia de homens notáveis: Zurara não só nos contou os feitos do Infante D. Henrique, como os feitos guerreiros de D. Duarte e D. Pedrode Menezes, pai e filho-o que e um embrião de história geneašogicano tipo da do Prior D. Álvaro 1: seus antepassados. Encontramos ainda oapreço pelos vaiores de cavalaria, que anima os vários relatos do autorda narrativa do Salado. Znrara é portanto o continuador de uma historiografia senhorial -jábriihante antes de Fernão Lopes. E não deixa de ser uma coincidência intri-gante o facto de que um dos principais monumentos dessa historiografiasenhoriai e biográfica, entre o narrador do Saâado e Zurara, é precisamentea Cnmica do Condesrabre Nuno Ár'e.=orer Pereira, que É o filho mais notáveido nosso Prior D. Áivaro, do- Saiado, e um dos raros sobreviventes donaufrágio em que pereeceu a nobreza dos Livros de Línhagens (2).&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/valente&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-333976760502337006?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/333976760502337006/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=333976760502337006" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/333976760502337006?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/333976760502337006?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/11/da-batalha-do-salado-e-das-suas.html" title="da batalha do salado e das suas estórias:-" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DEEFQnwyeip7ImA9WhdaF08.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-8431036090156058311</id><published>2011-10-27T07:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-27T07:43:33.292-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-10-27T07:43:33.292-07:00</app:edited><title /><content type="html">&lt;img height="364" src="http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/files/images/gacao_-_Uma_breve_historia_do_anti-semitismo.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #303030; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Curso de capacitação discente 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;"Uma breve história do Anti-Semitismo"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Professor:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Rodrigo Medina Zagni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Historiador e Analista de Relações Internacionais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Docente do curso de Ciências Sociais da Univ. Cruzeiro do Sul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Pesquisador do Módulo "Holocausto e Anti-Semitismo" do Laboratório de Estudos sobre a Intolerância da Universidade de São Paulo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Egresso da&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;International School for Holocaust Studies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;do&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Yad Vashem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;26, 27 e 28 de janeiro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;das 9h às 11h30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Área: Ciências Humanas e Sociais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Público-alvo: alunos de História, Ciências Sociais, Letras e interessados em geral na temática do anti-semitismo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Local: Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Campus Anália Franco&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Av. Regente Feijó, 1.295 - São Paulo/SP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Fone: (11) 2672-6200&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Inscrições:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://200.136.79.4/capacitacao_dis/menu_inscri.php" style="color: #333333; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;http://200.136.79.4/capacitacao_dis/menu_inscri.php&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Ementa:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;O fenômeno do anti-semitismo, ainda que não tenha sido nominado a todo tempo desta maneira, atravessa a História do Ocidente demonstrando, na contemporaneidade, tétricas permanências. Das práticas sociais às políticas de Estado, verifica-se na História do Ocidente o anti-semitismo na dimensão religiosa, cultural, política e econômica de distintas sociedades, às vezes a partir de antigos argumentos, re-elaborados em distintos contextos, sendo possível identificar permanências e rasuras nas práticas de ódio expresso ou velado contra o povo judeu. Este curso procura mapear, em três tempos e por meio de uma abordagem panorâmica, distintos condicionantes e diferentes formas de práticas anti-semitas: em sua forma antiga, medieval e moderna.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Justificativa:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nos últimos anos, o termo "anti-semitismo" assistiu a constantes re-apropriações e significativas re-elaborações de sentido. É preciso compreender em profundidade e desde uma perspectiva histórica esses sentidos, bem como suas diversas manifestações na História do Ocidente, para escapar coscientemente de extremos que revelam leituras profundamente ideológicas e por vezes sectárias do que venha a ser o fenômeno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Programa resumido:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Primeira aula: "O anti-judaísmo antigo e medieval"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;- Dominação romana e rebeliões judaicas; - Diáspora, ativismo e martirologia; - Crucificações; - As origens cristãs do anti-semitismo; - O esteriótipo do judeu na Idade Média; - O mito cristão do deicídio; - As cruzadas; - Entre crimes rituais e chifres; - Estigmas na vestimenta e na pele; - Os "culpados" pela Peste Negra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;LEITURA PARA A AULA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Obrigatória:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;SANCOVSKY, Renata Rozental. Conversão e Intolerância no Mundo Ibérico Medieval: Um Estudo de Caso sobre a Comunidade Judaica de Mahón (Menorca). Ilhas Baleares, século V d.C.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Portal Rumo à Tolerância&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;. São Paulo, Abr. 2008, disponível no link:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/1259" style="color: #333333; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/1259&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Complementar:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;NOVINSKY, Anita.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;O racismo e a questão judaica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Portal Rumo à Tolerância&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;. São Paulo, Abr. 2007, disponível no link:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/841" style="color: #333333; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/841&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;PACKOUZ, Rabino Kalman.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;As razões do antisemitismo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Portal Rumo à Tolerância&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;. São Paulo, Mar. 2009, disponível no link:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/1637" style="color: #333333; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/1637&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Segunda aula:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;"Anti-semitismo moderno e contemporâneo"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;- A reconquista em Espanha; - A Inquisição Ibérica; - A dimensão econômica, política e religiosa da expropriação dos judeus; - Inquisição no Brasil e os brasileiros queimados acusados de judaísmo; - A expulsão e a era dos cristãos novos; - Das vilas judaicas às grandes cidades, as transformações identitárias; - Os judeus entre o romancismo, o nacionalismo, o liberalismo, o socialismo e o racismo; - O eugenismo e a dimensão pseudo-científica do anti-semitismo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="line-height: 0.6em;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;LEITURA PARA A AULA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Obrigatória:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;ZAGNI, Rodrigo Medina. Anti-judaísmo na transição entre Idade Média e Moderna Peninsular (século XII ao XVI).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Portal Rumo à Tolerância&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;. São Paulo, Nov. 2009, disponível no link:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/2478" style="color: #333333; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/2478&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;__________. As profundezas do intangível.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Portal Rumo à Tolerância&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;. São Paulo, Dez. 2008, disponível no link:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/1592" style="color: #333333; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/1592&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-8431036090156058311?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/8431036090156058311/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=8431036090156058311" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/8431036090156058311?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/8431036090156058311?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/10/curso-de-capacitacao-discente-2010.html" title="" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CkUNQnY8fSp7ImA9WhdbGEs.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-5600654352091435932</id><published>2011-10-17T07:04:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T07:04:53.875-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-10-17T07:04:53.875-07:00</app:edited><title>mussolini - portuguese and english info</title><content type="html">&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #4f4b4a; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img alt="001.jpg" class="pie-img alignleft" height="233" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/_8gEewSdLE3w/SzYJ5AofacI/AAAAAAAAAos/tHkV7lgLOS4/001.jpg?imgmax=400" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(212, 210, 205); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(212, 210, 205); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(212, 210, 205); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(212, 210, 205); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: inline; float: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; padding-top: 7px;" width="163" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://segundaguerra.net/benito-mussolini-biografia/"&gt;&lt;strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini&lt;/strong&gt;, nasceu em 29 de Julho de 1883 na cidade de Dovia di Predappio e faleceu dia 28 de Abril de 1945 em Giulino di Mezzegra.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;De família humilde, seus primeiros anos de vida foram numa pequena vila. Seu pai era ferreiro, socialista e alcoólatra. Sua mãe,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Rosa Maltoni&lt;/em&gt;, era professora primária, e principal fonte de sustento da família.&lt;span id="more-2178" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;O Nome Benito foi uma homenagem ao revolucionário Benito Juarez. Mussolini, a exemplo de seu pai, tornou-se socialista e mais tarde marxista.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Aos 11 anos de idade, Benito esfaqueou um colega de escola e atirou tinta ao professor. Apesar disso prosseguiu com os estudos e qualificou-se como professor primário em 1901.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Em 1902 foi para Suíça para evitar o serviço militar, mas, não encontrou nenhum emprego e além de preso por vagabundagem, acabou sendo deportado para a Itália, onde cumpriu o serviço militar obrigatório.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Após deixar o serviço militar, empregou-se num jornal na cidade de Trento – na época sob domínio austro-húngaro – em 1908; onde escreveu um romance, chamado&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;A amante do cardeal&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Informalmente, constituiu lar com Rachele Guidi – casando-se formalmente cinco anos após – e em 1910 nasceu a primeira filha, Edda. Em 1916 nasce Vittorio, em 1918 Bruno, em 1927 Romano e em 1929, Anna Maria.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;img alt="001.jpg" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/_8gEewSdLE3w/SzYJ5AofacI/AAAAAAAAAos/tHkV7lgLOS4/s144-c/001.jpg" /&gt;&lt;img alt="009.jpg" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/_8gEewSdLE3w/SzYJzR1AkPI/AAAAAAAAAoM/DqAh5jE9_MQ/s144-c/009.jpg" /&gt;&lt;img alt="012.jpg" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/_8gEewSdLE3w/SzYJw46M_wI/AAAAAAAAAoE/VZEYj7rK7bM/s144-c/012.jpg" /&gt;&lt;img alt="009.jpg" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/_8gEewSdLE3w/SzYJzR1AkPI/AAAAAAAAAoM/DqAh5jE9_MQ/s144-c/009.jpg" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;span class="H_Title" style="color: #900028; font-family: 'OFL Sorts Mill Goudy TT', serif; font-size: 32px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.03em; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; word-spacing: 0em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/mussolini-fascism.asp"&gt;Modern History Sourcebook:&amp;nbsp;Benito Mussolini:What is Fascism, 1932&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #dddddd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;span class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) over the course of his lifetime went from Socialism - he was editor of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Avanti&lt;i&gt;, a socialist newspaper - to the leadership of a new political movement called "fascism" [after "fasces", the symbol of bound sticks used a totem of power in ancient Rome].&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mussolini came to power after the "March on Rome" in 1922, and was appointed Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;In 1932 Mussolini wrote (with the help of Giovanni Gentile) and entry for the Italian Encyclopedia on the definition of fascism.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Fascism, the more it considers and observes the future and the development of humanity quite apart from political considerations of the moment, believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace. It thus repudiates the doctrine of Pacifism -- born of a renunciation of the struggle and an act of cowardice in the face of sacrifice. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who have courage to meet it. All other trials are substitutes, which never really put men into the position where they have to make the great decision -- the alternative of life or death....&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;...The Fascist accepts life and loves it, knowing nothing of and despising suicide: he rather conceives of life as duty and struggle and conquest, but above all for others -- those who are at hand and those who are far distant, contemporaries, and those who will come after...&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;...Fascism [is] the complete opposite of…Marxian Socialism, the materialist conception of history of human civilization can be explained simply through the conflict of interests among the various social groups and by the change and development in the means and instruments of production.... Fascism, now and always, believes in holiness and in heroism; that is to say, in actions influenced by no economic motive, direct or indirect. And if the economic conception of history be denied, according to which theory men are no more than puppets, carried to and fro by the waves of chance, while the real directing forces are quite out of their control, it follows that the existence of an unchangeable and unchanging class-war is also denied - the natural progeny of the economic conception of history. And above all Fascism denies that class-war can be the preponderant force in the transformation of society....&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;After Socialism, Fascism combats the whole complex system of democratic ideology, and repudiates it, whether in its theoretical premises or in its practical application. Fascism denies that the majority, by the simple fact that it is a majority, can direct human society; it denies that numbers alone can govern by means of a periodical consultation, and it affirms the immutable, beneficial, and fruitful inequality of mankind, which can never be permanently leveled through the mere operation of a mechanical process such as universal suffrage....&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;...Fascism denies, in democracy, the absur[d] conventional untruth of political equality dressed out in the garb of collective irresponsibility, and the myth of "happiness" and indefinite progress....&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;...iven that the nineteenth century was the century of Socialism, of Liberalism, and of Democracy, it does not necessarily follow that the twentieth century must also be a century of Socialism, Liberalism and Democracy: political doctrines pass, but humanity remains, and it may rather be expected that this will be a century of authority...a century of Fascism. For if the nineteenth century was a century of individualism it may be expected that this will be the century of collectivism and hence the century of the State....&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The foundation of Fascism is the conception of the State, its character, its duty, and its aim. Fascism conceives of the State as an absolute, in comparison with which all individuals or groups are relative, only to be conceived of in their relation to the State. The conception of the Liberal State is not that of a directing force, guiding the play and development, both material and spiritual, of a collective body, but merely a force limited to the function of recording results: on the other hand, the Fascist State is itself conscious and has itself a will and a personality -- thus it may be called the "ethic" State....&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;...The Fascist State organizes the nation, but leaves a sufficient margin of liberty to the individual; the latter is deprived of all useless and possibly harmful freedom, but retains what is essential; the deciding power in this question cannot be the individual, but the State alone....&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;...For Fascism, the growth of empire, that is to say the expansion of the nation, is an essential manifestation of vitality, and its opposite a sign of decadence. Peoples which are rising, or rising again after a period of decadence, are always imperialist; and renunciation is a sign of decay and of death. Fascism is the doctrine best adapted to represent the tendencies and the aspirations of a people, like the people of Italy, who are rising again after many centuries of abasement and foreign servitude. But empire demands discipline, the coordination of all forces and a deeply felt sense of duty and sacrifice: this fact explains many aspects of the practical working of the regime, the character of many forces in the State, and the necessarily severe measures which must be taken against those who would oppose this spontaneous and inevitable movement of Italy in the twentieth century, and would oppose it by recalling the outworn ideology of the nineteenth century - repudiated wheresoever there has been the courage to undertake great experiments of social and political transformation; for never before has the nation stood more in need of authority, of direction and order. If every age has its own characteristic doctrine, there are a thousand signs which point to Fascism as the characteristic doctrine of our time. For if a doctrine must be a living thing, this is proved by the fact that Fascism has created a living faith; and that this faith is very powerful in the minds of men is demonstrated by those who have suffered and died for it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;hr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #dddddd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; height: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;div class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;This text is part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.asp" style="color: #900028; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Internet Modern History Sourcebook&lt;/a&gt;. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts for introductory level classes in modern European and World history.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Unless otherwise indicated the specific electronic form of the document is copyright. Permission is granted for electronic copying, distribution in print form for educational purposes and personal use. If you do reduplicate the document, indicate the source. No permission is granted for commercial use of the Sourcebook.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="H_body_text" style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;(c)Paul Halsall Aug 1997&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="mailto:halsall@murray.fordham.edu" style="color: #900028; font-family: Trebuchet, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;halsall@murray.fordham.edu&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-5600654352091435932?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/5600654352091435932/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=5600654352091435932" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/5600654352091435932?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/5600654352091435932?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/10/mussolini-portuguese-and-english-info.html" title="mussolini - portuguese and english info" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://lh6.ggpht.com/_8gEewSdLE3w/SzYJ5AofacI/AAAAAAAAAos/tHkV7lgLOS4/s72-c/001.jpg?imgmax=400" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CUEGRH86fCp7ImA9WhdUGU0.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-4069251298082435208</id><published>2011-10-06T05:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-06T05:20:25.114-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-10-06T05:20:25.114-07:00</app:edited><title>Himmler's Last Days --- © ARC 2005</title><content type="html">&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px;" summary="blind"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/bighimmlermap.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;" target="_new"&gt;&lt;img align="center" alt="Flight Route" border="1" src="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmlermap.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Flight Route&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/himmlercap.html"&gt;Being aware of the impending German defeat, Himmler tried to approach the Allies:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Hungarian Jews would be released from KZs in exchange for allied trucks. In&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;November 1944&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;he permitted the transfer of several hundred KZ prisoners to Sweden, ordered the end of the mass murder of Jews, and proposed surrender on the western front whilst continuing to fight in the East.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;23 January 1945&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Himmler had resided at the private nursing home of his medical adviser, Prof Dr&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Karl Gebhardt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hohenlychen&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, 100 km north of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Berlin&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Advised by SS-General&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Walter Schellenberg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and encouraged by his masseur,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Felix Kersten&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, Himmler tried to take up peace negotiations with the Allies (behind&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hitler&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'s back) via Count&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Folke Bernadotte&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, deputy chief of the Swedish Red Cross, who was mainly interested in obtaining concessions for Scandinavians in German KZs. On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;22 April 1945&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;he met the Count in&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hohenlychen&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and again on&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;23/24 April&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Lübeck&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. As a result 20,000 KZ prisoners were released and brought to Sweden.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;26 April&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Himmler moved to&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Schwerin&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, 100 km east of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hamburg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, together with his staff and some of his escort battalion. There he was near Admiral&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Karl Dönitz&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, the Commander-in Chief of the German Navy, and the most powerful man in north-west Germany in those days.&lt;br /&gt;
Meanwhile Himmler's negotiations had become known and after a related BBC broadcast on&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;28 April&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hitler&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;deprived him of all offices and ordered Himmler's arrest. On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;29 April&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;the Commander-in-Chief of the German Air Force, General&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Ritter von Greim&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, fled from embattled&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Berlin&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Dönitz&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'s new headquarters in&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Plön&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(60 km north of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hamburg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), and handed over the arrest order.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Dönitz&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;had no power over Himmler and had even established his own bodyguard, consisting of submariners, instead of SS guards.&lt;br /&gt;
On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;30 April&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Dönitz&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;was appointed Head of State following&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hitler&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'s suicide on the afternoon of that day. He told Himmler that he could not join the new government.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Dönitz&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;didn't like Himmler and his unwanted SS staff in his HQ and finally said to him:&lt;br /&gt;
"&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;Anybody who is a traitor once, is ready to betray a second time.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;6 May&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Himmler received a written order dismissing him from all offices. From that moment on Himmler was no longer Commander-in-Chief of the German Reserve Army, Chief of Police, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic;"&gt;Reichsführer-SS&lt;/i&gt;. The newly appointed Minister of the Interior, Count&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Schwerin von Krosigk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, advised Himmler "to drive straight to&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Montgomery&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'s HQ and say that you are Heinrich Himmler and that you want to take full responsibility for everything the SS has done."&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px;" summary="blind"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;img border="1" src="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmlerbrandt.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px;" summary="blind"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;img border="1" src="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmlergrothmann.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;From 6 or 7 until 11 May 1945&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Himmler and 5 attendants stayed at a farm near&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Satrup&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Himmler decided to go to Bavaria, joined by a few SS-officers and perhaps 7 NCOs: His personal assistant Dr&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/himmlerbrandt.html" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Rudolf Brandt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;br /&gt;
probably&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic;"&gt;SS-Obergruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS&lt;/i&gt;Prof Dr&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/himmlergebhardt.html" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Karl Gebhardt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, chief SS surgeon and Himmler's personal medical adviser,&lt;br /&gt;
probably&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic;"&gt;SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Polizei&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/himmlerohlendorf.html" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Otto Ohlendorf&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, chief of the RSHA Department III,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic;"&gt;SS-Sturmbannführer&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/himmlerkiermayer.html" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Josef Kiermayer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, his personal aide and secretary,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic;"&gt;SS-Obersturmbannführer&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/himmlergrothmann.html" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Werner Grothmann&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic;"&gt;SS-Sturmbannführer&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/himmlermacher.html" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Heinz Macher&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and probably 10 other SS men.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px;" summary="blind"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;img border="1" src="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmlerkiermayer.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px;" summary="blind"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;img border="1" src="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmlermacher.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;They removed all insignia from their uniforms and placed false documents in their pockets in the expectation that these would prove that they were recently released NCOs of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic;"&gt;Geheime Feldpolizei&lt;/i&gt;. They did not know that even NCOs of this organization were also on the Allied Wanted List ("Immediate Arrest" category). Himmler’s papers identified him as "Ex-Sergeant&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Heinrich Hitzinger&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;of a Special Armoured Company, attached to the Secret Field Police, demobilized on&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;3 May 1945&lt;/span&gt;".&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;10 May&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;the group left&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Dönitz&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'s&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmlermarineschule.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;final HQ&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Flensburg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and drove southwards in 4 large cars. On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;11 May&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;the group appeared in&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Delve&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, a small village a few kilometres southeast of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Friedrichstadt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;on the Eider River. On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;12 May&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;they probably abandoned their cars in&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Marne&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px;" summary="blind"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;img border="1" src="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmlerohlendorf.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;decided to continue their way on foot, towards the Elbe River. In the evening they found a fisherman who ferried them (allegedly for 500 RM) from&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Brunsbüttel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;across the Elbe River to&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Neuhaus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, a small town at the mouth of the Oste River, at the south bank of the Elbe River. During the following 5 days the group slowly moved southwards. On their way they merged into the background as this area, already under British control, was teeming with German troops of all services.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From this point there are different possibilities re Himmler's route:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px;" summary="blind"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/bighimmler06.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;" target="_new"&gt;&lt;img align="center" alt="Farmhouse Waldstraße" border="1" src="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmler06.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Farmhouse Waldstraße&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;18 May&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;the group reached&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bremervörde&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;where they planned to cross the Oste River. They may have intended to walk through the sparsely inhabited countryside around the small town of&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bremervörde&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, between&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hamburg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bremen&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. This provided the only possibility of avoiding the densely populated areas around&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hamburg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Lübeck&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;on their way southward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;From 18-22 May&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;the group stayed at a farmhouse on&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Waldstraße&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, without telling the owner their true identity. From here&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kiermayer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;investigated the situation at the guarded&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/bighimmlerbridge.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Oste River bridge&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, not knowing that the group could have easily crossed the river via an unguarded ford some metres upstream. Twice he demanded passes from the district administration in&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bremervörde&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;but&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic;"&gt;Landrat&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Dohrmann&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;refused.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px;" summary="blind"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/bighimmlerbridge2.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;" target="_new"&gt;&lt;img align="center" alt="Lohse's Mill" border="1" src="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmlerbridge2.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Lohse's Mill&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;When&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kiermayer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;returned to the farmhouse and reported on the situation, the men decided to divide the group. The bulk would try to pass the British check-point at the bridge first. At 3 p.m.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kiermayer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;and Dr&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Gebhardt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;set off for the bridge. They intended to come back if there were no problems. One hour later they arrived at the check-point where they were stopped and taken to Sergeant&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Ken Baisbrown&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, a member of the Intelligence Corps, and on duty at the mill of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Wilhelm Lohse&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, which served as an office. The British gave the men the impression that everything was in order, and they were sent back with 2 British Army lorries and an escort to bring in the rest of their "sick comrades" (most of whom were purportedly sick policemen on their way to&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;München (Munich)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, supervised by Dr&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Gebhardt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, who spoke English). Meanwhile&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Baisbrown&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;went to the nearby office of the 1003 Field Security Reserve Detachment and told Staff-Sergeant&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;John Hogg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;about these two suspicious men who allegedly belonged to the Secret Field Police GFP (&lt;i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic;"&gt;Geheime Feldpolizei&lt;/i&gt;), in itself a reason for automatic arrest.&lt;br /&gt;
After a while&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Gebhardt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;returned to the check-point, but without Himmler and two others. Sergeant&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Arthur Britton&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;detected that all their documents bore the same GFP stamp, dated after&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;1 May 1945&lt;/span&gt;. In addition, some members initially denied being part of the group although Dr&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Gebhardt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;claimed that the whole party was in his care. Therefore the men were segregated.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Britton&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Baisbrown&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;grilled the youngest and after a short time he admitted that the GFP stamp was in fact an SD headquarters stamp and that the men belonged together. At 6 p.m. the men were arrested and brought to the Civil Internment Camp in&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmler07.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Westertimke&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;near&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Zeven&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Together with Dr&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Gebhardt, Hogg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;drove back to the farmhouse, since some of the arrested had expressed concern about three other sick members of their group. Meanwhile Himmler and his two companions had left the farmhouse.&lt;br /&gt;
Now British intelligence personnel had been alerted that three more SD-sponsored policemen were on their way to an unknown destination.&lt;br /&gt;
Because the others obviously had no problems in crossing the check-point, Himmler,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Grothmann&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Macher&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;hid for a further day before trying it themselves. On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;22 May&lt;/span&gt;, walking on&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bremervörde&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'s main road toward the check-point, they were stopped by a patrol and brought to the office besides the mill.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Arthur Britton&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;received them at about 5 p.m. They showed their documents but the British were aware that they were forgeries. Corporal&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Richard Forrest&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;searched their belongings, then they were probably brought to a British office at&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Dohrmann&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'s bakery, a house on&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bahnhofstraße&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bremervörde&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, for interrogation. Afterwards they were arrested at the mill.&lt;br /&gt;
Himmler and his two companions spent the night on the first floor of the mill, sleeping on the grain (&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmlerreport.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;official report&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.&lt;br /&gt;
Himmler and his two companions were captured on&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;21 May&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;by 3 Russians (who were assigned to a British post at the River Oste) in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/meinstedt.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Meinstedt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(20 kilometres south of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bremervörde&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, 2 km northeast of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Zeven&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). Then they were brought to&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bremervörde&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;where they spent the night in the mill.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.&lt;br /&gt;
From&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bremervörde&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;the men went 6 km southward to the next bridge over the Oste River, located in&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/minstedt.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Minstedt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
2.5 km south of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Minstedt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;the POW Camp&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.dokumentationsstaette-sandbostel.de/" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;"Stalag XB"&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was located. This camp was liberated by the British Army on&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;29 April 1945&lt;/span&gt;. The British opened the gate and the fence so that the POWs could leave the camp. Therefore hundreds of Russian and Polish POWs crossed out the region in&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;April, May, and June 1945&lt;/span&gt;. Some of them might have joined the British troops to look out for their former SS camp guards or soldiers. The British post, reinforced by a tank, could have been deployed on one of the hills near the river, together with the already mentioned 3 Russians, assigned to the post.&lt;br /&gt;
The British brought Himmler and his companions to&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Bremervörde&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Be that as it may, Himmler was taken to the Civil Internment Camp in&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Westertimke&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
At about 7 a.m. next morning, the three GFP suspects were duly driven by&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Arthur Britton&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and two guards in a 15 cwt truck to&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Westertimke&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;for initial processing, a journey of some 30 km. En route, a stop was made at&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Zeven&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;to report the arrest of three SD men to Captain&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Excell&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;at 45 Field Security Section HQ. Sergeant&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Britton&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;was told to continue to&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Westertimke&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;cage for registration.&lt;br /&gt;
The trio spent the greater part of the day - Wednesday&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;23 May 1945&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;- being moved about by British Army transport. During the afternoon, a trip was made (probably via&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Fallingbostel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;on Lüneburg Heath) to 031 Civil Interrogation Camp which had just moved to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmlerkolkhagen.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kolkhagen Camp&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on the western side of the village of&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Barnstedt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, south of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Lüneburg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. At 6:30 p.m. on&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;23 May 1945&lt;/span&gt;, "Sergeant&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hitzinger&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;" and his escorts were booked into&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;031 CIC Barnstedt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. At this time ex-&lt;i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic;"&gt;Gauleiter&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Hamburg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Karl Kaufmann&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, a more moderate Nazi, was watching new arrivals from the inner compound of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kolkhagen Camp&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. He noted an odd figure in military boots and breeches and a civilian jacket and saw him go behind a bush, remove an eye patch, and reappear putting on glasses - he was immediately recognizable as Himmler, whom&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Kaufmann&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;had met. This must have been the moment when Himmler decided to admit his identity.&lt;br /&gt;
At about 7:00 p.m., the camp commandant, Captain&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Thomas Selvester&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, was informed that three prisoners were insisting on seeing him, in itself an unusual request. Himmler had presumably re-disguised himself for effect, for when he appeared before the camp commandant, he was again wearing the eye patch.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Selvester&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;thus described the scene: "&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;The first man to enter my office was small, ill-looking and shabbily dressed, but he was immediately followed by two other men (&lt;span style="color: mediumseagreen;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Grothmann&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: mediumseagreen;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Macher&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), both of whom were tall and soldierly-looking, one slim, and one well-built. The well-built man walked with a limp. I sensed something unusual, and ordered one of my sergeants to place the two men in close custody, and not to allow anyone to speak to them without my authority. They were then removed from my office, whereupon the small man, who was wearing a patch over his left eye, removed the patch and put on a pair of spectacles. His identity was at once obvious, and he said "Heinrich Himmler" in a very quiet voice.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;
Captain&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Selvester&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;immediately informed HQ British Second Army at&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Lüneburg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and Major&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Rice&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, an Intelligence staff officer, arrived at 7:30 p.m. to confirm Himmler's identity. The German was asked to sign his name and this was compared with a signature Major&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Rice&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;had brought with him. The next step was a body search:&lt;br /&gt;
"&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;This I carried out personally,&lt;/span&gt;" said Captain&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Selvester&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, "&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;handing each item of clothing as it was removed to my sergeant, who re-examined it. In his jacket I found a small brass case, similar to a cartridge case, which contained a small glass phial. I recognized it for what it was, but asked Himmler what it contained, and he said, 'that is my medicine. It cures stomach cramp.' I also found a similar brass case, but without the phial, and came to the conclusion that the phial was hidden somewhere on the prisoner's person. When all Himmler's clothing had been removed and searched, all the orifices of his body were searched, also his hair combed and any likely hiding place examined, but no trace of the phial was found. At this stage he was not asked to open his mouth, as I considered that if the phial was hidden in his mouth and we tried to remove it, it might precipitate some action that would be regretted. I did however send for thick bread and cheese sandwiches and tea, which I offered to Himmler, hoping that I would see if he removed anything from his mouth. I watched him closely, whilst he was eating, but did not notice anything unusual.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;23 May&lt;/span&gt;, Himmler was taken to the Security Force Headquarters at&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Uelzener Straße 31a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Lüneburg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
He had to undress himself and was inspected by the military doctor, Captain&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;C. J. Wells&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, accompanied by Colonel&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Michael Murphy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Secret Service), Major&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Norman Whittaker&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and Company Sergeant Major&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Edwin Austin&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
When the doctor saw a dark object in a gap in Himmler's lower jaw, he ordered him to come closer to the light and tried to remove the glass capsule. Suddenly Himmler bit on the cyanide capsule and at the doctor's fingers. Himmler&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmler08.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;fell to the ground&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(or: he was thrown to the ground) and someone shouted "&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;The bastard beats us!&lt;/span&gt;" The smell of prussic acid spread through the room. "&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;We immediately upended the old bastard and got his mouth into the bowl of water which was there to wash the poison out&lt;/span&gt;", noted Major&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Whittaker&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in his diary. "&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;There were terrible groans and grunts coming from the swine.&lt;/span&gt;" Himmler's tongue was secured in an attempt to prevent him from swallowing the poison. Dr&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Wells&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;tried resuscitation but it was in vain. After a quarter hour they stopped. "&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;... it was a losing battle and this evil thing breathed its last at 23:14 hours.&lt;/span&gt;" (Winston G. Ramsey: Himmler's Suicide. In: After the Battle No 14, London 15th August 1976, p. 35)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At least one&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/himmlermask.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;death mask&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of Himmler was taken. On&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;25 May&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;an autopsy was conducted, the teeth configuration compared, and the brain and part of his skeleton removed.&lt;br /&gt;
In the early morning of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;26 May&lt;/span&gt;, four men (&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Whittaker, Austin, Weston, and Ottery&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) brought Himmler's corpse to a forest near&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: indigo;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Lüneburg&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and buried it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See the "&lt;span style="color: green;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Grothmann&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Protocol" (&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/grothmannproto01.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Page 1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/grothmannproto02.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Page 1a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/grothmannproto03.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Page 2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/grothmannproto04.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Page 8&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.deathcamps.org/reinhard/pic/grothmannproto05.jpg" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Page 13&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Photos:&lt;br /&gt;
AFTER THE BATTLE Magazine&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Uwe Ruprecht&lt;br /&gt;
Westertimke Map:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.relikte.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;www.relikte.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sources:&lt;br /&gt;
AFTER THE BATTLE Magazine. Issue No 14/1976, and 17/1977. See:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.afterthebattle.mcmail.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;www.afterthebattle.mcmail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Uwe Ruprecht:&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Das Grab im Wald&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;on:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.kueste.vvn-bda.de/grab.htm" style="color: blue; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"&gt;www.kueste.vvn-bda.de/grab.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Gutman, Israel, ed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Encyclopedia of the Holocaust&lt;/b&gt;, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1990&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"&gt;© ARC 2005&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-4069251298082435208?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/4069251298082435208/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=4069251298082435208" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/4069251298082435208?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/4069251298082435208?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/10/himmlers-last-days-arc-2005.html" title="Himmler's Last Days --- © ARC 2005" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CUMDRXg4fyp7ImA9WhdUGU0.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-4548696602673276349</id><published>2011-10-06T05:17:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-06T05:17:54.637-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-10-06T05:17:54.637-07:00</app:edited><title>Heinrich Himmler's Remarkable Admiration For Islam:</title><content type="html">&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #e3d5a9; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h1 style="color: #7d2722; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.militantislammonitor.org/article/id/3964"&gt;Heinrich Himmler's Remarkable Admiration For Islam: "It Promises Beautiful Women In Heaven"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;May 26, 2009&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Heinrich Himmler's Remarkable Admiration For Islam: "It Promises Beautiful Women In Heaven"&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;By EMERSON VERMAAT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945), Hitler's notorious "Reichsführer SS" (Federal leader of the SS) and chief of the German police, is one of the greatest mass murderers of the 20th century. Not only was he directly responsible for the death of at least six million Jews but also for the death of countless others most of whom belonged to so-called "inferior races" or simply despised Nazism. Moreover, a lot of German enemies and political opponents of the "Third Reich" also died in concentration camps and prisons – as a result of the brutal practices of SS and State Security Police or "Gestapo." (Gestapo chief Heinrich Müller had once visited Russia where he had been impressed by the methods of Stalin's secret police.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Less well known is the fact that the same Heinrich Himmler warmly embraced Islam or "Mohammedanism" as it was called then. He admired the religion of the Muslims because it promised that there will be "beautiful women in paradise for those who die in battle." (Many of today's suicide bombers – often sexually frustrated young males – have also deluded themselves into believing that 72 smiling "Huris" or virgin beauties are waiting for them in paradise.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Felix Kersten (1898-1990) was Himmler's personal masseur and confidant. It was seven years after the war that Kersten published his sensational memoirs, "Totenkopf und Treue." The Kersten memoirs were also published in English but, unfortunately, the original chapter on Himmler's "Enthousiasm for Islam" ("Begeisterung für Islam") was conspicuously lacking in the English edition. Although some of Kersten's claims are exaggerated, other parts of his memoirs seem to be fairly reliable. Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, two leading Himmler biographers, believe that Kersten "became the most powerful influence in Himmler's life after the death of Heydrich." There is no doubt that Kersten met Himmler quite often and that they were very close friends. This is apparent, for example, from the numerous references to Kersten in Himmler's 1941/42 office diary/appointment book ("Dienstkalender"), published in Hamburg in 1999. On March 21, 1945, Himmler wrote a very friendly letter to Kersten, thanking him for a recent visit:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;"This time I was again delighted when you came here and used your tremendous medical skills as a token of (our) long friendship. In the many years we know each other we discussed many problems."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Kersten kept notes of everything Himmler told him. He was the only man whose "miraculous hands" could relieve Himmler's pain. Himmler's health was rather poor as he was suffering from severe stomach cramps. "The moment he was relieved of pain, Himmler began to unburden his mind," Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel write.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;The fact that Himmler did not hesitate to nearly exclusively confide in Kersten was not appreciated by other high ranking SS officers. It seems that Himmler was well aware of this. He personally warned SS Security Service chief Ernst Kaltenbrunner, that should Kersten be murdered, he, Kaltenbrunner would not survive Kersten longer than 24 hours. Kaltenbrunner's predecessor Reinhold Heydrich did not like Felix Kersten either. He thought the Finish masseur was a spy. But Heydrich, too, could not have Kersten arrested or killed since he knew that the Finnish masseur enjoyed Himmler's personal protection. (As he was traveling in an open car Heydrich was attacked by two British supported partisans in Prague in May 1942 and later died in hospital.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Kersten was not a spy, but he did have high level contacts both in Germany and Sweden. It was through his efforts and personal influence on Himmler that 3500 Jews could be transferred from Nazi concentration camps to Sweden. And this was not the only thing Kersten did to save those who suffered under Nazi persecution. On December 12, 1945, the World Jewish Congress sent a letter to Kersten thanking him for his successful efforts to save the 3500 Jews as well as for his generous willingness to help whenever he could.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Himmler: "Islam is a practical and sympathetic religion for soldiers"&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;British historian Peter Longerich recently published a 1035-page study on Himmler quoting, inter alia, from documents in the German Federal Archives in Berlin ("Bundesarchiv Berlin"). Longerich quotes Himmler as saying in November 1944 that Islam is "a practical and sympathetic religion for soldiers." "It promises that those who fall in battle will go to heaven."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;We find similar quotes in Kersten's 1952 book. On December 1, 1942, Himmler told Kersten:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;"Mohammed knew that most people are terribly cowardly and stupid. That is why he promised two beautiful women to every courageous warrior who dies in battle. This is the kind of language a soldier understands. When he believes that he will be welcomed in this manner in the afterlife, he will be willing to give his life, he will be enthousiastic about going to battle and not fear death. You may call this primitive and you may laugh about it, but it is based on deeper wisdom. A religion must speak a man's language."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Himmler, whose parents were devout and conservative Bavarian Catholics, publicly left the Catholic Church in the summer of 1936. In his conversations with Kersten he later lashed out against the Catholic Church, the Vatican and Christianity in general. Christianity does not promise anything to the soldiers and warriors who die in battle, Himmler said. They either go to hell or heaven – there is just no reward for fighting bravely. "And now compare this, Herr Kersten, to the religion of the Mohammedans, a religion of people's soldiers."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;In other words, Himmler admired the Muslim concept of martyrdom: if you die on the battlefield as a jihadist (Muslim holy warrior) and so become a martyr, you will be amply rewarded in the afterlife ("paradise"). This is precisely what Haj Amin Al-Husseini told the Muslim soldiers in the SS.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;It was in the first half of 1942 that Himmler and an SS officer named Adolf Eichmann befriended this firebrand cleric – the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem whom the Nazis had welcomed to Berlin. Haj Amin Al-Husseini, whose hatred of the Jews equalled that of the Nazis, arrived in Nazi Germany in November 1941 and was received by Hitler that same month. The Grand Mufti wanted the Nazis to approve his plan for a pro-Nazi Muslim fighting force or "Arab legion." Hitler initially declined, but Himmler was enthousiastic about the idea. In November 1943, the SS Reichsführer sent a telegram to the Grand Mufti, saying there existed "a natural bond between National Socialist Greater Germany and the freedom loving Mohammedans throughout the world."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Earlier that year, a special Muslim unit had been created inside Himmler's "Waffen-SS" (the combat arm of the SS). It was called the "SS-Handschar Division" and largely consisted of Bosnian Muslims. In 1944, the Handschar Division committed serious war crimes in Yugoslavia killing Serb civilians. (After the war, Yugoslav leader Marshall Tito wanted Al-Husseini for war crimes but the French and the British had no intention of upsetting the Arab world.) Al-Husseini traveled to Sarajevo in October 1944 to address his men from the Handschar Division. He said that the National Socialist and the Islamic world view largely ran parallel. "The Germans are the real friends of the 400 million Muslims," he added. In April 1944, the SS founded its own "Imam training school" in Guben, near Cottbus. Himmler strongly supported this initiative and the Grand Mufti gave the opening ceremony speech.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Himmler told his masseur Felix Kersten on December 2, 1942, that he was reading serious books on the "Mohammedan religion." When the war was over, he said, he wanted to visit the Islamic countries himself with a view to continuing his studies. "Look, how wise ("vernünftig") this religion is."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Himmler: "Let us assume that the Turkish Muslim armies would have conquered Vienna and Europe in 1683..."&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Five days later, Himmler told Kersten that he regretted the fact that the Turkish Muslim armies had not been able to conquer Europe in 1683:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;"Let us assume that the Turks in whose ranks Europeans were fighting as well, even in high positions, would have conquered Vienna and Europe in 1683 instead of having been forced to withdraw. If the Mohammedans would have gained the victory at the time and Islam would have swept victoriously over Europe, then the Christian churches would have been depoliticized. (...) For the Turks were religiously tolerant, they allowed each religion to continue to exist, provided it was no longer involved in politics – otherwise it was finished."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;This view comes close to the Muslim concept of the so-called "Caliphate" or Allah's kingdom on earth. The same concept is also embraced by many terrorists belonging to Al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda leaders Osama bin Laden and Ayman Al-Zawahiri repeatedly said they strongly regretted that the Muslims had been driven out of Spain ("Al-Andalus") in the late Middle Ages. They call on Muslims to reconquer "every stolen Islamic land, from Palestine to Al-Andalus and other Islamic lands that were once lost because of the betrayals of rulers and the feebleness of Muslims." Many militant Muslims believe that Europe can also be conquered though massive immigration flows from the Muslim world.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Polygamy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;There is something else that Himmler and the militant Muslims have in common. Both believe in polygamy and having lots of the children. Indeed, the Muslim prophet Mohammed himself, "is usually said to have had fourteen wives in the strict sense, of whom nine survived him," W. Montgomery Watt, a British expert on Islam, writes. (Montgomery Watt then identifies the names and age of thirteen wives or concubines.) Himmler once told Kersten: "The multiple marriage ("Mehrehe") also exists in other countries, so why shouldn't this be the case here?" Katrin Himmler, Heinrich Himmler's great-niece, recently published an excellent book on the three Himmler brothers. Himmler was officially married to Marga Boden, but Hedwig Potthast was his mistress, she writes. Himmler and Miss Potthast who was his secretary once, lived as if they were married. They had two children. Himmler told his SS men to follow his example: the more "Aryan" children they would beget, the more women they would make pregnant, the better. "We must show courage and act decisively in this matter, even if it means arousing still greater opposition from the Church," Himmler told Kersten.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;It is not very strange that some high ranking SS criminals later found refuge in the Muslim world. Alois Brunner, for example, lived in Syria for many years. (He is problably no longer alive.) Others went to Egypt. Militant Muslims, but also many Egyptians, Syrians and Saudis, embrace a virulent kind of anti-Semitism. Osama bin Laden, whose father was from Yemen but later settled in Saudi Arabia, and Ayman Al-Zawahiri, an Egyptian, call on their followers to kill Jews and Americans wherever they can be found. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed who coordinated the 9/11 attacks and is currently in Guantanamo Bay, made no secret of his anti-Semitism when he proudly announced at a hearing that he "decapitated with his blessed right hand the head of the American Jew, Daniel Pearl."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;If Himmler – like Eichmann and Brunner – would somehow have managed to escape from Nazi Germany, he would probably have tried to reach a safehaven in a Muslim or Latin American country. Instead, he committed suicide on May 23, 1945, now 64 years ago. He was a coward who did not want to face his judges and answer for his manifold and terrible crimes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;-------------&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Emerson Vermaat is a Dutch investigative reporter. He is author of a major Dutch study on temporary alliances between extremists: "Nazi's, Communisten en Islamisten" ("Nazis, Communists and Islamists"), Aspekt Publishers, Soesterberg, Netherlands, November 2008).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Website: www.emersonvermaat.com&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sources&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Heinrich Himmler's SS &amp;amp; Gestapo (DVD documentary, Eagle Rock Entertainment, 1999). Heinrich Müller was appointed by Himmler and admired the methods of Stalin's secret police, the NKVD.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, Heinrich Himmler. The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and the Gestapo (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2007, p. 175 ("...single most powerful influence..."), p. 181 ("We must act decisively in this matter..."), p .176 ("The moment he was relieved of pain..."). This study was first published in 1965. A German edition was published in 1981: Heinrich Fraenkel and Roger Manvell, Himmler. Kleinbürger und Massenmörder (Herrsching: Manfred Pawlak Verlagsgesellschaft/Berlin: Verlag Ullstein, 1981), p. 166.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Heinrich Himmler, Der Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmler 1941/42 (Hamburg: Hans Christian Verlag, 1999). See the index under "Kersten.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Felix Kersten, Totenkopf und Treue. Heinrich Himmler ohne Uniform (Hamburg: Robert Mölich Verlag, 1952), p. 12 (full text of letter from the World Jewish Congres to Felix Kersten, December 15, 1945), p. 122 ("Er – Heydrich – habe seiner Umgebung gegenüber den Verdacht geäussert ich stände in feindlichen Nachrichtendienst...."), p. 127 (Heydrich to Kersten: "Ich glaube Ihnen kein Wort, ich weiss, dass Sie nicht auf unserer Seite stehen."), p. 203 ("Darum verhiess er – Mohammed – jedem Krieger, der tapfer in der Schlacht kämpft und fällt, zwei schöne Frauen zur Belohnung..."), p. 205 ("Er erklärte mir, er wolle nach dem Krieg selbst die islamischen Länder besuchen und dort Studien machen."), p. 206-208 ("Wenn die Türken Europa erobert hätten..."), p. 226 ("In anderen Länder besteht ja auch die Mehrehe, warum soll es bei uns nicht gehen?"), p. 358, 359 (full text of Himmler's letter to Kersten, dated March 21, 1945 ("In den langen Jahren unserer Bekanntschaft haben wir uns ja über viele Probleme unterhalten...").&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;H.R. Trevor-Roper, Himmlers Leibarzt, in: Der Monat. Eine Internationale Zeitschrift, November 1956 (vol. 9, number 98), p. 70. Heinrich Himmler to Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Chief of the SS Security Service (SD): "Wenn Kersten umgelegt wird, überlebst du ihn nicht um vierundzwanzig Stunden."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Peter Longerich, Heinrich Himmler. Biographie (München: Siedler Verlag, 2008), p. 277. ("...eine für Soldaten praktische und sympathische Religion..." "...verspricht ihnen den Himmel, wenn sie gekämpft haben und im Kampf gefallen sind." See also: Bundesarchiv Berlin (BAB), NS 19/4013, November 26, 1944.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Emerson Vermaat, Nazi's, Communisten en Islamisten. Opmerkelijke Allianties tussen Extremisten (Soesterberg, Netherlands: Aspekt Publishers, 2008), p. 38-41 (Al-Husseini).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Bruce Lawrence, Messages to the World. The Statements of Osama bin Laden (New York: Verso, 2005), p. 14, 91, 227.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Medina (Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1966), p. 395-397 ("Muhammad's marriages").&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Katrin Himmler, Die Brüder Himmler. Eine deutsche Familiengeschichte (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2008), p. 233-246. Katrin Himmler is highy critical both of Heinrich Himmler and his two brothers (Gebhard and Ernst; Ernst was her grandfather). Katrin Himmler is married to an Israeli Jew with whom she has a son. She reveals that Heinrich Himmler's father later joined the Nazi party and was very proud of his son's career.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;Major General Charles J. Dunlap and Major Linell A. Letendre, Military Lawyering and Professional Independence in the War on Terror: A Response to David Luban, in: Stanford Law Review, 2008, vol. 61, issue 2, p. 429 (Khalid Sheikh Mohammed).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h1 style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0076b4; font-size: 2em; font-style: inherit; font: normal normal bold 36px/normal Georgia, serif; margin-bottom: 7px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 548px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;h1 class="articletitle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; font: normal normal bold 36px/normal Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 549px;"&gt;The Strange Case of Himmler's Doctor&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 24px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Felix Kersten and Count Bernadotte&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class="postmetadata top" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-strange-case-of-himmlers-doctorfelix-kersten-and-count-bernadotte/"&gt;&lt;span class="author-name" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #0076b4; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;H. R. Trevor-Roper&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;— April 1957&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="entry article" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 550px;"&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 1.2033em !important; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;- Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 1.2033em !important; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Felix Kersten was&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="" id="apture_prvw1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;a class=" snap_noshots" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-strange-case-of-himmlers-doctorfelix-kersten-and-count-bernadotte/#" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #e0e6ec; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline-block; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration: none; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;Heinrich Himmler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;’s personal doctor during the&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="" id="apture_prvw2" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;a class=" snap_noshots" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-strange-case-of-himmlers-doctorfelix-kersten-and-count-bernadotte/#" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #e0e6ec; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline-block; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration: none; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;Second World War&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; he has also been decorated for outstanding services to humanity during the same period. This combination of activities might well seem a paradox; and since paradox naturally generates controversy, Kersten has been the center, since the war, of a good deal of controversy—from which, however, he has at last emerged triumphant. Since historical accident drew me into this controversy, and human interest prevented me from dropping it till I had satisfied myself on every point, I may claim an intimate knowledge of the matter, and it gives me great pleasure to be able to publish the facts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 1.2033em !important; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;First, how did Kersten achieve the strange position of Himmler’s doctor—and indeed more than doctor, for he was, as he has himself admitted, almost a “father-confessor” to that terrible ogre of the Third Reich. It is a cosmopolitan story, for Kersten is a cosmopolitan figure—at least a North European cosmopolitan. A Bait of Germanic origin, born in Estonia in 1898, and therefore originally a Russian subject, he fought in 1918 as a volunteer in the Finnish war of liberation against Russia. In 1920 he became a Finnish subject. Thereafter he studied manual therapy in Berlin under a famous Chinese specialist, Dr. Ko, and quickly became himself one of the most successful practitioners of this unorthodox but valuable art. His professional success began in Germany, where the aristocracy and the plutocracy of the 1920′s alike resorted to him; but since both these classes are international, their patronage soon carried him abroad. Thus, among the aristocracy,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="" id="apture_prvw3" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;a class=" snap_noshots" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-strange-case-of-himmlers-doctorfelix-kersten-and-count-bernadotte/#" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #e0e6ec; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline-block; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration: none; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;passed him on to his brother,&lt;span class="" id="apture_prvw4" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;a class=" snap_noshots" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-strange-case-of-himmlers-doctorfelix-kersten-and-count-bernadotte/#" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #e0e6ec; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline-block; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration: none; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;Prince Hendrik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, the husband of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="" id="apture_prvw5" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;a class=" snap_noshots" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-strange-case-of-himmlers-doctorfelix-kersten-and-count-bernadotte/#" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 1px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #e0e6ec; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 102, 204); border-bottom-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-left-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px 2px; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline-block; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration: none; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; cursor: url(http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png), default; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: none; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; height: auto; line-height: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. This was one of the most important incidents in Kersten’s career, for in time he became a member of the Prince’s household and made his home in Holland.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-4716139501241401997?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/4716139501241401997/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=4716139501241401997" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/4716139501241401997?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/4716139501241401997?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/10/strange-case-of-himmlers-doctor.html" title="The Strange Case of Himmler's Doctor" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CUYDQnc-cCp7ImA9WhdUGU0.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-1869399092411149060</id><published>2011-10-06T05:12:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-06T05:12:53.958-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-10-06T05:12:53.958-07:00</app:edited><title>Felix Kersten- o fisioterapeuta de himmler</title><content type="html">&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;a href="http://h-doc.vilabol.uol.com.br/Kersten.htm"&gt;Felix Kersten&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="middle"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje38/mh05.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Felix Kersten&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;elix Kersten (1898-1960), muitas vezes citado como médico, porém com maior freqüência como massagista, é responsável pelo salvamento das vidas de inúmeros seres humanos durante a 2ª Guerra Mundial. Como fisioterapeuta pessoal do Reichsfuhrer SS Heinrich Himmler, Kersten aplicou massagens que ele aprendeu de um mestre Tibetano, Dr. Ko. Kersten denominava o seu método de "terapia manual" ou "terapia dos nervos". Durante a aplicação de sua terapia em Himmler, Kersten foi capaz de convencer o chefão da SS a mudar o rumo dos planos de enviar milhões de pessoas para a morte. A sua contribuição na área de massagens, é, portanto, o seu grande senso humanitário.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;O último livro sobre o tempo que Kersten passou entre os Nazis durante a 2ª GM chama-se "O Doutor do Diabo", em referência ao seu chefe e paciente, Reichsführer-SS Himmler, comandante das forças SS Nazi. Himmler, entre vários outros do QG Nazi em Berlim, sofria de dores abdominais severas, e apenas Kersten conseguia lhe propiciar, periodicamente, o alívio capaz de manter o Reichsführer em condições de trabalhar, mas que também contribuiu para salvar incontáveis vida do assutador regime Nazi.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Uma história de como Kersten foi capaz de fazer Himmler ser um co-conspirador contra o seu próprio regime é semelhante à agora famosa lista de Schindler. Kersten e seus colaboradores faziam listas de pessoas que eles queriam excluídas dos campos de concentração dos inevitáveis fornos da morte. As listas possuíam diversas páginas, sempre com amplo espaço em cada página e acima da linha onde ia a assinatura de Himmler de forma a permitir a adição de mais nomes nelas depois que o Reichsführer as assinasse, após receber o alívio da suas dores severas abdominais através da massagem de Kersten.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Kersten tornou-se tão ousado em suas sessões de terapia de alívio a Himmler que ele era capaz de barganhar em favor das vidas dos seus amigos, de funcionários do governo em seu país de origem e outras pessoas importantes, mas com freqüência pessoas comuns que o procuravam o caiam na sua atenção.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Apenas a terapia de nervos de Kersten funcionou com Himmler de forma lhe permitir alguma liberdade da terrível dor debilitante. Outros membros do staff de Himmler também tornaram-se pacientes de Kersten e destas sessões de terapia ele desenvolveu com eles uma relação de lealdade à sua causa e traição ao regime Nazi que nunca foi desmanchada devido à sua proximidade com Himmler, que se tornou seu protetor.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Antes da guerra, Kersten era um fisioterapeuta com um alto grau de sucesso entre a elite da Finlândia, Holanda e Suécia. Através de um amigo e paciente, ele foi apresentado a Himmler um pouco mais de três anos antes da guerra terminar. Kersten não queria tratar Himmler, que ele sabia ser um homem poderoso e irredutível do regime Nazi. Mas rejeitar esse cliente era como solicitar uma sentença de morte para si e para sua família e, assim, ele começou o tratamento de Himmler o qual resultou na insistência do Reichsführer para que ele continuasse a tratá-lo como seu médico pessoal. Kersten nunca alegou ser médico, apenas um fisioterapeuta treinado em massagens na Suécia e em terapia do nervo pelo tibetano Dr. Ko. Fica evidente, a partir da leitura dos numerosos livros a respeito das atividades de Kersten durante a guerra, que o Dr. Ko foi uma figura fundamental na sua vida e que, após ensinar-lhe as técnicas terapêuticas que iriam fornecer a Kersten as oportunidades para salvar milhares dos esquadrões da morte Nazi, desapareceu tão repentinamente da vida de Kersten quanto havia aparecido.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Após tratar Himmler por cêrca de um ano, Kersten foi capaz de montar uma rede secreta de comunicações utilizando telefones Nazi e viagens de ida e volta a Suécia, Inglaterra, Holanda e Finlândia em contato com fontes militares e governamentais em virtude de sua posição única dentro do QG em Berlim. Ele foi forçado a mudar-se para a Alemanha com sua família, mas recebeu uma espaçosa casa de campo para morar, a qual, apesar das normas Nazi contrárias, foi empregada para ajudar prisioneiros de guerra mantidos próximos da fazenda, provendo-lhes trabalho fora do prisão. Este e outros privilégios só foram possíveis para Kersten devido a proteção que ele adquiriu por tratar Himmler.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Kersten escreveu um diário de memórias de sua experiência com o regime Nazi e em uma passagem ele tente explicar as dores do seu paciente:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;"A convulsões severas do ventre de Himmler não eram, como ele supunha, causadas simplesmente por uma constituição física pobre ou por excesso de trabalho; elas eram, na verdade, a expressão de sua divisão psíquica que se estendeu por toda sua vida. Bem cedo constatei que, embora pudesse lhe fornecer alívio temporário, eu jamais poderia curá-lo. A causa fundamental dessas convulsões não era eliminada; a contrário, ela estava constantemente sendo agravada."&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;As atividade de guerra de Kersten, contrárias aos interesse Nazi, não decorreram sem riscos para ele. Os opositores de Himmler dentro do regime Nazi detestavam a relação especial que este tinha com Kersten, e fizeram tudo que estava ao seu alcance para evitar que Kersten alcançasse seus objetivos. Chegaram até a tentar assassiná-lo em uma ocasião. Kersten viveu em constante ameaça de ser exposto, mas as sessões de terapia e conversas pessoais com Himmler lhe forneceram a proteção necessária em cada esforço que ele fez para salvar mais vidas. As sessões terapêuticas que ele aplicou em Himmler forma de natureza física, emocional e política, e resultaram nas mais altas condecorações conferidas a Kersten pela Suécia, Inglaterra e Finlândia pela sua habilidade em usar Himmler contra os interesses hediondos do regime Nazi.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Referências:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Devils Doctor, John H. Waller,&lt;br /&gt;
John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, Inc., 2002.&lt;br /&gt;
The Schellenberg Memoirs, edited and translated by Louis Hagen, Andre Deutsch, 1946.&lt;br /&gt;
The Kersten Memoirs, by Felix Kersten, 1940-1945, Macmillan, 1957.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tradução livre do original em:&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.massagemag.com/2003/issue104/history104.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
de autoria de:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Robert Noah Calvert. Calvert é o fundador e CEO da Massage Magazine.&lt;br /&gt;
The material for this column comes from the World of Massage Museum's collection and Calvert's book,&lt;br /&gt;
The History of Massage, published in February 2002 by Healing Arts Press.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Traduzido por Ahmed Al Suflair&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-1869399092411149060?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/1869399092411149060/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=1869399092411149060" title="2 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/1869399092411149060?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/1869399092411149060?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/10/felix-kersten-o-fisioterapeuta-de.html" title="Felix Kersten- o fisioterapeuta de himmler" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DkAGRnwyeip7ImA9WhZaGUQ.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-1876115701043104500</id><published>2011-07-06T16:25:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-06T16:25:27.292-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-07-06T16:25:27.292-07:00</app:edited><title>Cardinal Pacelli and the Roman Catholic Fascist "Church"</title><content type="html">&lt;iframe width="480" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/d1TogI5uQRs" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-1876115701043104500?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/1876115701043104500/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=1876115701043104500" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/1876115701043104500?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/1876115701043104500?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/07/cardinal-pacelli-and-roman-catholic.html" title="Cardinal Pacelli and the Roman Catholic Fascist &quot;Church&quot;" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/d1TogI5uQRs/default.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DkIEQHsyfCp7ImA9WhZaGUQ.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-8012635763373462810</id><published>2011-07-06T16:21:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-06T16:21:41.594-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-07-06T16:21:41.594-07:00</app:edited><title>Catholic / Nazi Leadership</title><content type="html">&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; After reading this page, you will understand why the Roman Catholic Church regularly threatens liberal Catholics with excommunication and the like, while rarely doing much to curtail the writings and/or activities of conservatives in their church, no matter how far out of bounds they go.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding="8" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;img border="4" bordercolor="silver" height="88" src="http://www.liberalslikechrist.org/papalflag.jpg" valign="absmiddle" width="122" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;img align="absmiddle" alt="Catholic &amp;amp; Nazi hierarchy" src="http://www.liberalslikechrist.org/NaziPriestsSaluteHitler.jpg" width="333" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;img border="4" bordercolor="silver" height="88" src="http://www.liberalslikechrist.org/swastica.gif" valign="absmiddle" width="122" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; No matter how immorally the many prominent Catholic leaders of the Third Reich acted their standing as "good Catholics"&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;was never publicly challenged&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;by their church's leaders&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;until defeat or death had denied these Nazi Catholics the power to do much harm&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-8012635763373462810?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/8012635763373462810/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=8012635763373462810" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/8012635763373462810?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/8012635763373462810?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/07/catholic-nazi-leadership.html" title="Catholic / Nazi Leadership" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DUYER3wyeCp7ImA9WhZaF08.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-7420127809070700953</id><published>2011-07-03T14:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-03T14:05:06.290-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-07-03T14:05:06.290-07:00</app:edited><title>Fascists By John Merriman - Yale</title><content type="html">&lt;h4 style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;LECTURE DESCRIPTION&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;While Nazi Germany's crimes were unprecedented, Adolf Hitler himself was in many respects a typical figure. An idle youth, of seemingly mediocre talents, his political career and passionate hatreds were formed by the experience of World War I. The rise of fascism in Germany, as elsewhere, must be understood in the context of a postwar climate of resentment and instability. Germany's economic crisis, in particular, led the middle classes to support National Socialism well before any other group. This resentment would find a ready outlet in the form of increasingly persecuted minority populations, above all the Jews. In considering Nazism against the backdrop of a more general wave of extreme rightwing and fascist political sentiment, it is important to note that the policies of the Third Reich were not only known to but also endorsed by the majority of the German population.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;COURSE DESCRIPTION&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="description-gray-links" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;This course offers a broad survey of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/modern%20European%20history" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;modern European history&lt;/a&gt;, from the end of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/Thirty%20Years%20War" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Thirty Years' War&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to the aftermath of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/World%20War%20II" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;World War II&lt;/a&gt;. Along with the consideration of major events and figures such as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/French%20Revolution" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;French Revolution&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/Napoleon" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Napoleon&lt;/a&gt;, attention will be paid to the experience of ordinary people in times of upheaval and transition. The period will thus be viewed neither in terms of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/historical%20inevitability" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;historical inevitability&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;nor as a procession of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/great%20men" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;great men&lt;/a&gt;, but rather through the lens of the complex interrelations between&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/demographic%20change" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;demographic change&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/political%20revolution" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;political revolution&lt;/a&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/cultural%20development" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;cultural development&lt;/a&gt;. Textbook accounts will be accompanied by the study of exemplary works of art, literature, and cinema.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;COURSE INDEX&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ol style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/european-civilization-intro" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Introduction to European Civilization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/absolutism-in-european-state" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Absolutism and the State&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/dutch-british-exceptionalism" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Dutch and British Exceptionalism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/peter-the-great" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Peter the Great&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/enlightenment-and-public-thought" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Enlightenment and the Public Sphere&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/robespierre-and-french-revolution" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Maximilien Robespierre and the French Revolution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/napoleon-influence-of-origins" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Napoleon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/industrial-revolutions" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Industrial Revolutions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/european-middle-classes-19thc" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Middle Classes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/popular-protests-europe-19thc" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Popular Protest&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/revolutionary-britain-1848" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Why No Revolution in 1848 in Britain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/19th-century-european-cities" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Nineteenth-Century Cities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/nationalism" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Nationalism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/radicals" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Radicals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/imperialists-and-boy-scouts" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Imperialists and Boy Scouts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/coming-of-great-war" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Coming of the Great War&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/war-in-the-trenches" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;War in the Trenches&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/wwi-memorials-jay-winters" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning (Guest Lecture by Jay Winters)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/romanovs-and-russian-revolution" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Romanovs and the Russian Revolution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/post-war-eastern-european-states" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Successor States of Eastern Europe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/stalinism" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Stalinism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/fascist-europe" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Fascists&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/wwii-collaboration-and-resistance" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Collaboration and Resistance in World War II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/collapse-of-communism" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-7420127809070700953?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/7420127809070700953/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=7420127809070700953" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/7420127809070700953?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/7420127809070700953?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/07/fascists-by-john-merriman-yale.html" title="Fascists By John Merriman - Yale" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DUcGQ3s5eip7ImA9WhZaF08.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-2874262371807124582</id><published>2011-07-03T14:03:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-03T14:03:42.522-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-07-03T14:03:42.522-07:00</app:edited><title>The Greco-Roman World By Dale B Martin - Yale</title><content type="html">&lt;h4 style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;LECTURE DESCRIPTION&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Knowledge of historical context is crucial to understanding the New Testament. Alexander the Great, in his conquests, spread Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean world. This would shape the structure of city-states, which would share characteristically Greek institutions, such as the gymnasium and the boule. This would also give rise to religious syncretism, that is, the mixing of different religions. The rise of the Romans would continue this trend of universalization of Greek ideals and religious tolerance, as well as implement the social structure of the Roman household. The Pax Romana, and the vast infrastructures of the Roman Empire, would facilitate the rapid spread of Christianity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;COURSE DESCRIPTION&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="description-gray-links" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;This course provides a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/historical%20study" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;historical study&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/origins%20of%20Christianity" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;origins of Christianity&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by analyzing the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/literature" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;literature&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;of the&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/earliest%20Christian%20movements" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;earliest Christian movements&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in historical context, concentrating on the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/New%20Testament" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;New Testament&lt;/a&gt;. Although&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/theological%20themes" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;theological themes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will occupy much of our attention, the course does not attempt a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/theological%20appropriation" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;theological appropriation&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/New%20Testament" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;New Testament&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/scripture" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;scripture&lt;/a&gt;. Rather, the importance of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/New%20Testament" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;New Testament&lt;/a&gt;and other&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/early%20Christian%20documents" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;early Christian documents&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/ancient%20literature" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;ancient literature&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and as sources for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/historical%20study" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;historical study&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will be emphasized. A central organizing theme of the course will focus on the differences within&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/search/early%20Christianity" style="color: #606060; text-decoration: none;"&gt;early Christianity&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(-ies).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;COURSE INDEX&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ol style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/intro-new-testament" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Introduction: Why Study the New Testament?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/from-stories-into-canon" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;From Stories to Canon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/historical-context-bible-greco-roman" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Greco-Roman World&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/judaism-first-century" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Judaism in the First Century&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/new-testament-as-historical-account" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The New Testament as History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/gospel-of-mark" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Gospel of Mark&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/gospel-of-matthew" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Gospel of Matthew&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/gospel-of-thomas" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Gospel of Thomas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/gospel-of-luke" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Gospel of Luke&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/acts-of-apostles" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Acts of the Apostles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/johannine-christianity-gospel" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Johannine Christianity: the Gospel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/johannine-christianity-letters" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Johannine Christianity: the Letters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/historical-jesus" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Historical Jesus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/paul-the-missionary" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Paul as Missionary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/paul-the-pastor" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Paul as Pastor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/paul-the-jewish-theologian" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Paul as Jewish Theologian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/pauls-deciples" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Paul's Disciples&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/arguing-with-paul" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Arguing with Paul?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/paul-pastorals" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The "Household" Paul: the Pastorals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/paul-thecla" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The "Anti-household" Paul: Thecla&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/scriptures-hebrew-interpretation" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Interpreting Scripture: Hebrews&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/scriptures-medieval-interpretation" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Interpreting Scripture: Medieval Interpretations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/apocalypse-and-resistance" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Apocalyptic and Resistance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/apocalypse-and-accomodation" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Apocalyptic and Accommodation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/ecclesiastical-institutions-unity-martyrs-bishops" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Ecclesiastical Institutions: Unity, Martyrs, and Bishops&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://academicearth.org/lectures/afterlife-in-new-testament" style="color: #266fad; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The "Afterlife" of the New Testament and Postmodern Interpretation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-2874262371807124582?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/2874262371807124582/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=2874262371807124582" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/2874262371807124582?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/2874262371807124582?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/07/greco-roman-world-by-dale-b-martin-yale.html" title="The Greco-Roman World By Dale B Martin - Yale" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CE4BSHk_eyp7ImA9WhZWFU8.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-3037079798657484831</id><published>2011-05-15T22:15:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-15T22:15:59.743-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-05-15T22:15:59.743-07:00</app:edited><title>Auschwitz</title><content type="html">&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ZlYsbxmvHdI" width="480"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-3037079798657484831?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/3037079798657484831/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=3037079798657484831" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/3037079798657484831?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/3037079798657484831?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/05/auschwitz.html" title="Auschwitz" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/ZlYsbxmvHdI/default.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CEADQnwyfSp7ImA9WhZWFU8.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-1375875510039861193</id><published>2011-05-15T22:12:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-15T22:12:53.295-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-05-15T22:12:53.295-07:00</app:edited><title>Hölle Auschwitz 1/6</title><content type="html">&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/a7-978eytx8" width="640"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-1375875510039861193?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/1375875510039861193/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=1375875510039861193" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/1375875510039861193?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/1375875510039861193?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/05/holle-auschwitz-16.html" title="Hölle Auschwitz 1/6" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/a7-978eytx8/default.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CEEASHs9fSp7ImA9WhZWFU8.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-7912702568171095616</id><published>2011-05-15T22:10:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-15T22:10:49.565-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-05-15T22:10:49.565-07:00</app:edited><title>Dr. Mengele - 1</title><content type="html">&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/rLUNWtdE8pU" width="480"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-7912702568171095616?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/7912702568171095616/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=7912702568171095616" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/7912702568171095616?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/7912702568171095616?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/05/dr-mengele-1.html" title="Dr. Mengele - 1" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/rLUNWtdE8pU/default.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CEINQnY-cSp7ImA9WhZWFU8.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-4815406605993323661</id><published>2011-05-15T22:09:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-15T22:09:53.859-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-05-15T22:09:53.859-07:00</app:edited><title>Josef Mengele: The Angel of Death - (Part 1 of 3)</title><content type="html">&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/O3wuTL_M0QU" width="480"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-4815406605993323661?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/4815406605993323661/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=4815406605993323661" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/4815406605993323661?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/4815406605993323661?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/05/josef-mengele-angel-of-death-part-1-of.html" title="Josef Mengele: The Angel of Death - (Part 1 of 3)" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/O3wuTL_M0QU/default.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;C0IER30zeSp7ImA9WhZWFU8.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-8576093882464424366</id><published>2011-05-15T21:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-15T21:51:46.381-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-05-15T21:51:46.381-07:00</app:edited><title>JOSEF MENGELE</title><content type="html">&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Josef Mengele, German physician and SS captain. In 1943, he was named SS garrison physician (Standortartz) of Auschwitz. In that capacity, he was responsible for the differentiation and selection of those fit to work and those destined for gassing. Mengele also carried out human experiments on camp inmates, especially twins. Place and date uncertain." src="http://www.ushmm.org/lcmedia/photo/lc/image/71/71555.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="first_photo" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007060"&gt;Josef Mengele, German physician and SS captain. In 1943, he was named SS garrison physician (Standortartz) of Auschwitz. In that capacity, he was responsible for the differentiation and selection of those fit to work and those destined for gassing. Mengele also carried out human experiments on camp inmates, especially twins. Place and date uncertain.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="left" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;div class="credit" style="font-size: 0.7em; font-style: italic; line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;— National Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Josef Mengele was an SS physician, infamous for his inhumane&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005168" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;"&gt;medical experimentation&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;upon concentration camp prisoners at&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005189" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Auschwitz&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Born on March 16, 1911, in Günzburg, near Ulm, he was the eldest son of Karl Mengele, a prosperous manufacturer of farming implements. In 1935, Mengele earned a Ph.D. in physical anthropology from the University of Munich. In January 1937, at the Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt, he became the assistant of Dr. Otmar von Verschuer, a leading scientific figure widely known for his research with twins.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;In 1937 Mengele joined the Nazi Party. The following year, the same year in which he received his medical degree, he joined the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007400" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;"&gt;SS&lt;/a&gt;. In June 1940, Mengele was drafted into the army, and thereafter volunteered into the medical service of the&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007405" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Waffen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007405" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;"&gt;-SS&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Armed SS). Although documentation is scant and often contradictory regarding Mengele's activities between this time and early 1943, it is clear that he first functioned as a medical expert for the Race and Settlement Main Office [&lt;i&gt;Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt&lt;/i&gt;, or RuSHA] in summer 1940 at the Central Immigration Office [&lt;i&gt;Einwandererstelle&lt;/i&gt;] North-East in Posen (today Poznan) and thereafter served as a medical officer with the SS Division “Wiking” (SS Pioneer Battalion V), with which he saw action on the Eastern Front.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Wounded while on campaign, Mengele returned to Germany in January 1943, and began work at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (KWI) for Anthropology, Human Genetics, and Eugenics, directed by his former mentor von Verschuer. In April of 1943, he received a promotion to the rank of SS captain; this advancement shortly preceded Mengele's transfer to Auschwitz, on May 30, 1943.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;During his infamous tenure at the concentration camp, Josef Mengele was not the only physician at Auschwitz, nor was he, as common wisdom often maintains, the highest-ranking physician at the camp; this “distinction” belonged to SS captain Dr. Eduard Wirths, whose position as garrison physician made him responsible in all medical matters for the entire camp complex. Mengele began his career at Auschwitz in the spring of 1943 as the medical officer responsible for Birkenau's “Gypsy camp”; several weeks after its liquidation, Mengele undertook a new position as Chief Camp Physician of Auschwitz II (i.e., Birkenau), in November 1943, still under Wirths' jurisdiction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Approximately 30 physicians served at Auschwitz during the period in which Mengele was assigned to the camp. As a requisite feature of their “rounds,” medical staff performed “selections” of prisoners on the ramp, determining from among the mass of humanity arriving at Auschwitz who would be retained for work and who would perish immediately in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005220" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;"&gt;gas chambers&lt;/a&gt;. Known as the “Angel of Death,” or sometimes as the “White Angel,” for his coldly cruel demeanor on the ramp, Mengele is associated more closely with this “selection duty” than any other medical officer at Auschwitz, although by most accounts he performed this task no more often than any of his colleagues. Undoubtedly, this association is partially explained by his postwar notoriety, but the ubiquitous image of Mengele at the ramp in so many survivors' accounts has also to do with the fact that Mengele often appeared “off-duty” in the selection area whenever trainloads of new prisoners arrived at Auschwitz, searching for twins.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Mengele had become interested in utilizing twins for medical research through Verschuer, famous for experimenting with identical and fraternal twins in order to trace the genetic origins of various diseases. During the 1930s, twin research was seen as an ideal tool in weighing the variant factors of human heredity and environment. Mengele, with his mentor, had performed a number of legitimate research protocols using twins as test subjects throughout the 1930s. Now, at Auschwitz, with full license to maim or kill his subjects, Mengele performed a broad range of agonizing and often lethal experiments with Jewish and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Roma&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(“Gypsy”) twins, most of them children.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;He had a wide variety of other research interests, including a fascination with heterochromia, a condition in which an individual's two irises differ in coloration. Throughout his stay in Auschwitz, Mengele collected the eyes of his murdered victims, in part to furnish “research material” to colleague Karin Magnussen, a KWI researcher of eye pigmentation. He himself also conducted several experiments in an attempt to unlock the secret of artificially changing eye color. Less famously, he zealously documented in camp inmates the progression of the disease Noma, a type of gangrene which destroys the mucous membrane of the mouth and other tissues.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Mengele firmly endorsed the doctrine of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007457" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;"&gt;National Socialist racial theory&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and engaged in a wide spectrum of experiments which aimed to illustrate the lack of resistance among Jews or Roma to various diseases. He also attempted to demonstrate the “degeneration” of Jewish and “Gypsy” blood through the documentation of physical oddities and the collection and harvesting of tissue samples and body parts. Many of his “test subjects” died as a result of the experimentation or were murdered in order to facilitate post-mortem examination.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Like most “scientists” at work in the concentration camp environment, Mengele enlisted the aid of trained medical professionals among the prisoner population to perform the more grisly, or mundane, tasks and to carry out autopsies upon his dead victims. We owe much of our early knowledge of Mengele's activities at Auschwitz to Dr. Miklos Nyiszli, a prisoner-physician who assisted Mengele under duress, and then published his experiences, initially in his native Hungarian, in 1946. (His&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account&lt;/i&gt;appeared in English in 1960.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Josef Mengele had hoped to use the “research” he had garnered in Auschwitz in order to produce his&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Habilitation&lt;/i&gt;, a second, post-doctoral, dissertation required for admission to a university faculty as a professor in German-speaking lands. He never accomplished this objective. Instead, in January 1945, as the Soviet Army advanced through western Poland, Mengele fled Auschwitz. He spent the next few weeks at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005454" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Gross-Rosen&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;concentration camp, until its evacuation, and then made his way west, to evade capture by Soviet forces.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;In the immediate postwar, Mengele found himself in U.S. custody. Unaware that Mengele's name already stood on a list of wanted war criminals, however, U.S. officials quickly released him. From the summer of 1945 until spring 1949, the physician, under false papers, worked as a farmhand near Rosenheim, Bavaria. At that time, his prosperous family aided his emigration to South America. Mengele settled in Argentina.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;As his crimes had been well documented before the&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007069" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;"&gt;International Military Tribunal&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(IMT) and other postwar courts, West German authorities issued a warrant for Mengele's arrest in 1959, and a request for extradition in 1960. Alarmed by the capture of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007412" style="color: #336699; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Adolf Eichmann&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in Buenos Aires in that same year, Mengele moved to Paraguay and then to Brazil, spending the last years of his life near Sao Pãolo. In declining health, Mengele suffered a stroke while swimming at a vacation resort near Bertioga, Brazil, on February 7, 1979, and drowned. He was buried in a suburb of Sao Pãolo under the fictive name “Wolfgang Gerhard.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;In 1985, German police, working on evidence they had recently confiscated from a Mengele family friend in Günzburg, located Mengele's grave and exhumed his corpse. Brazilian forensic experts thereafter positively identified the remains as Josef Mengele. In 1992, DNA evidence confirmed this conclusion. Mengele had eluded his captors for 34 years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/813456312265994978-8576093882464424366?l=memoriatwo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/feeds/8576093882464424366/comments/default" title="Postar comentários" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=813456312265994978&amp;postID=8576093882464424366" title="0 Comentários" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/8576093882464424366?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/813456312265994978/posts/default/8576093882464424366?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://memoriatwo.blogspot.com/2011/05/josef-mengele.html" title="JOSEF MENGELE" /><author><name>Maria Henriques</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13977777607909884900</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="28" height="32" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_-Ij00Nbinkk/SAtQLmN1nkI/AAAAAAAAAPM/uyGLbR6mIwg/S220/mariahenriques.jpg" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;C0QASX0_cCp7ImA9WhZWFU8.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-813456312265994978.post-9173999844914351433</id><published>2011-05-15T21:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-15T21:49:08.348-07:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-05-15T21:49:08.348-07:00</app:edited><title>Mengele's Children: The Twins of Auschwitz -- By Jennifer Rosenberg,</title><content type="html">&lt;div id="abw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 51, 0); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: inherit; width: 930px;"&gt;&lt;div class="clear" id="abm" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; zoom: 1;"&gt;&lt;div id="abc" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -336px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; width: 930px;"&gt;&lt;div id="articlebody" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 351px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/josefmengele/index.htm" style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Josef Mengele&lt;/a&gt;, has become an enigma of the twentieth century. Mengele's handsome physical appearance, fastidious dress, and calm demeanor greatly contradicted his attraction to murder and gruesome experiments.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;Mengele's seeming omnipresence at the ramp as well as his fascination with twins have incited images of a mad, evil monster. His ability to elude capture had increased his notoriety as well as given him a mystical and devious persona.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Twins experimented on in Auschwitz" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/history1900s/1/G/L/2/twins_a.JPG" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/auschwitz/a/mengeletwins.htm"&gt;SOURCE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="abw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 51, 0); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: inherit; width: 930px;"&gt;&lt;div class="clear" id="abm" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; zoom: 1;"&gt;&lt;div id="abc" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -336px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; width: 930px;"&gt;&lt;div id="articlebody" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 351px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;But in May 1943, Mengele entered&lt;a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/a/auschwitz.htm" style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Auschwitz&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;as an educated, experienced, medical researcher. With funding for his experiments, he worked alongside some of the top medical researchers of the time. Anxious to make a name for himself, Mengele searched for the secrets of heredity. The Nazi ideal of the future would benefit from the help of genetics: if Aryan women could assuredly give birth to twins who were sure to be blond and blue eyed - then the future could be saved.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;Mengele, as he learned while working for Professor Otmar Freiherr von Vershuer, believed that twins held these secrets. Auschwitz seemed the best location for such research because of the large number of available twins to use as specimens.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;The Ramp&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;Mengele took his turn as the selector on the ramp, but unlike most of the other selectors, he arrived sober. With a small flick of his finger or riding crop, a person would either be sent to the left or to the right, to the gas chamber or to hard labor. Mengele would get very excited when finding twins. The other SS who helped unload the transports had been given special instructions to find twins, dwarfs, giants, or anyone else with a unique hereditary trait like a club foot or heterochromia (each eye a different color). Mengele's seeming omnipresence on the ramp stemmed not only from his selection duty, but his additional appearance when it was not his turn as selector to ensure twins would not be missed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;As the unsuspecting people were herded off the train and ordered into separate lines, SS would shout "Zwillinge!" ("twins!"). Parents were forced to make a quick decision. Unsure of their situation, already being separated from family members when forced to form lines, seeing barbed wire, smelling an unfamiliar stench - was it good or bad to be a twin?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;Some parents did announce their twins. Some relatives, friends, or neighbors would announce the twins. Some mothers tried to hide their twins. The SS and Mengele would search through the surging ranks of people in search of twins and anyone with unusual traits. While many twins were either announced or discovered, some sets of twins were successfully hidden and walked with their mother into the gas chamber.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;Which was the right decision - to announce or not to announce their twins? I don't think there necessarily was one. Approximately three thousand twins were pulled from the masses on the ramp, most of them children; only around two hundred survived.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="abw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 51, 0); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 3px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: inherit; width: 930px;"&gt;&lt;div class="clear" id="abm" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; zoom: 1;"&gt;&lt;div id="abc" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -336px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; width: 930px;"&gt;&lt;div id="articlebody" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 351px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;When the twins were found, they were taken away from their parents.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote class="no" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; quotes: '', ''; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;Once the SS guard knew we were twins, Miriam and I were taken away from our mother, without any warning or explanation.&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;Our screams fell on deaf ears. I remember looking back and seeing my mother's arms stretched out in despair as we were led away by a soldier.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"&gt;That was the last time I saw her.&lt;sup style="bottom: 0.5em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font
