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دور جدید کی نئی موسیقی آلا کے بارے میں مفید معلومات جسے iPod Nano كها جاتا هے

2010-09-18T05:06:00.000-07:00

ہیلو دوستوں. میں قدرت اللہ ہوں اور میں آج آپ کو اس نئے iPod ملٹی ٹچ کے ساتھ کے بارے میں انفارمیشن دونگا۔انشاءاللہ

iPod نینو کے بارے میں متعدد ٹچ کے ساتھ :
اس بار نئے iPod نانو ایک چھوٹے touch screen اور نہ ہی کلک کرنے کےلیے بپہیہ کو گہمانا پڑہتا ہے۔اب یہ بات ضرور سوچ میں آئی ہو گی کہ اگر براؤز کریں تو سکرین کیسے چڑھانا ہوگا۔گھبرائیں نہیں یہ مکمل touch screen اسکرین ہے . چھوٹی سکرین پر جو اس iPod نینو دیا 46 فیصد چھوٹے اور 42 فیصد اس سے ہلکا ہے۔. یہ ہی نہیں اس کے ساتھ ایک سخت حجم بٹن ، آواز کی فریکونسی کو کنٹرول کر نے کے ساتھ ساتھ سور ، ایف ایم ریڈیو ، نائکی + اور ایک pedometer ہے جسے ایپل بھی کہتے ہیں کہ ، اوراس کی 24 گھنٹے بیٹری کی زندگی ہے۔
iOS رنز ہے یا نہیں :
نئے iPod دکھ کی بات یہ نہیں چلتی ہے iOS ، جیسا کہ ہم سب امید کر رہے تھے لیکن یہ آپ کو آیکون منتقل کرنے کے لئے اجازت دیتا ہے جیسا کہ آپ موبائل پر iPad اور iPod ، پر کر سکتے ہیں۔
یہ کیسی ہے :
یہ اب بھی پتلی اور Apple اس کے ساتھ اسٹینڈرڈ 30 پن کنکشن پورٹ دے رہا ہے ، اب جو بھی ہو مگر . iPod نانوں نے اپنا سائز چھوٹا کر نے کے ساتھ ساتھ اپنا کیمرہ کھودیا۔
دھن پر کلک کریں:
نئی ٹیکنالوجی کے ساتھ ، اب آپ چلتے ہوے ، سواری ، یا اپنی آستین (یا پاکٹ ، جیکٹ ، یا بیگ پر اپنے پسندیدہ گانے کے ساتھ رقص کر سکتے ہیں) ۔ اور امید ہے کہ گانے آپ کی بیاض فن پر پوری طرح سے فٹ بیٹھتا ہے ہو!
چلائیں سارا دن اور ساری رات :
iPod میں rechargeable - لتیم آئن – بیٹری موجود ہے جو دیتا ہے 24 گھنٹے بغیر روکے موسیقی. پس جب آپ ایک 8GB یا 16GB iPod نینو پرلے کر آئیں تو اپنے گانوں کو کلیکشن پورا رکھیں۔!
اسے ہلانا :
اگر آپ iPod نینو ہلایں وہ اپنی موسیقی لائبریری میں مختلف گانے shuffles کرے گا یا مرکب کہنا درست ہوگا۔کہ جب آپ کسی خاص موسیقی کے موڈ میں نہیں. آپ نہیں جانتے کہ جو کچھ آپ کے اور اس کی سن رہا ہوں ، بس آپ اس کو ہلائیں اور اس کی طرف سے موسیقی کا ایک تحفہ قبول کریں ۔!
آپ کا اپنا ذاتی ڈی جے سسٹم :

جب آپ ایک گانا سن رہے ہوتے ہیں ۔یا آپ کسی گانے کو پسند کرتے ہیں تو اپ کو iPodنانوں پلے لسٹ فراہم کرتا ہے ۔ اور صرف وہی گانے چلاتا ہے جو آپ نے سلیکٹ کریں ہوں۔

ریڈیو نینو :
بس آپ ایف ایم tuner کا بٹن دبائیں اور ، گانا ، یا پروگرام ک سنیں مزید آپ کو سکرین پر فنگشن دیکھ جائیں گے ۔کس طرح آپ اپنے پسندیدہ چینلز کو سیٹ کرسکتے ہیں۔

لائیو روک دیں :
جب آپ بریک لینا چاہتے ہوںتو آپ لائیو پروگرام کو روک سکتے ہیں ریکارڈ کرسکتے ہیں جیسے ہی واپس آجائیں ایک مختصر سے وقفے کے بعد آ ب واپس 15 منٹ یا تیز رفتاری کے طور پر ماضی لائیو نشر کرنے میں پکڑ سکتے ہیں۔
حاصل يہ ہوا کہ:
میرے خیال میں میں کہتا ہوں کہ یہ نئی iPod نینو سپر بہت اچھا ہے! مجھے سچ میں ایسا ہے جو اس کے ساتھ تبدیلی کی گئی ہے۔وہ دور جدید کے عین مطابق ہے۔ اچھا اب تمام دوستوں سے الوداع ۔ اسلام علیکم

Please Must See Videos This is Awesome

2010-09-09T05:30:00.000-07:00

INFLATION

2010-06-13T22:51:00.001-07:00

INFLATION

Over the last century many countries throughout the world have experienced inflation as their major economic problem. Inflation as the book defines it is “the rate of increase of the general level of prices”. This means that with the same amount of money you are unable to purchase the same amount of goods as before. What exactly is inflation? Inflation is a process in which the price level is rising and money is losing value. Inflation does not occur when you have a one-time jump in price, but rather an ongoing process where the price level is getting higher and higher over a period of time. When this happens, the twelve pack of Coca-Cola that you could once buy with your Rs.240, can now only buy you a 6 pack because the value of your Rs.240 went down. This is one of the effects.

When there is inflation the value of a dollar never stays constant. Money is purchasing power and as prices go up you do not have the same amount of purchasing power, you have less and less. Things are a lot more expensive than they used to be, a lot of things have even doubled in price. Prices seem to go up but salaries and wages do not seem to go up as fast as prices do. One of the thorniest issues in Pakistan today is how to put inflation under effective control. Pakistan stands out with the highest inflation rate and the only country in the group whose inflation rate (8.9 per cent) is more than its GDP growth rate (6.6 per cent). When most of major developing countries are recording healthy GDP growth while keeping overall inflation under five per cent, should not the government set five per cent inflation rate as target for the next fiscal year?
Inflation has wrecked havoc not only the lower and middle classes in our country but have suffered but the wealthy ones as well. The government has to urgently solve this gigantic n troubling issue before we exhaust our resources and are at the mercy of International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.

یہ میری پہلی اردو میں بلاگ پوسٹ ہے

2010-04-21T03:01:00.000-07:00

خوش آمدید میرے عزیز دوستوں اور وزیٹرز۔

میں آپ کا شکر گزار ہوں کہ آپ میرے بلاگ پر وزٹ کرتے ہیں ، اور اپنے بہترین کمنٹس سے داد دیتے ہیں ۔جیسا کہ میں اوپر پوسٹ کے ٹایٹل پر عرض کر چکا ہوں کہ یہ میری پہلی اردو میں بلاگ پوسٹ ہے۔
اب مزید میں تک و دو میں لگا ہوا ہوں کہ کس طرح اپنا پیغام دوسرے لوگوں کی زبان بن جاےَ ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔

Great Microsoft Office 2010 Magic

2010-02-28T09:07:00.001-08:00

Hi this is my first post through Microsoft office 2010 this is Awesome Application implement
Please use this application now install and get more informal software Wow Great Must Try and Comment please

How to AdWords?

2009-11-01T01:28:00.000-07:00

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

AdWords is Google's flagship advertising product and main source of revenue ($21 billion in 2008)^[1]. AdWords offers pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, and site-targeted advertising for both text and banner ads. The AdWords program includes local, national, and international distribution. Google's text advertisements are short, consisting of one title line and two content text lines. Image ads can be one of several different Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) standard sizes.

Sales and Support for Google's AdWords division is based in Ann Arbor, Michigan^[2], the company's third-largest facility behind its Mountain View, California, headquarters and New York City office.^[3]Engineering for AdWords is based in Mountain View, California.

Pay-Per-Click advertisements (PPC)

Advertisers specify the words that should trigger their ads and the maximum amount they are willing to pay per click. When a user searches Google's search engine on www.google.com or the relevant local/national google server (e.g. www.google.co.uk for The United Kingdom), ads (also known as creatives by Google) for relevant words are shown as "sponsored links" on the right side of the screen, and sometimes above the main search results.

The ordering of the paid-for listings depends on other advertisers' bids (PPC) and the "quality score" of all ads shown for a given search. The quality score is calculated by historical click-through rates, relevance of an advertiser's ad text and keywords, an advertiser's account history, and other relevance factors as determined by Google. The quality score is also used by Google to set the minimum bids for an advertiser's keywords[1]. The minimum bid takes into consideration the quality of the landing page as well, which includes the relevancy and originality of content, navigability, and transparency into the nature of the business [2]. Though Google has released a list of full guidelines for sites [3], the precise formula and meaning of relevance and its definition is in part secret to Google and the parameters used can change dynamically.

The auction mechanism that determines the order of the ads has been described as a Generalized second-price auction. ^[4]^[5] This is claimed to have the property that the participants do not necessarily fare best when they truthfully reveal any private information asked for by the auction mechanism (in this case, the value of the keyword to them, in the form of a "truthful" bid).

Placement targeted advertisements (formerly Site-Targeted Advertisements)

In 2003 Google introduced site-targeted advertising. Using the AdWords control panel, advertisers can enter keywords, domain names, topics, and demographic targeting preferences, and Google places the ads on what they see as relevant sites within their content network. If domain names are targeted, Google also provides a list of related sites for placement. Advertisers may bid on a cost per impression (CPI) or cost per click (CPC) basis for site targeting [4].

With placement targeting, it is possible for an ad to take up the entire ad block rather than have the ad block split into 1 to 4 ads, resulting in higher visibility for the advertiser.

The minimum cost-per-thousand impressions bid for placement targeted campaigns is 25 cents. There is no minimum CPC bid, however.

AdWords distribution

All AdWords ads are eligible to be shown on www.google.com. Advertisers also have the option of enabling their ads to show on Google's partner networks. The "search network" includes AOL search, Ask.com, and Netscape. Like www.google.com, these search engines show AdWords ads in response to user searches.

The "content network" shows AdWords ads on sites that are not search engines. These content network sites are those that use AdSense, the other side of the Google advertising model. AdSense is used by website owners who wish to make money by displaying ads on their websites. Click through rates on the content network are typically much lower than those on the search network and are therefore ignored when calculating an advertiser's quality score. It has been reported that using both AdSense and AdWords may cause a website to pay Google a commission when the website advertises itself.^[6]

Google automatically determines the subject of pages and displays relevant ads based on the advertisers' keyword lists. AdSense publishers may select channels to help direct Google's ad placements on their pages, to better track performance of their ad units. There are many different types of ads you can run across Google's network, including text ads, image ads (banner ads), local business ads, mobile text ads, and in-page video ads.

Google AdWords' main competitors are Yahoo! Search Marketing and Microsoft adCenter.

AdWords account management

To help clients with the complexity of building and managing AdWords accounts search engine marketing agencies and consultants offer account management as a business service. This has allowed organizations without advertising expertise to reach a global, online audience. Google has started the Google Advertising Professionals program to certify agencies and consultants who have met specific qualifications and passed an exam.^[7]. Google also provides account management software, called AdWords Editor.

Another useful feature is the My Client Centre available to Google Professionals (even if not yet passed the exam or budget parameters) whereby a Google professional has access and a dashboard summary of several accounts and can move between those accounts without logging in to each account.

The Google Adwords Keyword Tool provides a list of related keywords for a specific website or keyword. ^[8]

Recently, numerous complaints have been filed with the San Jose BBB (http://sanjose.bbb.org/BusinessReport.aspx?CompanyID=214105) regarding treatment small businesses have received from Google Adwords customer service. As a result, the company now has a A- rating with the San Jose BBB.

Click-to-Call

Google Click-to-Call was a service provided by Google which allows users to call advertisers from Google search results pages. Users enter their phone number, Google calls them back and connects to the advertiser. Calling charges are paid by Google. It was discontinued in 2007.^[9]. For some time similar click-to-call functionality was available for results in Google Maps.

History

The original idea was invented by Bill Gross from Idealab who, in his turn, borrowed it from yellow pages. Google wanted to buy out the idea but the deal would not get closed.^{[citation needed]} Google did not want to give up and launched AdWords in 2000.^[10]. AdWords followed Bill Gross' model to a significant extent. In the course of legal action Google and Idealab settled the dispute.

At first AdWords advertisers would pay a monthly amount, and Google would then set up and manage their campaign. To accommodate small businesses and those who wanted to manage their own campaigns, Google soon introduced the AdWords self-service portal. Starting in 2005 Google provided a campaign management service called Jumpstart ^[11] to assist advertisers in setting up their campaigns. However, this service is no longer available, so companies needing assistance must hire a third-party service provider.

In 2005, Google launched the Google Advertising Professional (GAP) Program to certify individuals and companies who have completed AdWords training and passed an exam. Due to the complexity of AdWords and the amount of money at stake, some advertisers hire a consultant to manage their campaigns.

for more information please click this link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_AdWords

====================================================================

Waht is AdSense ? & how to work with AdSense

2009-11-01T01:20:00.000-07:00

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

AdSense is an ad serving application run by Google Inc. Website owners can enroll in this program to enable text, image, and more recently, video advertisements on their websites. These advertisements are administered by Google and generate revenue on either a per-click or per-impression basis. Google beta tested a cost-per-action service, but discontinued it in October 2008 in favor of a DoubleClick offering (also owned by Google).^[1]

Overview

Google uses its Internet search technology to serve advertisements based on website content, the user's geographical location, and other factors. Those wanting to advertise with Google's targeted advertisement system may enroll through AdWords. AdSense has become a popular method of placing advertising on a website because the advertisements are less intrusive than most banners, and the content of the advertisements is often relevant to the website.

Many websites use AdSense to monetize their content. AdSense has been particularly important for delivering advertising revenue to small websites that do not have the resources for developing advertising sales programs and sales people. To fill a website with advertisements that are relevant to the topics discussed, webmasters implement a brief script on the websites' pages. Websites that are content-rich have been very successful with this advertising program, as noted in a number of publisher case studies on the AdSense website.

Some webmasters invest significant effort into maximizing their own AdSense income. They do this in three ways:^{[citation needed]}

They use a wide range of traffic-generating techniques, including but not limited to online advertising.
They build valuable content on their websites that attracts AdSense advertisements, which pay out the most when they are clicked.
They use text content on their websites that encourages visitors to click on advertisements. Note that Google prohibits webmasters from using phrases like "Click on my AdSense ads" to increase click rates. The phrases accepted are "Sponsored Links" and "Advertisements".

The source of all AdSense income is the AdWords program, which in turn has a complex pricing model based on a Vickrey second price auction. AdSense commands an advertiser to submit a sealed bid (i.e., a bid not observable by competitors). Additionally, for any given click received, advertisers only pay one bid increment above the second-highest bid.

History

Oingo, Inc., a privately held company located in Los Angeles, was started in 1998 by Gilad Elbaz and Adam Weissman. Oingo developed a proprietary search algorithm that was based on word meanings and built upon an underlying lexicon called WordNet, which was developed over the previous 15 years by researchers at Princeton University, led by George Miller.^[2]

Oingo changed its name to Applied Semantics in 2001,^[3] which was later acquired by Google in April 2003 for US$102 million.^[4]

In 2009, Google AdSense announced that it would now be offering new features, including the ability to "enable multiple networks to display ads".

Types

AdSense for Feeds

In May 2005, Google announced a limited-participation beta version of AdSense for Feeds, a version of AdSense that runs on RSS and Atom feeds that have more than 100 active subscribers. According to the Official Google Blog, "advertisers have their ads placed in the most appropriate feed articles; publishers are paid for their original content; readers see relevant advertising—and in the long run, more quality feeds to choose from."^[5]

AdSense for Feeds works by inserting images into a feed. When the image is displayed by a RSS reader or Web browser, Google writes the advertising content into the image that it returns. The advertisement content is chosen based on the content of the feed surrounding the image. When the user clicks the image, he or she is redirected to the advertiser's website in the same way as regular AdSense advertisements.

AdSense for Feeds remained in its beta state until August 15, 2008, when it became available to all AdSense users.

AdSense for search

A companion to the regular AdSense program, AdSense for search, allows website owners to place Google search boxes on their websites. When a user searches the Internet or the website with the search box, Google shares any advertising revenue it makes from those searches with the website owner. However the publisher is paid only if the advertisements on the page are clicked: AdSense does not pay publishers for mere searches.

AdSense for mobile content

AdSense for mobile content allows publishers to generate earnings from their mobile websites using targeted Google advertisements. Just like AdSense for content, Google matches advertisements to the content of a website — in this case, a mobile website.

AdSense for domains

Adsense for domains allows advertisements to be placed on domain names that have not been developed. This offers domain name owners a way to monetize domain names that are otherwise dormant. Adsense for domains is currently being offered to some users, with plans to make it available to all in stages.

On December 12, 2008, TechCrunch reported that AdSense for Domains is available for all US publishers.^[6]

AdSense for video

AdSense for video allows publishers with video content to generate revenue using ad placements from Google's extensive Advertising network. AdSense for video display both InVideo overlay and text overlay ads.

XHTML compatibility

As of September 2007, the HTML code for the AdSense search box does not validate as XHTML, and does not follow modern principles of website design because of its use of

non-standard end tags, such as and ,
the attribute checked rather than checked="checked",
presentational attributes other than id, class, or style — for example, bgcolor and align,
a table structure for purely presentational (i.e., non-tabular) purposes,¹ and
the font tag.²

1: using a table structure for unintended purposes is strongly recommended against by the W3C, ^[7] but nevertheless does not cause a document to fail validation — there is currently no algorithmic method of determining whether a table is used "correctly" (for displaying tabular data or for displaying elements, that get proportionally wider or narrower when browser window resizes in width without active client side scripting).
2: the font tag is deprecated but does not fail validation in any XHTML standard^{[citation needed]}.

Additionally, the AdSense advertisement units use the JavaScript method document.write(), which does not work correctly when rendered with the application/xhtml+xml MIME type. The units also use the iframe HTML tag, which is not validated correctly with the XHTML 1.0 Strict or XHTML 1.0 Transitional DOCTYPEs.

The terms of the AdSense program forbid its affiliates from modifying the code, thus preventing these participants from having valid XHTML websites.

However, a workaround has been found by creating a separate HTML webpage containing only the AdSense advertisement units, and then importing this page into an XHTML webpage with an object tag.^[8] This workaround appears to be accepted by Google.^[9]

How AdSense works

The webmaster inserts the AdSense JavaScript code into a webpage.
Each time this page is visited, the JavaScript code uses inlined JSON to display content fetched from Google's servers.
For contextual advertisements, Google's servers use a cache of the page to determine a set of high-value keywords. If keywords have been cached already, advertisements are served for those keywords based on the AdWords bidding system. (More details are described in the AdSense patent.)
For site-targeted advertisements, the advertiser chooses the page(s) on which to display advertisements, and pays based on cost per mille (CPM), or the price advertisers choose to pay for every thousand advertisements displayed.^[10]^[11]
For referrals, Google adds money to the advertiser's account when visitors either download the referred software or subscribe to the referred service.^[12] The referral program was retired in August 2008.^[13]
Search advertisements are added to the list of results after the visitor performs a search.
Because the JavaScript is sent to the Web browser when the page is requested, it is possible for other website owners to copy the JavaScript code into their own webpages. To protect against this type of fraud, AdSense customers can specify the pages on which advertisements should be shown. AdSense then ignores clicks from pages other than those specified.

Abuse

Some webmasters create websites tailored to lure searchers from Google and other engines onto their AdSense website to make money from clicks. These "zombie" websites often contain nothing but a large amount of interconnected, automated content (e.g., a directory with content from the Open Directory Project, or scraper websites relying on RSS feeds for content). Possibly the most popular form of such "AdSense farms" are splogs (spam blogs), which are centered around known high-paying keywords. Many of these websites use content from other websites, such as Wikipedia, to attract visitors. These and related approaches are considered to be search engine spam and can be reported to Google.^{[citation needed]}

A Made for AdSense (MFA) website or webpage has little or no content, but is filled with advertisements so that users have no choice but to click on advertisements. Such pages were tolerated in the past, but due to complaints, Google now disables such accounts.

There have also been reports of Trojan horses engineered to produce counterfeit Google advertisements that are formatted looking like legitimate ones. The Trojan downloads itself onto an unsuspecting computer through a webpage and then replaces the original advertisements with its own set of malicious advertisements.^[14]

Criticism

Due to concerns about click fraud, 'Google AdSense' has been criticized by some search engine optimization firms as a large source of what Google calls "invalid clicks", in which one company clicks on a rival's search engine advertisements to drive up the other company's costs.^[15]

To help prevent click fraud, AdSense publishers can choose from a number of click-tracking programs.^{[citation needed]} These programs display detailed information about the visitors who click on the AdSense advertisements. Publishers can use this to determine whether or not they have been a victim of click fraud. There are a number of commercial tracking scripts available for purchase.

The payment terms for webmasters have also been criticized.^[16] Google withholds payment until an account reaches US$100,^[17] but many micro content providers^{[citation needed]} require a long time—years in some cases—to build up this much AdSense revenue. However, Google will pay all earned revenue greater than US$10 when an AdSense account is closed.

Many website owners complain that their AdSense accounts have been disabled just before they were supposed to receive their first paycheck from Google. Google claims accounts have been disabled due to click fraud.^{[citation needed]}

Google came under fire when the official Google AdSense Blog showcased the French video website Imineo.com. This website violated Google's AdSense Program Policies by displaying AdSense alongside sexually explicit material. Typically, websites displaying AdSense have been banned from showing such content.^[18] Some sites have been banned for distributing copyright material even when they hold the copyright themselves or are authorized by the copyright holder to distribute the material.^[19]

It has been reported that using both AdSense and AdWords may cause a website to pay Google a commission when the website advertises itself.^[20]

In some cases, AdSense displays inappropriate or offensive ads. For example, in a news story about a terrorist attack in India, an advert was generated for a (presumably non-existent) educational qualification in terrorism.^[21]

For more information please click this link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Adsense

how to Google Serach? or what is Google search?

2009-11-01T01:13:00.000-07:00

Google search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. and is the most-used search engine on the Web.^[3] Google receives several hundred million queries each day through its various services.^[4] Google search was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997.^[5]

Beyond the original word-search capability,^[6] Google Search provides more than 22 special features, such as: synonyms; weather forecasts; time zones; stock quotes; maps; earthquake data; movie showtimes; airports; home listings; sports scores, etc. (see below: Special features). There are special features for numbers: prices; temperatures; money/unit conversions ("10.5 cm in inches"); calculations ( 3*4+sqrt(6)-pi/2 ); package tracking; patents; area codes;^[6] plus rudimentary language translation of displayed pages.

A Google search-results page is ordered by a priority rank called a "PageRank" which is kept secret to avoid spammers from forcing their pages to the top. Google Search provides many options for customized search (see below: Search options), such as: exclusion ("-xx"), inclusion ("+xx"), alternatives ("xx OR yy"), and wildcard matching ("xx*").

The search engine

PageRank

Main article: PageRank

Google's algorithm uses a patented system called PageRank to help rank web pages that match a given search string.^[7] The PageRank algorithm computes a recursive score for web pages, based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them. The PageRank derives from human-generated links, and is thought to correlate well with human concepts of importance. The exact percentage of the total of web pages that Google indexes is not known, as it is very hard to actually calculate. Previous keyword-based methods of ranking search results, used by many search engines that were once more popular than Google, would rank pages by how often the search terms occurred in the page, or how strongly associated the search terms were within each resulting page. In addition to PageRank, Google also uses other secret criteria for determining the ranking of pages on result lists, reported to be a number over 200.^[8]

Search results

Google not only indexes and caches web pages but also takes "snapshots" of other file types, which include PDF, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, Flash SWF, plain text files, and so on.^[9] Except in the case of text and SWF files, the cached version is a conversion to (X)HTML, allowing those without the corresponding viewer application to read the file.

Users can customize the search engine, by setting a default language, using the "SafeSearch" filtering technology and set the number of results shown on each page. Google has been criticized for placing long-term cookies on users' machines to store these preferences, a tactic which also enables them to track a user's search terms and retain the data for more than a year. For any query, up to the first 1000 results can be shown with a maximum of 100 displayed per page.

Non-indexable data

Despite its immense index, there is also a considerable amount of data available in online databases which are accessible by means of queries but not by links. This so-called invisible or deep Web is minimally covered by Google and other search engines.^[10] The deep Web contains library catalogs, official legislative documents of governments, phone books, and other content which is dynamically prepared to respond to a query.

Privacy in some countries forbids the showing of some links. For instance in Switzerland every private person can force Google Inc. to delete a link, which contains its name.^{[citation needed]}

Google optimization

Main article: Search engine optimization

Since Google is the most popular search engine, many webmasters have become eager to influence their website's Google rankings. An industry of consultants has arisen to help websites increase their rankings on Google and on other search engines. This field, called search engine optimization, attempts to discern patterns in search engine listings, and then develop a methodology for improving rankings to draw more searchers to their client's sites.

Search engine optimization encompasses both "on page" factors (like body copy, title elements, H1 heading elements and image alt attribute values) and Off Page Optimization factors (like anchor text and PageRank). The general idea is to affect Google's relevance algorithm by incorporating the keywords being targeted in various places "on page", in particular the title element and the body copy (note: the higher up in the page, presumably the better its keyword prominence and thus the ranking). Too many occurrences of the keyword, however, cause the page to look suspect to Google's spam checking algorithms.

Google has published guidelines for website owners who would like to raise their rankings when using legitimate optimization consultants.^[11]

Functionality

The Google search engine has many intuitive^{[citation needed]}features making it more functional. Google search consists of a series of localized websites. The largest of those, the google.com site, is the top most-visited website today.^[12] Some of its features include a definition link for most searches including dictionary words, a list of how many results you got on your search, links to other searches (e.g. for words that Google believes to be misspelled, it provides a link to the search results using its proposed spelling), and many more. It is unknown whether functionality, speed, or luck brought it its peak status.

Search syntax

Google's search engine normally accepts queries as a simple text, and breaks up the user's text into a sequence of search terms, which will usually be words that are to occur in the results, but may also be phrases, delimited by quotations marks ("), qualified terms, with a prefix such as "+", "-", or one of several advanced operators, such as "site:". The webpages of "Google Search Basics" describe each of these additional queries and options (see below: Search options).

Google's Advanced Search web form gives several additional fields which may be used to qualify searches by such criteria as date of first retrieval. All advanced queries transform to regular queries, usually with additional qualified terms.

Query expansion

Google applies query expansion to the submitted search query, transforming it into the query that will actually be used to retrieve results. As with page ranking, the exact details of the algorithm Google uses are deliberately obscure, but certainly the following transformations are among those that occur:

Term reordering: in information retrieval this is a standard technique to reduce the work involved in retrieving results. This transformation is invisible to the user, since the results ordering uses the original query order to determine relevance.
Stemming is used to increase search quality by keeping small syntactic variants of search terms.^[13]
There is a limited facility to fix possible misspellings in queries.

"I'm Feeling Lucky"

Google's homepage includes a button labeled "I'm Feeling Lucky". When a user clicks on the button the user will be taken directly to the first search result, bypassing the search engine results page. The thought is that if a user is "feeling lucky", the search engine will return the perfect match the first time without having to page through the search results.

According to a study by Tom Chavez of "Rapt", this feature costs Google $110 million a year as 1% of all searches use this feature and bypass all advertising.^[14]

^{for more information please click this link i have collect all this information from Wikipedia: below address
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_search}

Blog

2009-11-01T01:03:00.000-07:00

A blog (a contraction of the term "web log")^[1] is a type of website, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. "Blog" can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.

Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (Art blog), photographs (photoblog), videos (Video blogging), music (MP3 blog), and audio (podcasting). Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.

As of December 2007, blog search engine Technorati was tracking more than 112 million blogs.^[2]

Types

There are many different types of blogs, differing not only in the type of content, but also in the way that content is delivered or written.

Personal blogs: The personal blog, an ongoing diary or commentary by an individual, is the traditional, most common blog. Personal bloggers usually take pride in their blog posts, even if their blog is never read by anyone but them. Blogs often become more than a way to just communicate; they become a way to reflect on life or works of art. Blogging can have a sentimental quality. Few personal blogs rise to fame and the mainstream, but some personal blogs quickly garner an extensive following. A type of personal blog is referred to as "microblogging," which is extremely detailed blogging as it seeks to capture a moment in time. Sites, such as Twitter, allow bloggers to share thoughts and feelings instantaneously with friends and family and is much faster than e-mailing or writing.

Corporate and organizational blogs: A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for business purposes. Blogs, either used internally to enhance the communication and culture in a corporation or externally for marketing, branding or public relations purposes are called corporate blogs. Similar blogs for clubs and societies are called club blogs, group blogs, or by similar names; typical use is to inform members and other interested parties of club and member activities.

By genre: Some blogs focus on a particular subject, such as political blogs, travel blogs (also known as travelogs), house blogs,^[3]^[4] fashion blogs, project blogs, education blogs, niche blogs, classical music blogs, quizzing blogs and legal blogs (often referred to as a blawgs) or dreamlogs. Two common types of genre blogs are art blogs and music blogs. A blog featuring discussions especially about home and family is not uncommonly called a mom blog.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] While not a legitimate type of blog, one used for the sole purpose of spamming is known as a Splog.

By media type: A blog comprising videos is called a vlog, one comprising links is called a linklog, a site containing a portfolio of sketches is called a sketchblog or one comprising photos is called a photoblog.^[10] Blogs with shorter posts and mixed media types are called tumblelogs. Blogs that are written on typewriters and then scanned are called typecast or typecast blogs; see typecasting (blogging).

A rare type of blog hosted on the Gopher Protocol is known as a Phlog.

By device: Blogs can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it. A blog written by a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA could be called a moblog.^[11] One early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as sousveillance. Such journals have been used as evidence in legal matters.^{[citation needed]}

Community and cataloging

The Blogosphere

The collective community of all blogs is known as the blogosphere. Since all blogs are on the internet by definition, they may be seen as interconnected and socially networked, through blogrolls, comments, linkbacks (refbacks, trackbacks or pingbacks) and backlinks. Discussions "in the blogosphere" are occasionally used by the media as a gauge of public opinion on various issues. Because new, untapped communities of bloggers can emerge in the space of a few years, Internet marketers pay close attention to "trends in the blogosphere".^[12]

Blog search engines: Several blog search engines are used to search blog contents, such as Bloglines, BlogScope, and Technorati. Technorati, which is among the most popular blog search engines, provides current information on both popular searches and tags used to categorize blog postings^[13]. The research community is working on going beyond simple keyword search, by inventing new ways to navigate through huge amounts of information present in the blogosphere, as demonstrated by projects like BlogScope.^{[[[Wikipedia:^{[citation needed]}|^{[citation needed]}]]]}

Blogging communities and directories: Several online communities exist that connect people to blogs and bloggers to other bloggers, including BlogCatalog and MyBlogLog^[14]. Interest-specific blogging platforms are also available. For instance, Blogster has a sizable community of political bloggers among its members.

Blogging and advertising: It is common for blogs to feature advertisements either to financially benefit the blogger or to promote the blogger's favorite causes. The popularity of blogs has also given rise to "fake blogs" in which a company will create a fictional blog as a marketing tool to promote a product.^[15]

Popularity

Researchers have analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are essentially two measures of this: popularity through citations, as well as popularity through affiliation (i.e. blogroll). The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while it takes time for a blog to become popular through blogrolls, permalinks can boost popularity more quickly, and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls, since they denote that people are actually reading the blog's content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases.^[16]

The blogdex project was launched by researchers in the MIT Media Lab to crawl the Web and gather data from thousands of blogs in order to investigate their social properties. It gathered this information for over 4 years, and autonomously tracked the most contagious information spreading in the blog community, ranking it by recency and popularity. It can therefore be considered the first instantiation of a memetracker. The project is no longer active, but a similar function is now served by tailrank.com.

Blogs are given rankings by Technorati based on the number of incoming links and Alexa Internet based on the Web hits of Alexa Toolbar users. In August 2006, Technorati found that the most linked-to blog on the internet was that of Chinese actress Xu Jinglei.^[17] Chinese media Xinhua reported that this blog received more than 50 million page views, claiming it to be the most popular blog in the world.^[18] Technorati rated Boing Boing to be the most-read group-written blog.^[17]

^{Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog}

sq-about Inter-Asterisk eXchange

2009-08-28T14:18:00.000-07:00

IAX is the Inter-Asterisk eXchange protocol native to Asterisk PBX and supported by a number of other softswitches and PBXs. It is used to enable VoIP connections between servers as well as client-server communication.

IAX now most commonly refers to IAX2, the second version of the IAX protocol. The original IAX protocol has been deprecated in favor of IAX2.

The IAX2 protocol was published as an informational (non-standards-track) RFC 5456 by discretion of the RFC Editor in February 2009.^[1]

Basic properties

IAX2 is a VoIP protocol that carries both signaling and media on the same port. The commands and parameters are sent in binary format and any extension has to have a new numeric code allocated. Historically this was modeled after the internal data passing of Asterisk modules^{[citation needed]}.

IAX2 uses a single UDP data stream (usually on port 4569) to communicate between endpoints, multiplexing signaling and media flow. IAX2 easily traverses firewalls and network address translators. This is in contrast to SIP, H.323 and MGCP which use an out-of-band RTP stream to deliver information.

IAX2 supports trunking, multiplexing channels over a single link. When trunking, data from multiple calls are merged into a single stream of packets between two endpoints, reducing the IP overhead without creating additional latency. This is advantageous in VoIP transmissions, in which IP headers use a large percentage of bandwidth.

Origin of IAX

The IAX and IAX2 protocols were created by Mark Spencer for Asterisk for VoIP signaling. The protocol sets up internal sessions and these sessions can use whichever codec they want for voice transmission. The Inter-Asterisk Exchange protocol essentially provides control and transmission of streaming media over IP (Internet Protocol) networks. IAX is extremely flexible and can be used with any type of streaming media including video, however it is mainly designed for control of IP voice calls.

sq-about Asterisk PBX

2009-08-28T13:58:00.000-07:00

Asterisk is a software implementation of a telephone private branch exchange (PBX) originally created in 1999 by Mark Spencer of Digium. Like any PBX, it allows attached telephones to make calls to one another, and to connect to other telephone services including the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services. Its name comes from the asterisk symbol, “*”.

Asterisk is released under a dual license model, using the GNU General Public License (GPL) as a free software license and a proprietary software license to permit licensees to distribute proprietary, unpublished system components.

Due to free licensing of the software, hundreds of community programmers have contributed features and functionality and have reported and corrected bugs. Originally designed for Linux, Asterisk now also runs on a variety of different operating systems including NetBSD, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, and Solaris. A port to Microsoft Windows is known as AsteriskWin32^[1]

Features

The Asterisk software includes many features available in proprietary PBX systems: voice mail, conference calling, interactive voice response (phone menus), and automatic call distribution. Users can create new functionality by writing dial plan scripts in several of Asterisk's own extensions languages, by adding custom loadable modules written in C, or by implementing Asterisk Gateway Interface (AGI) programs using any programming language capable of communicating via the standard streams system (stdin and stdout) or by network TCP sockets.

To attach traditional analogue telephones to an Asterisk installation, or to connect to PSTN trunk lines, the server must be fitted with special hardware. Digium and a number of other firms sell PCI cards to attach telephones, telephone lines, T1 and E1 lines, and other analog and digital phone services to a server.

Perhaps of more interest to many deployers today, Asterisk also supports a wide range of Video^[2] and Voice over IP protocols, including SIP, MGCP and H.323. Asterisk can interoperate with most SIP telephones, acting both as registrar and as a gateway between IP phones and the PSTN. Asterisk developers have also designed a new protocol, Inter-Asterisk eXchange (IAX2), for efficient trunking of calls among Asterisk PBXes, and to VoIP service providers who support it. Some telephones support the IAX2 protocol directly (see Comparison of VoIP software for examples).

By supporting a mix of traditional and VoIP telephony services, Asterisk allows deployers to build new telephone systems, or gradually migrate existing systems to new technologies. Some sites are using Asterisk servers to replace proprietary PBXes; others to provide additional features (such as voice mail or voice response menus, or virtual call shops) or to reduce costs by carrying long-distance calls over the Internet (toll bypass).

VoIP telephone companies can, as an option, support Asterisk as a user agent or trunked connection with the IAX2 or SIP trunking protocols along with ATAs and other software user agents.

Asterisk was one of the first open source PBX software packages, of which there are now many.^[3]

In addition to VoIP protocols, Asterisk supports many traditional circuit-switching protocols such as ISDN and SS7. This requires appropriate hardware interface cards supporting such protocols, marketed by third-party vendors. Each protocol requires the installation of software modules such as Zaptel, Libpri, Libss7, chanss7, wanpipe and others. With these features, Asterisk provides a wide spectrum of communications options.

Configuration

To configure Asterisk into an operational system, the administrator must:

create channels/devices that allow Asterisk to communicate through a voice path that uses that channel and/or devices. These can be VoIP, or TDM, or analogue telephony devices.
compose a dial plan, written in the Asterisk control language, to express the algorithm or control flow Asterisk uses to respond when calls are presented to it over these channels. Asterisk can be used for many specific applications and a customized dial plan has to be created specifically for each purpose, such as the functionality of a PBX. Asterisk is thus a 'construction kit' for building PBXs, rather than a PBX in itself, as is commonly thought.

Asterisk is controlled by editing a set of configuration files. One of these, extensions.conf, contains the dialplan and controls the operational flow of Asterisk. A native scripting language is used to define the elements of process control, namely named variables, procedural macros, contexts, extensions, and actions. A context groups all the valid destination numbering codes which apply to a set of channels on which incoming (to Asterisk) calls can be presented. These numbering codes, called “extensions” (even though they often are not) are the starting points for the scripts which instruct Asterisk how to process calls made to those numbers within that context.

To clarify: contexts define the source of a call, and extensions define its destination.

Because each channel declares a context, the dial plan restricts and permits which extensions and facilities its device may access. Extensions consist of possibly multiple steps of execution, each performing either logical operations, directing program flow, or executing one of the many included applications available in Asterisk.

Applications are loadable modules that perform specialized operations, such as dial a telephone number or another internal extension (app_dial), perform conferencing services (app_meetme), or handle the operations of voice mail (app_voicemail). The plethora of applications available provide a unique capability and tool set to formulate algorithms that can perform a large array of different, customized telephony scenarios. Applications control the Asterisk core functions through a set of internal operation primitives, that are organized in an extensible fashion through a modular architecture and application programming interfaces (APIs).

Programming an Asterisk system can also be accomplished via separate, external applications using the Asterisk Gateway Interface. The Asterisk Gateway Interface (AGI) is a software interface and communications protocol for inter-process communication with Asterisk. In this, external, user-written programs, are launched from the Asterisk dial plan via pipes to control telephony operations on its associated control and voice channels. It is similar to the CGI feature of web servers in that any language can be used to write the external program which communicates with Asterisk via the standard streams, stdin and stdout.

There are several graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for Asterisk. These interfaces allow administrators to view, edit, and change various aspects of Asterisk via a web interface. As of version 1.4, a GUI labeled “asterisk-gui” is being developed alongside Asterisk by Digium. There are other GUIs, such as FreePBX. Other attempts to simplify Asterisk installation have been made, trixbox (formerly Asterisk at home (A@H)) is a popular distribution of Asterisk that includes Asterisk and FreePBX. There is also a free downloadable version - PBX in a Flash (PIAF).

Regional versions

While initially developed in the United States, Asterisk has become a popular VOIP PBX worldwide due to its free, open source licensing, open design, extensibility, and excellent feature set. As a result, the American-English female voice prompts for the Interactive voice response and voice mail features of Asterisk have been re-recorded by various developers in many different languages. Additionally, Asterisk voice sets in different languages, dialects and genders are offered for commercial sale.

Development

Major Releases:

1.0 - Released on 23 September 2004^[4]
1.2 - Released on 15 November 2005^[5]
1.4 - Released on 26 December 2006^[6]
1.6 - Released on 2 October, 2008^[7]

Source : http://www.ask.com/bar?q=Wikipedia+Main+Page&page=1&qsrc=6&ab=0&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMain_Page

sq-about Convergence (telecommunications)

2009-08-26T13:38:00.000-07:00

Telecommunications convergence is a concept dating back to AT&T in 1928 but has evolved in the 21st century to dominate the market positioning of telecoms operators. It is reflected in the product portfolio operators offer (vertical integration), and in the channels through which their products are sold and serviced (horizontal integration). Telecommunication convergence is a disruptive technology.
Communication media including electronic media, telecommunications media and broadcast media were discrete business operations providing distinct services. Broadcasting, voice telephony and on-line computer services were operated on different platforms: TV and radio sets, telephones and computer and were managed by different Business Support Systems. Different broadcasting media were each regulated differently by different regulators.
Telecom Media Convergence [1] is about crossing multiple industries. No longer are companies confined to their own markets. Fixed, mobile, and IP service providers can offer content and media services, and equipment providers can offer services directly to the end user. Content providers are consistently looking for new distribution channels. Convergence is the combination of all these different media into one operating platform. It is the merger of telecom, data processing and imaging technologies. This convergence is ushering in a new epoch of multimedia, in which voice, data and images are combined to render services to the user.
The key result of convergence at a macro-business level is the merger of the telecommunications and media / entertainment industries.

Messaging Convergence

Combinational services are growing in prominence, chief among these being those services which integrate SMS with voice, such as voice SMS (voice instead of text – service providers include Bubble Motion and Kirusa) and SpinVox (voice to text). In addition, several operators have launched services that combine SMS with mobile instant messaging (MIM) and presence.
The Text-to-Landline services are also trendy, where subscribers can send text messages to any landline phone and are charged at standard text message fees. This service has been very popular in America, where it’s difficult to differentiate fixed-line and mobile phone numbers.
Inbound SMS has been also converging to enable reception of different formats (SMS, voice, MMS, etc.). UK companies, including consumer goods companies and media giants, should soon be able to let consumers contact them via voice, SMS, MMS, IVR or video using just one five-digit number or long number. In April 2008, O2 UK launched voice-enabled shortcodes, adding voice functionality to the five-digit codes already used for SMS. Mobile messaging provider Tyntec also provides a similar service based on long number, converging text message and voice calls under one number.
This type of convergence is particularly helpful for media companies, broadcasters, enterprises, call centres and help desks who need to develop a consistent contact strategy with the consumer. Because SMS is very popular today with any demographic, it became relevant to include text messaging as a contact possibility for consumers. To avoid having multiple numbers (one for voice calls, another one for SMS), a simple way is to merge the reception of both formats under one number. This means that a consumer can text or call +44 7624 805555 and can be sure that, regardless of the format, the message will be received.

Business drivers for convergence

The key business drivers are around customer centricity, synergies and brand value.
Customer Centricity. This is the concept according to which providers of services are to revolve around consumers, rather than the consumers going to different providers for each service. The telco / media company becomes a wrapper of services to satisfy the customers' every wish, affecting several aspects of his/her life. The ultimate goal of convergence is for the operator to become the single point of contact for all their customers' needs. This is reflected in the operator becoming the "single point of payment" for a large portfolio of services. Both these aspects have the advantage of making life easier for the individual consumer.
Synergies. Due to a centralised business model, reduced overheads and costs to serve, joint marketing, upselling and cross-selling driven by a centralised view of the customer, and consolidation of technologies make convergence a very attractive strategy for operators in an increasingly competitive market. As telecommunications reach a new stage of maturity, margins get eroded and traditional services become commoditised. Convergence generates value by reducing costs through efficiencies and consolidation.
Brand Value. The other way in which convergence generates value is by spreading brand value to new products and services, which have the potential to invert the spiral of commoditisation. The customer base of one company and its brand identity can be transferred to new products, imbuing them with the value coming from the original, established brand.

Technology implications

Convergent solutions include both fixed-line and mobile technologies. Recent examples of new, convergent services include:
Using the Internet for voice telephony
Video On Demand
Fixed-Mobile Convergence
Mobile-to-Mobile Convergence
Location Based Services
Integrated Products and Bundles
Convergent technologies can integrate the fixed-line with mobile to deliver convergent solutions. Convergent technologies include:
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
SIP
IPTV
VOIP
Voice Call Continuity
Digital Video Broadcasting - Handheld
Video On Demand technologies

Telecommunication convergence business support systems

Convergent solutions extend beyond network based technologies like VOIP and IPTV. Convergent solutions require a realisation of the limitations of single product Business Support Systems and Operations Support Systems.
The ability for an organisation to deliver complete converged packages may be dependent upon the following factors:
Ability to model converged products and services in a single product catalogue
Billing convergence
Provisioning convergence
Single view of customer
Usability and Quality of Service
Policy based security and authorisation

Product catalogue convergence

Many organisations face the problem of delivering logical bundles created from existing products distributed across non integrated product catalogues and non integrated provisioning systems. An example would be a mobile operator unable to deliver a new prepaid mobile handset and SIM offering with prepaid preloaded ringtones. Separate product catalogues modelling historic products require connecting in order to be sold as converged bundles. Up-sell and cross-selling matrices are localised to individual product catalogues. The modelling of relationships between bundled products requires a dedicated rules engine for managing cross-sell and up-sell opportunities.

Billing convergence

The ability for the telecommunications industry to deliver convergent services is the dependency to sell services. Different convergent products may require different subscription models. For example a pre-paid mobile contract may provide a mobile data subscription requiring real-time mediation of data usage. The delivery of convergent solutions can involve multiple content providers and multiple network providers. The maturity of convergent solutions shall depend upon the telecommunications industry’s ability to resolve the complexity of interconnect billing

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_convergence

sq-about Technological convergence

2009-08-26T13:30:00.000-07:00

Technological convergence is the tendency for different technological systems to evolve towards performing similar tasks.
Convergence can refer to previously separate technologies such as voice (and telephony features), data (and productivity applications) and video that now share resources and interact with each other, synergistically creating new efficiencies.
Today, we are surrounded by a multi-level convergent media world where all modes of communication and information are continually reforming to adapt to the enduring demands of technologies, “changing the way we create, consume, learn and interact with each other” [1].
Convergence in this instance is defined as the interlinking of computing and other information technologies, media content and communication networks that have arisen as the result of the evolution and popularisation of the Internet as well as the activities, products and services that have emerged in the digital media space.
Many experts view this as simply being the tip of the iceberg, as all facets of institutional activity and social life such as business, government, art, journalism, health and education are increasingly being carried out in these digital media spaces across a growing network of ICT devices.
Also included in this topic is the basis of computer networks, wherein many different operating systems are able to communicate via different protocols. This could be a prelude to artificial intelligence networks on the internet and eventually leading to a powerful superintelligence [2] via a Technological singularity.
Technological Convergence can also refer to the phenomena of a group of technologies developed for one use being utilized in many different contexts. This often happens to military technology as well as most types of machine tools and now silicon chips.

Media convergence

The rise of digital communication in the late 20th century made it possible for media organizations (or individuals) to deliver text, audio and video material over the same wired, wireless or fiber-optic connections. At the same time, it inspired some media organizations to explore multimedia delivery of information. This digital convergence of news media, in particular, was called "Mediamorphosis" by researcher Roger Fidler [1], in his 1997 book by that name.
The Internet
The internet is a globalized network and was officially launched in 1969. Over the past 40 years its role has changed rapidly its main use being for communication, and easier, faster access to information for Universities and various other educational institutions. In today's world, the internet does more than that. It is an important tool used to reach various audiences around the world. Its uses have been constantly trying to create more ways in which the internet can be useful in more ways than one. The Television, Radio and Newspapers are the worlds main mediums in accessing news and entertainment. Now, all 3 mediums have converged into one and people all over the world now can read news on the internet. They can also watch videos, Television Shows, listen to music, download and upload pictures, music and videos. Now one doesn't have to wait until the next day to hear the latest in news, fashion and music. The internet is so easy to access that should anything happen, it would be displayed to the whole world within minutes.[3]
Convergence of media occurs when multiple products come together to form one product with the advantages of all of them, also known as the black box. This idea of one technology, concocted by Jenkins, has become known more as a fallacy because of the inability to actually put all technical pieces into one. For example, while people can have e-mail and internet on their phone, they still want full computers with internet and e-mail in addition. See Concentration of media ownership for the similar sounding phrase of media convergence.[4][5]
Media convergence is a concept in which old and new media intersect; when grassroots and corporate media intertwine in such a way that the balance of power between media producers and media consumers shifts in unpredictable ways. According to Henry Jenkins who is a highly respected media analyst and one of the foremost leading experts on the convergence culture paradigm, as well as, the DeFlorz Professor of Humanities and the Founder and Director of the Comparative Media Studies Program at MIT states that,
"the flow of content across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, and the migratory behaviour of media audiences."
[6] Media convergence is not just a technological shift or a technological process, it also includes shifts within the industrial, cultural, and social paradigms that encourage the consumer to seek out new information. Convergence, simply put, is how individual consumers interact with others on a social level and use various media platforms to create new experiences, new forms of media and content that connect us socially, and not just to other consumers, but to the corporate producers of media in ways that have not been as readily accessible in the past.
For example, the Wii is not only a games console, but also an internet browser and social networking tool. Mobile phones are another good example, in that they increasingly incorporate digital cameras, mp3 players, camcorders, voice recorders, and other devices.
This type of convergence is very popular. For the consumer it means more features in less space, while for the media conglomerates it means remaining competitive in the struggle for market dominance. With the advance in technology comes the ability for technological convergence which Rheingold believes alters the "social-side effects" in that "the virtual, social and physical world are colliding, merging and coordinating"[7]
However, convergence can have its downside. Particularly in their initial forms, converged devices are frequently less functional and reliable than their component parts (e.g. a DVD may perform better on a traditional DVD player than on a games console). As the amount of functions in a single device escalates, the ability of that device to serve its original function decreases.[8] For example, the iPhone (which, by name implies that its' primary function is that of a mobile phone) can perform many different tasks, but does not feature a traditional numerical pad to make phone calls. Instead, the phone features a touchpad, which some users have found troublesome compared to a conventional phone.[9] As Rheingold asserts, technological convergence holds immense potential for the "improvement of life and liberty in some ways and (could) degrade it in others" [10] He believes the same technology has the potential to be "used as both a weapon of social control and a means of resistance"[11]
Regardless, an ever-wider range of technologies are being converged into single multipurpose devices.
Since technology has evolved in the past ten years or so, companies are beginning to converge technologies to create demand for new products. This would include phone companies integrating 3G on their phones. Television in the mid 20th century converged the technologies of movies and radio, and is now being converged with the mobile phone industry. Phone calls are also being made with the use of personal computers. Converging technologies seems to be squashing many types of demanded technologies into one. Mobile phones are becoming manufactured to not only carry out phone calls, text messages, but also hold images, videos, music, television, camera, and multimedia of all types. Manufacturers are now integrating more advanced features such as video recording, gps receivers, data storage and security mechanisms into the traditional cellphone.
These paradigm shifts are ongoing in the media, and often occur from time to time as the technology to create better devices evolves. It was predicted in the 1990s that a digital revolution would take place,and that old media would be pushed to one side by new media. Broadcasting is increasingly being replaced by the Internet, enabling consumers all over the world the freedom to access their preferred media content more easily and at a more available rate than ever before.
However, when the dot com bubble of the 1990s suddenly popped, that poured cold water over the talk of such a digital revolution. In today's society, the idea of media convergence has once again emerged as a key point of reference as newer as well as established media companies attempt to visualise the future of the entertainment industry. If this revolutionary digital paradigm shift presumed that old media would be increasingly replaced by new media, the convergence paradigm that is currently emerging suggests that new and old media would interact in more complex ways than previously predicted. The paradigm shift that followed the digital revolution assumed that new media was going to change everything. When the dot com market crashed, there was a tendency to imagine that nothing had changed. The real truth lay somewhere in between as there were so many aspects of the current media environment to take into consideration. Many industry leaders are increasingly reverting to media convergence as a way of making sense in an era of disorientating change. In that respect, media convergence in theory is essentially an old concept taking on a new meaning.
Media convergence in reality is more than just a shift in technology. It alters the relationship that already exists between industries, technologies, audiences, genres and markets. Media convergence changes the rationality in which media industries operate and also the way that media consumers process news and entertainment. Bearing in mind that media convergence in reality is essentially a process and not an outcome, there is no single black box that controls the flow of media into our homes and workplaces. With the proliferation of different media channels and the increasing portability of new telecommunications and computing technologies, we have entered into an era where the media is constantly surrounding us. Believe it or not, today's modern society is already existing within a convergence culture.
Media convergence requires companies operating within the scope of the media to rethink existing assumptions about media from the consumer's point of view, as these assumptions affect both marketing and programming decisions. Media producers have to respond to these newly empowered consumers in today's society to reinvent existing concepts to keep them up to date with emerging trends. Consumers these days do not just want to be on a one way transmission model where they simply receive information. They want to interact with it. They want to create it. They want to participate within it. Media convergence has allowed that to happen and as the proliferation of new communication technologies continues to occur, this trend is here to stay.

Messaging convergence

Combinational services include those which integrate SMS with voice, such as voice SMS - providers include Bubble Motion, Jott, Kirusa and SpinVox. Several operators have launched services that combine SMS with mobile instant messaging (MIM) and presence.
Text-to-landline services also exist, where subscribers can send text messages to any landline phone and are charged at standard rates. This service has been popular in America, where fixed and mobile numbers are similar.
Inbound SMS has been also converging to enable reception of different formats (SMS, voice, MMS, etc.). UK companies, including consumer goods companies and media giants, should soon be able to let consumers contact them via voice, SMS, MMS, IVR or video using one five-digit number or long number. In April 2008, O2 UK launched voice-enabled shortcodes, adding voice functionality to the five-digit codes already used for SMS. Mobile messaging provider Tyntec also provides a similar service based on long number, converging text message and voice calls under one number.
This type of convergence is particularly helpful for media companies, broadcasters, enterprises, call centres and help desks who need to develop a consistent contact strategy with the consumer. Because SMS is very popular today with any demographic, it became relevant to include text messaging as a contact possibility for consumers. To avoid having multiple numbers (one for voice calls, another one for SMS), a simple way is to merge the reception of both formats under one number. This means that a consumer can text or call one number and be sure that the message will be received.

Multi-play

Multi-play is a marketing term describing the provision of different telecommunication services, such as Broadband Internet access, television, telephone, and mobile phone service, by organisations that traditionally only offered one or two of these services. Multi-play is a catch-all phrase; usually, the terms triple play (voice, video and data) or quadruple play (voice, video, data and wireless) are used to describe a more specific meaning.
A dual play service is a marketing term for the provisioning of the two services: it can be high-speed Internet (ADSL) and telephone service over a single broadband connection in the case of phone companies, or high-speed Internet (cablemodem) and TV service over a single broadband connection in the case of cable TV companies.
The convergence can also concern the underlying communication infrastructure. An example of this is a triple play service, where communication services are packaged allowing consumers to purchase TV, internet and telephony in one subscription.
A quadruple play service combines the triple play service of broadband Internet access, television and telephone with wireless service provisions.[12] This service set is also sometimes humorously referred to as "The Fantastic Four" or "Grand Slam".[13]
The broadband cable market is transforming as pay-TV providers move aggressively into what was once considered the telco space. Meanwhile, customer expectations have risen as consumer and business customers alike seek rich content, multi-use devices, networked products and converged services including on-demand video, digital TV, high speed Internet, VoIP and wireless applications. It's uncharted territory for most broadband companies.
Incidentally, the "mobile service provisions" aspect refers not only to the ability of subscribers to be able to purchase mobile phone like services as is often seen in co-marketing efforts between providers of land-line services. Rather it is one major ambition of wireless - the ability to have access to all of the above including voice, internet, and content/video while on the go and requiring no tethering to the network via cables.
Given advancements in WiMAX and other leading edge technologies, the ability to transfer information over a wireless link at combinations of speeds, distances and non line of sight conditions is rapidly improving. It is possible that one could never need to be connected by a wire to anything, even while at home.
One fundamental aspect of the quadruple play is not only the long awaited broadband convergence but also the players involved. Many of them, from the largest global service providers to whom we connect today via wires and cables to the smallest of startup service providers are interested. The opportunities are attractive: the big three telecom services - telephony, cable television and wireless - could combine the size of their respective industries.
The next level of service might be the integration of RFID into the quadruple play which will add the capability for home equipment to communicate to the outside world and schedule maintenance on its own.
In the UK, the recent merger of NTL:Telewest and Virgin Mobile resulted in a company offering a quadruple play of Cable Television, Broadband Internet, Home Telephone and Mobile Telephones.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_convergence#Fixed_Mobile_Convergence

sq-about Mobile VoIP

2009-08-26T13:15:00.000-07:00

Mobile VoIP is an extension of mobility to a Voice over IP network.
There are several methodologies by which a mobile handset can be integrated into a VoIP network. One implementation turns the mobile device into a standard SIP client, which then uses a data network to send and receive SIP messaging, and to send and receive RTP for the voice path. This methodology of turning a mobile handset into a standard SIP client requires that the mobile handset support, at minimum, high speed IP communications. In this application, standard VoIP protocols (typically SIP) are used over any broadband IP-capable wireless network connection such as EVDO rev A (which is symmetrical high speed — both high speed up and down), HSDPA, WiFi or WiMAX.
Another implementation of mobile integration uses a softswitch like gateway to bridge SIP and RTP into the mobile network's SS7 infrastructure. In this implementation, the mobile handset continues to operate as it always has (as a GSM or CDMA based device), but now it can be controlled by a SIP application server which can now provide advanced SIP based services to it. Several vendors offer this kind of capability today.
Mobile VoIP will require a compromise between economy and mobility. For example, Voice over Wi-Fi offers potentially free service but is only available within the coverage area of a Wi-Fi Access Point. High speed services from mobile operators using EVDO rev A or HSDPA may have better audio quality and capabilities for metropolitan-wide coverage including fast handoffs among mobile base stations, yet it will cost more than the typical Wi-Fi-based VoIP service.
Mobile VoIP will become an important service in the coming years as device manufacturers exploit more powerful processors and less costly memory to meet user needs for ever-more 'power in their pocket'. Smartphones in mid-2006 are capable of sending and receiving email, browsing the web (albeit at low rates) and in some cases allowing a user to watch TV.
The challenge for the mobile operator industry is to deliver the benefits and innovations of IP without losing control of the network service. Users like the Internet to be free and high speed without extra charges for visiting specific sites. Such a service challenges the most valuable service in the telecommunications industry — voice — and threatens to change the nature of the global communications industry.

Technologies

Mobile VoIP relies on two main technologies:
UMA — the Unlicensed Mobile Access Generic Access Network, designed to allow VoIP to run over the GSM cellular backbone
SIP — the standard used by most VoIP services, and now being implemented on mobile handsets

Recent developments

In the summer of 2006, a SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) stack was introduced and a VoIP client in Nokia E-series dual-mode Wi-Fi handsets (Nokia E60, Nokia E61, Nokia E70). The SIP stack and client have since been introduced in many more E and N-series dual-mode Wi-Fi handsets, most notably the Nokia N95 which has been very popular in Europe. Various services use these handsets. Recently Nokia introduced a built in VoIP client to the mass market device (Nokia 6300i) running Series 40 operating system. Nokia maintains a list of all phones that have an integrated VoIP client here.
Aircell's battle with some companies allowing VoIP calls on flights is another example of the growing conflict of interest between incumbent operators and new VoIP operators.[1]

References

^ "Aircell: On U.S. Planes, VoIP Will Be Muted" GigaOm August 26, 2008

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_VoIP

sq-about IP Multimedia Subsystem

2009-08-26T13:02:00.000-07:00

The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is an architectural framework for delivering Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia services. It was originally designed by the wireless standards body 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), as a part of the vision for evolving mobile networks beyond GSM. Its original formulation (3GPP R5) represented an approach to delivering "Internet services" over GPRS. This vision was later updated by 3GPP, 3GPP2 and TISPAN by requiring support of networks other than GPRS, such as Wireless LAN, CDMA2000 and fixed line.
To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). According to the 3GPP[1], IMS is not intended to standardize applications but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals, i.e. create a form of Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical architecture perspective, services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer. However in implementation this does not necessarily map into greater reduced cost and complexity.
Alternative and overlapping technologies for access and provisioning of services across wired and wireless networks include combinations of Generic Access Network, soft switches and "naked" SIP. It is easier to sell services than to sell the virtues of "integrated services", but additionally the task to sell an IMS based on a single service is also difficult as there are often (cheaper) alternatives to creating and deploying that particular service.
Since it is becoming increasingly easier to access content and contacts using mechanisms outside the control of traditional wireless/fixed operators, the interest of IMS is being challenged.[2]

History

IMS was originally defined by an industry forum called 3G.IP, formed in 1999. 3G.IP developed the initial IMS architecture, which was brought to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), as part of their standardization work for 3G mobile phone systems in UMTS networks. It first appeared in Release 5 (evolution from 2G to 3G networks), when SIP-based multimedia was added. Support for the older GSM and GPRS networks was also provided.
3GPP2 (a different organization than 3GPP) based their CDMA2000 Multimedia Domain (MMD) on 3GPP IMS, adding support for CDMA2000.
3GPP release 6 added interworking with WLAN.
3GPP release 7 added support for fixed networks, by working together with TISPAN release R1.1, the function of AGCF(Access Gateway control function) and PES (PSTN Emulation Service) are introduced to the wire-line network for the sake of inheritance of services which can be provided in PSTN network.

Access network

The user can connect to an IMS network in various ways, most of which use the standard Internet Protocol (IP). IMS terminals (such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and computers) can register directly on an IMS network, even when they are roaming in another network or country (the visited network). The only requirement is that they can use IP and run Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) user agents. Fixed access (e.g., Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), cable modems, Ethernet), mobile access (e.g. W-CDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, GPRS) and wireless access (e.g. WLAN, WiMAX) are all supported. Other phone systems like plain old telephone service (POTS -- the old analogue telephones), H.323 and non IMS-compatible VoIP systems, are supported through gateways. From Release 8 onwards, the 2G or 3G circuit-switched network can also be used as an access network to the IMS, if ICS (IMS Centralized Services) is supported.

Core network

Home subscriber server

The Home Subscriber Server (HSS), or User Profile Server Function (UPSF), is a master user database that supports the IMS network entities that actually handle calls. It contains the subscription-related information (subscriber profiles), performs authentication and authorization of the user, and can provide information about the subscriber's location and IP information. It is similar to the GSM Home Location Register (HLR) and Authentication Centre (AUC).
A Subscriber Location Function (SLF) is needed to map user addresses when multiple HSSs are used. Both the HSS and the SLF communicate through the Diameter protocol. Diameter is used to perform AAA operations, i.e Authentication, Authorization and Accounting.

User identities

Normal 3GPP networks use the following identities:
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)
IMSI is a unique phone identity that is stored in the SIM. To improve privacy, a TMSI is generated per geographical location. While IMSI/TMSI are used for user identification, the IMEI is a unique device identity and is phone specific. The MSISDN is the telephone number of a user.
IMS also requires IP Multimedia Private Identity (IMPI) and IP Multimedia Public Identity (IMPU). Both are not phone numbers or other series of digits, but Uniform Resource Identifier (URIs), that can be digits (a Tel URI, like tel:+1-555-123-4567) or alphanumeric identifiers (a SIP URI, like sip:john.doe@example.com). There can be multiple IMPU per IMPI (often a Tel URI and a SIP URI). The IMPU can also be shared with another phone, so that both can be reached with the same identity (for example, a single phone-number for an entire family).
The HSS subscriber database contains, the IMPU, IMPI, IMSI, and MSISDN, subscriber service profiles, service triggers and other information.

Call/session control

Several roles of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) servers or proxies, collectively called Call Session Control Function (CSCF), are used to process SIP signalling packets in the IMS.
A Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF) is a SIP proxy that is the first point of contact for the IMS terminal. It can be located either in the visited network (in full IMS networks) or in the home network (when the visited network isn't IMS compliant yet). Some networks may use a Session Border Controller for this function. The terminal discovers its P-CSCF with either DHCP, or it is assigned in the PDP Context (in General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)).
it is assigned to an IMS terminal during registration, and does not change for the duration of the registration
it sits on the path of all signalling messages, and can inspect every message
it authenticates the user and establishes an IPsec security association with the IMS terminal. This prevents spoofing attacks and replay attacks and protects the privacy of the user. Other nodes trust the P-CSCF, and do not have to authenticate the user again.
it can also compress and decompress SIP messages using SigComp, which reduces the round-trip over slow radio links
it may include a Policy Decision Function (PDF), which authorizes media plane resources e.g. quality of service (QoS) over the media plane. It's used for policy control, bandwidth management, etc. The PDF can also be a separate function.
it also generates charging records
A Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF) is the central node of the signalling plane. It is a SIP server, but performs session control too. It is always located in the home network. It uses Diameter Cx and Dx interfaces to the HSS to download and upload user profiles — it has no local storage of the user. All necessary information is loaded from the HSS.
it handles SIP registrations, which allows it to bind the user location (e.g. the IP address of the terminal) and the SIP address
it sits on the path of all signaling messages, and can inspect every message
it decides to which application server(s) the SIP message will be forwarded, in order to provide their services
it provides routing services, typically using Electronic Numbering (ENUM) lookups
it enforces the policy of the network operator
there can be multiple S-CSCFs in the network for load distribution and high availability reasons. It's the HSS that assigns the S-CSCF to a user, when it's queried by the I-CSCF.
An Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) is another SIP function located at the edge of an administrative domain. Its IP address is published in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the domain (using NAPTR and SRV type of DNS records), so that remote servers can find it, and use it as a forwarding point (e.g. registering) for SIP packets to this domain. The I-CSCF queries the HSS using the Diameter Cx interface to retrieve the user location (Dx interface is used from I-CSCF to SLF to locate the needed HSS only), and then routes the SIP request to its assigned S-CSCF. Up to Release 6 it can also be used to hide the internal network from the outside world (encrypting part of the SIP message), in which case it's called a Topology Hiding Inter-network Gateway (THIG). From Release 7 onwards this "entry point" function is removed from the I-CSCF and is now part of the Interconnection Border Control Function (IBCF). The IBCF is used as gateway to external networks, and provides NAT and Firewall functions (pinholing). Several roles of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) servers or proxies, collectively called Call Session Control Function (CSCF), are used to process SIP signalling packets in the IMS.
A Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF) is a SIP proxy that is the first point of contact for the IMS terminal. It can be located either in the visited network (in full IMS networks) or in the home network (when the visited network isn't IMS compliant yet). Some networks may use a Session Border Controller for this function. The terminal discovers its P-CSCF with either DHCP, or it is assigned in the PDP Context (in General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)).
it is assigned to an IMS terminal during registration, and does not change for the duration of the registration
it sits on the path of all signalling messages, and can inspect every message
it authenticates the user and establishes an IPsec security association with the IMS terminal. This prevents spoofing attacks and replay attacks and protects the privacy of the user. Other nodes trust the P-CSCF, and do not have to authenticate the user again.
it can also compress and decompress SIP messages using SigComp, which reduces the round-trip over slow radio links
it may include a Policy Decision Function (PDF), which authorizes media plane resources e.g. quality of service (QoS) over the media plane. It's used for policy control, bandwidth management, etc. The PDF can also be a separate function.
it also generates charging records
A Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF) is the central node of the signalling plane. It is a SIP server, but performs session control too. It is always located in the home network. It uses Diameter Cx and Dx interfaces to the HSS to download and upload user profiles — it has no local storage of the user. All necessary information is loaded from the HSS.
it handles SIP registrations, which allows it to bind the user location (e.g. the IP address of the terminal) and the SIP address
it sits on the path of all signaling messages, and can inspect every message
it decides to which application server(s) the SIP message will be forwarded, in order to provide their services
it provides routing services, typically using Electronic Numbering (ENUM) lookups
it enforces the policy of the network operator
there can be multiple S-CSCFs in the network for load distribution and high availability reasons. It's the HSS that assigns the S-CSCF to a user, when it's queried by the I-CSCF.
An Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) is another SIP function located at the edge of an administrative domain. Its IP address is published in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the domain (using NAPTR and SRV type of DNS records), so that remote servers can find it, and use it as a forwarding point (e.g. registering) for SIP packets to this domain. The I-CSCF queries the HSS using the Diameter Cx interface to retrieve the user location (Dx interface is used from I-CSCF to SLF to locate the needed HSS only), and then routes the SIP request to its assigned S-CSCF. Up to Release 6 it can also be used to hide the internal network from the outside world (encrypting part of the SIP message), in which case it's called a Topology Hiding Inter-network Gateway (THIG). From Release 7 onwards this "entry point" function is removed from the I-CSCF and is now part of the Interconnection Border Control Function (IBCF). The IBCF is used as gateway to external networks, and provides NAT and Firewall functions (pinholing).

Application servers

See also: Next Generation Network Services
Application servers (AS) host and execute services, and interface with the S-CSCF using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). An example of an application server that is being developed in 3GPP is the Voice call continuity Function (VCC Server). Depending on the actual service, the AS can operate in SIP proxy mode, SIP UA (user agent) mode or SIP B2BUA (back-to-back user agent) mode. An AS can be located in the home network or in an external third-party network. If located in the home network, it can query the HSS with the Diameter Sh interface (for a SIP-AS) or the Mobile Application Part (MAP) interface (for IM-SSF).
SIP AS: native IMS application server
IP Multimedia Service Switching Function (IM-SSF): an IM-SSF interfaces with Customized Applications for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) Application Servers using Camel Application Part (CAP)
Open Service Access-Service Capability Server (OSA-SCS): Interface to the OSA framework Application Server [4]

Media Servers

The Media Resource Function (MRF) provides media related functions such as media manipulation (e.g. voice stream mixing) and playing of tones and announcements.
Each MRF is further divided into a Media Resource Function Controller (MRFC) and a Media Resource Function Processor (MRFP).
The MRFC is a signalling plane node that acts as a SIP User Agent to the S-CSCF, and which controls the MRFP across an H.248 interface
The MRFP is a media plane node that implements all media-related functions.

Breakout Gateway

A Breakout Gateway Control Function (BGCF) is a SIP server that includes routing functionality based on telephone numbers. It is only used when calling from the IMS to a phone in a circuit switched network, such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or the Public land mobile network (PLMN).

PSTN Gateways

A PSTN/CS gateway interfaces with PSTN circuit switched (CS) networks. For signalling, CS networks use ISDN User Part (ISUP) (or BICC) over Message Transfer Part (MTP), while IMS uses Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) over IP. For media, CS networks use Pulse-code modulation (PCM), while IMS uses Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).
A Signalling Gateway (SGW) interfaces with the signalling plane of the CS. It transforms lower layer protocols as Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP, an Internet Protocol (IP) protocol) into Message Transfer Part (MTP, an Signalling System 7 (SS7) protocol), to pass ISDN User Part (ISUP) from the MGCF to the CS network.
A Media Gateway Controller Function (MGCF) does call control protocol conversion between SIP and ISUP and interfaces with the SGW over SCTP. It also controls the resources in a Media Gateway (MGW) across an H.248 interface.
A Media Gateway (MGW) interfaces with the media plane of the CS network, by converting between RTP and PCM. It can also transcode when the codecs don't match (e.g. IMS might use AMR, PSTN might use G.711).

Media Resources

Media Resources are those components that operate on the media plane and are under the control of IMS Core functions. Specifically, Media Server (MS) and Media gateway (MGW)

NGN Interconnection

There are two types of Next Generation Networking Interconnection:
Service oriented Interconnection (SoIx): The physical and logical linking of NGN domains that allows carriers and service providers to offer services over NGN (i.e. IMS and PES) platforms with control, signalling (i.e. session based), which provides defined levels of interoperability. For instance, this is the case of "carrier grade" voice and/or multimedia services over IP interconnection. "Defined levels of interoperability" are dependent upon the service or the QoS or the Security, etc.
Connectivity oriented Interconnection (CoIx): The physical and logical linking of carriers and service providers based on simple IP connectivity irrespective of the levels of interoperability. For example, an IP interconnection of this type is not aware of the specific end to end service and, as a consequence, service specific network performance, QoS and security requirements are not necessarily assured. This definition does not exclude that some services may provide a defined level of interoperability. However only SoIx fully satisfies NGN interoperability requirements.
An NGN interconnection mode can be direct or indirect. Direct interconnection refers to the interconnection between two network domains without any intermediate network domain. Indirect interconnection at one layer refers to the interconnection between two network domains with one or more intermediate network domain(s) acting as transit networks. The intermediate network domain(s) provide(s) transit functionality to the two other network domains. Different interconnection modes may be used for carrying service layer signalling and media traffic.

Charging

Offline charging is applied to users who pay for their services periodically (e.g., at the end of the month). Online charging, also known as credit-based charging, is used for prepaid services, or real-time credit control of postpaid services. Both may be applied to the same session.
Offline Charging : All the SIP network entities (P-CSCF, I-CSCF, S-CSCF, BGCF, MRFC, MGCF, AS) involved in the session use the Diameter Rf interface to send accounting information to a Charging Collector Function (CCF) located in the same domain. The CCF will collect all this information, and build a Call Detail Record (CDR), which is sent to the billing system (BS) of the domain.Each session carries an IMS Charging Identifier (ICID) as a unique identifier. Inter Operator Identifier (IOI) parameters define the originating and terminating networks.Each domain has its own charging network. Billing systems in different domains will also exchange information, so that roaming charges can be applied.
Online charging : The S-CSCF talks to an Session Charging Function (SCF) which looks like a regular SIP application server. The SCF can signal the S-CSCF to terminate the session when the user runs out of credits during a session. The AS and MRFC use the Diameter Ro interface towards an Event Charging Function (ECF).
When Immediate Event Charging (IEC) is used, a number of credit units is immediately deducted from the user's account by the ECF and the MRFC or AS is then authorized to provide the service. The service is not authorized when not enough credit units are available.
When Event Charging with Unit Reservation (ECUR) is used, the ECF first reserves a number of credit units in the user's account and then authorizes the MRFC or the AS. After the service is over, the number of spent credit units is reported and deducted from the account; the reserved credit units are then cleared.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem

sq-about Computer conferencing

2009-08-26T12:50:00.000-07:00

In telecommunication, the term computer conferencing has the following meanings:
Teleconferencing supported by one or more computers.
An arrangement in which access, by multiple users, to a common database is mediated by a controlling computer.
The interconnection of two or more computers working in a distributed manner on a common application process. Instant messaging and chat systems are multicasting approaches for computer conferencing.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_conferencing

sq-about Voice over Internet Protocol

2009-08-26T12:42:00.000-07:00

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a general term for a family of transmission technologies for delivery of voice communications over IP networks such as the Internet or other packet-switched networks. Other terms frequently encountered and synonymous with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, and broadband phone.
Internet telephony refers to communications services — voice, facsimile, and/or voice-messaging applications — that are transported via the Internet, rather than the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The basic steps involved in originating an Internet telephone call are conversion of the analog voice signal to digital format and compression/translation of the signal into Internet protocol (IP) packets for transmission over the Internet; the process is reversed at the receiving end.[1]
VoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the set-up and tear-down of calls as well as audio codecs which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network as digital audio via an audio stream. Codec use is varied between different implementations of VoIP (and often a range of codecs are used); some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs.

History

1974 — The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) published a paper titled "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection."[2]
1981 — IPv4 is described in RFC-791.[3]
1985 — The National Science Foundation commissions the creation of NSFNET.[4]
1995 — VocalTec releases the first commercial Internet phone software.[5][6]
1996 —
ITU-T begins the standardization of VoIP initially with the H.323 standard.[7]
U.S. telecommunication companies ask the U.S. Congress to ban Internet phone technology.[8]
1997 — Level 3 began development of its first softswitch (a term they coined in 1998).[9]
1999 —
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) specification RFC 2543 was released.[10]
The first open source SIP PBX (Asterisk) is created by Mark Spencer of Digium.[11]
2004 — Commercial VoIP service providers proliferate.[12]
2005 — Start of OpenSER (aka Kamailio or OpenSIPS).
2006 — Start of FreeSWITCH.

VoIP technologies and implementations

Voice over IP has been implemented in various ways using both proprietary and open protocols and standards. Examples of technologies used to implement Voice over Internet Protocol include:
H.323
IMS
SIP
RTP
A notable proprietary implementation is the Skype network. Other examples of specific implementations and a comparison between them are available in Comparison of VoIP software.

PSTN and mobile network providers

It is becoming increasingly common for telecommunications providers to use VoIP telephony over dedicated and public IP networks to connect switching stations and to interconnect with other telephony network providers; this is often referred to as "IP backhaul".[14][15]
Many telecommunications companies are looking at the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) which will merge Internet technologies with the mobile world, using a pure VoIP infrastructure. It will enable them to upgrade their existing systems while embracing Internet technologies such as the Web, email, instant messaging, presence, and video conferencing. It will also allow existing VoIP systems to interface with the conventional PSTN and mobile phone networks.
"Dual mode" telephone sets, which allow for the seamless handover between a cellular network and a Wi-Fi network, are expected to help VoIP become more popular.[16]
Phones such as the NEC N900iL, many of the Nokia Eseries and several other Wi-Fi enabled mobile phones have SIP clients built into the firmware. Such clients operate independently of the mobile phone network (however some operators choose to remove the client from subsidised handsets). Some operators such as Vodafone actively try to block VoIP traffic from their network.[17] Others, like T-Mobile, have refused to interconnect with VoIP-enabled networks as was seen in the legal case between T-Mobile and Truphone, which ultimately was settled in the UK High Court in favour of the VoIP carrier.[18]

Benefits

Operational cost

VoIP can be a benefit for reducing communication and infrastructure costs. Examples include:
Routing phone calls over existing data networks to avoid the need for separate voice and data networks.[25]
Conference calling, IVR, call forwarding, automatic redial, and caller ID features that traditional telecommunication companies (telcos) normally charge extra for are available free of charge from open source VoIP implementations such as Asterisk or FreeSWITCH.
Costs are lower, mainly because of the way Internet access is billed compared to regular telephone calls. While regular telephone calls are billed by the minute or second, VoIP calls are billed per megabyte (MB). In other words, VoIP calls are billed per amount of information (data) sent over the Internet and not according to the time connected to the telephone network. In practice the amount charged for the data transferred in a given period is far less than that charged for the amount of time connected on a regular telephone line.

Flexibility

VoIP can facilitate tasks and provide services that may be more difficult to implement using the PSTN. Examples include:
The ability to transmit more than one telephone call over a single broadband connection.[26] without the need to add extra lines
Secure calls using standardized protocols (such as Secure Real-time Transport Protocol.) Most of the difficulties of creating a secure telephone connection over traditional phone lines, such as digitizing and digital transmission, are already in place with VoIP. It is only necessary to encrypt and authenticate the existing data stream.[27]
Location independence. Only a sufficiently fast and stable Internet connection is needed to get a connection from anywhere to a VoIP provider.
Integration with other services available over the Internet, including video conversation, message or data file exchange during the conversation, audio conferencing, managing address books, and passing information about whether other people are available to interested parties.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol

Welcome to e-numx

2009-08-04T21:59:00.000-07:00

The company aims to be an internationally recognized telecommunicationations service provider, delivering the benefits of innovative and affordable communications products and services. This is an special & exclusive service provided by e-NumX. Invented and patterned by Jonathan Leong.

This is your personal internet telephone Number, & now friends its free just you open this website: http://www.e-marketer.e-numx.com/g_load.php?p=_g_indexthen sign up
get your e-numx number and you can enjoy call your Friends, Relatives, any body you want....




		To provide world-class products and services for a broad range of market segments.


		To add value and grow the business of our competent business partners worldwide.

		To cultivate an environment that promotes innovation, trust and excellence, thus enabling eSky to attract and retain people of the highest caliber.

		To increase shareholders' value through continuous growth, innovation and globalisation.

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http://www.e-marketer.e-numx.com/g_load.php?p=_g_index

Management: Experienced and Dynamics

An able team leads the eSky Group. As befitting a telecommunication company, each member of the team comes from a strong Information and Communications Technology (ICT) background in Silicon Valley, USA which are famous for Research & Development, Sales and Marketing,

Business Development and Management Information Systems.

With 10 - 20 years of hands-on experience and individual entrepreneurial skills, our management team steers the company through a demanding and dynamic telecommunication market in the world today.

Disclaimmers: e-Sky, e-Sky e-num, One World.One Number.For Life. is the trademarks of e-Sky, Inc. Our e-numX 4-in-1 calling solution: a method

of making calls via the Internet is the patent pending of e-Sky, Inc. This unique solution is invented and developed by the R&D team of e-Sky in JJ Labs from San Jose and Malaysia.

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source:http://e-marketer.e-numx.com/g_load.php?p=_g_about_us

Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD)

2009-07-06T14:04:00.000-07:00

The Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD)

certification is the mid level programming certification offered by Microsoft, leading to the MCSD. To fulfill the requirements of the certification, a total of three exams (two core exams, one elective exam) must be passed. Microsoft has declared that this certification will be focused towards the needs of developers using .NET Framework 1.0 and 1.1 versions. Developers using .NET Framework 2.0 and Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 are expected to consider undergoing Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) and Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD) certification.

Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD)

The Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD) ^[7] certification is the highest level programming certification offered by Microsoft. To fulfill the requirements of the certification, a total of five exams (four core exams, one elective exam) must be passed. Some of the core exams are also requirements for the MCAD (Microsoft Certified Application Developer). Microsoft has declared that this certification will be focused towards the needs of developers using .NET Framework 1.0 and 1.1 versions. Developers using .NET Framework 2.0 and Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 are expected to consider undergoing Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) and Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD) certification.

This certification retired in 2009 and the replacement for this certification is MCTS/MCPD.

Microsoft Certified Database Administrator (MCDBA)

The Microsoft Certified Database Administrator (MCDBA) ^[8] credential is for database administrators, who implement and administer Microsoft SQL Server databases. The certification is appropriate for individuals who derive physical database designs, develop logical data models, create physical databases, create data services by using Transact-SQL, manage and maintain databases, configure and manage security, monitor and optimize databases, and install and configure SQL Server. This certification requires passing three core exams, and one elective exam. According to Microsoft, people who operate SQL Server 2005 should apply for other certifications such as the MCITP (Microsoft Certified IT Professional) or MCTS (Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist), rather than the MCDBA. Complete course lasts 250 hours.

Update; The SQL 2000 exams have now been retired and can no longer be taken. They have been replaced by the latest version SQL Server 2007 & 2008. Please refer to MCTS for these exams.

Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician (MCDST)

The Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician (MCDST) demonstrates a technician can competently support end users and troubleshoot desktop environments running Microsoft Windows operating systems. MCDST candidates are required to pass exams 70-271 and 70-272.

Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS)

The Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS), previously named Microsoft Office User Specialist (MOUS) is a certification for using the Microsoft Office suite of business applications. While listed under the MCP Certification Programs, it is not officially an MCP Certification. The MOS exams are managed by a third party company, Certiport.

It appears (January 2007) that a new set of qualifications will replace the MOS/MOUS certifications for Office 2007. The direct application specific skills are the “Microsoft Certified Application Specialist” (“MCAS”) for each Office 2007 Application. And, a new “Microsoft Certified Application Professional” (“MCAP”) based on how to complete more common business tasks. While these qualification exams will be managed by Certiport it appears other exam providers may also become involved.

Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA)

2009-07-06T14:01:00.000-07:00

The Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA) ^[5] certification certifies a user's knowledge in system administration of Microsoft Windows operating systems and is generally simpler than, but not a subset of, the MCSE. The Windows Server 2003 MCSA is achieved upon passing 2 networking system exams, a client operating system exam, and an elective exam. The Windows Server 2000 MCSA title is granted after taking 3 core exams and one elective. Meeting the current requirements for the MCSE designation will almost certainly meet the requirements for MCSA.

Whereas the MCSE is supposed to certify a person's ability to "plan, design, and implement Microsoft Windows server solutions and architectures in medium- to large-sized companies", the MCSA certifies a holder's ability to "implement, manage, and maintain the typically complex computing environment of medium- to large-sized companies".

Like the MCSE, the MCSA is available as "MCSA on Windows 2000" and "MCSA on Windows 2003" as of 2005. There exist two specializations for both tracks: Messaging and Security.

As an alternative to the electives on the MCSA electives table, certifications or certification combinations may substitute for an MCSA elective. For example, CompTIA A+ and Network+ together or CompTIA A+ and Server+ together can be credited and substituted for an elective through a Microsoft and CompTIA partnership agreement. One may also substitute Security+ alone which counts for the elective and one of two exams for the "Security Specialization." Security+ counts for MCSA 2003 and MCSE 2003. This is just one cost effective way to earning an MCSA if candidates are already certified in other areas.

Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE)

2009-07-06T14:00:00.000-07:00

Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (or MCSE) ^[3] is one of the best-known and premiere Microsoft certification for Windows Server 2003. It qualifies an individual as being able to analyze the business requirements for information systems

solutions, and design and implement the infrastructure required. Certification is available for the Windows Server 2003 technology, and was previously offered in Windows Server 2000 and Windows NT 4.0.

For the MCSE 2003, candidates must pass six core design exams (Four networking exams, one client operating system and one design exam) and one elective exam, for a total of seven exams. For the MCSE 2000, a candidate needed to pass five Core Exams (Four operating system exams, one design exam) and two electives. Most of these exams have been retired. For the MCSE NT 4.0 (retired), a candidate needed to pass four Core Exams (Networking Essentials, (Windows NT Workstation or Windows 98), Windows NT Server and Windows NT Server in the Enterprise) and two electives. These exams have been retired.

The topic of these exams include network security, computer networking infrastructure, Active Directory, Microsoft Exchange Server, Microsoft SQL Server, and other topics of both general networking interest as well as specific Microsoft products.

There are also specializations available for the MCSE's along different tracks. For 2003 these tracks were MCSE Security, and Messaging. To obtain these specializations it was required that you do an associated Elective, design and then an extra core exam.^[4] The denotation that is usually used for these on resumes etc is MCSE:Security, and MCSE:Messaging.

Microsoft Architect Series

2009-07-06T13:54:00.000-07:00

The Architect Series

is completely different from the Technology Specialist and Professional series, composed of a five-week training session, at a cost of $25,000. Candidates are paired with an existing Microsoft Certified Architect for the duration of the program who mentor and provide guidance to complete a series of tasks. At the conclusion the candidate must submit a report and pass a Review Board interview.^{[citation needed]}

The Architect Series is very similar to other industry professional certification programs, such as the Certified Practicing Engineer (CPEng) offered by Engineers Australia.^{[citation needed]}

There are two primary tracks in the Architect Program:

Technology-based Architecture

There are two MCA Certifications in the Technology-based Architecture track:

Messaging (Microsoft Exchange Server)
Database (Microsoft SQL Server focused on OLTP)

Broad Architecture

This track is designed for professionals that use a variety of Microsoft and non-Microsoft technologies to deliver customer solutions. Again there are two primary tracks:

Infrastructure certifications
Solutions certifications

Microsoft Master Series

2009-07-06T13:53:00.000-07:00

The Master series certification enables senior-level IT professionals to demonstrate and validate their technical expertise on Microsoft server products and is a prerequisite for the Architect Series

MCM: Microsoft Exchange Server 2007

MCM: Microsoft SQL Server 2008

MCM: Windows Server 2008: Directory

MCM: Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007

MCM: Microsoft Office Communications Server 2007

Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP)

2009-07-06T13:52:00.001-07:00

The Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP) credential is the leading certification for Microsoft. It provides widely recognized, objective validation of your ability to perform critical, current IT job roles by using Microsoft technologies to their best advantage^[2].

These certifications are designed for IT professionals including administrators and support personnel in addition to database specialists (both administrators and developers).

Business Intelligence Developer

MCTS: SQL Server 2005 Business Intelligence
Exam 70-446 (PRO): Designing a Business Intelligence Infrastructure by Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005

Consumer Support Technician

MCTS: Windows Vista Configuration
Exam 70-623 (PRO): Supporting and Troubleshooting Applications on a Windows Vista Client for Consumer Support Technicians

Database Developer

MCTS: SQL Server 2005
Exam 70-441 (PRO): Designing Database Solutions by Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Open License 6.0
Exam 70-442 (PRO): Designing and Optimizing Data Access by Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005

Database Administrator

MCTS: SQL Server 2005
Exam 70-443 (PRO): Designing a Database Server Infrastructure by Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005
Exam 70-444 (PRO): Optimizing and Maintaining a Database Administration Solution by Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005

Enterprise Messaging Administrator

MCTS: Exchange Server 2007 Configuration
Exam 70-237 (PRO): Designing Messaging Solutions with Microsoft Exchange Server 2007
Exam 70-238 (PRO): Deploying Messaging Solutions with Microsoft Exchange Server 2007

Enterprise Project Management with Microsoft Office Project Server 2007

MCTS: Managing Projects with Microsoft Office Project 2007
MCTS: Enterprise Project Management with Microsoft Office Project Server 2007
Exam 70-634 (PRO): Microsoft Office Project Server 2007, Managing Projects and Programs

Enterprise Support Technician

MCTS: Windows Vista Configuration
Exam 70-622 (PRO): Supporting and Troubleshooting Applications on a Microsoft Windows Vista Client for Enterprise Support Technicians

Server Administrator

MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Active Directory Configuration
MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration
Exam 70-646 (PRO): Windows Server 2008, Server Administrator

Enterprise Administrator

MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Active Directory Configuration
MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration
MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Applications Infrastructure Configuration
MCTS: Windows Vista Configuration OR MCTS: Windows Vista and 2007 Microsoft Office System Desktops, Deploying and Maintaining
Exam 70-647 (PRO): Windows Server 2008, Enterprise Administrator

Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD)

2009-07-06T13:51:00.001-07:00

These certifications are designed for .NET software developers and are based around .NET 3.5, Visual Studio 2008 and SQL Server 2005/2008.

Windows Developer 3.5

Exam 70-536: Microsoft .NET Framework – Application Development Foundation
Exam 70-505: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, Windows Forms Application Development
Exam 70-563 (PRO): Designing and Developing Windows Applications Using the Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5

ASP .NET Developer 3.5

Exam 70-536: Microsoft .NET Framework – Application Development Foundation
Exam 70-562: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, ASP.NET Application Development
Exam 70-564 (PRO): Designing and Developing ASP.NET Applications Using the Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5

Web Developer, Visual Studio 2005

Exam 70-528: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Web-Based Client Development
Exam 70-536: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Application Development Foundation
Exam 70-547 (PRO): Designing and Developing Web Applications by Using the Microsoft .NET Framework

Enterprise Applications Developer 3.5

Exam 70-503: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, Windows Communication Foundation Application Development
Exam 70-505: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, Windows Forms Application Development
Exam 70-536: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework - Application Development Foundation - applicable to both .NET 2.0 and .NET 3.5
Exam 70-561: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, ADO.NET Application Development
Exam 70-562: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, ASP.NET Application Development
Exam 70-565 (PRO): Designing and Developing Enterprise Applications using Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5 (available soon)