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If you've ever wanted to make money online, Acme People Search is what you've been looking for. I've spent more money than I care to think about on affiliate programs and ebooks that just didn't deliver. I was very sceptical before I joined Acme People Search and did a little snooping around on the Internet. I was hard pressed to find anything negative about the program. The program creator, Tissa Godavitarne claims that he purchased a million dollar house with n...Leer la continuación
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Acme People Search from Tissa Godavitarne a SCAM? (If you're looking to get-rich-quick, you probably don't have time to read this page, so First, let's meet Tissa: where Acme People Search was an exhibitor. Stop by Meet Market Table #10, Booth #319 and Merchant Mart Table #1 to meet him, Fred William (Affilia Member ) With the exploding popularity of Tissa Godavitarne's Acme People Search/GDI program, there have been the usual naysayers who cry "scam" because 1) They don't understand how the program works, 2) They are too lazy to LEARN how to market the program, 3) They expect to "get rich quick", or 4) They compete against Tissa with their own (though you don't have to be in Tissa's GDI downline to use his program). Not surprisingly, these naysayers are NEVER able to come forward with the slightest evidence of being scammed (because they weren't) and usually they remain anonymous for the same reason (no proof). The best they can do is complain about having to EARN $75 to reach the $200 minimum payout threshold for Tissa's referral program - even though Tissa is willing to give them $125 out of his own pocket to help them reach $200! That's just lazy. You Decide: Verifiable Acme Reviews from Real People So let's hear from some real people who have treated Acme People Search like the legitimate business opportunity that it is. In other words, people who have been willing to LEARN and WORK HARD, and who realize that they are ultimately responsible for their own success. (People who know the true meaning of "learning how to fish".) Here are the latest independent and verifiable success stories from 860 Acme People Search affiliates. We'll start with some GDI leaders who have used Tissa's Acme program to grow their GDI downlines - PLUS earn referral fees from Tissa:

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2011-07-17T01:01:00.001-07:00

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Why Friday Rocks for B2C Social Media Engagement There are a few things that come to mind when we start thinking about Friday – Probably Rebecca Black if you’re viral-savvy and likesocial media engagement to watch the trending stuff on the web. You’re also probably gigging on words and phrases like “Woot” and “#FF” when the day rolls around. Friday is definitely a popular day of the week, but it’s also the day where people seem to be spending the most time on social media engagement. From a personal stance I know that Monday seems to be the most popular but that’s mainly because at the beginning of the week I’m looking for any excuse to prolong the start of work day… social media and sites like Mashable offer the perfect distraction. Social Media Engagement – Checking out Mentally and Digitally It’s not distraction they’re after on Friday though. Buddy Media found through a study that social media engagement was up 18% on Thursdays and Fridays – data compiled by analyzing more than 200 of their clients’ Facebook pages over a 2 week period. Twitter users are also more engaged on Fridays and this likely has a lot to do with the FollowFriday convo’s, responses and thanks. But it’s also something that’s more obvious – people are heading into the weekend and they’re trying to get their mind into “plan and relax” mode. They’re thinking about other things besides work, including what they want to do over the weekend. They are digitally “checking out early” and transitioning to the weekend through social media. Social media engagement gives them the ability to reach out and plan ahead, connect with people and decide what it is they’re going to do. Post Count Down with Social Media Engagement Up What’s interesting across the board is that people are on the downward descent for the number of posts they share. The hustle and bustle of the work week is coming to a close but even with fewer posts overall there tends to be more click through’s and heightened social media engagement among those posts that are made. It doesn’t look like many companies and marketers are picking up on this idea yet – as their corporate posts fall off just like user posts once it’s “after hours” time. They could likely foster more social media engagement and get some more activity within their own communities if they extended their outreach into off hours. Does this apply to all businesses? Not necessarily. I imagine that the business to business crowd would be the hardest to target and least likely to respond on the weekend days – they’ve been checked out mentally since Thursday or Friday morning. Those that deal with a business to consumer audience however can really benefit from this reveal of social media engagement, particularly media and entertainment businesses that want to draw the crowds on the weekends.

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2011-07-16T14:06:00.000-07:00

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How to Assign Views to a Youtube Video?
To Assign Account Views to a youtube video, click The Arrow, the one on the same line as Account Credits. This will open up a page with your websites, and a box to enter # of credits you want to assign to each video.

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Activate your account by following the instructions in the activation email and receive 50 bonus credits
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A little trick is to drag the volume slider on the YouTube video all the way down, as opposed to pressing the mute button. This will effectively silence all YouTube videos.

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We not only expose your video to thousands of members, but increase the number of Likes, Subscribers and Favourites to your videos.

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Why doesnt the Vagex viewer software work on my Windows computer?
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How can I make my video even more popular?
If you really want to increase the popularity of your videos, you must optimise them for particular keywords. Example: If you want everyone to see your call of duty head shot video , then you should optimise your video for the specific keyword, so that when people search for it in youtube or Google , your video will be at the top of the results. The first step to optimising your video is to put the keyword (call of duty head shot) in the title, description and tags. Then add the video to vagex, with the keyword (call of duty head shot), and we will take care of the rest.

I just added my video, why isn't it receiving views?
You need to wait for your URL to be added to the next rotation list. This will take less than an hour. But it may take up to 1 day before you start receiving consistent views. This is because people are already viewing a set list of videos, and will only start viewing yours when they close and reopen the viewer.

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What is the point of increasing my YouTube Views?
Views do several things for your videos (but they should always be accompanied by likes and subscribes). They basically tell youtube that in all aspects of people using their site, a higher fraction of people are watching your videos and this demonstrates quality content which they will use to increase the quality of their service. You should see the following when you get more views:

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Increase the rankings of your videos for the youtube and google search results.
Get your video shown more often on related videos lists for particular categories. (eg, if your include tags about classical guitar, then your video will get shown more on related videos when people are watching say eric clapton).
In the search results people tend to choose videos with higher views

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With out system we provide a consistent flow of views to all of your videos, rather than sudden bursts of 100,000 which make no sense to youtube and they will get suspicious.

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My account says I have received x Likes and x Subs but on Youtube it is different, why?
We have found that likes and subs are a lot like views and do not update straight away. Please be patient and check back tomorrow. Further please note that we do not guarantee that every view/like/sub/fav we provide will show up on youtube.

Can I view using proxies?
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Why was my account deleted?
Possible reasons could be: 1. You were using proxies. 2. You were running multiple viewers with the same household ip address. 3. You were blatantly cheating or trying to hack our system. We store a cheat log and know when you earn credits too fast or if you are earning credits by viewing videos in impossible orders. If you gain too many entries in this log we will be forced to delete your account without notice.

Whenever i try to use the viewer it says
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vagex

2011-07-16T04:22:00.000-07:00

click here
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How does it work?

vagex

Getting started is simple. Here is a short guide for the those new to traffic exchanges.
Signup for a FREE account.

vagex

Activate your account by following the instructions in the activation email and receive 50 bonus credits
Login and add your youtube video links.
Add credits to your site.
Download the Vagex Viewer to earn more credits
One credit equals to one view for your video.
Dont want to surf? We have very competetive rates on credits purcase.

Click here for a tutorial video
vagex

How to Contact Us?
Use the contact form in your members area or send an email to support@vagex.com

Can i have Multiple Accounts?
No. Please only one account per household(IP). We can detect cheaters and their account will be deleted without any notice!

If I delete a site will the credits go back into my account?
Yes

vagex

Can I get a refund?
Yes you can get a partial refund depending on how many credits you have left. Refunds must be requested within 14 days of purchase.

How else do you promote my video?
We not only expose your video to thousands of members, but increase the number of Likes, Subscribers and Favourites to your videos.

Why should I Auto-Like, Auto-Sub and Auto-Fav videos?
You will earn 1 extra credit per view for each action.

Does the Vagex Viewer work on Macs?
Please use the FireFox viewer.

vagex

Why doesnt the Vagex viewer software work on my Windows computer?
Make sure you have the latest version of the Microsoft NET Framework.

vagex

Increase the rankings of your videos for the youtube and google search results.
Get your video shown more often on related videos lists for particular categories. (eg, if your include tags about classical guitar, then your video will get shown more on related videos when people are watching say eric clapton).
In the search results people tend to choose videos with higher views

vagex
With out system we provide a consistent flow of views to all of your videos, rather than sudden bursts of 100,000 which make no sense to youtube and they will get suspicious.

vagex
How do I get paid when I withdraw credits?
AlertPay and Paypal. We pay to verified Alertpay and PayPal accounts only.

Can I view using proxies?
No. If you do, all your credits will be forfeited and your account deleted.

vagex
If you want to cancel your subscription just go to your PayPal account, click on profile, click on pre-approved payments, and then cancel your automatic payments to Vagex.

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Whenever i try to use the viewer it says
Please make sure flash is enabled for internet explorer. Or install it by going here.

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Please use your username (not your email) and password. If its still not working try resetting your password by going here

click vagex
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2011-07-16T03:52:00.000-07:00

vagexWhy Friday Rocks for B2C Social Media Engagement There are a few things that come to mind when we start thinking about Friday – Probably Rebecca Black if you’re viral-savvy and likesocial media engagement to watch the trending stuff on the web. You’re also probably gigging on words and phrases like “Woot” and “#FF” when the day rolls around. Friday is definitely a popular day of the week, but it’s also the day where people seem to be spending the most time on social media engagement. From a personal stance I know that Monday seems to be the most popular but that’s mainly because at the beginning of the week I’m looking for any excuse to prolong the start of work day… social media and sites like Mashable offer the perfect distraction. Social Media Engagement – Checking out Mentally and Digitally It’s not distraction they’re after on Friday though. Buddy Media found through a study that social media engagement was up 18% on Thursdays and Fridays – data compiled by analyzing more than 200 of their clients’ Facebook pages over a 2 week period. Twitter users are also more engaged on Fridays and this likely has a lot to do with the FollowFriday convo’s, responses and thanks. But it’s also something that’s more obvious – people are heading into the weekend and they’re trying to get their mind into “plan and relax” mode. They’re thinking about other things besides work, including what they want to do over the weekend. They are digitally “checking out early” and transitioning to the weekend through social media. Social media engagement gives them the ability to reach out and plan ahead, connect with people and decide what it is they’re going to do. Post Count Down with Social Media Engagement Up What’s interesting across the board is that people are on the downward descent for the number of posts they share. The hustle and bustle of the work week is coming to a close but even with fewer posts overall there tends to be more click through’s and heightened social media engagement among those posts that are made. It doesn’t look like many companies and marketers are picking up on this idea yet – as their corporate posts fall off just like user posts once it’s “after hours” time. They could likely foster more social media engagement and get some more activity within their own communities if they extended their outreach into off hours. Does this apply to all businesses? Not necessarily. I imagine that the business to business crowd would be the hardest to target and least likely to respond on the weekend days – they’ve been checked out mentally since Thursday or Friday morning. Those that deal with a business to consumer audience however can really benefit from this reveal of social media engagement, particularly media and entertainment businesses that want to draw the crowds on the weekends.

Jihad Watch

2011-07-11T02:10:00.000-07:00

July 11, 2011

Afghanistan: Jihadists training children as young as three to die in jihad

They are not waiting until they are older to use them, either. "War is deceit," Muhammad said, and the use of child soldiers is a sick win-win situation for the jihadists: they have a better chance of landing a successful attack with a less suspicious-looking bomber, and any potential self-defense undertaken by the target can be spun as the infidel enemy deliberately harming children.
So far, this phenomenon has been cause for no particular outrage in Muslim countries, or at least nowhere near on the level of what, for example, a cartoon can elicit."Video shows children of killed Taliban fighters being trained to kill our troops," by Nick Owens for the Sunday Mirror, July 10:

Taking aim with AK-47 machine guns – these are children of Taliban “martyrs” being trained to replace their fathers.

The chilling video was shot at an Al Qaeda camp where boys as young as THREE are turned into trained killers ready to wage war on British soldiers.

It shows how, in the wake of its leader Osama Bin Laden’s death in May, his terror group is brainwashing a new generation of child soldiers. British commanders in Afghanistan say children are increasingly used as suicide bombers and human shields during battles.

In the most disturbing sections of the video children appear anxious and unhappy as they are trained with guns. The film also shows a “dentist” pulling a child’s back tooth out with a pair of pliers for an initiation ritual.

The footage, filmed in North Waziristan near Pakistan’s border with Afghanistan, was obtained by our investigators after it was posted on an underground Al Qaeda website. It was issued by the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, which acts as a “foreign legion” supplying fighters to wage war alongside the Taliban.

Tunisia: Women harassed on beaches, musicians expelled

Wherever Sharia begins to take hold, and wherever its proponents become emboldened, similar patterns of behavior follow, whether in Tunisia, Aceh, Kashmir, or Tower Hamlets in London. Tolerance decreases, harassment increases, and basic civil liberties are threatened. More on this story. "Tunisian Secularists Fight Back," by David E. Miller for The Media Line, July 10:

Fearing the gradual religious takeover of a country widely considered the most progressive in the Arab world, liberal and secular Tunisians have begun asserting their country's freedom of faith.

At least 1,000 Tunisians demonstrated in the capital Tunis on Thursday to voice their support for Tunisia's secular character which they feel is now under threat. They waved banners reading "I am free" and "Tunisia for all,” “Extremism out” and "A modern, independent Tunisia."

Many Tunisians fear the growing assertiveness of militant Islam following a June 26 attack on a Tunis cinema which showed a film advocating secularism. A gang of some 100 bearded men shouting "God it great" [sic] stormed Cinema Afrique, smashing windows and attacking the audience of the film Neither Allah, nor Master by Tunisian-French director Nadia El-Fani, a known critic of Islamization.

"A large part of Tunisian society feels it may lose many of its liberties," Rashid Khashana, a former editor in chief of Al-Mawkif, an opposition newspaper, told The Media Line. He said that the attack on the cinema was perpetrated by Tunisian Salafis, or Islamic fundamentalists, whose leader, Saif Allah Bin Hussein, was trained in Afghanistan and shared the ideology of Al-Qaida.

Khashana said that Tunisia has experienced a surge of Islamism since a popular revolution ousted President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali in January. Women wearing bikinis at the beach have been harassed, while extremists in southern Tunisia expelled musicians coming to entertain Libyan refugees in May on the grounds that music was against Islamic law.

Muhammad did not mince words on his hatred of music.

"It's normal for differences to emerge in society after a revolution," Khashana said. "But at the end, Tunisians will return to what they have been for 14 centuries: Muslim, Sunni, moderate and open to other cultures."

Two out of four seem like a safe bet...

Nigeria: Boko Haram jihadists using ex-military members for reconnaissance, veiled women to transport bombs

"... Because they carry the status of ex-service men, they are easily allowed entry into any military and para-military formations."
"War is deceit," Muhammad said. "‘Ex-service men, undergrads are members of Boko Haram strike force’," by Albert Akpor for the Vanguard, July 11:

LAGOS— Revelations emerged, weekend, that the dreaded Islamic sect, Boko Haram, has undergraduates, retired and dismissed service men as members of its strike force.

This came as indications also emerged that the lone bomber who attempted to blow off the LouisEdet House, Police Force Headquarters building, Abuja was present at the commissioning of Armoured Personnel Carriers, APCs and other crime fighting aids in Maiduguri by the Inspector-General of Police, MrHafiz Ringim few days before the incident.

Sources said the ex-servicemen and students are those who go into Police barracks and stations including other security formations, gather intelligence reports about the area and report back to their leaders.

According to sources, because they carry the status of ex-service men, they are easily allowed entry into any military and para-military formations. It was gathered that the students go into police stations to lay flimsy reports at the counter with a view to ascertaining the strength as well as agility of men and officers on duty.

According to a source, “some of these undergraduate go into the stations for one reason or the other but what they are actually taking stock of is how many men and officers are in the station. Thereafter, before you know it, their members would appear and wreak havoc.

“Again, those ex-service men, who of course are aware of the weekly activities of the military and para-military, especially the police, would come into police stations on Mondays when they know that the Divisional Police Office would be briefing his men and quickly report back to their members and before you know it, they would strike. That is why it had been difficult to combat their menace.

“This added to the fact that Hajib-wearing [sic] Muslim women are some of those who carry bombs and hand grenades across any police or security checkpoint. You cannot search these women because it will amount to indecent assault.

When they pass, the explosives will be transferred to waiting members or even cripples at the gates of any security formations begging for alms. So you will discover that immediately these women pass checkpoints, explosions will happen.”

Most of the daylight shootings were being perpetrated by the ex-service men, of course, you will agree with me that no untrained man can comfortably handle SMG and even have the guts to stand before police men and start firing. The average illiterate member of Boko Haram strikes at churches and residents of perceived enemies and not security formations.”...

Nigeria: Thousands jobless after motorcycles banned to disrupt Boko Haram's jihad

Jihad causes poverty, in an update on this story. "Nigeria: Thousands Jobless After Motorcycle Ban," from the Associated Press, July 8:

MAIDUGURI, Nigeria (AP) - A motorcycle ban intended to curb drive-by killings in Nigeria's restive northeast has put thousands of motorcycle taxi drivers out of work, a union leader said Friday.

Kaigama Mohammed, the Borno State chairman of the Motorcycle Transport Union of Nigeria, said the move has affected some 7,000 drivers in the urban centers of Maiduguri and Jere.

The government ban is a last-ditch effort to put an end to regular motorcycle-mounted attacks which have claimed dozens of lives in the area. Authorities blame a radical Muslim sect locally known as Boko Haram for the killings which have targeted police officers, soldiers, clerics and local leaders.

"The governor told me that the security of the state and its citizens take precedence over everything else," Mohammed said. Police have also installed numerous checkpoints in an effort to catch sect members.

Boko Haram, which wants the strict implementation of Shariah law across Nigeria's Muslim-dominated north, has also attacked local beer parlors, churches and engineered a massive prison break. The continued violence in the area has left residents in fear as federal authorities seem unable to stop the group from attacking at will.

The state government promised to provide 5,000 rickshaws and new buses to make up for the motorcycles, but drivers and commuters are unhappy about the sudden move.

"I have lost my only source of income and parked my motorcycle at home. Now, how do I feed myself, wife and my five children?" said Tijani Bulama, a 45-year old driver.

A commuter, John Tize, 34, said his eight children walked for 45 minutes Friday to get to school because he couldn't afford to pay for bus fares.

Boko Haram was thought to be destroyed in 2009 after Nigeria's military crushed its mosque into concrete shards and its leader was arrested and died in police custody. However, the group has been carrying out a series of attacks, including a bombing last month at national police headquarters in the capital of Abuja that killed at least two people.

Churches in northern Nigeria install metal detectors after bomb threats

This story is from more than a few days ago, but the situation in Nigeria has certainly not changed since then. The need for metal detectors is another costly disruption resulting from Boko Haram's jihad. "Churches in Nigeria install metal detectors after bomb threats," by Ayinde O. Chase for All Headline News, June 30:

Churches in predominantly Muslim northern Nigeria are now being fitted with metal detectors because of threats of bomb attacks. Worshippers in Christian churches are also having their bags and persons searched over fears of explosives being smuggled inside.

Nigerians, who give gifts frequently, are being warned that the gifts, too, can be rigged to explode.

The unusual measures were precipitated by several bombing attacks against churches in the region attributed to the radical Islamic group Boko Haram.

Last Christmas Eve, more than 80 people were killed in numerous attacks in the region.

Just last weekend, Boko Haram killed 25 people during attacks on several beer gardens in the city of Maidugur.

A week prior to that, eight people were killed when Boko Haram attacked police headquarters in the capital Abuja.

The churches in the northern region are not the only places where heightened security is being put in place. In Abuja, a 10 p.m. curfew was imposed on Wednesday through much of the city.

Boko Haram says it is fighting for Islamic rule, and campaigns against all political and social activity associated with the West.

It doesn't just "campaign." It commits murder.

July 10, 2011

Washington state: TSA agents pat down 6-year-old -- twice

Video | News | Weather | Sports

2011-07-09 17:42:20.0

Kirkland 6-year-old patted down by TSA agents

A Kirkland family has filed a complaint claiming their 6-year-old son was singled out by TSA for a hand-search. KING 5’s Tonya Mosley has the story. view full article

More idiotic fruit of our national unwillingness to identify the real source of the threat to air security.

Australia: Muslim leaders want interest-free loans, other Sharia provisions

There is no distinction within Sharia between what they're asking for below and the aspects of Sharia that are opposed to basic human rights. How will Muslims in Australia make that distinction? Or will they care to do so at all?
"Give us our own laws, say Islamic leaders," by John Masanauskas in the Herald Sun, July 11:

ISLAMIC leaders want Muslims in Australia to get interest-free loans for religious reasons. The nation's Islamic leaders want recognition of sharia law as it applies to banking practices, according to an exclusive Herald Sun survey of imams.
There was also a call for recognition of sharia law as it applies to family law.
The survey showed some imams are sceptical that Osama bin Laden's death will be of benefit to ordinary Muslims, and they are unhappy with the way US forces disposed of his body.
The survey has also revealed:
STRONG condemnation of MPs who criticise Muslim women for wearing the burqa/nijab.
CONCERN that ordinary Muslims are still being linked to terrorism.
DISGUST that innocent people in Muslim countries are being killed in the "war on terror"....

Fort Hood jihad murderer's trial: "People will want to hear the other side during the court-martial, but what could he possibly say in his defense?"

Let him speak. Let the world hear him preach Islam and jihad and explain that that was why he murdered thirteen people in cold blood. Let the world see a jihadist justifying his actions. "Fort Hood suspect's defense has few options," by Angela K. Brown for the Associated Press, July 9:

FORT WORTH, Texas (AP) — More than two dozen soldiers have testified about the day they were shot in a crowded Fort Hood building in November 2009. Some told of looking the gunman in the eye as he fired. A Senate investigation has announced its findings about the suspect: before the rampage, the Army psychiatrist had become an Islamic extremist and a "ticking time bomb." Now the defense team for Maj. Nidal Hasan, who is charged with 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted premeditated murder, faces what seems like an impossible task of preventing a conviction and potential death sentence in one of the highest profile cases in military history.
Hasan, 40, who remains jailed and was paralyzed after police shot him that day, could go to trial later this year at Fort Hood, the Texas Army post about 125 miles (200 kilometers) south of Fort Worth. On Wednesday, Fort Hood's commander ordered Hasan, who is of Palestinian descent, to stand trial after reviewing documents from last fall's evidentiary hearing.
For the defense lawyers, "there are huge challenges in this case — challenges that may not be present in other capital cases," said Richard Stevens, a military defense attorney who is not involved in the case....
"People will want to hear the other side during the court-martial, but what could he possibly say in his defense?" said Staff Sgt. Jeannette Juroff, who was working in a nearby building that day and helped wounded soldiers....
A U.S. Senate report released earlier this year charges that evidence of Hasan's radicalization was "on full display" to his military superiors, and that an instructor and colleague "each referred to Hasan as a 'ticking time bomb,'" but no action was taken to discharge him and his evaluations were sanitized.
A joint terrorism task force overseen by the FBI learned late in 2009 of Hasan's repeated contact with U.S.-born radical cleric Anwar al-Awlaki, who encouraged Muslims to kill U.S. troops in Iraq. The FBI has said the task force did not refer early information about Hasan to his military superiors because it concluded he wasn't linked to terrorism....
But Hasan's defense team could argue that he has mental illness without using an insanity defense — especially if he's convicted and they are trying to avoid a death sentence.
"Sometimes one prong of the (mental health evaluation) report will show that a defendant has a mental issue like depression, and the defense can use whatever is in that report at sentencing as mitigating factors," said Greg T. Rinckey, a New York attorney who defends military clients and is not involved with the Hasan case.
That defense tactic was used in the 2005 trial of Sgt. Hasan Akbar. His attorneys didn't dispute that he threw grenades into fellow soldiers' tents in Kuwait in 2003 and then fired on them. But they said he was mentally ill — although legally sane. Akbar was convicted and sentenced to death. His case remains on appeal....

Akbar was not mentally ill unless jihad is a mental illness.

Aftermath of Bersih rally in Malaysia: Government warns non Muslims to not attack Islam

Yesterday's opposition rally in downtown Kuala Lumpur is now history, and in the aftermath is being frantically spun by both sides as maneuvering continues in the court of public opinion. The rally has been proclaimed as a 'victory' by both. The opposition and Bersih managed to get its message of electoral reform a significant amount of publicity, both here and abroad, as well as successfully assemble a large number of protesters in the downtown area (most sources say about 20,000) despite a massive police presence.

On the other hand, the government is spinning this as a victory, having successfully made mass arrests (1600+), arrested major opposition figures, and having kept the thousands who did show up from being able to organize as they had planned. The government is also stressing the disruption, damage, and economic losses taken by downtown merchants who lost an entire day's worth of business on what should normally have been a lucrative day on a weekend.

Now that Prime Minister Najib is back from his European tour and his visit with the pope, which was all about looking 'moderate' to the dhimmis back home, he's back to playing up to his base here in Malaysia. Namely, his not-so-moderate, decidedly Islamic base. "Najib ridicules Bersih, says Umno not afraid of fair elections", from The Malaysian Insider, 10 July 2011:

KUALA LUMPUR, July 10 — Datuk Seri Najib Razak ridiculed and dismissed the impact of yesterday’s Bersih rally, declaring today that Umno was not afraid of fair elections.

In a fiery speech in front of 6,000 Umno members, NGOs and martial arts (silat) groups, the prime minister mocked the turnout of yesterday’s rally, claiming that Umno would have outnumbered Bersih if they had wanted to protest on the streets.

“Don’t doubt our strength. Umno has three million members. If we gather one million members, it is more than enough. We can conquer Kuala Lumpur.

“If we want to create chaos, we can. But we uphold the laws of Malaysia, we like peace,” Najib said to a roaring crowd of Umno members and supporters.

'Conquer' sounds so '1Malaysia', doesn't it? And Najib and company surely 'love peace', provided that they are able to maintain their (i.e. Muslim) domination of it. Otherwise, they're ready to go violent "...at the drop of a hat", which keeps in perfect tune with the Islamist playbook.

During his speech, Najib thanked everyone who attended the “Majlis Penerangan Perdana” event, saying that the NGOs present, including silat organisations [martial arts organisations], were waiting to defend the country at a drop of a hat.

“If you mention or question Islam, they will rise up,” he said.

Wait an infidel minute, who questioned Islam here? Bersih is very narrowly focused on holding fair and clean elections and has been careful to never attack or criticize Islam. But no matter. In Malaysian politics, the quickest way to discredit and marginalize anyone is to put yourself on the side of 'good' (i.e. Islam) and to make your opponents as apostates, or worse, kufr (i.e. dirty unbelievers).

Consequently, Malaysian government newspapers are busy spinning Bersih as infidels versus Muslims and Islam. One Malay (Islamic) newspaper called Utusan Malaysia has estimated that 70% of those who attended the recent launch of the 'Bersih 2.0' movement were non Muslim. Additionally, Bersih is being reported by the same paper as being funded by unnamed foreign Christian organizations and furthermore, Bersih is inherently against Islam. See! Proof positive that non Muslim Malaysians are plotting war against Islam!

To be a Muslim, in Malaysia or anywhere else, means to see conspiracies and plots behind every rock and tree. Every infidel is suspected, and probably guilty, of plotting corruption in the land, of plotting war against Islam. Conspiracy theories and rampant paranoia are inherent in the DNA of Islam and explain, to a large degree, the intellectual barrenness and stagnation of the Islamic world. It is why Najib can come back from smiles and handshakes with the pope, and then threaten rhetorical fire and brimstone against his own people, and be immensely popular with the Muslim-Malays as a result.

Bersih means well but has made a serious mistake if they think that they can deal with this government in good faith. As it turns out, hardly to my surprise, Najib has just declared war on them. Remember this, the next time a deluded or deceiving talking head goes on about how 'pluralistic and moderate' Islam is. Najib and his Islamic ilk amply demonstrate how Muslims cannot stand criticism, rational or otherwise, no matter how well intentioned it may be.

Film at 11: Gray Lady single-handedly attacks all of Pakistan!

There is a familiar level of hyperbole in Pakistan's response to a recent New York Times editorial "that said there was evidence of complicity by the ISI intelligence agency in sheltering bin Laden, of ties to the 2008 Mumbai attacks that killed 166 people and of involvement in the abduction and murder of Asia Times Online journalist Saleem Shahzad." This is the same country where protesters cast Pope Benedict XVI's call for the reform of Pakistani blasphemy laws as "an attack on the hearts of Muslims." Wow. Not even Chuck Norris is that hardcore.
But such language is often not empty rhetoric in Muslim countries, but rather sets the stage to answer such "attacks" with various disproportionate responses. If nothing else, such outrage at one editorial from one newspaper is a sign of weakness and instability, and seriously misplaced priorities. "Pakistan army says New York Times report is a 'direct attack'," by Sheree Sardar for Reuters, July 10:

RAWALPINDI, Pakistan (Reuters) - Reports in the New York Times criticizing the Pakistan army and the powerful intelligence agency is a "direct attack" on Pakistan's security, the army spokesman said on Saturday.

Major General Athar Abbas, the Pakistan army's chief spokesman, repeatedly criticized the Times' reporting and said it was part of a calculated plan by "unnamed officials" to "weaken the state."

"This is a direct attack on our security organization and intelligence agencies," he told Reuters in a rare on-the-record in-person interview. "We consider ISI as a strategic intelligence organization, the first line of our defense."

The U.S.-Pakistan relationship has been on a downward spiral since last year, but the decline accelerated after the killing of two Pakistanis by a CIA contractor in Lahore in January and the U.S. raid to kill Osama bin Laden, which Pakistan complains it was not told about and says was a breach of its sovereignty.

Abbas was responding specifically to a July 8 editorial that said there was evidence of complicity by the ISI intelligence agency in sheltering bin Laden, of ties to the 2008 Mumbai attacks that killed 166 people and of involvement in the abduction and murder of Asia Times Online journalist Saleem Shahzad.

The ISI, or Directorate of Inter-Services Intelligence, is Pakistan's powerful military intelligence service.

Long suspected of maintaining militant ties it nurtured in the 1980s and 1990s, the U.S. raid that killed bin Laden in a Pakistan garrison town raised concerns that Pakistan was playing a "double-game" with the Taliban and al Qaeda.

"This whole reporting through media, quoting unnamed officials, anonymous sources, is part of a design to undermine the authority and the power of the organization in order to weaken the state," Abbas said.

He declined to specify exactly who the unnamed officials were, although the New York Times specified they were American officials.

The editorial called for the removal of ISI chief Lieutenant General Ahmed Shuja Pasha and said: "The United States needs to use its influence to hasten Mr. Pasha's departure. ... The ISI has become inimical to Pakistani and American interests."...

Pakistan to U.S.: Come on, share that intel on Zawahiri!

There's just one small problem: intelligence shared with Pakistan has a funny way of winding up in the wrong hands. "Pakistan urges U.S. to share intelligence on Zawahri," by Zeeshan Haider for Reuters, July 10 (thanks to Ima Freeman):

ISLAMABAD (Reuters) - Pakistani called on the United States on Sunday to share information about new al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahri after U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said he believed that Osama bin Laden's successor was in Pakistan.

During his first trip to Kabul on Saturday as Pentagon chief, Panetta said he believed that the new al Qaeda leader was living in Pakistan's lawless tribal belt on the Afghan border.

The Pakistani military said its troops were already carrying out "intense operations" against al Qaeda and its affiliates as well as "terrorists leadership" and high value targets (HVTs) who pose a threat to Pakistan's security.

"We expect U.S. intelligence establishment to share available information and actionable intelligence regarding Al Zawahri and other HVTs with us, enabling Pakistan Army to carry out targeted operations," a military spokesman said in a statement.

The former CIA chief said the strategic defeat of al Qaeda was within reach if the United States could kill or capture up to 20 remaining leaders of the core group and its affiliates.

He said these militant leaders were living in Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia and in North Africa.

Panetta said now was the time -- in the wake of bin Laden's killing in Pakistan in May -- to intensify efforts to target al Qaeda leadership, adding that the United States would like Pakistan to target Zawahri in the tribal areas.

Pakistan is an important U.S. ally, but relations have been seriously damaged after U.S. Navy SEALs killed bin Laden in a secret raid in the Pakistani military town of Abbottabad without informing Islamabad in advance.

Not just to be gauche, but for fear that bin Laden would be tipped off.

The United States has also stepped up missile strikes by remotely-piloted drone aircraft in Pakistan's ethnic Pashtun tribal lands, long regarded as a global hub of militants.

Pakistan publicly criticizes drone strikes and often demands the United States provide intelligence on militant leaders hiding in its tribal regions so it can take action against them.

However, there have been persistent suspicions in Washington that Pakistani intelligence agencies maintain ties with these militants.

U.S. media last month reported that Panetta confronted Pakistan with evidence that militants had vacated bomb-making factories in Waziristan after the Unites [sic] States shared intelligence with Pakistan, suggesting that it had tipped off the insurgents.

The Pakistan army denied the reports.

Australia: Proposed laws requiring women in niqab to show face to law enforcement decried as "culturally insensitive"

Here's a thought: perhaps the niqab is "culturally insensitive" to Australians. In the West, the female face is not a private part. Carnita Matthews' case in Australia was an unfortunate demonstration of how the niqab can be used to game the system: her conviction and prison term were overturned because she could not be positively identified. The proposed laws support a recent revision in regulations for New South Wales police, who now have the authority to ask women to remove their face veils for identification.
The niqab is the product of a society where women are segregated, always under the control of male "guardians," and live as perpetual minors. Australia is no such society, and pressuring it to be "sensitive" to a practice incompatible with its values of equal rights and responsibilities of men and women before the law is absurd.
"New Australian law to make Muslims lift veils," by Rod McGuirk for the Washington Examiner, July 10 (thanks to Weasel Zippers):

Muslim women would have to remove veils and show their faces to police on request or risk a prison sentence under proposed new laws in Australia's most populous state that have drawn criticism as culturally insensitive.

A vigorous debate that the proposal has triggered reflects the cultural clashes being ignited by the growing influx of Muslim immigrants and the unease that visible symbols of Islam are causing in predominantly white Christian Australia since 1973 when the government relaxed its immigration policy.

Under the law proposed by the government of New South Wales, which includes Sydney, a woman who defies police by refusing to remove her face veil could be sentenced to a year in prison and fined 5,500 Australian dollars ($5,900).

The bill — to be voted on by the state parliament in August — has been condemned by civil libertarians and many Muslims as an overreaction to a traffic offense case involving a Muslim woman driver in a "niqab," or a veil that reveals only the eyes.

The government says the law would require motorists and criminal suspects to remove any head coverings so that police can identify them.

Critics say the bill smacks of anti-Muslim bias given how few women in Australia wear burqas. In a population of 23 million, only about 400,000 Australians are Muslim. Community advocates estimate that fewer than 2,000 women wear face veils, and it is likely that even a smaller percentage drives.

"It does seem to be very heavy handed, and there doesn't seem to be a need," said Australian Council for Civil Liberties spokesman David Bernie. "It shows some cultural insensitivity."

The controversy over the veils is similar to the debate in other Western countries over whether Muslim women should be allowed to wear garments that hide their faces in public. France and Belgium have banned face-covering veils in public. Typical arguments are that there is a need to prevent women from being forced into wearing veils by their families or that public security requires people to be identifiable.

Bernie noted that while a bandit disguised with a veil and sunglasses robbed a Sydney convenience store last year, there were no Australian crime trends involving Muslim women's clothing.

"It is a religious issue here," said Mouna Unnjinal, a mother of five who has been driving in Sydney in a niqab for 18 years and has never been booked for a traffic offense.

"We're going to feel very intimidated and our privacy is being invaded," she added.

Unnjinal said she would not hesitate to show her face to a policewoman. But she fears male police officers might misuse the law to deliberately intimidate Muslim women.

"If I'm pulled over by a policeman, I might say I want to see a female police lady and he says, 'No, I want to see your face,'" Unnjinal said. "Where does that leave me? Do I get penalized 5,000 dollars and sent to jail for 12 months because I wouldn't?"

Sydney's best-selling The Daily Telegraph newspaper declared the proposal "the world's toughest burqa laws." In France, wearing a burqa — the all-covering garment that hides the entire body except eyes and hands — in public is punishable by a 150 euro ($217) fine only.

The New South Wales state Cabinet decided to create the law on July 4 in response to Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione's call for greater police powers. Other states including Victoria and Western Australia are considering similar legislation.

"I don't care whether a person is wearing a motorcycle helmet, a burqa, niqab, face veil or anything else — the police should be allowed to require those people to make their identification clear," State Premier Barry O'Farrell said in a statement.

The laws were motivated by the bungled prosecution of Carnita Matthews, a 47-year-old Muslim mother of seven who was booked by a highway patrolman for a minor traffic violation in Sydney in June last year.

An official complaint was made in Matthews' name against Senior Constable Paul Fogarty, the policeman who gave her the ticket. The complaint accused Fogarty of racism and of attempting to tear off her veil during their roadside encounter.

Unknown to Matthews, the encounter was recorded by a camera inside Fogarty's squad car. The video footage showed her aggressively berating a restrained Fogarty and did not support her claim that he tried to grab her veil before she reluctantly and angrily lifted it to show her face.

Matthews was sentenced in November to six months in jail for making a deliberately false statement to police.

"War is deceit."

But that conviction and sentence were quashed on appeal last month without her serving any time in jail because a judge was not convinced that it was Matthews who signed the false statutory declaration. The woman who signed the document had worn a burqa and a justice of the peace who witnessed the signing had not looked beneath the veil to confirm her identity. [...]

Government leaders have also condemned some Muslim clerics who said husbands are entitled to smack disobedient wives, force them to have sex and for suggesting that women who don't hide their faces behind veils invite rape.

Hitting disobedient wives? That's Qur'an 4:34.
Forced sex? Muhammad said: "If a husband calls his wife to his bed [i.e. to have sexual relation] and she refuses and causes him to sleep in anger, the angels will curse her till morning." -- Sahih Bukhari 4.54.460
And: "By him in Whose Hand lies my life, a woman can not carry out the right of her Lord, till she carries out the right of her husband. And if he asks her to surrender herself [to him for sexual intercourse] she should not refuse him even if she is on a camel's saddle." -- Ibn Majah 1854
But, cue the claims of persecution:

"I wouldn't like to go and say this is Muslim bashing," said Ikebal Patel, president of the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils, of the proposed New South Wales laws.

"But I think that the timing of this was really bad for Muslims," he said.

If we wait for you to tell us when a good time will be, we'll never stop waiting. Of course, that's the idea, isn't it?

Kashmir: Muslims protest college's golden jubilee celebration as un-Islamic

Such an event would be an imitation of a non-Muslim celebration. The festivities also included music, which ample ahadith record Muhammad as detesting. This report serves to demonstrate again the consistency of restrictions that arise wherever Islamic supremacists gain sufficient strength to impose Sharia on any level. "Jammu & Kashmir: Trouble over radical Islam," from NDTV, July 10 (thanks to Simon):

Srinagar: Hours before the golden jubilee celebrations at Government Medical College in Srinagar, three doctors were picked up from the campus for asking students not to attend the programme in the name of "religion and culture".

A campaign was unleashed declaring the music events, which were to be staged, to be anti-Islam by a group of doctors in the college; posters were put up castigating the celebrations.

"We had got a complaint from hospital administration that certain people are trying to vitiate the atmosphere and they may sabotage the golden jubilee function. When we went there we saw three people pasting posters," said Abdul Gani Mir, DIG, Central Kashmir Range.

The administration did not want to take any chances and there was tight security in and around the medical college.

With Chief Minister Omar Abdullah as the chief guest, the golden jubilee was attended by hundreds of doctors & college alumni from all over the world.

The college alumni say a lot has changed since the time they were students.

"In our times back in 1960s we didn't see any sort of politics. It was strictly academics. Out and out academics," said Dr Javid Iqbal, alumnus, Government Medical College, Srinagar.

Just a week ago a charity music concert was declared anti Islam by an online extremist group and now the campaign terming golden jubilee of an institution un-Islamic is a clear sign of growing extremism in Kashmir.....

U.S. to suspend or cancel up to $800 million in military aid to Pakistan

Honestly, a few solid gold toilets ordered stateside might be a better investment of that $800 million. There are also more practical uses. "U.S. Is Deferring Millions in Pakistani Military Aid," by Eric Schmitt and Jane Perlez for the New York Times, July 9:

WASHINGTON — The Obama administration is suspending and, in some cases, canceling hundreds of millions of dollars of aid to the Pakistani military, in a move to chasten Pakistan for expelling American military trainers and to press its army to fight militants more effectively.

Coupled with a statement from the top American military officer last week linking Pakistan’s military spy agency to the recent murder of a Pakistani journalist, the halting or withdrawal of military equipment and other aid to Pakistan illustrates the depth of the debate inside the Obama administration over how to change the behavior of one of its key counterterrorism partners.

Altogether, about $800 million in military aid and equipment, or over one-third of the more than $2 billion in annual American security assistance to Pakistan, could be affected, three senior United States officials said.

This aid includes about $300 million to reimburse Pakistan for some of the costs of deploying more than 100,000 soldiers along the Afghan border to combat terrorism, as well as hundreds of millions of dollars in training assistance and military hardware, according to half a dozen Congressional, Pentagon and other administration officials who were granted anonymity to discuss the politically delicate matter.

Some of the curtailed aid is equipment that the United States wants to send but Pakistan now refuses to accept, like rifles, body armor and night-vision goggles that were withdrawn or held up after Pakistan ordered more than 100 trainers in the United States Special Forces to leave the country in recent weeks.

Some is equipment that cannot be set up, certified or used for training because Pakistan has denied visas to the American personnel needed to operate the equipment, including some surveillance gear, a senior Pentagon official said.

And some is assistance like the reimbursements for troop costs, which is being reviewed in light of questions about Pakistan’s commitment to carry out counterterrorism operations. For example, the United States recently provided Pakistan with information about suspected bomb-making factories, only to have the insurgents vanish before Pakistani security forces arrived a few days later.

“When it comes to our military aid,” Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton told a Senate committee last month “we are not prepared to continue providing that at the pace we were providing it unless and until we see certain steps taken.”

American officials say they would probably resume equipment deliveries and aid if relations improve and Pakistan pursues terrorists more aggressively. The cutoffs do not affect any immediate deliveries of military sales to Pakistan, like F-16 fighter jets, or nonmilitary aid, the officials said.

Pakistan’s precise military budget is not known, and while the American aid cutoff would probably have a small impact on the overall military budget, it would most directly affect the counterinsurgency campaign. The Pakistani Army spends nearly one-quarter of the nation’s annual expenditures, according to K. Alan Kronstadt of the Congressional Research Service....

Interpol issues "red notice" for four Hizballah suspects in Hariri assassination

What remains to be seen is whether there is any political will to hold the four accountable in Lebanon, which is now under a Hizballah-dominated government. Left unchallenged for far too long, Hizballah's parallel state has become a sort of suicide vest wrapped around Lebanon, and an instrument of blackmail whereby Hizballah can threaten to blow the country apart. An update on this story. "'Interpol issues 'red notice' for Hariri suspects'," from the Jerusalem Post, July 9:

Interpol issued "red notices" for the four suspects named by the Special Tribunal for Lebanon in the assassination of former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri in 2005, Lebanon's Daily Star reported on Saturday.

The notices, which are not international arrest warrants, are a request that the wanted person be arrested with a view to extradition. The four Lebanese men who were named in an STL indictment last week are wanted for trial in the Netherlands, where the STL sits.

The UN-backed tribunal handed indictments and arrest warrants to Lebanon just over a week ago, that officials said accused Hezbollah members of involvement in the assassination of Hariri.

The long-awaited move was hailed as a "historic moment" by Rafik Hariri's son, Sa'ad, but poses an immediate challenge to the new government of Lebanese Prime Minister Najib Mikati, whose cabinet is dominated by Hezbollah allies.

Prosecutor Saeed Mirza gave no details of the indictments. Lebanese officials said four warrants were issued for Hezbollah members including senior leader Mustafa Badreddine, who was jailed in Kuwait in 1983 over a series of bombings and is a brother-in-law of slain Hezbollah commander Imad Moughniyeh....

Egypt: "The best way to eliminate someone politically is to accuse him of having ties with Israel."

Conspiracy theories are a handy thing in that they don't have to make sense, and they allow one to abdicate responsibility for a situation, because it is ultimately in the hands of the supposedly hidden puppeteers. Bad economy? Blame Israel. "Sectarian strife?" Blame Israel. Bad hair day? There's probably a way to pin that on Israel, too, even if you live in across the border in Gaza and Hamas put your hairdresser out of business.
"Great darkness in Egypt," by Eldad Beck for YNet News, July 9:

[...] The Islamists are careful not to voice overly zealous sentiments in respect to Israel. They know that after the elections they will have to swallow some bitter pills. Some of the people interviewed for this article estimated that the Islamists will expel Israel's ambassador from Cairo should they win the elections but that they still realize they must show some flexibility.

However, the Islamists don't need to make much effort on the Israel front. The supreme military committee, the transition government and the secular democratic parties are doing the job for them by spreading hateful anti-Israel propaganda and erasing any sign of peace, with the exception of the business normalization. In the days of the previous regime, anti-Israel propaganda was the only area where almost absolute freedom of speech was allowed, but now we are seeing reckless abandon.

Israel is accused of everything – causing the "civil war" between Muslims and Christians, causing the terrible Egyptian economy's terrible state, and of course, engaging in reckless espionage. The best way to eliminate someone politically is to accuse him of having ties with Israel. Egyptians are eagerly reading reports about Israel's "secret takeover" during Mubarak's era; most of the stories are pure inventions meant to implicate former top officials in the gravest crime of all: Normalization with Israel.

Meanwhile, businessmen associated with the previous regime are accused of planning to sell Cairo's main streets to the Jewish Agency, "which is planning to take over Cairo as it took over Palestine." If this hysterical witch-hunt, which is replete with anti-Semitic tones, wasn't enough, Egyptian daily al-Wafd reported this week that Israel also stole the opera Aida from Egypt.

Do Sharia's punishments apply for stealing an opera?

"Israel, as usual, is exploiting events in Arab states in its favor…as it considers itself a Middle Eastern state, it organized several Aida shows at the Dead Sea on June 5th and 6th. It appears Israel chose those dates in order to celebrate our defeat in the 1967 war. Aida was written especially for Egypt, yet Israel is always trying to take over the property of others."....

There is much more at YNet News. What is posted above is the last section of a more extensive report.

July 9, 2011

South Sudan independent, jihad continues

The Republic of South Sudan is independent today. But the jihad against it is sure not to let up. This new nation deserves the support of all free nations. "Jihad In Sudan Redux," from Christian News Today, July 9:

On July 9, the mostly Christian South Sudan will legally and officially separate from the Muslim north and become a new, independent and free country. Fearing loss of its iron clad grip of other non-Arab regions in the north, whose people likely envy the freedoms won by the South, Arab/Islamist leaders in Khartoum have launched a military assault on the Nuba Mountains, a mixed Christian, animist and Muslim region. Reports from the area are gruesomely reminiscent of the decades-long assault Khartoum waged on the South. These include forced conversions to Islam, mass displacement, bombing of civilians and mass slaughter. Anticipating the effects of Christians winning freedom from his rule already in December of 2010 Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir, who is indicted by the International Criminal Court for genocide and crimes against humanity, laid out a vision for the future of his nation:
"If south Sudan secedes, we will change the constitution and at that time there will be no time to speak of diversity of culture and ethnicity... Sharia (Islamic law) and Islam will be the main source for the constitution, Islam the official religion and Arabic the official language", he told a group of supporters.
Al-Bashir made his statement as the people of Southern Sudan were preparing to vote in the referendum that secured their imminent independence. With less than a week left before South secedes, al-Bashir is determined to fulfill his promise not by changing the constitution, but through murder and ethnic cleansing.
After concluding a military occupation of the disputed border region of Abyei, which resulted in the expulsion of more than 100,000 (non-Arabs, mostly from the Dinka tribe), Sudanese army and government-sponsored Arab militias attacked the African tribes of Nuba Mountains, a region situated in the Northern state of Southern Kordofan. Reports indicate indiscriminate bombings of civilians and a systematic killing of the black-skinned Nuba, which forced estimated 100,000 to abandon their homes. One report described "door to door executions of completely innocent and defenseless civilians, often by throat cutting." Another suggested the government might be using chemical weapons. The Bishop of Nuba Mountains described the events as genocide: "Once again we are facing the nightmare of genocide of our people in a final attempt to erase our culture and society from the face of the earth." A well-respected Sudan analyst concurred.
Nuba embody the diversity of culture and religion that al-Bashir wants to destroy. Numbering some 1.5 million, Nuba people are Christians, Muslims and the followers of traditional faiths. It is not uncommon to find the adherents of all faiths within a single family. Comprising from more than fifty tribes and speaking an equal number of languages, the Nuba have an incredibly diverse culture.

Read it all.

Australia: Government fires adviser for telling unpleasant truths about Islam

What did Joseph Adams say that was inaccurate? What did he say that was false? If Muhammad was not "the first terrorist of Islam," did he not say that he was, according to Islamic tradition? "I have been made victorious through terror" (Bukhari 4.52.220).
"Lib adviser sacked after anti-Islam web posts," by Heath Aston for the Sydney Morning Herald, July 10:

THE O'Farrell government has been embarrassed by a Liberal adviser who posted anti-Islamic comments online, including a description of the Prophet Muhammad as ''the first terrorist of Islam''. Joseph Adams, who worked in the electorate office of the Smithfield Liberal, Andrew Rohan, was sacked on Friday. Mr Adams, pictured, had angered some of his 1000 Facebook friends - which include 15 state government MPs and four ministers - with selected excerpts from the Koran which he said prove Islam promotes killing, not love.
He was labelled a ''bigot'' and the ''biggest f---ing racist ever'' by shocked friends.

What race is Islam again?

A record of his posts between March 24 and June 17, obtained by The Sun-Herald, show the criticism only spurred him on to make more offensive remarks. ''The religious babble you refer to is Islam,'' he commented on June 4. ''There was no war. It was terrorism. Muhammad was the first terrorist in the name of Islam.''
He followed up with: "Why are you getting upset? I'm not the one who is teaching others to kill in the name of Islam. Mohommed is not my hero.''

Do Islamic jihadists not kill in the name of Islam? They consistently and unanimously explain and justify their actions with references to Islamic texts and teachings.

On March 24, he taunted ''friend'' Faten Dabs with the comment: ''If you leave Islam it is HALAL for you to be EXECUTED. Lol. No wonder people are afraid to leave Islam.''

Does Islam not have a death penalty for apostasy? Do not all the sects of Islam and schools of Islamic jurisprudence teach this? Did not Muhammad say, according to Islamic tradition, "Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him" (Bukhari 9.84.57)?

After being branded a bigot on Facebook , he responded: ''Your biblical quotes are as ridiculous as your comparisons. I guess you never paid attention at Sunday school. Jesus spoke in parables. Mohommed on the other hand gave orders to kill.

Did not Muhammad say, according to Islamic tradition, "If you gain a victory over the men of Jews, kill them" (Sunan Abu Dawud, 19.2996)?

''You seem to like standing up for killers and murderers. Is Ivan Milat a good person too? Perhaps you think Hitler was a great Prophet too? After all he did put a book together called Mein Kampf. Don't waste our time here Aaron. The only bigot here is someone with an uninformed view.''

Indeed.

Mr Adams, who identifies himself as an Australian of Assyrian Christian descent, told The Sun-Herald on Friday that he was not ''thinking politically'' when he made the remarks. ''Rather than listen to what people say about the Koran I decided I would read it myself,'' he said.
''It was nothing political, it was out of pure emotion. I didn't think it would be used against me and people would accuse me of being racist.
''What I did was a mistake, I did not think it would be used for political purposes. In my mind I was living in a free society where we value free speech. Why should religion be a taboo subject?''

Indeed.

But the Premier, Barry O'Farrell, did not agree. Late on Friday a government spokesman said in a statement: ''The comments were totally inappropriate and the staff member has already been terminated.''

Gutless dhimmi.

Why call it 'Pakistan'?

South Sudan's hopeful creation as a new nation is a glorious moment, as well as a sobering one. We should remember as to why South Sudan's existence became necessary in the first place. We must remind the world over and over that the birth of South Sudan as a independent state was long required precisely because Muslims cannot long live amicably with followers of other belief systems. As Islamic scripture teaches quite explicitly, and as Muslim repeatedly tell themselves, devout Muslims cannot treat the unbelievers with anything approaching equality.

South Sudan's secession from Sudan is in many way a mirror image of another 'secession' that took place over 60 years ago. In the waning days of the British Empire, British India was to be divided into two countries, a Muslim one and a Hindu one, and India was to be cleaved forever into those two parts. The pain and agony of the partitioning process aside (hundreds of thousands are estimated to have died in the resulting forced migrations, associated pogroms, and resettlement), how should history judge the British decision to partition India?

While the larger Hindu India has found a modicum of political stability, has enjoyed decades of economic success, and exports its vibrant culture via its booming film industry worldwide, its Muslim counterpart Pakistan flirts with failed-nation status.

Pakistan is in fact a nightmare of state-sponsored jihadist terrorism inside and outside of its borders. Except for a tiny elite, the country only offers unimaginable squalor and poverty for its people. It has featured a string of unbelievably incompetent and corrupt governments that have exported Islamic terrorism to distant continents, as far as the UK and the USA. Pakistan harbors the world's top terrorists who are allowed to live inside its borders with impunity, free to continue conspiring and plotting mass murder. Pakistan has launched three wars of aggression in its blood-soaked history, all against India, all of which Pakistan lost. Pakistan builds nuclear weapons and nuclear-capable missiles, which it sells the technology for to any and all comers, no questions asked. Pakistan sucks up gifts such as weapons and supplies, intelligence data from the US, and especially financial aid packages from the rest of the world, and either squirrels the money away into various numbered accounts, or passes along as loot to jihad terrorists and other enemies of the Free World. Barbarous shariah laws viciously run riot and leave an ever-growing pile of broken and dead bodies in its wake. Pakistan's police and military murder journalists who question how and why such a horrid state of affairs has come to pass. And on and on.

Over sixty years of ignominious history has not been kind to the decision to create Pakistan. Pakistan itself is a bleeding sore in South Asia, and its continued existence is a shame if not an ongoing crime against humanity. If the past 64 years have proven anything, they prove that, quite unlike South Sudan, Pakistan does not deserve sovereignty, nor does it deserve to be treated as a member of the family of nations.

Given these incontrovertible facts, may I humbly suggest that Pakistan no longer be referred to as "Pakistan", the so-called 'Land of the Pure". Merely mentioning the name is, in a way, tacitly accepting its existence, which right-thinking people everywhere should instantly reject. So, from this point onwards, let us call that place by a more culturally and historically correct name: "Muslim-occupied India". For India was a Hindu land for thousands of years before the invading barbarians of Islam appeared to seize Hindu lands and slaughter its inhabitants, which laid the groundwork for the eventual Muslim calamitous maladministration of that same land.

In a just world, such mistakes would be reversed. One day, let us hope, let us work towards the day that Muslim-occupied India becomes India once again.

Nigerian city bans motorbikes in attempt to slow down Boko Haram jihadists

As the image above makes clear, Boko Haram has achieved a major disruption of life in Maiduguri by causing a ban on motorbikes, which will barely be a momentary solution. They are determined to kill, and will find other ways of doing so, leaving the population with slaughter and severely limited mobility. In light of Nigerian governors' apologies to Boko Haram, this indirect measure may be part of a larger policy of limited engagement of the group.
A demoralized, economically strangled, and terrified population is more susceptible to submitting to the jihadists' demands, or pressuring their leaders to do so in order to resume a normal life; thus, an extended ban that is not part of much broader measures against the group runs the risk of playing directly into Boko Haram's hands. "Nigeria's Maiduguri bans motorbikes to stop Boko Haram," from BBC News, July 8 (thanks to Kenneth):

Motorbikes have been banned from the northern Nigerian city of Maiduguri to prevent drive-by attacks by the radical Islamist sect, Boko Haram.

Officials said no-one would be able to ride motorbikes at any time in the city, Boko Haram's stronghold.

The group's trademark has been to use gunmen on motorbikes to assassinate security officers and politicians.

Boko Haram is fighting for Islamic rule and has rejected talks with the government.

At least 40 people have been killed in Maiduguri, the main city in Borno state, in the past two weeks in attacks blamed on the group.

Last month, the group said it had carried out an attack on the headquarters of the Nigerian police in the capital, Abuja, which killed at least six people.

Soldiers attacked

The Borno state government said it was now imposing a 24-hour ban on motorbikes in the city.

"The ban includes private as well as commercial motorcycles of all categories that operate within Maiduguri metropolis," Usman Ciroma, spokesman for the Borno state governor, said in a statement.

Correspondents say motorbikes are one of the most common forms of transport in Maiduguri, as most people cannot afford cars.

The AFP news agency reports that the governor, Kashim Shettima, warned that the ban could be extended.

"If the security situation does not improve following this ban, the government will extend the ban to cover the whole state," he was quoted as saying.

On Wednesday, Boko Haram fighters threw an explosive device at a military patrol in Maiduguri, wounding three officers.

Iran: US "Aircraft carriers ... are moving targets. If the enemy threatens us, we will target them"

And what constitutes a threat? More threats of murder from the mullahcracy: "Iranian commander: US carriers target if attacked," by Ali Akbar Dareini for the Associated Press, July 9 (thanks to Bill):

TEHRAN, Iran—A senior Revolutionary Guard commander threatened Saturday that U.S. aircraft carriers would be targeted if Iran came under attack amid a standoff with the West over Tehran's nuclear program. Iran has often warned of major retaliation if they faced a military strike from Israel or the West, but the latest comments appear tailored to emphasize the expanding range of Iranian missiles following 10 days of war games. The exercises included unveiling underground missile silos that Iran says is capable of multiple launches.
"Aircraft carriers ... are moving targets. If the enemy threatens us, we will target them," said Amir Ali Hajizadeh, the commander of the Guard's aerospace force, in comments broadcast on state TV.
Hajizadeh also confirmed that Iran secretly conducted missile tests in February that he claimed hit targets at the "mouth of the Indian Ocean"—an apparent reference to areas near the Strait of Hormouz at the southern end of the Gulf. Hajizadeh gave no further details. In April, the commander of the Revolutionary Guard said Iran's arsenal is capable of striking "remote regions outside the Persian Gulf."...

Bodyguard for second-ranking official in Afghanistan intel service murders NATO soldier, civilian working for coalition

"Amanullah worked as a bodyguard for the second-ranking official in Afghanistan's intelligence service—Gen. Assam Din Assam, the deputy director for National Directorate for Security, the police chief said."
I have said many times in the context of many similar incidents in Iraq and Afghanistan, there is no reliable way to distinguish a peaceful Muslim from a jihadist. This is yet more fruit of the unwillingness to make even a cursory attempt to take that fact into account.
"Afghan guard shoots dead NATO soldier, civilian," by Solomon Moore and Heidi Vogt for the Associated Press, July 9 (thanks to Bill):

KABUL, Afghanistan—An Afghan guard opened fire at a NATO-escorted reconstruction convoy after an argument Saturday, killing a service member and a civilian working for the coalition before being killed by return fire, a provincial police chief said. The convoy was traveling in the northern Panjshir province, about 60 miles (100 kilometers) north of the capital, Kabul, when it came under attack, according to provincial police chief Gen. Mohammad Qasim Jangalbagh.
The Afghan guard, who goes by the name Amanullah, was standing outside his home when the convoy passed by, the police chief said.
The guard stopped the convoy, started arguing with the NATO troops and then opened fire, killing the service member and the civilian, Jangalbagh said. A third coalition service member was wounded in the shooting, the police chief added, and another NATO service member fired back, killing Amanullah.
Amanullah worked as a bodyguard for the second-ranking official in Afghanistan's intelligence service—Gen. Assam Din Assam, the deputy director for National Directorate for Security, the police chief said.
Assam was not at the scene of the shooting in Panjshir. No one at the intelligence agency could be reached for comment. [...]
Since September 2007, more than 70 people have been killed in incidents involving Afghan security forces, or attackers disguised as security personnel, who have turned their weapons against Afghan or NATO troops.
Such incidents have become more common over time. Out of about 25 attacks, nearly half took place in 2011. NATO officials have said that the incidents have taken a toll on the morale among coalition forces and recently have implemented additional training and screening techniques to identify problems among Afghan recruits....

And those training and screening techniques will never work as long as no one in command is willing to face the reality of the jihad doctrine.

Thwartilla: Israel blocks mass fly-in by pro-Palestinian "activists"

An update on this story. Christopher Hitchens' useful discussion of semantic engineering in the use of terms like "activists" for the participants in these recent spectacles can be found here. "Israel blocks pro-Palestinian 'flytilla' activists," by Yolande Knell for BBC News, July 8:

Palestinian groups have criticised Israel after activists planning to visit the West Bank were barred from flying and others were deported.

Israeli officials said airlines blocked some 200 blacklisted travellers from flying to Tel Aviv.

The Welcome to Palestine group says the action shows restrictions on access to Palestinian areas.

The so-called "flytilla" comes after Greece blocked an aid flotilla trying to break the Israeli blockade of Gaza.

Two American women originally involved in the flotilla were among the first to be deported from Ben Gurion Airport after flying in from Athens to try to join the latest protest.

A group from Switzerland was also expected to be expelled.

Airlines with flights from France, Germany and Switzerland prevented ticket-holders from boarding planes after being notified by Israel that they would be refused entry.

Many passengers turned away decried what they said was an abuse of power. Israel argues it is ensuring public order at its main gateway to the world.

Palestinian civil society organisations who make up Welcome to Palestine expected 600 to 1,000 foreign activists to take up their invitation to head to the West Bank for a week

They say they have planned a full itinerary of peaceful activities, starting with events in Bethlehem and Ramallah on Saturday for those able to make it there....

British soldier killed by bomb after being ordered not to fire on Taliban planting roadside bombs

Surely the Taliban jihadists' hearts and minds were deeply touched by this gesture of "courageous restraint." "Soldier killed after Army bosses barred him from opening fire on Taliban insurgents planting roadside bombs," from the Daily Mail, July 9:

A widow revealed how her soldier husband was blown up in Afghanistan days after senior officers had apparently ‘laughed off’ his complaints that insurgents were being allowed to plant explosive devices unchallenged. [...]

Mrs Rayner told Bradford Coroner's Court her husband, who joined the Army at 17, had feared his own death.

She said: ‘He was concerned about the number of explosive devices being planted in the area they were patrolling and had told higher ranks because he feared one of them would be killed.

‘He said they could see people planting these devices but could do nothing about it. [...]

Sergeant Rayner told his wife that officers told him that he and his men could not open fire on insurgents planting bombs or make contact with them.

His complaints were rejected by a Sergeant Major and a Captain, the inquest heard.

‘I think that if more notice had been taken of him, then he might not have died,’ she said.

‘Peter loved his men and would have done anything to stop them being killed.’

Mrs Rayner told the coroner, Professor Paul Marks, the Army had promised that her concerns would be dealt with, but she said: ‘I have been fobbed off.’

The widow said: ‘I thought about it long and hard and I think he deserves his last words to be heard.’ Adding: ‘Now it's my day, people will listen because I'm in court.’

Mrs Rayner rejected the offer by the coroner to adjourn the hearing so that officers involved could be called to give evidence. The coroner recorded a verdict that Sergeant Rayner was unlawfully killed.

Outside Bradford Coroner’s Court Mrs Rayner fired a further broadside at the Ministry of Defence, calling for rules of engagement to be changed to protect soldiers.

‘They are not allowed to return fire unless they are fired upon. But all the lads have expressed concern because the patrol area was filled with IEDs.

‘They can shoot at us and take us out but the lads can’t do that to them.

These terrorists and Taliban can do what they want yet our soldiers try to do their job and get persecuted by the law.

‘If they are going to be soldiers let them be soldiers and do their jobs. The job is hard enough as it is.

‘There will be an internal investigation, but I think the rules of engagement need to be looked into if someone is planting IEDs and threatening lives.’ [...]

A Ministry of Defence spokesman said: ‘The whole point of a counter insurgency operation is to protect the civilian population.’ He said soldiers had to go through a series of stages before opening fire and were sometimes asked to exercise ‘courageous restraint’ even when shots had been fired.

There it is:

‘It is all about winning hearts and minds and using the least force possible,’ the spokesman said.

Pakistan angrily denies Joint Chiefs chair's allegation that Islamabad sanctioned killing of journalist Syed Saleem Shahzad

Of course they do. Admiral Mullen is obviously privy to far more information, but among other things, the fact that Shahzad's cell phone records were completely wiped back to nearly three weeks before his death shows someone powerful enough to secure such a measure had something to hide.
An update on this story. "Pakistan rejects US claims over Saleem Shahzad murder," from BBC News, July 8:

Pakistan has reacted angrily to the US army's top officer's suggestion that the government "sanctioned" the killing of journalist Saleem Shahzad.

Information minister Dr Firdous Ashiq Awan said that Adm Mike Mullen's statement was "extremely irresponsible and regrettable."

She said it would cause difficulties in relations between the sides and prove a setback to the war against terror.

US-Pakistan relations have been extremely fraught in recent months.

But Adm Mike Mullen's remarks are the most explicit yet in a downward spiral in recent US-Pakistan relations.

The BBC's Aleem Maqbool in Islamabad says that for a senior American official to say that he believes the authorities were involved heaps further pressure on Islamabad at a time when the Pakistani government's relationship with Washington - on which it has become so reliant for support - is under serious strain.

Mr Shahzad was kidnapped near his home in Islamabad in May. His body was found two days later in Punjab province. At the time, many in the Pakistani media blamed Pakistan's powerful military intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), for the murder. The ISI has denied involvement in the case.

Adm Mullen said he could not confirm if the the ISI was involved.

"I have not seen anything that would disabuse that report that the government knew about this," Adm Mullen told journalists in Washington on Thursday.

"It was sanctioned by the government, yeah," he said.

Adm Mullen added that he did not have a "string of evidence" linking the death to the ISI.

Downward spiral

Pakistan's ambassador to the US, Husain Haqqani, said an independent inquiry was evidence that the government was taking the journalist's killing seriously. The government-appointed commission to investigate the killing began work last month.

"Any evidence that our American friends have should be shared with that commission," Mr Haqqani told the New York Times newspaper.....

There's just the small problem that intel shared with Pakistan has a funny way of finding its way into the wrong hands.

Surprise: Pakistani generals helped sell nuclear secrets

AQ Khan was not the only one. "Pakistani generals 'helped sell nuclear secrets'," by Julian Borger for the Guardian, July 7:

The story of the world's worst case of nuclear smuggling took a new twist on Thursday when documents surfaced appearing to implicate two former Pakistani generals in the sale of uranium enrichment technology to North Korea in return for millions of dollars in cash and jewels handed over in a canvas bag and cardboard boxes of fruit.

The source of the documents is AQ Khan, who confessed in 2004 to selling parts and instructions for the use of high-speed centrifuges in enriching uranium to Libya, Iran and North Korea. Extracts were published by the Washington Post, including a letter in English purportedly from a senior North Korean official to Khan in 1998 detailing payment of $3m to Pakistan's former army chief, General Jehangir Karamat, and another half-million to Lieutenant General Zulfiqar Khan, who was involved in Pakistan's nuclear bomb tests.

Both generals denied the allegations. "What can I say. [These are] bits of old info packaged together. [There is] not an iota of truth in the allegations against me. [There is] no reason on earth for anyone to pay me for something I could not deliver," Karamat wrote in an email to the Guardian. Lt Gen Khan told the Washington Post that the documents were "a fabrication".

The issue is seen as critically important by western governments. Seven years after Khan, the godfather of the Pakistani nuclear programme, made his public confession on Pakistani television, there is still uncertainty over the extent to which he was a rogue operator or just a salesman acting on behalf of the Pakistani state and its army. Western officials are also unsure whether the covert nuclear sales are continuing.

It seems like "rogue operator" might as well be a military rank in Pakistan.

One of the documents published on Thursday was allegedly a copy of a 1998 letter in English to him from Jon Byong Ho, then the secretary of the North Korean Workers' party, who is believed to have masterminded the state's covert trade in nuclear and missile technology. The document states that "the $3m have already been paid" to Karamat, and "half a million dollars" and some jewellery had been given to Lt Gen Khan, who went on to run the national water and power company. The Washington Post interviewed senior US officials who said that the document contained "accurate details of sensitive matters known only to a handful of people in Pakistan, North Korea and the United States", and that the substance was "consistent with our knowledge" of the same events....

U.K.: Banned jihadist hate preacher remains jailed for defying deportation order

He should never have made it into Britain in the first place. Now, he will needlessly tie up time and resources with his courtroom jihad. "Leader of Islamic Movement in Israel to remain in U.K. jail after court denies appeal," by Jack Khoury for Haaretz, July 8:

A London court on Friday denied the appeal of Sheikh Ra'ad Salah, leader of the northern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel.

Comparative tolerance: Where is the Jewish Movement in Iran?

Salah was arrested in England in late June after he entered the country despite an exclusion order barring him from the United Kingdom. A deportation order was issued subsequently. Salah remains in detention because he refused to comply with the order.

Salah appealed his arrest and the order that bars him from entering the UK. He demanded that he be released immediately and unconditionally and be allowed to continue to his visit in the UK.

The appeal was denied and he will remain in detention until an additional appeal, which is expected to be filed next week.

Salah's attorney and spokesman Zahi Nujeidat told Haaretz that "the Sheikh is insisting on his right to fight the arbitrary decision by the British government to deport him and therefore he has decided to remain in detention and wait for the appeals proceeding."

On Saturday afternoon, the Islamic Movement, backed by the Higher Arab Monitoring Committee, will hold a large demonstration in Nazareth, expected to be attended by thousands of people, protesting Salah's detention.

On Friday, Islamic Movement activists held a protest outside the UK embassy in Tel Aviv.

July 8, 2011

Pakistani Islamic party leader: a woman should not report rape unless she has four witnesses

Munawar Hasan is the President of Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan, the country's largest and most powerful pro-Sharia party. This video is not in English, unfortunately, but in it he says that a woman should not report being raped unless she has four male Muslim witnesses who saw the act. In this he is on solid Qur'anic ground: "Why did they not produce four witnesses? Since they produce not witnesses, they verily are liars in the sight of Allah" (Qur'an 24:13).
The Malaysian Islamic reformist group Sisters in Islam has pointed out the injustice of this:

In Pakistan, it is reported that three out of four women in prison under its Hudud laws [these are the laws of what it forbidden and permitted by Allah himself], are rape victims. Because rape is equated with zina [unlawful sexual intercourse] under Hudud law, rape victims are required to produce four pious male witnesses. It is of course nearly impossible for the rape victims to produce the four male witnesses required to prove their allegation. Therefore their police report of rape was taken as a confession of illicit sex on their part and they were duly found guilty.

(Video thanks to Axel.)

Bachmann first presidential candidate to sign anti-Sharia pledge

A pledge to stand firm against attempts to erode the freedom of speech and the principle of equality of rights of all people before the law. "Update: Bachmann is first to sign Family Leader’s pro-marriage pledge," by William Petroski for the Des Moines Register, July 7 (thanks to Benedict):

The Family Leader, a prominent Iowa group that promotes Christian conservative social values, said Thursday it is asking all presidential candidates to sign a pledge regarding their personal convictions on traditional marriage. The pledge is entitled, “The Marriage Vow – A Declaration of Dependence upon Marriage and Family.” [...]
U.S. Rep. Michele Bachmann, R-Minnesota, quickly signed the pledge Thursday, while an aide to to former Utah Gov. Jon Huntsman said he never signs any pledges. A spokesman for U.S. Rep. Ron Paul, R-Texas, said the congressman has reservations, while a representative of President Barack Obama’s Democratic campaign committee declined comment.
Former Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty, a Republican, is reviewing the pledge, a spokesman said Thursday night. Several other GOP presidential candidates didn’t respond to requests for comment, including former Michigan Gov. Mitt Romney, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum, and retired Georgia businessman Herman Cain.
Presidential candidates who sign the pledge must agree to personal fidelity to his or her spouse, the appointment of “faithful constitutionalists” as judges, opposition to any redefinition of marriage, and prompt reform of uneconomic and anti-marriage aspects of welfare policy, tax policy and divorce law.
The Marriage Vow also outlines support for the legal advocacy for the federal Defense of Marriage Act, humane efforts to protect women and children, rejection of Sharia Islam, safeguards for all married and unmarried U.S. military service members, and commitment to downsizing government and the burden upon American families....

A haven from jihad: Republic of South Sudan set to become a nation on Saturday

May this new nation, born out of the resistance to jihad, last 5000 years. "South Sudan Becomes New Nation Saturday," from CBNNews.com, July 8:

The Republic of South Sudan will join the community of nations on Saturday. After the military celebrations and parades, the South will have to face up to the realities it faces.
It will be one of the most underdeveloped countries on the planet. Only 15 percent of its citizens can read and fears of renewed conflict abound.
The people of the South have endured a half century of civil war and oppression by the Islamic rulers of northern Sudan that left more than 2 million dead.
The South's population is heavily Christian and black African, two groups targeted by Omar Bashir's regime.

Malaysia's capital in lockdown for major upcoming anti-government rally

An eerie calm is hanging over Malaysia's capital Kuala Lumpur (KL) tonight. Traffic is light on the streets and the distant din of police sirens is nearly constant. Is it the proverbial calm before the storm?

Tomorrow, Saturday afternoon at 2pm here near central KL, a group banned by the government, a group known as 'Bersih' ('Clean'), is promising to assemble en masse. No one has any idea how many may show up. Perhaps 30,000, perhaps 100,000. The throng is expected to rally for clean and fair elections, and also, not to put too fine of a point on it, to protest against the entrenched ruling party's increasingly authoritarian brand of government.

The Muslim government is doing everything in its power to prevent the rally and disrupt the organization behind it. All the supposed guarantees of civil liberties in the Malaysian Constitution have been swept away in the name of 'harmony' and 'national security'. The police are at this moment cordoning off the downtown area, major thoroughfares, and all possible rally venues. Mass transit systems are being shut down, bus stations closed and buses rerouted to distant suburbs. Any and all public gatherings are forbidden and authorities promise instant arrest to anyone who does not disperse as ordered. Even the characteristic yellow 'Bersih' t-shirts are banned -- anyone wearing one in public faces immediate arrest.

The last week has seen increasing tension as Bersih and the government have maneuvered for advantage and favorable public sentiment. When the government offered to put the group's rally into one of KL's stadiums in exchange for canceling the street rally, Bersih gracefully accepted, only to have the government renege on its offer. The latest word is that the rally is still 'on'.

This is all well and good, you might be thinking, but what does any of this have to do with Islam, or Islamic supremacism? The Malaysian media wouldn't think of it, let alone hear of it, but in my view, this looming confrontation on the streets has everything to do with the ideology that shall not be named.

The reality is this. While 'Bersih' is a multiracial organization, with members coming from all of Malaysia's ethnic groups, the majority of this group's membership is non Muslim. Bersih's members are universally disgusted with this increasingly unjust government that has ruled this country uninterrupted since 1957, longer than any other political party on the planet has run a nation state. Interestingly enough, Malaysia's pro Sharia and pro Jihad political party known as PAS has sided with Bersih, no doubt hoping to use the group as an opportunistic means to advance their own agenda.

PAS notwithstanding, most Malays, and therefore most Muslims, believe Bersih and its upcoming demonstration are a threat to peace and public order, no matter how reasonable Bersih's agenda may sound. Therefore the majority of Malays can be expected to faithfully back the Muslim-controlled government, no matter how draconian its crackdowns may prove to be. You can probably see where this is going, and it is not going to end well for the non Muslims. Not when the Muslims have all the guns.

Normally, the 'dhimmis' of Malaysia are well cowed and compliant, but the Muslim overlords of Malaysia have ruled this land with an iron hand for so long, that it appears that the 'infidels' have finally lost their patience. The list of injustices and grievances of this government, which has Islamic supremacy AKA 'Malay supremacy' at the heart of its dark agenda, has grown so high and emanates a stench so vile that even Malaysia's reticent dhimmis have belatedly woken from their slumber, at least for a short while.

Bersih may possess the moral high ground, but in practical terms is totally outgunned and therefore has no chance of achieving its core demand of 'clean and fair elections.' And even, if by some miracle, Bersih got its way, then it would be for naught. No election, no matter how clean or fair, can make a meaningful difference in a land dominated by Islam. Lands dominated by Islam are, by definition, lands without liberty. Elections, and by extension democracy, mean little without guarantees of personal liberty. America's prolific and wasteful expenditures of both blood and treasure in Iraq and Afghanistan have proven this beyond all reasonable doubt.

Bersih's protest is doomed to go down in history as a noble, if futile, gesture against the increasing Islamization of this country; as long as there are Muslims in Malaysia, there is no chance that they will not rule political affairs. However, if there is anything that the outside world should learn from this latest episode of repression in this 'moderate' land, let the world be reminded anew, that civil liberties and Islam decidedly do not mix.

UPDATE: Thousands entered the downtown area for the rally and to send the Malaysian government a firm message that their corruption and dirty tricks are unacceptable. This happened despite the massive police presence and sweeping 'preventative measures'. Exact numbers of protesters who came are impossible to obtain at the moment. Most of the Bersih leadership, along with leading figures from opposition political parties (DAP, PKR, PAS) have been arrested. 600-700 others, perhaps more, have been arrested or 'detained'. The throngs seem to be finally dispersing now, albeit slowly. I've been listening to sirens and police helicopters hovering overhead for hours. The protest and the resulting government crackdown is major news in the international mainstream media.

Spencer: Is the hajj an act of apostasy?

Over at Atlas Shrugs yesterday I wrote about some things I've come across in researching for my next book:

In the course of research for my forthcoming book, Did Muhammad Exist?, I have been in contact with a European researcher who has given me some extraordinary information about the origins of the rituals that Muslims perform during the hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. Mecca is central to Islamic worship, as all Muslims must face Mecca while praying, and are obligated to make the hajj once in their lifetimes if they are able to do so. Muslims call the Kaaba “albayt alharaam” (Qur’an 5:97). It is considered the inviolable institution of obedience to Allah’s Sharia, the pure mosque: “Al-masjid al-haraam” (see Qur’an 2:196, 5:97, 9:19, 48:25).
Yet only one verse of the Qur’an seems to refer to Mecca by name: “And He it is Who hath withheld men’s hands from you, and hath withheld your hands from them, in the valley of Mecca, after He had made you victors over them. Allah is Seer of what ye do” (48:24). And we know that the Ka’aba predates Islam, as Muhammad is said to have entered it, cleansed it of its pagan idols, and transformed it into a Muslim shrine. Muslims believe that Abraham and Ishmael built it: “And as Abraham raised the foundations from the house with Ishmael: ‘Our Lord accept this from us, You are the Hearer, the Knowledgeable’“ (Qur’an 2:227).
What is the real story? What was the Kaaba originally? Where do the hajj rituals come from?
At first glance, they manifest an impressive similarity to Hindu rituals: bowing and prostrating, shaving the hair, wearing a white robe, circumambulating around a square cosmological symbol (Mandala), counting holy names (dhikr) with a rosary (the tasbih or masbaha, sibha, sousha), kissing a stone, revering sacred water -- all the distinctive Meccan rituals have Hindu counterparts.
The Muslim historian Firishta writes, “Before the advent of Islam, the Brahmans of India were always going on pilgrimage to the Ka’aba, for the worship of the idols there.”
And historically, Arabia has many connections with the Indus Valley. The presence of India in the region, up to Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea, is well documented. Some have speculated that even the Arabic language as such has many Sanskrit roots. The very word “Arab” may derive from ara-vat or arva, meaning a horse in Sanskrit. The “land of the horses” gives us Aravasthan, from which may come Arabia.
There are records of Arabo-Indian trade with Egypt as far back as 2743 B.C. There were, for instance, land routes through Basra or along the sea that appear to have gone through Arabia. Klaus K. Klostermaier states that “for several centuries a lively commerce developed between the ancient Mediterranean world and India, particularly the ports on the Western coast. The most famous of these ports was Sopara, not far from modern Bombay, which was recently, renamed Mumbai. Present day Cranganore in Kerala, identified with the ancient Muziris, claims to have had trade contacts with Ancient Egypt under Queen Hatsheput, who sent five ships to obtain spices, as well as with ancient Israel during King Solomon’s reign. Apparently, the contact did not break off after Egypt was conquered by Greece and later by Rome.”
Even now, ruins of a shrine to Shiva have been discovered on Socotra, an island belonging to Yemen. Hindu Yemenites are still there, and they are not Indian emigrants. In a very recent statement, Maulana Nabiullah Khan of Jamaat-e-Islamia complains: “We were surprised to discover that there are some Hindus in Yemen. These ancient Yemeni Hindus are not Indians. In my opinion, these Hindus are descendants of traders from India in ancient times. I was also surprised to learn that they have a Shiva temple in Yemen. Qazi was very unhappy over this. When he talked to the Yemen leaders, he broached this subject. But the Yemeni leaders refused Qazi’s suggestion of forced conversion of these people to Islam.”
Muhammad’s first biographer, Ibn Ishaq, provides evidence that the Hindu presence in Arabia on the eve of Islam was fairly strong. When Yemen was invaded by the Abyssinians, Sayf b. Dhû Yazan, a chief of the dominant Himayrite clan of Arabs, went to Chosroes (Khusrû), the king of Persia, for help. “He said: ‘O King, ravens have taken possession of our country.’ Chosroes asked, ‘What ravens, Abyssinians or Sindhians?’ ‘Abyssinians,’ he replied.” “Ravens” meant black people, who were identified with Indians and Abyssinians in the minds of Arabs and Persians at that time.
Later, a deputation from the Banu al-Harith waited on Muhammad. “When they came to the apostle he asked who the people who looked like Indians were, and he was told that they were the B. al-Hãrith b. Ka’b.” Muhammad, it seems, was quite familiar with Indians -- or at least his eighth-century biographer was.
There is also a good deal of evidence, by the way, that muhammad was not a name, but a title usually given to victorious warlords, just as Mahatmat (great soul) was not the name of Gandhi, but his title. Sanskrit etymology offers an elucidation of this: Muhammad comes from Mahan Madah: “a person of great inspiration.” But it can also be understood in a hostile sense, implying “a person of a proud and haughty temperament.”
The “kaaba” is usually translated as a dice or a cube, as derived from the Greek “kubos.” It is less commonly linked to the Sanskrit word Gabha (Garbha + Graha), which means Sanctum. Even in the Tamul (or Tamil) language, which is part of the most ancient Dravidian civilization of the Indus Valley, a similar word exists: Kabaali, one of Shiva’s names. Shiva temples in South India are still called Kabaalishwaran.

There is more.

UK: Convicted Islamic jihad terrorists spend an average of less than three years in prison

“What's most worrying is how little de-radicalisation can happen in this time." Indeed, especially since British authorities don't have a clue about what really causes "radicalization" -- i.e., the teachings of the Qur'an and Sunnah -- and so couldn't possibly have formulated an effective response to it.
More on this story. "Islamic terrorists spend less than three years in UK prison: Survey," from ANI, July 8 (thanks to Twostellas):

London, July 8 : A majority of Islamic terrorists in Britain spend less than three-and-a-half years in prison, a new survey has revealed. According to the survey, a third of the terrorists go free after less than 16 months. The survey has warned that Britain is now a ‘hub for the development of terrorists’.
The survey conducted by the Henry Jackson Society, studied 138 Islamic terror convictions from 1999-2010. It found 54 per cent resulted in sentences of between one and nine years - and those defendants spent a maximum of three-and-a-half years in jail.
Mohammed Kabashi, who got nine years for helping the failed 21/7 bombers but served just two years and three months, The Sun reports.
Hassan Tabakh got seven years for having bomb-making equipment, but was freed after less than three years.
“What''s [sic] most worrying is how little de-radicalisation can happen in this time. The question remains, will they return to terrorist activities once released,” Expert Hannah Stuart was quoted as saying....

Tunisians demonstrate against rise of Islamic supremacism

At the beginning of the Tunisian uprising, I noted that it was dominated by pro-Sharia Islamic supremacists. For this I was condemned as an "Islamophobe" who refused to recognize the glorious flowering of human rights and democracy that the "Arab Spring" represented. Some mocked my concern about Tunisia's Ennahda, saying that it was "fearmongering" and "ignorance," since Ennahda represented a minuscule minority and would be insignificant in post-uprising electoral politics. Now we're told it is one of the favorites in the next election.
I tried to tell you. "Tunisians demonstrate against Islamist influence," by Tarek Amara for Reuters, July 7 (thanks to Twostellas):

TUNIS, July 7 (Reuters) - More than 1,000 people took to the streets of the Tunisian capital on Thursday to demonstrate against religious violence and what they say is the rise of radical Islam in the north African country. The demonstration, which included secular political parties and human rights groups, came days after Islamists attacked a movie audience and smashed the doors of a cinema to protest against the film "No God, No Master" by Tunisian-French director Nadia El-Fani, an outspoken critic of political Islam.
Protesters carried banners reading "Free Tunisia, extremism out" and "Religious freedom, freedom of thought".
Six months after an uprising toppled President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, tension is rising between Islamists and liberals as Islamic purists increasingly try to assert their influence in what was once a citadel of Arab secularism.
Ennahda, Tunisia's main Islamist party, was legalised after the revolution and, although still in its infancy, it is tipped as one of the favourites in the October election.
Its popularity unnerves the many Tunisians who want to keep religion separate from the state....

European Court throws out Muslim challenge to Swiss minaret ban

It was thrown out because the plaintiffs couldn't prove they were injured by the minaret ban. So watch for the Islamic supremacists to cover that angle next time. "Legal move against minaret ban thrown out," from SwissInfo, July 8:

The European Court of Human Rights has rejected appeals against a ban on the construction of new minarets in Switzerland. Judges ruled that the plaintiffs – three Muslim organisations and a private citizen – were not victims of an alleged human rights violation.
The Strasbourg-based court on Friday announced that the complaints by the applicants were not admissible.

“The main complaint was that a disputed constitutional provision offended their religious beliefs. However, they did not allege that it had had any practical effect on them,” the statement said.

The applicants could not prove either that they were indirect victims because none of them was planning on building a mosque with a minaret in Switzerland in the near future, it added.

The appeals were lodged in December 2009 following approval of a controversial rightwing initiative in a nationwide vote.

A majority of 57.5 per cent of Swiss voters came out in favour of the rightwing initiative in November 2009.

Why is it "rightwing" to oppose the spread of a triumphalist and repressive political ideology that will extinguish the freedom of speech and deny women basic rights?

Brooklyn: Misunderstander of Islam convicted of trying to join jihad group and kill U.S. troops

Convicted of misunderstanding Islam

Betim Kaziu "became interested in the Koran and said he wanted to dedicate his life to God." Funny how becoming interested in the Qur'an led him to want to kill U.S. troops. How could he have misunderstood the book's beautiful message of peace?
"High school dropout convicted of trying to join terrorist group so he could kill U.S. troops," by John Marzulli for the New York Daily News, July 7 (thanks to all who sent this in):

A Brooklyn high school dropout was convicted Thursday of conspiring to join a foreign terrorist group so he could kill U.S. troops in Afghanistan. Betim Kaziu faces life in prison for the jihadi adventure that took him to Saudi Arabia, Egypt and finally Kosovo - where he was arrested in 2009. [...]
Kaziu, 23, wanted to become a member of the Taliban or the Somali-based Al Shabbab so he could die a Muslim martyr on a battlefield in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Palestine or Africa.
"The defendant desired to wage jihad," Assistant U.S. Attorney Ali Kazemi said in his closing argument.
"He never intended to return to the United States. He hoped to die a martyr. "
Flush with cash from a court settlement for a playground accident, Kaziu traveled overseas with a buddy from Mill Basin who chickened out of the scheme and returned to Brooklyn to eventually became a government cooperator.
Defense lawyer Joshua Dratel argued that a trove of militant videos - including some from hate-spewing Osama bin Laden and Anwar Al-Awlaki - found on Kaziu's laptop computer don't make him a terrorist.
"Millions of people watch these videos and don't fight jihad," Dratel said.

Oh, that makes it all right, then.

Kaziu had made a so-called martyrdom video in Albania before he was arrested. "I came here with the brothers to chill before I, God willing, depart," Kaziu said as he stood on a cliff above the sea.

Norway: New border police stopping asylum seekers, human trafficking

When will the European Union allow European countries to defend themselves against the Islamic immigrant influx?
The EU works hard to stop its member states from reinstating control of their national borders. Several countries have been working hard to find loopholes in the directives from Brussels -- and Norway has found one. From a Norwegian news report:

The Norwegian Justice minister wants more police officers to patrol along the country's border, and claims that more border controls will reduce asylum growth further. Last year there was a reduction in the number of arrivals by 42 percent compared with the year before. Østfold Police District's commitment to cross-border controls should be given a lot of credit for this, said Justice Minister Knut Stortberget to TV 2. ... After Norway joined the Schengen Agreement, the checking of EU citizens at the borders came to an end. But the police are allowed to carry out checks near the border to enforce immigration rules. In the first half of this year the border team at Østfold Police District 344 arrested asylum seekers. Most were illegal immigrants. Border police also uncovered 24n attempts at human trafficking in the same six months.

Boko Haram warns Nigerian Muslims to stay away from Christians

"O ye who believe! take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors: They are but friends and protectors to each other. And he amongst you that turns to them (for friendship) is of them. Verily Allah guideth not a people unjust." -- Qur'an 5:51
The penalty for apostasy in Islamic law is death, per Muhammad's own orders. Below, Boko Haram marks everyone who collaborates with Christians or with the existing Nigerian government as apostates, of being "of them" for turning to them for friendship or cooperating with them. "Stay Away from Christians, Boko Haram warns Muslims in Nigeria," from PointBlankNews, July 6:

The Boko Haram menace has taken a dramatic twist with its call on all Muslims in Nigeria to stay away from Christians, Security Agents, Government institutions and functions or face death.

What? An apology won't cut it?

It maintained that since the present Federal Government is not Islamic, every employee is considered an infidel marked for elimination.

This came on the heels of reports that the group just stormed the divisional police headquarters in Toro Local Government area of Bauchi state, carting away arms and ammunition. It was not clear if any police officer was murdered.

The deadly group urged Muslims to stay away from Christians, their houses, businesses and churches because they are targets of attacks.

This warning is contained in a statement issued by the spokesman, Abu Zaid and exclusively obtained by pointblanknews.com.

According to Zaid "The only dialogue in this crisis is as follows: Stop abiding by the constitution in our land (Dualan Usmaniyya), and government must be sincere and stop terrorizing Muslims in Maiduguri and parts of the North, then there should be a time limit for ceasing fire to gauge Government commitment in keeping to its promise, which cannot be more than ten years."

In accordance with Islamic law, that is the maximum length of a ceasefire.

The group boasted that it was yet to employ 5 percent of its military might and weaponry.

No, an apology won't cut it:

Said Zaid "What is holding us back is the innocent civilian population, but as soon as people stay clear from security agents we will launch a full-scale attack. Unarmed Muslims were picked up from their homes and from their hospital beds and summarily executed; the world saw it on AlJazeera. Yet the same Government wants to forgive us for the wrongs they meted on us. In actual sense, we are the ones that should give amnesty to the Borno State Government."

Shut up and take one for the team:

According to Boko Haram "We as a group don't kill people who are innocent. What we are trying to tell people is that, in regaining the pride of the people in Islam, people have to endure in losing their properties and sometimes lives are also involved and this can fall on everyone, including us."

The statement continued "This is a government that is not Islamic. Therefore, all its employees-Muslims and non-Muslims are Infidels. This is a Government which naturally fights Islam because Muslims were killed were killed in Zagon Kataf, in Jos and Southern Kaduna but the perpetrators have never been prosecuted by the so-called existing laws of the land. Mosques were destroyed and punishment for this is death. Therefore, we have the right to kill them all. But if there are people who profess Islam and do not take part in Government or Western Education, their blood and wealth are sacred unless otherwise."

U.K. report: Most jihadists are "home-grown"

"The report, Islamist Terrorist: The British Connections, also found most of those convicted of terror-related offences (54%) served less than three-and-a-half years in jail." "UK 'terrorist development hub'," from the Belfast Telegraph, July 7 (thanks to Kenneth):

The UK is "something of a hub for the development of terrorists", the Government's former independent reviewer of terrorism legislation has said. Lord Carlile QC said Islamic extremism "remains far and away the greatest, and the least predictable" terrorist threat to the UK and most terrorists were home-grown.

He highlighted several cases from 2010 where British citizens were accused of terrorist activity in the UK and abroad.

Writing the foreword to an overview of the UK's links to Islamism-inspired terrorism worldwide, Lord Carlile said: "We should not lose sight of the clear evidence provided by the report that a majority of terrorists in the UK are 'home-grown', and have not been trained abroad.

"Unfortunately the evidence reveals the UK to be something of a hub for the development of terrorists who export their activities to other countries: several examples are given from 2010."

He added: "Islamic extremism is not the only terrorist threat to the United Kingdom, but it remains far and away the greatest, and the least predictable."

According to the report, published by the Henry Jackson Society, seven out of 10 Islamism-related offences last year were perpetrated by British nationals, with almost half of those living in London.

It comes after a series of British citizens were involved in attacks. Suicide bomber Taimour Abdulwahab al-Abdaly, 28, who studied at the University of Luton, blew himself up and injured two people in an attack in Stockholm's shopping district in December last year.

A terrorist suspect killed in a drone attack in Pakistan in September last year was reportedly Abdul Jabbar, a British man tasked with leading an al Qaida group in the UK. And terror suspect Mahmoud Abu Rideh, who was previously under a control order in the UK, was killed in a missile strike in Afghanistan last year.

The report, Islamist Terrorist: The British Connections, also found most of those convicted of terror-related offences (54%) served less than three-and-a-half years in jail.

Report: Pakistan will have 150 to 200 nuclear warheads in the next decade

They already have more than Britain, even though they are not self-sufficient in protecting what they have, but reliant on U.S. help. "'Pak will have 200 N-warheads in a decade'," from the Press Trust of India, July 7 (thanks to S):

Washington: Pakistan has the world's fastest-growing nuclear stockpile and it could achieve 150-200 warheads in a decade despite the political instability in the country, two top American atomic experts have said.

Pakistan is in the process of building two new plutonium production reactors and a new reprocessing facility to fabricate more nuclear weapons fuel, wrote nuclear experts Hans M Kristensen and Robert S Norris in the latest issue of Bulletin of Atomic Scientists.

In their paper 'Pakistan's nuclear forces, 2011', the authors estimate that if Pakistan's expansion continues, its nuclear weapons stockpile could reach 150-200.

"Despite its political instability, Pakistan continues to steadily expand its nuclear capabilities and competencies; in fact, it has the world's fastest-growing nuclear stockpile," they wrote.

"We estimate that Pakistan has a nuclear weapons stockpile of 90-110 nuclear warheads, an increase from the estimated 70-90 warheads in 2009," the paper said.

"It is also developing new delivery systems. Enhancements to Pakistan's nuclear forces include a new nuclear capable medium-range ballistic missile, the development of two new nuclear-capable short-range ballistic missiles, and the development of two new nuclear-capable cruise missiles," they wrote.

"With four new delivery systems and two plutonium production reactors under development, however, the rate of Pakistan's stockpile growth may even increase over the next 10 years," they warned.

"The Pakistani government has not defined the number and type of nuclear weapons that its minimum deterrent requires. But Pakistan's pace of nuclear modernization and its development of several short-range delivery systems indicates that its nuclear posture has entered an important new phase and that a public explanation is overdue," the experts said....

Archives Jihad Watch

Jihad Watch

2011-07-11T02:02:00.000-07:00

South Sudan independent, jihad continues

On July 9, the mostly Christian South Sudan will legally and officially separate from the Muslim north and become a new, independent and free country. Fearing loss of its iron clad grip of other non-Arab regions in the north, whose people likely envy the freedoms won by the South, Arab/Islamist leaders in Khartoum have launched a military assault on the Nuba Mountains, a mixed Christian, animist and Muslim region. Reports from the area are gruesomely reminiscent of the decades-long assault Khartoum waged on the South. These include forced conversions to Islam, mass displacement, bombing of civilians and mass slaughter. Anticipating the effects of Christians winning freedom from his rule already in December of 2010 Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir, who is indicted by the International Criminal Court for genocide and crimes against humanity, laid out a vision for the future of his nation:
"If south Sudan secedes, we will change the constitution and at that time there will be no time to speak of diversity of culture and ethnicity... Sharia (Islamic law) and Islam will be the main source for the constitution, Islam the official religion and Arabic the official language", he told a group of supporters.
Al-Bashir made his statement as the people of Southern Sudan were preparing to vote in the referendum that secured their imminent independence. With less than a week left before South secedes, al-Bashir is determined to fulfill his promise not by changing the constitution, but through murder and ethnic cleansing.
After concluding a military occupation of the disputed border region of Abyei, which resulted in the expulsion of more than 100,000 (non-Arabs, mostly from the Dinka tribe), Sudanese army and government-sponsored Arab militias attacked the African tribes of Nuba Mountains, a region situated in the Northern state of Southern Kordofan. Reports indicate indiscriminate bombings of civilians and a systematic killing of the black-skinned Nuba, which forced estimated 100,000 to abandon their homes. One report described "door to door executions of completely innocent and defenseless civilians, often by throat cutting." Another suggested the government might be using chemical weapons. The Bishop of Nuba Mountains described the events as genocide: "Once again we are facing the nightmare of genocide of our people in a final attempt to erase our culture and society from the face of the earth." A well-respected Sudan analyst concurred.
Nuba embody the diversity of culture and religion that al-Bashir wants to destroy. Numbering some 1.5 million, Nuba people are Christians, Muslims and the followers of traditional faiths. It is not uncommon to find the adherents of all faiths within a single family. Comprising from more than fifty tribes and speaking an equal number of languages, the Nuba have an incredibly diverse culture.

Read it all.

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15 Comments

Chervil | July 9, 2011 10:09 PM | Reply

AMERICA needs to be doing her job here. The things in the Whitehouse are preventing the USA from doing her work in the world. DO something to change this, 2011 is a long long way away, many many slaughtered Christian lives away.

Chervil | July 9, 2011 10:17 PM | Reply

I mean 2012, of course .... stupid .... sorry.

traeh | July 9, 2011 10:20 PM | Reply

Why is the Libyan government more important to attack than the Sudanese government? Isn't it high time the Sudanese government was utterly destroyed?

mike ryan | July 10, 2011 12:24 AM | Reply

I am sure we can count on the leftist "lovers of freedom, democracy, and human rights" to organize flotillas and flights into Khartoum to combat the regime's evils.
Right?

Stephanie Meyer | July 10, 2011 12:42 AM | Reply

...One report described "door to door executions of completely innocent and defenseless civilians, often by throat cutting."

Only following the word of the coward sadist allah:

8:12 "...I will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve. Therefore strike off their heads (with a knife/sword/axe) and strike off every fingertip of them."

Thomas Pellow | July 10, 2011 1:00 AM | Reply

There is little mention in much of the MSM that the formation of the state of South Sudan has to do with attempting to get security from the threat from the Islamic north of Sudan.
http://www.persecution.org/2011/07/08/south-sudan-sharia-law-and-jihad-leads-to-birth-of-a-new-nation-tomorrow/

PorkFatRules replied to comment from Thomas Pellow | July 10, 2011 2:56 AM | Reply

"There is little mention in much of the MSM that the formation of the state of South Sudan has to do with attempting to get security from the threat from the Islamic north of Sudan."
Can't have that, can we? Wouldn't be PC, after all...
Besides, if they did, they'd actually be reporting the news.

vnbushman | July 10, 2011 3:24 AM | Reply

Sudan has been te victom for many years.
"The Bishop of Nuba Mountains described the events as genocide: "Once again we are facing the nightmare of genocide of our people in a final attempt to erase our culture and society from the face of the earth." A well-respected Sudan analyst concurred".
The United Nations should be in there helping pervent the genocide of Christians or any others that simply want to live in peace. The United States should be there helping out instead of wasting billions of dollars on an ideology that hates Americans and will always hate Americans....
Allies can't be bought. But we can and should be saving lives in the Sudan. Those people are being slaughtered while the U.N. and the U.S.A. keep trying to buy allies in the middle-east.

minoria | July 10, 2011 4:21 AM | Reply

The MSM hardly even says Bashir is a condemned criminal for crimes against humanity by the International Court.
Sad.Why do Muslims not care?It is because they have double standards
If it is Muslim killing Muslims or Muslims killing non-Muslims they do not care.
But if non-Muslims kill Muslims(Bosnia,by Israel,by Russian,by US)then there is reaction.Read
http://www.antisharia.com/2011/02/06/the-double-standards-of-the-great-majority-of-muslims-regarding-the-killing-of-innocent-people-2/
ALSO ABOUT OMAR BASHIR
Though he has killed some 250,000-300,000 Muslims the OIC(Organization of Islamic Conference)refuses to arrest him
http://www.antisharia.com/2011/03/24/about-joseph-kony-and-omar-bashirboth-condemned-by-the-international-court-for-crimes-against-humanity/

Thomas Pellow | July 10, 2011 5:04 AM | Reply

The 'Daily Mail' is one of the few MSM outlets to give some indication of the real nature of the Islamic jihad threat for the Christian South Sudan:
"Aid agencies fear bloodbath in Sudan as the south gets ready for independence"
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2012490/South-Sudan-independence-day-Aid-agencies-fear-bloodbath.html#ixzz1RheQZW4b

PJG replied to comment from vnbushman | July 10, 2011 6:18 AM | Reply

"A well-respected Sudan analyst concurred".
It is amazing that he is well-respected. When I tell the truth about the Sudan, which I have been to several times and try to report factually, the respect is nowhere. I am a "bigot."

Mary | July 10, 2011 8:31 AM | Reply

U.S. troops have been weakened and picked off buy the global jihad in Iraq and Afghanistan for the last ten years. As they (global jihad orchestrated by the Muslim Brotherhood) planned, we are not strong enough to stop all the genocidal jihads they are starting in Africa and around the world. We need to stop letting Western troops be pawns in the Islamic democracy (Islamic Constitution equals Sharia law) movement and ONLY dispatch our troops to fight off conquering jihad of non-Muslims.

msblue | July 10, 2011 11:49 AM | Reply

I suggest that any media savvy people here contact the right wing press e.g. Sun Media in Canada - and have this reported.
There is little mention of the religious aspects of southern Sudan's birthday in the left wing media and if there is, a false moral equivalency is ascribed to it (as if Christians are equally culpable as the muslims in initiating bloodshed).
What will happen to all these left wingers when/if shariah law comes to them? They will suffer the most. It is as if they are suffering from Stockholm Syndrome or maybe the funding for these media outlets are Saudi based.

sonofwalker | July 10, 2011 12:53 PM | Reply

South Sudan will live or die not according to oil revenues or foreign aid or invasion from the north but by its ability to rely on internal social capital. Social capital is what makes Israel thrive with a tiny population in the desert while those all around are living in garbage heaps in the dust. It's not about the physical conditions one finds oneself in, it is what kind of mind one has in spite of all that.
South Sudan is not going to become a thriving nation of Modernists just because they aren't Muslims. It could become Israel if it were populated by Israelis. It will become a manifestation of the Will of the people, a reification of the minds of the masses. As things stand we should not expect much more than a failed state south of north. The people of South Sudan have not had any real chance to develop a culture of high Modernist achievement in the world today. Without that development there is no magic wand to make the desert bloom. It takes people with ideas, not about what to do, but about how to do the smallest, most boring and difficult daily routines that don't pay off for years and decades. It takes a bourgeois mentality to shave pennies daily and save them till they become pounds. That doesn't happen in a subsistence culture under attack from jihadis. It comes from decades of training by those who have the understanding already, who are willing and able, and more importantly, who are allowed to live and work as successful examples of the success of the bourgeois mentality. The successful can, and if they are to truly succeed and survive over the long term, which in the Modern world today they are not doing as well as they should, they mustn't be satisfied with the obvious lesson of success that anyone can see: the successful must take it upon themselves to train others, to teach, to show, to hire and guide and replicate their success in the lives of others. If South Sudan is to survive it must have social capital imported from outside, a resource that the local population can exploit in exchange for a future prosperity. To attract social capital from outside, locals must have the sense to allow social capital to arrive and thrive. Local resentment will kill that idea with the first massacre of foreigners who make more of anything than the locals. But, if the locals can understand a teacher/pupil relationship with the locals in a subordinate if temporary position, then in the future, as is so often the real case, the student will surpass his master. It requires humility. A warrior and familist and xenophobic culture will not survive in South Sudan against a more sophisticated and violent and aggressive Islamic North. There is great hope for the souther people, but all of it depends only on them and their attitude toward the world they live in but do not necessarily understand clearly as of yet.
Christians around the world living under threat and actual violnce from Muslims could have a sanctuary in South Sudan, bringing only themselves as social capital to create a new Zion in South Sudan. That will depend on the Sudanese themselves. If they reject their co-religionists in favour of tribalism and familism, then they will be destroyed and the world will carry on just fine without them. The alternative is to import Christians in their persecuted millions as minds at work willing to work. Up to Sudanese alone.

Battle_of_Tours | July 10, 2011 4:20 PM | Reply

Let's recall Bill Clinton from Harlem and appoint him US Ambassador to South Sudan. Maybe by now he might have learned a thing or two after his misadventures in Somalia. Then again, maybe not. Islamic Jihad continues killing there as it has worldwide.

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Bandera de Sudán del Sur levantó en la ceremonia de independencia

2011-07-10T13:08:00.000-07:00

Bandera de Sudán del Sur levantó en la ceremonia de independencia

Comments (49)

Ross se describe la escena como la bandera de Sudán del Sur se plantea en Juba

Sudán: Set para el divorcio

Decenas de miles de sudaneses del sur han visto el aumento de la bandera del nuevo país en la ceremonia de independencia en la capital, Juba.

Salva Kiir firmado la constitución y tomó juramento de su cargo al frente de la muchedumbre jubilosa, que asumió la presidencia de la nación más nueva del mundo.
El presidente de Sudán, Omar al-Bashir y el jefe de la ONU, Ban Ki-moon, se encuentran entre los dignatarios observando los acontecimientos.
Sudán antes se convirtió en el primer estado en reconocer oficialmente su nuevo vecino.
La nación más nueva del mundo, nació a la medianoche hora local del Sur de Sudán (2100 GMT), el punto culminante de un proceso posible gracias al acuerdo de paz de 2005 que puso fin a una larga guerra civil.
La independencia del sur sigue a décadas de conflicto con el norte en la que unos 1,5 millones de personas murieron.

En la escena

Peter Martell BBC News, Juba

Un mar de personas llenaron la Plaza de la Libertad en Juba, al lado del mausoleo del fallecido John Garang, el líder rebelde que llevó a los sudaneses del sur durante la guerra civil. Que ondeaban banderas y gritaban en la felicidad como el sur de Sudán se convirtió oficialmente en la nación más nueva del mundo.
La multitud salvaje se lanzaron hacia delante, bailando durante horas en el sol abrasador. Varias personas se desmayaron por el calor, pero el ánimo estaba muy emocionada. Cuando la bandera gigante del sur de Sudán se levantó en el mástil de 30 metros, hombres lloraban, las mujeres ululaban y miles agitaban banderas en una mancha de color.
Una gran cantidad de líderes mundiales hablaron en el podio, pero la verdadera fiesta estaba en la parte posterior del sitio donde miles de personas bailaron al ritmo del tambor tradicional.

Sudán del Sur celebrar su divorcio

Lágrimas

La ceremonia del sábado se celebró la independencia en el mausoleo del fallecido líder rebelde, John Garang, que murió pocos meses después de la firma del acuerdo de paz que puso fin a los conflictos de más larga duración de África.

Voluntad de la BBC en Juba Ross dice que las personas se congregaron para el evento en un día caluroso de hornear - algunos de ellos trepar a los árboles para obtener una vista.
El Presidente de la Asamblea Legislativa del Sudán del Sur, James Wani Igga, dio lectura a la Proclamación de la Independencia.
Una multitud se alegró como bandera nacional de Sudán, se redujo y la nueva bandera de Sudán del Sur se planteó como trompetas tocó el himno nacional nueva.
Después, el maestro de ceremonias dijo a la multitud que el presidente Kiir ha decidido no entregar la bandera de la República de Sudán.
"Se mantendrá en los archivos del sur de Sudán en el reconocimiento de la historia común que hemos vivido juntos", dijo a la multitud.
Nuestro corresponsal dice que la gente en la multitud dijo que era un momento para celebrar, pero también estaban hablando de los muchos parientes perdidos que murieron durante la guerra.
"Nuestros mártires no murieron en vano ... Hemos esperado más de 56 años para el día de hoy", dijo Kiir.

En imágenes: el nacimiento del Sur de Sudán

"Es un día que quedará para siempre grabado en nuestros corazones y mentes", añadió, antes de extender la amnistía a quienes han tomado las armas contra el gobierno de Sudán del Sur.

Hay por lo menos siete grupos rebeldes activos en el sur, uno de los muchos desafíos que enfrenta el país nuevo.
Bashir, que accedió al acuerdo de paz de 2005 con Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés (SPLA), también habló en la ceremonia de felicitar a sus "hermanos del sur".
"La voluntad de la gente del sur tiene que ser respetado", dijo, añadiendo que espera que la independencia del sur de los EE.UU. llevaría a levantar las sanciones contra su país.
Otros dignatarios que asisten a las celebraciones incluyen al ex secretario de Estado de EE.UU. Colin Powell y el representante permanente de EE.UU. ante la ONU, Susan Rice.
"Es triste" Mientras tanto, en Jartum, para la mayoría de la gente que ha sido un día de baja intensidad, de la BBC James Copnall informes de la capital del norte.

Sudán del Sur

Hechos y cifras:

Población: 7,5-9700000
Tamaño: 619.745 kilómetros cuadrados (239,285 mil millas cuadradas), más grande que España y Portugal combinado
Los principales idiomas: Inglés, árabe (oficiales), Juba árabe, Dinka
Religión: tradicional y una minoría cristiana
Principal producto de exportación: petróleo

Retos para el futuro:

Uno de los países menos desarrollados del mundo: La peor tasa de mortalidad materna, la mayoría de los niños menores de 13 años no en la escuela, el 84% de las mujeres son analfabetas
Las relaciones con Sudán: La división de las deudas y el aceite, las disputas fronterizas, la ciudadanía
Seguridad: Por lo menos siete grupos rebeldes activos

Sin embargo, decenas de hombres se reunieron cerca del Nilo Azul, sosteniendo banderas gigantes de Sudán y gritando: "¡Allahu Akbar [Alá es grande].

"Estoy muy feliz hoy. Creemos que este es nuestro día de la independencia también, nuestro día de la independencia real", dijo un hombre.
Pero no todos en el norte se siente de esa manera, dice nuestro reportero.
Famoso actor Ali Mahdi dijo a la BBC que estaba triste, a pesar de que respeta la elección de Sudán del Sur.
Se sintió también podría ser la oportunidad para que Sudán sea un país más democrático.
En el marco del Acuerdo General de Paz, se celebró un referéndum sobre la independencia, que fue aprobado por más del 99% de los votantes.
Sudán del Sur es rica en petróleo, pero es uno de los países menos desarrollados del mundo, donde uno de cada siete niños muere antes de cumplir cinco años.
Los corresponsales dicen que mantener el norte y el sur estable mucho tiempo después de los partidos de celebración han terminado será un reto.

Todo lo que necesitas saber sobre la independencia de Sudán del Sur

Los temores de una nueva guerra resurgió después de los recientes combates en dos zonas fronterizas, Abyei y Kordofán del Sur, donde unas 170.000 personas se han visto obligadas a abandonar sus hogares.
Acuerdos por separado - y la retirada de las fuerzas rivales de la frontera - se han calmado las tensiones.
Pero las dos partes aún debe decidir sobre cuestiones tales como la elaboración de la nueva frontera y cómo dividir las deudas de Sudán y la riqueza petrolera.
La ciudadanía es también un punto clave. Una nueva ley aprobada por la Asamblea Nacional en Jartum, Sudán ha retirado la ciudadanía de todos los habitantes del sur.
La agencia de refugiados de la ONU ha instado a los gobiernos a evitar la apatridia.

Sudán: Un país dividido

Mostrar las regiones

La gran división en Sudán es visible incluso desde el espacio, como lo muestra esta imagen de satélite de la NASA. Los estados del norte son una capa de desierto, sólo roto por el corredor fértil del Nilo Occidental. Sudán del Sur está cubierto por franjas verde de las praderas, los pantanos y los bosques tropicales.

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3

Comentario número 23.
Akinwale
09 de julio 2011 - 16:33

Me temo que para este nuevo país. Veo otro país africano típico en la fabricación. Espero que toda la tribu y diversos grupos étnicos se unirán, espero que puedan instituto fuerte cultura contra la corrupción. Espero que la tribu de los principales será tratar a los demás con el respeto que se merecen. Espero que el Gobierno Central será justo para todos. Si no, no veo el sur de Sudán iniciar una larga guerra civil sangrienta muy pronto.
8

Comentario número 15.
Mipsie
09 de julio 2011 - 15:21

Felicitaciones y buena suerte para todo el pueblo de Sudán. Que el futuro sea de paz y prosperidad.
6

Comentario número 4.
Yaz_jj
09 de julio 2011 - 13:48

Esperemos que el nuevo gobierno lo hará mejor que la mayoría de los estados africanos actuales, poniendo por delante sus intereses de los pueblos de la corrupción y buscar el desarrollo político, económico y social para mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población y establecer una paz sólida.

El petróleo es tan importante para cualquier nación. Esperemos que el sur de Sudán manejar el desafío y establecer un punto de referencia político para los países africanos.

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South Sudan formally declares independence

2011-07-10T13:07:00.000-07:00

Updated Sun Jul 10, 2011 6:47am AEST

A man with his face painted in the colours of the South Sudan flag attends the Independence Day ceremony in Juba. (Reuters: Goran Tomasevic )

South Sudan has hoisted its national flag after declaring independence and becoming the world's newest sovereign state to wild applause, tears and song.

"We shall never, never surrender," the crowd chanted, as people whistled and wiped tears from their eyes.
"I should cry for the recognition of this flag among the flags of the world," shouted one tearful man.
"We have been denied our rights. Today, no more shall that happen."
The South Sudanese parliament speaker read out the formal declaration of independence for the Republic of South Sudan, the final step in a 2005 deal that followed decades of war between the north and south.
"We, the democratically elected representatives of the people, hereby declare Southern Sudan to be an independent and sovereign state," speaker James Wani Igga said, splitting Africa's largest country in two.
The declaration of independence affirmed the new state's democratic and multi-ethnic and multi-confessional character, and its commitment to friendly relations with all countries "including the Republic of Sudan", Mr Igga said.
The parliament speaker said as a "strategic priority," South Sudan would seek admission to the United Nations, the African Union, the east African bloc IGAD and other international bodies.
South Sudan's Salva Kiir was sworn in as president.
"I ... do hereby swear by Almighty God that as the president of the Republic of South Sudan I shall be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of South Sudan," Mr Kiir said, reading out an oath on a podium before tens of thousands of southerners.
Mr Kiir offered an amnesty to armed groups fighting his government, and promised to bring peace to troubled border areas.
"I would to take this opportunity to declare amnesty for all those who have taken up arms against Sudan," he said.
"I want to assure the people of Abyei, Darfur, Blue Nile and South Kordofan that we have not forgotten you.
"When you cry, we cry. When you bleed, we bleed. I pledge to you today that we will find a just peace for all."

Guest of honour

Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir was guest of honour at the ceremony, and watched a parade by thousands of members of the former rebel army that he failed to defeat in 16 years command of the northern forces.
Bashir was guest of honour, even though he is wanted by the International Criminal Court on charges of crimes against humanity and genocide in Darfur.
He congratulated South Sudan on its independence and called for good neighbourly relations.
In a gesture of goodwill, Sudan was the first nation to recognise the south, hours before the official birth of the new state.
"We congratulate our brothers in the south for the establishment of their new state," said Bashir, addressing thousands of southerners who cheered after he spoke.
"We share their joy and celebration. The will of the people of the south has to be respected.
"Despite our belief that Sudan's unity would have been better ... the gains achieved over the last years from the shared conviction of the feasibility of peace ... must be protected."
From early morning, revellers gathered at the venue, singing songs and carrying flags, amid tight security for the ceremony, which was attended by scores of African leaders and senior Western officials.
It was the largest international gathering ever seen in the war-damaged former garrison town on the White Nile that lacks even basic infrastructure, and army generals were asked to vacate their seats to make space for foreign dignitaries.
South Sudan's independence came exactly six months after southerners voted almost unanimously to split with their former civil war enemies in the north.
For decades, until a peace agreement was signed in 2005, southern rebels fought successive wars with the north, leaving the region in ruins, millions of people dead and a legacy of mutual mistrust.
UN chief Ban Ki-moon, a prominent guest at the ceremony, praised the "political courage" of the Sudanese government in accepting southern independence.
"I know secession is painful, emotionally and financially," Ban said after meeting Foreign Minister Ali Karti in Khartoum before flying to Juba for the celebrations.
"While the people of north and south Sudan will soon live in different countries, their future will be closely linked."
President Barack Obama later granted US recognition of South Sudan as an independent state.
"After so much struggle by the people of South Sudan, the United States of America welcomes the birth of a new nation," Mr Obama said in a statement issued by the White House.
- AFP/Reuters

Tags: government-and-politics, referendums, world-politics, unrest-conflict-and-war, sudan

First posted Sat Jul 9, 2011 9:00pm AEST

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Sudán

2011-07-10T12:55:00.000-07:00

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

Este artículo está sobre el país del norte de África. Para la región geográfica conocida como el Sudán, véase Sudán (región) . Para el nuevo país que se separó de Sudán, véase el sur de Sudán . Para otras aplicaciones, ver el Sudán (desambiguación) .

Este artículo tiene varios asuntos. Por favor ayude a mejorarlo o discutir estos temas en la página de discusión .

Su exactitud de los datos puede verse comprometida debido a la información fuera de fecha. Tagged desde enero de 2011.
Puede requerir limpieza para cumplir con Wikipedia estándares de calidad . Tagged desde enero de 2011.

República del Sudán
جمهورية السودان
Jumhūrīyat al Sudán


Bandera	Emblema

Lema : النصر لنا
La victoria es nuestra

Himno : نحن جند لله جند الوطن
Somos el ejército de Dios y de nuestra tierra

Capital
(Y ciudad más grande)

Jartum
15 ° 38'N 032 ° 32'E

El idioma oficial (s) Árabe ,

Gentilicio

Sudanés

Gobierno

Federal presidencial democrática república

- Presidente Omar al-Bashir ( NCP )

- Vice Presidente Ali Osman Taha ( NCP )

Legislatura

Legislatura Nacional

- Cámara Alta Consejo de los Estados

- Cámara Baja Asamblea nacional

Establecimiento

- Reinos de Nubia 3500 aC

- Sennar dinastía 1504 ^[1]

- La unificación de Egipto 1821

- La independencia de Egipto, y el Reino Unido 01 de enero 1956

- La actual Constitución 09 de enero 2005

Área

- Total 1.886.068 kilometros ² ( 16a )
728.215 millas cuadradas

Población

- Censo del 2008 31894000 (disputado) ^[2] ( 40a )

- Densidad 16.4/km ²
42.4/sq mi

Moneda Libra sudanesa ( SDG )

Huso horario África del Este Tiempo ( UTC +3)

- Verano ( DST ) No se observa ( UTC +3)

Formatos de fecha dd / mm / aaaa

Unidades en el derecho

ISO 3166

Dominio Internet

. Sd

Código de llamada 249

Sudán, oficialmente la República de Sudán ( / s u ː d ɑ ː n / o ⁱ / s u ː æ d n / ), ^[3] ( en árabe : جمهورية السودان, Jumhūrīyat al Sudán), es un país en el norte de África y el tercer mayor país de África por área. Es confinado por Egipto al norte, el Mar Rojo al noreste, Eritrea y Etiopía al este, el sur de Sudán en el sur, la República Centroafricana al sudoeste, Chad al oeste y Libia al noroeste. El río más largo del mundo, el Nilo , divide al país entre los lados este y oeste. ^[4]
El pueblo de Sudán tiene una larga historia que se extiende desde la antigüedad, que se entrelaza con la historia de Egipto , con la que estaba unida políticamente durante varios períodos. Después de obtener la independencia de Egipto y el Reino Unido en 1956, Sudán sufrido diecisiete años de guerra civil durante la primera guerra civil sudanesa (1955-1972) seguido por étnica , religiosa y económica los conflictos entre los sudaneses del norte (principalmente con las raíces nubias y árabes) , y los cristianos y animistas nilóticos del sur de Sudán . ^[5] ^[6] Esto llevó a la segunda guerra civil sudanesa en 1983. Debido a los continuos conflictos políticos y militares, Sudán fue capturado en un incruento golpe de Estado por el coronel Omar al-Bashir en 1989, que posteriormente se proclamó Presidente de Sudán . ^[7] La guerra civil terminó con la firma de un Acuerdo General de Paz que concedió la autonomía a lo que entonces era la región sur del país. Después de un referéndum celebrado en enero de 2011, el sur de Sudán se separó el 9 de julio de 2011. ^[8] ^[9]
Un miembro de la Naciones Unidas , Sudán también mantiene afiliación a la Unión Africana , la Liga Árabe , la Organización de la Conferencia Islámica y el Movimiento de Países No Alineados , así como servir como observador en la Organización Mundial del Comercio . ^[10] Su capital es Jartum , que sirve como el centro político, cultural y comercial de la nación, mientras que Omdurman es la ciudad más grande. Oficialmente federal presidencial representante democrático república , la política de Sudán son ampliamente considerados por la comunidad internacional que tendrá lugar dentro de una autoritaria dictadura debido a la influencia del Partido del Congreso Nacional ( NCP ). ^[11]
El 4 de marzo de 2009, la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) emitió una orden de arresto de al-Bashir, el actual presidente de Sudán, acusado de crímenes de guerra y crímenes contra la humanidad relacionados con el actual conflicto en el Darfur región del oeste de Sudán. Al-Bashir es el primer jefe de Estado jamás acusado por la CPI. ^[12] El 12 de julio de 2010, la CPI emitió una segunda orden de arresto de al-Bashir, agregando que el cargo de genocidio. ^[13]

Contenido

[hide]

[ editar ] Historia

Artículo principal: Historia de Sudán

La historia de Sudán
Este artículo es parte de una serie
Cronológico
Principios de Sudán
Llegada del Islam
Muhammad Ali dinastía
El Mahdiyah
Anglo-egipcio regla
Independiente de Sudán (desde 1956)
En primer lugar la Guerra Civil (1955-1972)
Era Nimeiri
Segunda Guerra Civil (1983-2005)
Consejo de transición
Gobiernos de la Concertación
Actual
La historia económica
La historia militar
La historia social
Sudán Portal v · d · e

[ editar ] Reino de Kush

Artículo principal: Reino de Kush

El Reino de Kush fue un antiguo estado de Nubia se centró en las confluencias de la Nilo Azul , Nilo Blanco y el río Atbara. Se estableció después de la Edad del Bronce, el colapso y la desintegración del Imperio Nuevo de Egipto, centrado en Napata en su fase inicial. Después que el rey Kashta ("el cusita") invadió Egipto en el siglo 8 aC, los reyes gobernaron como faraones kushita de la dinastía XXV de Egipto durante un siglo. Durante la Antigüedad clásica, la capital de Nubia estaba en Meroe . En la geografía griega, el reino Meroitic se conoce como Etiopía. El reino de Nubia en Meroe se mantuvo hasta el siglo cuarto CE.

[ editar ] El cristianismo y el Islam (543-1821)

Esta sección no cita ninguna referencias o fuentes . Por favor, ayudar a mejorar esta sección agregando citaciones a las fuentes confiables . Material de referencias puede ser impugnado y eliminado . (Enero 2011)

En el siglo sexto, cincuenta estados se habían convertido en los herederos políticos y culturales del Reino Meroitic. Nobatia en el norte, también conocido como Ballanah, tenía su capital en Faras, en lo que hoy es Egipto, el reino central, Muqurra (Makuria), se centró en Dunqulah, a unos 13 kilómetros (10 millas) al sur de la moderna Dunqulah y Alawa ( Alodia ), en el corazón de la antigua Meroe, que tenía su capital en Sawba (ahora un suburbio de Jartum de hoy en día). En los tres reinos, aristocracias guerreras gobernado poblaciones Meroitic de las cortes reales, donde los funcionarios llevaban títulos griegos en la emulación de los bizantinos tribunales. Un misionero enviado por la emperatriz bizantina Teodora llegó a Nobatia y comenzó a predicar el cristianismo alrededor de 540 AD. La Nubia Reyes se convirtió en monofisita cristianos. Sin embargo, Makuria era de la melquita fe cristiana, a diferencia de Nobatia y Alodia .
Después de muchos intentos de conquista militar fracasado, el comandante árabe en Egipto concluyó la primera de una serie de tratados renovado periódicamente conocido como Albaqut (pactum) con los nubios que rigen las relaciones entre los dos pueblos desde hace más de 678 años. Islam progresado en la zona durante un largo período de tiempo a través del matrimonio y los contactos con los comerciantes árabes y los colonos, sobre todo los nobles Sufi de Arabia. Además, la exención de impuestos en las regiones bajo el dominio musulmán fue también un poderoso incentivo para la conversión. ^[14] En 1093, un príncipe musulmán de Nubia sangre real ascendió al trono como rey de Dunqulah. Las dos tribus árabes más importantes que surgieron en Nubia fueron los jaali y la Juhayna. Ambos mostraron la continuidad física con los indígenas pre-islámica de la población. Hoy en día es el norte de la cultura sudanesa combina elementos de Nubia y el árabe.
Durante el siglo 16, un pueblo llamado funj , bajo un líder llamado Amara Dunqus , apareció en el sur de Nubia y suplantado a los restos del antiguo reino cristiano de Alwa , estableciendo como Saltana-az-Zarqa (el Sultanato Azul), también llamado Sultanato de Sennar . El Sultanato Azul llegó a ser la piedra angular del Imperio funj. A mediados del siglo-16, Sennar controlados Al Yazira y ordenó a la lealtad de los estados vasallos y los distritos tribales del norte de la tercera catarata y al sur hasta las selvas tropicales. El gobierno estaba debilitado sustancialmente por una serie de argumentos de la sucesión y los golpes de Estado en la familia real. En 1820, Muhammad Ali de Egipto envió 4.000 soldados a invadir Sudán. Sus fuerzas aceptó la rendición de Sennar de los últimos funj sultán , Badi VII .

[ editar ] Ocupación de Egipto (1821-1885)

Artículos principales: Historia de Sudán en virtud de Muhammad Ali y sus sucesores y mahdista Guerra

En 1820, el gobernante albano-otomano de Egipto, Muhammad Ali, invadió y conquistó el norte de Sudán. Aunque, técnicamente, el wali de Egipto bajo el sultán otomano , Muhammad Ali se labró como Jedive de Egipto prácticamente independiente. Que buscan agregar Sudán a sus dominios, envió a su tercer hijo Ismail (no confundir con Ismail el Magnífico más mencionados) para conquistar el país, y posteriormente incorporarlo en Egipto. Esta política se ha ampliado e intensificado por Ibrahim hijo 's, Ismail I , bajo cuyo reinado la mayor parte del resto del actual Sudán fue conquistado. Las autoridades egipcias hecho importantes mejoras en la infraestructura de Sudán (principalmente en el norte), especialmente con respecto a la irrigación y la producción de algodón.

Muhammad Ahmad ibn Sayyid Abd Allah como

En 1879, la grandes potencias obligó a la retirada de Ismail y estableció su hijo que Tewfik en su lugar. Tewfik la corrupción y la mala gestión dio lugar a la rebelión Orabi , que amenazaba la supervivencia del Jedive. Tewfik pidió ayuda a los británicos , que posteriormente ocupó Egipto en 1882. Sudán quedó en manos del gobierno Khedivial, y la mala gestión y corrupción de sus funcionarios. ^[15] Durante la década de 1870, lo que precipitó la aparición de Mahdi fuerzas. ^[16] ^[17]
Con el tiempo, estalló una revuelta en Sudán, dirigido por Ahmad Muhammad ibn Abd Allah , el Mahdi (guiado Uno), que pretendía poner fin a la presencia extranjera en Sudán. Su revuelta culminó en el invierno de Jartum ^{[ aclaración necesaria ]} y la muerte de los británicos Gobernador General , Charles George Gordon (también conocido como Gordon de Jartum), en 1885. Egipto y Gran Bretaña retiró las fuerzas de Sudán salir del Mahdi para formar una efímera teocracia .

[ editar ] El mahdista gobierno (1885-1899)

Artículo principal: Historia del Mahdi de Sudán

El Mahdiyah (régimen mahdista) no imponer las leyes islámicas . El objetivo del nuevo gobernante era más política que otra cosa. Esto fue evidente en la animadversión que mostró hacia los musulmanes y los locales existentes que no muestran lealtad a su sistema y el estado. Se autoriza la quema de las listas de las genealogías y libros de derecho y teología, así como la destrucción de mezquitas en el norte y el este de Sudán. El Mahdi sostuvo que su movimiento no era una orden religiosa que pueda ser aceptada o rechazada a voluntad, sino que se trataba de un régimen universal, el hombre que desafió a unirse o ser destruidos.
Originalmente, el Mahdiyah era un jihad estado, corre como un campamento militar. Los tribunales aplican el régimen de control sobre el poder y los preceptos del Mahdi, que tiene fuerza de ley. Seis meses después de la caída de Jartum, el Mahdi murió de tifus , y después de una lucha de poder entre sus diputados, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad , con la ayuda principalmente de la Baqqara árabes del oeste de Sudán, se sobrepuso a la oposición de los demás y ha surgido como líder indiscutible de la Mahdiyah. Después de consolidar su poder, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad asumió el título de Califa (sucesor) del Mahdi, instituido una administración, y nombró a Ansar (que eran por lo general Baqqara) como emires en cada una de las varias provincias.

El Estado mahdista (1.881-98), dentro de la frontera de Sudán moderno y el sur de Sudán.

Las relaciones regionales se mantuvo tensa durante gran parte del período Mahdiyah, en gran parte debido a los métodos de la brutal Khalifa para extender su imperio por todo el país. En 1887, un hombre-60000 Ansar ejército invadió Etiopía , penetrando hasta Gondar . En marzo de 1889, el rey Yohannes IV de Etiopía , marcharon en Metemma , sin embargo, después de Yohannes cayó en la batalla, las fuerzas etíopes se retiraron. Abd ar Rahman una Nujumi , el general Khalifa, intentó una invasión de Egipto en 1889, pero dirigida por los británicos de Egipto tropas derrotaron a los Ansar al Tushkah. El fracaso de la invasión de Egipto rompió el hechizo de invencibilidad de los Ansar. Los belgas impedido a los hombres del Mahdi de conquistar Equatoria , y en 1893, los italianos rechazaron un ataque de Ansar al Akordat (en Eritrea ) y obligó a los Ansar al retirarse de Etiopía.

[ editar ] anglo-egipcio de Sudán (1899-1956)

Artículo principal: Sudán Anglo-Egipcio

En la década de 1890, los británicos trataron de volver a establecer su control sobre Sudán, una vez más, oficialmente en el nombre del Jedive egipcio, pero en realidad tratar al país como una colonia británica. Por la década de 1890, británicos, franceses y belgas reclamaciones habían convergido en el Nilo cabeceras. Gran Bretaña temía que los otros poderes se aprovecharía de la inestabilidad de Sudán para adquirir el territorio anexado previamente a Egipto. Aparte de estas consideraciones políticas, Gran Bretaña quería establecer un control sobre el Nilo para salvaguardar una presa de riego prevista en Asuán .

"La guerra en el Sudán." Un cartel de EE.UU. representan los ejércitos británicos y mahdista en la batalla, producido para anunciar un espectáculo de circo Barnum & Bailey titulado "El Mahdi, o bien, para la Cruz Victoria" de 1897.

Lord Kitchener dirigió campañas militares contra los mahdistas 1896 a 1898. Campañas de Kitchener culminó en una victoria decisiva en la batalla de Omdurman el 2 de septiembre de 1898. Después de esto, en 1899, Gran Bretaña y Egipto llegaron a un acuerdo por el que Sudán estaba dirigido por un gobernador general nombrado por Egipto con el consentimiento británico. En realidad, gran parte de la repulsión de los egipcios y sudaneses nacionalistas , Sudán se aplique de manera efectiva como una colonia británica . Los británicos estaban dispuestos a invertir el proceso, iniciado en virtud de Muhammad Ali Pasha , de unir el valle del Nilo bajo el liderazgo de Egipto, y pretendían hacer fracasar todos los esfuerzos para seguir uniendo los dos países. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , Sudán estuvo directamente involucrado militarmente en la Campaña de África Oriental . Formada en 1925, el Sudán, la Fuerza de Defensa (SDF) desempeñó un papel activo en la respuesta a las incursiones iniciales (la ocupación por las tropas italianas de Kassala y otras zonas fronterizas) en el Sudán de África del Este italiana en 1940. En 1942, las Fuerzas de Autodefensa también jugó un papel en la invasión de la colonia italiana por las fuerzas británicas de la Commonwealth. Desde 1924 hasta su independencia en 1956, los británicos tenían una política de funcionamiento de Sudán como dos territorios separados en esencia, el norte (musulmán) y sur (cristianos). El último británico Gobernador General fue Sir Robert Howe .

[ editar ] Independencia y la Regla Nacional (1956-1989)

Artículos principales: Primera guerra civil sudanesa , segunda guerra civil sudanesa , y el sur de Sudán

La continuación de la ocupación británica de Sudán dio pie a una reacción nacionalista cada vez más estridente en Egipto, con los dirigentes nacionalistas egipcios decidido a obligar a Gran Bretaña a reconocer un sindicato único independiente de Egipto y Sudán. Con el fin formal de la dominación otomana en 1914, Hussein Kamel fue declarado sultán de Egipto y Sudán , al igual que su hermano y sucesor Fuad I . Continuaron su insistencia de un solo egipcio-sudanés estado, aún cuando el sultanato fue retitulada como el Reino de Egipto y Sudán , pero los británicos continuaron frustrar llega a tal por la independencia.
Sin embargo, algunos historiadores sostienen que a partir del nacionalismo de Sudán se remonta a la década de 1920, inmediatamente después de la Primera Guerra Mundial En 1919, seis graduados de Sudán encabezada por Obeid Haj Elamin formó la Sociedad de la Unidad de Sudán, un foro político llamado por la independencia del Sudán y la unidad con Egipto. En 1921, una serie de militantes sudaneses que trabajan en la fuerza de Sudán, una rama del ejército colonial británico, se unió a sus homólogos civiles. En 1923, Ali Abd al Latif, ex oficial del ejército, había reconstituido con Haj Elamin-la Sociedad de la unidad en un movimiento político llamado "White Flag League", que aboga por la independencia de Sudán. La Liga había organizado manifestaciones en Jartum, que se aprovechó de los disturbios que siguieron el asesinato de Stack. Arresto de Ali Abd al Latif y posterior exilio en Egipto provocó un motín de un batallón del ejército sudanés encabezado por el teniente Elmaz Abdelfadeel, la supresión de la que logró paralizar temporalmente el movimiento nacionalista. es decir, la conocida revolución 1924.

Los líderes de la Liga de la bandera blanca. De izquierda a derecha: Sherief Hussein, Ali Abdelateef, Abdelgadir Salih y Obeid Haj Elamin.

La revolución egipcia de 1952 , finalmente anunció el inicio de la marcha hacia la independencia de Sudán. Después de haber abolido la monarquía en 1953, los nuevos líderes de Egipto, Muhammad Naguib , cuya madre era de Sudán, y más tarde Gamal Abdel Nasser- , cree que la única manera de acabar con la dominación británica en Sudán a Egipto para abandonar oficialmente sus reivindicaciones de soberanía sobre Sudán.
Los británicos, por el contrario continuaron con su apoyo político y financiero para el Mahdi sucesor Sayyid Abdel Rahman, que, según ellos, podría resistir las presiones de Egipto por la independencia de Sudán. Rahman fue capaz de resistir las presiones, pero su régimen estuvo plagado de ineptitud política, que le valió la pérdida de apoyo en el norte y el centro de Sudán. Egipto y Gran Bretaña sintió una gran inestabilidad política en formación, y optó por permitir a los sudaneses en el norte y el sur para tener un voto libre sobre la independencia para ver si se desea disponer de una retirada británica.
En 1954, los gobiernos de Egipto y Gran Bretaña firmaron un tratado de garantía de Sudán la independencia el 1 de enero de 1956, en una ceremonia especial celebrada en el Palacio del Pueblo, donde las banderas de Egipto y Gran Bretaña se redujeron y la nueva bandera de Sudán, compuesta de verde, azul y blanco rayas, fue levantado en su lugar. Posteriormente, Ismail Al-Azhari fue elegido Primer Ministro y dirigió el primer gobierno de Sudán moderno. ^[18]

Bandera de Sudán planteó en la ceremonia de independencia en el 1 de enero de 1956 por el primer ministro Ismail Alazhari y en presencia del líder de la oposición, Mohamed Ahmed Almahjoub

[ editar ] Golpe de Estado (1989-presente)

Artículos principales: Guerra en Darfur , la guerra civil en Chad (2005-2010) , y el Frente del Este (Sudán)

El 30 de junio de 1989, el coronel Omar al-Bashir dirigió a un grupo de oficiales del ejército en el derrocamiento del gobierno de coalición inestables del Primer Ministro Sadiq al-Mahdi en un incruento golpe militar . ^[7] Bajo el liderazgo de al-Bashir, el nuevo gobierno militar suspendió política partes e introdujo un código legal islámico a nivel nacional. ^[19] Luego se convirtió en Presidente del Consejo del Comando Revolucionario para la Salvación Nacional (organismo de reciente creación con los poderes legislativo y ejecutivo para lo que fue descrito como un período de transición), y asumió el Mensajes de jefe de Estado , el primer ministro , jefe de las fuerzas armadas, y el ministro de Defensa . ^[20] Con posterioridad a la promoción de al-Bashir, al Presidente del Consejo del Comando Revolucionario para la Salvación Nacional, se alió con Hassan al-Turabi , el líder del Frente Nacional Islámico (NIF), que junto con al-Bashir comenzó la institucionalización de la ley sharia en el norte de Sudán. Más adelante, al-Bashir, emitida purgas y ejecuciones en las filas superiores del ejército, la prohibición de las asociaciones, partidos políticos y la prensa independiente y el encarcelamiento de las principales figuras políticas y periodistas. ^[21]
El 16 de octubre de 1993, los poderes de al-Bashir mayor cuando se nombró a sí mismo presidente del país, tras lo cual se disolvió el Consejo del Comando Revolucionario para la Salvación Nacional y todos los demás partidos políticos rivales. Los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo del consejo se les dio más tarde a al-Bashir por completo. ^[22] En la elección nacional de 1996, donde fue el único candidato por la ley a las elecciones, ^[11] al-Bashir de Sudán transformado en una sola Estado de partido y creó el Partido del Congreso Nacional (NCP), con un nuevo parlamento y del gobierno obtenidos exclusivamente por miembros de la PNC. ^[23] Durante la década de 1990, Hassan al-Turabi , entonces Presidente de la Asamblea Nacional, se acercó a fundamentalistas islámicos grupos, así como lo que les permite operar desde Sudán, incluso invitar personalmente a Osama bin Laden en el país. ^[24] Los Estados Unidos posteriormente lista de Sudán como un estado patrocinador del terrorismo ^[25] Los EE.UU. bombardeó Sudán en 1998 y los EE.UU. las empresas se les prohibió hacer negocios en Sudán. ^[26] Más adelante, la influencia de al-Turabi y el de "" internacionalista "y el ala ideológica" de su partido se desvaneció "en favor de los líderes" nacionalistas "o más pragmático que se centran en tratar de recuperar de desastre en Sudán aislamiento internacional y el daño económico que resultó de aventurerismo ideológico. " ^[27] Al mismo tiempo, Sudán trabajó para apaciguar a los Estados Unidos y otros críticos internacionales con la expulsión de los miembros de la Yihad Islámica Egipcia y la bandeja de fomentar Laden a abandonar. ^{[28 ]} Antes de la elección presidencial de 2000 , al-Turabi presentó un proyecto de ley para reducir los poderes del Presidente, lo que llevó al-Bashir de disolver el Parlamento y declarar un estado de emergencia . Después de al-Turabi instó a un boicot a la campaña de reelección del Presidente y firmó un acuerdo con Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés , Omar al-Bashir se sospecha que estaban conspirando para derrocarlo y el gobierno, ^[29] así encarcelar a Hassan al-Turabi el mismo año. ^[30] [Debido a los importantes cambios culturales, sociales, políticos, étnicos y económicos en cortos períodos de tiempo, los conflictos se desarrolló en el oeste y en las provincias orientales de Sudán, además de una escalada del conflicto en el sur de Sudán . Dado que el Acuerdo de Paz de 2005 (CPA), varias luchas violentas entre los Janjaweed las milicias y los grupos rebeldes, como el de Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés (SPLA), Ejército de Liberación Sudanés (SLA) y el Movimiento Justicia e Igualdad (JEM) en forma de la guerra de guerrillas en el Darfur , Mar Rojo y Equatoria regiones se han producido, que se ha traducido en el número de muertos entre 200.000 ^[31] y 400.000, ^[10] ^[32] ^[33] más de 2,5 millones las personas desplazadas que se ^[34] y el de relaciones diplomáticas entre Sudán y Chad están en un nivel de crisis. ^[35]

[ editar ] La guerra más larga de África Civil y la secesión del sur de Sudán (1955-2011)

En 1955, el año antes de la independencia, una guerra civil entre el norte y comenzó el sur de Sudán . Los sureños, anticipándose a la independencia, teme que la nueva nación estaría dominado por el norte. Históricamente, el norte de Sudán vínculos más estrechos con Egipto y fue predominantemente árabe y musulmán , mientras que el sur era predominantemente una mezcla de cristianismo y el animismo . Estas divisiones habían sido acentuada por la política británica de la sentencia del norte y el sur bajo administraciones separadas. A partir de 1924, era ilegal que las personas que viven al norte del paralelo 10o de ir más al sur y para la gente al sur del paralelo octavo ir más al norte. La ley fue promulgada con el pretexto de prevenir la propagación de la malaria y otras enfermedades tropicales que han devastado las tropas británicas, así como para facilitar la expansión del cristianismo entre la población mayoritariamente animista mientras se detiene la influencia árabe e islámico de avanzar hacia el sur. El resultado fue un mayor aislamiento entre los distintos ya norte y el sur y podría decirse que sentó las semillas del conflicto en los próximos años.
El conflicto resultante duró desde 1955 a 1972. La guerra de 1955 comenzó cuando el sur de oficiales del ejército se amotinaron y formaron el movimiento guerrillero Anya-Nya. Unos años más tarde el primer régimen sudanés militares tomaron el poder en el general Abboud. Los regímenes militares continuaron en 1969 cuando el general Gaafar Nimeiry dirigió un exitoso golpe de Estado. ^[36]
En 1972, un cese del conflicto norte-sur fue acordado en los términos del Acuerdo de Addis Abeba , tras las conversaciones que fueron patrocinadas por el Consejo Mundial de Iglesias . Esto llevó a una pausa de diez años en el conflicto nacional con el sur disfrutando de auto-gobierno a través de la formación de la Región Autónoma del sur de Sudán .
En 1983, la guerra civil se reinició siguiente, el presidente Gaafar Nimeiry decisión 's para eludir el Acuerdo de Addis Abeba. Nimeiry intentado crear un Sudán federados incluidos los estados en el sur de Sudán, que violaba el Acuerdo de Addis Abeba que había concedido la autonomía del sur. . Se nombró un comité para llevar a cabo "una revisión sustancial de los Acuerdos de Addis Abeba, sobre todo en las áreas de las medidas de seguridad, comercio transfronterizo, idioma, cultura y religión" ^[37] Mansour Khalid, un ex ministro de Exteriores, escribió: "Nimeiri había nunca ha sido verdaderamente comprometidos con los principios del Acuerdo de Addis Abeba ". ^[38] Cuando se le preguntó acerca de las revisiones afirmó: "El acuerdo de Addis Abeba es a mí mismo y Joseph Lagu y queremos que de esa manera ... Estoy 300 por ciento de la Constitución. No sé de ningún plebiscito porque yo soy el mandato del pueblo como Presidente ". ^[39] las tropas del sur se rebelaron contra la ofensiva política del norte, y lanzó ataques en junio de 1983.
En septiembre de 1983, la situación se agravó cuando ^[Nimeiry de ^{las aclaraciones necesarias ]} culminó el 1977 mediante la imposición de nuevas revisiones de las leyes islámicas en todo el Sudán, incluido el sur no musulmán.
En 1995, el ex presidente de EE.UU. Jimmy Carter negoció el más alto el fuego en la historia de la guerra para permitir que la ayuda humanitaria para entrar en el sur de Sudán, que habían sido inaccesibles debido a la violencia. ^[40] Este alto el fuego, que duró casi seis meses, desde entonces se ha llamado el " gusano de Guinea de alto el fuego. " ^[40] Desde 1983, una combinación de guerra civil y la hambruna ha cobrado la vida de cerca de 2 millones de personas en Sudán. ^[41] La guerra continuó aún después de Nimeiry fue derrocado y un gobierno democrático elegido fue con Al Sadig Al Mahdi Partido Umma tener la mayoría en el parlamento. El líder del SPLA John Garang se negó a reconocer al gobierno y negociar con él como representante de Sudán, pero aceptó negociar con los funcionarios del gobierno como representante de sus partidos políticos. ^{[ cita requerida ]} El ejército sudanés con éxito avanzada en el sur, llegando a la las fronteras del sur con la vecina Kenia y Uganda . La campaña se inició en 1989 y terminó en 1994. Durante la lucha, la situación empeoró en el sur tribales causaron víctimas entre la minoría cristiana y animista. ^[42] El líder rebelde Riek Machar posteriormente firmó un acuerdo de paz con el gobierno de Sudán y se convirtió en vicepresidente de Sudán. Sus tropas tomaron parte en la lucha contra el SPLA durante la ofensiva del gobierno en la década de 1990. Después de que el ejército sudanés tomó el control de todo el sur con la ayuda de Machar, la situación mejoró. Con el tiempo, sin embargo, el SPLA buscó apoyo en el Oeste mediante el uso de la propaganda religiosa que el gobierno del norte de Sudán para presentar la guerra como una campaña por el gobierno islámico árabe para imponer el Islam y la lengua árabe en la cristiana del sur.
La guerra se prolongó durante más de veinte años, incluyendo el uso de rusos de combate hizo helicópteros militares y aviones de carga que se utilizaron como terroristas con efectos devastadores en los pueblos tribales y los rebeldes por igual. "La historia independiente de Sudán ha estado dominada por la guerra crónica, excepcionalmente cruel que ha marcadamente dividido el país por motivos raciales, religiosos y regionales, el desplazamiento de unas cuatro millones de personas (de una población total estimada de treinta y dos millones de dólares), y mató a un estimado de dos millones de personas. " ^[43] Se dañó la economía de Sudán y llevado a la escasez de alimentos, lo que resulta en hambre y la desnutrición. La falta de inversión durante este tiempo, particularmente en el sur, significó una generación perdida de acceso a los servicios básicos de salud, la educación y el empleo.

Bailarines acuerdo de paz en Kapoeta, Ecuatoria Oriental, 2006

Las conversaciones de paz entre los rebeldes del sur y el gobierno hizo avances importantes en el año 2003 y principios de 2004. La paz se consolidó con la firma oficial por ambos lados del Acuerdo de Paz de San Integral , el 9 de enero de 2005, la concesión de Sur de Sudán la autonomía de seis años, para ser seguido de un referéndum sobre la independencia. Se creó el cargo de presidente de co-vicepresidente y permitió que el norte y el sur de dividir los depósitos de petróleo por igual, sino que también dejó a ambos el norte y el sur de los ejércitos en su lugar. John Garang , el acuerdo al sur de paz nombrado co-vicepresidente, murió en un accidente de helicóptero el 1 de agosto de 2005, tres semanas después de juramentación Esto dio lugar a disturbios, pero se restableció la paz con el tiempo. La Misión de Naciones Unidas en Sudán (UNMIS) fue creado por el Consejo de Seguridad Resolución 1590 de 24 de marzo de 2005. Su mandato consiste en apoyar la aplicación del Acuerdo General de Paz, y para realizar funciones relacionadas con la humanitaria , asistencia y protección y promoción de los derechos humanos . En octubre de 2007, el ex rebelde del sur del Movimiento de Liberación Popular de Sudán (SPLM) se retiró del gobierno en protesta por la lentitud de un acuerdo de paz histórico de 2005, que puso fin a la guerra civil.
El referéndum fue negociado bajo los auspicios de la Autoridad Intergubernamental para el Desarrollo de la Organización IGAD , la organización regional de que Sudán es Estado miembro. A pesar de su papel en la finalización del proceso de paz, el debate en torno a cada vez más se convirtió en argumentativo. De acuerdo con un Wikileaks cable, el Gobierno de Jartum junto con el gobierno egipcio había estado tratando de retrasar o aplazar indefinidamente el referéndum. Sin embargo, la dirección del sur, las Naciones Unidas, y toda la región está decidido a mantener votar según lo programado. Como tal, la votación continuó. ^[44] El 9 de enero de 2011, el referéndum se celebró en todo el mundo, el sur de Sudán diáspora que votaron incluidos los de los EE.UU., el Reino Unido, ^[45] Australia, Europa y África oriental. El resultado mostró que el 98,9% a favor de la secesión.
La región del sur llegó a ser independiente el 9 de julio de 2011, con el nombre de Sudán del Sur. A pesar de este resultado, muchas cuestiones cruciales están aún por resolver, algunos de los cuales requieren la intervención internacional. Las amenazas a la gente de Sudán del Sur después del referéndum son numerosas, con la seguridad encabezan la lista. Otras amenazas incluyen las disputas sobre la región de Abyei , el control de yacimientos de petróleo, las fronteras, y la cuestión de la ciudadanía.

[ editar ] situación de Abyei

La cuestión de Abyei es un asunto grave en términos de una paz duradera en el país. ^[46] De acuerdo con el Acuerdo General de Paz, la región de Abyei debe tener su propio referéndum y decidir si seguir con el sur, y se mantienen con el antiguo Sudán. Como tal, la CPA se establece referendos en Sudán: dos referendos. Sin embargo, el voto en Abyei no sucedió tal como se estipula en gran parte debido a la disputa sobre quién tiene derecho a voto. Hasta ahora, el referéndum sobre Abyei aún no ha sido reprogramado, y la tensión va en aumento en la región. ^[47] Debido a que la región es rica en petróleo, las negociaciones entre las dos partes están estancadas en los términos del referéndum. Recientemente, el comité permanente de Abyei ha formado un nuevo comité denominado Comité Técnico Conjunto para mirar de nuevo el caso, y también el caso de Kadugl i.
En el punto de vista económico, observable, hay una sensación de necesidad urgente de establecer la práctica los sistemas económicos. Recientemente el sur de Sudán fue recientemente nombrado uno de los lugares más pobres del mundo. La gente sigue muriendo de hambre, los niños están muriendo de desnutrición. Hambre fue responsable de más de la mitad de los 2,5 millones de personas que murieron durante la guerra civil. Sudán del Sur en gran medida carece de saneamiento básico, agua potable, clínicas, hospitales y otras infraestructuras esenciales. Las ONG se sigue alimentando con más de la mitad de la población allí. La ayuda humanitaria y de muchos servicios de socorro, tales como el Programa Mundial de Alimentos , Visión Mundial , Oxfam , Cordaid y Care International , tiene una gran presencia. La independencia no necesariamente va a resolver estos problemas económicos. Y como la situación en Abyei está empeorando en términos de seguridad y la disputa por la tierra, ^[48] se hace más difícil lograr la victoria cuando se trata de Acuerdo General de Paz .

[ editar ] conflicto de Darfur

Artículo principal: Guerra en Darfur

Mapa del noreste de África, destacando el Darfur de Sudán, región

Al igual que el largo de norte a sur la guerra civil era llegar a una solución, algunos enfrentamientos se produjeron en la región occidental de Darfur a principios de 1970 entre la pastoral tribus. Los rebeldes acusaron al Gobierno central de descuidar la región de Darfur, económicamente, aunque hay incertidumbre con respecto a los objetivos de los rebeldes, y si se limitan a buscar una mejor posición para Darfur en Sudán o la secesión total. Tanto el gobierno como los rebeldes han sido acusados de atrocidades en la guerra, aunque la mayor parte de la culpa ha recaído en las milicias árabes conocidas como Janjaweed , que son los hombres armados designado por el Al Saddiq Al Mahdi administración para detener los conflictos de larga data entre el caos de Darfur las tribus. De acuerdo con declaraciones del gobierno de los EE.UU., estas milicias han participado en el genocidio , los combates han desplazado a cientos de miles de personas, muchos de ellos buscan refugio en el vecino Chad . El gobierno proclamó su victoria sobre los rebeldes después de la captura de una ciudad en la frontera con Chad a principios de 1994. Sin embargo, los combates se reanudaron en 2003.
El 9 de septiembre de 2004, EE.UU. Secretario de Estado Colin Powell denomina el conflicto de Darfur un genocidio, argumentando que como el peor humanitaria crisis del siglo 21. ^[49] Ha habido informes de que los yanyawid han estado lanzando ataques, atentados y ataques contra las aldeas, el asesinato de civiles por razones étnicas, violando a mujeres, robo de tierras, bienes, y los rebaños de ganado. Hasta el momento, más de 2,5 millones de civiles han sido desplazados y el número de muertos se estima entre 200.000 y diversas ^[31] y 400.000 muertos. ^[50] Estas cifras han permanecido estancados desde inicial de la ONU los informes del conflicto insinuado genocidio en el período 2003/2004. El genocidio ha sido considerada una ofensa criminal bajo la ley humanitarial internacional desde el 1948 Convención para la Prevención y la Sanción del Delito de Genocidio . ^[51]
El 5 de mayo de 2006, el gobierno sudanés y el más grande de Darfur grupo rebelde, el SLM (sudanés Movimiento de Liberación), firmaron el Acuerdo de Paz de Darfur , cuyo objetivo era poner fin al conflicto de tres años de duración. ^[52] El acuerdo especifica el desarme de los Janjaweed y la disolución de las fuerzas rebeldes, y destinado a establecer un gobierno temporal en el que los rebeldes podrían participar. ^[53] El acuerdo, que fue negociado por la Unión Africana , sin embargo, no fue firmado por todos los grupos rebeldes. ^[53] Sólo un grupo rebelde, el SLA, liderada por Minni Minnawi Arko, firmaron el acuerdo. ^[54]

Una madre con su hijo enfermo en Abu Shouk campamento de desplazados en el norte de Darfur .

Desde la firma del acuerdo, sin embargo, ha habido informes de violencia generalizada en toda la región. Un grupo rebelde ha surgido un nuevo llamado del Frente de Redención Nacional, que se compone de los cuatro principales grupos rebeldes que se negaron a firmar el acuerdo de paz de mayo. ^[55] Recientemente, ^{[ ¿cuándo? ],} tanto el gobierno sudanés y las milicias patrocinadas por el gobierno musulmán han lanzado grandes ofensivas contra los grupos rebeldes, resultando en más muertes y más desplazamientos. Los enfrentamientos entre los grupos rebeldes también han contribuido a la violencia. ^[55] recientes ^{[ ¿cuándo? ]} en la frontera con Chad ha dejado a cientos de soldados y las fuerzas rebeldes muertos y casi un cuarto de millón de refugiados acceso a la ayuda. ^[56] Además, las aldeas han sido bombardeadas, y más civiles han sido asesinados. UNICEF recientemente ^{[ ¿cuándo? ]} informó de que alrededor de ochenta niños mueren cada día en Darfur como resultado de la desnutrición . El hambre en la región de Darfur sigue siendo sobre muchos países desarrollados del mundo.
La población de Darfur son en su mayoría Negro africanos de los musulmanes de creencias. Mientras que los yanyawid milicia se compone de arabizado africanos Negro, la mayoría de los otros grupos árabes de Darfur no involucrarse en el conflicto. ^[57]
La Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) ha acusado a Ministro de Estado para Asuntos Humanitarios Ahmed Haroun y el presunto líder de la milicia yanyawid musulmán Ali Mohammed Ali, también conocido como Ali Kosheib, en relación con las atrocidades en la región. Ahmed Haroun pertenece a la tribu Bargou, una de las tribus no árabes de Darfur, y está acusado de haber incitado a los ataques en determinados grupos no árabes étnicos. Ali Kosheib es un ex militar y líder de las fuerzas de defensa popular, y se supone que es uno de los principales líderes responsables de los ataques a las aldeas en el oeste de Darfur.
La Corte Penal Internacional fiscal 's jefe de Darfur, Luis Moreno Ocampo , anunció el 14 de julio de 2008, diez cargos criminales contra Bashir, acusándolo de patrocinar crímenes de guerra y crímenes contra la humanidad . ^[58] los fiscales de la CPI han afirmado que al-Bashir "planeó e implementó un plan para destruir una parte sustancial de" tres grupos tribales en Darfur a causa de su origen étnico. ^[58] Moreno Ocampo se espera que en unos meses para pedir un panel de jueces de la CPI de emitir una orden de arresto contra Bashir ^{[. dudoso - discutir ].} ^[58]
La Liga Árabe , Unión Africana , y Francia apoyan los esfuerzos de Sudán a suspender la investigación de la CPI. ^[59] Ellos están dispuestos a considerar el artículo 16 del Estatuto de la CPI en Roma , que establece investigaciones de la CPI puede ser suspendido por un año si la investigación pone en peligro la paz proceso. ^[60]

[ editar ] conflicto entre Chad y Sudán

Artículo principal: La guerra civil en Chad (2005-2010)

El conflicto entre Chad y Sudán (2005-2007) comenzó oficialmente el 23 de diciembre de 2005, cuando el gobierno de Chad declaró el estado de guerra con Sudán e instó a los ciudadanos de Chad a movilizarse contra el "enemigo común" ^[61] , la Frente Unido para el Cambio Democrático , una coalición de facciones rebeldes dedicados a derrocar presidente de Chad, Idriss Déby (y que creen que los chadianos están respaldados por el gobierno de Sudán), y los yanyawid de Sudán, que han estado atacando los campamentos de refugiados y de ciertas tribus en el este de Chad. Déby acusa a presidente sudanés, Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir de intentar "desestabilizar nuestro país, para conducir a nuestro pueblo en la miseria, para crear desorden y exportar la guerra desde Darfur a Chad".
El problema provocó la declaración de guerra fue un ataque a la ciudad chadiana de Adré , cerca de la frontera con Sudán, que llevó a la muerte de cualquiera de los dos centenares de rebeldes (como la mayoría de las fuentes de noticias informaron) o 300 rebeldes. El gobierno sudanés fue acusado por el ataque, que fue la segunda en la región en tres días, ^[62] , pero el portavoz del ministerio de Exteriores sudanés Jamal Mohammed Ibrahim negó cualquier implicación de Sudán, "No estamos para cualquier escalada con el Chad. Estamos técnicamente negar la participación de en los asuntos internos de Chad. " La Batalla de Adré llevó a la declaración de guerra de Chad y el despliegue de la supuesta fuerza aérea de Sudán en Chad del espacio aéreo, que el gobierno de Chad niega. ^[63]
Los líderes de Sudán y Chad firmaron un acuerdo en Arabia Saudita el 3 de mayo de 2007 para dejar de luchar desde el conflicto de Darfur a lo largo de sus países de 1.000 kilómetros (600 millas) de frontera. ^[64]

[ editar ] Frente del Este

Artículo principal: Frente Oriental (Sudán)

El Frente del Este , cuyo presidente es Musa Mohamed Ahmed , es una coalición de grupos rebeldes que operan en el este de Sudán a lo largo de la frontera con Eritrea , en particular los estados de Mar Rojo y Kassala . Mientras que el de Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés (SPLA) era el miembro principal del frente del este, el SPLA se vio obligado a salir de enero de 2005 un acuerdo que puso fin a la segunda guerra civil sudanesa . Su lugar fue tomado en febrero de 2004 tras la fusión de los más grandes Congreso Beja con el más pequeño de Leones rashaida libre , dos tribal basada en los grupos de Beja y los rashaida , respectivamente. ^[65] El Movimiento Justicia e Igualdad (JEM), un rebelde grupo de Darfur en el oeste, luego se unió. ^{[ cita requerida ]}
Tanto los Leones Libres y el Congreso de Beja afirmó que la inequidad del gobierno en la distribución de las ganancias del petróleo fue la causa de su rebelión. Exigieron a tener una mayor influencia en la composición del gobierno nacional, que ha sido visto como una influencia desestabilizadora en el acuerdo de poner fin al conflicto en el sur de Sudán . ^{[ cita requerida ]}
El Frente Oriental había amenazado con bloquear el flujo de petróleo crudo , que se desplaza desde el campo de petróleo de las regiones centro-sur de fuera de los mercados a través de Port Sudan. Un plan del gobierno para construir una segunda refinería de petróleo cerca de Port Sudán, también fue amenazado. El gobierno se informó que tres veces más soldados en el este para reprimir la rebelión y proteger la infraestructura vital como en el más ampliamente región de Darfur. ^{[ cita requerida ]}
El gobierno de Eritrea a mediados de 2006 cambió radicalmente su posición sobre el conflicto. De ser el principal apoyo del Frente Oriental, decidió que lo que el gobierno de Sudán en torno a la mesa de negociaciones para un posible acuerdo con los rebeldes sería en su mejor interés. ^{[ cita requerida ]}
Tuvo éxito en sus intentos y el 19 de junio de 2006, las dos partes firmaron un acuerdo sobre la declaración de principios. ^[66] Este fue el comienzo de cuatro meses de Eritrea mediada por las negociaciones para un acuerdo global de paz entre el gobierno sudanés y del Este de la frente, que culminó con la firma de un acuerdo de paz el 14 de octubre de 2006, en Asmara. El acuerdo abarca los temas de seguridad, el reparto de poder a nivel federal y regional, y la distribución de la riqueza en lo que respecta a los tres estados orientales de Kassala , Mar Rojo y Al Qadarif . ^{[ cita requerida ]}
En julio de 2007, muchas áreas del país fueron devastadas por las inundaciones , lo que provocó una respuesta humanitaria inmediata por la Naciones Unidas y sus asociados, bajo la dirección de la actuación de las Naciones Unidas para los Coordinadores Residentes de David Gressly y Bajulaiye Oluseyi . ^[67] Más de 400.000 personas fueron afectadas directamente , con más de 3,5 millones en riesgo de epidemias. ^[68] Las Naciones Unidas ha asignado EE.UU. $ 13,5 millones para la respuesta de sus fondos comunes, sino que haga un llamamiento a la comunidad internacional para cubrir la brecha. ^[69] La crisis humanitaria está en peligro de deterioro. Después de los ataques en Darfur, el Programa Mundial de Alimentos anunció que podría parar la ayuda alimentaria en algunas partes de Darfur. ^[70] El bandidaje contra convoyes de camiones es uno de los mayores problemas, ya que impide la entrega de asistencia alimentaria a las zonas afectadas por la guerra y las fuerzas de un recorte en las raciones mensuales.

[ editar ] Gobierno y política

Artículos principales: Política de Sudán , Lista de presidentes de Sudán , Lista de presidentes del Gobierno de Sudán del Sur , la Legislatura Nacional de Sudán , la lista de los vicepresidentes de Sudán , y la lista de los partidos políticos en Sudán

El presidente de Sudán Omar al-Bashir (Enero 2009)

Oficialmente, la política de Sudán se lleva a cabo en el marco de un federal presidencial representante democrático república , donde el presidente de Sudán es jefe de Estado , jefe de gobierno y comandante en jefe de las Fuerzas del Pueblo de Sudán Armadas en un sistema multipartidista . El poder legislativo reside en el gobierno y las dos cámaras del Parlamento - la Asamblea Legislativa Nacional , con su Asamblea Nacional (cámara baja) y el Consejo de los Estados (cámara alta). El poder judicial es independiente y se obtiene por el Tribunal Constitucional . ^[10]
Sin embargo, tras la segunda guerra civil sudanesa (1983-2005) y la ya baja escala la guerra en Darfur , Sudán, es ampliamente reconocido como un autoritario estado en el que se obtiene todo el poder político efectivo por el presidente Omar al-Bashir y la decisión del Congreso Nacional Party (NCP). El sistema político de la República de Sudán se ha reestructurado tras un golpe militar el 30 de junio de 1989, cuando al-Bashir, a continuación, un coronel en el ejército sudanés , llevó a un grupo de oficiales y derrocó al gobierno del Primer Ministro Sadiq al-Mahdi . Bajo el liderazgo de al-Bashir, el nuevo gobierno militar suspendió los partidos políticos e introdujo un código legal islámico a nivel nacional. ^[19]
Luego se convirtió en Presidente del Consejo del Comando Revolucionario para la Salvación Nacional (organismo de reciente creación con los poderes legislativo y ejecutivo para lo que fue descrito como un período de transición), y asumió el cargo de jefe de Estado , el primer ministro , jefe de las fuerzas armadas y Ministro de Defensa . ^[20] en otra parte, después de la institucionalización de la ley sharia en el norte del país, junto con Hassan al-Turabi , al-Bashir, emitida purgas y ejecuciones en las filas superiores del ejército, la prohibición de las asociaciones, los partidos políticos , y los periódicos independientes y el encarcelamiento de las principales figuras políticas y periodistas. ^[21]
En 1993, Sudán se convirtió en uno islámico autoritario de partido único del Estado como al-Bashir suprimió el Consejo del Comando Revolucionario y creó el Frente Nacional Islámico (NIF) con un nuevo parlamento y del gobierno obtenidos exclusivamente por miembros de las NIF. Al mismo tiempo, la estructura de la administración regional fue sustituido por la creación de veintiséis estados, cada uno encabezado por un gobernador , con lo que Sudán una república federal . Como resultado, la Segunda Guerra Civil Sudanesa con la Liberación del Pueblo Sudanés (SPLA), sólo se intensificará en los próximos años. ^[29] ^[30]
Tras la firma del Acuerdo de Paz de 2005 (CPA) entre el gobierno de al-Bashir y el SPLA, un gobierno de unidad nacional se instaló en Sudán, de acuerdo con la Constitución provisional por el que un co- vice presidente de Sudán posición representando el sur se creado, además de los del norte vicepresidente sudanés . Esto permitió que el norte y el sur de dividir aceite de los depósitos por igual, ^[71] sino también a la izquierda tanto en el norte y el sur de los ejércitos en su lugar. Tras el Acuerdo de Paz de Darfur en 2006, la oficina del asesor presidencial altos se destinaron a Minni Minnawi , un zaghawa del Ejército de Liberación de Sudán (SLA), y, por tanto, se convirtió en el mensaje constitucional el cuarto más alto.
Cargos directivos se reparten entre el NCP, el SPLA, el Frente Oriental de Sudán y las facciones del Partido Umma y el Partido Democrático Unionista (DUP). Este acuerdo de paz con el grupo rebelde SPLA concedió el sur de Sudán la autonomía de seis años, para ser seguido de un referéndum sobre la independencia en 2011.
De acuerdo con la nueva Constitución 2005, la Legislatura bicameral Nacional es el funcionario del parlamento sudanés y se divide entre las dos cámaras - la Asamblea Nacional, una cámara baja con 450 asientos, y el Consejo de Estados, una Cámara Alta con 50 asientos. Así, el Parlamento se compone de 500 miembros designados por completo, donde todos son elegidos indirectamente por las legislaturas estatales para servir a seis años. ^[10]
A pesar de su orden de arresto internacional, al-Bashir fue candidato en las elecciones de 2010 presidencial sudanés , la primera democrática elecciones con múltiples partidos políticos que participan en veinte y cuatro años. ^[72] En los preparativos de la votación, Sudán favor de la democracia dicen los activistas se enfrentaron a la intimidación por parte del gobierno ^[73] y el International Crisis Group informó que el partido gobernante había manipulados distritos electorales. ^[74] Unos días antes de la votación, el candidato de la oposición, Yasir Arman del SPLM, se retiró de la carrera. ^[75] La compañía estadounidense Centro Carter , que ayudó a supervisar las elecciones, se describe el proceso de tabulación de los votos como "muy caótico, poco transparente y vulnerable a la manipulación electoral." ^[76] Al-Bashir fue declarado el ganador de la elección con sesenta y ocho por ciento de los votos. ^[72] Hay una considerable preocupación entre la comunidad internacional de un retorno a la violencia en el período previo a la enero referéndum de 2011 el sur de Sudán , con los problemas posteriores al referéndum, como compartir los ingresos del petróleo y demarcación de fronteras no han resuelto. ^[77]

[ editar ] Relaciones Exteriores

Artículo principal: Relaciones exteriores de Sudán

Sudán ha tenido una relación difícil con muchos de sus vecinos y gran parte de la comunidad internacional, debido a lo que se considera su postura radical islámico. Durante gran parte de la década de 1990, Uganda , Kenia y Etiopía formó una alianza ad-hoc denominado "Estados Front Line", con el apoyo de los Estados Unidos para comprobar la influencia del Frente Nacional Islámico del gobierno. El Gobierno de Sudán y Uganda apoyaron contra los grupos rebeldes como el Ejército de Resistencia del Señor (LRA). Pero en la década de 1980, en el momento del presidente Gaafar Nimeiry , quien asumió el poder el 25 de mayo de 1969, Sudán tenía una buena relación con Occidente. A principios de 1983, Sudán del Sur se rebelaron contra el gobierno y formaron el Sudán Ejército Popular de Liberación (SPLA) movimiento. Al igual que muchos otros movimientos nacionalistas africanos, SPLA fue vinculado por primera vez con Cuba, Rusia y otros países comunistas. Por esta razón, el gobierno de Jartum utilizar los enlaces con eficacia para atraer a los estados occidentales de apoyo en su guerra contra el SPLA. Sin embargo, la relación fue de corta duración. En 1998, el gobierno de Jartum fue sancionado por colaborar con organizaciones terroristas. Desde mediados de la década de 1990, Sudán, poco a poco comenzó a moderar sus posiciones como resultado del aumento de presión de EE.UU. después de la atentados de 1998 la embajada de EE.UU. en Tanzania y Kenia , y el nuevo desarrollo de campos petroleros previamente en manos de los rebeldes. Sudán también tiene una disputa territorial con Egipto sobre el Triángulo de Hala'ib . Desde 2003, las relaciones exteriores de Sudán se han centrado en el apoyo para poner fin a la Segunda Guerra Civil Sudanesa y la condena de apoyo gubernamental a las milicias en la guerra en Darfur .
Poco después de la Conservatists islámico tomó el poder en un golpe de estado en 1989, Sudán, cada vez más se convirtió en un Estado islámico fundamentalista. Además, el Frente Islámico Nacional involucrados en el terrorismo, tanto regional como internacional. Por ejemplo, el NIF es acusado de apoyar a la Yihad egipcia contra el ex presidente egipcio Hosni Mubarak . El intento de asesinato contra el presidente de Egipto se atribuyó en gran medida en el gobierno de Jartum. Relación de Sudán con su vecino oriental Eritrea era muy rocosa por la misma razón. En diciembre de 1995, Eritrea acusó a Jartum de apoyar a sus rebeldes islámicos. Como resultado, Eritrea rompió relaciones con el gobierno de Jartum. Otros países vecinos como Uganda y Chad han tomado el mismo curso. ^[78] Por lo tanto, el Frente Islámico Nacional en última instancia, es único en la región. En 1990, líder de Al Qaeda de Bin Laden se unió al régimen de Sudán y se convirtió en un refugio seguro para el terrorismo. A medida que el régimen del Frente Nacional Islámico en Jartum poco a poco surgió como una amenaza real para la región y el mundo, los EE.UU. empezaron a lista de Sudán en su lista de estados patrocinadores del terrorismo . Antes de eso, la administración Clinton bombardeó un sitio de Jartum sospechosos en 1998, conocido como Al Shifa de fábrica. Los EE.UU. cree que el lugar fue utilizado para las armas químicas relacionadas con la red Al Qaeda. De acuerdo con Bob Edward, el Secretario de Estado Warren Christopher Sudán ha añadido a la lista de países patrocinadores del terrorismo del Departamento de Estado. Después de que el Sudán EE.UU. que aparecen como un estado patrocinador del terrorismo, el NIF decidido desarrollar sus relaciones con Irak , y más tarde Irán , los dos países más controvertidos y los estados islámicos en la región:. también estaban en el viejo con los Estados Unidos ^[79] Las acusaciones contra los el Frente Nacional de Islam de la gama de Jartum del terrorismo de Estado patrocinador de su afiliación con el grupo de radicales, tales como los regímenes de palestinos e iraníes. ^[80]
Sudán cuenta con amplias relaciones económicas con China. China obtiene el diez por ciento de su petróleo de Sudán. De acuerdo con un ex ministro del gobierno sudanés, China es el mayor proveedor de armas de Sudán. ^[81]
El 23 de diciembre de 2005, vecino de Sudán, al oeste, el Chad , declaró la guerra a Sudán y acusó al país de ser el "enemigo común de la nación [Chad]." Esto sucedió después del ataque 18 de diciembre, Adré , que dejó un centenar de muertos. Un comunicado emitido por el gobierno de Chad el 23 de diciembre acusado milicias sudanesas de hacer incursiones diarias en el Chad, con lo que el robo de ganado, matando gente y quemando aldeas en la frontera con Chad. La declaración fue a llamar a Chad para formar un frente patriótico contra Sudán. ^[61]
La Organización de la Conferencia Islámica (OCI) ha pedido a Sudán ya Chad a actuar con moderación para calmar las tensiones crecientes entre los dos países. ^[82] El 11 de mayo de 2008, Sudán anunció que estaba cortando las relaciones diplomáticas con Chad, afirmando que estaba ayudando a los rebeldes de Darfur para atacar a la capital sudanesa, Jartum . ^[83]
El 27 de diciembre de 2005, Sudán se convirtió en uno de los pocos estados a reconocer la soberanía marroquí sobre el Sáhara Occidental . ^[84]
El 20 de junio de 2006, el presidente sudanés, Omar al-Bashir dijo a los periodistas que él no permitiría que ninguna de las Naciones Unidas mantenimiento de la paz la fuerza en Sudán. Denunció una misión como "las fuerzas coloniales." ^[85] El 17 de noviembre de 2006, el Secretario General , Kofi Annan, anunció que "Sudán ha aceptado, en principio, para permitir el establecimiento de un conjunto de la Unión Africana y la fuerza de paz de la ONU en un esfuerzo por resolver la crisis en Darfur "- sino que se abstuvo de establecer el número de tropas implicadas. Annan especulado que esta fuerza podría contar 17.000. ^[86]
A pesar de esta afirmación, sin más tropas se han desplegado en los últimos tiempos de diciembre de 2006. El 31 de julio de 2007, el Consejo de Seguridad aprobó la Resolución 1769, que autoriza el despliegue de fuerzas de la ONU. ^[87] La violencia continuó en la región y el 15 de diciembre de 2006, los fiscales de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI), declaró que sería proceder con los casos de los derechos humanos violaciónes contra los miembros del gobierno sudanés. ^[88] Un legislador sudanés fue citado diciendo que Jartum puede permitir que las fuerzas de paz de la ONU para patrullar Darfur, a cambio de inmunidad para los funcionarios acusados de crímenes de guerra y crímenes contra la humanidad.

[ editar ] Fuerzas armadas

Artículo principal: Fuerzas Armadas del Pueblo de Sudán

Fuerzas del Pueblo de Sudán Armadas son las fuerzas regulares de la República de Sudán y se divide en cinco ramas, el Ejército sudanés, Sudán marina (incluyendo el Cuerpo de Marines), sudaneses de la Fuerza Aérea , la Patrulla Fronteriza y las Fuerzas Populares de Defensa, por un total de 200.000 soldados . El ejército de Sudán se ha convertido en una fuerza de combate bien equipada, gracias al aumento de la producción local de armas pesadas y avanzado. Estas fuerzas están bajo el mando de la Asamblea Nacional y sus principios estratégicos son la defensa de las fronteras exteriores de Sudán y preservar la seguridad interna.
Sin embargo, desde la crisis de Darfur en 2004, la custodia del gobierno central de la resistencia armada y la rebelión de los grupos rebeldes paramilitares como el Ejército de Liberación Popular de Sudán (SPLA), el Ejército de Liberación Sudanés (SLA) y el Movimiento Justicia e Igualdad ( JEM) han sido importantes prioridades. Aunque no es oficial, los militares sudaneses también utiliza milicias nómadas, el más destacado es el Janjaweed , en la ejecución de una guerra contra la insurgencia. ^[89] Algo entre 200.000 ^[31] y 400.000 ^[10] ^[32] ^[33] han muerto en las luchas violentas.

[ editar ] Organizaciones internacionales en Sudán

La mayoría de las ONG en Sudán son los agentes de la ONU como el Programa Mundial de Alimentos ( PMA ), la Organización para la Alimentación y la Agricultura de las Naciones Unidas ( FAO ), el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo ( PNUD ), las Naciones Unidas para las Organizaciones de Desarrollo ( ONUDI ), las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia ( UNICEF ), el Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados ( ACNUR ), el Servicio de Minas de las Naciones Unidas (UNMAS), la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones ( OIM ), ^[90] y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios (OCHA). ^[91]
Dado que Sudán ha experimentado una guerra civil desde hace muchos años, muchas ONG (Organizaciones No Gubernamentales) están involucrados en los esfuerzos humanitarios para ayudar a las personas desplazadas internamente. Entre las ONG que participan son CIDA , la Cruz Roja, el Banco Mundial , y los agentes de las Naciones Unidas. Las ONG están trabajando en todos los rincones de Sudán, especialmente en la parte sur del país. Durante la guerra civil, organizaciones no gubernamentales internacionales como la Cruz Roja que operan principalmente en el sur, pero con sede en la capital, Jartum. ^[92] La atención de las ONG cambió poco después de estallar la guerra en la parte occidental del Sudán se conoce como Darfur. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las organizaciones no gubernamentales en el sur de Sudán. La organización más visible es la Operación Supervivencia en Sudán (OSS). ^[93]
A pesar de que la mayoría de las organizaciones internacionales son sustancialmente concentra tanto en el sur de Sudán y Darfur región, algunos de ellos están trabajando en la parte norte también. Por ejemplo, el de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo está funcionando con éxito en Jartum , la capital. Es financiado principalmente por la Unión Europea y recientemente abrió una formación más profesional. Hay alrededor de doce diferentes organizaciones no gubernamentales internacionales que trabajan en Sudán. La Agencia Canadiense de Desarrollo Internacional ACDI también el funcionamiento en gran parte en el norte de Sudán. ^[94]

[ editar ] El sistema legal

El sistema judicial de Sudán se basa en la ley común de Inglés e islámica sharia . La ley islámica se llevó a cabo en todo el norte hasta el 20 de enero de 1991, por el Consejo del Comando Revolucionario ya desaparecida, lo que se aplica a todos los residentes de los estados del norte, independientemente de su religión. En 2005, Acuerdo de Naivasha , poniendo fin a la guerra civil entre el norte y el sur de Sudán, establecido algún tipo de protección para los no musulmanes en Jartum. Corte Internacional de Justicia de la jurisdicción se acepta, aunque con reservas. Bajo los términos del Acuerdo de Naivasha, la ley islámica no se aplica en el sur;. El sistema legal no está aún en desarrollo ^[95]
La rama judicial del gobierno del norte se compone de un Tribunal Constitucional por nueve magistrados, la Corte Suprema y los tribunales nacionales de apelación y otros tribunales nacionales, la Comisión Nacional de la Magistratura proporciona una gestión total de la judicatura.

[ editar ] Los derechos humanos

Artículos principales: los derechos humanos en Sudán y la esclavitud en Sudán

El gobierno de EE.UU. 21 de octubre 2002 de Paz de Sudán Ley acusó a Sudán de genocidio en la Segunda Guerra Civil Sudanesa (1983-2005), que ha costado más de dos millones de vidas y ha desplazado a más de cuatro millones de personas. ^[96] ^[97] Es estima que hasta 200.000 personas se habían tenido en la esclavitud durante la guerra, ^[98] ^[99] los esclavos son en su mayoría dinka . ^[100]
Sin embargo, el número de prisioneros de guerra están obligados a la esclavitud aumentó significativamente durante y después de la segunda guerra civil sudanesa, como Omar al-Bashir tomó el poder en 1989 y creó un totalitarismo federal del gobierno apoyar a las milicias árabes aterrorizar a las regiones del sur, como atrapar el no Afro árabe pueblos y el saqueo a los dos por la propiedad y de los esclavos. ^[101] ^[102] ^[103] Desde 1995, los derechos de las organizaciones internacionales como Human Rights Watch y CASMAS han informado de que la esclavitud en Sudán es un destino común de los cautivos en la Segunda guerra civil sudanesa y rebeldes que luchan en el Ejército de Liberación Popular de Sudán, en las conexiones a la guerra en Darfur , mientras que el informe de 2002 emitido por el Grupo Internacional de Personas Eminentes, actuando con el apoyo del Departamento de Estado de EE.UU. , que se encuentran las milicias del SPLA y el gobierno pro- culpable de secuestro de civiles también. ^[104]
Mientras que el gobierno sudanés niega las acusaciones de en el país, afirmando que estos informes se intenta dar una mala imagen de los musulmanes y los llamados árabes , y que los programas son intentos fraudulentos para ganar dinero, el Instituto Rift Valley 's Sudán abducida base de datos reclamar más de 11.000 personas fueron secuestradas en veinte años de esclavitud incursiones en las regiones del sur, ^[105] , mientras que SudanActivism.com menciona que cientos de miles han sido secuestrados en la esclavitud , huyeron o están en paradero desconocido en un segundo genocidio en el sur de Sudán. ^[106]
Una carta de fecha 14 de agosto de 2006, del director ejecutivo de Human Rights Watch encontró que el gobierno sudanés es a la vez incapaz de proteger a sus propios ciudadanos en Darfur y la voluntad de hacerlo, y que sus milicias son culpables de crímenes contra la humanidad . La carta añadía que estos abusos de derechos humanos han existido desde 2004. ^[107] Algunos informes atribuyen parte de la violaciónes a los rebeldes, así como el gobierno y los yanyawid . Los derechos humanos los EE.UU. del Departamento de Estado informe publicado 03 2007 afirma que "[a] las partes II a la conflagración cometido graves abusos, incluida la matanza generalizada de civiles, la violación como arma de guerra, la tortura sistemática, el robo y el reclutamiento de niños soldados. " ^[108]
Tanto las fuerzas gubernamentales y milicias aliadas con el gobierno son conocidos por atacar no sólo los civiles en Darfur, sino también los trabajadores humanitarios. Simpatizantes de los grupos rebeldes son detenidos arbitrariamente, como lo son los periodistas extranjeros, los defensores de los derechos humanos , activistas estudiantiles y de los desplazados en Jartum y sus alrededores, algunos de ellos torturados. Los grupos rebeldes también han sido acusados en un informe emitido por el gobierno de EE.UU. de atacar a los trabajadores humanitarios y de matar a civiles inocentes. ^[109]

[ editar ] Estados y las regiones

Mapa político de Sudán antes de la independencia de Sudán del Sur en 2011. Hala'ib Triángulo ha estado bajo administración egipcia desde el año 2000.

Artículos principales: los Estados de Sudán , la lista de los gobernadores de los estados del Sudán , y los distritos de Sudán

Sudán está dividido en quince estados ( wilayat , cantar. Wilayah ). Ellos se dividen en distritos .

[ editar ] Comunidades Autónomas y las zonas de conflicto

Además de los estados, existe también varios órganos de la administración regional. Estos gobiernos fueron establecidos por los acuerdos de paz entre el gobierno central y los grupos rebeldes.

Central y del Norte (Sudán)

Darfur

Frente Oriental

Abyei zona

Kurdufan Sur y Nilo Azul

[ editar ] los órganos administrativos regionales

La Transición de Darfur Autoridad Regional fue establecido por el Acuerdo de Paz de Darfur a actuar como órgano de coordinación de los tres estados que conforman la región de Darfur .
Los Estados del Consejo de Coordinación de Sudán fue establecido por el Acuerdo de Paz de Sudán Oriental entre el Gobierno sudanés y los rebeldes del Frente Oriental para que actúe como órgano de coordinación de los tres estados del este.
La zona de Abyei , situada en la frontera entre el sur de Sudán y el norte de Sudán, en la actualidad tiene una situación administrativa especial y se rige por una Administración de la zona de Abyei . Se tiene previsto celebrar un referéndum en 2011 sobre la posibilidad de unirse a una organización independiente de Sudán del Sur o seguir formando parte de la República de Sudán.

[ editar ] zonas en disputa y las zonas de conflicto

Los estados de Sur Kurdufan y Nilo Azul son para mantener "consultas populares" para determinar su futuro constitucional en la República de Sudán.
El triángulo Hala'ib es disputada región entre Sudán y Egipto . Actualmente se encuentra bajo administración egipcia.
Bir Tawil es una terra nullius que ocurren en la frontera entre Egipto y Sudán, reclamado por ningún estado.

[ editar ] Geografía

Artículo principal: Geografía de Sudán

Véase también: Lista de ciudades en Sudán

Jebel Barkal montañas de Nubia, un Patrimonio de la Humanidad .

Sudán se encuentra en el norte de África, con un 853 kilometros (530 millas) de costa que bordean el Mar Rojo . ^[110] Con una superficie de 1.886.068 kilometros ² (728.215 millas cuadradas), es el tercer país más grande del continente (después de Argelia y República Democrática del Congo ) y el más grande de la décimo sexta en el mundo. Sudán se encuentra principalmente entre las latitudes 8 ° y 22 ° N (el Wadi Halfa más destacadas y controvertidas triángulo Hala'ib se encuentran al norte de 22 °), y las longitudes 21 ° y 39 ° E .
El terreno es generalmente llanuras, roto por varias cadenas montañosas, en el oeste de la Caldera Deriba (3,042 m / 9,980 pies), ubicado en la Cordillera Marrah , es el punto más alto en Sudán, en el este se encuentran las colinas del Mar Rojo . ^{[ 111]}
El azul y el Nilo Blanco ríos se encuentran en Jartum para formar el río Nilo , que fluye hacia el norte a través de Egipto para el Mar Mediterráneo . Curso del Nilo Azul, a través de Sudán es de casi 800 km (497 millas) de largo y se une a la Dinder y ríos Rahad entre Sennar y Jartum . El Nilo Blanco en Sudán no tiene afluentes importantes.
La cantidad de lluvia aumenta hacia el sur. En el norte se encuentra el muy seco desierto de Nubia , en el sur hay pantanos y selva tropical. Temporada de lluvias de Sudán tiene una duración de unos tres meses (julio a septiembre) en el norte, y hasta seis meses (de junio a noviembre) en el sur. Las regiones secas se ven afectadas por las tormentas de arena , conocida como haboob , que puede bloquear totalmente la luz solar. En el norte y oeste de las zonas semidesérticas, la gente confía en la escasez de lluvias para la agricultura básica y muchos de ellos nómadas , viajando con sus rebaños de ovejas y camellos . Más cerca del río Nilo, hay bien irrigada explotaciones agrícolas dedicadas al cultivos comerciales . ^[112]
Hay varias represas en el Nilo Azul y Blanca. Entre ellos se encuentran el Sennar y Presas Roseires en el Nilo Azul, y la presa de Jebel Aulia en el Nilo Blanco. También existe Lago Nubia en la frontera entre Sudán y Egipto.
Ricos recursos minerales están disponibles en Sudán, incluyendo: ^[113]

La desertificación es un problema serio en Sudán. ^[114] También hay preocupación por la erosión del suelo . Agrícola de expansión, tanto públicas como privadas, ha llevado a cabo sin la conservación de las medidas. Las consecuencias se han manifestado en la forma de la deforestación , la desecación del suelo, y la reducción de la fertilidad del suelo y la napa freática . ^[115]

Las concesiones de petróleo y gas en Sudán - 2004

La vida silvestre de la nación se ve amenazada por la caza. A partir de 2001, veintiún mamíferos las especies y nueve especies de aves están en peligro, así como dos especies de plantas. Especies en peligro de extinción son: el eremita , rinoceronte blanco del Norte , Hartebeest Tora , Gacela leptoceros , y la tortuga carey . El Sahara oryx se ha extinguido en la naturaleza. ^[116]
En mayo de 2007, se anunció que cientos de salvajes elefantes habían sido localizados en una hasta ahora desconocida, la isla sin árboles en el Sudd pantanosa región del sur de Sudán. La ubicación exacta se mantiene en secreto para proteger a los animales de los cazadores furtivos . ^[117]

[ editar ] Economía

Artículo principal: Economía de Sudán

Ver también: Comunicaciones en Sudán y de transporte en Sudán

In 2010, Sudan was considered the 17th-fastest-growing economy ^{[ 118 ]} in the world with new economic policies and infrastructure investments, Sudan still faces formidable economic problems, as it must rise from a very low level of per capita output. And as such, the recent report indicated that the economy has actually pick up quite well over the past decade. The economy in the Sudan has been slowly growing over the last ten years, according to the World Bank report. An official country annual report in 2010 showed a strong economic Growth Domestic product GDP look very encouraging. The overall GDP and the economic growth in 2010 was 5.2% compare to the 2009 report that was actually 4.2%. ^{[ 119 ]} This is a very positive trend since the country still faces the crisis in Darfur and the actualizing secession of southern Sudan to South Sudan independence, which officially occurred on 9 July 2011. ^{[ 120 ]} ^{[ 121 ]} It's also a sign of oil revenue & and minerals resources in the country. Even though agriculture remains the sole in terms of income and employment hiring over 80% which is about third of the economy development and GDP, oil production is driving the growth. Currently, the International Monetary Fund IMF is working hand in hand with Khartoum government to strengthened macroeconomic theory. The program has been in place since early 90s, and also work-out exchange rate and reserve of foreign exchange. ^{[ 119 ]} Since 1997, Sudan has been implementing the macroeconomic reforms recommended by the International Monetary Fund . ^{[ citation needed ]}
In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999, recorded its first trade surplus . Increased oil production (the current ^{[ when? ]} production is about 520,000 barrels per day (83,000 m ³ /d)) revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones helped sustain gross domestic product (GDP) growth at 6.1 percent in 2003. These gains, along with improvements to monetary policy, have stabilized the exchange rate. China is Sudan's largest economic partner, with a 40% share in their oil, ^{[ 122 ]} and also sells Sudan small arms. ^{[ 123 ]}
Oil was Sudan's main export, with production increasing dramatically during the late 2000s, in the years before South Sudan gained independence in July 2011. With rising oil revenues, the Sudanese economy is booming, with a growth rate of about nine percent in 2007. Sustained growth was expected the next year ^{[ when? ]} due to not only increasing oil production, but also to the boost of hydroelectricity (annual electricity yield of 5.5 TWh) provided by the Merowe Dam . The independence of oil-rich South Sudan, however, placed most major oilfields out of the Sudanese government's direct control. In order to export oil, South Sudan must rely on a pipeline to Port Sudan on Sudan's Red Sea coast, as South Sudan itself is landlocked, as well as on Sudan's superior refinery infrastructure. The exact terms of a revenue-splitting agreement between Juba and Khartoum have yet to be established, but Sudan will likely receive a significant portion of the income from South Sudan's oil sales as a fee for the use of Sudanese pipelines, refineries, and port facilities, perhaps as much as 50 percent of the profits. ^{[ 124 ]}
Rich mineral resources are available in Sudan including: petroleum , natural
Agriculture production remains Sudan's most-important sector, employing eighty percent of the workforce and contributing thirty-nine percent of GDP, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought . Instability, adverse weather and weak world-agricultural prices ensures that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years.
The Merowe Dam , also known as Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project or Hamdab Dam, is a large construction project in Northern Sudan, about 350 kilometres (220 mi) north of the capital, Khartoum. It is situated on the River Nile, close to the Fourth Cataract where the river divides into multiple smaller branches with large islands in between. Merowe is a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from the dam's construction site.
The main purpose of the dam will be the generation of electricity. Sus dimensiones lo convierten en el mayor proyecto de energía hidroeléctrica en África contemporánea. La construcción de la represa se terminó diciembre de 2008, abasteciendo a más del noventa por ciento de la población con electricidad. Otros impulsados por gasolina estaciones generadoras están en funcionamiento en el estado de Jartum y de otros Estados.
Despite the US sanctions, the Sudanese economy is one of the fastest-growing in the world according to an October 2006 report by The New York Times . ^{[ 125 ]}

[ editar ] Demografía

A Nubian wedding

Beja nomads

Bedouin in north

Rashaida in the east

Main article: Demographics of Sudan

Sudan and South Sudan population density (person per Km ² ).

In Sudan's 2008 census , the population of Northern Sudan was recorded to be over 30 million. ^{[ 126 ]} The 1983 census put the total population of Sudan, including present-day South Sudan , at 21.6 million. ^{[ 127 ]} The population of metropolitan Khartoum (including Khartoum , Omdurman , and Khartoum North ) is growing rapidly and was recorded to be 5.2 million
Despite being a refugee-generating country, Sudan also hosts a refugee population. According to the World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants , 310,500 refugees and asylum seekers lived in Sudan in 2007. The majority of this population came from Eritrea (240,400 persons), Chad (45,000), Ethiopia (49,300) and the Central African Republic (2,500). ^{[ 128 ]} The Sudanese government UN High Commissioner for Refugees in 2007 forcibly deported at least 1,500 refugees and asylum seekers during the year. Sudan is a party to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees . ^{[ 128 ]}

[ editar ] Los grupos étnicos

Sudanese Arabs and are by far the largest ethnic group in Sudan. The Sudan consists of numerous Arab tribes such as the Beja , Rashaida and Bedouin . Non-Arab ethnic groups include Nuba and Fur . As with Egyptians and most other non- Arabian Peninsula Arabs, most Sudanese Arabs are " Arabs " in linguistic and cultural association. They descended primarily from the pre-existing indigenous populations, that is, the ancient Nubian people ; the Nubians share a common history with Egypt. In common with much of the rest of the Arab world , the gradual process of Arabisation in northern Sudan led to the predominance of the Arabic language and aspects of Arab culture , ^{[ 129 ]} leading to the shift among a majority of northern Sudanese today to an Arab ethnic identity . This process was furthered both by the spread of Islam and an emigration to Sudan of genealogical Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula, and their intermarriage with the Arabised indigenous peoples of the country.

[ editar ] Religión

Religion in Sudan ^{[ 130 ]}
religión			por ciento
Islam			97%
Cristianismo			3%

Main article: Religion in Sudan

Further information: Islam in Sudan and Christianity in Sudan

According to the CIA World Factbook , an estimated 97 percent of the population adheres to Islam , while the remainder of the population follows either animist and indigenous beliefs or Christianity.

Minaret in Port Sudan

A Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Khartoum

Islam predominates in Sudan, while Christianity and traditional indigenous beliefs (animism) are in Khartoum and south of the country. Almost all Muslims are Sunni, although there are significant distinctions between followers of different Sunni traditions. Two popular divisions, the Ansar and the Khatmia, are associated with the opposition Umma and Democratic Unionist Parties, respectively. There is a small Shi'a community.
Christians in Sudan belong to various churches including the Roman Catholic Church , small Melkite and Maronite communities in the north, as well as Anglicans followers in the Episcopal Church of Sudan and the recently formed Reformed Episcopal Church. There are significant but long-established groups of Orthodox Christians in Khartoum and other northern cities, including Coptic Orthodox and Greek Orthodox Christians.
There are also Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox communities in Khartoum and eastern Sudan, largely made up of refugees and migrants. Other Christian groups with smaller followings in the country include the Africa Inland Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church , the Sudan Church of Christ, the Sudan Interior Church, Jehovah's Witnesses , the Sudan Pentecostal Church, the Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian Church (in the North), and the Seventh-day Adventist Church of Sudan. In January 2010, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints gained its first official presence in Sudan, opening its first branch in the south of the country. ^{[ 131 ]} ^{[ unreliable source? ]}
Many Christians in the north are descended from pre-Islamic era communities or are trading families that immigrated from Egypt or the Near East before Sudan's independence in 1956.
Religious identity plays a role in the country's political divisions. Northern Muslims have dominated the country's political and economic system since independence. The NCP draws much of its support from Islamists , Salafis / Wahhabis and other conservative Arab Muslims in the north. The Umma Party has traditionally attracted Arab followers of the Ansar sect of Sufism as well as non-Arab Muslims from Darfur and Kordofan.
The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) includes both Arab and non-Arab Muslims in the north and east, especially those in the Khatmia Sufi sect, as well as some northern Arabic-speaking Christians. Southern Christians generally support the SPLM or one of the smaller southern parties. ^{[ 132 ]}

[ edit ] People of Sudan

Ababda
Abddallab
Arakeien
Ashraf
Avokaya (tribu)
Baggara
Bari
Bataheen
Beja
Bideiria Dahmshiia
Danagla
Fulbe
Piel
Gaalin

Halfaween
Hamar
Hausa
Hasania
Horefaen
Hawara
Ja'Alin
Kinouz
Mabaan
Madi
Mahas
Mahria

Personas	Ubicación
Didinga	east
Fula (Fulani)	Blue Nile, East and Tulus
Lotuko	east
Madi	east
Mahas	north
Moru
Pari	east

[ editar ] Idiomas

[ editar ] Cultura

Esta sección requiere la expansión .

Main article: Culture of Sudan

Further information: Music of Sudan , List of Sudanese writers , and List of Sudanese singers

[ editar ] Educación

Main article: Education in Sudan

Institutions of higher education in Sudan include:

Ahfad University for Women
Al-Neelain University
Bayan Science and Technology University
Future University (formerly Computer Man College)
Omdurman Ahlia University
Omdurman Islamic University
Sudan University of Science and Technology

The Catholic University of Sudan
University of al-Jazirah (also known as the University of Gezira)
University of Khartoum
- Mycetoma Research Centre
University of Kordofan
University of Medical Sciences and Technology

[ editar ] Enlaces externos

Map of Sudan At UN.org

[ editar ] Véase también

Main article: Outline of Sudan

[ editar ] Bibliografía

Libros

Churchill, Winston (1899; 2000). The River War — An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan . Carroll & Graf Publishers ( New York City ). ISBN 978-0-786-70751-5 .
Clammer, Paul (2005). Sudan — The Bradt Travel Guide . Bradt Travel Guides ( Chalfont St. Peter ); Globe Pequot Press . ( Guilford, Connecticut ). ISBN 978-1-841-62114-2 .
Evans-Pritchard, Blake; Polese, Violetta (2008). Sudan — The City Trail Guide . City Trail Publishing . ISBN 978-095-592740-9 .
Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2005). The Problem of Dar Fur , iUniverse ( New York City ). ISBN 978-0-595-36502-9 .
Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2004). Short History Of Sudan . iUniverse ( New York City ). ISBN 978-0-595-31425-6 .
Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2007). UN Intervention in Dar Fur , iUniverse ( New York City ). ISBN 978-0-595-42979-0 .
Jok, Jok Madut (2007). Sudan — Race, Religion and Violence . Oneworld Publications ( Oxford ). ISBN 978-1-851-68366-6 .
Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2001). Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan — The State Against Blacks , in The Modern African State — Quest for Transformation . Nova Science Publishers ( Huntington, New York ). ISBN 978-1-560-72936-5 .
O'Fahey, Rex Seán; Spauling, Jay Lloyd (1974). Kingdoms of the Sudan . Methuen Publishing ( London ). ISBN 978-0-416-77450-4 . Covers Sennar and Darfur .
Peterson, Scott (2001). Me Against My Brother — At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda — A Journalist Reports from the Battlefields of Africa . Routledge ( London ; New York City ). ISBN 978-0-203-90290-5 .
Prunier, Gérard (2005). Darfur — The Ambiguous Genocide . Cornell University Press ( Ithaca, New York ). ISBN 978-0-801-44450-0 .
Welsby, Derek A. (2002). The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia — Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile . British Museum Press ( London ). ISBN 978-0-714-11947-2 .
Zilfū, ʻIṣmat Ḥasan (translation: Clark, Peter) (1980). Karari — The Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman . Frederick Warne & Co ( London ). ISBN 978-0-723-22677-2 .

Artículo

"Quo Vadis bilad as-Sudan? The Contemporary Framework for a National Interim Constitution". Law in Africa ( Cologne ; 2005). Vol. 8, pp. 63–82. ISSN 1435-0963 .

[ editar ] Notas

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^ ^{a b} Hancock, Stephanie (23 December 2005). "Chad in 'State of War' with Sudan" . BBC News . Consultado el 13 de enero de 2011.
^ Staff writer (20 December 2005). "Chad Fightback 'Kills 300 Rebels'" . BBC News . Consultado el 13 de enero de 2011.
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^ ^{[ dead link ]} "War and Genocide in Sudan" . American Anti-Slavery Group .
^ "The Lost Children of Sudan" .
^ Staff writer (25 January 1998). " "Curse of Slavery Haunts Sudan — CBS News Correspondent Sarah Carter Provides a Shocking Eyewitness Account of the 20th Century Slave Trade in Sudan" . CBS News . Retrieved 8 January 2011.
^ Staff writer (undated). "Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Sudan — Human Rights Watch Backgrounder — Updated March 2002 (earlier backgrounder dated March 1999)" . Human Rights Watch . Consultado el 8 enero de 2011.
^ Posted on Nov 6th 2008 1:30PM by Kelly Wilson (6 November 2008). "Sudan Q & A" . Members.aol.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008 . Consultado el 26 de junio de 2010.
^ "Country Report: Sudan" . Slavery in Africa . American Anti-Slavery Group . ©2006. Archivado desde el original el 17 de marzo, Retrieved 7 October 2006 .
^ Press release (22 May 2002). "Factfinding Report Confirms Sudan Slavery" . Freedom House . Consultado el 8 enero de 2011.
^ Staff writer (28 May 2003). "Thousands of Slaves in Sudan" . BBC News . Consultado el 8 enero de 2011.
^ Staff writer (undated). "The Sudan Genocide: An Overview" . SudanActivism.com (part of American Anti-Slavery Group ). Archived from the original on 18 November 2006 . Consultado el 13 de enero de 2011.
^ ^{[ dead link ]} "Human Rights Watch Letter" . Human Rights Watch . Consultado el 26 de junio de 2010.
^ Staff writer (6 March 2007). "Darfur Tops US List of Worst Human Rights Abuses" . Associated Press (via USA Today ) . Consultado el 8 enero de 2011.
^ ^{[ dead link ]} "Amnesty International | Working to Protect Human Rights" . Amnesty International . 22 June 2010 . Consultado el 26 de junio de 2010.
^ ^{[ dead link ]} ISS Sudan geography
^ "Country Studies" . Country Studies . Consultado el 26 de junio de 2010.
^ Staff writer (undated). "Sudan — Geography & Environment" . Oxfam GB . Consultado el 13 de enero de 2011.
^ ^{[ dead link ]} Sudan embassy website
^ ^{[ dead link ]} University of Khartoum
^ "Dept of Forestry, University of Khartoum" . Unu.edu . Consultado el 26 de junio de 2010.
^ ^{[ unreliable source? ]} Staff writer (undated). "Sudan — Environment" . Encyclopedia of the Nations . Consultado el 13 de enero de 2011.
^ Wheeler, Skye (28 May 2007). "Elephant Herds Found on Isolated South Sudan Island" . Reuters . Consultado el 13 de enero de 2011.
^ "Economy" . 20 October 2009 . Retrieved 20 Feb 2011 .
^ ^{a b} https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html
^ "South Sudan Gets Ready for Independence" . Al Jazeera . Consultado el 23 de junio de 2011.
^ GETTLEMAN, JEFFREY. "As Secession Nears, Sudan Steps Up Drive to Stop Rebels" . New York Times . Consultado el 23 de junio de 2011.
^ "The "Big 4" – How oil revenues are connected to Khartoum" . Amnesty International USA . Consultado el 14/03/2009.
^ "Oil for China, Guns for Consultado el 14/03/2009.
^ Trivett, Vincent (8 July 2011). "Oil-Rich South Sudan Has Hours To Choose Between North Sudan, China And The US" . Business . Consultado el 9 de julio de 2011.
^ (registration required) Gettleman, Jeffrey (24 October 2006). "War in Sudan? Not Where the Oil Wealth Flows" . The New York Times . Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2010.
^ Heavens, Andrew (21 May 2009) [ http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE54K0CR20090521?sp=true
^ " Sudan – Population ". Library of Congress Country Studies .
^ ^{a b} "World Refugee Survey 2008" . US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants . 19 June 2008 .
^ Hurtel, Elizabeth. "Photos of Suakin, on the Red Sea, photolibrary South-Images" . South-images.com . Consultado el 26 de junio de 2010.
^ Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named CWF-people ; see Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text
^ ^{[ unreliable source? ]} Matt (29 January 2010). "First Branch Created in Sudan" . LDS Church Growth ( blog at Consultado el 8 enero de 2011.
^ "US State Department" . State.gov. 1 January 2007 . Consultado el 26 de junio de 2010.
^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), Languages of Sudan , Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed., Dallas: SIL International, 2005
^ text of the 2005 constitution in English PDF (492 KB)

[ editar ] Enlaces externos

Find more about Sudan on Wikipedia's sister projects :
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	Las noticias de Wikinoticias
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	Textos originales de Wikisource
	Los libros de texto de Wikilibros

Government of Sudan official website
President of Sudan
Sudan web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado–Boulder Libraries
Sudan at the Open Directory Project
Wikimedia Atlas of Sudan
Sudan travel guide from Wikitravel

[show] Articles related to the Republic of the Sudan

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South Sudan counts down to independence

2011-07-10T08:17:00.000-07:00

There are dress rehearsals in Juba for the independence day ceremony

Sudan: Set for divorce

South Sudan is counting down the hours until it becomes the world's newest nation on Saturday 9 July.

Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir and dignitaries from around the world will be attending the celebrations in the southern capital, Juba.
Sudan has announced its official recognition of its new neighbour - the first country to do so.
South Sudan's independence follows decades of conflict with the north, in which some 1.5 million people died.
Under the 2005 peace deal, a referendum was held on independence, which was favoured by more than 99% of voters.
The new country will be rich in oil, but it will be one of the least developed countries in the world following the long conflict.
'No quarrel'

Click to play

All you need to know about South Sudan's independence

The celebrations will begin after midnight local time (2100 GMT) around the countdown clock in the centre of Juba.
The BBC's Will Ross in the town says in the lead-up to the historic event, radio stations have been blaring out South Sudan's new anthem.
"The Republic of Sudan announces that it recognises the Republic of South Sudan as an independent state, according to the borders existing on 1 January 1 1956," Minister of Presidential Affairs Bakri Hassan Saleh said in a statement broadcast on state television.
Earlier this week, President Bashir pledged his support to South Sudan and said he wanted the new country to be "secure and stable".

South Sudan

Facts and figures:

Population: 7.5-9.7 million
Size: 619,745 sq km (239,285 sq miles), larger than Spain and Portugal combined
Major languages: English, Arabic (both official), Juba Arabic, Dinka
Religion: Traditional and a Christian minority
Main export: Oil

Challenges ahead:

One of world's least developed countries: Worst maternal mortality rate; most children below 13 not in school; 84% of women are illiterate
Relations with Sudan: Dividing debts and oil; border disputes; citizenship
Security: At least seven active rebel groups

"We will bless our brothers in the south over their country and we wish them success," said Mr Bashir, who agreed the 2005 peace deal with the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).

But he warned that "brotherly relations" depended on secure borders and non-interference in each others' affairs.
There had been fears that war could resume after recent fighting in two border areas, Abyei and South Kordofan, which has forced some 170,000 people from their homes.
But separate deals in recent weeks, and the withdrawal of rival forces from the border, have calmed tensions.
The UN Security Council has passed a resolution approving a new 7,000-strong peacekeeping force for South Sudan - but this is basically a rebranding of the force which was already in Sudan, mostly in the south.
The government in Khartoum has said their mandate would not be renewed, leading the US to argue that the 1,000 UN troops should be allowed to remain in South Kordofan.
The 1,000 troops in the disputed town of Abyei are to be replaced by 4,200 Ethiopian soldiers.
Challenges ahead Rebecca Garang, the wife of the late John Garang who led the southern rebels in the civil war, told the BBC her people had no quarrel with the people of the north, only with their government.
"There are many colleagues and comrades who perished during the war but we are here for their blood," she said.
"So we are very happy and grateful for their contribution for this nation."

President Omar al-Bashir warned 'brotherly relations' depend on non-interference in each others' affairs

Our correspondent says keeping both the predominately Muslim north and the south stable long after the celebratory parties have ended will be a mighty challenge.
The two sides must still decide on issues such as drawing up the new border and how to divide Sudan's debts and oil wealth.
Analysts say the priority for Khartoum will be to negotiate a favourable deal on oil revenue, as most oilfields lie in the south.
At present, the revenues are being shared equally.
Khartoum has some leverage, as most of the oil pipelines flow north to Port Sudan on the Red Sea.
Citizenship is also a key issue which has not yet been decided.
According to the state-run Sudan Radio, the citizenship of South Sudanese living in the north has now been revoked.
Earlier this week, thousands of southern Sudanese civil servants working in the north had to leave their jobs ahead of the split.

Sudan: A country divided

Show regions

The great divide across Sudan is visible even from space, as this Nasa satellite image shows. The northern states are a blanket of desert, broken only by the fertile Nile corridor. South Sudan is covered by green swathes of grassland, swamps and tropical forest.

More on This Story

Sudan: Set for divorce

JUBA, SUDÁN, DEL SUR (10/JUL/2011)

2011-07-10T07:46:00.001-07:00

Why Friday Rocks for B2C Social Media Engagement There are a few things that come to mind when we start thinking about Friday – Probably Rebecca Black if you’re viral-savvy and likesocial media engagement to watch the trending stuff on the web. You’re also probably gigging on words and phrases like “Woot” and “#FF” when the day rolls around. Friday is definitely a popular day of the week, but it’s also the day where people seem to be spending the most time on social media engagement. From a personal stance I know that Monday seems to be the most popular but that’s mainly because at the beginning of the week I’m looking for any excuse to prolong the start of work day… social media and sites like Mashable offer the perfect distraction. Social Media Engagement – Checking out Mentally and Digitally It’s not distraction they’re after on Friday though. Buddy Media found through a study that social media engagement was up 18% on Thursdays and Fridays – data compiled by analyzing more than 200 of their clients’ Facebook pages over a 2 week period. Twitter users are also more engaged on Fridays and this likely has a lot to do with the FollowFriday convo’s, responses and thanks. But it’s also something that’s more obvious – people are heading into the weekend and they’re trying to get their mind into “plan and relax” mode. They’re thinking about other things besides work, including what they want to do over the weekend. They are digitally “checking out early” and transitioning to the weekend through social media. Social media engagement gives them the ability to reach out and plan ahead, connect with people and decide what it is they’re going to do. Post Count Down with Social Media Engagement Up What’s interesting across the board is that people are on the downward descent for the number of posts they share. The hustle and bustle of the work week is coming to a close but even with fewer posts overall there tends to be more click through’s and heightened social media engagement among those posts that are made. It doesn’t look like many companies and marketers are picking up on this idea yet – as their corporate posts fall off just like user posts once it’s “after hours” time. They could likely foster more social media engagement and get some more activity within their own communities if they extended their outreach into off hours. Does this apply to all businesses? Not necessarily. I imagine that the business to business crowd would be the hardest to target and least likely to respond on the weekend days – they’ve been checked out mentally since Thursday or Friday morning. Those that deal with a business to consumer audience however can really benefit from this reveal of social media engagement, particularly media and entertainment businesses that want to draw the crowds on the weekends.

Blogger Buzz: Blog This!

2011-06-26T10:21:00.000-07:00

Blogger Buzz: Blog This!

Why Friday Rocks for B2C Social Media EngagementThere are a few things that come to mind when we start thinking about Friday – Probably Rebecca Black if you’re viral-savvy and likesocial media engagement to watch the trending stuff on the web. You’re also probably gigging on words and phrases like “Woot” and “#FF” when the day rolls around.Friday is definitely a popular day of the week, but it’s also the day where people seem to be spending the most time on social media engagement. From a personal stance I know that Monday seems to be the most popular but that’s mainly because at the beginning of the week I’m looking for any excuse to prolong the start of work day… social media and sites like Mashable offer the perfect distraction. Social Media Engagement – Checking out Mentally and DigitallyIt’s not distraction they’re after on Friday though. Buddy Media found through a study that social media engagement was up 18% on Thursdays and Fridays – data compiled by analyzing more than 200 of their clients’ Facebook pages over a 2 week period. Twitter users are also more engaged on Fridays and this likely has a lot to do with the FollowFriday convo’s, responses and thanks.But it’s also something that’s more obvious – people are heading into the weekend and they’re trying to get their mind into “plan and relax” mode. They’re thinking about other things besides work, including what they want to do over the weekend. They are digitally “checking out early” and transitioning to the weekend through social media. Social media engagement gives them the ability to reach out and plan ahead, connect with people and decide what it is they’re going to do.Post Count Down with Social Media Engagement UpWhat’s interesting across the board is that people are on the downward descent for the number of posts they share. The hustle and bustle of the work week is coming to a close but even with fewer posts overall there tends to be more click through’s and heightened social media engagement among those posts that are made.It doesn’t look like many companies and marketers are picking up on this idea yet – as their corporate posts fall off just like user posts once it’s “after hours” time. They could likely foster more social media engagement and get some more activity within their own communities if they extended their outreach into off hours.Does this apply to all businesses? Not necessarily. I imagine that the business to business crowd would be the hardest to target and least likely to respond on the weekend days – they’ve been checked out mentally since Thursday or Friday morning. Those that deal with a business to consumer audience however can really benefit from this reveal of social media engagement, particularly media and entertainment businesses that want to draw the crowds on the weekends.

2011-06-10T20:05:00.000-07:00

Amazon Instant Video
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Apparel & Accessories

Cell Phones & Accessories

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Online Surveys & Market Research

2011-06-10T10:22:00.001-07:00

Your Ad Here

2011-06-10T09:54:00.001-07:00

2011-06-10T03:45:00.000-07:00

paypermails.com

2011-06-08T13:48:00.000-07:00

http://realptr.com/pages/index.php?refid=fredwilliam
realptr.com

the music of all pleople I am the one you know that is me for you

2011-06-07T15:47:00.000-07:00

the music of all pleople I am the one you know that is me for you

meScreen.com

2011-06-07T10:11:00.000-07:00

meScreen.com

2011-06-06T06:50:00.000-07:00

2011-06-06T06:46:00.001-07:00

2011-06-04T10:40:00.000-07:00

2011-06-04T05:07:00.000-07:00

$value) {
if ($param == 'client') {
google_append_url($google_ad_url, $param,
'ca-mb-' . $GLOBALS['google'][$param]);
} else if (strpos($param, 'color_') === 0) {
google_append_color($google_ad_url, $param);
} else if (strpos($param, 'url') === 0) {
$google_scheme = ($GLOBALS['google']['https'] == 'on')
? 'https://' : 'http://';
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} else {
google_append_globals($google_ad_url, $param);
}
}
return $google_ad_url;
}

$google_ad_handle = @fopen(google_get_ad_url(), 'r');
if ($google_ad_handle) {
while (!feof($google_ad_handle)) {
echo fread($google_ad_handle, 8192);
}
fclose($google_ad_handle);
}

?>

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