Space

Space planners

noreply@blogger.com (1) — Fri, 03 Jun 2011 03:20:00 +0000

In 2020, the moon must be landed four astronauts. Four years after this there will be a fixed base. This is the new official strategy NASA.
The purpose of this strategy to answer several questions, chief among them: "Why are we back to the moon?", "What are we going there" to do? "And the third important aspect of further development of the satellite Earth NASA considers a" lunar architecture "- everything related to the construction of buildings for people and technology.
A group at NASA lunar architecture (Lunar Architecture Team). No definite decision about the home, but NASA has formulated some requirements for it: the location of the astronauts should be energetically autonomous, mobile, closed-loop life support.

The purpose of this article - to form an understanding that questions of space architecture are now relevant. Now exactly the transitional moment, when the theory begins to translate into practice.
Space settlements have their own history of development, while purely theoretical, but had been transferred to the stage of development. But originally it was an incredible idea originated in the minds of science fiction writers.
Its founder was an American priest, Edward Everett Hale. In the years 1869-1870 in the journal "Atlantic" was published in his novel "The Brick Moon." After nine years of Jules Verne "launch" their space station. Circulation of such products grew, but all of these novels were nothing more than a fairy tale for adults, up until KE Tsiolkovsky was not his theory of "essential settlement." Theoretically, Konstantin E., stations were to form a necklace, stretching millions of miles around the sun. Each module is supposed to be built on Earth, and then the missiles to deliver cargo into orbit for final assembly. Tsiolkovsky suggested that weightlessness would be a hindrance to normal life of astronauts, so he suggested formation of gravity to rotate the modules.
In 1929 Noordung released in Berlin on a book titled "The Problem of traveling into space." He proposed the creation of the Earth orbiting observatory to be used as a base for interplanetary missions. Noordunga design consisted of three parts connected by wires and air hoses: Uninhabited station machine with a huge mirror for converting solar energy into electricity; housing "donut" with a diameter of 30 meters, rotating around a central axis; observatory in a cylindrical compartment with lots of windows.
In 1948, the British Smith and Ross designed the station in the form of a huge round mirror on a long handle. The mirror has become part of solar power, and in the fixed handle settled accommodation and piers for the spacecraft.
Theme of "bagel" has become popular among Fibber space settlements. During the Cold War in 1953, military space settlement with a garrison of 300 men offered to build the father of rockets "Fau" Wernher von Braun. This and other fantastic projects can be regarded as the first chapter in the history of the settlements on the surface of the Earth's satellite.
Lunar city, the idea that today was much discussion of American and Japanese scientists, Soviet scientists have designed and ... forgotten. The idea of such city has developed in the 70's. The work was conducted in two directions: Design and construction of the lunar settlement missiles capable of delivering astronauts there and then return them to Earth.
The development of this project gained national significance. Make a project of the lunar settlement instructed CB General Engineering, led by Academician Vladimir Barmin. The first space urban planners have set a task to do mainly scientific settlement, so they took the development of analog terrestrial project - a village of Antarctic expeditions. The project included a sleigh train and direct the settlement. Gradually stood out features of the future campus. Live in it had to "12 astronauts. Residence is ideally approached the shape of railway tank cars. Consulting the power of rockets and safety requirements, found that up to 12 people to nine" tanks "modules.
At the plant "tank" is made shorter, with a metal bellows. On a construction site in an accordion under pressure is the air, took her around, and "tank" almost doubled. Some very large part of the "tank" was supposed to make of the metal with a mechanical memory. Crushed almost into a pancake, such details restore its original shape when heated to 100-120 ° C. A day on the moon 150 ° C. Such metals could find wider application in the world.
Besides the three "tanks" have been allocated for housing premises under the command post, laboratories and storage facilities, shops, clinic and gymnasium, galley with dining area.
In the design took into account the following psychological moment: At long stay of people in isolated conditions from time to time they need privacy. Also, in order to avoid a state of depression, it is necessary to maximize opportunities to diversify the environment of Astronauts. Referred to the project young architects have proposed to install fake windows with changeable scenery and make a TV camera filming the forest outside Moscow that the astronauts saw it during a workout on a stationary bike. For that time it was sensational proposal, which later became widespread on Earth.
One of the most original versions are already in the 90-ies. XX century, offered a physics professor at Princeton University (USA), Gerard O'Neill. It looks like the Earth revolving around the cylinders up to five kilometers in diameter and up to thirty in length. Inside - parks, forests, lakes and rivers. In the water live fish, and on the branches - the birds. Landscaped areas interspersed with windows, "solarium". Cylinder quickly rotates on its axis, creating the inner surface of the necessary gravity. Supported by the Earth's composition of air and atmospheric pressure. Because the end of the cylinder is oriented to the Sun, it seems to be fixed, as on Earth. For light cylinders used mirrors made of aluminum foil. Rotating mirror changes the angle at which sunlight falls on the "valley" that allows you to adjust the length of day and night. In addition, the position of the cylinders themselves can be debugged, so that when one of them will be summer in the other - winter.
There are a number of proposals to develop space of dwellings from the end of their resource module spacecraft. Such blocks are fixed in the regolith, which allows to reduce the radiation level inside the living compartments.
And now once again stepped up development of its kind among U.S. and Japanese scientists. This interest is not romantic and is not intended to show the advantages of a politico-social system over another. Re interested in the moon arose for several reasons. Firstly, it is the economic benefits promised by the development of this heavenly body: On the moon found significant reserves of helium isotope, which would be enough to fully ensure the earth's energy needs for 5,000 years. For comparison: Earth reserves of this element, according to experts, is about 500 kg lunar soil (regolith) for four billion years, incorporates a helium-3, brought by the solar wind. The results of the analysis of lunar soil samples show that in the first five meters of crushed layer of regolith accumulated about a million tons of helium-3.
Projects for the development of lunar expanses are very ambitious. Many countries would like to increase its international prestige by building its base on the Moon. Yes, it is an area with extreme conditions, but that no one occupied the space that has great potential for use. In addition to mining and resources from the depths of the moon, you can add a sort of outpost for launches to Mars. Such flights are also a priority for Space Studies. More profitable to send spaceships to the moon base, as almost all the energy the rocket takes to overcome Earth's gravity, and the efficiency of such transportation is less than a locomotive. Few countries can provide such financial projects, so this kind of research are international. Russia, the spokesman said, "Russian Space Agency," Igor Panarin, pleased to participate in the program of NASA's exploration of the moon, if the Americans will take all the financial problems on themselves.
The history of designing lunar cities can be a starting point for the work of architects in this area. Russia is not financially able to overpower such developments, but there is an opportunity to make an intellectual contribution to such projects. Day of the need to train personnel who will not only consider the technical aspects, but also make proposals on the shaping of future space structures. The fact that there is a need for this, says the establishment of the group at NASA lunar architecture (Lunar Architecture Team). If the designers from other countries want to be in demand during the development of this kind, it is necessary to draw their attention to the lunar architecture, as now in the minds of many questions of space - it's still something fantastic, not taken seriously, something foreign to the architect. In the future it may be the reason that Europe will remain aloof from the advanced developments in design, limiting the role of bystander.

Declassified FBI files, indicating the existence of UFOs.

noreply@blogger.com (1) — Fri, 03 Jun 2011 01:19:00 +0000

Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. declassified a series of archival documents, which indicates the version of the fall of alien flying vehicles in 1947 in New Mexico.

According to this version, the Roswell airbase authorities under a veil of secrecy to explore the remains of alien pilots, as evidenced by the pictures leaked to the press - though skeptics question the authenticity of these photographs.

Anyway, from the documents submitted by the FBI on the site The Vault, that in the hands of the U.S. Air Force officers were indeed killed by aliens, the newspaper The Daily Mail.

For example, an agent Guy Hottel in a report entitled "Flying Saucers," according to FBI Director, that "the three so-called flying saucers have been found in New Mexico," referring to the investigator of the Air Force, who shared with him this information. "They were described as a circular object with a thickening middle, a diameter of approximately 15 meters. In each of them there were three bodies of human shape, but the growth of only 90 cm" - wrote the agent.

The bodies were dressed in metallic cloth is very fine structure. Each body was bandaged in a manner reminiscent of camouflage suits Test Pilots ". Informant, whose name remains secret, said Hottel that flying saucer crashed in New Mexico due to the fact that the authorities there have a very powerful radar, and it is believed that the radiation damaged the radar control mechanisms "flying saucers." Attempts to continue investigating agent did not take.

Another report says that "drive" was not a dish, and had a hexagonal shape, and resembled the weather balloon. Publication of documents, may raise a new wave of accusations against the government of concealing information from the public about finding extraterrestrials.

The first reaction is delighted UFO on declassified documents have been followed. In particular, the British expert on UFOs Nick Pope said that he was confident in the reliability of the information contained in published documents. They are, according to the Pope, may be evidence of the existence of aliens, the newspaper The Sun.

The town of Roswell, New Mexico became known after the event, which occurred in early July 1947. First, military authorities reported through the media, taking the "flying saucers", but only a day later took it back: it turned out that they picked up pieces of weather balloon. The Company believed this explanation, but at the end of 1970 some soldiers involved in the incident, said they were found still just flying saucers.

Astrophysics reject the existence of God

noreply@blogger.com (1) — Thu, 02 Jun 2011 06:11:00 +0000

Existing Universe itself has created itself out of nothing "because the law of gravity, and for that God was not needed.

That conclusion came the famous British astrophysicist Stephen Hawking and theorist.

A new and largely unexpected appearance of a scientific view of the world described in his book "Big Project" which will be released next week in the UK. Excerpts from her published by the London press.

He said that modern physics leaves no room for God in the creation of the universe. Which, according to scientists, has created himself, using physical laws.

He thus rejected the hypothesis of his illustrious predecessor, Sir Isaac Newton, in which the world itself could not arise from initial chaos only because of some physical laws. To do so, according to Newton, higher power was needed - Creator.

Hawking admitted that the idea of self-development of the universe came to him in 1992 when it was discovered similar to our solar system a new planetary system.

"I realized that we are not a unique phenomenon in space" - says scientist.

He believes that the Big Bang that led to the famous doctrine of the modern world does not need divine hand. "It is the inevitable consequence of physical laws," - says Hawking.

Simultaneously, 68-year old British astrophysicist told that modern science is on the eve of the Revolution, when a unified theory that explains all the fundamentals of the physical world and existence.

Thus, according to Hawking, the opening will be done within the M-theory, which assumes existence of parallel worlds and the many physical forces, unknown even modern science.

New Zealand Government has published information about "flying saucers"

noreply@blogger.com (1) — Thu, 02 Jun 2011 06:06:00 +0000

Publicly available data were from state archives on the alleged meeting with UFOs and "aliens" from other worlds. New Zealand Government argues that this information is not interesting in terms of finding extraterrestrial life.

Information contained more than 2 thousand pages "important documents", which recorded the testimony of military and civilians on unidentified flying objects since 1952 and ending with the year 2009. Authorities have agreed to publish all this only on condition of anonymity, the witnesses. Access to original documents will be allowed only after 2050.

Even before the declassification data, the spokesman for the New Zealand Ministry of Defence General Aviation Tamariki Cave said that his department is not going to give any comments or more to investigate. Moreover, the very fact of publication is not an automatic proof of the reality of "strange" events, pragmatic military officer said.

This is not surprising: Many phenomena, according to scientists, it is easy to explain the "mysterious lights in the sky" are atmospheric or astronomical origin, as it could be various aircraft (including experimental) or a reflection of floodlights and other light sources created by man. Cases of fraud and banal delusions also occur.

As for "close contact" with humanoid or any intelligent beings, no convincing evidence these events were not given by anybody.

Clearly, local ufolohichni organizations already recorded this "victory" in his account. Their most interesting so-called "light phenomena" over the city Kaykura in 1978, its pilot noticed a cargo plane that carried mail flight. From the ground observed several large fires in the correct form of the ellipse. The operator was able to take them on film. The aircraft ground service reported on unidentified objects and headed straight for them. However, the lights disappeared and appeared again.

In the official report of the time it was concluded that this was some sort of natural phenomenon, but the military assumed that the sky was visible flecks of the planet Venus or display lights ship. Reports of fire over Kaykuroyu wondered even then New Zealand Prime Minister Robert Muldoon.

On the planet Gliese 581d possible life.

noreply@blogger.com (1) — Thu, 02 Jun 2011 03:09:00 +0000

Around a star - a red dwarf star Gliese turns the planetary system, from which constantly comes to Earth information. French scientists, treating another portion of the data, as well as running the simulation of the atmosphere of one of the planet Gliese 581d concluded, may have discovered a new home for earthlings. According to their calculations, it is very likely that the temperature of the planet Gliese 581d might be optimal and it may be the amount of fluid needed to sustain life on it.

At present, independently by several groups of astronomers, it was concluded that Gliese 581d is located in the habitable zone of stars. This means that the trajectory of its rotation is the area that is optimal for the existence of liquid water. There is only one prepyatsyatvie for life, similar to the Earth. It is dense and thick atmosphere, composed of carbon dioxide, which covers the 581d. Due to the CO2 greenhouse effect occurs, which, for terrestrial life forms harmful. There is one more obstacle to the entry of the planet Gliese 581d in the register of places, hypothetically suitable for relocation there of mankind, if necessary. The fact that modern technology relating to travel in space does not allow to overcome a distance of about 20 light years that separate us from the system Gliese. In addition, the mass of Gliese 581d, a big seven times Earth's mass, adversely affect well-being still reaching the pioneers of it.

Cassini photographed the Death Star

noreply@blogger.com (1) — Wed, 11 May 2011 02:21:00 +0000

Specialists working with the probe Cassini, published images of Saturn Mimas satellite, which was nicknamed by a giant crater Herschel Death Star. Photos and descriptions appear on the project CICLOPS, which analyze images generated probe.

This photo was taken from a distance of 70 thousand kilometers of February 13, 2010 during the next approaching Cassini with Mimas. In the background is clearly visible silhouette of Saturn, and at the satellite - Herschel crater diameter of 130 kilometers, the emergence of a once almost destroyed this heavenly body.

Mimas was discovered in 1789. Low density satellites shows that it consists mostly of ice and rock. Besides this is not quite spherical object - its size is approximately 418 to 382 to 383 miles.

Cassini was launched in 1997 and is a joint project of ESA, NASA and the Italian Space Agency. More recently, the probe mission was extended to 2017. Overall Cassini around Saturn has to do 155 laps.

Saturn's moon Mimas. NASA Photo

Spacecraft to fly to Mars in 2025 will create

noreply@blogger.com (1) — Wed, 11 May 2011 01:54:00 +0000

Create interplanetary spacecraft for flight to Mars may not still 2025, it said Anatoly Perminov Managing Roskosmos.

"The possibility of flight to Mars should be combined with the creation of the ship, which will be a new engine at the nuclear facility. And then you can fly this month" - said Perminov. As he put it, the engine is planned for 2019, a ship - not before 2025, and the flight to Mars will be possible only after 2035.

Absurd to call the head of Russian Space Agency mission to Mars on currently existing in the world types of spacecraft. "Our experts say that preparing for the flight to Mars should be, but actually fly until there is no why. It is absurd now to fly to Mars on the ships and engines that are out there.

Perminov said that organize a flight to Mars will be only at the international level.

The development cost of transport and power module based on the nuclear power plant, according to the approved program of innovation development of Rosatom, will by 2018 254 million dollars. USA.

In the years 2013-2018 under the project should be developed in September of innovative technologies. Actual installation will be developed in 2017, and 2018 planned increase power output and efficiency of engines.

Speaking of the experiment "Mars-500", Roskosmos head said that "this program must show us whether a person is able to withstand all the congestion, which it will face in flight to Mars. While in current scientific developments we manage in real time to maintain conditions that mimic artificial fly and all conditions of artificial environment for the international team of astronauts. Perminov said that the participants left the experiment is "to fly 72 million miles. The "Mars-500" was launched June 3, 2010: Six volunteers by 520 days "were cosmonauts" terrestrial spacecraft simulator.