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Asian Games: History, Sports, Countries, India's Performance, 2026 Asian Games & Complete Guide

2026-10-07T23:49:34.298+05:30

Original illustration for this guide. It deliberately uses no official Asian Games emblem, mascot or athlete likeness.

The Asian Games are Asia's largest multi-sport event: a continental championship held every four years in which athletes from 45 National Olympic Committees compete in more than 40 sports. The 20th edition, Asian Games 2026 in Aichi-Nagoya, Japan, ended on 4 October 2026 with China on top of the medal table and India fourth with 85 medals, including a clean sweep of six team golds in cricket, kabaddi and hockey.

For India the Asian Games matter more than almost any event outside the Olympics. New Delhi hosted the very first edition in 1951, India is one of only seven teams never to have missed a Games, and the Asiad is where most Indian Olympic hopefuls first learn what it takes to beat the best of China, Japan, South Korea and Iran.

This guide covers the history of the Asian Games, the sports and countries involved, India's complete medal record, what happened at Aichi-Nagoya 2026 and what comes next. It is written for students, competitive-exam aspirants and sports fans who want verified facts in one place.

Key facts in 30 seconds

What: a multi-sport event for Asia, governed by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) and recognised by the International Olympic Committee.
First Games: New Delhi, India, 4–11 March 1951, with 11 nations and six sports.
Latest Games: 20th Asian Games, Aichi-Nagoya, Japan, 19 September – 4 October 2026.
2026 medal table: China first, Japan second, South Korea third, India fourth.
India in 2026: 21 gold, 27 silver, 37 bronze = 85 medals.
Next Games: Doha, Qatar (2030), then Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (2034).

How to read the labels in this article: Historical long-settled record · Confirmed official or final result · Reported published by reliable media, may be revised · Outlook expectation, not fact.

What Are the Asian Games?

The Asian Games, also called the Asiad, are a multi-sport competition held every four years for athletes from across Asia. They are organised under the authority of the Olympic Council of Asia and are the second-largest multi-sport event in the world after the Summer Olympics.

Organising body: the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), headquartered in Kuwait City. The OCA took over from the original Asian Games Federation in the early 1980s.
Who takes part: the OCA's 45 member National Olympic Committees (NOCs), from Japan in the east to Lebanon in the west.
Purpose: to raise sporting standards in Asia and build friendship between Asian nations through sport.
Multi-sport format: Olympic sports such as athletics and swimming sit beside regional sports such as kabaddi, sepaktakraw, wushu and kurash.
Link to the Olympic movement: the OCA is one of five continental associations of NOCs recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The Games follow Olympic rules, and in a few sports they double as Olympic qualifiers.

History of the Asian Games

The Asian Games began in New Delhi in March 1951. The idea grew out of earlier regional meets, notably the Far Eastern Championship Games (1913–1934), and out of a post-war wish among newly independent Asian countries to compete with each other as equals.

HistoricalIndian sports administrator Guru Dutt Sondhi was a leading voice for a continental Games. The Asian Games Federation was formally set up in New Delhi on 13 February 1949, and India agreed to host the first edition. Planned for 1950, it was pushed to 1951 because of delays in preparation.

Eleven nations sent 489 athletes to the first Games, held at what is now the Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium. They competed in six sports: athletics, aquatics, basketball, cycling, football and weightlifting. Japan finished first and hosts India second.

From 1954 the Games settled into a four-year cycle. Over seven decades they have grown from six sports to more than 40, and from 11 teams to 45.

1951 · New Delhi
First Asian Games. Eleven nations, six sports. India wins 15 gold medals and finishes second.
1958 · Tokyo
The Asian Games torch relay is introduced.
1974 · Tehran
First Games in West Asia. The People's Republic of China takes part for the first time.
1982 · New Delhi
India hosts for the second time. China tops the medal table for the first time and has not been displaced since.
1990 · Beijing
First Games in China. Kabaddi joins the programme as a medal sport.
1994 · Hiroshima
First Games held outside a national capital. The Central Asian republics make their debut.
2010 · Guangzhou
Cricket (Twenty20) is played at the Games for the first time.
2018 · Jakarta–Palembang
First Games shared by two host cities.
2023 · Hangzhou
The 2022 Games are held a year late because of COVID-19. China wins a record 201 golds; India crosses 100 medals for the first time.
2026 · Aichi-Nagoya
The 20th Games mark 75 years since New Delhi 1951.

Year	Host city	Important development
1951	New Delhi, India	Inaugural Games: 11 nations, 489 athletes, 6 sports
1958	Tokyo, Japan	Torch relay introduced
1974	Tehran, Iran	First Games in West Asia; China's debut
1982	New Delhi, India	China tops the table for the first time
1990	Beijing, China	Kabaddi becomes a medal sport
2010	Guangzhou, China	Cricket debuts
2018	Jakarta–Palembang, Indonesia	First two-city hosting
2023	Hangzhou, China	Postponed 2022 edition; China's record 201 golds
2026	Aichi-Nagoya, Japan	20th edition; MMA, padel and teqball debut

Asian Games 2026

The 2026 Asian Games, officially the 20th Asian Games Aichi-Nagoya 2026, were held in Japan from 19 September to 4 October 2026. Some competitions began earlier, from 10 September. The Games are now complete, so the figures below are results rather than forecasts.

16 days19 Sept – 4 Oct 2026, Aichi Prefecture and Nagoya

43 sports71 disciplines and 469 medal events

45 NOCsabout 11,000 athletes, plus an OCA Refugee Team

85 medalsIndia finished 4th with 21 golds

Item	Aichi-Nagoya 2026	Status
Official name	20th Asian Games Aichi-Nagoya 2026	Confirmed
Host country	Japan (third time, after Tokyo 1958 and Hiroshima 1994)	Confirmed
Host	Aichi Prefecture and its capital, Nagoya	Confirmed
Opening ceremony	19 September 2026, Paloma Mizuho Stadium, Nagoya	Confirmed
Closing ceremony	4 October 2026, Paloma Mizuho Stadium	Confirmed
Motto	"Imagine One Asia"	Confirmed
Mascot	Honohon	Reported
Programme	43 sports, 71 disciplines, 469 events, 1,407 medals	Confirmed
New sports	Mixed martial arts, padel and teqball	Reported
Athletes	More than 11,000 expected by the OCA; one published count lists 10,787	Reported
India's team	496 athletes in 36 sports	Reported

Final medal standings: top four

Rank	Team	Gold	Total medals
1	China	169	341
2	Japan (host)	83	269
3	South Korea	39	150
4	India	21	85

ReportedStandings as published by DD News and ANI on 4 October 2026. Medal tables can change later if results are amended after doping or eligibility rulings.

What made these Games different

No athletes' village. To save money, organisers housed teams in hotels, temporary container-style cabins and a chartered cruise ship, the Costa Serena, docked at Nagoya port.
Mostly existing venues. Organisers relied largely on arenas that already existed; the main stadium was rebuilt.
An autumn slot. The Games were scheduled for late September to avoid Japan's summer heat.
A bumpy start. Reuters and other agencies reported complaints from delegations about accommodation, registration queues and transport in the opening days.
A historic handover. At the closing ceremony the torch and flag from New Delhi 1951 were carried into the stadium before the OCA flag passed to Doha, host of the 2030 Games.

India at Aichi-Nagoya 2026

ConfirmedIndia won 21 gold, 27 silver and 37 bronze medals and finished fourth. Shooter Manu Bhaker and kabaddi player Pawan Sehrawat carried the flag at the opening ceremony; trap shooter Neeru Dhanda carried it at the close.

Six team golds from six finals: men's and women's cricket, kabaddi and hockey.
Women's hockey gold after 44 years: a 1–0 win over China, India's first title since 1982.
Archery: nine medals, five of them gold, including 17-year-old Kumkum Mohod's individual recurve title.
Boxing: golds for Lovlina Borgohain, Parveen Hooda and Ankush Panghal.
Wrestling: golds for Aman Sehrawat and Sujeet Kalkal.
Golf: Pranavi Urs became the first Indian woman to win individual Asian Games gold.

Where Were the 2026 Asian Games Held?

The 2026 Asian Games were held in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, centred on the city of Nagoya. Nagoya is Japan's fourth-largest city, with more than two million residents, and lies on the Pacific coast of central Honshu between Tokyo and Osaka.

Main stadium: Paloma Mizuho Stadium (Nagoya City Mizuho Park Athletic Stadium), rebuilt for the Games with about 30,000 seats. It staged both ceremonies and athletics.
Other venues: spread across cities in Aichi Prefecture, with some events placed in existing facilities elsewhere in Japan, including Tokyo and Osaka. Kabaddi, for example, was played at the Tokai Citizens Gymnasium.
Athlete housing: hotels, temporary cabins and the cruise ship at Kinjo Pier in Nagoya port.

Why Aichi-Nagoya? The OCA awarded the Games to the joint Aichi-Nagoya bid in 2016 by a unanimous decision. Japan offered proven experience: Tokyo hosted the 1958 Asian Games and the 1964 and 2020 Olympics, and Hiroshima hosted the 1994 Asian Games. Aichi is also the country's manufacturing heartland, with strong transport links and existing arenas, which let organisers promise a lower-cost Games.

Sports in the Asian Games

The Asian Games programme combines every core Olympic sport with sports that are popular in particular parts of Asia. Aichi-Nagoya 2026 had 43 sports. The list changes slightly from one edition to the next because each host proposes additions that the OCA must approve.

Athletics

Track and field is the biggest single source of medals and the sport in which India has won most often. Asian athletics is now deep enough that winning times in several events are of world-final standard.

Aquatics

Swimming, diving, artistic swimming and water polo. China and Japan dominate, and the pool often decides which of them wins the first week.

Combat Sports

Boxing, wrestling, judo, taekwondo and karate, plus Asian disciplines such as wushu, kurash and ju-jitsu. Mixed martial arts made its debut in 2026. Central Asian nations, Iran, Japan and India all collect medals here.

Team Sports

Football and basketball have been played since 1951. Hockey, volleyball, handball, rugby sevens, cricket and kabaddi complete the list. Hockey carries extra weight because the Asian Games champions qualify directly for the Olympics.

Racquet Sports

Badminton and table tennis are among the hardest events in world sport to win, because Asia supplies most of the world's top players. Tennis, squash, soft tennis and, from 2026, padel are also contested.

Gymnastics

Artistic, rhythmic and trampoline gymnastics. China and Japan are world powers, which makes an Asian Games final close to Olympic level.

Shooting

Rifle, pistol and shotgun events. Shooting has become one of India's most reliable sources of medals, with team events adding to the tally.

Archery

Recurve, the Olympic discipline, and compound. South Korea is the benchmark in recurve; India is among the best in the world in compound.

Cycling

Track, road, mountain bike and BMX events. Japan, China, South Korea and Kazakhstan are usually strongest.

Weightlifting

One of the six original sports of 1951. China and North Korea set the standard, and Asian Games winning totals are frequently close to world records.

Other Sports

Rowing, canoeing, sailing, equestrian, fencing, golf, sport climbing, surfing, sepaktakraw and esports all featured in 2026. Esports became a full medal sport at Hangzhou; the 2026 titles included eFootball and League of Legends.

Participating Countries in the Asian Games

Forty-five National Olympic Committees are members of the OCA and are eligible to take part in the Asian Games. Not all are sovereign states: Hong Kong, Macau and Chinese Taipei compete under their own NOCs.

Region	Participating teams
East Asia	China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Mongolia, Hong Kong (China), Macau (China), Chinese Taipei
Southeast Asia	Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam
South Asia	Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Central Asia	Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
West Asia	Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

Regions above are geographic groupings for easy reading, not the OCA's administrative zones.

Participation can vary by edition. A team may be absent because of suspension, politics or cost, and the number of athletes each country may enter is limited by quotas in every sport. In 2026 the OCA also entered a Refugee Team. Only seven teams have competed at every Games since 1951: India, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand.

India at the Asian Games

India has taken part in all 20 Asian Games and has won at least one gold medal at every one of them. It was a founding member of the Asian Games Federation in 1949 and hosted the Games twice, in 1951 and 1982, both times in New Delhi.

HistoricalIndia's first appearance was as host in 1951. The team won 15 gold and 51 medals in all and finished second to Japan, which remains India's highest-ever rank. Swimmer Sachin Nag won the country's first Asian Games gold, and the football team took the title.

The early decades were built on athletics, wrestling and hockey. A long dip followed: at Beijing 1990 India won a single gold, in kabaddi, and finished outside the top ten for the only time.

The recovery since then has been steady. India passed 50 medals at Doha 2006, reached 65 at Guangzhou 2010 and 70 at Jakarta 2018, then jumped to 106 at Hangzhou. Wider talent programmes, foreign coaching and better funding for elite athletes are the usual explanations.

For Indian athletes the Asiad is the main proving ground between Olympics. The opposition in badminton, shooting, wrestling, boxing, archery and weightlifting is close to world level, and medals bring government awards, jobs and funding.

India's Asian Games Medal History

Across 20 editions from 1951 to 2026, India has won 863 Asian Games medals: 204 gold, 265 silver and 394 bronze, going by the edition totals in the table below.

India's total medals at each Asian Games, 1951–2026. Hover over or tap a bar for the gold, silver and bronze split; the full figures are in the table below.

Edition	Host city	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total	Rank
1951	New Delhi	15	16	20	51	2
1954	Manila	5	4	8	17	5
1958	Tokyo	5	4	4	13	7
1962	Jakarta	10	13	10	33	3
1966	Bangkok	7	3	11	21	5
1970	Bangkok	6	9	10	25	5
1974	Tehran	4	12	12	28	7
1978	Bangkok	11	11	6	28	6
1982	New Delhi	13	19	25	57	5
1986	Seoul	5	9	23	37	5
1990	Beijing	1	8	14	23	11
1994	Hiroshima	4	3	16	23	8
1998	Bangkok	7	11	17	35	9
2002	Busan	11	12	13	36	7
2006	Doha	10	17	26	53	8
2010	Guangzhou	14	17	34	65	6
2014 ²	Incheon	11	9	37	57	8
2018	Jakarta–Palembang	16	23	31	70	8
2022 ¹	Hangzhou	28	38	40	106	4
2026 ³	Aichi-Nagoya	21	27	37	85	4
All 20 editions		204	265	394	863	–

Notes: (1) The Hangzhou 2022 Games were held in 2023. India left with 107 medals; the total was later revised to 106 after a boxing bronze was withdrawn following an anti-doping whereabouts ruling. (2) For Incheon 2014 some records show 11 gold, 10 silver and 36 bronze; the total of 57 is the same. (3) 2026 figures are as reported at the close of the Games. Historical rows were cross-checked against published IOA-based tallies.

What the numbers show

Home advantage: both New Delhi Games, 1951 and 1982, produced totals well above the editions around them.
The low point: one gold in 1990 and four in 1994.
The climb: from 23 medals in 1994 to 106 in the Hangzhou edition, more than a fourfold increase.
2026 in context: 85 medals is 21 fewer than Hangzhou, yet it is India's second-highest total and second-highest gold count ever, and it kept India fourth.

India's Best Sports at the Asian Games

Athletics is India's most successful Asian Games sport by a wide margin, followed by shooting, wrestling and boxing. The historical figures below run up to and including Hangzhou.

Athletics: 283 medals including 85 gold before 2026, and 24 more medals in Aichi-Nagoya, the most of any sport.
Shooting: 80 medals before 2026, with a record 22 at Hangzhou and 15 in 2026.
Wrestling: 65 medals before 2026. The six won in 2026, two of them gold, were India's best wrestling return since Jakarta 1962.
Boxing: 61 medals before 2026. Three golds in 2026 made it India's best Games for boxing titles.
Kabaddi: India's surest gold. The men have won nine of the ten tournaments held since 1990, and the women four of five since 2010.
Hockey: five men's golds (1966, 1998, 2014, 2022, 2026) and two women's golds (1982, 2026).
Archery: a recent strength, with nine medals at each of the last two Games.
Tennis, squash and rowing: regular medal contributors over several decades.

Badminton, table tennis and weightlifting are harder to describe as strong areas. India did not win a badminton gold until 2022, has only a handful of table tennis medals, and has never won weightlifting gold; Mirabai Chanu's silver in 2026 was her first Asian Games medal.

India's 85 medals at Aichi-Nagoya 2026 by sport. The nine sports with one medal each were weightlifting, wushu, mixed martial arts, soft tennis, rowing, kurash, sepaktakraw, badminton and table tennis.

Famous Indian Athletes in Asian Games History

Athlete	Sport	Major Asian Games achievement	Why it matters
P. T. Usha	Athletics	11 medals (4 gold, 7 silver), 1982–1994; four golds at Seoul 1986	India's most decorated Asian Games athlete
Milkha Singh	Athletics	Four golds across 1958 and 1962	Made Indian sprinting a continental force
Leander Paes	Tennis	Eight medals, five of them gold, 1990–2006	One of India's most successful Asian Games athletes
Jaspal Rana	Shooting	Eight medals, four gold, 1994–2006	Led India's rise in pistol shooting
Parduman Singh Brar	Athletics	Three golds in shot put and discus, 1954–1958	India's first great thrower
Mary Kom	Boxing	Gold in the women's 51 kg, Incheon 2014	First Indian woman to win Asian Games boxing gold
Neeraj Chopra	Athletics	Javelin gold in 2018 and again at Hangzhou	Went on to become Olympic champion
Jyothi Surekha Vennam	Archery	Three golds at Hangzhou	Face of India's compound archery success
Satwiksairaj Rankireddy and Chirag Shetty	Badminton	Men's doubles gold at Hangzhou	India's first Asian Games badminton gold
Neeru Dhanda	Shooting	Two golds and a silver in trap, 2026	First Indian woman to win an individual shotgun gold
Kumkum Mohod	Archery	Individual and team recurve gold plus a mixed-team silver, 2026, aged 17	First Indian to win individual women's recurve gold
Lovlina Borgohain	Boxing	Gold in the women's 75 kg, 2026	Second Indian woman, after Mary Kom, to win boxing gold

Asian Games Medal Table

The Asian Games medal table ranks teams by gold medals first. If two teams have the same number of golds, the one with more silvers ranks higher; if still level, bronzes decide. Teams that are equal on all three share the same rank.

Three medals per event: gold for first, silver for second, bronze for third. Combat sports and some racquet sports award two bronzes.
Why gold comes first: the table follows the convention the IOC uses in its own published tables, which treats winning an event as the primary measure of success.
Medal count is not rank: a team with many silvers and bronzes can sit below a team with fewer medals but more golds.

The 2026 Games gave a clear example. On 27 September India had 37 medals but only four golds and stood twelfth, behind teams with far fewer medals. Seventeen golds in the final week lifted India to fourth.

The OCA does not declare an official "winner" of the Games; the table is a convenience for the public and the media.

Countries That Have Dominated the Asian Games

China has finished first at every Asian Games since 1982. Before that, Japan topped the table at each of the first eight editions, from 1951 to 1978. South Korea has been a regular third force and has hosted three times.

China: a state-run system that identifies children early and trains them in specialised sports schools, strong investment in sports science, and deliberate targeting of sports with many medals such as diving, shooting, gymnastics and weightlifting.
Japan: school and university sport with very wide participation, corporate-backed teams, and long traditions in swimming, judo, wrestling and gymnastics. As host in 2026 Japan won 83 golds, up from 52 in Hangzhou.
South Korea: a national training centre model and deep expertise in archery, taekwondo, fencing and short-range shooting.
Iran, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan: smaller teams that concentrate on wrestling, boxing, weightlifting and other combat sports.
India: now established in the top four, on the back of a large population, growing public funding and private academies in a handful of sports.

Population helps, but it is not enough on its own. The common thread among the leaders is sustained investment in coaching, facilities and grassroots competition over decades.

Asian Games vs Olympics

Feature	Asian Games	Olympic Games
Geographic scope	Asia only	Worldwide
Organising body	Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)	International Olympic Committee (IOC)
Frequency	Every four years, usually midway between Summer Olympics	Every four years
Participating teams	45 NOCs	206 NOCs
Sports	43 sports and 469 events in 2026, including regional sports	32 sports and 329 events at Paris 2024
Purpose	Continental championship and regional unity	The global summit of sport
Next edition	Doha 2030	Los Angeles 2028

In athlete numbers and events the Asian Games are actually larger than the Olympics. In reach, standard and prestige the Olympics remain well ahead, because every continent competes.

Why Are the Asian Games Important?

For Athletes

An Asian Games medal is a career-defining result. In sports where Asia leads the world, such as badminton, table tennis, weightlifting and archery, it is nearly as hard to win as an Olympic medal.

For Countries

The medal table is a public scorecard for national sports policy. Hosting also drives investment in stadiums, transport and tourism.

For Asian Sports

The Games give kabaddi, sepaktakraw, wushu and kurash a major international stage that the Olympics do not, which helps them grow beyond their home regions.

For Young Athletes

Many competitors are making their first appearance at a multi-sport Games. They learn to handle the travel, the athletes' accommodation, the media and the pressure before they meet all of it again at the Olympics.

For India

The Asiad is the best single measure of how Indian sport is progressing. It rewards breadth: India won medals in 20 different sports in 2026.

For Olympic Preparation

The Games fall two years before each Summer Olympics. That makes them a mid-cycle test of form and, in a few sports, a direct route to qualification.

Asian Games and India's Olympic Journey

An Asian Games medal does not automatically qualify an athlete for the Olympics. Each sport's international federation sets its own qualification system, and only some of them use the Asian Games.

Where it does count: in hockey, the Asian Games champions earn an Olympic place. Both Indian teams qualified for Los Angeles 2028 by winning gold in 2026. Indian archers were also reported to have secured LA 2028 quota places.
Where it helps indirectly: in several sports results carry ranking points or count towards qualification standards.
Experience: athletes face the same Asian rivals they will meet at the Olympics, in a village-style, multi-sport setting.
Confidence: Neeraj Chopra won Asian Games gold in 2018 before his Olympic title in Tokyo. Aman Sehrawat, an Olympic bronze medallist in 2024, added Asian Games gold in 2026.

The reverse is also true. A medal at the Asiad in a non-Olympic event, such as compound archery before its Olympic debut or kabaddi, says nothing about Olympic prospects.

What to Expect After Asian Games 2026

OutlookThe 2026 Games are over, so the useful question is what they suggest for the next cycle. The points below are expectations based on recent results, not predictions of fact.

Los Angeles 2028: India's hockey teams have qualified. Based on 2026 form, archery, wrestling, boxing and shooting could again be the sports to watch, though Olympic fields are far deeper.
Emerging athletes: Kumkum Mohod (17), golfer Pranavi Urs (23) and squash player Anahat Singh are among the younger Indians who may feature for several cycles. Progress will depend on fitness and on results at world level.
Areas to fix: badminton produced a single bronze, and athletics delivered 24 medals but only one gold. Converting silvers into golds is likely to be the main target.
The rivals: China's lead looks secure. Japan's host-year surge may ease in 2030, while Uzbekistan, fifth at Hangzhou, and Iran are the teams most likely to challenge for fourth place.
Doha 2030: the 21st Asian Games return to Qatar, which hosted in 2006. Dates, sports and venues should be treated as subject to change until the OCA and the organisers confirm them.
Riyadh 2034: Saudi Arabia is due to host for the first time.

Asian Games: Important Facts at a Glance

Fact	Information
First Asian Games	4–11 March 1951
First host city	New Delhi, India
Organising body	Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), Kuwait City
Frequency	Every four years
Member teams	45 National Olympic Committees
2026 host	Aichi Prefecture and Nagoya, Japan
2026 edition	20th Asian Games, 19 September – 4 October 2026
2026 table-toppers	China (169 gold, 341 medals)
India's first participation	1951, as host; finished second
India's best total	106 medals, Hangzhou (2022 edition, held in 2023)
India in 2026	4th: 21 gold, 27 silver, 37 bronze = 85
Most successful team	China, first at every Games since 1982
Major sports	Athletics, aquatics, shooting, wrestling, boxing, badminton, hockey, kabaddi, archery, weightlifting
Next hosts	Doha 2030; Riyadh 2034

Asian Games Timeline: All 20 Editions

No.	Year	Host	Important highlight
I	1951	New Delhi, India	First Asian Games: 11 nations, six sports
II	1954	Manila, Philippines	Games move to a four-year cycle
III	1958	Tokyo, Japan	Torch relay introduced
IV	1962	Jakarta, Indonesia	India wins football gold
V	1966	Bangkok, Thailand	India's first men's hockey gold
VI	1970	Bangkok, Thailand	Bangkok hosts again after Seoul withdraws
VII	1974	Tehran, Iran	First Games in West Asia; China's debut
VIII	1978	Bangkok, Thailand	Bangkok steps in for Islamabad
IX	1982	New Delhi, India	China tops the medal table for the first time
X	1986	Seoul, South Korea	P. T. Usha wins four golds
XI	1990	Beijing, China	First Games in China; kabaddi debuts
XII	1994	Hiroshima, Japan	First host that is not a capital city
XIII	1998	Bangkok, Thailand	Bangkok hosts for a record fourth time
XIV	2002	Busan, South Korea	India wins seven athletics golds
XV	2006	Doha, Qatar	First Games in the Arab world
XVI	2010	Guangzhou, China	Cricket debuts
XVII	2014	Incheon, South Korea	India's men win hockey gold after 16 years
XVIII	2018	Jakarta–Palembang, Indonesia	First two-city Games
XIX	2023*	Hangzhou, China	Held in 2023; China's record 201 golds
XX	2026	Aichi-Nagoya, Japan	India sweeps six team golds
XXI	2030	Doha, Qatar	Scheduled; details subject to confirmation
XXII	2034	Riyadh, Saudi Arabia	Scheduled; details subject to confirmation

*The 19th Games were the 2022 edition, held from 23 September to 8 October 2023.

Asian Games FAQs

What are the Asian Games?

The Asian Games, also known as the Asiad, are a multi-sport event held every four years for athletes from across Asia. They are governed by the Olympic Council of Asia and recognised by the International Olympic Committee. With more than 40 sports and about 11,000 athletes, they are the largest sporting event in Asia.

When did the Asian Games start?

The Asian Games started in 1951. The first edition was held in New Delhi, India, from 4 to 11 March 1951, with 11 nations competing in six sports. The Games were originally planned for 1950 but were delayed by a year. Since 1954 they have been held every four years.

Who organizes the Asian Games?

The Asian Games are organised under the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), which is based in Kuwait City and has 45 member National Olympic Committees. A local organising committee in the host city runs each edition. Before the OCA took over in the early 1980s, the Games were run by the Asian Games Federation.

Where were the 2026 Asian Games held?

The 2026 Asian Games were held in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, centred on the city of Nagoya. The main venue was the rebuilt Paloma Mizuho Stadium, which staged the opening and closing ceremonies and athletics. It was the third time Japan hosted the Games, after Tokyo in 1958 and Hiroshima in 1994.

When did the 2026 Asian Games begin and end?

The 20th Asian Games opened on 19 September 2026 and closed on 4 October 2026. Some competitions started earlier, from 10 September, before the opening ceremony. The competition programme covered 43 sports, 71 disciplines and 469 medal events over 16 official days.

How many countries participate in the Asian Games?

Forty-five National Olympic Committees are members of the Olympic Council of Asia and can take part in the Asian Games. This includes territories such as Hong Kong, Macau and Chinese Taipei, which compete separately. The exact number at each edition can vary; in 2026 a Refugee Team also competed.

How often are the Asian Games held?

The Asian Games are held every four years, usually in the even-numbered year midway between two Summer Olympics. The one exception was the 2022 edition in Hangzhou, China, which was postponed because of COVID-19 and held in 2023. The next Games are scheduled for Doha in 2030.

Which country has won the most Asian Games medals?

China is the most successful team in Asian Games history and has finished first on the medal table at every edition since 1982. Japan topped the table at the first eight Games, from 1951 to 1978. At the 2026 Games China won 169 golds and 341 medals, ahead of Japan and South Korea.

How many medals has India won in the Asian Games?

India has won 863 medals across the 20 Asian Games held from 1951 to 2026: 204 gold, 265 silver and 394 bronze, based on edition-by-edition totals. India's best single Games was the Hangzhou edition, with 106 medals including 28 gold. India has won at least one gold at every Asian Games.

How many medals did India win at the 2026 Asian Games?

India won 85 medals at the 2026 Asian Games in Aichi-Nagoya: 21 gold, 27 silver and 37 bronze. India finished fourth on the medal table behind China, Japan and South Korea. Six of the golds came from winning both the men's and women's titles in cricket, kabaddi and hockey.

Which Indian sport has performed best at the Asian Games?

Athletics is India's most successful Asian Games sport, with 283 medals including 85 gold up to the Hangzhou edition and 24 more in 2026. Shooting, wrestling and boxing follow. Kabaddi is India's most dominant team sport: the men's team has won nine of the ten tournaments since 1990.

Is cricket included in the Asian Games?

Yes. Cricket is played in the Twenty20 format and first appeared at the Asian Games in Guangzhou in 2010. It was also held in 2014, at Hangzhou and in 2026. India won both the men's and women's gold medals at Hangzhou and retained both titles at Aichi-Nagoya 2026.

Is the Asian Games bigger than the Olympics?

In size, yes. The 2026 Asian Games had 43 sports, 469 events and about 11,000 athletes, compared with 32 sports and 329 events at the Paris 2024 Olympics. In global reach and prestige the Olympics are bigger, because 206 National Olympic Committees from every continent take part.

What sports are played in the Asian Games?

The Asian Games include all the main Olympic sports, such as athletics, swimming, gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, shooting, archery, badminton, hockey and football. They also include sports popular in Asia, such as kabaddi, sepaktakraw, wushu, kurash, cricket and squash. Mixed martial arts, padel and teqball were added in 2026.

Who can participate in the Asian Games?

Athletes must be selected and entered by their National Olympic Committee, which must be a member of the Olympic Council of Asia. They must also meet the eligibility rules of the relevant international sports federation, anti-doping rules and any qualification standards or entry quotas set for their sport at that edition.

Why are the Asian Games important for India?

The Asian Games are India's biggest test between Olympics. They show how Indian athletes compare with strong Asian rivals, give younger athletes experience of a multi-sport event, and in sports such as hockey offer direct Olympic qualification. Medals also bring recognition, government awards and funding for athletes and their sports.

Where will the next Asian Games be held?

The next Asian Games, the 21st edition, are scheduled for Doha, Qatar, in 2030. Doha previously hosted in 2006. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is due to host in 2034. Exact dates, sports and venues for both Games should be checked with the Olympic Council of Asia as they are confirmed.

Editorial Note

This article was compiled from official bodies, India's public broadcasters and established news agencies, and was fact-checked on 7 October 2026. Historical tallies were cross-checked across more than one source, and where sources disagree the difference is stated.

Sporting information changes. Medal tables can be revised after doping or eligibility decisions, and schedules, athlete participation and host details for future Games may change. Please confirm anything time-sensitive with the Olympic Council of Asia, the organising committee or the Indian Olympic Association before relying on it.

Sources & References

Olympic Council of Asia – governing body, member NOCs and Games information.
OCA: Refugee Team to compete in the 20th Asian Games Aichi-Nagoya.
Aichi-Nagoya 2026 organising committee – official Games website.
Olympics.com (IOC): Asian Games 2026 competition schedule.
Olympics.com (IOC): India's Asian Games 2026 squad.
Olympics.com (IOC): India at the Asian Games, history and medals.
Indian Olympic Association.
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India – contingent sanction orders.
DD News: India signs off with 85 medals (4 October 2026) – final tally and sport-by-sport results.
ANI: India signs off with 85-medal haul (4 October 2026).
All India Radio News: relay and trap golds (29 September 2026).
Qatar Tribune: OCA marks one month to go – programme size and motto.
The National (with Reuters): opening ceremony report (19 September 2026).
Open magazine: closing ceremony and final standings (4 October 2026).
Hockey India – squads and results.
Wikipedia: India at the Asian Games – used only to cross-check edition-by-edition tallies, which it draws from IOA records.

Last fact-checked: 7 October 2026.

COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2026

2026-08-13T14:12:19.866+05:30

🏆 Sports Current Affairs 2026

Commonwealth Games 2026

Complete guide to Glasgow 2026 — host city, dates, sports, India's medal tally, important winners and exam-focused GK questions.

📅 Updated: August 2026 • 📚 Rote Learner

Commonwealth Games 2026, also known as Glasgow 2026, were held in Glasgow, Scotland, from 23 July to 2 August 2026.

The event brought together athletes from across the Commonwealth for international sporting competition. India produced a strong performance and finished 4th in the medal table.

⚡ Commonwealth Games 2026 – Quick Facts

🏆

Edition 23rd

📍

Host City Glasgow

🏴

Host Country Scotland

📅

Dates 23 Jul – 2 Aug

📌 Key Information

Event Commonwealth Games 2026

Official Name Glasgow 2026

Host City Glasgow

Country Scotland, United Kingdom

Event Dates 23 July – 2 August 2026

India's Rank 4th

🇮🇳 India's Performance at Commonwealth Games 2026

India finished 4th in the final medal standings, winning a total of 39 medals.

🇮🇳 India Medal Tally

🥇

13 GOLD

🥈

17 SILVER

🥉

9 BRONZE

🏆

39 TOTAL

🇮🇳 India — 4th Position

🏅 Sports in Commonwealth Games 2026

Glasgow 2026 featured a compact programme of sports with Para-sport events integrated into the competition.

🤸 Artistic Gymnastics

🏃 Athletics & Para Athletics

🎳 Bowls & Para Bowls

🥊 Boxing

🚴 Cycling Track

🏐 Netball

🥋 Judo

🏊 Swimming

🏋️ Weightlifting

🏀 3x3 Basketball

⭐ Important Highlight: India finished the Commonwealth Games 2026 with 39 medals, including 13 gold, 17 silver and 9 bronze medals.

🌟 Important Indian Athletes & Performances

🥇 Mirabai Chanu – Weightlifting

Mirabai Chanu was among India's notable medal winners in weightlifting at Glasgow 2026.

🥈 Neeraj Chopra – Javelin Throw

Neeraj Chopra won a silver medal in men's javelin throw with a season-best performance of 85.83 metres.

🥋 Historic Judo Performance

Indian judokas Asmita Dey and Harsh Singh created history by winning gold medals in judo.

📊 India's Medal Tally

Country	Gold 🥇	Silver 🥈	Bronze 🥉	Total	Rank
🇮🇳 India	13	17	9	39	4th

🎯 Commonwealth Games 2026 – Important GK

Host City: Glasgow
Host Country: Scotland
Edition: 23rd Commonwealth Games
Dates: 23 July – 2 August 2026
India's Position: 4th
India's Total Medals: 39
India's Gold: 13
India's Silver: 17
India's Bronze: 9
Next Commonwealth Games: Ahmedabad 2030

📝 One-Liner Questions for Competitive Exams

Q1. Where were the Commonwealth Games 2026 held?

✅ Glasgow, Scotland

Q2. When were the Commonwealth Games 2026 held?

✅ 23 July to 2 August 2026

Q3. What was India's position in the medal table?

✅ 4th

Q4. How many total medals did India win?

✅ 39 medals

Q5. How many gold medals did India win?

✅ 13 gold medals

Q6. Which Indian athlete won silver in men's javelin throw?

✅ Neeraj Chopra

Q7. Which city is scheduled to host the 2030 Commonwealth Games?

✅ Ahmedabad, India

🧠 Test Your Knowledge

Try these Commonwealth Games 2026 MCQs.

1. Commonwealth Games 2026 were hosted by which city?

A. London

B. Glasgow

C. Birmingham

D. Manchester

✅ Answer: B. Glasgow

2. How many medals did India win?

A. 29

B. 35

C. 39

D. 42

✅ Answer: C. 39

3. India's position in the medal table was:

A. 2nd

B. 3rd

C. 4th

D. 5th

✅ Answer: C. 4th

4. Which Indian athlete won silver in men's javelin?

A. Kishore Jena

B. Neeraj Chopra

C. Tejaswin Shankar

D. Avinash Sable

✅ Answer: B. Neeraj Chopra

5. Which city is scheduled to host the 2030 Commonwealth Games?

A. Delhi

B. Mumbai

C. Ahmedabad

D. Bengaluru

✅ Answer: C. Ahmedabad

🎯 Why Is This Important for Exams?

Commonwealth Games 2026 is an important topic for SSC, CHSL, CGL, Banking, Railway, UPSC, State PCS and other competitive examinations.

Questions can be asked about the host city, dates, Indian medal tally, important athletes, sports and the next host city.

🏁 Conclusion

The Commonwealth Games 2026 in Glasgow were an important international sporting event and a significant topic for sports current affairs.

India's campaign ended with 39 medals — 13 gold, 17 silver and 9 bronze, placing India fourth in the final medal standings.

For competitive-exam aspirants, remembering the host city, dates, India's medal tally, important athletes and the next host city can be useful for Current Affairs and Sports GK.

📚 Keep Learning with Rote Learner

Learn • Practice • Grow

Follow Rote Learner for Current Affairs, GK, Competitive Exams, Technology, AI, Data Analytics and Career Preparation.

🏷️ Tags: Commonwealth Games 2026 Glasgow 2026 Sports GK Current Affairs 2026 India Medal Tally Competitive Exams SSC GK CHSL GK Banking GK

Generate Your Loshu chart

2026-03-01T19:45:00.000+05:30

🔮 The Magical Loshu Chart in Numerology

The Loshu Chart is a mystical grid of numbers rooted in ancient Chinese numerology. It’s more than just a pattern—it's believed to reveal secrets about a person's nature, strengths, challenges, and destiny. Let’s explore this fascinating chart and see how it relates to our lives.

🌟 What is the Loshu Grid?

The Loshu Grid is a 3×3 grid filled with the digits from 1 to 9, based on your full date of birth (dd/mm/yyyy). It helps in determining your personality traits, mental stability, creativity, and even health aspects.

This chart is generated based on your date of birth and offers insights into your personality, mental strengths, and life path through ancient numerology.

🧮 How to Create Your Loshu Chart?

Take your date of birth. Example: 15/08/2003
Write down all the digits: 1, 5, 0, 8, 2, 0, 0, 3
Ignore duplicates when plotting on grid, but note how many times each digit appears
Place the numbers on the 3×3 grid in this order:

4	9	2
3	5	7
8	1	6

🔍 What Each Number Represents

1: Leadership, confidence
2: Diplomacy, sensitivity
3: Creativity, communication
4: Hard work, discipline
5: Freedom, adventure
6: Responsibility, family love
7: Spirituality, research
8: Power, success
9: Wisdom, humanitarianism

📌 Real-Life Use of Loshu Chart

Many numerologists use the Loshu Chart to guide people in making better life decisions — from choosing careers and partners to improving health and overcoming weaknesses.

(Click Voilet box 👆👆"Generate your chart"👆👆)

✨ Final Thoughts

Whether you believe in numbers or just love mystical tools, the Loshu Grid is a beautiful way to reflect on who you are and what you are meant to become. Dive into your numbers and let them guide your soul journey.

Generate your Chart

GENERATE YOUR CHART

💫 Stay tuned for more numerology tips and cosmic wisdom!

NTPC Typing Test

2025-10-26T22:28:00.009+05:30

RRB NTPC Typing Test – Complete Details & Practice Guide

RRB NTPC Typing Skill Test (TST) is a qualifying round for the Non-Technical Popular Categories posts in Indian Railways. It evaluates your typing speed and accuracy. Below is a complete explanation of the rules, evaluation formula, and preparation strategy — followed by a practice typing box just like the official test.

✅ Official Typing Test Rules

The test is qualifying in nature — no marks added to merit.
Duration: 10 minutes.
Minimum Speed: 30 WPM (English) or 25 WPM (Hindi).
Minimum Words to Type: 300 words (English) / 250 words (Hindi).
No spell-check, auto-correct, or external editor allowed.
Practice or demo session may be provided before the final test.

🧮 Typing Speed Calculation Formula

The formula commonly used by RRBs for calculating typing speed is:

Typing Speed (WPM) = (Total Words Typed − (Final Mistakes × 10)) ÷ Time (Minutes)

If your final WPM is 30 or above (English) / 25 or above (Hindi), you qualify for the typing test.

💡 Important Notes

Only 5% of mistakes may be ignored depending on RRB policy.
Re-typing the passage is allowed if you finish early.
Hindi typing can be done using Kruti Dev or Mangal font.
Accuracy is more important than raw speed due to the penalty formula.

🔥 Practice Typing Test (Simulation)

Use the practice box below to simulate a 10-minute RRB NTPC typing test. It calculates your WPM and result automatically. Choose language and backspace settings as per your preference.

Timer: 00:10:00

Passage to Type:

Your Typing Area:

Words: 0

Mistakes: 0

WPM: 0

Result: -

📘 Practice Paragraphs

Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.
Conserve water and protect the environment for future generations.
Hard work, consistency, and a positive attitude lead to success.
Reading daily expands vocabulary and sharpens thinking skills.
Healthy food and regular exercise keep the body fit and mind alert.

Click Here for Real Exam Experience and Practice

Disclaimer: This page is for educational and practice purposes. Always check official RRB notifications for authentic updates and rules.

Kuninda Dynasty Of Uttrakhand | History Of Uttrakhand | Uttrakhand Gk

2024-07-05T16:44:00.001+05:30

Kuninda Dynasty Of Uttrakhand

The Kuninda Dynasty holds a significant place in the ancient history of Uttarakhand, playing a crucial role in shaping the cultural and political landscape of the region. This dynasty ruled parts of Uttarakhand from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, leaving behind a lasting legacy in terms of art, culture, and governance. Origins and Early Period: The exact origins of the Kuninda Dynasty remain somewhat obscure, but historical evidence suggests that they were likely of indigenous origin, possibly belonging to the Kshatriya warrior class. The early period of Kuninda rule saw the establishment of their kingdom in the foothills of the Himalayas, covering areas that are now part of modern Uttarakhand. Political Structure and Administration: The Kunindas organized their kingdom into a structured political system with a centralized administration. The rulers, known as Kunindas, exercised both political and military authority. The administrative setup included various officials who managed taxation, justice, and other governance functions. The society was agrarian, with agriculture forming the backbone of the economy. Cultural Contributions: The Kunindas were patrons of art and culture, contributing significantly to the artistic heritage of the region. Sculptures, coins, and inscriptions from their era depict the flourishing artistic endeavors. The development of distinct regional art styles can be traced to this period. The Kunindas also played a role in the promotion of trade and commerce, fostering cultural exchange with neighboring regions. Religious Landscape: The religious landscape during the Kuninda rule witnessed a blend of indigenous beliefs and the influence of emerging religious traditions. Hinduism and Buddhism coexisted, and the rulers supported the construction of temples and monasteries. The region became a hub for the spread of Buddhist teachings, with various stupas and viharas being built. Trade and Economic Prosperity: The Kunindas actively participated in trade, connecting the Himalayan region with the Gangetic plains. The trade routes passing through their kingdom facilitated cultural exchange and economic prosperity. The region's strategic location allowed the Kunindas to control key trade routes, contributing to their wealth and influence. Relations with Other Kingdoms: The Kunindas had diplomatic relations with neighboring kingdoms, engaging in alliances and conflicts as the political situation demanded. The Mauryan Empire, which held sway over large parts of northern India during this period, likely influenced the Kunindas' political and cultural developments. The interactions with other contemporary powers contributed to the dynamic nature of the region's history. Decline of the Kuninda Dynasty: The decline of the Kuninda Dynasty can be attributed to a combination of internal conflicts and external pressures. As the Gupta Empire expanded its influence in northern India, the Kuninda rulers faced challenges to their authority. Additionally, internal strife and succession disputes weakened the kingdom. By the 3rd century CE, the Kuninda Dynasty had faded from the historical stage. Legacy and Historical Significance: Despite its relatively short-lived existence, the Kuninda Dynasty left an enduring legacy in the history of Uttarakhand. The artistic and cultural contributions of this period continued to influence subsequent generations. The foundation laid by the Kunindas in terms of governance, trade, and religious tolerance set the stage for the development of the region in the centuries that followed. Archaeological Discoveries: Archaeological excavations in Uttarakhand have revealed artifacts and inscriptions associated with the Kuninda Dynasty. These discoveries, including coins, sculptures, and architectural remnants, provide valuable insights into the material culture and societal norms of the time. Scholars and archaeologists continue to study these findings to deepen our understanding of the Kunindas and their impact on Uttarakhand's history.

Rulars of Kuninda Dynasty: The Kuninda Dynasty ruled parts of Uttarakhand during the ancient period, and while specific details about individual rulers are often challenging to ascertain due to the limited historical records, some prominent rulers are mentioned in various inscriptions and ancient texts. Here are some of the notable rulers associated with the Kuninda Dynasty: 1. Amoghabhuti: - Amoghabhuti is one of the earliest known rulers of the Kuninda Dynasty. - His reign is believed to have occurred in the 2nd century BCE. - Amoghabhuti is mentioned in inscriptions found in the region. 2. Bhumimitra: - Bhumimitra succeeded Amoghabhuti and continued the Kuninda rule. - His reign is also estimated to be in the 2nd century BCE. - Bhumimitra is known for his contributions to the artistic and cultural development of the region. 3. Narayana: - Narayana is another ruler from the Kuninda Dynasty, and his reign is believed to have followed that of Bhumimitra. - Like his predecessors, Narayana played a role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of the region. 4. Ajitvarman: - Ajitvarman is mentioned in inscriptions and is considered one of the later rulers of the Kuninda Dynasty. - His rule is estimated to be in the 2nd century CE. 5. Surendra Varman: - Surendra Varman is another Kuninda ruler, and his reign is believed to have occurred around the 3rd century CE. - He is mentioned in historical records that highlight the political and cultural developments during his time. It's important to note that the information available about the rulers of the Kuninda Dynasty is somewhat limited, and much of what is known is derived from inscriptions, numismatics, and archaeological findings. The Kunindas were instrumental in shaping the early history of Uttarakhand, and their legacy is reflected in the cultural and artistic achievements of the region during their rule.

The Kushan Empire In Utrrakhand | Uttrakhand Gk

2024-07-05T16:44:00.000+05:30

The Kushan Empire, an ancient Central Asian power, exerted significant influence in the Indian subcontinent, including parts of Uttarakhand, during the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. This expansive period saw a confluence of cultures, religions, and artistic expressions. To delve into the intricate details of the Kushan rulers in Uttarakhand, we need to explore the historical, cultural, and political aspects of this era.

1. Introduction to the Kushan Empire:

The Kushan Empire emerged in the 1st century CE in Central Asia, with its heartland in the region of Bactria, which is present-day Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia. The founder of the Kushan Empire, Kujula Kadphises, laid the foundation for a powerful and cosmopolitan empire that would play a crucial role in shaping the cultural and political landscape of South Asia.

2. Expansion into the Indian Subcontinent:

The Kushans, under the leadership of Kujula Kadphises and his successors, expanded their dominion into the Indian subcontinent. By the 1st century CE, the Kushan Empire extended its influence over parts of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India, and into regions of Uttarakhand.

3. Cultural Exchange and Gandhara Art:

One of the most remarkable aspects of the Kushan rule in Uttarakhand was the cultural exchange that occurred during this period. The Gandhara art, characterized by a fusion of Hellenistic, Persian, and Indian elements, flourished under the Kushan patronage. Sculptures, stupas, and monasteries in the region became expressions of this unique artistic synthesis.

4. Religious Landscape:

The Kushan rulers were instrumental in the spread of Buddhism and other religious traditions in the Indian subcontinent. The region of Uttarakhand witnessed the construction of Buddhist stupas and monastic complexes. Mathura, a prominent center of Kushan influence, became a hub for Buddhist activities and art.

5. Kushan Rulers in Uttarakhand:

While the direct evidence of Kushan rulers specifically in Uttarakhand might be limited, their broader influence in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent is well-established. The Kushans, through their centralized administration and diplomatic ties, would have had an impact on the socio-political dynamics of Uttarakhand.

6. Trade and Commerce:

The Kushan Empire was strategically positioned along the Silk Road, facilitating extensive trade between the East and West. The economic prosperity resulting from this trade would have influenced the regions under Kushan control, including Uttarakhand. The influx of wealth and diverse cultures contributed to the overall development of the local economies.

7. Kushan Coinage:

Kushan coinage is a crucial historical artifact that provides insights into the empire's political and cultural aspects. The coins featured portraits of Kushan rulers, symbols representing different deities, and inscriptions in Greek and Kharosthi script. The study of Kushan coins aids in reconstructing the chronology of their rule and understanding their religious and cultural inclinations.

8. Decline and Successors:

The Kushan Empire experienced internal strife and external pressures from the Sassanian Persians and the Gupta Empire. By the mid-3rd century CE, the Kushan Empire began to decline. However, their cultural legacy endured, influencing subsequent dynasties and leaving an indelible mark on the history of the Indian subcontinent.

9. Archaeological Discoveries:

Archaeological excavations in Uttarakhand have unearthed artifacts, inscriptions, and remnants associated with the Kushan period. These findings contribute to our understanding of the material culture and historical developments during the Kushan rule in the region.

10. Legacy and Historical Significance:

The legacy of the Kushan Empire in Uttarakhand is embedded in the region's art, culture, and religious traditions. The syncretic nature of Gandhara art, the spread of Buddhism, and the economic interactions along trade routes left an enduring impact on the socio-cultural fabric of Uttarakhand.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning || Understanding Artificial Intelligence ||

2023-06-05T17:54:00.002+05:30

Understanding Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Applications, Challenges, and Potential

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have become widely used terms in today’s technological landscape, but many people are often unsure of what these terms mean, how they are interrelated and how they can be applied in real life. In this article, we will define these core concepts and explore how they are changing the way we live and work.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems that can perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence. These systems are built to learn, reason and solve problems, based on algorithms that enable them to make decisions based on data and observations. AI systems are designed to make predictions, automate processes, detect patterns, and extract insights from large datasets.

Machine learning (ML) is the subfield of AI that deals with developing algorithms that enable computers to learn from data. It is a computational approach to building systems that learn and adapt from experience, without being explicitly programmed. ML uses statistical techniques to automatically detect patterns in data, and then uses this information to make predictions or automate tasks.

The relationship between AI and ML is complementary and interconnected. AI is the broader umbrella term that encompasses all systems that are designed to mimic human intelligence, while ML is one of the core methods that AI systems use to learn and improve themselves. In other words, AI is the big picture and ML is the method that enables it to happen.

The applications of AI and ML are wide-ranging, ranging from retail, healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and transportation to name a few. For example, AI-powered customer service chatbots can communicate with customers and diagnose their issues, while ML-driven fraud detection systems can identify fraudulent credit card transactions and alert the appropriate authorities.

AI is already being used to analyze vast amounts of data faster and more accurately than humans could ever achieve. In fact, a range of industries are reliant on AI, from self-driving cars and drones, to fraud detection in banking and customer services. It is a transformative technology that is changing how we live and work.

However, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed before AI and ML fulfill their full potential. One of the main obstacles to the adoption of AI is its ethical implications. AI is designed to learn quickly and efficiently, but without appropriate safeguards and guidelines, it could be used maliciously.

Another challenge is the issue of data transparency, as it is necessary for AI to be able to analyze large datasets but this process also raises privacy concerns. In order to implement AI effectively, data needs to be gathered and analyzed in a way that respects individual privacy and complies with relevant regulations.

Despite these challenges, AI and ML have the potential to revolutionize many industries in the coming years. Whether it is self-driving cars that dramatically reduce accidents, AI health care technology that identifies diseases early on, or enhanced education systems that adapt to students’ individual needs, AI and ML can bring positive and impactful change to our lives and society.

Effect of AI

As an AI language model, I do not possess personal views or biases. Therefore, I can present the most recent and projected effects of AI on humans as follows:

1.Job displacement: AI-based automation is expected to replace humans in a variety of industries, such as manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare. This may result in the displacement of human workers from the labor market, requiring them to re-skill and adapt to new job demands.

Improved medical diagnosis and treatment: AI has already been applied to improve the accuracy of diagnoses and treatment recommendations. AI-based medical tools, such as radiology, can reduce the time and cost of diagnosing diseases.

3.Increased efficiency in other sectors: Many other industries, such as agriculture, energy, and finance, can benefit from the implementation of AI technologies. AI has the potential to increase production efficiency, reduce costs, and improve overall product quality.

4.Privacy concerns: AI-based technologies rely on vast amounts of data to train and improve their algorithms, raising privacy and security concerns. Companies and organizations may need to address these concerns by adopting robust data protection practices and regulations.

5.Ethical considerations: With the increasing use of AI, ethics concerns will need to be addressed, such as the question of responsibility and accountability. As AI technologies become more complex and autonomous, it may be challenging to determine who is responsible for their actions.

6.Human-AI collaboration: The most significant potential impact of AI on humans could be in the form of a collaboration between humans and machines that together creates exponentially more powerful outcomes than what is achievable by either working alone. It could lead to a more efficient work environment, improved decision making, and an increase in innovation.

In conclusion, AI has arrived and started transforming our world, but it's still an emerging technology. There's a lot of potential to be realized, but we must proceed with caution to weigh the benefits and challenges.

In conclusion, artificial intelligence and machine learning are game-changing technologies that have the potential to generate unprecedented economic and social benefits. They are driving significant advances in many industries, from healthcare and transportation to finance and education. However, there are still many challenges to overcome before these technologies can realize their full potential. The responsible development, deployment and regulation of AI and ML will be essential in ensuring that these technologies are used ethically and in the service of humanity.

SUMMARY

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems that can perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence, while machine learning (ML) is the subfield of AI that deals with developing algorithms that enable computers to learn from data. AI is the broader umbrella term that encompasses all systems that are designed to mimic human intelligence, while ML is one of the core methods that AI systems use to learn and improve themselves. The applications of AI and ML are wide-ranging, but there are still many challenges that need to be addressed before AI and ML fulfill their full potential, including ethical implications and data transparency. Despite these challenges, AI and ML have the potential to revolutionize many industries in the coming years.

IPL 2023 || All Imp fact and records || Imp questions

2023-06-05T16:46:00.007+05:30

History of IPL

The Indian Premier League (IPL) is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India. The league was founded in 2008 by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and the first season was held in April-May 2008. The tournament comprises of eight teams representing different cities in India.

The idea of the IPL was first proposed by Lalit Modi, then Vice President of the BCCI, in 2007. The league was modeled on the English Premier League football tournament and aimed to provide a platform for talented Indian cricketers to showcase their skills alongside international players.

The inaugural season of the IPL was a huge success, with packed stadiums, high TV ratings, and an exciting brand of cricket that blended traditional cricket skills with modern-day tactics. The Mumbai Indians emerged as the winners of the first IPL by defeating the Chennai Super Kings in a closely contested final.

Over the years, the IPL has become one of the most-watched sporting events globally, attracting top cricketing talent from around the world. The league has also been the subject of controversy, including allegations of match-fixing and corruption.

Despite these challenges, the IPL has continued to grow in popularity, with each season featuring new innovations and exciting cricket. The league has also had a significant impact on the development of Indian cricket, providing a platform for young talent and generating revenue for the BCCI to invest in grassroots cricket programs.

Imp Questions for ssc exams

Q. Which season of IPL is IPL 2023?

Ans- 16th (1st - 2008)

Q. Which company is the the title sponsor of IPL 2023?

Ans- Tata (Tata IPL 2023)

Q. How many venues will host the matches in IPL 2023?

Ans- 12 stadiums will host 70 league stage matches

1) Ahmedabad - Narendra Modi Stadium - Gujarat Titans

2) Bengaluru - M. Chinnaswamy Stadium - Royal Challengers Bangalore

3) Chennai - M. A. Chidambaram Stadium - Chennai Super Kings >

4) Delhi - Arun Jaitley Stadium - Delhi Capitals

5) Dharamshala - Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium - Punjab Kings

6) Guwahati - Assam Cricket Association Stadium - Rajasthan Royals

7) Mohali - Indrajit Lankeshwara Babu Andhra Cricket Association Stadium - Punjab Kings

8) Jaipur - Sawai Mansingh Stadium - Rajasthan Royals

9) Kolkata - Eden Gardens - Kolkata Knight Riders

10) Kanpur - BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium - Kanpur Super Giants

11) Hyderabad - Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium - Sunrisers Hyderabad

12) Mumbai - Wankhede Stadium - Mumbai Indians

● Two new venues, Guwahati and Dharamshala, were added for IPL 2023.

Q. Which stadiums will host the playoffs for IPL 2023?
Ans- 4 playoff matches: M. A. Chidambaram Stadium Chennai (Qualifier 1 & Eliminator) and Narendra Modi Stadium Ahmedabad (Qualifier 2 & Final)
Q. Which team will play their home matches in the Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati for IPL 2023?
Ans- Rajasthan Royals
● The Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur will host only two remaining matches after playing five matches.
● After being absent from IPL for ten seasons, Dharamshala made a comeback and hosted Punjab Kings' last two matches.
Q. Which team was the champion of IPL 2023?
Ans- Chennai Super Kings (5th title)
● Most successful teams - Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians (5 titles each)

Q. In IPL 2023, which team won the final match against Chennai Super Kings by how many wickets and what was the final score?

Ans- Gujarat Titans won by 5 wickets
[Gujarat Titans - 214/4 (20 overs) vs Chennai Super Kings - 171/5 (15 overs)
★ Note - Due to rain, DLS method was applied and Chennai Super Kings were given a target of 171 in 15 overs.]

Q. Which team was the runner-up in IPL 2023?

Ans- Gujarat Titans

Q. Who won the man of the match award in the final match of IPL 2023?

Ans- Devon Conway (Chennai Super Kings) - 47 runs (25 balls)

Q. Where was the final match of IPL 2023 held?

Ans- Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad.

IPL 2023
● 3rd place team - Mumbai Indians
● 4th place team - Lucknow Super Giants
● Qualifier 1 winner - Chennai Super Kings [GT vs CSK]
● Eliminator winner - Mumbai Indians [LSG vs MI]
● Qualifier 2 winner - Gujarat Titans [GT vs MI]

● Highest run-scorer (Orange cap) – Shubman Gill (GT) - 890 runs
● Highest wicket-taker (Purple cap) – Mohammed Shami (GT) - 28 wickets
● Emerging player of the season award: Yashasvi Jaiswal (RR)
● Most Valuable Player of the Season - Shubman Gill (GT)
● Gamechanger of the Season: Shubman Gill
● Catch of the season - Rashid Khan (GT)
● Team fairplay award - Delhi Capitals
● Fairplay of the Season - Ajinkya Rahane
● Longest Six of the Season - Faf du Plessis (115 metres)
(Not the longest six in IPL history - Albie Morkel - CSK (125 meters) - in 2008)
● Most Fours - Shubman Gill (85 Fours)
● Super Striker of the Season - Glenn Maxwell
All the above winners received cash prizes of ₹10,00,000 and trophies

Q. How much prize money will the champion team receive in IPL 2023?
Ans- The winner of the Indian Premier League (IPL) will get a cash prize of ₹20 crores. The runner-up will get ₹12.5 crores, the third-place team will get ₹7 crores, and the fourth-place team will get ₹6.5 crores.
(50% of the prize money is distributed among players and the remaining 50% goes to the franchise owners)
★ Best pitch and ground of the season - Eden Gardens and Wankhede Stadium
(Prize of 50 lakhs)
● Most expensive player of IPL 2023 auction -
1) Sam Curran - sold to Punjab Kings for Rs. 18.50 crores
[England's Sam Curran has become the most expensive player in IPL history so far]
2) Cameron Green (MI) - sold for Rs. 17.5 crores
● Note - The IPL 2023 auction was held on December 22, 2022
● Highest-paid Indian players - KL Rahul and Virat Kohli (both at ₹17 crores)
Q. Who scored the most runs in a match in IPL 2023?
Ans- Shubman Gill (129 runs)
Q. How many players scored centuries in IPL 2023?
Ans- 9 players scored centuries
[Shubman Gill - 3 centuries, Virat Kohli- 2 centuries

Yashasvi Jaiswal, Heinrich Klaasen, Venkatesh Iyer, Simran Singh, Suryakumar Yadav, Cameron Green, Harry Brook - 1 century] ● Fastest century - Cameron Green (MI) (47 balls 100 runs)
Q. Who scored the most centuries in IPL 2023?
Ans- Shubman Gill - 3 centuries
Q. Who scored the most centuries in IPL ?
Ans- Faf du Plessis - 8
● Fastest century - Yashasvi Jaiswal (RR) - 13 balls
Q. Who hit the most fours in IPL 2023?
Ans- Shubman Gill - 85 fours
Q. Who hit the most sixes in IPL 2023?
Ans- Faf du Plessis- 36 sixes
Q. Who has the best batting strike rate in IPL 2023?
Ans- Rashid Khan (216.66)
● Best bowling economy (average runs per over) - Matthew Short - PBKS (6.25)
● Best bowling average (runs/wickets) - Mark Wood- LSG (14/5)
● Best batting average- Vivrant Sharma-SRH (69)
● Most maiden overs - Trent Boult (3 overs)
● Most dot balls - Mohammad Shami-GT (193 dot balls)
[Note- BCCI will plant 500 trees for every dot ball bowled during the IPL playoffs]

● Highest wicket-taker - Yash Dayal-GT (4 overs, 69 runs)
● Best bowling figures - Akash Madhwal-MI: (3.3 overs, 5 runs, 5 wickets) - against LSG
● Fastest delivery of the season - Lockie Ferguson (KKR) – 154.1 kph
[IPL record for the fastest delivery - Shaun Tait – 157.71 kmph – IPL 2011]
Q. Who was the highest run-scorer in IPL 2023?
Ans- Rashid Khan (GT) --- KKR captain
Q. Where was the IPL 2023 opening match held?
Ans- Narendra Modi Stadium in Ahmedabad on March 31, 2023
★ Opening match: CSK vs GT (winner - GT)
★ Performances during the opening ceremony - Arijit Singh, Tamanna Bhatia, and Rashmika Mandanna.
Q. How many matches does a team play in the league stage of IPL?
Ans- 14
● Group A - Mumbai Indians, Kolkata Knight Riders, Rajasthan Royals,
Delhi Capitals, and Lucknow Super.
● Group B - Chennai Super Kings, Sunrisers Hyderabad, Royal Challengers Bangalore,
Punjab Kings, and Gujarat Titans.
● Note - Ten teams were divided into two groups of five. A random draw was used to finalize the groups.
[In the group stage, each team plays the other teams in their group twice (one home and one away),
five teams in the other group once, and the remaining team twice for a total of 14 games played.]
● Title sponsor for IPL 2023 - Dream11, Saudi Tourism Authority, CRED, Upstox, RuPay & Herbalife
● Official Orange Cap and Purple Cap Partner - Aramco.
● Umpire partner for IPL 2023 - Paytm
● Official Strategic Timeout Partner for IPL 2023 - CEAT
● Official Broadcaster - Star Sports
● Current chairman/president of IPL - Arun Singh Dhumal
● Duration for strategic timeout in IPL 2023 - 2 minutes and 30 seconds
● Timeouts were increased from 2 to 3 in IPL 2022, but the time limit was decreased to 2 minutes and 30 seconds for IPL 2023.
★ IPL 2023 Rules:

If the bowler performs any fake movement before delivering the ball to the batsman, it will be considered as a no-ball, and the batting team will get an additional 5 runs.
Team announcements can be made after the toss.
The "Impact Player" can be called upon after the toss, which can replace any player on either side to add an extra dimension to the game.
If a team fails to complete its 20 overs within the allotted time, then the remaining overs will be treated as a powerplay.
Teams can avail the Decision Review System (DRS) for LBW and no-ball decisions using the third umpire. [Note - These rules were proposed in early 2023 IPL, and changes or modifications can be made before the start of the tournament.]
Each team will have two reviews in IPL 2023.
In case a batsman is declared caught or bowled, and there is confusion whether the ball hit the bat or pad, the incoming batsman gets to mark his guard, and the last delivery will be counted as dot ball.
● At the start of the game, both teams will need to announce their playing 11 that includes 11 players and 5 substitutes.
● The Impact Player will be selected from the 11 players and five substitutes before the start of the game.
● The Impact Player can be used in case of injury, retirement, or any other situation deemed necessary.
● A maximum of four foreign players can play for each team in the playing 11.
● The concept of an Impact Player was first introduced in the Mushtaq Ali Trophy tournament by BCCI before it was adopted by IPL.
● IPL is organized by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI).
● ICC Cricket Centre in Churchgate, Mumbai, is the main headquarters for IPL.
● The first season of IPL was held in 2008.
● The first team to win IPL was Rajasthan Royals.
● Number of teams in IPL 2023 - 10
● Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians are the most successful teams with 5 titles each.
● Virat Kohli has scored the most runs in IPL history (7263 runs).
● Yuzvendra Chahal has taken the most wickets in IPL history (187 wickets), surpassing Dwayne Bravo's record of 183 wickets in IPL 2023.
● Gujarat Titans won the IPL 2022 championship. ● In 2010, IPL was the first-ever live event to be telecasted on YouTube.

| IPL Team | Owner(s) | Captain(s) | Coach(es) |
|---------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|-------------------|-----------------------|
| Gujarat Titans | CVC Capital Partners | Hardik | Ashish Nehra |

| Lucknow Super

Giants | Sanjeev Goenka (RPSG Group) | KL Rahul | Andy Flower |

| Chennai Super

Kings | N. Srinivasan (India Cements) | MS Dhoni | Stephen Fleming |

| Delhi Capitals | GMR Group & JSW Group - | Ricky Ponting |

| Kolkata Knight Riders| Shah Rukh Khan,

Juhi Chawla & Jay Mehta | Nitish Rana| Chandrakant Pandit |

SSC CHSL 2021 (Exam held in 2022) BOOKS & AUTHORS ALL QUESTIONS

2022-07-01T13:46:00.004+05:30

Q.1)- Who among the following Indian Players wrote the

Autobiography named ‘Playing to Win’?--> Saina Nehwal

Q.2)- Who is the author of the controversial novel ‘Lajja’?-->

Taslima Nasrin

Q.3)- ‘Train to Pakistan’ was written by ___________, who also

served as member of Rajya Sabha.--> Khushwant Singh

Q.4)- ‘The God of Small Things’, a winner of the 1997 Booker

Prize, is the debut novel of which of the following Indian writers?-

-> Arundhati Roy

Q.5)- Which of the following books is NOT written by Arundhati

Roy?--> Private Life of An Indian Prince

Q.6)- Which of the following memoirs was written by the famous

classic Indian actor of Hindi movies, Dev Anand?--> Romancing

with Life

Q.7)- Among the following famous personalities, whose

autobiography is ‘The Road Ahead’?--> Bill Gates

Q.8)- Who wrote the famous novel ‘The Inheritance of Loss’?-->

Kiran Desai

Q.9)- Who wrote the autobiography entitled ‘I am No Messiah’?--

> Sonu Sood

Q.10)- Which of the following novels is NOT written by Amitav

Ghosh?--> A Suitable Boy

Q.11)- Who among the following personalities has written the

National Song ‘Vande Mataram’?--> Bankim Chandra

Chattopadhyay

Q.12)- Who among the following is the author of ‘Set the Boy

Free’?--> Johnny Marr

Q.13)- What is the name of the autobiography written by Mr

Abhinav Bindra, the Olympic medallist from India?--> A shot at

History

Q.14)- ‘The Great Indian Novel’, a satirical novel that recreates

the Hindu epic Mahabharata within the context of the Indian

National Movement, is written by which of the following writers

who is a member of the Indian Parliament?--> Shashi Tharoor

Q.15)- ‘Moon Walk’ is an autobiography of ___.--> Michael

Jackson

Q.16)- ‘Straight from the Heart: An Autobiography’ is an

autobiography of which of following sportspersons?--> Kapil

Dev

Q.17)- Which cricket player’s autobiography is titled ‘281 and

Beyond’?--> VVS Laxman

Q.18)- Who among the following is the author of the book

‘Fasting, Feasting’?--> Anita Desai

Q.19)- ‘In The Afternoon of Time: An Autobiography’ was

written by which of the following Indian poets of the 20th

century?--> Harivansh Rai Bachchan

Q.20)- Who is the author of the famous Marathi novel

‘Mrityunjay’?--> Shivaji Sawant

Q.21)- _________’s ‘The Year of the Runaways’ follows the lives

of three migrant workers who flee India to look for work in

England.--> Sunjeev Sahota

Q.22)- Which of the following books is an autobiography of the

Indian constitutional jurist Fali S Nariman?--> Before Memory

Fades: An Autobiography

Q.23)- ‘I, Me, Mine’ is the autobiography of which international

musician?--> George Harrison

Q.24)- Who among the following writers has written the famous

Hindi novel ‘Godan’?--> Munshi Premchand

Q.25)- ‘An Autobiography’ is the name of the autobiography of

________.--> Jawaharlal Nehru

Q.26)- Who among the following players wrote his autobiography

entitled ‘The Race of My Life’?--> Milkha Singh

Q.27)- Which of the following sportspersons has written his/her

autobiography ‘Ace against Odds’?--> Sania Mirza

Q.28)- Among the following Indian actresses, whose

autobiography is ‘Unfinished’?--> Priyanka Chopra

Q.29)- Which of the following is the autobiography of Dr.

Manmohan Singh, the ex-Prime Minister of India?--> Changing

India

Q.30)- Which of the following is the autobiography of the first

female judge of India, Anna Chandy?--> Atmakatha

Q.31)- ‘The Wings of Fire’ is an autobiography of which of the

following Presidents of India?--> APJ Abdul Kalam

Q.32)- Who among the following is the author of the book ‘Boys

Don’t Cry’?--> Meghna Pant

Q.33)- Which of the following is the Sahitya Akademi Award

winning novel of the Indian writer Amitav Ghosh?--> The

Shadow Lines

Q.34)- Who among the following personalities has composed the

National Anthem of India?--> Rabindra Nath Tagore

Q.35)- Which of the following books is an autobiography of the

professional boxer Mike Tyson?--> Undisputed Truth: My

Autobiography

Q.36)- Which of the following freedom fighters wrote ‘The Story

of My Experiments with Truth’?--> Mahatma Gandhi

Q.37)- ‘Straight from the Heart: An Autobiography’ is the

autobiography of which of the following Indian cricketers?-->

Kapil Dev

Q.38)- Who among the following is the author of the famous

classic ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’?--> Lewis Carroll

Q39)- Which of the following books is an autobiography of the

Indian novelist Khushwant Singh?--> Truth, Love & A Little

Malice

Q.40)- ‘The Private life of an Indian Prince’ is a novel written by

whom among the following authors?--> Mulk Raj Anand

Q.41)- Which of the following novels was written by the Indian

author Anuradha Roy?--> Sleeping on Jupiter

Q.42)- Which journalist’s autobiography is titled the ‘Devil’s

Advocate: The untold story’?--> Karan Thapar

Q.43)- The famous novel ‘Pinjar’ based on riots during the Indian

independence, was written by ________.--> Amrita Pritam

Q.44)- ‘Sense and Sensibility’, ‘Mansfield Park’ and ‘Emma’ are

written by whom among the following authors?--> Jane Austen

Q.45)- Surendranath Banerjee’s autobiography is called

____________.--> A Nation in the Making

Q.46)- The famous novel ‘Ananda Math’ was originally written in

_________ language.--> Bengali

Q.47)- Who among the following is the author of the book ‘The

Inheritance of Loss’?--> Kiran Desai

Q.48)- Who among the following has written the autobiography

‘In the afternoon of time: An autobiography’?--> Harivansh Rai

Bachchan

Q.49)- Who among the following has written ‘Sangeet Kala

Prakash’?--> Ramakrishnabuva Vaze

Q.50)- Who among the following is the author of the book ‘Sultry

Days’?--> Shobhaa De

Q.51)- ‘Faster than Lightning: My Autobiography’ is the story of

which of the following international sprinters?--> Usain Bolt

Q.52)- ‘What I Talk About When I Talk About Running’ is a book

written by ________.--> Haruki Murakami

Q.53)- Who among the following is the author of the famous novel

‘The adventures of Huckleberry Finn’?--> Mark Twain

Q.54)- In which year did Sonu Sood release his autobiography ‘I

Am No Messiah’?--> 2020

Q.55)- Ricky Kej a globally acclaimed musician from India won

the 57th Grammy Award for which of the following

contributions?--> Winds of Samsara

Q.56)- Who is the author of the book ‘All From Memory: An

Autobiography’?--> BV Acharya

Q.57)- What is the name of Pt. Ravi Shankar's autobiography?-->

My Life, My Music

Q.58)- Who among the following is the author of the book ‘The

Coward And The Sword’?--> Jugal Hansraj

Q.59)- ‘Revenue Stamp: An Autobiography’ is written by which

of the following Indian poets, who was a prominent figure of

Punjabi literature?--> Amrita Pritam

Q.60)- Who among the following is the author of the famous

English classic novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’?--> Jane Austen

Q.61)- Which of the following is 'George David Roberts’ thriller

novel that is based on his own experience in Mumbai?-->

Shantaram

Q.62)- Whose autobiography is titled ‘Ace against Odds’?--

> Sania Mirza

Q.63)- Who among the following wrote two books on the history

and dance structure of Mohiniyattam?--> Kalamandalam

Kalyanikutty Amma

Q.64)- The title of the autobiography of actor Dilip Kumar is

_________.--> The Substance And The Shadow: An

Autobiography

Q.65)- Which of the following novels is written by Kiran Desai?--

> The Inheritance of Loss

Q.66)- The autobiography 'My Experiments with Truth' was

originally written in which language?--> Gujarati

Q.67)- Which of the following novels is written by Mulk Raj

Anand that shows the cruelty of the caste system based on preindependence

era of India?--> Untouchable

Q.68)- Who among the following has written the Hindi novel

‘Kafan’?--> Premchand

Q.69)- The autobiography ‘Unbreakable: An Autobiography’ is

written by which of the following sportspersons of India?--> M C

Mary Kom

Q.70)- Which Indian cartoonist’s autobiography is titled ‘The

Tunnel of Time’?--> RK Laxman

Q.71)- Who is the author of ‘The Interpreter of Maladies’?-->

Jhumpa Lahiri

Q.72)- Who among the following was the author of the famous

work “Sangita Ratnakara”?--> Sharngadeva

Q.73)- Among the following, whose autobiography is ‘Daughter

of Destiny: An Autobiography’?--> Benazir Bhutto

Q.74)- Autobiography of an Unknown Indian is the collective

memoir of ____________.--> Nirad C Chaudhuri

Q.75)- Which of the following novel is written by Bhisham

Sahni?--> Tamas

Q.76)- The Novel ‘Train to Pakistan’ dealing with the tragedy of

India’s Partition is written by whom among the following

authors?--> Khushwant Singh

Q.77)- Which of the following is the autobiography of Maulana

Abul Kalam Azad?--> India Wins Freedom

Q.78)- ‘Jakhan Choto Chilam’ is the autobiography of

__________.--> Satyajit Ray

Q.79)- ‘Raavan - Enemy of Aryavarta’ is written by which of the

following writers?--> Amish Tripathi

Q.80)- Who is the author of the historical book ‘Delhi: A Novel’?-

-> Khushwant Singh

Q.81)- The book ‘Man Kautuhal’ was compiled by which of the

following kings of Medieval India?--> Raja Mansingh Tomar

Q.82)- Which of the following novels is written by Anita Desai?--

> Clear Light of Day

Q.83)- ‘The Man Who Made The Elephant Dance’ is an

autobiography of the famous entrepreneur _________.--> Dr.

Verghese Kurien

Q.84)- ‘A Champion’s Mind: Lessons from a Life in Tennis’ is the

autobiography of which of the following tennis players?--> Pete

Sampras

Q.85)- 'GOAL' is an autobiography of which famous Indian

player?--> Major Dhyan Chand

Q.86)- ‘A Shot at History: My Obsessive Journey to Olympic

Gold’ is the autography of the famous sportsperson

______________.--> Abhinav Bindra

Q.87)- Which of the following is the title of the autobiography of

Sania Mirza?--> Ace Against Odds

Q.88)- Which of the following is the autobiography of the

international athlete Maria Sharapova?--> Unstoppable: My Life

So Far

Q.89)- Who among the following has written the book ‘A century

is not enough: my roller coaster ride to success’?--> Sourav

Ganguly

Q.90)- Arvind Adiga wrote his famous award winning novel

____________ in 2008.--> The White Tiger

Q.91)- Whose memoir is titled ‘My Life in Full: Work, Family and

Our Future’?--> Indra Nooyi

Q.92)- The ‘Room on the roof’ a novel about an orphaned English

boy living with his guardian is written by whom among the

following authors?--> Ruskin Bond

Q.93)- ‘The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian’ is the

autobiography of _____.--> Nirad C. Chaudhuri

Q.94)- ‘Finding My Way’ is a famous autobiography written by

which of the following Gond artists of India with the help of

Mukul S Anand?--> Venkat Raman Singh Shyam

Q.95)- Which of the following pairs of authors and

autobiographies is CORRECTLY matched?--> JB Kripalani –

My Times

Q.96)- ‘The Palace of Illusions’ is an award-winning novel that

retells the Hindu mythological epic Mahabharata from the

perspective of Draupadi, it’s lead female character. Who among

the following is the author of this novel?--> Chitra Banerjee

Divakaruni

Q.97)- ‘Jakhan Choto Chilam’ is an autobiography written in the

Bengali language by which of the following Indian Bangla film

directors?--> Satyajit Ray

Q.98)- Which of the following awards was conferred on Krishna

Sobti in the year 1980 for her Hindi novel ‘Zindaginama’?-->

Sahitya Akademi Award

Q.99)- Which of the following novels by Krishna Sobti was

originally published as ‘Dilo-Danish’?--> The Heart Has its

Reasons

Q.100)- Whose autobiography is titled ‘An Unsuitable Boy’?-->

Karan Johar

Q.101)- Which of the following is the debut novel of Indian

novelist Chetan Bhagat, who received the Society Young

Achievers Award and the Publisher’s Recognition award for his

works?--> Five Point Someone

Q.102)- Who among the following is the author of the book

‘Narcopolis’?--> Jeet Thayil

Q.103)- Which of the following novels is set in the background of

life in New Delhi after the declaration of Emergency in the

1970’s?--> Rich Like Us

Q.104)- Who among the following has written the novel ‘The Blue

Umbrella’?--> Ruskin Bond

Q.105)- Which sportsperson’s autobiography is titled ‘Mind

Master: Winning Lessons From A Champion's Life’?-->

Viswanathan Anand

Q.106)- ‘Born in India Made in England’ is an autobiography of

Balraj Khanna. For which of the following art forms is he known?-

-> Painting

Q.107)- Who among the following has authored the famous novel

‘To kill a mockingbird’?--> Harper Lee

Q.108)- Who among the following is the author of the book ‘The

Room on the Roof’?--> Ruskin Bond

Q.109)- Who is the author of the historical novel ‘Twilight in

Delhi’?--> Ahmed Ali

Q.110)- ‘Sea of Poppies’ is a novel written by which of the

following writers?--> Amitav Ghosh

Q.111)- ‘Waiting for A Visa’ is a famous autobiography of

____________.--> Dr. BR Ambedkar

Q.112)- Which of the following is an autobiography of the Indian

boxer, Mary Kom?--> Unbreakable: An Autobiography

Q.113)- Which of the following autobiographies is written by the

great Indian santoor player Shiv Kumar Sharma in 2002?-->

Journey with a Hundred Strings: My Life in Music

Q.114)- Which of the following novels is NOT written by the

famous Hindi writer Premchand?--> Kashi Ka Assi

Q.115)- Who among the following was the founder of the Banaras

Gharana of style of khayal singing?--> Pandit Gopal Mishra

Q.116)- ‘Drawing From the City’ is a visual autobiography of

which of the following Indian folk artists?--> Teju Behun

Q.117)- Among the following, whose autobiography is ‘My

Confession’?--> Leo Tolstoy

Q.118)- Who among the following is the author of the book ‘Five

Point Someone’?--> Chetan Bhagat

Q.119)- What is the common name of C6H6?--> Benzene

Q.120)- Who among the following is the author of ‘A Movable

Feast’?--> Ernest Hemingway

Q.121)- Who among the following is the author of the novel

“Mrignayani”?--> Vrindavan Lal Verma

Q.122)- Which of the following autobiographies is written by

former English footballer, David Beckham published in 2003 ?-->

My Side

Q.123)- ‘Faster than Lightning - My Story’ is the autobiography of

_____.--> Usain Bolt

National Parks	Place
Where is Kudremkh national park situated ?	Karnataka
Where is keibul lamjao national park situated ?	manipur
.wher is Jim corbett national park situated ?	Uttrakhand
Where is Kalesar national park situated ?	Haryana
Where is Sultanpur national park situated?	Haryana
Where is Bandhavgarh national park situated ?	Madhya pradesh
Where is namdapha national park situated?	Arunachal pradesh
Where is Satpura national park situated ?	Madhya pradesh

Important Current Affairs for SSC CHSL

2021-04-08T18:50:00.007+05:30

FEBRUARY 2021

According to Union Budget 2021-22, the Fiscal deficit for the financial year 2021-22 pegged at - 6.8%
The Government increased the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) limit from 49% to 74% in Insurance Companies and allowed foreign ownership and control with safeguards; It has been proposed to infuse … to re-capitalised Public Sector Banks. - 20 thousand crore
To create an ecosystem which promotes innovation in the securities market, ….. and Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) have announced the launch of Innovation Sandbox web portal. - BSE (formerly Bombay Stock Exchange)
Bank credit grew ..... to ` 106.41 lakh crore, while deposits increased by 11.41% to ` 146.25 lakh crore in the fortnight ended 15th January, 2021, RBI data showed - 6.36%
By April 2021, this company will launch four private individuals on a Crew Dragon capsule into orbit around the Earth, dubbed as ‘the world’s first all-civilian mission', called ‘Inspiration4’ - SpaceX
New proposed scheme by the Government to enable the textile industry to become globally competitive, attract large investments, boost employment generation and exports - Mega Investment Textiles Parks (MITRA)
Indian-American scientist who has been appointed as the Acting Chief of Staff of the US space agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - Bhavya Lal
Recipient of the prestigious Bruhan Maharashtra Sahitya Award 2021 by the Maharashtra Government for translation of Marathi Book ‘Saudytale Divas’ written by Rupali Mauzo - Aditi Barve
This state government announced the ‘Karmaveer Yoddha Medal’ for all the policemen and Home Guard personnel, who worked hard during the fight against the coronavirus pandemic - Madhya Pradesh
This state government has decided to implement a scheme called Fund Security for Women - Telangana
Kerala’s first Human Milk Bank (HMB) opened at the - Ernakulam general hospital, Kochi
Theme for World Wetlands Day 2021 (2nd February) - Wetlands and Water
New Vice Chief of the Army Staff after 1st February, 2021 - Lieutenant General Chandi Prasad Mohanty
Defence allocation in the Union Budget for the Financial Year 2021-22 - ` 4,78,195.62 crore
The ASEAN-India Hackathon is being organised online from 1st -3rd February, 2021 by - Ministry of Education, Govt. of India
Military of this country on 1st February, 2021 declared a state of emergency in the country for one year, hours after detaining civilian leaders including State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and President U Win Myint - Myanmar

JANUARY 2021

First public sector bank that has considered work-from-home (WFH) as a permanent policy for a section of its employees - Bank of Baroda (BoB)
The Framework for Strategic Partnership between the International Energy Agency (IEA) members and …… was signed on 27th January, 2021 to strengthen mutual trust and cooperation and enhance global energy security, stability and sustainability. - Government of India
. On 27th January 2021, the 4th edition of the Future Investment Initiative Forum for healthcare sector was held in - Riyadh (capital of Saudi Arabia)
India’s rank in the Corruption Perception Index (CPI 2020), published by Transparency International - 86th
First position in the Corruption Perception Index (CPI 2020), published by Transparency International - New Zealand and Denmark
As of 27th January 2021, states in the country which are successfully undertaken Urban Local Bodies (ULB) reforms stipulated by the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance - Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Telangana and Rajasthan
Winner as the Best tableau of the Republic Day Parade 2021 - Uttar Pradesh (Theme - Ayodhya: Cultural Heritage of Uttar Pradesh)
ISRO has established the ‘SriShakthiSat’ ground station at - Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology in Coimbatore
New Secretary, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India - Shri U. P. Singh
Next Head who would be responsible for implementing Ayushman Bharat or Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana, replaced Indu Bhushan - R.S. Sharma
New Managing Director at the State Bank of India (SBI) - Ashwini Kumar Tewari
This state government launched the Agriculture Pump Power Connection Policy - Maharashtra
This state is celebrating Krishak Swahid Divas at Pothorughat in Darrang district on 28th January, 2021 - Assam
Winner of Ezhuthachan Award 2021, given by Government of Kerala - Paul Zacharia (writer)
The command of Indian Army’s Frontier Gajraj Corps changed hands from Lieutenant General Shantanu Dayal, to - Lieutenant General Ravin Khosla
This institution released the Booklet on Payment Systems covering the journey of Payment and Settlement Systems in India during the second decade of the millennium, viz., from the beginning of year 2010 till the end of year 2020- Reserve Bank of India
This country and Russia “agreed in principle” to extend the New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) arms treaty by five years - The United States
This organisation has launched an initiative to provide a multi-peril risk assessment of natural disaster risks, including floods, earthquakes and selected landslides within the Central Asia region - World Bank
A virtual intelligence tool launched by the Ministry of Electronics, Information Technology and Communications that will help in improving policy decisions and efficiency of government’s services - Tejas
First state in the country that vaccinated more than two lakh healthcare workers with COVID-19 vaccine - Karnataka
First on-campus company of DIAT (Defence Institute of Advanced Technology) Pune, a DRDO subsidiary, launched under its IIC Scheme - Navyukti Innovations Private Limited
New award series introduced by the International Cricket Council (ICC) in Dubai to recognise the best performances of both male and female cricketers across all forms of international cricket throughout the month - ICC Player of the Month awards
This state government announced that it will soon formulate a new domicile policy and reserve 75% jobs in the private sector for the people of the state - Jharkhand
First district of Uttar Pradesh that has been declared Corona free - Kaushambi
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Edappadi Palanisamy inaugurated Jayalalithaa Memorial at - Chennai
Theme for ‘International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust 2021’ (27th January) - Facing the Aftermath: Recovery and Reconstitution after the Holocaust
Recipient of the second-highest military award, Mahavir Chakra - Colonel Bikumalla Santosh Babu (posthumously)
DRDO conducted the successful maiden launch of Akash-NG (New Generation) Missile which is a new generation - Surface to Air Missile
A standard individual immediate annuity product, introduced by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) - Saral Pension
The online international Climate Adaptation Summit (CAS) 2021 on 25th and 26th January, hosted by - the Netherlands
For the first time, a 122 member marching contingent and band of …… tri-services participated in the Republic Day Parade of India to commemorate 50 years of its historic liberation. - Bangladesh
In 2021, the President has approved conferment of 119 Padma Awards comprises - 7 Padma Vibhushan, 10 Padma Bhushan and 102 Padma Awards
The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) now functions at a strength of 5 courts, 4 at the Principal Bench and the 5th at - NCLAT, Chennai
Five new Benches of NCLAT have been announced at Jaipur, Cuttack, Kochi, Indore and ……, bringing the total number of Benches to 16 (including the Principal Bench in New Delhi). - Amaravati
……, in collaboration with NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development), organised the ‘Agri-Food Techathon 2021’ (AFT 2021) - Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
New managing director and CEO of Kerala-based Dhanlaxmi Bank - J. K. Shivan
Recipients of Padma Vibhushan 2021 - Japan’s Shinzo Abe (Public domain), USA’s Narinder Singh Kapany (Science and Engineering), S. P. Balasubramaniam, Dr. Belle Monappa Hegde, Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, B. B. Lal, Sudarshan Sahoo
In Cricket, Syed Mustaq Ali Trophy 2020-21 is played from 26-31 January, at - Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray inaugurated the Indian Safari of - ‘Balasaheb Thackeray Gorewada International Zoological Park Nagpur’
Kerala Rubber Limited (a Rubber Cooperative Society) will be established with a 26% share for the state government which will headquarters at - Velloor newsprint factory’s land in Kottayam district
The department of chemicals and petrochemicals has given a green signal for setting up a Plastic Park in - Mangaluru, Karnataka
Researchers from this institute have developed a bio-plastic film using marine seaweed and PEG-3000 - National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)
Theme for International Customs Day 2021 (26th January) - Customs bolstering Recovery, Renewal and Resilience for a sustainable supply chain
A large-scale tri-service joint amphibious exercise that was conducted in Andaman & Nicobar group of islands from 21st January to 25th January 2021 - AMPHEX-21
Largest recipient of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in 2020, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) - China ($163 billion)
India was the …… most-affected by the devastating impact of climate change globally in 2019, according to the Global Climate Risk Index 2021, published by the Bonn-based Germanwatch. - Seventh
Company that created a new world record by launching 143 satellites on a single rocket - SpaceX
The World Economic Forum’s online Davos Agenda Summit began on 24th January, 2021 under the chairmanship of - Klaus Shwab (WEF Founder and Executive Chairman)
First woman Prime Minister of Estonia - Kaja Kallas
To celebrate the spirit of India, the annual event that is being organised virtually from 26th January to 31st January, 2021 - Bharat Parv
“AYU SAMVAD” (My Health My Responsibility), a public awareness campaign program on Ayurveda and COVID-19 pandemic, organised by - All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi
First Indian-origin poet who won the coveted T.S. Eliot Prize for Poetry in the UK for her collection ‘How to Wash a Heart’ - Bhanu Kapil
State that celebrated its 50th Statehood day on 25th January, 2021 - Himachal Pradesh
A new award announced by Uttar Pradesh government to recognise “exceptional people” from several fields, including technology, culture and sports - U.P. Gaurav Samman
A new scheme launched by Madhya Pradesh government for health/education/security of girls to realise vision of women empowerment - MP ‘Pankh’ Abhiyan
Theme for ‘National Voters’ Day 2021’ (25th January) - Making Our Voters Empowered, Vigilant, Safe and Informed
Union Home Minister Amit Shah has launched the Ayushman CAPF health scheme in …… for about 28 lakh Central Armed Police Forces personnel and their families in all the states where Ayushman BharatPradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana is operational. - Guwahati
The Election Commission of India will formally launch the …… programme on 25th January, 2021. - e-EPIC (Electronic Electoral Photo Identity Card)
First state in the country with two airstrips on expressways - Uttar Pradesh (on Purvanchal Expressway, & Lucknow-Agra Expressway)
On 23th January, the Union Home Minister Shri Amit Shah chaired the 69th meeting of the North-East Council (NEC) in - Shillong, Meghalaya
Winners of the Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar for the year 2021, given by Government of India - (i) Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society (in the institutional category) and (ii) Dr. Rajendra Kumar Bhandari (in the Individual category)
The Government of India has conferred the Bal Shakti Puraskar under Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2021 to - 32 children
First state that received additional funds for capital projects for successfully carrying out reforms in various citizen-centric areas under the scheme of “Special Assistance to States for capital expenditure” - Madhya Pradesh
Author of the book, titled “Not Many, But One” (collection of Sree Narayana Guru’s sublime poems which has been translated in English from Sanskrit, Malayalam and Tamil) - Prof. G.K. Sasidharan
New Vice-presidents for World Olympians Association (WOA) - Mikako Kontani (Japan) and Pernilla Wiberg (Sweden)
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has virtually inaugurated the year-long centenary celebrations of Chauri-Chaura incident in …… on 4th February, 2021. - Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
Winner of the Republic Day Journalism Award 2021, given by the Government of Assam - Atin Das

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PHYSICS-OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

2021-03-26T20:07:00.005+05:30

Periodic Motion

• A motion which repeats itself identically after a fixed interval of time, is called a periodic motion. For example - Motion of arms of a clock, orbital motion of the earth around the sun, motion of a simple pendulum etc.

Oscillatory Motion

• A periodic motion taking place to and fro or back and forth about a fixed point is called oscillatory motion. For example - Motion of a simple pendulum. - Motion of a loaded spring etc.

• If a particle oscillates with its own natural frequency without help of any external periodic force. The oscillation is then called damped oscillation.

• When a body oscillates with the help of an external periodic force with a frequency different from natural frequency of the body, then oscillation is called forced oscillation. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

• An oscillatory motion of constant amplitude and of single frequency under a restoring force whose magnitude is proportional to the displacement and always acts towards mean position, is called Simple Harmonic Motion.

Characteristics of SHM

When a particle executing SHM passes through the mean position:

1. No force acts on the particle.

2. Acceleration of the particle is zero.

3. Velocity is maximum.

4. Kinetic energy is maximum.

5. Potential energy is zero.

When a particle executing SHM is at the extreme end, then:

1. Acceleration of the particle is maximum.

2. Restoring force acting on particle is maximum.

3. Velocity of particle is zero.

4. Kinetic energy of particle is zero.

5. Potential energy is maximum.

Simple Pendulum

• A heavy point mass suspended from a rigid support by means of an elastic inextensible string, is called a simple pendulum.

• Time period of a simple pendulum is given by 𝑇 = 2𝜋(√ 𝑙 /𝑔)

• The time period of a simple pendulum of infinite length is 84.6 min. The time period of a second’s pendulum is 2 s. Its length on the earth is nearly 100 cm.

• Acceleration due to gravity decreases with altitude (height) and therefore time period of a pendulum clock will increase and clock becomes slow.

• If the bob of a simple pendulum is suspended from a metallic wire, then the length of the pendulum increases with increase in temperature and therefore its time period also increases.

• A girl is swinging over a swing. If she stands up over the swing, then the effective length of the swing decreases and therefore, the time period of oscillations decreases.

• A pendulum clock cannot be used in a spaceship.

Damped Harmonic Motion

• When there is friction or any other force acting within an oscillating system, the amplitudes of the oscillation decreases over time to this damping force. This is called damped harmonic motion.

Resonant Oscillations

• When a body oscillates with its own natural frequency (V0) with the help of an external periodic force also called forced harmonic motion. And if the frequency (v) provided by the external agent is equal to the natural frequency of the body, the oscillations of the body are called resonant oscillations.

PHYSICS--MECHANICS--KINEMATICS

2021-03-26T11:39:00.005+05:30

Physical Quantity –

Quantities expressed in terms of laws of physics are called Physical Quantities. There are two types of Physical quantities. They are:

(i) Scalars – The physical quatities which has only magnitude and does not depend on direction is called Scalar quatities. For e.g. length, volume, speed, mass, density, temperature etc.

(ii) Vectors – Vector quantities has both magnitude and direction. For e.g. Displacement, velocity, Accelaration, Momentum etc

NOTE: A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction but doesn’t obey vector law of addition or subtraction is not a vector quantity. For e.g. Electric current, pressure, work etc.

Unit of measurement – A quantity which is used as a standard of measurement is called Unit of measurement. There are usually two types of units –

(i) Fundamental unit – All those units which are independent of any other unit are called Fundamental units. There are seven fundamental units. They are:

Fundamental Unit	SI Unit	Symbol
Length	Metre	m
Mass	Kilogram	kg
Time	Second	s
Temperature	Kelvin	k
Amount of substance	Mole	mol
Electric Current	Ampere	A
Luminuous Intensity	Candela	Cd
Plane Angles	Radian	Rad
Solid Angles	Steradian	Sr

(ii) Derived Units – All those units which are expressed in terms of two or more fundamental units is called Derived Units. For e.g. velocity (m/s), Accelaration, Force etc.

Dimensions of Physical Quantities – The dimensions of a physical quatity are expressed in terms of powers of Fundamental quantities. For e.g.Velocity=L/T=[LT1]=[M0LT-1].

KINEMATICS

Kinematics is branch of mechanics which deals with the study of motion of the objects without taking into account the cause of their motion.

Rest and Motion

An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position which respect to its surroundings with time and said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surrounding with time.

Rectilinear motion moving car on horizontal road, motion under gravity etc.
Angular motion such as particle going on a circle, projectile motion, rotation of machine shaft etc.
Rotational motion such as motion of a fan.
It an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, then it is said to be in uniform motion.
It an object travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time, then it is said to be in nonuniform motion.

Speed

• The distance covered by a moving body in a unit time interval is called its speed.

• Speed = Distance travelled/ Time taken

• When a body travels equal distances with speed 𝑣1 and𝑣2 , then average speed is the harmonic mean of the two speeds.

• 2 /𝑣 = 1/ 𝑣1 + 1 /𝑣2 ⇒ 𝑣 = 2𝑣1𝑣2 /[𝑣1+𝑣2]

• When a body travels for equal times with speeds 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 , then average speed is the arithmetic mean of the two speeds.

• 𝑣 = (𝑣1+𝑣2 )/2

Velocity

• The time rate of change of displacement of a body is called its velocity.

• Velocity = Displacement /Time

• An object is said to be moving with uniform velocity if it undergoes equal displacements in equal intervals of time.

• An object is said to be moving with non-uniform or variable velocity if it undergoes unequal displacement in equal intervals of time.

• Average velocity = Time displacement/ Total time taken

Acceleration

• The time rate of change of velocity of a body is called its acceleration.

• Acceleration = Change in velocity /Time taken

• It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is 𝑚𝑠 −2 .

• Acceleration at an instant of time is known as instantaneous acceleration.

• When the velocity of a body increases with time, then its acceleration is positive and if velocity decreases with time, then its acceleration is negative called deceleration or retardation.

• If acceleration does not change with time, it is said to be constant acceleration.

Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion (Along straight line)

If a body started its motion with initial velocity u and attains final velocity v in the interval t. The acceleration assumed to be uniform in motion is a and the distance travelled is s, then equations of motion:

• 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

• 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 1/ 2 (𝑎𝑡 2)

• 𝑣 2 = 𝑢 2 + 2𝑎𝑠

• If any body is falling freely under gravity, then a is replaced by g in above equations.

• If an object is thrown vertically upward, then in above equations of motion a is replaced by (–g). • For a body with zero acceleration or constant speed, graph between velocity and time will be a line parallel to time axis.

• Velocity–Time Graph For accelerating or decelerating body the graph will be a straight line inclined to time axis and velocity axis.

• Graph between position (distance)-time for an accelerating or decelerating body is always a parabola.

• Acceleration-time graph for uniformly accelerating body is a line parallel to time axis.

• In case of uniform accelerated, the graph between position and velocity is always parabola.

• In case of uniformly accelerated motion, the graph between velocity and time is always a straight line.

• Slope of displacement-time graph gives velocity and slope of velocity-time graph gives acceleration. Projectile Motion

• When a body is thrown from horizontal making an angle (θ) except 90°, then its motion under gravity is a curved parabolic path, called trajectory and its motion is called projectile motion. Examples:

• The motion of a bullet shot from the gun

• The motion of a rocket after burn-out

• The motion of a bomb dropped from a aeroplane etc.

Properties of Projectile Motion

If we drop a ball from a height and at the same time thrown another ball in a horizontal direction, then both the balls would strike the earth simultaneously at different places.

Circular Motion

• The motion of an object along a circular path is called circular motion.

• Circular motion with a constant speed is called uniform circular motion.

• The direction of motion at any point in circular motion is given by the tangent to the circle at that point.

• In uniform circular motion, the velocity and acceleration both changes.

• In case of non-uniform circular motion, the speed changes from point to point on the circular track.

• Angular Displacement – Angular displacement of a body is the angle in radians through which body revolves. It is represented by θ.its S.I. unit is radian.

• Angular Velocity – If a body describes an angular displacement in a particular time period, than rate of velocity s known as Angular velocity. It is represented by ω. ω = θ/t.

• Projectile Motion – If a body is projected upward with a certain velocity, then the body describes a path called trajectory path which is parabolic and the motion is known as Projectile motion. A projectile motion is influenced by downward force of gravity.

Centripetal Acceleration

During circular motion an acceleration acts on the body towards the centre, called centripetal acceleration.

The direction of centripetal acceleration is always towards the centre of the circular path.

Force

It is an external push or pull with can change or tries to change the state of rest or of uniform motion. SI unit is newton (N) and CGS unit is dyne. 1 N = 105 dyne. If sum of all the forces acting on a body is zero, then body is said to be in equilibrium.

Centripetal Force

During circular motion a force always acts on the body towards the centre of the circular path, called centripetal force. F=mv2/r=mω2r. Centrifugal Force In circular motion we experience that a force is acting on us in opposite to the direction of centripetal force called centrifugal force. This is an apparent force or imaginary force and also called a pseudo force.

Applications of centripetal and centrifugal forces

• Cyclist inclined itself from vertical to obtain required centripetal force. To take a safe turn cyclist slower down his speed and moves on a path of larger radius.

• Roads are banked at turns to provide required centripetal force for taking a turn.

• For taking turn on a curved road, the frictional force is acting between the tyres of the vehicle and the road acts as centripetal force.

• If a bucket containing water is revolved fast in a vertical plane, the water may not fall even when bucket is completely inverted because a centrifugal force equal or greater than the weight of water pushes the water to the bottom of the bucket.

• For orbital motion of electrons around the nucleus electrostatic force of attraction is acting between the electrons and the nucleus as centripetal force.

• Cream is separated from milk when it is rotated in a vessel about the same axis. During rotation lighter particles of cream experience a lesser force than the heavier particles of milk.

• For revolution of the earth around the sun, gravitational force of attraction between the earth and the sun acts as centripetal force.

Newton’s Laws of Motion:

Newton’s First Law A body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless an external force acts on it. It is based on law of inertia. Inertia is the property of a body by virtue of which is opposes any change in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line. Inertia of Rest

• When a bus or train at rest starts, to move suddenly, the passangers sitting in it jerk in backward direction due to their inertia of rest.

• The dust particles come out from a carpet when it is beaten with a stick due to their inertia of rest.

• A passenger jumping out from a rapidly moving bus or train is advised to jump in forward direction and run forward for a short mile due to inertia of rest.

Inertia of Motion

When a running bus or train stops suddenly, the passengers sitting in it jerk in forward direction due to inertia of motion

Momentum

The momentum of a moving body is equal to the product of its mass and its velocity.

Conservation of Linear Momentum

The linear momentum of a system of particles remains conserved if the external force acting on the system is zero.

• Rocket propulsion and engine of jet aeroplane works on principle of conservation of linear momentum. In rocket, ejecting gas exerts a forward force which helps in accelerating the rocket upward.

Newton’s Second Law .

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force applied on it and change in momentum takes place in the direction of applied force.

𝐹 = ∆𝑝/ ∆𝑡 = 𝑚∆𝑣/ ∆𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎

Newton’s Third Law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and both act on two interacting objects. Rocket is propelled by the principle of Newton’s third law of motion.

Impulse

• A large force which acts on a body for a very short interval of time and produces a large change in its momentum is called an impulsive force.

• Its unit is newton-second.

• A fielder lowers its hand when catching a cricket ball because by lowering his hands, he increases the time of contact for stopping the ball and therefore fielder has to apply lesser force to stop the ball. The ball will also exert lesser force on the hands of the fielder and the fielder will not get hurt. • Wagons of a train are provided with the buffers to increase the time of impact during jerks and therefore, decreases the damage. The vehicles like scooter, car, bus, truck etc. are provided with shockers.

Friction

Friction is a force which opposes the relative motion of the two bodies when one body actually moves or tries to move over the surface of another body. The cause of friction is the strong atomic or molecular forces of attraction acting on the two surfaces at the point of actual contact.

Uses of Friction

• A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element that uses balls to maintain the separation between the bearing races. The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and to support loads (weight). • Friction is necessary for walking, to apply brakes in vehicles, for holding nuts and bolts in a machinery etc.

• Friction can be decreases by polishing the surfaces by using lubricants or by using ball bearings. • Tyres are made of synthetic rubber because its coefficient or friction with road is larger and therefore, large force of friction acts on it, which stops sliding at turns.

• The tyres are threading which also increases the friction between the tyres and the road.

• When pedal is applied to a bicycle, the force of friction on rear wheel is in forward direction and on front wheel is in the backward direction.

Loses due to Friction

• Too much Loss of Energy in machines and then ultimately the machines are damaged.

Machine–

• Lever - It is a simple machine in which a straight or inclined rod is made to turn or rotate at a point freely or independently. There are three points related to lever namely load, effort and fulcrum.

• Load - The weight carried by the lever is called load.

• Effort - To operate lever, the force applied externally is called effort. • Fulcrum - The fixed point about which the rod of lever moves independently is called fulcrum.

National Symbols

2021-03-22T13:48:00.007+05:30

STATE EMBLEM

The state emblem is an adaptation from the sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka .In the original , there are four lions , standing back-to- back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the capital is crowned by the wheel of the law (Dharma Chakra).

In the state emblem, adopted by the Government of India on 26 January 1950, only three lions are visible, the fourth being hidden from view. The wheel appears in relief in the centre of the abacus with a bull on right and a horse on left and the outlines of other wheels on extreme right and left. The bell-shaped lotus has been omitted. The words Satyameva Jayate from Mundaka Upanishad, meaning "Truth Alone Triumphs", are inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script.

2020 Railway exam Genral Science

2021-02-28T00:04:00.004+05:30

NUTRITION

The growth, development ,mentenance and almost biotic activities of the organisms are uniformly perfomed by absorbing all basic required material is called nutrition.

Nutrient: A nutrient is a chemical that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism.

                                                  Nutrient
                                          /                      \
                                          /                          \
                      1.Organic                     |    2.Inorganic
                          *Carbohydrates   |    *Dietary minerals
                          *fats                          |        *water
                          *Proteins              |          *Oxygen
                          *Vitamins               |

There are mainly two types of nutrition:

A) Autotrophic nutrition: Preparation of organic food from inorganic in organism's body,eg-all green plants,some algae.

B) Heterotrophic nutrition: Taking the readymade organic food material synthesized by autotrophy is termed as heterotrophic nutrition-eg animals,

CARBOHYDRATES:

The term carbohydrate is derived from french term hydrate de carbone indicating that it is a hydrate of carbon .Accordingly carbohydrates are also defined as organic substances having carbon, water. Carbohydrates are directly produced during photosynthsis of autotrophic . They therefore, consititute major part of the dry weight of plants(upto 80%).

carbohydrates are also called saccharides because their basic components are sugars.

carbohydrates are polyhudroxy aldehyde or ketones, usually composed of c, H, and O in the ratio of 1:2:1.

Carbohydrates are the most abundant bio molecules on earth.

Carbohydrates form about 1%of our body weight.

Carbohydrates undergo oxidation to server as a source of energy in the body.

CARBOHYDRATES ARE OF THREE TYPES:

1.MONOSACCHARIDE:

They are those sugar or carbohydrate monomers which cannot be hydrolysed further into smaller components. THey have a general formula CnH2nOn.

2.OLIGOSACCHARIDE:

They are small carbohydrates which are formed by condensation of 2-9 monosaccharides. sucrose is the commercial sugar which is also called cane sugar because most of it is obtained form Sugarcane.
3.POLYSACCHARIDE:

They are complex carbohydrates which are formed by polymerisation of large number of monosaccharide monomers

1000 Most Important One Liner GK Questions for Railway/NTPC. (PART -1)

2021-02-20T12:33:00.003+05:30

1. Who designed Indian National Flag?

Pingali venkayya

2.Who designed Indian Rupee Symbol?

Udaya kumar dharmalingam

3.Who is known as the Napoleon of India?

Samudragupta

4.Who is known as The frontier Gandhi

Abdul Ghaffar khan

5.who is the first Nobel prize winner in Asia?

Rabindranath Tagore

6.In eye donation which part of donor's eye isutilized?

cornea

7. The world environment day is celebrated on ?

5 june

8. decibel is the unit of ...................?

sound

9.Light year is the unit of ?

Distance

10. Diiopter is the unit of ?

Power of lens

11.Who is the first governor general of independent India?

Lord mountbatten

12.Who is the fist Indian governor general Of India?

C.Rajagopalchari

13.Who is the fist foreigner to get Bharat Ratna Award?

Abdul Gaffar Khan

14.Who is the founder of Congress?

Ao Hume, 1885 mumbai

15.Who is the first LOk Sabhaspeaker?

GV mavalankar

New Education Policy 2020: All You Need To Know

2021-02-18T19:23:00.000+05:30

New Education Policy was approved by the Union Cabinet on Wednesday that comes as a major and historic decision in the field of education after 34 years. The cabinet has also renamed the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) as Ministry of Education. The main motive is to focus on education and learning and make “India a global knowledge superpower”. The draft for the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 was prepared by a panel of experts led by former Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief K Kasturirangan. The new academic session for 2020-21 will begin in September-October due to the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) outbreak and the government intends to introduce the policy before the new session begins.

New Education Policy 2020: Important highlights

Schooling starts at the age of 3 years now

The New Education Policy expands age group 6-14 years of mandatory schooling to 3-18 years of schooling. The NEP introduces hitherto uncovered three years of pre-schooling, age group of 3-6 years under the school curriculum. The new system will have 12 years of schooling with three years of Anganwadi/ pre-schooling.

With an emphasis on Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), the 10+2 structure of school curriculum is to be replaced by a 5+3+3+4 curricular structure corresponding to ages 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18 years respectively.

Mother tongue as medium of instruction

The NEP puts focus on students’ mother tongue as the medium of instruction even as it sticks to the ‘three language formula’ but also mandates that no language would be imposed on anyone. The NEP only recommends the mother tongue as medium of instruction, and not make it compulsory.

The policy document states that children learn and grasp non-trivial concepts more quickly in their home language.

“Wherever possible, the medium of instruction until at least Grade 5, but preferably till Grade 8 and beyond, will be the home language, mother tongue, local language or the regional language. Thereafter, the home or local language shall continue to be taught as a language wherever possible. This will be followed by both public and private schools," the policy states.

NO UGC, AICTE, NCTE

Higher Education Commission of India(HECI) will be set up as a single overarching umbrella body for entire higher education, excluding medical and legal education. Public and private higher education institutions will be governed by the same set of norms for regulation, accreditation and academic standards.

Govt will phase out the affiliation of colleges in 15 years and a stage-wise mechanism is to be established for granting graded autonomy to colleges.

Science, arts, commerce gets blurred

Under NEP 2020, there will be no rigid separations between arts and sciences, between curricular and extra-curricular activities, between vocational and academic streams. Students can select subjects of their liking across the streams. Vocational education will start in schools from the 6th grade, and will include internships.

FYUP Programme Returns & No More Dropouts

Under the NEP, undergraduate degree will be of either 3 or 4-year duration with multiple exit options within this period. College will be mandated to give certificate after completing 1 year in a discipline or field including vocational and professional areas, a diploma after 2 years of study, or a Bachelor's degree after a 3-year programme.

Govt will also establish an Academic Bank of Credit for digitally storing academic credits earned from different HEIs so that these can be transferred and counted towards final degree earned.

Fundamentals of computer

2021-02-09T13:12:00.002+05:30

Fundamentals of computer

In this age of computers there is no such activity that cannot be achieved without computers. Computer has become an indispensable and multipurpose tool. We are breathing in the computer age and gradually computer has become such a desire necessity of life that it is difficult to imagine life without it. This blog will help you to gain an understanding of the basic as well as advanced concepts of computers. It will cover a foundational study of the computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals, the hardware maintenance etc. Concept of Computer System A computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes this data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future reference and usage.

To know about the working of a computer, first need to understand various terms such as Data, Processing and Information. First of all, lets start with three basic terms:

1. Data : Data is a collection of basic facts and figure without any sequence. This data is also called as raw data. When the data is collected as facts and figures, there is no meaning to it, at that time, for example, name of people, names of employees etc.

2. Processing : Processing is the set of instructions given by the user to the related data that was collected earlier to output meaningful information. The computer does the required processing by making the necessary calculations, comparisons and decisions.

3. Information : Information is the end point or the final output of any processed work. This meaningful output data is called information.

Characterstics of computer

The major characteristics of computers are the following:

1. Speed : A powerful computer is capable of executing about 3 million calculations per second.

2.Accuracy : A computer’s accuracy is consistently high; if there are errors, they are due to errors in instructions given by the programmer.

3.Reliability : The output generated by the computer is very reliable as long as the data is reliable.

4.Memory/Storage Capacity : The computer can store large volumes of data and makes the retrieval of data an easy task.

5.Versatility: The computer can accomplish many different things. It can accept information through various input-output devices, perform arithmetic and logic operations, generate a variety of outputs in a variety of forms, etc.

6.Automation: Once the instructions are fed into computer it works automatically without any human intervention.

7.Diligence : A computer will never fail to perform its task due to distraction or laziness.

8.Convenience : Computers are usually easy to access, and allow people to find information easily that without a would be very difficult.

9.Flexibility : Computers can be used for entertainment, for business, by people who hold different ideals or who have varied goals. Almost anyone can use a computer, and computers can be used to assist with almost any goal.

Computer Capabilities

Like all machines, a computer needs to be directed and controlled in order to perform a task successfully. Until such time as a program is prepared and stored in the computer’s memory, the computer ‘knows’ absolutely nothing, not even how to accept or reject data. Even the most sophisticated computer, no matter how capable it is, must be told what to do. Until the capabilities and the limitations of a computer are recognized, its usefulness cannot be thoroughly understood.

In the first place, it should be recognized that computers are capable of doing repetitive operations. A computer can perform similar operations thousands of times, without becoming bored, tired, or even careless.

Secondly, computers can process information at extremely rapid rates. For example, modern computers can solve certain classes of arithmetic problems millions of times faster than a skilled mathematician. Speeds for performing decision-making operations are comparable to those for arithmetic operations but input-output operations, however, involve mechanical motion and hence require more time. On a typical computer system, cards are read at an average speed of 1000 cards per minute and as many as 1000 lines can be printed at the same rate.

Thirdly, computers may be programmed to calculate answers to whatever level of accuracy is specified by the programmer. In spite of newspaper headlines such as ‘Computer Fails’, these machines are very accurate and reliable especially when the number of operations they can perform every second is considered. Because they are man-made machines, they sometimes malfunction or break down and have to be repaired. However, in most instances when the computer fails, it is due to human error and is not the fault of the computer at all.

In the fourth place, general-purpose computers can be programmed to solve various types of problems because of their flexibility. One of the most important reasons why computers are so widely use today is that almost every big problem can be solved by solving a number of little problems-one after another.

Finally, a computer, unlike a human being, has no intuition. A person may suddenly find the answer to a problem without working out too many of the details, but a computer can only proceed as it has been programmed to.

History of the Development of Computers

In beginning, there were no computers. To add or subtract , man used his fingers and toes. Abacus is known to be the first mechanical calculating device. The main purpose of abacus was that additions and subtraction coud be performed quickly. Abacus was developed by the Egyptians in the 10th centuary B.C, but the final structure was given in the 12th centuary A.D. by the Chinese educationists. Abacus is made up of a frame in which rods are fitted across with rounds beads sliding on the rod.

Napier:-

Napier’s Bones in an Abacus invented by John Napier.Napier’s used the bone rods for counting purpose where numbers were printed on them. With the help of these rods ,one could do addition, subtraction, multiplication and division speediy.

Pascal’s calculator called ‘Pascaline’

In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French scientist invented an adding machine called Pascal’s calculator, which represents the position of digit with the help of gears in it. Though these machines were early forerunners to computer engineering, the calculator failed to be a great commercial success.

Leibniz Calculator

Leibniz was successfully introduced as a calculator onto the market in the year 1646. It was designed further in 1673 but it took until 1694 to complete. The calculator could perform the basic mathematical operations such as add, subtract, multiply, and divide. Wheels were placed at right angles which could be displaced by a special stepping mechanism.

Analytical Engine “The first Computer”

This analytical engine, the first fully-automatic calculating machine, was constructed by British computing pioneer Charles Babbage (1791-1871), who first conceived the idea of an advanced calculating machine to calculate and print mathematical tables in 1812. This Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.

Five Generations of Computers

First Generation of Computers (1942-1955)

The beginning of commercial computer age is from UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer). The first generation computers were used during 1942-1955. They were based on vacuum tubes. Examples of first generation computers are ENIVAC and UNIVAC-1.

Advantages :

Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component available during those days.
Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic digital computers.
These computers could calculate data in millisecond.
These computers are enormous in size occupying entire room.
limited internal storage capacity.
Consumed lot of electricity
Use punch card for input

Disadvantages :

The computers were very large in size.
They consumed a large amount of energy.
Non-portable.
Limited commercial use.
Very slow speed.
Used machine language only.
Used magnetic drums which provide very less data storage.

Second Generation Computers (1955-1964)

The second generation computers used transistors. The size of the computers was decreased by replacing vacuum tubes with transistors. The examples of second generation computers are IBM 7094 series, IBM 1400 series and CDC 164 etc.

Advantages :

Smaller in size as compared to the first generation computers.
Used less energy and were not heated.
Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds
Used faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic disks, printer etc.
Used Assembly language instead of Machine language.

Disadvantages :

Cooling system was required
Constant maintenance was required
Only used for specific purposes
Costly and not versatile

Third Generation Computers (1964-1975)

The Third generation computers used the integrated circuits (IC). The first IC was invented and used in 1961. The size of an IC is about ¼ square inch. A single IC chip may contain thousands of transistors. The computer became smaller in size, faster, more reliable and less expensive. The examples of third generation computers are IBM 370, IBM System/360, UNIVAC 1108 and UNIVAC AC 9000 etc.

An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated.

Advantages :

Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.
More reliable.
Used less energy.
Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds.

Disadvantages :

Air conditioning was required.
Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.

Fourth Generation Computers (1975-Present)

The fourth generation computers started with the invention of Microprocessor. The Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs. The LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuit and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) circuit was designed. It greatly reduced the size of computer. The size of modern Microprocessors is usually one square inch. It can contain millions of electronic circuits. The examples of fourth generation computers are

Apple Macintosh & IBM PC.

Advantages :

More powerful and reliable than previous generations.
Small in size
Fast processing power with less power consumption
Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold.
Cheapest among all generations
All types of High level languages can be used in this type of computers

Disadvantages :

The latest technology is required for manufacturing of Microprocessors.

Fifth Generation Computers (Present & Beyond)

Scientists are working hard on the 5th generation computers with quite a few breakthroughs. It is based on the technique of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Computers can understand spoken words & imitate human reasoning. IBM Watson computer is one example that outsmarts Harvard University Students.

Types of Computers

Computers can be classified according to the following types:

Based on Work

Analog

The analog computers are computer systems that measure variations in quantities such as temperature, voltage, speed, etc. Analog computers are known to measure the data that varies continuously. Other examples of analog computers include Voltmeter and Ammeter.

Digital

Digital computers are the computer systems that count things by manipulation of certain discontinuous numbers and letters through representation of binary digits (also called bits) in contrast to analog computers that measures the variations in quantities). In other words texts and graphics are treated numerically.

Today the digital computers have replaced the analog ones .Examples of digital computers are desktop , personal computers, workstations,tablet PC etc

Hybrid

Hybrid computers as the name suggests are a good mix of analog as well as digital computers, using an analog computer front-end, which is then fed into a digital computer’s repetitive process. Hybrid computers are used for scientific calculations, in defence and systems.

Budget 2021 speech highlights

2021-02-01T16:06:00.007+05:30

Budget 2021 speech highlights

Budget will bring several positive changes for individuals, investors, industry and infrastructure sector: Modi
This Budget talks of all-round development for all parts of country; Record increase in allocation for infrastructure building, says PM
It's a pro-active budget that gives boost to wealth as well as wellness: PM Modi
This was one of rare Budget speeches that elicited so many positive reactions from experts within 1-1.5 years
Budget contains vision of self-reliance as well as inclusiveness, says PM Modi
No change in income tax rates, 80C and 80D limits
Customs duty on cotton, raw silk raised
Customs duty on certain auto parts, solar equipment raised
Rationalising customs duties on gold and silver: FM
Govt proposes to review over 400 old exemptions in indirect taxes; to begin extensive consultation from October 2021
Tax holiday for startups extended by 1 yr; exemption on capital gains on investment in startups extended by 1 yr
FM Nirmala Sitharaman tables 15th Finance Commission report in Lok Sabha
FM proposes to impose import duty on components of mobile phones and chargers, to enhance local value addition
Agri infra cess of Rs 2.5 per litre on petrol and Rs 4 per litre on diesel proposed
Government estimates fiscal deficit of 6.8 per cent of the GDP in the next financial year beginning April 1
Customs duty on certain auto parts, solar equipment raised
Govt proposes to review over 400 old exemptions in indirect taxes; to begin extensive consultation from October 2021
Rs 1.5 lakh deduction on payment of interest for affordable housing extended by 1 year
Govt proposes to ease norms to attract more foreign investment in infrastructure sector
Gross market borrowings target of Rs 12 lakh crore for FY 22
Record GST collections in last few months; govt to take every possible measure to reduce anomalies: FM
Tax holiday for startups extended by 1 yr; exemption on capital gains on investment in startups extended by 1 yr
Fiscal deficit for FY21 pegged at 9.5% of GDP
No need for senior citizens above 75 years with only pension, interest income to file ITR
Income tax return filers increased to 6.48 cr in 2020 from 3.31 cr in 2014
States to get 41% share of taxes as per 15th Finance Commission recommendation; govt has accepted the recommendation
FM allocates Rs 3,726 cr for forthcoming Census which will be the first digital census
Seven port projects worth more than Rs 2,000 crore investment announced
Rs 1,500 cr earmarked for scheme to incentivise digital payments
One nation, one ration card plan under implementation in 32 states, 1 union territory
Govt to infuse Rs 20,000 crore into public sector banks in 2021-22: FM
Govt to soon put in place a framework to allow electricity consumers choose service providers or discoms: FM
Farmers paid Rs 75,100 crore on wheat MSP in FY21
The MSP regime has undergone a change to assure price that is at least 1.5 times the cost of production across all commodities: FM
Govt committed to the welfare of farmers
Ujjwala scheme will be expanded to over 1 crore more beneficiaries
FM proposes record sum of Rs 1,10,055 crore for Railways of which Rs 1,07,100 crores is for capital expenditure
Two PSBs and one general insurance company to be divested, legislations amendments to be introduced in this session
FM says NITI Aayog to be asked to work on next list of CPSEs for disinvestment
FM announces voluntary vehicle scrapping policy to phase out old and polluting vehicles
FY22 divestment target set at Rs 1.75 lakh crore
All divestments announced so far will be carried out in 2021-22
IPO of LIC to come in 2021-22, says FM
FM proposes capital expenditure at Rs 5.54 lakh crore, 34% higher than last year
FM proposes introduction of Aatmanirbhar health programme with an outlay of Rs 64,180 cr
India now has one of the lowest COVID19 death rates of 112 per million population and one of the lowest active cases of about 130 per million, says FM
Budget proposals rest on 6 pillars, including health and well-being; physical and financial capital: FM
Rs 35,000 crore more allocated to Covid 19 vaccines in 2021-22, committed to providing more funds, says FM
It has added comfort to know that 2 more Covid vaccines are also expected soon
The PM Garib Kalyan Yojana, the three Aatma Nirbhar Bharat packages and subsequent announcements were like five mini-budgets in themselves, says FM
Govt fully prepared to support and facilitate economic reset, says Sitharaman
Preparation of this Budget was taken under circumstances like never before, says FM
Higher deductions on housing loans are likely to be announced in FM's Budget speech
Budget copies will be disseminated electronically, with documents being uploaded on the government website as well as being made available on a special app
Rupee rises 7 paise to 72.89 against US dollar in early trade
Establishment of a bad bank to clean up banks' balance sheets is likely to be announced
The budget will come as an economic vaccine for the pandemic-battered economy, said the Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
Sensex surges 443 pts to 46,728 in opening trade, Nifty up 114 pts at 13,749
More support to real estate sector is expected from the government, especially affordable housing segment
Arun Singh, Global Chief Economist at Dun and Bradstreet said a big bang package of reforms is on the anvil in Budget
The government is expected to disclose revenue from the privatisation of companies such as BPCL, Air India and Shipping Corporation of India
This is the ninth budget under the Modi government, including an interim one
GST collections hit all-time high of about Rs 1.20 lakh crore in January on resumption of economic activities
Health infra, demand revival, banking sector reforms, fiscal consolidation and implementation of 15th Finance Commission report need to be addressed in Budget, said Brickwork Ratings
India Ratings and Research sees fiscal deficit at over 7% in the current fiscal as against budget target of 3.5 per cent
India Ratings and Research has projected Rs 60,000-crore revenue shortfall in the fiscal year ending March 31
Market borrowings are expected to remain elevated and external deficit financing would increase, according to experts
The annual GDP for FY21 will decline by 7-8 per cent, one of the weakest performances among developing nations, say economists
Tax relief measures for pandemic-hit sectors such as real estate, aviation, tourism and auto are expected
PM Narendra Modi has said budget will be in continuation of government efforts to revive sectors impacted by pandemic
The government expects the economy to grow at 11% in next fiscal fiscal
The economy is projected to contract 7.7% in the current fiscal year
A hike in infrastructure spending is on anvil to put economy on high-growth path
The govt may impose Covid-19 cess for high-income earners to earn revenue from income tax
The government could focus more on offering incentives to private investments for public infrastructure development
The pharmaceutical sector is expecting more reduction in duties to bring down the prices of medicines
Expenditure on health sector is also likely to be raised amid the challenges posed by pandemic
Government is expected to focus on growth instead of containing fiscal deficit to put the pandemic-hit economy back on on growth path
Middle class hit by Covid 19 pandemic expects government to announce measures to help increase its savings
Government is expected to announce steps to further boost the economy and create jobs
Finance minister is likely to announce raising of exemption limit under section 80C to Rs 2 lakh
Upper limit on health insurance premiums under Section 80D is likely to be raised
Centre could also make provisions for Covid-19 related expenses
Tax deduction toward increased health expenses on account of Covid-19 is expected
Centre's fiscal deficit is also going to swell to double of the 3.5 per cent of the GDP projected in February 2020
Relief on income tax front is unlikely since coronavirus pandemic has badly affected government's finances
Narendra Modi government to present its first Budget amid tough times of Covid-19 pandemic
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will present her third consecutive Union Budget in Parliament on February 1, 2021

Important Science Question for RRB NTPC

2021-01-07T13:07:00.000+05:30

Important Science Question

Q: Our skeletal system consists of how many bones?

Answer:206

Q:The largest artery in the human body

Answer:Aorta

Q:The study of cognition is called

Answer: Cognitive biology

Q:Deficiency of iodine leads to

Answer:Enlargement of Thyroid Gland

Q:What kind of blood is carried through artery?

Answer:Oxygenated blood

Q:Which hormone made by pancreas regulates the amount of glucose in the blood?

Answer:Insulin

Q:Which layer of the skin contain sweat glands?

Answer:Dermis.

Q:most complex organ in the human body is

Answer:Brain

Q:Name the soft, spongy tissue found in the centre of bones

Answer:Bone marrow

Q:Deficiency of Vitamin D causes

Answer:Rickets

Q:The branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

Answer:Anatomy

Q:Dental cavities are caused because of the deficiency of ?

Answer:Fluorine

Q:The two holes in your nose are called?

Answer:Nostrils

Q:How many vertebrae are there in the human body?

Answer:33

Q:The word gene was firstly used by

Answer:wilhelm Johannsen

Q:The study of the geographical distribution of living things

Answer:Biogeography

Q:Which metal is present in hemoglobin?

Answer:Iron

Q:The study of fossils is called?

Answer:Paleontology

Q:System that influences the function of the body using hormones

Answer:Endocrine system

Q:The organ of the human body which stores the carbohydraates in the form of glycogen is

Answer:Liver

Q:The PH value of human blood is ?

Answer:7.40

Q:Use of disposable syringes is usually advised to prevent?

Answer:AIDS

Q:DNA stands for

Answer:Deoxyribonucleic acid

Q:Blood groups was discovered by

Answer:Karl Landsteiner

Q:An emergency hormone is known as

Answer:Adrenaline

Q:The Smallest bone in the human body

Answer:Stapes

Q:Which hormone control glucose levels in the body?

Answer:Insulin

Q:Which is the strongest bone in human body?

Answer:Femur

Q:Who gave the theory of evolution?

Answer:Charles Darwin

Q:Which lens does Human eye have?

Answer:Convex lens

Q:Jaundice disease affects which part of the human body

Answer:liver

List of Famous Temples in India PDF State wise – Free Download,NTPC

2021-01-01T15:51:00.006+05:30

List of Famous Temples in India : Dear Friends, Here we have given the list of Famous Temples in India . This was one of the important Static GK topics for all competitive exams specially for RRB NTPC,SSC. Candidates can download the same using the link given below later.

Famous Temples in India List covers the all the important and famous Temples in India to be learnt for Bank, SSC and other exams. This list give the important temple locations and other details

List of Famous Temples in India State wise

Temple Name	Location
Meenakshi Temple	Madurai, Tamil Nadu
Ramanathaswamy Temple	Rameshwaram , Tamil Nadu
Ranganathaswamy Temple	Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu
Brihadeshwara Temple	Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
Suchindram Temple	Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu
Airavateswara Temple	Darasuram, Tamil Nadu
Nataraja Temple	Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
Kanchipuram Temples	Kanchipuram. Tmail Nadu
Virupaksha Temple	Hampi, Karnataka
Vitthala Temple	Hampi, Karnataka
Gomateswara Temple	Karnataka
Lord Venkateswara Temple	Thirumala, Andhra Pradesh
KashiVishwanath	Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Somnath Temple	Saurashtra, Gujarat
Dwarakadhish Temple	Dwarka, Gujarat
ShirdiSai Baba Temple	Shirdi, Maharashtra
Siddivinayak Temple	Mumbai, Maharashtra
Vaishno Devi Temple	Katra, Jammu and Kashmir
Amarnath Cave Temple	Jammu and Kashmir
Badrinath Temple	Uttarakhand
Yamunotri Temple	Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand
Gangotri Temple	Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand
Kedarnath Temple	Garhwal area, Uttarakhand
Konark Sun Temple	Konark, Odisha
Jagannath Temple	Puri, Odisha
Lingaraja Temple	Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Golden Temple	Amritsar, Punjab
Ranakpur Jain Temple	Pali, Rajasthan
Padmanabaswamy Temple	Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
SanchiStupa	Raisen, Madhya Pradesh
Khajuraho Temple	Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh
Mahabodhi Temple	Bodh Gaya, Bihar
Kamakhya Temple	Guwahati, Assam

DOWNLOAD ROTE LEARNER'S APP.......

Famous Tombs in India | Static GK Materials I important for RRB NTPC

2021-01-01T15:48:00.004+05:30

Famous Tombs in India

Name	Location
Humayun’s Tomb	Delhi
Akbar’s Tomb	Agra, Uttar Pradesh
Tomb of Adham Khan	Delhi
GolGumbaz	Bijapur, Karnataka
MahabatMaqbara	Junagadh, Gujarat
BibikaMaqbara	Aurangabad, Maharashtra
QutbShahi Tombs	Hyderabad, Telangana
Tomb of Safdarjung	Delhi
Sheikh Chilli’s Tomb	Haryana
Tomb of Mariam uzZamani	Sikandra, Uttar Pradesh
Sher Shah’s Tomb	Sasaram, Bihar
Isa Khans Tomb	Delhi
AlluriSitaramaRaju Tomb	Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Tomb of Sher Afghan	West Bengal
TajMahal	Agra, Uttar Pradesh
Gumbaz	Srirangapatna, Karnataka
Ahmed Shah’s Tomb	Ahmedabad, Gujarat
HaziraMaqbara	Vadodara, Gujarat
Tomb of Tansen	Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
Lal Khan Tomb	Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Tomb of Ibrahim Khan Sur	Mahendragarh, Haryana
Lodi Gardens Tomb	New Delhi
Tombs of Battashewala Complex	Delhi

computer basic quiz-part 2. important for rrb ntpc,ibps,ccc,ccc+,ssc

2021-01-01T14:40:00.003+05:30

COMPUTER BASIC QUIZ !!!! IMP FOR SSC,RRB-NTPC,CCC,CCC+,

2020-12-30T18:15:00.005+05:30

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Input and output devices:RRB-NTPC,RRC

2020-12-28T19:33:00.002+05:30

Input and output devices :DELHI POLICE,SSC,RRB, COMPUTER NOTES

Input Devices

Devices used to provide data and instructions to the computer are called Input devices.

Some important input devices are

Key board, Mouse, Scanner, MICR, Web camera, Microphone etc.

1. Keyboard:

The Keyboard is used for typing text into the computer. It is also known as standard Input device. A computer keyboard is similar to that of a type writer with additional keys. The most commonly available computer keyboard has 104 keys.There are different types of keys on the keyboard.

The keys are categorized as :

Alphanumeric keys , including letters & numbers.
Punctuation keys, such as colon (:), semicolon (;) Question mark (?), Single & double quotes (‗,‖)
Special keys such as arrow keys, control keys, function keys (F1 to F12), HOME, END etc.

2.. Mouse:

It is a device that controls the movement of the cursor on a monitor. A mouse will have 2

buttons on its top. The left button is the most frequently used button. There will be a wheel between the left and right buttons. This wheel enables us to smoothly scroll through screens of information. As we move the mouse, the pointer on the monitor moves in the same direction. Optical mouse is another advanced pointing device that uses a light emitting component instead of the mouse ball. Mouse cannot be used for entering the data. It is only useful to select the options on the screen.

3. Scanner:

It is an input device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translate into digital form. The main advantage of these scanners is that the data need not be entered separately

resulting in saving lot of time.

Scanners are of two types: i) optical scanners ii) MICR

i) Optical scanners:

a. Optical character Recognition(OCR): In this, characters are read with the help of a light. This is used in office atomization, documentation in library etc.

b. Optical mark recognition(OMR): It is a technology where an OMR device senses the presence or absence of a mark such as a pencil mark. OMR is used in tests such as aptitude tests.

c. Optical barcode recognition(OBCR): Barcode readers are photoelectric scanners that read the bar codes or vertical zebra striped marks printed on product containers. This is used in super markets, book shops etc.

ii)MICR:

This is widely used in banks to process the cheques. This allows the computer to recognize

characters printed using magnetic ink

4. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition(MICR):

It is a character recognition technology used primarily by the banking industry to facilitate the processing of the cheques. MICR characters ( cheque No., Acc.No.etc) are printed in special ink usually containing iron oxide. When a document that contains the ink needs to be read, it passes through a machine which magnetizes the ink and there will be a reader sorter unit which translates the magnetic information into characters. MICR provides a secure, high speed of scanning and processing information. It scans about 2600 cheques/min.

Output devices:

Any device that is capable of representing information on a computer is called an Output device.

Output devices receive information from the CPU and present it to the user in the desired form.

Some important Output devices are : Monitor, Printer

1 .Terminal/Monitor:

It is similar to TV screen- either a monochrome (black & white) or colour – and

it displays the output. It is also referred as Visual Display Unit(VDU). Several types of monitors are in use. Some of them are Colour Graphic Adapter(CGA), Enhanced Graphics Adaptor(EGA) , Video

Graphics Adapter (VGA) and Super Video Graphics Adapter (SVGA).

The screen sizes differ from system to system. The standard size is 24 lines by 80 characters. Most

systems have provision for scrolling which helps in moving the text vertically or horizontally on the

screen.

2 . Printer:

A printer is used to transfer data from a computer onto paper. The paper copy obtained from a printer is often referred as ―printout. The different printers and their speeds are as follows:

s.n.	Type	Mode of Printing	Speed
1.	Dot – Matrix printer	Prints the character in dotted pattern through printer ribbon using either 24 pin or 9 pin	200/300 to 700 CPS
2.	Ink Jet printer	Work by spraying ionized ink	Slow, 90 CPS
3.	Laser printer	Also called page printer. Uses laser beam to produce an image	6 to 12 PPM
4.	Line printer	Prints lines at a time instead of single characters.	300 to 600 LPM
5.	Plotter	Produces drawings or graphs through pens which are filled with different colours.