Computer science mcqs

C++ Interview questions and answers,part -02

2013-01-13T04:41:00.000-08:00

C++ Interview questions and answers,part -02

When do you use bool data type?

The bool data type can take only two values true or false.

What is function overloading in C++?

You can have multiple functions with same name using function overloading facility of C++. You

can use same name for multiple functions when all these functions are doing same thing.

What is operator overloading in C++?

With this facility in C++, you can give additional meaning to operators.

Define Inline Function.

When the function is defined Inline, the C++ compiler puts the function body inside the calling function. You can define function as Inline when the function body is small and need to be called many times, thus reduces the overhead in calling a function like passing values, passing control, returning values, returning control.

Define class using C++.

A class holds the data and functions that operate on the data. It serves as the template of an

object.

Explain constructors and destructors.

Constructors are the member functions of the class that executes automatically whenever an

object is created. Constructors have the same name as the class. Constructors initialize the

class. Constructors can’t have return type. Destructors are called when the objects are destroyed.

Destructors are usually used to deallocate memory and do other cleanup for a class object and its class members when the object is destroyed. A destructor is called for a class object when that object passes out of scope or is explicitly deleted. A destructor takes no arguments and has no return type.

When do you use this pointer?

'this pointer' is used as a pointer to the class object instance by the member function. The

address of the class instance is passed as an implicit parameter to the member functions.

What is new and delete operator?

In C++, when you want dynamic memory, you can use operator new. It returns a pointer to the beginning of the new block of memory allocated. It returns a pointer to the beginning of the new block of memory allocated.

When memory allocated by new operator is no longer required, it is freed using operator delete.

Explain the difference between structures and classes.

Syntactically and functionally, both structures and classes are identical. By default, members of structures have public accessibility and public inheritance from their parent(s), while members of classes are private and inherit privately from their parent(s).

Define local class in C++.

Local class is define within the scope of a function and nested within a function. E.g.

int func1()

{

class localclass1

{

};

}

Explain container class and its types in C++.

A container stores many entities and provide sequential or direct access to them. List, vector and strings are such containers in standard template library. The string class is a container that holds chars. All container classes access the contained elements safely and efficiently by using iterators. Container class is a class that hold group of same or mixed objects in memory. It can be heterogeneous and homogeneous. Heterogeneous container class can hold mixed objects in memory whereas when it is holding same objects, it is called as homogeneous container class.

Define an Iterator class.

A container class hold group of objects and iterator class is used to traverse through the objects maintained by a container class. The iterator class provides access to the classes inside a container. They are objects that point to other objects. Iterator points to one element in a range, and then it is possible to increment it so that it points to the next element.

There are several different types of iterators:

input_iterator output_iterator forward_iterator bidirectional_iterator random_iterator reverse_iterator

Define storage classes in C++.

Storage class defined for a variable determines the accessibility and longevity of the variable. The accessibility of the variable relates to the portion of the program that has access to the variable. The longevity of the variable refers to the length of time the variable exists within the program.

Auto

Automatic variable, also called as local variable and it has scope only within the function block

where it is defined.

External

External variable are defined outside any function and memory is set aside for this type of variable once it is declared and remained until the end of the program. These variables are also called global variables.

Static

The static automatic variables, as with local variables, are accessible only within the function in which it is defined. Static automatic variables exist until the program ends in the same manner as external variables. In order to maintain value between function calls, the static variable takes its presence.

Define namespace in C++.

Namespaces groups together entities like classes, objects and functions under a name. Namespaces provide a way to avoid name collisions of variables, types, classes or functions. Namespaces reduces the use of nested class thus reduces the inconvenience of handling nested class.

Define access privileges in C++.

You have access privileges in C++ such as public, protected and private that helps in

encapsulation of data at various level.

Private

If data are declared as private in a class then it is accessible by the member functions of the class where they are declared. The private member functions can be accessed only by the members of the class. By default, any member of the class is considered as private by the C++ compiler, if no specifier is declared for the member.

Public

The member functions with public access specifier can be accessed outside of the class. This

kind of members is accessed by creating instance of the class.

Protected

Protected members are accessible by the class itself and it's sub-classes. The members with protected specifier act exactly like private as long as they are referenced within the class or from the instance of the class. This specifier specially used when you need to use inheritance facility of C++. The protected members become private of a child class in case of private inheritance, public in case of public inheritance, and stay protected in case of protected inheritance.

What is the default access level?

The access privileges in C++ are private, public and protected. The default access level assigned to members of a class is private. Private members of a class are accessible only within the class and by friends of the class. Protected members are accessible by the class itself and its sub- classes. Public members of a class can be accessed by anyone.

Explain friend class in C++.

When a class declares another class as its friend, it is giving complete access to all its data and methods including private and protected data and methods to the friend class member methods. Friendship is one way only, which means if A declares B as its friend it does NOT mean that A can access private data of B. It only means that B can access all data of A.

C++ Interview questions and answers Part-01

2013-01-13T04:35:00.000-08:00

C++ Interview questions and answers Part-01

Define structured programming.

Structured programming techniques use functions or subroutines to organize the programming code. The programming purpose is broken into smaller pieces and organized together using function. This technique provides cleaner code and simplifies maintaining the program. Each function has its own identity and isolated from other, thus change in one function doesn’t affect other.

Explain Object oriented programming.

Object oriented programming uses objects to design applications. This technique is designed to isolate data. The data and the functions that operate on the data are combined into single unit. This unit is called an object. Each object can have properties and member functions. You can call member function to access data of an object. It is based on several techniques like

encapsulation, modularity, polymorphism, and inheritance.

List down elements of an object oriented language. Class

A class is a user defined data type. It serves as a template of the objects. You can define

structure and behavior of an object using class. It includes data and the member functions that

operate on data.

Inheritance

Inheritance enables a new class to reuse the state and behavior of old class. The new class inherits properties and methods from the old class and is called as derived class and the old class is called as base class. The methods thus inherited can be extended using overriding facility of C++.

Encapsulation

The wrapping up of data and member function into an object is called encapsulation. The data is not accessible to the outside world and only those functions which are wrapped into the object can access it. An encapsulated objects act as a "black box" for other parts of the program which

interact with it. They provide a service, but the calling objects do not need to know the details how

the service is accomplished.

Polymorphism

Polymorphism enables one common interface for many implementations that allows objects to act differently under different circumstances. You can also achieve polymorphism in C++ by function overloading, operator overloading and implementation inheritance.

What is function prototype in C++?

A function prototype is a declaration of a function that omits the function body. It specifies the

function's name, argument types and return type. E.g. int add(int,int)

Define Structure in C++.

The C++ programming technique allows defining user defined datatypes through structure. The

syntax to declare structure is as follows:

struct student

{

char name[100]

char address[250]

};

Explain typecasting.

Typecasting enables data type conversion. C++ supports implicit conversions and explicit conversion. Implicit conversions automatically performed when a value is copied to a compatible type. If there is an operation between an int and a float, the int is promoted to float before performing operation automatically by the compiler.

You can cast explicitly as follows.

int i, j, k;

k = i * long(j);

Define void pointer using C++.

In C++, void represents the absence of type, so void pointers are pointers that point to a value

that has no type. The void pointers can point to any data type. You can declare void pointer as follows.

void *p;

When do you use :: Operator in C++?

:: is the scope resolution operator. When local variable and global variable are having same name, local variable gets the priority. C++ allows flexibility of accessing both the variables through a scope resolution operator.

Define reference variable in C++.

A reference variable is just like pointer with few differences. It is declared using & operator. A reference variable must always be initialized. The reference variable once defined to refer to a variable can’t be changed to point to other variable. You can’t create an array of references the way it is possible with pointer.

What is const qualifier?

const qualifier is used to specify the variable that can’t be change throughout the program. Variables with const qualifier are often named in uppercase.

C Language mcqs Questions-02

2012-12-14T23:53:00.002-08:00

1) << Operator is used for ?

a. Right Shifting

b. Left Shifting

c. Bitwise Shifting

d. Bitwise Complement

Answer = B

2) The value that follows the keyword CASE may only be ?

a. Constant

b. Variable

c. Semicolon

d. number

Answer = A

3) The machine registers are sometimes called ?

a. Local Variables

b. Global Variables

c. Accumulators

d. Static variable

Answer = A

4) An array of pointer is same as ?

a. pointer to array

b. pointer to pointer

c. pointer to function

d. pointer to structure

Answer =B

5) scanf( ) function can be used for reading ?

a. double character

b. single character

c. multiple character

d. no character

Answer = C

6) C allows three way transfer of control with the help of ?

a. unary operator

b. relational operator

c. ternary operator

d. comparison operator

Answer =C

7) The statement that transfer control to the beinning of the loop is called ?

a. break statement

b. exit statement

c. continue statement

d. goto statement

Answer = C

8) The number of arguments supplied from the command line, by convention, is known as ?

a. arg c

b. arg v

c. #define

d. #include

Answer = A

9) If an array is used as function argument, the array is passed ?

a. by value.

b. by reference

c. by name

d. the array can not be used as function argument

Answer = B

10) The function fprintf is used in a program ?

a. When too many printf calls have been already used in the program.

b. In place of printf, since printf uses more memory

c. When the output is to be printed on to a file.

d. When the type of variables to be printed are not known before.

Answer = C

C Language mcqs Questions-01

2012-12-14T23:49:00.002-08:00

1) A self contained block of statements that perform a coherent task of some kind is called a?

a. Monitor

b. Function

c. Program

d. Structure

Answer = B

2) Recursion is sometimes called ?

a. Circular definition

b. Complex definition

c. Procedure

d. Union

Answer =A

3) The directive that can be used to test whether an expression evaluates to a nonzero value or not is ?

a. #if

b. #elif

c. #endif

d. #exit

Answer = A

4) The number of arguments supplied from the command line, by conversion is known as ?

a. arg c

b. arg v

c. #define

d. #include

Answer = A

5) The expression X=4+2%-8 evaluates ?

a. -6

b. 6

c. 4

d. None

Answer =B

6) Determine which of the following is valid character constant ?

a. '//'

b. '\0'

c. 'xyz'

d. '\052'

Answer = A

7) Given the statement , maruti.engine.bolts=25 . Which of the following is true?

a. Structure bolts is nested within structure engine

b. Structure engine is nested within structure maruti

c. Structure maruti is nested within structure engine

d. Structure maruti nested within structure bolts

Answer =B

8) To access a structure element using a pointer, ......... operator is used?

a. dot ( . )

b. pointer ( & )

c. pointer ( * )

d. arrow ( -> )

Answer =D

9) The ........ operator is a technique to forcefully convert one data type to the other ?

a. Cast

b. Conversion

c. Type

d. Uniary

Answer = A

10) Which of the following numerical value is invalid constant ?

a. assignment operator

b. relational operator

c. logical operator

d. bitwise shift operator

Answer = D

Computer Science interview questions and answers

2012-12-13T22:42:00.003-08:00

CGI refers Common Gateway Interface. It is one of the earliest scripting languages .a CGI application runs entirely on server,and can be used to create dynamic web applications. CGI programs are small executables, that the server executes in response to a request from a browser.it is most common application in the forms processing.CGI allows you to create pages for users as individual requests come in , and you can customize pages to match that information.

Perl : it is a language with powerfull text-processing capabillities.Perl is undoubtedly the most common language used for scripting CGI.
i don't have any practical exposure abt perl that's why i m giving you some theoritical knowledge regarding this.the matter of the fact is that now CGI is loosing its market just because of its extra overhead on server and ISAPI is taking its place; well proceed further..

most of CGI is just standard Perl, with a few changes here and there .

CGIs process input differently than old Perl scripting does - and this is the only difference you'll find between the two. Once the CGI scripts process the input, it becomes data, which is treated pretty much the same way by both CGI and Perl scripts. CGI input can be retrieved in two different ways: "get" and "post."

Perl has allowed us to provide a very easy to use and enjoyable interface to our database servers. The servers are actually on NT running a proprietary database software package. The database software is very good at performing both full text and exact term searches of the term data. However, the software interface to the database engines is weak and unusable at best. By using Perl to talk to the database server's HTTP interface we were able to extract the desired results data and then use Perl's power to reformat the results into something pleasing and tailored to the user's preferences.

we can write Perl script on texteditor.it is possible to write simple programs in Perl with minimum of effort.

As we can write CGI programs in c++,c but perl is mostly preffered.

Perl is a full fledged programming language.It was desgined with an objective to make dynamic and smart web pages.
It has an extensive structure handling feature.Syntaxwise this language is short but its library makes it like C.I mean short but powerful.Here is an exaple:
This is a program written in Perl which will take user input for two enteries and will add them,
1 print "Please Enter 1st no to add:\n";'\n is to move to the other line with out printing it, the messages doesn't matter how many times u use the print statement will print on the same line[like C]'
3 $number1=<STDIN>;'causes execution of the program whilw the computer is waiting for user input'
4 chomp $number1;'removes charecter/no from the ending of the line placed as the input[previous input](for new entry)'[I take this to be an ambiguity and should be removed by making its compiler powerful and understanding that a new input is supposed to be made so clear the previous input so that syntax becomes shorter like we do this in C]
6 print "Please enter second no:";
8 $number2=<STDIN>;
10 chomp $number2;
13 $sum=$number1+$number2;
print "The sum is $sum";'no need to express format type as the variable is scaler and is defined wherever need'
Now that was a sample program.If I am asked to compare its syntax with some language.It would certainly be the Basic.
Now a brief account of Perl's programming approach.
Programs may be written in different ways and Perl is a highly portable language.Its code is easy to understand.
Perl 3, 4 and 5 and 6 are the versions available in the market but Perl 6 is the latest in use.Perl 6 (2000)is a complete rewrite of internals and externals after complete re-organization of done in its previous version.

Computer languages are divided into two major classes. (1).Procedural Programming Languages and (2).Object Oriented programming Languages. Today we got to discuss the second class so let's start with it.

To understand Object Oriented Programming(Language) well, one should have good acquanitance with fundamental Programming techniques.
The Programming Languages have divided the world into two parts. *Data and *Operations on Data. Data is static and is immutable unless affected by the certain operations which could certainly bring about a mutation in the structure of it(data). The operations which operate Data are called as procedures or functions. A point to understand here is that these functions or procedures which we pronounce as operations on data have no lasting state, they are only useful when they affect data in a desired fashion as that is the purpose of their life.
Now being succinct I come straight to the main topic and will depict why to use OOPL? How much distinct it is intrinsically from the PPLs?
answering first query; OOPLs provide the programmer with the following advantages which are not provided by the former class as it makes programs:
1. more intuitive to design
2. faster to develop
3. amenable to modifications
4. easier to understand
5. conceiving program tasks in a better way
6. more secure and easy to restrict
7. inherit from classes and to overload methods which could be run recursively and need to be defined once
8. get merged with other programs in such a way that no fear of data loss remains likely

Second query is answered as so; Same functions and procedures used in PPLs are extended and re-organized in a novel way. Making it closer to the nature but yet has a drawback of the lack of elucidation which makes it harder to understand. It means that the OOPL(s) have the same state and behavior and a real high level unit called object to make the programming dynamic and faster.

Now to define OOP, firstly one should learn what an object stands for?

Object is everything and just a black box. This statement means that everything present on the suface of the planet is an object, while taking OOP as an ad hoc it is merely a box which has a function to receive and transmit data according to the signals or commands. Making it easier to understand I will put it this way. OOP is something which groups Data and Operations into modular units called Object. This object will receive signals in the form of command syntax will operate the data the way, it(code) is directing and then finally to bring the result back to the programmer alongwith the command control.
Here we reach a conclusion and in a better postition to define OOP.
"The insight of object-oriented programming is to combine state and behavior, data and operations on data, in a high-level unit, an object, and to give it the language support"

Now a curt description of the Object Oriented Development Environment

Basically this environment is comprised of three parts.
1. A library of objects, software frameworks and kits(for building GUI and other graphical applications).
2. A set of Development tools(Merging and modifying more than one programs etc)
3. An Object-Oriented Programming Language(Enabling a programmer to encode a program into the specified fashion, and making the system understand to work according the user needs and commands)
Now some brief notation of the most important and frequently used OOP terms.
1. Object(defined earlier)
2. Message(Software objects communicate with each other via messages)
3. Class(A prototyped that defines the variables and methods common to all objects of the similar kind, thereby making program re-useable and extensible)
4. Inheritance(Provides a natural and powerful mechanism for organizing software programs, usually a class inherits state and behavior from its super-class)
5. Overloading(multiple declaration or assignment of a method)

That was a brief introduction to the OOP(L). Any kind of supplementation has got full scope and will surely get a decent response.

Two of the more common data objects found in computer algorithms are stacks and queues.
Stacks are data structures, which maintain the order of last-in, first-out (LIFO)
Queues are data structures, which maintain the order of first-in, first-out (FIFO)

***Stack: A stack is a storage device that stores information in such a way that the item stored last is the first item retrieved. A stack is an ordered list in which all insertions and deletions are made at one end, called the top.

Stack Pointer: the register that holds the address for the stack is called a stack pointer (SP)coz its value always points at the top item in the stack.

Computer Science interview questions and answers

2012-12-13T22:39:00.002-08:00

First what is LAN means Local Area Network?

This type of network is mostly used in one building and in which the connected computers are not more than 256.
A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs, and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. In IP networking, one can conceive of a LAN as a single IP subnet (though this is not necessarily true in practice).
Besides operating in a limited space, LANs include several other distinctive features. LANs are typically owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or organization. They also use certain specific connectivity technologies, primarily Ethernet and Token Ring.
The distinction between a LAN and a WAN involves the physical distance that the network spans. A third category, the MAN, also fit into this scheme as it too is centered on a distance-based concept.

What the topology is:- the way in which connections are made and arrangement of computer is referred as topology.
Two kinds of Topologies are: Physical and Logical.
Physical topologies are bus, star , ring and physical mesh topology.
Bus:- in this type of topology the computers are connected by a single cable and we use terminator at the end of the cable that is used to bounce back the signal. In which we have the logical topology Ethernet 10 Base 2. Repeaters are used in the place of Hubs.

Star:- the computers are arranged in the form of star and in which we have a central hub . the logical topology that works here is Ethernet 10 Base 5. trouble shooting is easy in star just b’coz of Hub.

Ring:- when we need high performance network we use ring topology in which computers are arranged in form of ring . it is an expensive one . we use token passing method in this topology . logical topology is FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface).

Physical Mesh Topology: combination of different topologies. Most expensive topology provides

MAN: A Metropolitan Area Network connects an area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city, with dedicated or high-performance hardware.
For example: if we have network b/w Rawalpindi and Islamabad or Karachi and Hyderabad then it is dubbed as MAN.

WAN(Wide Area Network): A wide-area network spans a large physical distance. A WAN like the Internet spans most of the world!
A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the router maintains both a LAN address and a WAN address.
WANs differ from LANs in several important ways. Like the Internet, most WANs are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management. WANs use technology like ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for connectivity. WAN requires special media , which are provided by telephone companies. WAN also requires special hardware.
Physical media for WAN: WANs use special purpose telephone wires, fiber optic cables, microwaves or satellites for communication. The simplest WANs use dedicated lines, which are special conditioned telephone lines that directly and permanently connects two computers.
Microwaves are radio waves that have a very high frequency .the disadvantage of using them is that they depend on line of sight transmission. No obstruction can get in the way, and they can travel only about 50 miles.
Communication satellites are placed in geosynchronous orbit thousands of miles above the earth. In this orbit, the satellite rotates with the earth so that it is always above a given spot. The latest WANs use long distance fiber optic cables.
WAN uses some special hardware items and these are multiplexor(combines input signals from several computers and sends the combines signal along the communication channel) routers(they receive packets of data and examine their address, they decide where to send each packet) , front-end processors(handle all the communications tasks for large computers, and also provide security to prevent unauthorized access).
This is what the WAN , I discussed WAN in detail as compare to MAN, b’coz if you have good understanding of LAN and WAN , you can easily understand MAN as it is stuck between LAN and WAN.. the only difference is of distance.

Entity Relationship model is a logical representation of data of an organization or a business area.As visible from its name, it's about the relationship between certain entities which are logically related.What is an entity?Entity is about(the description of) a person, an object, place or an event or even concept in the user environment about which an organization may wish to organize data.Where there is a name of "Relationship", it is obvious that this is a term belongs to the RDBMS(Relational Database Management System).And as we know that in this kind of DBMS we develop relations between two similar kind of entitiy instances which may posses (conditionally)different attributes('Charecteristics of an entity type which may be an interest of an organization') but must represent a common objective.Attributes have three primary types;Simple,Multivalued and Derived.Another term used quite fluently in E-R model is Instance or Entity Instance.
Instance is the occurance of an entity type.And is necessary to bring into notice before creating any sort of E-relationship is made.That was a brief introduction to Entity and terms linked to it.

Now what is a relationship?It is a binding factor which associates two or more (instances of)entity types together to form a smart Database which will be helpful for user(easily modified or updated) as well as for the MIS and DSS (to get information whenever needed in a detailed fashion).What happens when a relationship is created?Relationship acts like a glue to the entities to join them together.Or should I illustrate it more meaningfully as:"Relationship is an association among the instances of one or more than one entity types".
Here Part-I "introduction to Entity, Relationship and E-R Model" finishes here.In the next part I will describe how an E-R model is developed and what are different kinds of E-R models.

Part-II "Constructs of an E-R model and Types of relationships "
While constructing an E-R Model one should have good acquaintance with the cardinal constraints.
A constraint which specifies the number of the instances of an entity type for example B which may associate with another called A.It specifies minimum and maximum no of instances of an entity type.Possible constraints are Mandatory one,Mandatory many,optional one ,optional many and a specific no.A minimum cardinality of 0 specifies optional participation while 1 represents mandatory.
Relationships are of three types in general.Unary(relationship between the single entity type's instances);Binary(relationship between the instances of two entity types);Ternary(relationship between the instances of three entity types).
Degree is the number of entity types which participate in a relationship.(Unary;1,Binary;2 and Ternary;3).
In unary type of relationship there may be one-to-one or one-to-many relations.
In Binary type there may all the three major kinds involved;one-to-one,one-to-many and many-to-many(instances of entity type).
In ternary a simultaneous relationship between three different entity types('s instances)takes place.
Another thing which I want to mention here is the two types of entities.1.Strong Entity,2.Weak Entity.The independent entity which posseses its own identifier and doesn't need another entity to work is a strong entity.On contrary, the entity whose function depends upon the other entities and it may only posses a partial identifier is known as weak entity.
Part-III is another kind of E-R which is known as E-E-R(Enhanced Entity Relationship).

General computer science MCQS - SET 05

2012-12-13T22:36:00.001-08:00

12. The objects can be inherited by _____________.
a. A single object only
b. Multiple objects
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. Either (a) or (a)

A single object only

13. The operating system may perform _____________ operation to manage the memory while running a large program.
a. Sorting
b. Scheduling
c. Paging
d. None of these

Paging

14. When the LAN is arranged in such a way that each computer is connected directly to the HUB the configuration can be termed as _____________ network.
a. Bus
b. Star
c. Ring
d. None of these

Star

15. To communicate with other computers over a telephone line the computer must have _____________ installed.
a. Telephone set
b. Modem
c. LAN Card
d. None of these

Modem

16. When each item of data in a database is directly linked with every other item of data, the database is called _____________.
a. Relational
b. Hierarchical
c. Network
d. None of these

Relational

17. _____________ is the most efficient method to reduce the duplication of data.
a. Duplication
c. Normalization
c. Empty fields
d. None of these

Normalization

18. The _____________ operation changes the coordinate values of objects being displayed.
a. Transformation
b. Windowing
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of these

c. Both (a) and (b)

19. A linear sequential software development model is also referred to as ____________ .
a. Prototype Model
b. RAD Model
c. Spiral Model
d. None of these

None of these

20. State Transition Diagram gives information of ___________.
a. Data Flow
b. Entry Relationship
c. Control Flow
d. None of these

None of these

accounting / finance mcqs questions set-03

2012-12-13T11:29:00.001-08:00

(1) The measureable value of an alternative use of resources is referred to as:
(a) An opportunity cost
(b) An imputed cost
(c) A different cost
(d) A sunk cost
(e) None of these

(2) A quantitative expression of management objectives is an:
(a) Organizational chart
(b)Management chart
(c) Budget
(d) Procedural chart
(e) None of these

(3) A cost center is:
(a) A unit of production in relation to which costs are ascertained
(b) A location which is responsible for controlling direct costs
(c) Part of the factory overhead system by which costs are gathered
(d) Any location or department which incurs cost
(e) None of these

(4) At break-even point of 400 units sold the variable costs were Rs. 400 and the fixed costs were Rs.200. What will be the 401 units sold contributing to profit before income tax?
(a) Rs. 0.00
(b) Rs. 0.50
(c) Rs. 1.00
(d) Rs. 1.50
(e) None of these

(5) In considering a special order situation that will enable a company to make use of currently idle capacity, which of the following cost will be irrelevant:
(a) Materials
(b) Depreciation
(c) Direct labour
(d) Variable factory overhead
(e) None of these

(6) A fixed cost:
(a) May change in total when such change is not related to changes in production
(b) Will not change in total because it is not related to changes in production
(c) Is constant per unit for each unit of change in production
(d) May change in total, depending on production with the relevant range
(e) None of these

(7) Completion of a job is result in:
(a) DR finished goods …….. CR WIP
(b) DR Cost of goods ……... CR finished goods
(c) DR WIP ……………..….….. CR FOH control
(d) DR FOH control …….….. CR FOH applied
(e) None of these

(8) Operating cost in often named as:
(a) Manufacturing cost plus commercial expenses
(b) Prime cost plus factory overheads
(c) Direct material plus direct labour
(d) Selling plus administrative expenses
(e) None of these

(9) Expenses such as rent and depreciation of a building are shared by several departments these are:
(a) Indirect expenses
(b) Direct expenses
(c) Joint expenses
(d) All of the above
(e) None of these

(10) If under applied FOH is closed to cost of goods sold, the journal entry is:
(a) DR Cost of goods sold …….. CR FOH control
(b) DR FOH control ……..……….. CR Cost of goods sold
(c) DR FOH control ……..……….. CR Profit % loss account
(d) None of these

(11) Re-order quantity …… 3600 units
Maximum consumption ...… 900 units per week
Minimum comsumption …....300 units per week
Re-order period …………….….5 weeks
Based on this data Re-order level is:
(a) 4500 units
(b) 3900 units
(c) 1200 units
(d) 400 units
(e) None of these

(12) The time lag between indenting and receiving material is called:
(a) Lead time
(b) Idle time
(c) Stock out time
(d) None of these

(13) A credit balance remaining in FOH Control account is called:
(a) Over-applied overhead
(b) Under-applied overhead
(c) Actual overhead
(d) None of these

(14) Direct material cost plus direct labour cost is called:
(a) Prime cost
(b) Conversion cost
(c) Product cost
(d) All of these
(e) None of these

(15) Productivity means:
(a) The ability to produce
(b) All units produced
(c) Good units produced
(d) None of these

(16) A segment of the business that generates both revenue and cost is called:
(a) Profit Center
(b) Cost Center
(c) Cost driver
(d) All of these
(e) None of these

(17) Verification includes:
(a) Checking vouchers
(b) Examining audit report
(c) None of these

(18) Audit of a bank is generally conducted through:
(a) Routine checking
(b) Vouching
(c) Balance sheet audit
(d) None of these

(19) Economics resources of a business that are expected to be of benefit in the future are referred to as:
(a) Liabilities
(b) Owner’s equity
(c) Withdrawals
(d) Assets
(e) None of these

(20) Short term Loan can be best described as:
(a) If the period is three years
(b) If the period is less than one year
(c) If the period is over one year
(d) None of these

accounting / finance mcqs questions set-02

2012-11-09T11:20:00.001-08:00

1. Fixed Cost:
a. Changes with production
b. Never changes even if production capacity is doubled
c. None of the above

2. Conversion cost is:
a. Material Cost + Overhead Cost
b. Direct Labour + Material Cost
c. Labour Cost + Overhead Cost

3. Process Costing is relevant to:
a. Cement industry
b. Job Order cost oriented Projects
c. None of the above

4. Operating Profit is:
a. Profit after deducting financial costs
b. Profit after deducting taxes
c. Profit after deducting normal operating expenses including depreciation

5. A good Cost Accounting System is:
a. If it computes estimated cost only
b. If it cannot be reconciled with financial accounts
c. If it enables management to increase productivity and rationalize cost structure

6. Verification includes:
a. Checking Vouchers
b. Examining audit report
c. None of the above

7. Stratified audit sample means:
a. Randomly selected items for audit
b. Purposively selected items for audit
c. Items carefully selected from each group

8. Internal Control is totally synonymous with:
a. Internal check
b. Internal audit
c. None of above

9. Audit of a bank is generally conducted through:
a. Routine checking
b. Couching
c. Balance sheet audit

10. An auditor is liable for his annual audit of accounts o:
a. Creditors
b. Bankers
c. Owners

11. Income Tax is levied on:
a. Agricultural Income
b. Presumptive Income
c. None of above

12. If a firm has paid super-tax, its partners may follow any one of the following behaviours:
a. No need to pay income tax, even if the income exceeds the taxable limit.
b. Pay income tax, even if the income does not exceed the taxable income.
c. Pay income tax as required under the law.

13. A resident multinational company need not:
a. Pay income tax, if it s caused under Double Taxation agreement.
b. If it is not enjoying tax exemption under the Income Tax Ordinance, 1979 (Second Schedule).
c. None of above

14. Income Tax rates are the same for:
a. Limited Companies
b. Banking Companies
c. None of above

15. Super Tax on companies is:
a. In vogue in Pakistan
b. Not in vogue in Pakistan
c. None of above

16. Current Ratio is calculated as:
a. Fixed Assets/Current Liabilities
b. Current Liabilities/Current Assets
c. Current Assets/Current Liabilities

17. Short-term loan can be described as:
a. If the period is three years
b. If the period is less than one year
c. If the period is over one year

18. A partnership, in today’s Pakistan, under the current law can have the following number of partners:
a. 50
b. 20
c. 100

19. Combination can be best described as:
a. Restructuring of Capital of a Company
b. Reduction of Capital of a Company
c. Amalgamation of two different types of businesses

20. Sources of funds can be increased by:
a. Describing selling prices
b. Increasing expenditure
c. None of above

(1) Books of original entry are called:
(a) Ledger
(b) Work sheets
(c) Journal
(d) None of these

(2) For preparing balance sheets prepaid expenses are shown as part of:
(a) Liability
(b) Equities
(c) Assets
(d) None of these

(3) Unpaid and unrecorded expenses are called:
(a) Prepaid expenses
(b) Accrued expenses
(c) Additional expenses
(d) None of these

(4) Amount, cash, or other assets removed from business by owner is:
(a) Capital
(b) Drawings
(c) Assets
(d) None of these

(5) Under the diminishing balance method, depreciation amount is:
(a) Payment
(b) Receipt
(c) Expenditure
(d) None of these

(6) Users of accounting information include:
(a) The tax authorities
(b) Investors
(c) Creditors
(d) All of these

(7) The business form(s) in which the owner(s) is (are) personally liable is (are) the:
(a) Partnership only
(b) Proprietorship
(c) Corporation only
(d) Partnership and proprietorship
(e) None of these

(8) The investment of personal assets by the owner:
(a) Increases total assets and increases owner’s equity
(b) Increases total assets only
(c) Has no effect on assets but increases owner’s equity
(d) Increase assets and liabilities
(e) None of these

(9) All of the following are forms of organizations except:
(a) Proprietorship
(b) Corporation
(c) Retailer
(d) Partnership
(e) None of these

(10) Economic resources of a business that are expected to be of benefit in the future are referred to as:
(a) Liabilities
(b) Owner’s equity
(c) Withdrawals
(d) Assets
(e) None of these

(11) An owner investment of land into the business would:
(a) Decrease withdrawals
(b) Increase liabilities
(c) Increase owner’s equity
(d) Decrease assets
(e) None of these

(12) A cash purchase of supplies would:
(a) Decrease owner’s equity
(b) Increase liabilities
(c) Have no effect on total assets
(d) None of these

(13) An owner investment of each into the business would:
(a) Increase assets
(b) Decrease liabilities
(c) Increase withdrawals
(d) Decrease owner’s equity
(e) None of these

(14) The payment of rent each month for office space would:
(a) Decrease total assets
(b) Increase liabilities
(c) Increase owner’s equity
(d) None of these

(15) Real accounts are related to:
(a) Assets
(b) Expenses and incomes
(c) Customers and Creditors etc.
(d) None of these

(16) Which one of the following accounts would usually have a debit balance?
(a) Cash
(b) Creditors
(c) Accounts payable
(d) Salaries Expenses
(e) None of these

(17) Quick assets include which of the following?
(a) Cash
(b) Accounts Receivable
(c) Inventories
(d) Only (a) and (b)
(e) None of these

(18) Net income plus operating expenses is equal to:
(a) Net sales
(b) Cost of goods available for sale
(c) Cost of goods sold
(d) Gross profit
(e) None of these

(19) The maximum number of partners in Pakistan can be fixed at the following:
(a) 20
(b) 50
(c) 75
(d) None of these

(20) Balance sheet is always prepared:
(a) For the year ended
(b) As on a specific date
(c) None of these

accounting / finance mcqs questions set-01

2012-11-09T11:18:00.001-08:00

(1) Double entry book-keeping was fathered by:
(a) F.W.Taylor
(b) Henry Fayol
(c) Lucas Pacioli.

(2) Funds Flow Statement and sources and application statement are:’
(a) Synonymous
(b) Antagonistic
(c) None of these.

(3) Depreciation in spirit is similar to:
(a) Depletion
(b) Amortization
(c) Depression.

4) Balance Sheet is always prepared:
(a) for the year ended.
(b) As on a specified date.
(c) None of these.

(5) In Insurance, the following Profit and Loss Accounts are prepared:
(a) Separate for Fire, Marine, and Accidents etc.
(b) Consolidated for Fire, Marine, and Accidents etc.(c) None of these.

(6) Partners in Pakistan can today be fixed at the following numbers:
(a) 20
(b) 50
(c) 75.

(7) Flexible budget is a budget with the following features:
(a) Changes with volume of production.
(b) Changes with variable expenses
(c) Changes in Direct material.

(8) Break Even can be calculated as under:
(a) ______VC_______
FC- TR TC
(b) FC
I- VC TR(c) None of these.

(9) Quick Ratio can be computed as under:
(a) Quick . Assets/Quick Liabilities
(b) Quick . Liabilities Current Assets
(c) Current Assets/ Current Liabilities

(10) In straight line method of depreciation, the written down value of a fixed asset will be at the end of the life of the asset as under:
(a) Rupee one
(b) Rupee zero (c) None of these.

(11) Sales budget must be prepared:
(a) Independently
(b) Depending on production capacity
(c) Based on Sales forecasts of market.

(12) Consolidation of subsidiary accounts in the balance sheet of a unlisted Holding company is at present in Pakistan:
(a) Compulsory
(b) Voluntary
(c) Required.

(13) Retained earning is synonymous to:
(a) Accumulated profit and loss account
(b) Profit for the year
(c) None of these.

(14) The requirements of an audit report for a Banking Company in Pakistan is under:
(a) Under the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962.
(b) Under the Companies Ordinance, 1984.
(c) Under (a) and (b) above.

(15) Deferred Taxation is:
(a) Fixed asset
(b) Fixed liabilities
(c) Part of Owners Equity.

(16) Investment Corporation of Pakistan follows:
(a) Open-end mutual funds
(b) Closed-end mutual funds
(c) None of these.

(17) Directors Report is ---- in respect of financial report constituent.
(a) Mandatory for a limited Company
(b) Voluntary for a limited Company
(c) None of these.

(18) Every limited Company in Pakistan is required by law to include the following along with financial reports:
(a) Ratio Analysis
(b) Chairman’s Review
(c) None of these.

(19) Cash budget excludes the following:
(a) Non-Cash items
(b) Cash items
(c) Purchase on Credit items.

(20) NGOs are legally required to:
(a) Prepare accounts in a prescribed manner under the law.(b) Prepare accounts as desired by donors.
(c) None of these.

ISLAMIAT / ISLAMIC HISTORY MCQS SET 08

2012-11-09T11:13:00.000-08:00

(xiii) 9th Zil-Hajja is also called:

(a) Yaum-e-Arfat
(b) Waquf-e-Arafat
(c) Yaum-e-Mina
(d) Waqufe-e-Mina
(e) None of these

(xiv) Name the 1st man who issued regular order to collect and write Ahadis:

(a) Hazrat Umer bin khattab (R.A)
(b) Hazrat Usman bin Affan (R.A)
(c) Hazrat Ali bin Abu Talib (R.A)
(d) Hazrat Umer bin Abdul Aziz (R.A)
(e) None of these

(xv) The duration of third period of the compilation of Hadis is:

(a) 171 to 220 A.H
(b) 171 to 221 A.H
(c) 171 to 222 A.H
(d) 171 to 223 A.H
(e) None of these

(xvi) Surah Hajj consist of 10 Rukus and _________ Ayats.

(a) 70
(b) 75
(c) 78
(d) 82
(e) None of these

(xvii) Surah Saba is:

(a) Makki
(b) Madni
(c) Iraqi
(d) Makki madni
(e) None of these

(xviii) Who considered the Quran as the creature of Allah?

(a) Khawarji
(b) Mo,atazila
(c) Shami
(d) Kuif
(e) None of these

(xix) To which tribe did Hazrat Khalid-bin-Waleed (R.A) belong?

(a) Banu Ummayya
(b) Banu Asad
(c) Banu Zuhra
(d) Banu Makhzoom
(e) None of these

(xx) Which Sahabi was died in the hands of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in the battle of Uhad?

(a) Hazrat Haris-bin-Haris (R.A)
(b) Hazrat Haris-bin-Azima (R.A)
(c) Hazrat Haris-bin-Hassan (R.A)
(d) Hazrat Haris-bin-Hakeem (R.A)
(e) None of these

Ziyad ibn al-Sakan R.A died in the feet of Holy Prophet PBUH. I searched alot about the Shahabi wo died in the hands of Holy Prophet PBUH but did not find yet.

ISLAMIAT / ISLAMIC HISTORY MCQS SET 07

2012-11-09T11:11:00.000-08:00

(i) Mention the religious book(s) of Buddism:

(a) Weena pataka
(b) Sata pataka
(c) Abhi dhaman pataka
(d) All of these
(e) None of these (Tripitaka )

(ii) What was the Religious of the majority of the Arabs before Islam?

(a) Buddhism
(b) Jewish
(c) Idolatrous
(d) Christianity
(e) None of these

(iii) Name of the son of Hazarat Yaqoob (A.S) whose off-springs are the Jews.

(a) Tibrani
(b) Yahooda
(c) Ishaq (a.s)
(d) Yousaf (a.s)
(e) None of these

(iv) which book is called old testament?

(a) zuboor
(b) torait
(c) injeel
(d) quran
(e) none of these

The Christian Bible (sometimes known as the Holy Bible) is divided into two parts. The first is called the Old Testament, containing the 39 books of Hebrew Scripture, and the second portion is called the New Testament, containing a set of 27 books.

Summary Of The Books Of The Bible

(v) What was the total number of idols which were fixed around the Kaaba?

(a) 260
(b) 360
(c) 460
(d) 560
(e) None of these

(vi) Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) was born about three thousands years, after:

(a) Hazrat Ismaeel (A.S)
(b) Hazrat Ibraheem (A.S)
(c) Hazrat Moosa (A.S)
(d) Hazrat Eessaa (A.S)
(e) None of these

(vii) Who suggested name “Ahmed” for the Holy Prophet (PBUH)?

(a) Hazrat Abdul Mutalib
(b) Hazrat Abu Talib
(c) Hazrat Abdullah
(d) Hazrat Hamza (R.A)
(e) None of these (Hazrat Abdul Mutlib suggested Muhammad and Bibi Amina suggest Ahmed SAW)

(viii) When Hazrat Umer (R.A) embraced Islam?

(a) 600 A.D
(b) 608 A.D
(c) 612 A.D
(d) 616 A.D
(e) None of these

(ix) Zou-Shadatian is title of Hazrat:

(a) Khuzaima bin Sabit (R.A)
(b) Huzaifa bin Yaman (R.A)
(c) Ammar bin Yasir (R.A)
(d) Ahmed bin Hanbal
(e) None of these

(x) Which country is known as the “Land of Prophets”?

(a) Iraq
(b) Saudi Arabia
(c) Palestine
(d) Syria
(e) None of these

(xi) What is Tahleel?

(a) Recitation of 4th kalima
(b) Recitation of 3rd kalima
(c) Recitation of 2nd kalima
(d) Recitation of 1st kalima
(e) None of these

(xii) Name the 8th months of Islamic Calendar.

(a) Rabi-ul-Awal
(b) Rajab
(c) Ramzan
(d) Shaban
(e) None of these

ISLAMIAT / ISLAMIC HISTORY MCQS SET 06

2012-11-09T11:08:00.000-08:00

(i) (xi) Splitting of the moon occurred in:

a) Arafat
b) Mina
c) Muzdalifa
d) Haram e Pak
e) None of these

b) Mina

(xii) The "IFK" event is described in the Qur'an in:

a) Surah Baqarah
b) Surah Tauba
c) Surah Noor
d) Surah Yaseen
e) None of these

c) Surah Noor

(xiii) The Prophet's stamp comprises of these words:

a) Allah,Rasool,Muhammad
b) Muhammad, Rasool,Allah
c) Rasool,Muhammad,Allah
d) Rasool,Allah,Muhammad
e) None of these

a) Allah,Rasool,Muhammad

(xiv) The heads of Zakat are:

a) Eight
b) Nine
c) Seven
d) Five
e) None of these

a) Eight

(xv) MAUWAZATAIN means:

a) A collection of Ahadith
b) Two specific Surahs of Quran
c) A book of Jaffariah fiqh
d) A book of hanafi fiqh
e) None of these

b) Two specific Surahs of Quran

(xvi) Ozza was the name of:

a) a specific goddess of Quraish
b) Honour and Respect
c) name of a tree
d) name of a snake
e) None of these

a) A specific goddess of Quraish

(xvii) LEA'AN is:

a) A clause of Islamic law
b) To receive a reward
c) A term of trade
d) To bargain
e) None of these

a) A clause of Islamic law

(xviii) Ashabus sabt means:

a) Jews
b) Christians
c) Muslims
d) Sabieen
e) None of these

a) Jews

(xix) The number of famous months are:

a) Four
b) Six
c) Seven
d) Two
e) None of these

a) Four

(xx) Jabal-e-Noor is situated in:

a) Arafat
b) Ghar e Hira
c) Ghar e Saur
d) Jabal Uhud
e) None of these

e) None of these

ISLAMIAT / ISLAMIC HISTORY MCQS SET 05

2012-11-09T10:48:00.002-08:00

i. 13). Imam-e-Dar-ul-Hijrat was a title of:

(a) Imam Ahmad
(b) Imam Malik
(v) Imam Shaafi
(d) Imam Muhammad
(e) None of these

(b) Imam Malik

14). The seal affixed on important letters by prophet (SAW) was in the Custody of:

(a) Hazrat Ali (RA)
(b) Hazrat Qais RA
(c) Hazrat khuzaifa (RA)
(d) Hazrat Bilal (RA)
(e) None of these

(c) Hazrat khuzaifa (RA)

15). Ameen –ul-Umat is the title of Hazrat:

(a) Emar bin Yasir (RA)
(b) Suleman Farsi (RA)
(c) Abu-ubaida bin Al jaraah (RA)
(d) Abu Saeeed Khuzir (RA)
(e) None of these

(c) Abu-ubaida bin Al jaraah (RA)

16). River Neil was declared as Sayed-ul-Anhar by Hazrat:

(a) Hazrat Abu Bakar (RA)
(b) hazrat Umer (RA)
(c) hazrat Usman (RA)
(d) Hazrat Ali (RA)
(e) None of these

(b) hazrat Umer (RA)

17). Umm-ul-Masakeen was the title given to one of the wives of the Prophet (SAW):

(a) Harat Sauda (RA)
(b) Hazrat Zainab benet Jehash (RA)
(c) Hazrat Zainab benet Khuzima (RA)
(d) Hazrat Safia (RA)
(e) none of these

(c) Hazrat Zainab benet Khuzima (R.A)

18). Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) gave the key of Bait Ullah permanently to Hazrat:

(a) Umara Bin Utba
(b) Hanzla bin Abi Aamir
(c) Usman bin Talha
(d) Abdullah Bin Aamir
(e) None of these

(c) Usman bin Talha

19). Arafat gathering is held on:

(a) 8 Zil hajj
(b) 9 Zil hajj
(c) 10 Zil hajj
(d) 12 Zil hajj
(e) None of these

(b) 9 Zil hajj

20). Which one of the following is included amongst the Ushera-e- Mubhashera:

(a) Saad Bin Ubaid
(b) Saad bin Abada
(c) Saad Bin Abi waqas
(d) hazrat Hamza
(e) none of these

(c) Saad Bin Abi waqa

Batha Valley is situated in:

a) Makkah
b) Madina
c) Egypt
d) Jordan
e) None of these

(a) Makkah

(ii) The longest Surah of the Qur'an is:

a) Surah al Baqarah
b) Surah al Imran
c) Surah al Tauba
d) Surah Yunus
e) None of these
a) Surah al Baqarah

(iii) Al-Maeen is a Surah in which there are:

a)100 or more ayahs
b) Simple orders
c) Hard orders
d) Less than 100 ayahs
e) None of these

a) 100 or more ayahs

(iv) "Arbaeen" is the book of Hadith in which there are:

a) 40 Ahadith
b) 50 ahadith
c) 30 Ahadith
d) 20 Ahadith
e) None of these

a) 40 Ahadith

(v) Fatwa Qazi Khan is an authentic Fatwa of:

a) Fiqh Hanbali
b) Fiqh Maliki
c) Fiqh Shafi
d) Fiqh Hanafi
e) None of these

d) Fiqh Hanafi

(vi) "FIDK" garden was bestowed to the Holy Prophet as:

a) Fay
b) Booty
c) Gift
d) Loan
e) None of these

a) Fay

(vii) QUBA mosque has been mentioned in:

a) Surah al Tauba
b) Surah Anfal
c) Surah Dhuha
d) Surah Al-Muzammil
e) None of these

a) Surah al Tauba

(viii) The tile given to the pioneers of Islam was:

a) Mushahidoon al Awwalun
b) Muslimoon al Awwalun
c) Assabiqoon al Awwalun
d) Al-awwalun al awwalun
e) None of these

c) Assabiqoon al Awwalun

(ix) The meaning of YA SABAHAHO is:

a) Good Morning
b) Good Morning declaration
c) Oh, Morning danger
d) Wishing Good morning
e) None of these

c) Oh, Morning danger

(x) The Master if Hazrat Bilal (MABPH) during embracing Islam was:

a) Abu Jahal
b) Ummayia Bin Harb
c) Ummayia bin Khalaf
d) Oqabah bin Abi al Mueet
e) None of these

c) Ummayia bin Khalaf

ISLAMIAT / ISLAMIC HISTORY MCQS SET 04

2012-11-09T10:47:00.001-08:00

xi. In which Surat of Quran there is mention of Zulqarnain?

a. A’ssuff
b. Alkahaf
c. Al Mujadala

b. Alkahaf

xii. Muslims are the best of all due to:

a. Justice
b. Moderation
c. Truthfulness

b. Moderation

xiii. Sahib Us-Ser is the nickname of:

a. Hazrat Khuzaifa (R.A)
b. Hazrat Uqba (R.A)
c. Hazrat Saad (R.A)

a. Hazrat Khuzaifa (R.A)

xiv. Masjide Khief is located in:

a. Muzdilifa
b. Arafaat
c. Minna

c. Minna

xv. Ghaseel ul Malaika is the title of:

a. Hazrat Abu Talha (R.A)
b. Hazrat Abu Dahana (R.A)
c. Hazrat Hanzala (R.A)
d. Hazrat Saad (R.A)

c. Hazrat Hanzala (R.A)

xvi. Who was appointed as Usher for Hijrat-e-Madinah?

a. Hazrat Saad bin Ubada (R.A)
b. Hazrat Utab bin Usaid (R.A)
c. Hazrat Abdullah bin Ariqat (R.A)

c. Hazrat Abdullah bin Ariqat (R.A)

xvii. Who was a historian jurist, philosopher, as well as a politician?

a. Shams uddin Ibni Khalkan
b. Abdur Rehman Ibni Khaldoon
c. Abu Bakar Muhammad Ibni Yahya

b. Abdur Rehman Ibni Khaldoon

xviii. When law of inheritence was revealed?

a. Three Hijre
b. Four Hijree
c. Five Hijree

b. Four Hijree

i. xix. Who was the last Commander in Chief for Ghazwa-e-Mautah?

a. Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (R.A)
b. Abdur Rehman bin Auf (R.A)
c. Abdullah bin Rawaha (R.A)

a. Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (R.A)

xx. Imam Dar ul Hijrat is the title of:

a. Imam Ahmad bin Hunbal
b. Imam Malik
c. Imam Shafee

b. Imam Malik

1). The word Muhammad (SAW) as a name has been mentioned in Quran only:

(a) Two times
(b) Four times
c) Six times
d) Seven times
(d) None of these

(b) Four times

2). Khateeb –ul-Anbia as a title of:

(a) Hazrat Idress (AS)
(b) Hazrat Ibrahim (AS)
(C) Hazrat Yaqoob (AS)
(d) Hazrat Shoaib (AS)
(e) None of these

(d) Hazrat Shoaib (AS)

3). Hazrat Umer (RA) appointed as custodian of Bait-ul-Mal:

(a) Abdullah bn Irqum (RA)
(b) Abdullah bin Umar (RA)
(c) Abdullah bin Abbas (RA)
(d) Abudllah bin Zubair (RA)
e)None of these

e) None of these (Abdullah bin Masud)

4). The effective Zakat System can ensure the elimination of:

(a) Poverty
(b) Interest
(c) Class Distinction
(d) Ignorance
e) None of these

(a) Poverty

5). A Verse of the Holy Quran indicates the name of:

(a) Hazarat Muaaz (RA)
(b) Hazrat Bilal (RA)
(c) Hazrat Saad (RA)
(d) Hazrat Zaid (RA)
e) None of these

(d) Hazrat Zaid (RA)

6). Masjid Zu Qiblatain is situated in :

(a) Madina
(b) Mukkah
(c) Taif
(d) Jabal-e-Noor
(e) None of these

(a) Madina

7). Who was a Historian, justice, philospher as well as Politician?

(a) Shams ud din bin Khalkan
(b)Abdur Rehman bin Khaldun
(c) Abu Bakar Muhammad Yahya
(d) Muhammad bin Essa
(e) None of these

(b) Abdur Rehman bin Khaldun

8). Which Surah of Quran has Bismillah twice:

(a) Al Nehal
(b) Al Namal
(c) Al Ahzaab
(d) Al Noor
(e) None of these

(b) Al Namal

9). Had -e- Qazaf (False Accusation) is:

(a) 50 Lashes
(b) 70 Lashes
c) 80 Lashes
(d) 90 Lashes
(e) None of these

(c) 80 Lashes

10). Ada Bin Hatam Thai embraced Islam in:

(a) 3 Hijri
(b) 6 Hijri
(c) 9 Hijri
(d) 11 Hijri
(e) None of these

(c) 9 Hijri

11). Wealth obtained from a mine is liable to:

(a) Zakat
(b) Khumus
(c) Sulus
(d) Rubah
(e) None of these

(b) Khumus

12). Sadaq-e-Eid-ul-fitr has been proclaimed in the year:

(a) 2 Hijri
(b) 3 Hijri
(c) 4 Hijri
(d) 5 Hijri
(e) None of these

(a) 2 Hijri

Javascript Interview Questions set-02

2012-11-01T07:46:00.002-07:00

What is JavaScript? JavaScript is a platform-independent,event-driven, interpreted client-side scripting and programming language developed by Netscape Communications Corp. and Sun Microsystems.

How is JavaScript different from Java? JavaScript was developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape; Java was developed at Sun Microsystems. While the two languages share some common syntax, they were developed independently of each other and for different audiences. Java is a full-fledged programming language tailored for network computing; it includes hundreds of its own objects, including objects for creating user interfaces that appear in Java applets (in Web browsers) or standalone Java applications. In contrast, JavaScript relies on whatever environment it's operating in for the user interface, such as a Web document's form elements.
JavaScript was initially called LiveScript at Netscape while it was under development. A licensing deal between Netscape and Sun at the last minute let Netscape plug the "Java" name into the name of its scripting language. Programmers use entirely different tools for Java and JavaScript. It is also not uncommon for a programmer of one language to be ignorant of the other. The two languages don't rely on each other and are intended for different purposes. In some ways, the "Java" name on JavaScript has confused the world's understanding of the differences between the two. On the other hand, JavaScript is much easier to learn than Java and can offer a gentle introduction for newcomers who want to graduate to Java and the kinds of applications you can develop with it.

How do you submit a form using Javascript? Use document.forms[0].submit();
(0 refers to the index of the form – if you have more than one form in a page, then the first one has the index 0, second has index 1 and so on).

How do we get JavaScript onto a web page? You can use several different methods of placing javascript in you pages.
1. You can directly add a script element inside the body of page.
2. Javascript can be placed inside the element
3. Javascript can be referenced from a separate file

How to read and write a file using javascript? I/O operations like reading or writing a file is not possible with client-side javascript. However, this can be done by coding a Java applet that reads files for the script.

How to detect the operating system on the client machine? In order to detect the operating system on the client machine, the navigator.appVersion string (property) should be used.

What are JavaScript Data types? JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types:
1. Numbers eg. 123, 120.50 etc.
2. Strings of text e.g. "This text string" etc.
3. Boolean e.g. true or false.
JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of which defines only a single value.
In addition to these primitive data types, JavaScript supports a composite data type known as object.

Note: Java does not make a distinction between integer values and floating-point values. All numbers in JavaScript are represented as floating-point values. JavaScript represents numbers using the 64-bit floating-point format defined by the IEEE 754 standard.

What can javascript programs do? Generation of HTML pages on-the-fly without accessing the Web server. The user can be given control over the browser like User input validation Simple computations can be performed on the client's machine The user's browser, OS, screen size, etc. can be detected Date and Time Handling.

How to set a HTML document's background color? document.body.bgColor="green";

What is negative infinity? It's a number in JavaScript, derived by dividing negative number by zero.

How to get the contents of an input box using Javascript? by using the "value" property.
var myValue = window.document.getElementById("MyTextBox").value;

How to determine the state of a checkbox using Javascript? Use the "checked" property of the checkbox object. For example:
var checkedP = window.document.getElementById("myCheckBox").checked;

How to set the focus in an element using Javascript? Use the "focus" property of the element. For example:
document.getElementById("name").focus();

What is the difference between an alert box and a confirmation box? An alert box displays only one button which is the OK button whereas the Confirm box displays two buttons namely OK and cancel.

What is a prompt box? The prompt() is a method of the window object, just like alert(). The format for prompt() is similar to alert(), except for one addition. Prompt uses a text field to enter a value. It also has 'OK' and 'CANCEL' buttons, while the alert has only one button.

What does undefined value mean in javascript? Undefined value means the variable used in the code doesnt exist or is not assigned any value or the property doesnt exist.

What are undefined and undeclared variables? Undeclared variables are those that are not declared in the program (do not exist at all),trying to read their values gives runtime error.But if undeclared variables are assigned then implicit declaration is done.
Undefined variables are those that are not assigned any value but are declared in the program.Trying to read such variables gives special value called undefined value.

Javascript Interview Questions set-01

2012-11-01T07:42:00.001-07:00

what is the differene between java and java script...? Java Script is object based language it is used for front end validations
java is object oriented language object oriented language supports OOP's Object based not suppoted inheritence.

What are JavaScript types? Number, String, Boolean, Function, Object, Null, Undefined.

How do you convert numbers between different bases in JavaScript? Use the parseInt() function, that takes a string as the first parameter, and the base as a second parameter. So to convert hexadecimal 3F to decimal, use parseInt ("3F", 16);

What does isNaN function do ? Return true if the argument is not a number.

What is negative infinity? It’s a number in JavaScript, derived by dividing negative number by zero.

What boolean operators does JavaScript support? &&, || and !

What does "1"+2+4 evaluate to? Since 1 is a string, everything is a string, so the result is 124.

What looping structures are there in JavaScript? for, while, do-while loops, but no foreach.

How do you create a new object in JavaScript? var obj = new Object(); or var obj = {};

How do you assign object properties? obj["age"] = 17 or obj.age = 17

What’s a way to append a value to an array? arr[arr.length] = value;

What is this keyword? It refers to the current object.

What is the main difference between Client side JavaScript and and Server side Java Script. How actually they run on both side with Example? Clientside Javascript encompasses the core language plus extras such as the predefined objects, only relevant to running Javasript in a browser.The clientside javascript is embedded directly in the HTML pages and is interpreted by the browser completly at the run time. Serverside javascript also encompasses the core language plus extas as the predefined objects and functions only relevant to running Javasript in a server.The serverside javascripts are compiled before they are deployed.

HR ( Human Resource ) interview questions with answers

2012-11-01T07:35:00.001-07:00

Consider the questions below and choose one or two from them that you find the most useful to you.

What do you personally find the most enjoyable part of working for this company?
May I ask why or how you joined this organization? / What brought you here?
I would like to know about the work atmosphere here…
Would you be able to tell me about this company’s vision/philosophy?
How would you evaluate this organization’s strengths and weaknesses?
I would like to know a little about my day-to-day responsibilities.
Is this an immediate requirement? How soon would you be taking people on board for this position?
I would like to know how my skills compare with the other people who have applied for this position.
I am really interested in this opportunity and I feel I have the required skills for this position. What would I have to do next?
Now that our interview is coming to close, is there anything you would like to know about my ability towards this job?
Would you be able to tell me a little about what the company expects from its employees? What are the most important assets and skills for this company?
Does the company follow a structured path in promoting the employees? How does it go?
If the company finds me good at the job, how would it advance me? What would be the next step in my career growth?
If I performed well in the current position, what are the additional likely opportunities for me within this company?
Are there any special areas in this company that the top leaders emerge from?/ Are there special areas like say sales or engineering that have more prospects for growth within this company, or do the leaders come from a cross section of different areas?
The company has decided to recruit for this position from outside. How does the company choose between recruiting from within or outside?
How far does this particular position contribute to the bottom line?
What advice would you give to someone selected for this position?
What are the current challenges of this position/department within the company?
Before I leave, can I have a formal/written description of the position? This would help me to review the activities and evaluate what is expected of me.
Is this job likely to lead to other positions in the company? What is the usual route?
Would you be able to tell me a little about the people I will be working with?
Before I take your leave, let me check my understanding of the position. The designation is …., the responsibilities are …., it is in the ….. department, and I would be reporting to ……. Please correct me if I have got it wrong anywhere.
How does this company promote equal opportunity and diversity?
Would you be able to tell me who the company regards as its stars? What have been their most important contributions?
How do the subordinates address their seniors in this company?
Could you tell me about the management style of this company?
If you selected me for this position, what assignment would I be starting on?
Does this company have a formal mission statement? Am I allowed to see it?
What are the most important parameters along which this company evaluates an employee’s contribution?

Some More Usefull Questions with Answers

1. Tell me about yourself?
I am down-to-earth, sweet, smart, creative, industrious, and thorough.

2. How has your experience prepared you for your career?
Coursework:
Aside from the discipline and engineering foundation learning that I have gained from my courses, I think the design projects, reports, and presentations have prepared me most for my career.

Work Experience:
Through internships, I have gained self-esteem, confidence, and problem-solving skills. I also refined my technical writing and learned to prepare professional documents for clients.

Student Organizations:
By working on multiple projects for different student organizations while keeping up my grades, I’ve built time management and efficiency skills. Additionally, I’ve developed leadership, communication, and teamwork abilities.

Life Experience:
In general, life has taught me determination and the importance of maintaining my ethical standards.

3. Describe the ideal job.
Ideally, I would like to work in a fun, warm environment with individuals working independently towards team goals or individual goals. I am not concerned about minor elements, such as dress codes, cubicles, and the level of formality. Most important to me is an atmosphere that fosters attention to quality, honesty, and integrity.

4. What type of supervisor have you found to be the best?
I have been fortunate enough to work under wonderful supervisors who have provided limited supervision, while answering thoughtful questions and guiding learning. In my experience, the best supervisors give positive feedback and tactful criticism.

5. What do you plan to be doing in five years’ time?
Taking the PE exam and serving in supervisory/leadership roles both at work and in professional/community organization(s).

6. What contributions could you make in this organization that would help you to stand out from other applicants?
In previous internships, my industriousness and ability to teach myself have been valuable assets to the company. My self-teaching abilities will minimize overhead costs, and my industriousness at targeting needs without prompting will set me apart from others. Additionally, one thing that has always set me apart from my scientific/engineering peers are my broad interests and strong writing abilities. I am not your typical “left-brained” engineer, and with my broad talents, I am likely to provide diverse viewpoints.

7. What sort of criteria are you using to decide the organization you will work for?
Most importantly, I am looking for a company that values quality, ethics, and teamwork. I would like to work for a company that hires overachievers.

8. What made you choose your major?
My academic interests are broad, so I sought civil engineering to achieve a great balance of mathematics, chemistry, biology, physics, and writing.

9. Have your university and major met your expectations?
The College of Engineering at MSU has exceeded my expectations by providing group activities, career resources, individual attention, and professors with genuine interest in teaching. My major has met my expectations by about 90%. I would have enjoyed more choices in environmental courses, and would have preferred more calculus-based learning.

10. What made you choose this college?
I chose this college for the following reasons: my budget limited me to in-state schools, I was seeking an area with dog-friendly apartments, the MSU web site impressed me, I saw active student groups, and the people were very friendly.

11. How do you handle stress or pressure?
You could answer this question by saying that stress is an important issue to you. While high levels of stress can be negative, I use stress in a productive way that can allow me to work harder. It is important for me to make sure I have the correct balance of positive stress and negative stress. You could also answer this question by saying you perform better when you are under reasonable levels of stress.

12. What do you find motivates you the most?
This is a question that does not require an answer that is right or wrong. The employer is trying to see how you are motivated. It is also a method they will use to determine if you are compatible for the job. It doesn’t make much sense to put you in a position where you will not be motivated by the work you do. The best way to answer this question is to be honest. Let the interviewer know what motivates you the most. Don’t tell them what they want to hear because you are trying to get the job. While this may help you in the short term, it can hurt you in the long run.

13. Do you prefer to work alone, or do you work better in groups?

This is a question that you will want to answer carefully. If the position you are applying for requires you to work alone, it doesn’t make much sense to answer it by saying you enjoy working in groups. If the position requires you to work in groups, telling the interviewer you like working alone can keep you from being hired. However, the answer you give should be an honest one.

14. Give us an example of a challenging situation you’ve overcome.
This is a request that will require you to know a lot about yourself. If you’ve prepared for the interview beforehand, you should be able to answer this question without any problems. You should reflect on your past work experience. You must quickly be able to think about any challenges you’ve overcome. It doesn’t have to be something that is related to employment. If you were in the military, you could describe a challenge you overcame. If you are a college graduate, you can give an example of an academic challenge you successfully overcame.

15. What do you find interesting about this job?
The answer that you give better be more than just the salary. You should be able to give detailed reasons for why you are interested in being hired for a certain position. Answering this question correctly may require you to do your research on the company. This is something that must be done before the interview starts.

16. Why should we hire you?
This is one of the most difficult questions in the interview process. However, it is a good question, especially if you are competing for a position against people who are equally qualified. To answer this question, describe how your skills can be valuable to the company. Not only will you want to direct the towards your accomplishments, but you will also want to demonstrate your personality and desire. Explain that you are impressed with the history of the company, and you want to play a role in the success of the organization.

17. In what ways can you contribute to our company?
You will want to answer this question by selling yourself. Explain how your skills, personality, and experience can allow you to contribute to the company. This is a question that you may want to prepare for in advance. You will want to answer it with a powerful statement. You don’t want to be uneasy of hesitant. If the employer suspects this, you may lose your chance to be employed with the company.

SQL Server interview questions, set 03

2012-11-01T07:26:00.002-07:00

What are the steps to take to improve performance of a poor performing query?

Maximum use of indexes, stored procures should be done.
Avoid excessive use of complicated joins and cursors.
Avoid using conditional operators using columns of different tables.
Make use of computed columns and rewriting the query.

What is a deadlock and what is a live lock? How will you go about resolving deadlocks?

A deadlock occurs when two or more processes waits for a resource that is acquired by or is under the control of another process. A live lock is similar to a deadlock except the process states keeps changing. The result of such state is that none of the process will be complete.

Deadlock detection finds and resolves deadlocks. A WFG strategy is followed. WFG is wait for graph. In WFG, processes are represented by nodes while dependencies are represented by edges. Thus, if process A is waiting for a resource held by process B, there is an edge in the WFG from the node for process A to the node for process B. a cycle is this graph is a deadlock. WFG constantly checks for cycles or when a process is blocked and adds a new edge to the WFG. When a cycle is found, a victim is selected and aborted.

What is blocking and how would you troubleshoot it?

Blocking occurs when two or more rows are locked by one SQL connection and a second connection to the SQL server requires a conflicting on lock on those rows. This results in the second connection to wait until the first lock is released.

Troubleshooting blocking:

SQL scripts can be written that constantly monitor the state of locking and blocking on SQL Server
The common blocking scenarios must be identified and resolved.
The scripts output must be checked constantly,
The SQL profilers data must be examined regularly to detect blocking.

Explain the different types of BACKUPs available in SQL Server.

Complete database backup: This type of backup will backup all the information in the database. Used most commonly for disaster recovery and takes the longest time to backup.

Differential databse backup: The database is divided into partitions that have been modified since last complete backup. Most suitable for large databases. The most recent differential backup contains the changes from previous backups.

Transaction log backups: Backups only the changes logged in the transaction log. The transaction log has all changes logged about a database. Once the changes are accommodated on the database, the log is truncated or backed up.

File/File Group backups: used to recover individual files or file groups. Each filegroup can be individually backed up. This helps in recovery only the required file or filegroup for disaster recovery.

What is database isolation in SQL Server?

Isolation in database defines how and when changes made by one transaction can be visible to other transactions. Different isolation levels are:

Serializable
Repeatable read
Read committed
Read uncommitted

What is a Schema in SQL Server 2005? Explain how to create a new Schema in a Database?

A schema is used to create database objects. It can be created using CREATE SCHEMA statement. The objects created can be moved between schemas. Multiple database users can share a single default schema.

CREATE SCHEMA sample;

Table creation

Create table sample.sampleinfo

{

id int primary key,

name varchar(20)

}

Explain how to create a Scrollable Cursor with the SCROLL Option.

Using the SCROLL keyword while declaring a cursor allows fetching of rows in any sequence

Example:

DECLARE employee_curs SCROLL CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM employee;

The active set of the cursor is stored can be accessed in any order without the need of opening and closing the cursor. The Scroll cursors can be set for select and function cursors but not insert or update statements.

Explain how to create a Dynamic Cursor with the DYNAMIC Option.

When a cursor is declared as DYNAMIC, the cursor reflects all changes made to the base tables as the cursor is scrolled around.

Declare cursor_name cursor

[ STATIC | KEYSET | DYNAMIC | FAST_FORWARD ]

FOR select_statement

The dynamic option does not support ABSOLUTE FETCH.

What are database files and filegroups?

Database files are used for mapping the database over some operating system files. Data and log information are separate. SQL server database has three types of database files:

Primary: starting point of a database. It also points to other files in database. Extension: .mdf

Secondary: All data files except primary data file is a part of secondary files. Extension: .ndf

Log files: All log information used to recover database. Extension: .ldf

Describe in brief Databases and SQL Server Databases Architecture.

SQL Server consists of a set of various components which fulfill data storage and data analysis needs for enterprise applications. Database architecture: All the data is stored in databases which is organized into logical components visible to the end users. It’s only the administrator who needs to actually deal with the physical storage aspect of the databases, whereas users only deal with database tables.

Every SQL Server instance has primarily 4 system database i.e. master, model, tempdb and msdb. All other databases are user created databases as per their needs and requirements.

A single SQL Server instance is capable of handling thousands of users working on multiple databases.

SQL Server interview questions, -Set 02

2012-11-01T07:24:00.001-07:00

What is Log Shipping?

Log shipping defines the process for automatically taking backup of the database and transaction files on a SQL Server and then restoring them on a standby/backup server. This keeps the two SQL Server instances in sync with each other. In case production server fails, users simply need to be pointed to the standby/backup server. Log shipping primarily consists of 3 operations:

Backup transaction logs of the Production server.

Copy these logs on the standby/backup server.

Restore the log on standby/backup server.

What is the difference between a Local and a Global temporary table?

Temporary tables are used to allow short term use of data in SQL Server. They are of 2 types:

Local	Global
Only available to the current Db connection for current user and are cleared when connection is closed.	Available to any connection once created. They are cleared when the last connection is closed.
Multiple users can’t share a local temporary table.	Can be shared by multiple user sessions.

What is the STUFF and how does it differ from the REPLACE function?

Both STUFF and REPLACE are used to replace characters in a string.

select replace('abcdef','ab','xx') results in xxcdef

select replace('defdefdef','def','abc') results in abcabcabc

We cannot replace a specific occurrence of “def” using REPLACE.

select stuff('defdefdef',4, 3,'abc') results in defabcdef

where 4 is the character to begin replace from and 3 is the number of characters to replace.

What are the rules to use the ROWGUIDCOL property to define a globally unique identifier column?

Only one column can exist per table that is attached with ROWGUIDCOL property. One can then use $ROWGUID instead of column name in select list.

What is the actions prevented once referential integrity is enforced?

Actions prevented are:

· Breaking of relationships is prevented once referential integrity on a database is enforced.

· Can’t delete a row from primary table if there are related rows in secondary table.

· Can’t update primary table’s primary key if row being modified has related rows in secondary table.

· Can’t insert a new row in secondary table if there are not related rows in primary table.

· Can’t update secondary table’s foreign key if there is no related row in primary table.

What are the commands available for Summarizing Data in SQL Server?

Commands for summarizing data in SQL Server:

Command	Description	Syntax/Example
SUM	Sums related values	SELECT SUM(Sal) as Tot from Table1;
AVG	Average value	SELECT AVG(Sal) as Avg_Sal from Table1;
COUNT	Returns number of rows of resultset	SELECT COUNT(*) from Table1;
MAX	Returns max value from a resultset	SELECT MAX(Sal) from Table1;
MIN	Returns min value from a resultset	SELECT MIN(Sal) from Table1;
GROUP BY	Arrange resultset in groups	`SELECT ZIP,City FROM Emp GROUP BY ZIP`
ORDER BY	Sort resultset	`SELECT ZIP,City FROM Emp ORDER BY City`

List out the difference between CUBE operator and ROLLUP operator

Difference between CUBE and ROLLUP:

CUBE	ROLLUP
It’s an additional switch to GROUP BY clause. It can be applied to all aggregation functions to return cross tabular result sets. .	It’s an extension to GROUP BY clause. It’s used to extract statistical and summarized information from result sets. It creates groupings and then applies aggregation functions on them.
Produces all possible combinations of subtotals specified in GROUP BY clause and a Grand Total.	Produces only some possible subtotal combinations.

What are the guidelines to use bulk copy utility of SQL Server?

Bulk copy is an API that allows interacting with SQL Server to export/import data in one of the two data formats. Bulk copy needs sufficient system credentials.

· Need INSERT permissions on destination table while importing.

· Need SELECT permissions on source table while exporting.

· Need SELECT permissions on sysindexes, sysobjects and syscolumns tables.

bcp.exe northwind..cust out "c:\cust.txt" –c -T

Export all rows in Northwind.Cust table to an ASCII-character formatted text file.

What are the capabilities of Cursors?

Capabilities of cursors:

· Cursor reads every row one by one.

· Cursors can be used to update a set of rows or a single specific row in a resultset

· Cursors can be positioned to specific rows.

· Cursors can be parameterized and hence are flexible.

· Cursors lock row(s) while updating them.

What are the ways to controlling Cursor Behavior?

There are 2 ways to control Cursor behavior:

· Cursor Types: Data access behavior depends on the type of cursor; forward only, static, keyset-drive and dynamic.

· Cursor behaviors: Keywords such as SCROLL and INSENSITIVE along with the Cursor declaration define scrollability and sensitivity of the cursor.

What are the advantages of using Stored Procedures?

Advantages of using stored procedures are:

· They are easier to maintain and troubleshoot as they are modular.

· Stored procedures enable better tuning for performance.

· Using stored procedures is much easier from a GUI end than building/using complex queries.

· They can be part of a separate layer which allows separating the concerns. Hence Database layer can be handled by separate developers proficient in database queries.

· Help in reducing network usage.

· Provides more scalability to an application.

· Reusable and hence reduce code.

What are the ways to code efficient transactions?

Some ways and guidelines to code efficient transactions:

· Do not ask for an input from a user during a transaction.

· Get all input needed for a transaction before starting the transaction.

· Transaction should be atomic

· Transactions should be as short and small as possible.

· Rollback a transaction if a user intervenes and re-starts the transaction.

· Transaction should involve a small amount of data as it needs to lock the number of rows involved.

· Avoid transactions while browsing through data.

What are the differences among batches, stored procedures, and triggers?

Batch	Stored Procedure	Triggers
Collection or group of SQL statements. All statements of a batch are compiled into one executional unit called execution plan. All statements are then executed statement by statement.	It’s a collection or group of SQL statements that’s compiled once but used many times.	It’s a type of Stored procedure that cannot be called directly. Instead it fires when a row is updated, deleted, or inserted.

What security features are available for stored procedures?

Security features for stored procedures:

· Grants users permissions to execute a stored procedure irrespective of the related tables.

· Grant users users permission to work with a stored procedure to access a restricted set of data yet no give them permissions to update or select underlying data.

· Stored procedures can be granted execute permissions rather than setting permissions on data itself.

· Provide more granular security control through stored procedures rather than complete control on underlying data in tables.

What are the instances when triggers are appropriate?

Scenarios for using triggers:

· To create a audit log of database activity.

· To apply business rules.

· To apply some calculation on data from tables which is not stored in them.

· To enforce referential integrity.

· Alter data in a third party application

· To execute SQL statements as a result of an event/condition automatically.

What are the restrictions applicable while creating views?

Restrictions applicable while creating views:

· A view cannot be indexed.

· A view cannot be Altered or renamed. Its columns cannot be renamed.

· To alter a view, it must be dropped and re-created.

· ANSI_NULLS and QUOTED_IDENTIFIER options should be turned on to create a view.

· All tables referenced in a view must be part of the same database.

· Any user defined functions referenced in a view must be created with SCHEMABINDING option.

· Cannot use ROWSET, UNION, TOP, ORDER BY, DISTINCT, COUNT(*), COMPUTE, COMPUTE BY in views.

What are the events recorded in a transaction log?

Events recorded in a transaction log:

· Broker event category includes events produced by Service Broker.

· Cursors event category includes cursor operations events.

· CLR event category includes events fired by .Net CLR objects.

· Database event category includes events of data.log files shrinking or growing on their own.

· Errors and Warning event category includes SQL Server warnings and errors.

· Full text event category include events occurred when text searches are started, interrupted, or stopped.

· Locks event category includes events caused when a lock is acquired, released, or cancelled.

· Object event category includes events of database objects being created, updated or deleted.

· OLEDB event category includes events caused by OLEDB calls.

· Performance event category includes events caused by DML operators.

· Progress report event category includes Online index operation events.

· Scans event category includes events notifying table/index scanning.

· Security audit event category includes audit server activities.

· Server event category includes server events.

· Sessions event category includes connecting and disconnecting events of clients to SQL Server.

· Stored procedures event category includes events of execution of Stored procedures.

· Transactions event category includes events related to transactions.

· TSQL event category includes events generated while executing TSQL statements.

· User configurable event category includes user defined events.

Describe when checkpoints are created in a transaction log.

Activities causing checkpoints are:

· When a checkpoint is explicitly executed.

· A logged operation is performed on the database.

· Database files have been altered using Alter Database command.

· SQL Server has been stopped explicitly or on its own.

· SQL Server periodically generates checkpoints.

· Backup of a database is taken.

Define Truncate and Delete commands.

TRUNCATE	DELETE
This is also a logged operation but in terms of deallocation of data pages.	This is a logged operation for every row.
Cannot TRUNCATE a table that has foreign key constraints.	Any row not violating a constraint can be Deleted.
Resets identity column to the default starting value.	Does not reset the identity column. Starts where it left from last.
Removes all rows from a table.	Used delete all or selected rows from a table based on WHERE clause.
Cannot be Rolled back.	Need to Commit or Rollback
DDL command	DML command

SQL Server interview questions -set 01

2012-11-01T07:21:00.001-07:00

Explain the use of keyword WITH ENCRYPTION. Create a Store Procedure with Encryption.

It is a way to convert the original text of the stored procedure into encrypted form. The stored procedure gets obfuscated and the output of this is not visible to

CREATE PROCEDURE Abc

WITH ENCRYPTION

<< SELECT statement>>

What is a linked server in SQL Server?

It enables SQL server to address diverse data sources like OLE DB similarly. It allows Remote server access and has the ability to issue distributed queries, updates, commands and transactions.

Features and concepts of Analysis Services

Analysis Services is a middle tier server for analytical processing, OLAP, and Data mining. It manages multidimensional cubes of data and provides access to heaps of information including aggregation of data One can create data mining models from data sources and use it for Business Intelligence also including reporting features.

Some of the key features are:

· Ease of use with a lot of wizards and designers.

· Flexible data model creation and management

· Scalable architecture to handle OLAP

· Provides integration of administration tools, data sources, security, caching, and reporting etc.

· Provides extensive support for custom applications

What is Analysis service repository?

Every Analysis server has a repository to store metadata for the objects like cubes, data sources etc. It’s by default stored in a MS Access database which can be also migrated to a SQL Server database.

What is SQL service broker?

Service Broker allows internal and external processes to send and receive guaranteed, asynchronous messaging. Messages can also be sent to remote servers hosting databases as well. The concept of queues is used by the broker to put a message in a queue and continue with other applications asynchronously. This enables client applications to process messages at their leisure without blocking the broker. Service Broker uses the concepts of message ordering, coordination, multithreading and receiver management to solve some major message queuing problems. It allows for loosely coupled services, for database applications.

What is user defined datatypes and when you should go for them?

User defined data types are based on system data types. They should be used when multiple tables need to store the same type of data in a column and you need to ensure that all these columns are exactly the same including length, and nullability.

Parameters for user defined datatype:

Name

System data type on which user defined data type is based upon.

Nullability.

For example, a user-defined data type called post_code could be created based on char system data type.

What is bit datatype?

A bit datatype is an integer data type which can store either a 0 or 1 or null value.

Describe the XML support SQL server extends.

SQL Server (server-side) supports 3 major elements:

Creation of XML fragments: This is done from the relational data using FOR XML to the select query.
Ability to shred xml data to be stored in the database.
Finally, storing the xml data.

Client-side XML support in SQL Server is in the form of SQLXML. It can be described in terms of

XML Views: providing bidirectional mapping between XML schemas and relational tables.
Creation of XML Templates: allows creation of dynamic sections in XML.

What is SQL Server English Query?

English query allows accessing the relational databases through English Query applications. Such applications permit the users to ask the database to fetch data based on simple English instead of using SQL statements.

What is the purpose of SQL Profiler in SQL server?

SQL profiler is a tool to monitor performance of various stored procedures. It is used to debug the queries and procedures. Based on performance, it identifies the slow executing queries. Capture any problems by capturing the events on production environment so that they can be solved.

What is XPath?

XPath is an expressions to select a xml node in an XML document.

It allows the navigation on the XML document to the straight to the element where we need to reach and access the attributes.

What are the Authentication Modes in SQL Server?

a. Windows Authentication Mode (Windows Authentication): uses user’s Windows account

b. Mixed Mode (Windows Authentication and SQL Server Authentication): uses either windows or SQL server

Explain Data Definition Language, Data Control Language and Data Manipulation Language.

Data Definition Language (DDL):- are the SQL statements that define the database structure.

Example:

a. CREATE

b. ALTER

c. DROP

d. TRUNCATE

e. COMMENT

f. RENAME

Data Manipulation Language (DML):- statements are used for manipulate or edit data.

Example:

a. SELECT - retrieve data from the a database

b. INSERT - insert data into a table

c. UPDATE - updates existing data within a table

d. DELETE

e. MERGE

f. CALL

g. EXPLAIN PLAN

h. LOCK TABLE

Data Control Language (DCL):-statements to take care of the security and authorization.

Examples:

GRANT
REVOKE

What are the steps to process a single SELECT statement?

Steps

a. The select statement is broken into logical units

b. A sequence tree is built based on the keywords and expressions in the form of the logical units.

c. Query optimizer checks for various permutations and combinations to figure out the fastest way using minimum resources to access the source tables. The best found way is called as an execution plan.

d. Relational engine executes the plan and processes the data

Explain GO Command.

Go command is a signal to execute the entire batch of SQL statements after previous Go.

What is the significance of NULL value and why should we avoid permitting null values?

NULL value means that no entry has been made into the column. It states that the corresponding value is either unknown or undefined. It is different from zero or "". They should be avoided to avoid the complexity in select & update queries and also because columns which have constraints like primary or foreign key constraints cannot contain a NULL value.

What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?

UNION selects only distinct values whereas UNION ALL selects all values and not just distinct ones.

UNION: SELECT column_names FROM table_name1
UNION
SELECT column_names FROM table_name2

UNION All: SELECT column_names FROM table_name1
UNION ALL
SELECT column_names FROM table_name2

What is use of DBCC Commands?

DBCC (Database consistency checker) act as Database console commands for SQL Server to check database consistency. They are grouped as:

Maintenance: Maintenance tasks on Db, filegroup, index etc. Commands include DBCC CLEANTABLE, DBCC INDEXDEFRAG, DBCC DBREINDEX, DBCC SHRINKDATABASE, DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS, DBCC SHRINKFILE, DBCC FREEPROCCACHE, and DBCC UPDATEUSAGE.

Miscellaneous: Tasks such as enabling tracing, removing dll from memory. Commands include DBCC dllname, DBCC HELP, DBCC FREESESSIONCACHE, DBCC TRACEOFF, DBCC FREESYSTEMCACHE, and DBCC TRACEON.

Informational: Tasks which gather and display various types of information. Commands include DBCC INPUTBUFFER, DBCC SHOWCONTIG, DBCC OPENTRAN, DBCC SQLPERF, DBCC OUTPUTBUFFER, DBCC TRACESTATUS, DBCC PROCCACHE, DBCC USEROPTIONS, and DBCC SHOW_STATISTICS.

Validation: Operations for validating on Db, index, table etc. Commands include DBCC CHECKALLOC, DBCC CHECKFILEGROUP, DBCC CHECKCATALOG, DBCC CHECKIDENT, DBCC CHECKCONSTRAINTS, DBCC CHECKTABLE, and DBCC CHECKDB.

PHP interview questions

2012-10-23T06:55:00.003-07:00

What is PHP?

PHP (Hyper text Pre Processor) is a scripting language commonly used for web applications. PHP can be easily embedded in HTML. PHP generally runs on a web server. It is available for free and can be used across a variety of servers, operating systems and platforms.

What Is a Session in PHP?

A PHP session is no different from a normal session. It can be used to store information on the server for future use. However this storage is temporary and is flushed out when the site is closed. Sessions can start by first creating a session id (unique) for each user.

Syntax : session_start()

E.g. storing a customer’s information.

Explain the difference between $message and $$message.

$message is used to store variable data. $$message can be used to store variable of a variable. Data stored in $message is fixed while data stored in $$message can be changed dynamically.

E.g. $var1 = ‘Variable 1’

$$var1= ‘variable2’

This can be interpreted as $ Variable 1=‘variable2’;

For me to print value of both variables, I will write

$var1 $($var1)

What Is a Persistent Cookie?

Cookies are used to remember the users. Content of a Persistent cookie remains unchanged even when the browser is closed. ‘Remember me’ generally used for login is the best example for Persistent Cookie.

Explain the differences between require and include, include_once.

Include () will include the file specified.

Include_once () will include the file only once even if the code of the file has been included before.

Require () and include () are the same with respect to handling failures. However, require () results in a fatal error and does not allow the processing of the page.

What is urlencode and urldecode?

Urlencode can be used to encode a string that can be used in a url. It encodes the same way posted data from web page is encoded. It returns the encoded string.

Syntax: urlencode (string $str )

Urldecode can be used to decode a string. Decodes any %## encoding in the given string (Inserted by urlencode)

Syntax: urldecode (string $str )

What are the different types of errors in PHP?

Different types of errors are:

E_ERROR: A fatal error that causes script termination

E_WARNING: Run-time warning that does not cause script termination



E_PARSE: Compile time parse error.



E_NOTICE: Run time notice caused due to error in code



E_CORE_ERROR: Fatal errors that occur during PHP's initial startup (installation)



E_CORE_WARNING: Warnings that occur during PHP's initial startup



E_COMPILE_ERROR: Fatal compile-time errors indication problem with script.



E_USER_ERROR: User-generated error message.



E_USER_WARNING: User-generated warning message.

E_USER_NOTICE: User-generated notice message.

E_STRICT: Run-time notices.

E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR: Catchable fatal error indicating a dangerous error

E_ALL: Catches all errors and warnings




Explain how to
submit form without a submit button.



A form data can be posted or submitted without the
button in the following ways:



1. On OnClick event of a label in the form, a
JavaScript function can be called to submit the form



e.g. document.form_name.submit()



2. Using a Hyperlink: On clicking the link, JavaScript
function can be called



e.g <a.href=” javascript:document.MyForm.submit();">





What
are the functions for IMAP? 



IMAP
is used for communicate with mail servers. It has a number of functions. Few of
them are listed below:



Imap_alerts
– Returns all the imap errors occurred



Imap_body
– Reads the message body



Imap_check
– Reads the current mail box



Imap_clearflag_full
– Clears all flags



Imap_close
– close and IMAP stream



Imap_delete
– Delete message from current mailbox



Imap_delete_mailbox
– Deletes a mailbox



Imap_fetchbody
– Fetches body of message



Imap_fetchheader
– Fetches header of message



Imap_headers
– Returns headers for ALL messages



Imap_mail
: send a mail



Imap_sort-
Sorts imap messages





How
can we increase the execution time of a php script? 



Default time allowed for the PHP scripts to execute is
30s defined in the php.ini file. The function used is set_time_limit(int
seconds). If the value passed is ‘0’, it takes unlimited time. It should be
noted that if the default timer is set to 30 sec and 20 sec is specified in
set_time_limit(), the script will run for 45 secs.



How to set
cookies in PHP? 



Cookies
are often used to track user information. 



Cookies
can be set in PHP using the setcookie() function.



Parameters are : name of the cookie, Value of cookie,
time for expiry of cookie, path of the cookies location on server, domain,
secure (TRUE or FALSE) indication whether the cookie is passed over a secure
HTTPS, http only (TRUE) which will make the cookie accessible only through
HTTP.



Returns TRUE or FALSE depending on whether the cookie
was executed or not.




What is Type juggle in php?



Type Juggling means
dealing with a variable type. In PHP a variables type is determined by the
context in which it is used. If an integer value is assigned to a variable, it
becomes an integer.



E.g. $var3= $var1 + $var2



Here, if $var1 is an integer. $var2 and $var3 will also
be treated as integers.  





Explain the difference between include
and require. 



Require () and include () are the same with respect to
handling failures. However, require () results in a fatal error and does not allow
the processing of the page. i.e. include will allow the script to continue.

Oracle / Database interview questions PART 02

2012-10-23T06:48:00.002-07:00

Explain why cursor variables are easier to use than cursors.

Cursor variables are preferred over a cursor for following reasons:

A cursor variable is not tied to a specific query.

One can open a cursor variable for any query returning the right set of columns. Thus, more flexible than cursors.

A cursor variable can be passed as a parameter.

A cursor variable can refer to different work areas.

What is locking, advantages of locking and types of locking in oracle?

Locking is a mechanism to ensure data integrity while allowing maximum concurrent access to data. It is used to implement concurrency control when multiple users access table to manipulate its data at the same time.

Advantages of locking:

a. Avoids deadlock conditions

b. Avoids clashes in capturing the resources

Types of locks:

a. Read Operations: Select

b. Write Operations: Insert, Update and Delete

What are transaction isolation levels supported by Oracle?

Oracle supports 3 transaction isolation levels:

a. Read committed (default)

b. Serializable transactions

c. Read only

What is SQL*Loader?

SQL*Loader is a loader utility used for moving data from external files into the Oracle database in bulk. It is used for high performance data loads.

What is Program Global Area (PGA)?

The Program Global Area (PGA): stores data and control information for a server process in the memory. The PGA consists of a private SQL area and the session memory.

What is a shared pool?

The shared pool is a key component. The shared pool is like a buffer for SQL statements. It is to store the SQL statements so that the identical SQL statements do not have to be parsed each time they're executed.

38. What is snapshot in oracle?

A snapshot is a recent copy of a table from db or in some cases, a subset of rows/cols of a table. They are used to dynamically replicate the data between distributed databases.

What is a synonym?

A synonym is an alternative name tables, views, sequences and other database objects.

What is a schema?

A schema is a collection of database objects. Schema objects are logical structures created by users to contain data. Schema objects include structures like tables, views, and indexes.

What are Schema Objects?

Schema object is a logical data storage structure. Oracle stores a schema object logically within a tablespace of the database.

What is a sequence in oracle?

Is a column in a table that allows a faster retrieval of data from the table because this column contains data which uniquely identifies a row. It is the fastest way to fetch data through a select query. This column has constraints to achieve this ability. The constraints are put on this column so that the value corresponding to this column for any row cannot be left blank and also that the value is unique and not duplicated with any other value in that column for any row.

Difference between a hot backup and a cold backup

Cold backup: It is taken when the database is closed and not available to users. All files of the database are copied (image copy). The datafiles cannot be changed during the backup as they are locked, so the database remains in sync upon restore.

Hot backup: While taking the backup, if the database remains open and available to users then this kind of back up is referred to as hot backup. Image copy is made for all the files. As, the database is in use the entire time, so there might be changes made when backup is taking place. These changes are available in log files so the database can be kept in sync

What are the purposes of Import and Export utilities?

Export and Import are the utilities provided by oracle in order to write data in a binary format from the db to OS files and to read them back.

These utilities are used:

· To take backup/dump of data in OS files.

· Restore the data from the binary files back to the database.

· move data from one owner to another

Difference between ARCHIVELOG mode and NOARCHIVELOG mode

Archivelog mode is a mode in which backup is taken for all the transactions that takes place so as to recover the database at any point of time.

Noarichvelog mode is in which the log files are not written. This mode has a disadvantage that the database cannot be recovered when required. It has an advantage over archivelog mode which is increase in performance.

What are the original Export and Import Utilities?

SQL*Loader, External Tables

What are data pump Export and Import Modes?

It is used for fast and bulk data movement within oracle databases. Data Pump utility is faster than the original import & export utilities.

What are SQLCODE and SQLERRM and why are they important for PL/SQL developers?

SQLCODE: It returns the error number for the last encountered error.

SQLERRM: It returns the actual error message of the last encountered error.

Explain user defined exceptions in oracle.

A User-defined exception has to be defined by the programmer. User-defined exceptions are declared in the declaration section with their type as exception. They must be raised explicitly using RAISE statement, unlike pre-defined exceptions that are raised implicitly. RAISE statement can also be used to raise internal exceptions.

Exception:

DECLARE

userdefined EXCEPTION;

BEGIN

RAISE userdefined;

EXCEPTION

WHEN userdefined THEN

END;

Explain the concepts of Exception in Oracle. Explain its type.

Exception is the raised when an error occurs while program execution. As soon as the error occurs, the program execution stops and the control are then transferred to exception-handling part.

There are two types of exceptions:

1. Predefined : These types of exceptions are raised whenever something occurs beyond oracle rules. E.g. Zero_Divide

2. User defined: The ones that occur based on the condition specified by the user. They must be raised explicitly using RAISE statement, unlike pre-defined exceptions that are raised implicitly.

How exceptions are raised in oracle?

There are four ways that you or the PL/SQL runtime engine can raise an exception:

· Exceptions are raised automatically by the program.

· The programmer raises a user defined exceptions.

· The programmer raises pre defined exceptions explicitly.

What is tkprof and how is it used?

tkprof is used for diagnosing performance issues. It formats a trace file into a more readable format for performance analysis. It is needed because trace file is a very complicated file to be read as it contains minute details of program execution.

What is Oracle Server Autotrace?

It is a utility that provides instant feedback on successful execution of any statement (select, update, insert, delete). It is the most basic utility to test the performance issues.

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Oracle /Database interview questions PART 01

2012-10-23T06:46:00.000-07:00

Explain the difference between trigger and stored procedure.

Trigger in act which is performed automatically before or after a event occur

Stored procedure is a set of functionality which is executed when it is explicitly invoked.

Explain Row level and statement level trigger.

Row-level: - They get fired once for each row in a table affected by the statements.

Statement: - They get fired once for each triggering statement.

Advantage of a stored procedure over a database trigger

Firing of a stored procedure can be controlled whereas on the other hand trigger will get fired whenever any modification takes place on the table.

What are cascading triggers?

A Trigger that contains statements which cause invoking of other Triggers are known as cascading triggers. Here’s the order of execution of statements in case of cascading triggers:

· Execute all BEFORE statement triggers that apply to the current statement.

· Loop for each row affected statement.

· Execute all BEFORE row triggers that apply to the current statement in the loop.

· Lock and change row, perform integrity constraints check; release lock.

· Execute all AFTER row triggers that apply to the current statement.

· Execute all AFTER statement triggers that apply to the current statement.

What is a JOIN? Explain types of JOIN in oracle.

A JOIN is used to match/equate different fields from 2 or more tables using primary/foreign keys. Output is based on type of Join and what is to be queries i.e. common data between 2 tables, unique data, total data, or mutually exclusive data.

Types of JOINS:

JOIN Type	Example	Description
Simple JOIN	SELECT p.last_name, t.deptName FROM person p, dept t WHERE p.id = t.id;	Find name and department name of students who have been allotted a department
Inner/Equi/Natural JOIN	SELECT * from Emp INNER JOIN Dept WHERE Emp.empid=Dept.empid	Extracts data that meets the JOIN conditions only. A JOIN is by default INNER unless OUTER keyword is specified for an OUTER JOIN.
Outer Join	SELECT distinct * from Emp LEFT OUTER JOIN Dept Where Emp.empid=Dept.empid	It includes non matching rows also unlike Inner Join.
Self JOIN	SELECT a.name,b.name from emp a, emp b WHERE a.id=b.rollNumber	Joining a Table to itself.

What is object data type in oracle?

New/User defined objects can be created from any database built in types or by their combinations. It makes it easier to work with complex data like images, media (audio/video). An object types is just an abstraction of the real world entities. An object has:

· Name

· Attributes

· Methods

Example:

Create type MyName as object (first varchar2(20), second varchar2(20));

Now you can use this datatype while defining a table below:

Create table Emp (empno number(5),Name MyName);

One can access the Atributes as Emp.Name.First and Emp.Name.Second

What is composite data type?

Composite data types are also known as Collections .i.e RECORD, TABLE, NESTED TABLE, VARRAY.

Composite data types are of 2 types:

PL/SQL RECORDS

PL/SQL Collections- Table, Varray, Nested Table

Differences between CHAR and NCHAR in Oracle

NCHAR allow storing of Unicode data in the database. One can store Unicode characters regardless of the setting of the database characterset

Differences between CHAR and VARCHAR2 in Oracle

CHAR is used to store fixed length character strings where as Varchar2 can store variable length character strings. However, for performance sake Char is quit faster than Varchar2.

If we have char name[10] and store “abcde”, then 5 bytes will be filled with null values, whereas in case of varchar2 name[10] 5 bytes will be used and other 5 bytes will be freed.

Differences between DATE and TIMESTAMP in Oracle

Date is used to store date and time values including month, day, year, century, hours, minutes and seconds. It fails to provide granularity and order of execution when finding difference between 2 instances (events) having a difference of less than a second between them.

TimeStamp datatype stores everything that Date stores and additionally stores fractional seconds.

Date: 16:05:14

Timestamp: 16:05:14:000

Define CLOB and NCLOB datatypes.

CLOB: Character large object. It is 4GB in length.

NCLOB: National Character large object. It is CLOB datatype for multiple character sets , upto 4GB in length.

What is the BFILE datatypes?

It refers to an external binary file and its size is limited by the operating system.

What is Varrays?

Varrays are one-dimensional, arrays. The maximum length is defined in the declaration itself. These can be only used when you know in advance about the maximum number of items to be stored.

For example: One person can have multiple phone numbers. If we are storing this data in the tables, then we can store multiple phone numbers corresponding to single Name. If we know the maximum number of phone numbers, then we can use Varrays, else we use nested tables.

What is a cursor? What are its types?

Cursor is used to access the access the result set present in the memory. This result set contains the records returned on execution of a query.

They are of 2 types:

1. Explicit

2. Implicit

Explain the attributes of implicit cursor

%FOUND - True, if the SQL statement has changed any rows.
%NOTFOUND - True, if record was not fetched successfully.
%ROWCOUNT - The number of rows affected by the SQL statement.
%ISOPEN - True, if there is a SQL statement being associated to the cursor or the cursor is open.

Explain the attributes of explicit cursor.

%FOUND - True, if the SQL statement has changed any rows.
%NOTFOUND - True, if record was not fetched successfully.
%ROWCOUNT - The number of rows affected by the SQL statement.
%ISOPEN - True, if there is a SQL statement being associated to the cursor or the cursor is open.

What is the ref cursor in Oracle?

REF_CURSOR allows returning a recordset/cursor from a Stored procedure.

It is of 2 types:

Strong REF_CURSOR: Returning columns with datatype and length need to be known at compile time.

Weak REF_CURSOR: Structured does not need to be known at compile time.

Syntax till Oracle 9i

create or replace package REFCURSOR_PKG as

TYPE WEAK8i_REF_CURSOR IS REF CURSOR;

TYPE STRONG REF_CURSOR IS REF CURSOR RETURN EMP%ROWTYPE;

end REFCURSOR_PKG;

Procedure returning the REF_CURSOR:

create or replace procedure test( p_deptno IN number , p_cursor OUT

REFCURSOR_PKG.WEAK8i_REF_CURSOR)

is

begin

open p_cursor FOR

select *

from emp

where deptno = p_deptno;

end test;

Since Oracle 9i we can use SYS_REFCURSOR

create or replace procedure test( p_deptno IN number,p_cursor OUT SYS_REFCURSOR)

is

begin

open p_cursor FOR

select *

from emp

where deptno = p_deptno;

end test;

For Strong

create or replace procedure test( p_deptno IN number,p_cursor OUT REFCURSOR_PKG.STRONG

REF_CURSOR)

is

begin

open p_cursor FOR

select *

from emp

where deptno = p_deptno;

end test;

What are the drawbacks of a cursor?

Cursors allow row by row processing of recordset. For every row, a network roundtrip is made unlike in a Select query where there is just one network roundtrip. Cursors need more I/O and temp storage resources, thus it is slower.

What is a cursor variable?

In case of a cursor, Oracle opens an anonymous work area that stores processing information. This area can be accessed by cursor variable which points to this area. One must define a REF CURSOR type, and then declare cursor variables of that type to do so.

E.g.:

/* Create the cursor type. */

TYPE company_curtype IS REF CURSOR RETURN company%ROWTYPE;

/* Declare a cursor variable of that type. */

company_curvar company_curtype;

 What is implicit cursor in Oracle?

PL/SQL creates an implicit cursor whenever an SQL statement is executed through the code, unless the code employs an explicit cursor. The developer does not explicitly declare the cursor, thus, known as implicit cursor.

E.g.:

In the following UPDATE statement, which gives everyone in the company a 20% raise, PL/SQL creates an implicit cursor to identify the set of rows in the table which would be affected.

UPDATE emp

SET salary = salary * 1.2;

Can you pass a parameter to a cursor? Explain with an explain

Parameterized cursor:

/*Create a table*/

create table Employee(

ID
VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)NOT NULL,

First_Name
VARCHAR2(10 BYTE)

);

/*Insert
some data*/

Insert

into
Employee (ID, First_Name) values (‘01’,’Harry’);

/*create
cursor*/

declare

cursor
c_emp(cin_No NUMBER)is select count(*) from employee where id=cin_No;

v_deptNo
employee.id%type:=10;

v_countEmp
NUMBER;

begin

open
c_emp (v_deptNo);

fetch
c_emp into v_countEmp;

close
c_emp;

end;

/*Using
cursor*/

Open c_emp (10);

What is a package cursor?

A Package that returns a Cursor type is a package cursor.

Eg:

Create

or
replace package pkg_Util is

    cursor
c_emp is select * from employee;

    r_emp
c_emp%ROWTYPE;

end;

/*Another
package using this package*/

Create

or
replace package body pkg_aDifferentUtil is

    procedure
p_printEmps is

begin

        open
pkg_Util.c_emp;

loop

            fetch
pkg_Util.c_emp into pkg_Util.r_emp;

            exit
when pkg_Util.c_emp%NOTFOUND;

DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(pkg_Util.r_emp.first_Name);

        end
loop;

        close
pkg_Util.c_emp;

end;
end;

Networking interview questions

2012-10-22T08:22:00.000-07:00

What is LAN?

LAN is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings. However, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs connected in this way is called a wide-area network (WAN). Most LANs connect workstations and personal computers. Each node (individual computer) in a LAN has its own CPU with which it executes programs, but it also is able to access data and devices anywhere on the LAN. This means that many users can share expensive devices, such as laser printers, as well as data. Users can also use the LAN to communicate with each other, by sending e-mail or engaging in chat sessions.

What's the difference Between an Intranet and the Internet?

There's one major distinction between an intranet and the Internet: The Internet is an open, public space, while an intranet is designed to be a private space. An intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but as a rule it's protected by a password and accessible only to employees or other authorized users.

From within a company, an intranet server may respond much more quickly than a typical Web site. This is because the public Internet is at the mercy of traffic spikes, server breakdowns and other problems that may slow the network. Within a company, however, users have much more bandwidth and network hardware may be more reliable. This makes it easier to serve high-bandwidth content, such as audio and video, over an intranet.

Define the term Protocol.

Protocol is a standard way of communicating across a network. A protocol is the "language" of the network. It is a method by which two dissimilar systems can communicate. TCP is a protocol which runs over a network.

What is FTP (File Transfer Protocol)?

FTP is File Transfer Protocol. It used to exchange files on the internet. To enable the data transfer FTP uses TCP/IP, FTP is most commonly used to upload and download files from the internet. FTP can be invoked from the command prompt or some graphical user interface. FTP also allows to update (delete, rename, move, and copy) files at a server. It uses a reserved port no 21.

Explain the 7 Layers of OSI.

Layer 1: Physical layer

It represents all the electrical and physical specifications for devices.

Layer 2: Data link layer

It provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the Physical layer.

Layer 3: Network layer

The Network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source to a destination via one or more networks.

Layer 4: Transport layer

It provides transparent transfer of data between end users.

Layer 5: Session layer

It controls the sessions between computers. It connects, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application.

Layer 6: Presentation layer

It transforms data to provide a standard interface for the Application layer.

Layer 7: Application layer

It provides a means for the user to access information on the network through an application.

What is a network? What are the different kinds of network? Explain them

A network is a group of computers or nodes connected together. They are connected with each other by communication paths.

Types of Networks:

LAN – Local Area Network connects a group of nodes covering a small physical area. LAN’s are most commonly seen in offices, building etc. LAN’s enable higher transfer rate of data, smaller coverage of area and hence less wiring.

WAN – Wide Area Network connects a group of nodes covering a wide area. WAN typically connects and allow communication between regions or national boundaries. The most common example of WAN is internet.

VPN – Virtual Private Network connects or links nodes in some larger area by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. It is used for secure communication through the public internet. VPN alone may not support explicit security features, such as authentication or content encryption.

Intranet – It is a set of networks under the control of a single administrative person. It can be considered as an internal network of an organization. If it is large, web servers are used to provide information to the users.

Extranet – It is a network that restricts itself within a single organization. It can be categorized as WAN, MAN etc. however; it cannot have a single LAN. It must have a connection (at least one) with external network.

What are network topologies? Explain Ring, Bus and Star topology.

A network topology describes the layout of a network. It describes how different nodes and elements are connected to each other. Different types of topology:

a. Ring:-

All nodes connected with another in a loop.

Each device is connected to one or more another device on either side.

b. Bus

All nodes connected to a central and a common cable called as a back bone.

In bus topology, the server is at one end and the clients are connected at different positions across the network.

Easy to manage and install.

If the backbone fails, the entire communication fails.

c. Star

All nodes connected to a central hub.

The communication between the nodes is through the hub.

Relative requires more cables as compared to BUS. However if any node fails, it wont affect the entire LAN.

Explain IP, TCP and UDP.

TCP – Transmission control Protocol is used to establish communication between nodes or networks and exchange data packets. It guarantees delivery of data packets in the order they were sent. Hence it is most commonly used in all applications that require guaranteed delivery of data. It can handle both timeouts (if packets were delayed) and retransmission (if packets were lost). The stream of data is transmitted in segments. The segment header is 32 bit. it is a connectionless communication protocol at the third level (network) of the OSI model.

IP – Internet protocol is used for transmission of data over the internet. IP uses IP addresses to identity each machine uniquely. Message is sent using small packets. The packet contains both the sender and receivers address. IP does not guarantee the delivery in the same order as sent. This is because the packets are sent via different routes. It is a connectionless communication protocol at the third level (network) of the OSI model.

UDP – User Data Protocol is a communication protocol. It is normally used as an alternative for TCP/IP. However there are a number of differences between them. UDP does not divide data into packets. Also, UDP does not send data packets in sequence. Hence, the application program must ensure the sequencing. UDP uses port numbers to distinguish user requests. It also has a checksum capability to verify the data.

What is multicasting?

Multicasting allows a single message to be sent to a group of recipients. Emailing, teleconferencing, are examples of multicasting. It uses the network infrastructure and standards to send messages.

Explain the functionality of PING.

Ping Is particularly used to check if the system is in network or not. It also gives packet lost information. In windows ping command is written as ping ip_address. The output returns the data packets information. The number of packets sent, received and lost is returned by PING.

What is a MAC address?

A Media Access Control address is a unique identifier that is assigned to the network adapters or NICs by the manufacturers for the purpose of identification and used in the Media Access Control protocol sub layer. It is a 12 digit hexadecimal number. A MAC address usually encodes the registered identification of the manufacturer, if the address is assigned by the manufacturer. It some times also called as Ethernet Hardware Address / physical address/ adapter address.

Explain Spanning-Tree protocols.

Spanning Trees are a standard technique implemented in LAN connections. On a mesh topology, a set of spanning tree algorithms were developed for prevention of redundant transmission of data along intermediate hops between a source and a destination host. In the absence of spanning trees, a mesh network is flooded and rendered unusable by messages by circulating within a loop that is infinite, between hosts. An algorithm used in transparent bridges which determines the best path from source to destination to avoid bridge loops.

At the time of STP initialization in a network, its first action is to utilize the Spanning Tree Algorithm for selection of a root bridge and a root port. The root bridge is the network which has lowest-value bridge identifier. All the switches on the network use Bridge Protocol Data Units to broadcast the bridge IDs to the other switches in that network. Soon after selection of the root bridge, determination of the root ports on all other bridges is done.

What is the use of IGMP protocol?

Internet Group Management Protocol: - It allows internet hosts to participate in multicasting. The IGMP messages are used to learn which hosts is part of which multicast groups. The mechanism also allows a host to inform its local router that it wants to receive messages.

What are Ping and Tracert?

Ping and tracert are the commands used to send information to some remote computers to receive some information. Information is sent and received by packets.

Ping I particularly used to check if the system is in network or not. It also gives packet lost information. In windows ping command is written as ping ip_address

Tracert is called as trace route. It is used to track or trace the path the packet takes from the computer where the command is given until the destination. In windows ping command is written as tracert ip_address

Explain RSVP. How does it work?

Resource Reservation protocol is used to reserve resources across a network. It is used for requesting a specific Quality of Service (QoS) from the network.

This is done by carrying the request (that needs a reservation of the resource) of the host throughout the network. It visits each node in the network. RSVP used two local modules for reservation of resources. Admission control module confirms if there are sufficient available resources while policy module checks for the permission of making a reservation. RSVP offers scalability. On a successful completion of both checks RSVP uses the packet classifier and packet scheduler for the desired Qos requested.

Explain the concept of DHCP.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used assigning IP addresses to computers in a network. The IP addresses are assigned dynamically. Certainly, using DHCP, the computer will have a different IP address every time it is connected to the network. In some cases the IP address may change even when the computer is in network. This means that DHCP leases out the IP address to the computer for sometime. Clear advantage of DHCP is that the software can be used to manage IP address rather than the administrator.

What are the differences between a domain and a workgroup?

In a domain, one or more computer can be a server to manage the network. On the other hand in a workgroup all computers are peers having no control on each other.

In a domain, user doesn’t need an account to logon on a specific computer if an account is available on the domain. In a work group user needs to have an account for every computer.

In a domain, Computers can be on different local networks. In a work group all computers needs to be a part of the same local network.

Explain how NAT works

Network Address Translation translates and IP address used in a network to another IP address known within another network. A NAT table is maintained for global to local and local to mapping of IP’s. NAT can be statically defined or dynamically translate from a pool of addresses. The NAT router is responsible for translating traffic coming and leaving the network. NAT prevents malicious activity initiated by outside hosts from reaching local hosts by being dependent on a machine on the local network to initiate any connection to hosts on the other side of the router.

What is PPP protocol? Explain PPP packet format.



Point to Point protocol helps communication between 2 computers over a serial cable, phone line or other fiber optic lines, e.g. Connection between an Internet Service Provider and a host. PPP also provides authentication. PPP operates by sending Request packets and waiting for Acknowledge packets that accept, reject or try to change the request. The protocol is also used to negotiate on network address or compression options between the nodes.

Packet format
Flag field: 1 byte: - Indicates frames beginning or end
Address field: 1 byte: - Used for broadcast address (destination address)
Control field: 1 byte: - Used as a control byte
Protocol field: - 1 or 2 bytes: - Setting of protocol in information field (of datagram)
Information: - 0 or more bytes: - Datagram (whether it contains data or control information)
Padding: - 0 or more bytes: - optional padding
FCS: - 2 or more bytes: - error check sum
What is IP Spoofing and how can it be prevented?
IP spoofing is a mechanism used by attackers to gain unauthorized access to a system. Here, the intruder sends messages to a computer with an IP address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted host. This is done by forging the header so it contains a different address and make it appear that the packet was sent by a different machine.
Prevention
Packet filtering: - to allow packets with recognized formats to enter the network
using special routers and firewalls.
Encrypting the session
Explain IP datagram, Fragmentation and MTU.

IP datagram can be used to describe a portion of IP data. Each IP datagram has set of fields arranged in an order. The order is specific which helps to decode and read the stream easily. IP datagram has fields like Version, header length, Type of service, Total length, checksum, flag, protocol, Time to live, Identification, source and destination ip address, padding, options and payload.
MTU: Maximum Transmission Unit is the size of the largest packet that a communication protocol can pass. The size can be fixed by some standard or decided at the time of connection
Fragmentation is a process of breaking the IP packets into smaller pieces. Fragmentation is needed when the datagram is larger than the MTU. Each fragment becomes a datagram in itself and transmitted independently from source. When received by destination they are reassembled.
What is an application gateway?
An application gateway is an application program that runs on a firewall between two networks. An application gateway is used for establishing connection between client program and destination service. The client negotiates with the gateway to communicate with the service of destination. Here, gateway can be called as a proxy. Hence, two connections are made; One between client and proxy; other between proxy and destination service. Connections take place behind the firewall.

Explain Circuit Level Gateway.

A circuit level gateway is used to find if a session in TCP handshaking is legitimate or not. It can be considered as a layer between application layer and transport layer. They protect the information of the private network they protect. Circuit level gateways do not filter packets.
What is 'Gateway of Last Resort'?
A Gateway of Last Resort or Default gateway is a route used by the router when no other known route exists to transmit the IP packet. Known routes are present in the routing table. Hence, any route not known by the routing table is forwarded to the default route. Each router which receives this packet will treat the packet the same way, if the route is known, packet will be forwarded to the known route.
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