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2013-02-22T02:32:00.000-08:00

2010-11-30T09:50:00.000-08:00

Q . As a provider, what is the benefit of maintaining paid plan?

Providers with paid accounts receive more Connects initially, and the ability to purchase additional Connects and service categories, allowing them to submit more proposals.
Providers with paid accounts are eligible for the Premier Provider Program, Elance chat, and Elance call.
Providers with paid accounts at the Small Business or Large Business level have the ability to create teams.
Providers with paid accounts can add more keywords and skills test results to their profile.
All of the above

Correct Answer: 5

Q. Elance offers both skills tests and code tests to help providers standout. Through these assessments, providers are able to display their passing scores for the potential employers to review. What are some guidelines to keep in mind related to skills and code tests?

If you score higher than 30% of all test takers, you will receive a special indicator next to your score.
All tests are timed.
60% is considered a passing score on the skills and code tests.
You must wait 7 days to re-test the same skill.
All of these are true except d.

Correct Answer: 5

Q. Why is it important for providers to build an effective profile?

It provides employers with information about your knowledge and skills.
It allows providers to promote their marketing messages.
It gives the provider an opportunity to showcase samples of their work.
All of above.

Correct Answer: 4

Topic: Finding Job Opportunities

Q. What tools does Elance provide to enable you to track the time spent weekly on a job and updating an employer on the status of a job?

Status Reports
Timesheets
Tracker
Customer Support Contact Information
All of these except d

Correct Answer: 5

Q. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Workroom messages?

Public messages are different than Workroom messages.
It is acceptable to market your services in Workroom messages but not in Public messages.
Providers may only use the Workroom messages after submitting a Prebid or a proposal.
Workroom messages are viewable by anyone.

Correct Answer: 4

Q. In order for your provider account to become active on Elance, which step is NOT required?

Create your profile
Pass the Elance Admission Test
Enter a credit card
Verify your phone number

Correct Answer: 3

Topic: Managing Your Work

Q. Which of these provider actions would be considered a violation?

Offering to accept payment outside of the Elance system.
Offering to complete a job for an amount below the stated Elance minimums.
Posting a work sample in the provider portfolio of which the provider does not have legal rights or ownership.
Placing contact details (e.g. a non-Elance website URL, e-mail address, etc.) outside of the designated area on the provider profile.
All of these are violations.

Correct Answer: 5

Q. If a conflict arises between an employer and a provider, which of the following steps is NOT part of the Elance dispute process?

Member resolution: Members first attempt to resolve the dispute on their own.
Elance Dispute Assistance: Elance holds a conference call to facilitate a mutually-agreeable resolution between the employer and provider.
Arbitration: A binding judgment is made by the 3rd party arbitration service offered through Elance.
Elance management makes the decision about whether the employer or the provider is right.

Correct Answer: 4

Topic: Getting Paid

Q. How does Elance Escrow protect providers?

Elance Escrow only protects the employer.
It shows that the client has set aside the funds to pay for the provider’s work.
It enables providers to defer income without paying taxes.
It eliminates the Elance service fee.

Correct Answer: 2

Q. How can providers view a list of all payment activity?

In the “Search” option under the “Find Work” tab.
On the Skills Central page.
In the Get Paid <>
All of these will let providers view their payments.

Correct Answer: 3

Topic: Advanced Tips for Elance Success

Q. Which of the following are Elance features that are designed to provide resources and information to employers and providers?

Elance University
The Water Cooler
The Elance Blog
All of these.

Correct Answer: 4

Q . As a provider, what is the benefit of maintaining paid plan?

Providers with paid accounts receive more Connects initially, and the ability to purchase additional Connects and service categories, allowing them to submit more proposals.
Providers with paid accounts are eligible for the Premier Provider Program, Elance chat, and Elance call.
Providers with paid accounts at the Small Business or Large Business level have the ability to create teams.
Providers with paid accounts can add more keywords and skills test results to their profile.
All of the above

Correct Answer: 5

If you score higher than 30% of all test takers, you will receive a special indicator next to your score.
All tests are timed.
60% is considered a passing score on the skills and code tests.
You must wait 7 days to re-test the same skill.
All of these are true except d.

Correct Answer: 5

Q. Why is it important for providers to build an effective profile?

It provides employers with information about your knowledge and skills.
It allows providers to promote their marketing messages.
It gives the provider an opportunity to showcase samples of their work.
All of above.

Correct Answer: 4

Topic: Finding Job Opportunities

Q. What tools does Elance provide to enable you to track the time spent weekly on a job and updating an employer on the status of a job?

Status Reports
Timesheets
Tracker
Customer Support Contact Information
All of these except d

Correct Answer: 5

Q. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Workroom messages?

Public messages are different than Workroom messages.
It is acceptable to market your services in Workroom messages but not in Public messages.
Providers may only use the Workroom messages after submitting a Prebid or a proposal.
Workroom messages are viewable by anyone.

Correct Answer: 4

Q. In order for your provider account to become active on Elance, which step is NOT required?

Create your profile
Pass the Elance Admission Test
Enter a credit card
Verify your phone number

Correct Answer: 3

Topic: Managing Your Work

Q. Which of these provider actions would be considered a violation?

Offering to accept payment outside of the Elance system.
Offering to complete a job for an amount below the stated Elance minimums.
Posting a work sample in the provider portfolio of which the provider does not have legal rights or ownership.
Placing contact details (e.g. a non-Elance website URL, e-mail address, etc.) outside of the designated area on the provider profile.
All of these are violations.

Correct Answer: 5

Q. If a conflict arises between an employer and a provider, which of the following steps is NOT part of the Elance dispute process?

Member resolution: Members first attempt to resolve the dispute on their own.
Elance Dispute Assistance: Elance holds a conference call to facilitate a mutually-agreeable resolution between the employer and provider.
Arbitration: A binding judgment is made by the 3rd party arbitration service offered through Elance.
Elance management makes the decision about whether the employer or the provider is right.

Correct Answer: 4

Topic: Getting Paid

Q. How does Elance Escrow protect providers?

Elance Escrow only protects the employer.
It shows that the client has set aside the funds to pay for the provider’s work.
It enables providers to defer income without paying taxes.
It eliminates the Elance service fee.

Correct Answer: 2

Q. How can providers view a list of all payment activity?

In the “Search” option under the “Find Work” tab.
On the Skills Central page.
In the Get Paid <>
All of these will let providers view their payments.

Correct Answer: 3

Topic: Advanced Tips for Elance Success

Q. Which of the following are Elance features that are designed to provide resources and information to employers and providers?

Elance University
The Water Cooler
The Elance Blog
All of these.

Correct Answer: 4

Here are the questions that i failed on:

Topic : Elance U Course – Find Work
1. How can you ask the client questions before submitting a proposal? Find the correct answer
a. This is impossible
b. Use the Public Messages forum
c. Verify your credentials
d. Take a skills test
Correct Answer: b

Topic : Elance U Course – Manage the Work
2. Why are milestones important? Find the correct answer
a. Outline the schedule and the work to be done
b. Define the payment schedule
c. Help keep the project on schedule
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d

Topic : Elance U Course – Get Paid
3. What page lists your current account balance along with all transaction history? Find the correct answer
a. "Status Reports" under the "Manage" tab
b. The Water Cooler
c. "Account Activity" under "Get Paid"
d. The Inbox
Correct Answer: c

Hope it helps,

I passed with 88 that's just bad

25 comments:

Anonymous said...

Here more results!

Topic : Elance U Course – Find Work
1. Before finding work, the following steps need to be completed: Find the correct answer
a. Review content on Elance University
b. Create a complete profile
c. Verify my phone number
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d

2. What should you keep in mind when submitting proposals? Find the correct answer
a. Quote a fair price
b. Respond quickly to client questions
c. Ensure the proposal is customized and targeted to the job
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d

Topic : Elance U Course – Manage the Work
3. What is the Elance recommended response time to messages from customers? Find the correct answer
a. 1 week
b. 1 business day or less
c. 3 months
d. 5 minutes
Correct Answer: b

4. When changes to the scope and/or delivery schedule happen, what should you do? Find the correct answer
a. Cancel my membership
b. Modify the job's Terms
c. Ask the customer to leave feedback
d. Call Elance immediately
Correct Answer: b

Topic : General Question – Trust & Safety
5. As a provider, can you request to be paid outside of the Elance Billing & Payment System? Find the correct answer
a. Yes
b. No
Correct Answer: b

THe Elance team

August 6, 2009 11:11 AM

Anonymous said...

Fenquiu all

August 6, 2009 11:12 AM

Oskars Podans said...

With your help my score is 92.
Here are my mistakes:

Topic : Elance U Course – Manage the Work
1. What tools does Elance provide to enable you to track time spent, on a weekly basis, working on a job and updating a buyer on a job's status? Find the correct answer
a. Tracker
b. Status Reports
c. Customer Support Phone Number
d. a & b
Correct Answer: d

2. When changes to the scope and/or delivery schedule happen, what should you do? Find the correct answer
a. Cancel my membership
b. Modify the job's Terms
c. Ask the customer to leave feedback
d. Call Elance immediately
Correct Answer: b

August 23, 2009 12:27 PM

Anonymous said...

1. How can you contact the client once you are awarded the job?
a. Elance Call
b. Message Board in the Workroom
c. Exchange contact information on the message board and call the client directly
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d

2. If your hourly rate is $25 and you spent 100 hours on the project, what is the Elance service fee?
a. Between 4% and 6% of $2500
b. $25
c. $100
d. Between 4% and 6% of $100
Correct Answer: a

What is the purpose of a scoping session with the client?
a. Understand what is important to the client
b. Manage expectations
c. Discuss how the work will be evaluated
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d

October 28, 2009 4:31 AM

Anonymous said...

Thanks dear ... i have passed test .. ur anwers were really help me... thank you... ALLAH blesses your

October 28, 2009 9:18 AM

Anonymous said...

Thanks everyone! With your help my score is 100!

November 10, 2009 7:01 AM

Siva said...

Here more results!

Topic : Elance U Course – Manage the Work
1. How can you contact the client once you are awarded the job? Find the correct answer
a. Elance Call
b. Message Board in the Workroom
c. Exchange contact information on the Message Board and call the client directly
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d

Topic : Elance U Course – Get Paid
2. Clicking on "Send Invoice" will bring up a page that lists: Find the correct answer
a. My archived jobs
b. A list of my jobs in "working" status
c. My private messages
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: b

Topic : General Question – Trust & Safety
3. If a conflict arises between an employer and a provider, which of the following steps is NOT part of the Elance Dispute Assistance process: Find the correct answer
a. Member resolution – Members first attempt to resolve the dispute on their own
b. Elance Dispute Assistance – Elance holds conference call to facilitate a mutual resolution between Employer and Provider
c. Arbitration – Elance, Employer, and Provider share cost for a binding judgment from Arbitrator
d. Elance decides who is right and who is wrong
Correct Answer: d

Topic : General Questions – Providing Services
4. When do you use a Connect? Find the correct answer
a. When I pay for my membership
b. When I bid on a project
c. When I test my skills
d. When I am invited to join the Premier Program
Correct Answer: b

November 12, 2009 1:55 AM

Anonymous said...

Topic : Elance U Course – Manage the Work
1.What is the only unalterable, official record of communication for Elance?

Correct Answer: a

Topic : Elance U Course – Get Paid
2.Clicking on "Send Invoice" will bring up a page that lists:
a. My archived jobs
b. A list of my jobs in "working" status
c. My private messages
d. All of the above

Correct Answer: b

Topic : General Question – Trust & Safety
3.If a conflict arises between an employer and a provider, which of the following steps is NOT part of the Elance Dispute Assistance process:
Correct Answer: d

Topic : General Questions – Providing Services
4.When do you use a Connect?
a. When I pay for my membership
b. When I bid on a project
c. When I test my skills
d. When I am invited to join the Premier Program

Correct Answer: b

5.How many Connects do you get with your membership plan?

Correct Answer: b

November 12, 2009 3:43 AM

Malik said...

Few more for you guys , thanks

Topic : Elance U Course – Manage the Work
1. What is the only unalterable, official record of communication for Elance? Find the correct answer
a. Message Board in the Workroom
b. Yahoo IM
c. Phone Conversations
d. Personal e-mails
Correct Answer: a

2. What is the purpose of a Statement of Work document (SOW)? Find the correct answer
a. Indicate any dependencies for the work to be completed
b. Specify services or material not included in the original quote
c. Outline the procedure and terms for changes to the scope
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d

Topic : General Question – Trust & Safety
3. If a conflict arises between an employer and a provider, which of the following steps is NOT part of the Elance Dispute Assistance process: Find the correct answer
a. Member resolution – Members first attempt to resolve the dispute on their own
b. Elance Dispute Assistance – Elance holds conference call to facilitate a mutual resolution between Employer and Provider
c. Arbitration – Elance, Employer, and Provider share cost for a binding judgment from Arbitrator
d. Elance decides who is right and who is wrong
Correct Answer: d

November 14, 2009 3:21 PM

Tanzil Ahmed said...

Topic : Elance U Course – Find Work
1. What are some creative ways to look for work? Find the correct answer
a. Visit the Skills Central page to learn trends about job postings and skill demand
b. Become an expert in a specific area
c. Find underserved markets where there is a demand
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d

Topic : Elance U Course – Manage the Work
2. How can you contact the client once you are awarded the job? Find the correct answer
a. Elance Call
b. Message Board in the Workroom
c. Exchange contact information on the Message Board and call the client directly
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d

3. What tools does Elance provide to enable you to track time spent, on a weekly basis, working on a job and updating a buyer on a job's status? Find the correct answer
a. Tracker
b. Status Reports
c. Customer Support Phone Number
d. a & b
Correct Answer: d

Topic : Elance U Course – Get Paid
4. Clicking on "Send Invoice" will bring up a page that lists: Find the correct answer
a. My archived jobs
b. A list of my jobs in "working" status
c. My private messages
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: b

November 18, 2009 3:51 AM

Tanzil Ahmed said...

November 18, 2009 4:00 AM

Anonymous said...

Topic : Elance U Course – Find Work
1. Before finding work, the following steps need to be completed: Find the correct answer
a. Review content on Elance University
b. Create a complete profile
c. Verify my phone number
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d

2. What are the following steps to creating an effective proposal? Find the correct answer
a. Interest the client in what makes you uniquely qualified to do the work
b. Personalize your proposal by giving the client insight into who you are
c. Copy and paste standard text into every proposal
d. a & b
Correct Answer: d

Topic : General Questions – Providing Services
3. How many Connects do you get with your membership plan? Find the correct answer
a. Unlimited
b. It depends on my membership plan
c. 10
d. 11
Correct Answer: b

November 24, 2009 11:48 PM

Anonymous said...

Topic : General Question – Trust & Safety
1.What is the best way to protect yourself and the client, when starting a job? Find the correct answer
a. Use Elance Escrow
b. Initiate a dispute
c. Create an effective profile
d. Call the Elance Customer Service team
Correct Answer: a

Topic : General Questions – Providing Services
2.How does Escrow protect me? Find the correct answer
a. Shows me that the client has the funds to pay for my work
b. It doesn't, it only protects my client
c. Enables me to defer income without paying taxes
d. Eliminates the Elance service fee
Correct Answer: a

November 27, 2009 1:13 PM

Jim said...

Thanks a lot OSKARS PODANS, SIVA, MALIK, TANZIL AHMED and Three Anonymous people for your very very very valuable help. I was very frustrated with elance and you guys helped me to pass the test. Not just passing but I scored 96 our of 100 and if I am not even bothered to thank you guys, I will be a moron.

November 30, 2009 8:23 PM

Teasegirl said...

Here are the questions that you got wrong:

Topic : Elance U Course – Find Work
1. What should you keep in mind when quoting your price? Find the correct answer
a. Price is the only deciding factor for Buyers
b. Be vague about my price
c. Focus on what value I will deliver
d. Use the same price for every job in the category to be consistent
Correct Answer: c

Topic : Elance U Course – Manage the Work
2. What happens when the job is awarded to you? Find the correct answer
a. I will receive a call from Elance Customer Support
b. I will receive a message notification in my Inbox
c. I have 24 hours to accept it
d. None of the above
Correct Answer: b

December 13, 2009 6:58 PM

Teasegirl said...

December 13, 2009 6:59 PM

Camilo Sanabria said...

Topic : Elance U Course – Get Paid
1. Where can you see a list of all your payment activity? Find the correct answer
a. In the "Search" option under the "Find Work" tab
b. On the Skills Central page
c. In the "Billing List" under the "Get Paid" menu
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: c

Topic : General Question – Trust & Safety
2. What is the best way to protect yourself and the client, when starting a job? Find the correct answer
a. Use Elance Escrow
b. Initiate a dispute
c. Create an effective profile
d. Call the Elance Customer Service team
Correct Answer: a

December 26, 2009 9:49 AM

Computerzworld said...

Thanks for the useful post... I got 100 :)

December 27, 2009 1:39 AM

santhosh said...

thank you for your wonderful work.....its awesome

December 27, 2009 9:25 PM

Anonymous said...

1. Clicking on "Send Invoice" will bring up a page that lists: Find the correct answer
a. My archived jobs
b. A list of my jobs in "working" status
c. My private messages
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: b

January 5, 2010 2:00 AM

Entertainment Lobby said...

Oh Wow I got here Late but Hey i Scored 100% already in my First Attempt :)

March 29, 2010 12:05 PM

Anonymous said...

Topic : Getting Started on Elance
1. Each membership plan contains a specified number of Connects that providers use for submitting proposals. At the start of each billing cycle, the monthly allotment of Connects associated with the membership plan is reset. Then: Find the correct answer
a. For paid membership plans, any unused Connects are rolled over to the new month, up to the amount provided by the membership plan.
b. For the free Basic membership plan, any unused Connects are "wiped clean" and not rolled over to the new month.
c. A provider with a paid membership plan may purchase additional Connects for the new month, either on a continuing basis or on a one-time basis.
d. All of these are true.

2. Elance offers both skills tests and code tests to help providers stand out. Through these assessments, providers are able to display their passing scores for potential employers to review. What are some guidelines to keep in mind related to skills and code tests? Find the correct answer
a. If you score higher than 30% of all test takers, you will receive a special indicator next to your score.
b. All tests are timed.
c. 60% is considered a passing score on the skills and code tests.
d. You must wait 7 days to re-test the same skill.
e. All of these are true except d.

Topic : Managing Your Work
3. Which of the following is NOT true about feedback? Find the correct answer
a. Feedback serves as references for providers and employers when evaluating whom to work with in the future.
b. Employers rate the provider's work on a scale of 1 to 5 based on criteria that include quality of work, responsiveness, and professionalism.
c. Both employers and providers can provide feedback.
d. You have 60 days to leave feedback after the job completion date.
e. Feedback may be modified after it is posted.

4. Communication with employers is an important key to provider success on Elance. Which of the following are important considerations related to communication with employers? Find the correct answer
a. When communicating through the Workroom, all posted messages between the provider and employer are recorded.
b. Respond to messages from employers within 1 business day or less.
c. Communications outside of the Elance systems (through e-mail, phone, Instant Messenger, etc.) are allowed, but it is advisable to transcribe key elements of these interactions to the Workroom so there is a written record.
d. All of these are important considerations.

July 10, 2010 2:53 AM

Anonymous said...

Topic : Advanced Tips for Elance Success
1. Which of the following are Elance features that are designed to provide resources and information to employers and providers? Find the correct answer
a. Elance University
b. The Water Cooler
c. The Elance Blog
d. All of these.

Correct Answer : d

July 30, 2010 12:21 PM

Anonymous said...

1. Elance offers both skills tests and code tests to help providers stand out. Through these assessments, providers are able to display their passing scores for potential employers to review. What are some guidelines to keep in mind related to skills and code tests? Find the correct answer
a. If you score higher than 30% of all test takers, you will receive a special indicator next to your score.
b. All tests are timed.
c. 60% is considered a passing score on the skills and code tests.
d. You must wait 7 days to re-test the same skill.
e. All of these are true except d.

Correct answer is d

2. What are important factors involved with creating an effective proposal? Find the correct answer
a. Interest the employer in what makes you uniquely qualified to do the work.
b. Consider asking clarifying questions so that you can customize your pitch.
c. Demonstrate your ability to solve the employers problem.
d. Prove your expertise by referencing relevant work samples.
e. All of these are important factors for creating an effective proposal.

Answer is a

3. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Workroom messages? Find the correct answer
a. Public messages are different than Workroom messages.
b. It is acceptable to market your services in Workroom messages but not in Public messages.
c. Providers may only use the Workroom messages after submitting a Prebid or a proposal.
d. Workroom messages are viewable by anyone.

answer is d

Topic : Managing Your Work
4. Communication with employers is an important key to provider success on Elance. Which of the following are important considerations related to communication with employers? Find the correct answer
a. When communicating through the Workroom, all posted messages between the provider and employer are recorded.
b. Respond to messages from employers within 1 business day or less.
c. Communications outside of the Elance systems (through e-mail, phone, Instant Messenger, etc.) are allowed, but it is advisable to transcribe key elements of these interactions to the Workroom so there is a written record.
d. All of these are important considerations.

Answer is c

September 9, 2010 12:24 AM

Anonymous said...

Topic : Getting Started on Elance
1. What is important to remember about the fees associated with being a provider on Elance? Find the correct answer
a. Elance deducts between 4% and 6% of the provider earnings as a service fee.
b. Elance deducts 2.75% of the provider earnings as a payment processing fee.
c. Providers must pay associated fees to Elance through a verified credit card.
d. Both A and B.
e. None of these are correct.
-------------------

Topic : Managing Your Work
2. If a conflict arises between an employer and a provider, which of the following steps is NOT part of the Elance dispute process? Find the correct answer
a. Member resolution: Members first attempt to resolve the dispute on their own.
b. Elance Dispute Assistance: Elance holds a conference call to facilitate a mutually-agreeable resolution between the employer and provider.
c. Arbitration: A binding judgment is made by the 3rd party arbitration service offered through Elance.
d. Elance management makes the decision about whether the employer or the provider is right.

3. Communication with employers is an important key to provider success on Elance. Which of the following are important considerations related to communication with employers? Find the correct answer
a. When communicating through the Workroom, all posted messages between the provider and employer are recorded.
b. Respond to messages from employers within 1 business day or less.
c. Communications outside of the Elance systems (through e-mail, phone, Instant Messenger, etc.) are allowed, but it is advisable to transcribe key elements of these interactions to the Workroom so there is a written record.
d. All of these are important considerations

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How To Create Your Own Blogger Template Theme Updated

2010-10-31T12:38:00.000-07:00

This tutorial will cover the steps needed to create your own blogger template. Many people have used blogger to run blogs and have wondered how they can make their own theme to use with it. There are a very few hard to find guides on how to do this, so I’ve decided to take up the task to help as many people as I can, create one.

To create a blogger template, you will need a graphic editor (Such as Photoshop, GIMP, or even Paint will do) to create images for backgrounds, post headers, sidebars, etc.. We will get to that later. You will also need an idea or vision about what you want to create. Without that, you are just wasting your time and electricity. Lastly, you will need to know about C.S.S (Cascading.Style.Sheets) and how to operate them. If you do not know how to do that, you cannot apply interesting effects to your newly designed template (Such as: Positioning pictures or text, creating repeated backgrounds, moving around pictures and text and more). A great guide on how to get started with this is available here.

Once you have got everything you need, you should start the C.S.S Framework by putting properties such as

body[ background-color: #000000; margin: 0 auto; font-family: “Trebuchet MS”, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 14px;}

#title [ font-size: 32px; color: #000011; }

so-on and so forth. A basic list of these tags that were taken from Blogger’s simple white theme are available here: (PDF File) XML Tags Blogger List Of CSS. An easier way to do this would be to find a theme that you like and copy and paste the C.S.S, editing it along the way so that time is saved. The only problem with doing that is that every theme is engineered differently so the tags will change.

After configuring your CSS Stylesheet, you must piece it together in HTML. This can be achieved using similar structures.

Do not forget to reference blogger templates that have already been created for the required widgets that you are supposed to put in certain spots. Without doing this, you could not complete making your own template.

Now comes the grueling part that you can either do yourself which could take hours to finish, or copy from another site and edit accordingly. Blogger is configured using widgets. All your posts are just one big widget hence the code up there. An Example of the code that you could type yourself or copy is:

That code translated into human terms controls what goes at the bottom of every post…In this case its the author, time, comment link and labels. To extract the code from other templates, just click the “Expand Widget Templates” button and it is below the stylesheet on a certain template.

Most of creating a template is just trial and error. If you look at the code and try to piece it together bit by bit.. you will eventually succeed and reap the rewards of creating one. I hope this tutorial has covered everything that you will need and comments/suggestions would be greatly appreciated as it would be great if this tutorial would become a one-stop source for all of the Blogger CMS(Content Management System) users.

*Update*

Every different piece of code inside the template does not need to be used and can be modified to fit what you are creating. For example, you don’t need to include a “Labels” section in each post if it will make the design that you create look terrible. Then again, It is all in the eye of the beholder as everyone has different tastes.

HttpWebResponse

2010-10-28T14:12:00.000-07:00

C# Syntax (Toggle Plain Text)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using System.Net;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;
namespace Configurator
{
    class Navigation
    {
        public void CheckStatusCode()
        {
            try
            {
            HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create("http://www.wastuae.com/ad/adv.aspx?id=9");
            HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();             Stream resStream = response.GetResponseStream();             StreamReader objSR = new StreamReader(resStream);             string sResponse = objSR.ReadToEnd();             return sResponse;    
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                MessageBox.Show(e.Message);
 
            }
 
            finally
            {
                response.Close();
            }
        }
    }
}

A quick note about music blog removals

2010-10-26T10:50:00.002-07:00

Earlier today, word spread about some popular music blogs that were recently removed from Blogger. While we make it a policy to not publicly discuss individual users or their accounts, we wanted to clarify a few things about how and when Blogger enforces its Terms of Service as they relate to our DMCA policy.

Last summer, we updated our enforcement of the DMCA. Our current policy is that when we receive a DMCA complaint, we:

Notify the blogger about the complaint by e-mail and on the Blogger dashboard.
Reset the offending post to 'draft' status, allowing the blogger to remove the offending content.
Send a copy of the complaint to ChillingEffects.org.
When we receive multiple DMCA complaints about the same blog, and have no indication that the offending content is being used in an authorized manner, we will remove the blog.

Inevitably, we occasionally receive DMCA complaints even though the blogger does have the legal right to link to the music in question. Whether this is the result of miscommunication by staff at the record label, or confusion over which MP3s are "official," it happens. If this happens to you, it is imperative that you file a DMCA counter-claim so we know you have the right to the music in question. Otherwise, if we receive multiple DMCA complaints for your blog, this could very well constitute repeat offenses, compelling us to take action.

Update: Should have linked directly to the instructions for filing a counter-notification.

Update 2/11/10: We looked into this issue further and identified one case where a blogger did not receive notification of any DMCA complaints before their blog was removed. We're sorry about this.

We've contacted the blog owner and restored their blog, effective immediately, and we fixed the bug that caused the termination without prior notification. We're also looking into additional preventative protections. We know the DMCA process can be difficult to navigate, and we're working on ways to make this process as smooth as possible.

Auto Pagination on Blogger

2010-10-26T10:50:00.001-07:00

Latency is a word you hear a lot at Google. We are always looking for ways to make our products faster, because we have consistently found that faster page loads mean more satisfied users. This post is the first of an occasional series that will discuss ways in which we’re working to make blogs load faster for all users.

A few months ago, we took a look at ways to improve the performance of Blogger blogs, and noticed that many pages — particularly search results pages, label pages and archive pages — were taking longer to load than they should.

This has lots of implications. Users suffer — pages take longer to load, and for anyone around the world who pays for their bandwidth, they can incur unnecessary charges as their browser downloads more content than needed. You suffer, because as latency increases, pageviews go down. (See here for a study Google did last year for this phenomenon at google.com.)

Starting today, we’re rolling out a change that affects how we paginate webpages on Blogger. We will dynamically adjust how much content to send to the browser depending on (a) the amount of HTML on the page being requested (in kilobytes) and (b) the number of images on the page. Users can continue to use “older posts” and “newer posts” navigation elements to see additional posts.

For major changes like this, we do incremental roll-outs so we can monitor performance as they progress. We expect the change to be fully deployed over the next week, and once fully deployed, we expect to see several results:

pages will load faster
pageviews, if impacted at all, may increase
We will keep an eye on things, and if we see anything unexpected, we will update this post. Otherwise, keep blogging — and we’ll keep working to make your blog faster for you and your readers!

create pages in blogger

2010-10-26T10:40:00.000-07:00

Another top user-requested feature has just graduated from Blogger In Draft! Blogger now makes it easy to create Pages linked from your blog.

This feature lets you easily publish static information on stand-alone pages. For example, you can create an About This Blog page that discusses the evolution of your blog, or a Contact Me page that provides directions, a phone number, and a map to your location.

You create a page similar to how you write a blog post. From Blogger click the Posting | Edit Pages tab, then click New Page. (Note: you can create up to 10 pages.)

Once your page is published, you can link to it from the new Pages widget. The Pages widget lets you add links to your pages as tabs at the top of your blog, or as links in your blog's sidebar.

In the Pages widget, you can decide which pages will be linked and in what order they will appear. You can also choose whether you want new pages to appear automatically in the Pages widget by checking or unchecking the box to the left of Add new Pages by default.

Finally, for those of you that have custom templates, your custom template may not automatically support Pages as horizontal "tabs". If you are familiar with HTML, follow these instructions on how to add Pages to your custom template.

Looking forward to seeing all of the Pages that bloggers create!

Fashion Twist

2010-10-26T10:39:00.000-07:00

Tuesday, October 26, 2010Cufflinks, History Of Cufflinks
In the early 16th century, when the first shirt came into existence, the cuffs had two strings on the either sides to tie them together and these cuff strings were loved by people till late 19th century. The reign of Louis XIV was followed by the use of sleeve buttons to tie up the cuffs. These buttons were used in pairs, joined together by a short chain.Traditionally, paste-glass buttons were used on the cuffs but by 1715, this was taken over by decoratively painted or jeweled studs. These were used as a pair of two buttons. These were usually diamond studs linked by ornate gold links. Henceforth, these buttons were named as cuff “links”, be it plain glass buttons, or jeweled studs.The arrival of 20th century brought with it the popularity of ‘Dumbbell’ cuff links. These were more commonly known as shank-style cuff links. These cuff links were characterized as being decorative in some way or the other. Cufflinks gained popularity as a fashion in 1990s. These had become the most realistic jewelry fashion. Each cufflink had a unique and simple fastening mechanism.
Different Style Varieties

These cufflinks are available in different style varieties. Most commonly, plain gold and silver cufflinks are used because of their simple design that can match on any dress. Also, gold and silver cufflinks with some kind of inscription are liked by some people. The most loved styles of cufflinks are:

- Toggle Style
This is the most common style for cufflinks. It is more commonly referred as the swivel-back. This style is characterized by a short, inflexible ornamental bar attached at the back. This bar is again attached perpendicularly to a swivel bar which twirls to the buttonhole to tie the cuff.
- Chain Cufflink
This is another popular style for cufflinks. This design is featured by linking chains that join the front and the back of the cufflink. These are same as Double-faced Cuff Links. You can individualize these cufflinks by hanging with the chain a metal plate bearing the initials of the wearer.

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Micro Dermal Anchors - Step by Step Photo Experience

2010-10-26T10:08:00.001-07:00

Prepping the Skin

Prepping the skin

.I was really intrigued when I first heard about micro dermal anchors and the more I learned about them, the more I knew I wanted at least one. It took me a while to decide exactly where to put them, but I finally settled on using a couple to accentuate my chest tattoo.
In this photo, Kristen - my awesome piercer at Metamorphosis in Broad Ripple (Indianapolis), Indiana - is cleaning the skin to prepare it for my dermal anchors.

Taylor Swift's

2010-10-26T08:59:00.000-07:00

A month shy of Taylor Swift's "Speak Now" release date, tracklisting for the country music singer's third studio album is uncovered. 14 tracks appear on the list including "Innocent", a nod to Kanye West which was debuted to live audience this month at MTV Video Music Awards.

Among the confirmed songs, Swift's pal Selena Gomez named "Dear John" as one of her favorite tunes in the album. "My favorite songs from her record would be 'Dear John' and another one ... it's number 13 on the record 'cause that's her favorite number ... it's really sweet," the Disney songstress told MTV.

Gomez further gave her testimonial after listening to the October 25 release, "Her album is going to be awesome. I think people are gonna be really surprised. It's not different [but] you just don't really believe she could top it, in a way. She took her style and made it bigger. It's going to be really good."

Of the effort, Taylor Swift herself previously said, "I've been working on it for two years. Ever since we put out Fearless, I've been writing for this record and conceptualizing it and putting it together in my head as to what I wanted it to be."

"Speak Now" tracklisting:

1."Mine"
2."Sparks Fly"
3."Back to December"
4."Speak Now"
5."Dear John"
6."Mean"
7."The Story of Us"
8."Never Grow Up"
9."Enchanted"
10."Better Than Revenge"
11."Innocent"
12."Haunted"
13."Last Kiss"
14."Long Live"

Tracklisting of Taylor Swift's 'Speak Now'

2010-10-26T08:58:00.000-07:00

Taylor Swift will follow up her multiplatinum Fearless with a concept album titled Speak Now on October 25th. First single "Mine" will arrive on August 16th at Swift's new SpeakNow13 website. "Each song is a different confession to a person," Swift told fans in an online chat yesterday. "In the past two years, I've experienced a lot of things that I've been dying to write about. A lot of things I wanted to say in the moment that I didn't."

Keep up with Rolling Stone's hottest photos in Random Notes.

According to Swift, Speak Now was written entirely without the help of co-writers — "It just so happened that the songs that made the cut on the album were the ones I wrote myself, so, wish me luck," she said — and will once again be co-produced by Swift's collaborator Nathan Campbell. Preorders for Speak Now will begin at the Speak Now 13 site on August 20th.

Swift has spent the past two years writing tracks for her follow-up to Fearless, which has sold nearly six million copies and won Album of the Year at the 52nd Grammy Awards, making Swift the youngest artist ever to win the prize. "Ever since we put out Fearless, we've been writing for this record and conceptualizing it," Swift said. "I like to take a lot of time between records to work on the next one. I did the same thing for Fearless. I took two years between it, and for me, I write everything that I live. You have to give yourself a lot of time to live a lot."

Swift recently shot a video for "Mine" in Portland, Maine, and told fans, "It's a song that's about my tendency to run from love. Every really direct example of love I've had in front of me has ended in goodbye and in breakups and things like that, so I've developed this pattern of running away when it comes time to fall in love and stay in a relationship and this song is about finding an exception to that and finding the person that makes you believe in love and realize that it can work out." Swift didn't say whether the track was inspired by her much-publicized relationship with Twilight star Taylor Lautner.

Swift didn't offer up many details about potential Speak Now tracks, but she did reveal that the album will likely feature 14 songs, including some recorded with live strings and a full orchestra. And in what will be welcome news to the struggling concert industry, Swift promised fans she'd embark on a world tour in support of Speak Now.

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playstation

2010-10-26T08:57:00.001-07:00

SmartJoy® FRAGT is a unique adapter that allows you to connect standard PS/2 compatible mice and keyboards to your PlayStation®2 or Xbox® console. You will be able to enjoy First Person Shooters (FPS), or any other game where targeting is important, the way they are meant to be played.

PS2 SmartJoy® FRAGT comes with pre-installed key configurations for the best games available. Advanced features such as Deadzone adjustments and mouse control inversion guarantee best gaming experience with your favorite titles.

SCEE boss reveals new PlayStation Portable details
Software pricing, media compatability, and where GBA fits into the plans

A host of new details about Sony's forthcoming PlayStation Portable (PSP) console have been revealed by SCEE president Chris Deering at a summit in London, including software pricing details and the company's view on the Game Boy Advance.

Games for the device will be released on Sony's new Universal Media Disc (UMD) format, rather than on memory sticks as some had predicted, and Deering hinted that the pricing system for the titles would be flexible, allowing some to be priced significantly lower than others.

Some games, he revealed, could be priced "as high as €50 or €60 no doubt", but he added that the majority of games would be closer to the €20 to €30 price range, "given the time slots these will be played in". Sony has clearly learned a lesson that Nintendo has not - portable games, for the most part, need to be priced as impulse purchases.

The PSP isn't just a game device of course - it's designed as a portable media system, and Sony will be pushing for music and movies to also be released in UMD format. Movies on UMD will retail at a price "less than a DVD", which is just as well when you consider that UMD discs will almost certainly not be able to store video of the same quality as DVDs. Music may also be released on UMD at prices lower than normal CD prices.

In a move obviously designed to help get the movie studios on board, the device will support region coding for movies, but there's no word as yet on whether this will also apply to games. Deering specifically mentioned movies when talking about region codes, and went out of his way to point out that there would be no differences between devices in PAL and NTSC regions, so it may be that region coding is being dropped entirely for games on the system.

This would point at a rather better orchestrated global strategy from Sony for PSP than we've seen from them on consoles in the past, with software and hardware releases following close after one another in the key territories. Sure enough, Deering confirmed that the PSP will arrive in the second half of 2004, and suggested that the launches in Japan, the USA and Europe would only be seperated by the "slight time difference" required to get enough units of the console manufactured for each territory.

One of the most interesting comments made by Deering during his presentation on the PSP, however, was with respect to Nintendo's Game Boy Advance - which has been fingered by most commentators as the main competition to the forthcoming system. Sony, apparently, does not agree, and Deering claimed that the PSP strategy could be "synergistic and dynamically collaborative with Game Boy".

Sony, in a tone reminiscent of Nokia's views over the N-Gage, sees the PSP occupying an entirely different area of the mobile gaming space from the GBA. "It's trying for a new part of the market to escape the TV, for the shorter leisure time slots that seem to be a factor," said Deering, commenting that the PSP - with all its media device trickery and undoubtedly quite high price tag - is unlikely to be a system people carry around all over the place and treat to the same rough and tumble experience most GBAs go through.

"Maybe it might compete with people on the planes, but in the school yard I don't think people will be able to walk around with the PSP and treat it as roughly as you do with Game Boy," he explained. So, your PS2 (or PSX, or PS3) sits at home in the living room, your GBA is randomly carried about in your pocket or handbag, and the PSP occupies a space somewhere in between - an odd concept, but one which may well work for Sony.

There has been much speculation over the internal chipset of the PSP of late, with Ken Kutaragi commenting that people may well be surprised at the power of the machine when the specs are announced. Combined with Sony's recent demonstration of its ability to fit almost the entire PS2 chipset onto a single chip, there's an obvious conclusion - namely that Sony is planning to create, essentially, a portable PSX. It may not be the right conclusion, but it's certainly a tantalising prospect.

PSP Concept System Sony reveals its current work-in-progress system design for its upcoming handheld.
http://streaming movies.ign.com/psp_system.wmv

November 04, 2003 - At Sony's Corporate Strategy Meeting, Mr. Ken Kutaragi today revealed the first concept images of its upcoming PlayStation Portable system. The meeting focused on Sony's overall corporate strategy, so no adicional details were revealed on the PSP itself beyond an image of what the current version of the hardware currenly looks like in concept form. The images of the PlayStation Portable concept appeared in the company's slideshow presentation, indicating the ideas that Sony has for the handheld.

Source: Indie Magazine PSP Roms & ISOs Emulator

playstation portable

2010-10-26T08:55:00.000-07:00

"PSP" redirects here. For other uses, see PSP (disambiguation).
PlayStation Portable. (PSP)

Original model (PSP-1000) and logo of the PSP.
Manufacturer Sony Computer Entertainment
Product family PlayStation
Type Handheld game console
Generation Seventh
Retail availability JP December 12, 2004
NA March 24, 2005
PAL September 1, 2005

Units sold Worldwide: 62 million (as of September 16, 2010)[1] (details)
Media UMD, digital distribution, Blu-ray Disc (used for content transfer via Remote Play)[citation needed]
CPU MIPS R4000-based; clocked from 1 to 333 MHz
Storage capacity Memory Stick Duo and Memory Stick PRO Duo (2, 4, 8, or 16 GB)
Memory 32 MB (PSP-1000); 64 MB (2000, 3000 and PSP Go).
Display 480 × 272 pixels with 16.8 million colors, 16:9 widescreen TFT LCD, 3.8 in (97 mm) (PSP GO), 4.3 in (110 mm) (All other models)
Connectivity Wi-Fi (802.11b),[2] IrDA, USB
Dimensions PSP1000:
74 mm (2.9 in) (h)
170 mm (6.7 in) (w)
23 mm (0.91 in) (d)
PSP2000/3000:
71 mm (2.8 in) (h)
169 mm (6.7 in) (w)
19 mm (0.75 in) (d)
PSP GO:
69 mm (2.7 in) (h)
128 mm (5.0 in) (w)
16.5 mm (0.65 in) (d)

Weight PSP1000:
280 grams (9.9 oz)
PSP2000/3000:
189 grams (6.7 oz)
PSP GO:
158 grams (5.6 oz)
Best-selling game Monster Hunter Freedom Unite (3.5 million) (as of June 30, 2010)[3]
Successor PSP Slim & Lite (2000/3000 series redesigns)
PSP Go (concurrent to PSP-3000)

The PlayStation Portable (プレイステーション・ポータブル, Pureisutēshon Pōtaburu?, officially abbreviated PSP) is a handheld console manufactured and marketed by Sony Corporation[4] Development of the console was announced during E3 2003,[5] and it was unveiled on May 11, 2004, at a Sony press conference before E3 2004.[6] The system was released in Japan on December 12, 2004,[7] in North America on March 24, 2005,[8] and in the PAL region on September 1, 2005.[9]

The PlayStation Portable is the first handheld video game console to use an optical disc format, Universal Media Disc (UMD), as its primary storage medium.[10][11] Other distinguishing features of the console include its large viewing screen,[12] robust multi-media capabilities,[13] and connectivity with the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, other PSPs, and the Internet.[14][15]

Sales of the PSP have lagged behind its main competitor, the Nintendo DS.[16] Nevertheless, the console is "the most successful non-Nintendo handheld game system ever sold".[17] After the release of a remodeled, slimmer, and lighter version of the PlayStation Portable, titled Slim & Lite, in early September 2007, sales quadrupled in the United Kingdom the following week and increased by nearly 200% in North America for the month of October. The PSP-3000 had a minor redesign including a new screen and inbuilt microphone, and has since been followed by the PSP Go.[18][19]

Recent reports show that Google has a contract with Sony to create a new Sony PlayStation gaming device powered by Google's Android 3.0 platform. This device will be incorporated with a phone with the hardware similar to most of the new phones on the market.[20]

Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Launch
2 Technical specifications
3 Models
4 Variations
4.1 Region codes
4.2 Retail configurations
5 Redesigns
5.1 PSP-2000
5.2 PSP-3000
5.3 Hardware
5.4 Battery
5.5 External appearance, inputs and outputs
5.6 TV output and accessory port
5.7 Releases and Limited Edition models
5.8 Homebrew
5.9 Hardware issues
6 PSP Go
7 Sales
8 Hardware
9 Software
9.1 System software
9.2 Web browser
9.3 Remote Play
9.4 VOIP access
9.5 Room for PlayStation Portable
9.6 Digital Comics Reader
10 Games
11 Homebrew development
12 Reception
13 Controversial advertising campaigns
14 PSP2
15 See also
16 References
17 External links

[edit] History
Sony first announced development of the PlayStation Portable at a press conference before E3 2003.[21] Although mock-ups of the system were not present at the press conference or E3,[21] Sony did release extensive technical details regarding the new system.[22] Then-CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment Ken Kutaragi called the device the "Walkman of the 21st Century" in a reference to the console's multimedia capabilities.[23] Several gaming websites were impressed by the handheld's computing capabilities and looked forward to the system's potential as a gaming platform.[5][21][24]

The first concept images of the PSP appeared in November 2000 at the Sony Corporate Strategy Meeting and showed a PSP with flat buttons and no analog stick.[25] Although some expressed concern over the lack of an analog joystick,[26] these fears were allayed when the PSP was officially unveiled at the Sony press conference during E3 2004.[27] In addition to announcing more details about the system and its accessories,[28] Sony also released a list of 99 developer companies that had pledged support for the new handheld.[29] Several PSP game demos, such as Konami's Metal Gear Acid and SCE Studio Liverpool's Wipeout Pure were also shown at the conference.[30]

[edit] Launch
Main article: PlayStation Portable launch
On October 17, 2004, Sony announced that the PSP would launch in Japan on December 12, 2004, at a price of ¥19,800 (about US$181 in 2004) for the base model and ¥24,800 (about US$226 in 2004) for the Value System.[31] The console's launch was a success with over 200,000 units sold the first day.[32] Different color variations were also sold in bundle packs, which cost more than usual, around $200. Sony announced on February 3, 2005, that the PSP would go on sale in North America on March 24, 2005, in one configuration for a MSRP of US$249/CA$299.[33] Some expressed concern over the high price,[34] which was almost US$20 higher than the system's price in Japan and more than $100 higher than the recently launched Nintendo DS.[35] Despite the concerns, the PSP's North American launch was a success,[36][37] although reports two weeks later indicated that the system was not selling as well as expected despite Sony's claim that 500,000 units had been sold in the first two days.[38][39]

The PSP was originally to have a simultaneous PAL region and North American launch,[28] but on March 15, 2005, Sony announced that the PAL region launch would be delayed because of high demand for the console in Japan and North America.[40] A month later, on April 25, 2005, Sony announced that the PSP would launch in the PAL region on September 1, 2005, for €249/£179.[41] Sony defended the high price, which was nearly US$100 higher than in North America, by pointing out that North American consumers had to pay local sales taxes and that the VAT (sales tax) was higher in the UK than the US.[42] Despite the high price, the console's PAL region launch was a resounding success, selling more than 185,000 units in the UK alone, selling out of all stock nation wide in the UK within three hours of launch, more than doubling the previous first-day sales record of 87,000 units set by the Nintendo DS. The system also enjoyed great success in other areas of the PAL region with more than 25,000 units preordered in Australia[43] and nearly one million units sold across Europe in the first week.[44]

[edit] Technical specifications
The following Technical Specifications apply to all PSP's unless noted for a specific PSP series:[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] Very detailed hardware differences available at PSP Secrets.

General:

Dimensions:
Width: 170 mm
Height: 74 mm
Depth: 23 mm
4.3 inch Widescreen TFT LCD (3.8 inch )
480 × 272 pixels (16:9 Aspect Ratio)
24-bit Color (16.77 Million colors)
Four Brightness Levels (200, 180, 130, 80 cd/m2)
Wireless LAN 802.11b
IrDA
Bluetooth
Mini-USB 2.0
AV-out
Composite Video
YPBPR Component Video
S-Video
Flash Storage:
Memory Stick PRO Duo Expansion Slot
Memory Stick Micro Expansion Slot
Internal Flash Storage[citation needed]
Internal NAND flash used by System Software is partitioned into 4 sectors:
flash0, contains system firmware – 23.9 MB (PSP-1000)
flash1, contains system settings – 3.92 MB (PSP-1000)
flash2, empty* – 944 KB (PSP-1000)
flash3, empty* – 880 KB (PSP-1000)
PSP-N1000: 16 GB total, 14.74 GB usable. Part of the internal storage is shared with System Software.
PSP-1000: 32 MB total, all of it used by the System Software.
PSP-2000/3000: 64 MB total, all of it used by the System Software.
All flash storage, including Memory Sticks and internal flash, uses the FAT32 file system.
Audio:

Built in Stereo Speakers
Built in Microphone
Powered by Media Engine Chip's embedded Virtual Mobile Engine (VME)
Multichannel Audio
3D Sound
Synthesizer, Effector and Equalizer
ATRAC3 plus, AAC, WMA and MP3 support.
WMA support requires activation by accepting an end user licence agreement
UMD (Universal Media Disc):

60 mm Disc Diameter
660 nm Laser Diode
Dual-Layer Storage Capacity of up to 1.8 GB
Transfer Rate of up to 11 Mbit/s (1.375 MB/s)
Read-Only
Shock-Resistant
Secure ROM by AES RSA Crypto System
Unique Disc IDs
Distribute System Software Updates
Power:

5 V DC @ 2000mA from AC Adapter
5 V DC from USB Charging Mode
3.7 V Li-Ion Battery
Removable 1200 mAh
Removable 1800 mAh
2200 mAh (Endurance Battery)

The main CPU, PSP Media Engine and the NAND flash for the System Software (TA-079)
The Wi-Fi Module with the Serial and Headphone Jack (TA-079)PSP CPU Chip:

Sony CXD2962GG CPU
Based on MIPS R4000 32-bit Core
90 nm Semiconductor CMOS Process
1-333 MHz (set at 222 MHz by default) @ 1.2 V
16 KB Instruction Cache / 16 KB Data Cache
SiP:
8 MB eDRAM @ 2.6 Gbps
Embedded FPU
Embedded Vector FPU @ 2.6 GFLOPS
Embedded Graphics Core:
1-166 MHz (set at 111 MHz by default) @ 1.2 V
256-bit Bus at 5.3 Gbps
2 MB eDRAM (VRAM)
3D Curved Surface and 3D Polygon
Compressed Textures
Hardware Clipping, Morphing, Bone(8)
Hardware Tessellator
Bézier surface, Bézier curve and B-Spline (NURBS)
4×4, 16×16, 64×64 Subdivision
Rendering Engine and Surface Engine
Pixel Fill Rate: 664 Megapixels/s
Up to 33 Million Polygon/s (with Transform and Lighting)
24-bit Full Color: RGBA
128-bit Bus at 2.6 Gbit/s
3D-CG Extended Instruction Set
Media Engine Chip:

Sony CXD1876 CPU
Based on MIPS R4000 32-bit Core
90 nm Semiconductor CMOS Process
1-333 MHz (set at 222 MHz by default) @ 1.2 V
16 KB Instruction Cache / 16 KB Data Cache
SiP:
2 MB eDRAM @ 2.6 Gbps
Embedded Virtual Mobile Engine (VME) Sound Core
Reconfigurable DSP Engine
1-166 MHz (set at 166 MHz by default) @ 1.2 V
128-bit Bus
24-bit Data Path
5 GFlops
Embedded MPEG-4 (H.264/AVC) hardware decoder
Embedded FPU
128-bit Bus @ 2.6 Gbit/s
Memory:

Samsung K5E5658HCM-D060
Main Memory: 32 MB 333 MHz DDR SDRAM (64 MB )
8 MB reserved for Kernel
Integrated or Support Chips:

IDStorage Keys, stores screen brightness, volume, region, date, time and BIOS data also known as the Ipl
Tachyon, version information for CPU, Media Engine, and Graphic Cores
Baryon, version information for the PSP's system control chip
Pommel, the PSP's GPIO and Watchdog
Kirk, the PSP's main encryption processor
Spock, secondary encryption processor, used to decrypt signed UMD data

Note: flash2 and flash3 are likely used during game-save & photo transfers as well as during POPS PS1 emulation.
[edit] Models
Series Image Connection Wireless Connectivity RAM and Internal Storage CPU Display Original Release Date Original System Software Battery In Production
PSP-1000 USB 2.0, UMD, Serial Port, Headphone Jack, Memory Stick PRO Duo 802.11b Wi-Fi, IRDA 32 MB, 32 MB System Software MIPS R4000 at 1~333 MHz 4.3" 16:9 Color TFT at 480 × 272 December 12, 2004 (Japan) 1.00 5v DC 1800 mAh, Upgradeable to 2200 mAh No
PSP-2000 USB 2.0, UMD, Video Out and Mic Port, Headphone Jack, Memory Stick PRO Duo 802.11b Wi-Fi 64 MB, 64 MB System Software September, 2007 3.60 5v DC 1200 mAh, Upgradeable to 2200 mAh No
PSP-3000 USB 2.0, UMD, Video Out, Microphone, Headphone Jack, Memory Stick PRO Duo October, 2008 4.20 Yes
PSP Go (model # N1000) All in One Port, Headphone Jack, Mic, Memory Stick Micro 802.11b Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 2.1 EDR 64 MB, 16 GB User and System Software Shared 3.8" 16:9 Color TFT at 480 × 272 Sliding Screen October, 2009 5.70 5v DC Non Removable Battery Yes

[edit] Variations
[edit] Region codes
PSP region codes Codes Country
PSP-x000 Japan
PSP-x001 US / North America
PSP-x002 Australia / New Zealand
PSP-x003 UK
PSP-x004 Europe
PSP-x005 Korea
PSP-x006 Hong Kong / Singapore
PSP-x007 Taiwan
PSP-x008 CIS
PSP-x009 China
PSP-x010 Central / South America
The PSP is widely known by the series code (PSP-1000, PSP-2000, etc.). There are sub-codes within this numbering system however which designate the region coding. One UMD game, BattleZone, and most movie discs have region encoding, and so will only work on the appropriate master unit.

[edit] Retail configurations
PSP Core Pack launch prices Country Release price Release date
Australia AU$349.95 September 1, 2005[53]
Europe €199.99 September 1, 2005[54]
India INR19,990 September 1, 2005[55]
Pakistan PKR15,600 September 1, 2005[55]
United Kingdom £179.99 September 1, 2005[54]
Canada CA$229.99 March 22, 2006[56]
United States US$199.99 March 22, 2006[56]
Chile CLP$169,990 April 4, 2008[57]
The PSP is sold in three main configurations that differ in which accessories are included. The basic unit package or Base Pack (called the Core Pack in North America[58]) contains the console, a battery, and an AC adapter.[59] This version was available at launch in Japan[31] and was later released in North America and Europe.[60] The Core Pack currently retails for CA$/US$169.99,[58] ¥19,800,[61] HK$1,280 or $1,360 (depending on the color),[62] S$280,[63] AU$279.95,[64] NZ$299.95,[65] €169.99, and £129.99.[66]

The Value Pack includes everything in the Base Pack as well as a 32 MB Memory Stick Pro Duo, headphones with remote control, a carrying pouch, and a wrist strap.[59] Some regions have modified versions of this pack that include different accessories.[67] The Value Pack retails for US$199.99,[68] ¥23,800,[69] HK$1660,[70] AU$399.99,[71] and NZ$449.95.[67]

Many limited edition versions of the PSP that include various accessories, games, or movies have also been released.[72][73]

[edit] Redesigns
[edit] PSP-2000

PSP-2000The PSP-2000 (marketed in PAL areas as "PSP Slim & Lite" and still marketed as PSP in North America, Japan, China, India, Italy, and Portugal)[74] is the first redesign of the PlayStation Portable.

At E3 2007, Sony released information about a slimmer and lighter version of the PlayStation Portable.[75] The new PSP was announced to be 33% lighter and 19% slimmer than the original PSP system.[75] The model numbers were changed to PSP-2000, following the previous region-based numbering scheme (cf. the PSP-1000 numbering scheme of the "old" PSP model).

It was released on August 30, 2007, in Hong Kong, on September 5, 2007, in Europe, on September 6, 2007, in North America, September 7, 2007, in South Korea and September 12, 2007, in Australia. On January 8, 2008, built-in Skype Wi-Fi Internet phone service was added via firmware updates.[76]

[edit] PSP-3000
In comparison to the PSP-2000, the PSP-3000 (marketed in PAL areas as "PSP Slim & Lite (with enhanced screen + built in microphone)" and still marketed as PSP in North America and Japan) has an improved LCD screen with an increased color range, five times the contrast ratio, half the pixel response time to reduce ghosting and blurring effects, a new sub-pixel structure, a microphone, a new disc tray design, new button designs and logos, and anti-reflective technology to improve outdoor playability. It can also output all games by component or composite using the video out cable.[77]

In its first four days on sale, the PSP-3000 sold 141,270 units in Japan, according to Famitsu.[78] In October 2008, the PSP-3000 sold 267,000 units in Japan, according to Enterbrain.[79]

[edit] Hardware

Memory Stick PRO Duo Slot on a Final Fantasy VII: Crisis Core edition PSP SlimThe PSP Slim & Lite system is 19% thinner and 33% lighter than the original PSP system (reduced from 23 mm to 18.6 mm and from 280 grams [9.87 ounces] to 189 grams [6.66 ounces]).[75][80] Internal changes to achieve this include the removal of a metal chassis (used to reduce damage in the event of sudden trauma to the system resulting from the user dropping the system on a hard surface). However, users have complained about generally poor hardware assembly like misaligned faceplates[81] and loose/creaky battery covers.[82]

Other changes include improved WLAN modules and Micro-controller, and a thinner[83] and much brighter LCD.[citation needed] To target the original PSP generation's poor load times for UMD games,[84] the internal memory (RAM and Flash ROM) was doubled from 32 MB to 64 MB, which also improved the web browser's performance.[85]

[edit] Battery

Two different battery size standardsTo make the PSP slimmer, the capacity of the battery was reduced by 1/3. However, due to more efficient power usage, the run time of the PSP is still the same as the previous model. Older model batteries will still work which extends the amount of playing time. However, the battery cover on the newer model does not fit over the older battery due to its bulkier size. The batteries take about one and a half hours to charge and last roughly 4.5–7 hours depending on factors such as screen brightness settings, WLAN and volume levels.[86]

In mid-December 2007, Sony released the PSP Extended Life Battery Kit, which includes a 2200 mAh battery with a battery cover that fits over the bulkier battery included,[87] initially only available in North America.[citation needed] The kit comes with two new battery covers, one black and one silver. In March 2008 the Extended Battery Kit was released in Japan. However, unlike the North American kit, the batteries are sold individually with one specific cover. There are three separate kits; one kit includes a black cover, one includes a silver cover and one includes a white cover.[citation needed]

[edit] External appearance, inputs and outputs
The PSP Slim & Lite has a new gloss finish. The serial port was also modified in order to accommodate a new video-out feature (while rendering older PSP remote controls incompatible). In PSP-2000, PSP games will only output to external monitors or TVs in progressive scan mode, so televisions incapable of supporting progressive scan will not display PSP games. Non-game video outputs fine in either progressive or interlaced mode. USB charging was made possible (the PSP Slim will only charge while it is in "USB mode". It cannot be charged via USB when playing a game). However, there are unofficial USB charge plug-in downloads for charging the PSP with a USB without the need for being in USB mode. The D-Pad was raised in response to complaints of poor performance,[88][89] while buttons offer improved responsiveness, confirmed in the GameSpot "hands-on" review: "several GameSpot editors have noticed that the d-pad and buttons on the new PSP provide a little more tactile feedback for a better overall feel."[90]

A new simpler and more compact UMD loading tray design was developed, in which the tray swivels out instead of opening up completely, while the Wi-Fi switch was moved to the top of the PSP. To address many consumer complaints about the Memory Stick door breaking off the old PSP, the Memory Stick door has been relocated and redesigned. The speakers were repositioned on the front of the PSP near the top of its screen. The infra-red port was also removed because it offered no use to the original PSP generation other than in homebrew applications. Its analog stick was also redesigned to be more flexible and is not removable without opening the PSP. The air vent at the top of the original was also removed.

A "1seg" TV tuner (model PSP-S310) peripheral, designed specifically for the PSP Slim & Lite model, was released in Japan on September 20, 2007.[91]

[edit] TV output and accessory port

Component cable, which allows PSP-2000 and -3000 models to output analog stereo audio and analog component (YPBPR) videoSony added TV output to the PSP Slim through Firmware update 3.60. It can output in a conventional aspect ratio (4:3) or widescreen (16:9), and offers a screensaver if the PSP is inactive for a set amount of time. It is able to output games, videos, and other media. To achieve TV output on the Slim model, Composite, S-Video, Component (YPBPR) and D-Terminal (YPBPR) cables are sold separately by Sony. PSP format games are output as a progressive scan signal, which can be carried only by the Component and D-Terminal cables, and displayed on televisions which support progressive scan. They are also rendered at the 480 × 272 resolution of the PSP screen, rather than the 720 × 480 resolution used for output, and are not upscaled meaning they are displayed with black windowboxing when viewed to an external display. This can be overcome on some TVs by using in-build zoom functionality. However, the PSP system software, music player and video playback are displayed in full-screen. As of firmware update 5.00, PlayStation (PSone) format software purchased from the PlayStation store is output in full-screen mode and optionally in interlaced format for non-progressive displays. Although the user needs component cables and a TV that supports 480p (mainly found in HDTVs) to play PSP format software, a homebrew plugin called "FuSa" allows anyone with a Slim PSP to view their games on any SDTV or HDTV using Composite or Component cables. The plugin is also advantageous to those with TVs that do support 480p because it allows a full screen (1:1 ratio) viewing of games. The maximum resolution through TV output is 720 × 480 pixels and composite video uses NTSC color encoding (no PAL composite signal is available; European TVs must be NTSC compatible to be used with a PSP via composite). The old PSP-1000 model is not capable of this feature due to a slightly different port. As a result, original PSP accessories (using the connector) will not work with the Slim and the Slim's accessories will not work with the original PSP. Sony has released a new version of the remote control accessory designed for the Slim as a result. The PSP Slim can still use 3.5 mm headphones, like the old PSP-1000.

Sony confirmed a GPS Accessory for the United States at Sony CES 2008. The GPS is to be retailed for the new Slim PSP models. It will feature maps on a UMD, and offer driving directions and city guide.

[edit] Releases and Limited Edition models
Limited Edition models began being released in Japan on September 12, 2007; North America on September 5, 2007; Australia on September 12, 2007; UK on October 26, 2007, and Europe on September 5, 2007. The PSP-2000 was made available in Piano Black, Ceramic White, Ice Silver, Mint Green, Felicia Blue, Lavender Purple, Deep Red, Matte Bronze, Metallic Blue and Rose Pink as standard colors (not all colors were available in all countries), and had several special edition colored and finished consoles for games including Final Fantasy VII: Crisis Core (Ice silver engraved), Star Ocean: First Departure (Felicia Blue engraved), Gundam (Red gloss/matte black), and Monster Hunter Freedom (Gold silkscreened) PSPs in Japan, Star Wars (Darth Vader silkscreened) and God of War: Chains of Olympus (Kratos silkscreened) PSPs in North America, a The Simpsons (bright yellow with white buttons, analog and UMD drawer) PSP in Australia and New Zealand, and Spider-Man (Red gloss/matte black), and Final Fantasy VII: Crisis Core (Ice silver engraved) PSPs in Europe.

The PSP 3000, released on October 14, 2008, in North America, in Europe on October 17, 2008,[92][93] on October 16, 2008, in Japan and in Australia on October 23, 2008,[94] is currently available in Piano Black, Pearl White, Mystic Silver, Radiant Red, Vibrant Blue, Spirited Green, Blossom Pink, Turquoise Green and Lilac Purple. The Limited Edition "Big Boss Pack" of Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker saw the release of a camouflage PSP while the God of War: Ghost of Sparta PSP special bundle pack will include a black and red two-toned PSP.[95]

[edit] Homebrew
The homebrew community were initially unable to hack the later PSP-2000s and the PSP-3000 because it had a new CPU (motherboards revealed to be TA-088v3 (for PSP Slim) and TA-090v2 (for PSP-3000) which does not support the PRE IPL Exploit used in hacking the previous versions. This is due to the motherboard having its own PRE IPL where it checks the firmware thoroughly; if passed, the PRE IPL is cut off entirely to prevent unwanted modifications to the system.

In November 2008, Datel announced a "Lite Blue Tool" battery which allows the PSP-3000 to boot into service mode. This battery is not able to start homebrew as the new PRE-IPL has yet to be cracked.[96] The Lite Blue Tool was deterred from distribution due to legal action by Sony.[97] Some time later, Datel changed the name from Lite Blue Tool to Max Power Digital and changed the description.[98]

MaTiAz, a known hacker in the PSP hacking community, found an exploit which is done with a US copy of Gripshift and a HEN save game exploit. However, this was only temporary. After the release of this initial hack, a sizable increase in sales of the game was experienced. Many eBay sellers inflated their prices to cash in on the sudden demand. A revised version of the PSP firmware (v5.03) was released shortly after to patch the exploit.[99] Malloxis found a TIFF crash which is proven to work on 5.02 and 5.03 firmwares for PSP-3000; further crafted and engineered by MaTiAz, the TIFF crash became a TIFF exploit capable of loading an h.bin from the root memorystick. Davee, another hacker, further engineered this exploit with a privilege escalation exploit and created a Homebrew Enabler (HEN) which would allow the execution of unsigned code by users. In firmware revision 5.50, the TIFF vulnerability was removed, preventing any further firmwares being affected by the exploit. The HEN for the TIFF exploit, which was called "ChickHEN", was released on May 5, 2009.[100][101][102]

On June 5, 2009, custom firmware version 5.03GEN-A for HEN was released, which is compatible with both PSP-2000 v3 and PSP-3000. It allows users to play game backups (ISO/CSO), PS1 games, and includes access to PSN, VSH, and recovery mode.[103] This marked a major step forward in ending Sony's PSP-3000 piracy protection. Two days later, on June 7, 2009, a duo of hackers (Xenogears and Becus25) released custom firmware support software based on a modified work of the released 5.03GEN-A for the formerly unhackable handheld called "Custom Firmware Enabler 3.01" in which PSP-3000 users can install custom firmware and load those firmware's files onto the PSP's RAM with the direct usage of "ChickHEN".[96][104]

On March 29, 2010, a user-mode exploit was revealed in the demo of the game Patapon 2.[105] This was quickly followed by the public release of "Half-Byte Loader",[106] a piece of software allowing to load homebrew software on all PSP models (including the PSP Go) running firmwares less than 6.30. HBL has also been ported to Everybody's Golf, allowing HBL to run on 6.30 and 6.31 firmwares.

[edit] Hardware issues
On release, an issue with interlacing was noticed on the PSP-3000 screen when objects were in motion. Gaming Bits (among others) did an in-depth review of the differences between the two versions, noting the interlacing issues, and about a week later Sony announced that they would not be releasing a software update to address the issue:[107]

On some occasions, scan lines may appear on scenes where brightness changes drastically, due to the hardware features of the new LCD device on PSP-3000. Installed with this new LCD device, PSP-3000 offers more natural and vibrant colors on its screen, but the scan lines have come out to be more visible as a result of improving response time to alleviate the afterimages on PSP-3000. Since this is due to hardware specification, there are no plans for a system software update concerning this issue.

[edit] PSP Go

PSP GoMain article: PSP Go
The PSP Go was revealed on May 30, 2009, in the June episode of the PlayStation Network online magazine Qore and was later officially announced on June 2, 2009, at E3 2009.[108] The PSP Go features Bluetooth functionality, a smaller 3.8-inch (97 mm) screen and weighs 43% less than the original PSP. Instead of the UMD drive as found on previous models, the PSP Go has 16 GB of internal flash memory and a Memory Stick Micro port that accepts cards up to 16 GB as opposed to Memory Stick Duo. Currently, the PSP Go has a max memory of 32 GB, but the M2 memory can be increased in firmware updates. Games must be downloaded from the PlayStation Store. The sliding mechanism on the screen hides the main face buttons and the analog 'nub' when not in use. With the release of the PSP Go, most future PSP games will also receive a PlayStation Store release,[citation needed] whereas only a handful of games were available before.

[edit] Sales
Region Units sold First available
Japan 15 million (as of December 28, 2009)[1] December 12, 2004
United States 17 million (as of March 14, 2010)[109] March 24, 2005
Europe 12 million (as of May 6, 2008)[110] September 1, 2005
United Kingdom 3.2 million (as of January 3, 2009)[111] September 1, 2005
Worldwide 62 million (as of September 16, 2010)[1]

By March 31, 2007, the PlayStation Portable had shipped 25.39 million units worldwide with 6.92 million in Asia, 9.58 million in North America, and 8.89 million Europe.[112] In Europe, the PSP sold 4 million units in 2006 and 3.1 million in 2007 according to estimates by Electronic Arts.[113][114] In 2007, the PSP sold 3.82 million units in the US according to the NPD Group[115][116] and 3,022,659 in Japan according to Enterbrain.[117][118][119] In 2008, the PSP sold 3,543,171 units in Japan, according to Enterbrain.[120][119]

In the United States, the PSP has sold 10.47 million units as of January 1, 2008, according to the NPD Group.[109][121][122] In Japan, during the week of March 24–30, 2008, the PSP nearly outsold all the other game consoles combined with 129,986 units sold, some of which were bundled with Monster Hunter Portable 2nd G,[123] which was the best-selling game in that week, according to Media Create.[124] As of December 28, 2008, the PSP has sold 11,078,484 units in Japan, according to Enterbrain.[79][120] In Europe, the PSP has sold 12 million units as of May 6, 2008, according to Sony Computer Entertainment Europe.[110] In the United Kingdom, the PSP has sold 3.2 million units as of January 3, 2009, according to GfK Chart-Track.[111]

[edit] Hardware
Main article: PlayStation Portable hardware

A ceramic white PSP-1000. The shoulder buttons are on top, the directional pad on the left with the analog 'nub' directly below it, the PlayStation face buttons on the right and a row of secondary buttons below the screen.The PlayStation Portable uses the common "slab" or "candybar" form factor, measures approximately 17 x 7.3 x 2.2 cm (6.7 x 2.9 x 0.9 in), and weighs 280 grams (9.88 ounces). The front of the console is dominated by the system's 11 cm (4.3 in) LCD screen, which is capable of 480 x 272 pixel video playback with 16.77 million colors. Also on the front are the four PlayStation face buttons (, , , ), the directional pad, the analog 'nub', and several other buttons. In addition, the system includes two shoulder buttons and a USB 2.0 mini-B port on the top of the console and a WLAN switch and power cable input on the bottom. The back of the PSP features a read-only UMD drive for movies and games, and a reader compatible with Sony's Memory Stick Duo flash cards is located on the left of the system. Other features include an IrDA compatible infrared port (discontinued in PSP-2000 and later series), built in stereo speakers and headphone port, and IEEE 802.11b Wi-Fi for access to the Internet, ad-hoc multiplayer gaming, and data transfer.[4]

The PSP uses two 333 MHz MIPS32 R4000-based CPUs, a GPU with 2 MB onboard VRAM running at 166 MHz, and includes 32 MB main RAM and 4 MB embedded DRAM in total.[4] The hardware was originally forced to run more slowly than it was capable of and most games ran at 222 MHz.[125] However, with firmware update 3.50 on May 31, 2007, Sony removed this limit and allowed new games to run at a full 333 MHz.[126]

The PSP includes an 1800 mAh battery (1200 mAh on the 2000 and 3000 models) that will provide about 4–6 hours of gameplay, 4–5 hours of video playback, or 8–11 hours of audio playback.[27][127] Official accessories for the console include the AC adapter, car adapter, headset, headphones with remote control, extended-life 2200 mAh battery, battery charger, carrying case, accessories pouch and cleaning cloth, and system pouch and wrist strap.[128]

[edit] Software
[edit] System software
Main article: PlayStation Portable system software
Main article: XrossMediaBar – PlayStation Portable XMB
See the PlayStation Support Site for the latest official System Software Information: http://www.us.playstation.com/support/systemupdates/psp

Sony has included the ability for the operating system, referred to as the System Software, to be updated.[129] The updates can be downloaded directly from the Internet using the [System Update] feature under [Settings] in the XMB, or they can be downloaded from the official PlayStation website to a computer, transferred to a Memory Stick Duo on following directory: PSP -> GAME -> UPDATE -> EBOOT.PBP, and subsequently installed on the system. Updates can also be installed from UMD game discs that require the update to run the game.[129] The Japanese version of the PS3 allows the System Software to be updated by downloading the System Software onto the Hard Drive then to the PSP. Sony has prevented users from downgrading the PSP to an earlier version of the System Software that is currently installed.

While System Software updates can be used with consoles from any region,[130] Sony recommends only downloading updates released for the region corresponding to the system's place of purchase.[129] System Software updates have added various features including a web browser;[131] Adobe Flash support;[132] additional codecs for images, audio and video;[131][133] PlayStation 3 connectivity[134] and patches against several security exploits, vulnerabilities and execution of homebrew programs.[135][136] The most current version is v6.31.

[edit] Web browser

Web browser on a PSP-1000The PSP Internet Browser is a version of the NetFront browser made by Access Co. Ltd. and was released for free with the 2.00 system software update.[131] The browser supports most common web technologies, such as HTTP cookies, forms, CSS, as well as basic JavaScript capabilities.[137]

The version 2.50 upgrade added Unicode (UTF-8) character encoding and Auto-Select as options in the browser's encoding menu, and also introduced the saving of input history for online forms.

Version 2.70 of the PSP's system software introduced basic Flash capabilities to the browser.[132] However, the player runs Flash version 6, four iterations behind the current desktop version 10,[138] making some websites difficult to view.[132]

There are three different rendering modes: "Normal", "Just-Fit", and "Smart-Fit". "Normal" will display the page with no changes, "Just-Fit" will attempt to shrink some elements to make the whole page fit on the screen and preserve layout (although this makes some pages extremely difficult to read), and "Smart-Fit" will display content in the order it appears in the HTML, and with no size adjustments; instead it will drop an element down below the preceding element if it starts to go off the screen.

The browser also has limited tabbed browsing, with a maximum of three tabs. When a website tries to open a link in a new window, the browser opens it in a new tab.[139]

Parents can limit content by enabling Browser Start Up Control which blocks all access to the web browser and creating a 4-digit PIN under [Settings] in [Security]. Additionally, the browser can be configured to run under a proxy server and can be protected by the security PIN to enable the use of web filtering or monitoring software through a network. Recently, TrendMicro for PSP was added as a feature that can be enabled via a subscription to filter or monitor content on the PSP.

The PSP browser is slower compared to modern browsers and often runs out of memory due to limitations put in place by Sony. Alternatively, Homebrew has allowed a custom version of the browser to be released that utilizes all 32/64 MB of the PSP's RAM, which allows the browser to load pages faster and have more memory for larger pages.[140] Opera Mini can also be used on PSP through PSPKVM, a homebrew application which is a Sun Java Virtual Machine. It was claimed to provide much faster loading time than the default browser and provides better web page capability.[141]

[edit] Remote Play

The PlayStation Store for PS3 displayed on a PSP via Remote PlayMain article: Remote Play
Remote Play allows the PSP to access many features of a PlayStation 3 console from a remote location using the PS3's WLAN capabilities, a home network, or the Internet.[142] Features that can be used with Remote Play include viewing photos and slideshows, listening to music, watching videos stored on the PS3's HDD or on connected USB devices, and several other features.[143] Additionally, Remote Play allows the PS3 to be turned on and off remotely and allows the PSP to control audio playback from the PS3 to a home theater system without having to use a television.[144][145] Although most of the PS3's capabilities are accessible with Remote Play, playback of DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, PlayStation 2 games, most PlayStation 3 games, and copy-protected files stored on the PS3's hard drive are not supported.[143]

[edit] VOIP access
Starting with system software version 3.90, PSP-2000, PSP-3000 and PSP-N1000 can use the Skype VoIP service. The PSP-2000 requires a headset for this feature while the microphone is built into the PSP-3000 and PSP-N1000. Due to hardware restraints, it is not possible to use the VoIP service on PSP-1000.[76] The service allows Skype calls to be made over Wi-Fi and on the PSP Go over the Bluetooth Modem feature. Users must purchase Skype credit in order to make calls to non Skype devices such as a landline or mobile phone.

[edit] Room for PlayStation Portable

A screenshot of RoomMain article: Room for PlayStation Portable
Announced at TGS 2009, a similar service to PlayStation Home, the PlayStation 3's online community-based service, was being developed for the PSP.[146] Named "Room" (officially spelled as R∞M with capital letters and the infinity symbol in place of the "oo"), it was being beta tested in Japan from October 2009 to April 2010. It was able to be launched directly from the PlayStation Network section of the XMB. Just like in Home, PSP owners would have been able to invite other PSP owners into their rooms to "enjoy real time communication."[147][148] Development of Room halted on April 15, 2010, due to the feedback of the community.[149]

[edit] Digital Comics Reader
Sony has partnered with publishers such as 2000AD, Disney, IDW Publishing, Insomnia, iVerse, Marvel and Titan to release digitized comics on the PlayStation Store.[150][151] This new application requires PSP firmware 6.20 for it adds a new XMB category called "Extra". The Digital Comics Reader application can be downloaded on the PlayStation Comics official website.[152]

The PlayStation Store's "Comic" section launched in the United States and English speaking PAL regions (United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand) on December 16, 2009, though the first issues of Aleister Arcane, Astro Boy: Movie Adaptation, Star Trek: Enterprise Experiment and Transformers: All Hail Megatron were made available as early as November 20 through limited time PlayStation Network redeem codes.[153] The service premiered in Japan on December 10, 2009, with licensed publishers Ascii Mediaworks, Enterbrain, Kadokawa, Kodansha, Shueisha, Shogakukan, Square-Enix, Softbank Creative (HQ Comics), Hakusensha, Bandai Visual, Fujimishobo, Futabasha and Bunkasha.[154] In early 2010 the application expanded to German, French, Spanish and Italian languages with Digital Comics available in the respective European countries.[155]

The choice of regional Comic Reader software is dictated by the PSP's firmware region, and cannot be chosen. The Japanese Comic Reader will not display comics purchased from the Europen store, and vice versa. So although a Japanese PSP can log into the European Playstation Store and purchase and display videos and games bought there, any comics purchased cannot be displayed.

[edit] Games
Main article: List of PlayStation Portable games
See also: PlayStation Store, List of PlayStation Network games, List of movies and television shows released on UMD, and List of PlayStation Portable game demos
In addition to playing PSP games, several older PlayStation games have been rereleased and can be downloaded and played on the PSP via emulation. Currently, the only three official ways to access this feature are through the PlayStation Network service for PlayStation 3, PSP, or a PC.[156]

Demos for commercial PSP games can be downloaded and booted directly from a Memory Stick.[157] Demos are also sometimes issued in UMD format and mailed out or given to customers at various retail outlets as promotional content.[158]

During E3 2006, Sony Computer Entertainment America announced that the Greatest Hits range of budget titles were to be extended to the PSP system.[159] On July 25, 2006, Sony CEA released the first batch of Greatest Hits titles.[160] The PSP Greatest Hits lineup consist of games that have sold 250,000 copies or more and have been out for nine months.[161] PSP games in this lineup retail for $19.99 each.[160]

Sony Computer Entertainment Europe announced on September 5, 2006, that a number of titles would be available under the Platinum range for €24.99 each in Europe and £19.99 in the UK.[162]

Sony has said downloadable games will still be limited to 1.8 GB, most likely to guarantee a potential UMD release.[citation needed]

[edit] Homebrew development
Main article: PlayStation Portable homebrew
On June 15, 2005, hackers disassembled the code of the PSP and distributed it online.[163] Initially the modified PSP allowed users to run custom code and a limited amount of protected software. Sony responded to this by repeatedly upgrading the software.[164] Over time curious parties were able to unlock the firmware and allow users to run more custom content and more protected software. One of the ways hackers were able to run protected software on the PSP was through the creation of ISO loaders which could load copies of UMD games from the memory stick.[165]

[edit] Reception
The PSP received generally favorable reviews soon after launch and most reviewers cited similar strengths and weaknesses. CNET awarded the system an 8.5 out of 10 and praised the console's powerful hardware and its multimedia capabilities while lamenting the lack of a screen guard or a guard over the reading surface of UMD cartridges.[166] Engadget applauded the console's design, stating that "it is definitely one well-designed, slick little handheld".[167] PC World commended Sony's decision to include built-in Wi-Fi capability, but criticized the lack of a web browser at launch and the glare and smudges that resulted from the console's shiny exterior.[168] Most reviewers also praised the console's large and bright viewing screen and its audio and video playback capabilities. In 2008, Time listed the PSP as a "gotta have travel gadget", citing the console's movie selection, telecommunications capability, and upcoming GPS functionality.[169] The PSP Go received mixed reviews to date. IGN gave the product a 7.2 stating that with the absence of the UMD slot, the PSP Go is difficult to consider for purchase.

[edit] Controversial advertising campaigns
Sony admitted in late 2005 to hiring graffiti artists to spray paint advertisements for the PSP in seven major U.S. cities including New York City, Atlanta, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. The mayor of Philadelphia has filed a cease and desist order and may file a criminal complaint. According to Sony, it is paying businesses and building owners for the right to spraypaint their walls.[170]
In 2006, Sony ran a poster campaign in England. One of the poster designs with the slogan "Take a running jump here" was removed from a Manchester Piccadilly station tram platform due to concerns that it might encourage suicide.[171]
In July 2006, news spread of a billboard advertisement released in the Netherlands which depicted a white woman holding a black woman by the jaw, saying "PlayStation Portable White is coming." Some found this to be racially charged due to the portrayal of a white woman subjugating a black woman. Two other similar advertisements also existed, one had the two women facing each other on equal footing in fighting stances, while the other had the black woman in a dominant position on top of the white woman. The stated purpose of the advertisements was to contrast the white and black versions of its game console available for sale. These ads were never released in the rest of the world, and were pulled from the Netherlands after the controversy was raised.[172] Despite having been released only in the Netherlands, the advertisement gathered international press coverage. Engadget notes that Sony may have hoped to "capitalize on a PR firestorm".[173]
Sony came under scrutiny online in December 2006 for a guerrilla marketing campaign hoping to go viral, for the console, with advertisers masquerading as young bloggers who desperately wanted a PSP. The site was registered to and created by the St. Louis, Missouri, advertising firm Zipatoni on behalf of Sony before it was taken down.[174]
[edit] PSP2
In an interview during PAX 2010, Mortal Kombat Executive Producer Shaun Himmerick revealed a successor to the PSP, the "PSP2", stating "... we have a PSP2 in the house and we're looking at the engine, like what can it support. Always a big thing for us is the performance. We're running at 60 fps, what can we do and do we have to build all the art assets over. We're definitely looking at them. PSP2 looks like it's a pretty powerful machine." [175]

[edit] See also
Sony PlayStation portal
PlayStation Portable system software
PSPWiki – PSPWiki maintained by the PSP community
Media Go – A Windows application that supports the PSP
Mylo – A Sony messaging device
List of handhelds with Wi-Fi connectivity
[edit] References
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111.^ a b Matt Martin (2009-01-13). "Console installed base reaches 22m in UK". GamesIndustry.biz. Eurogamer. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/console-installed-base-reaches-22m-in-uk. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
112.^ "PSP (PlayStation Portable) Cumulative Production Shipments of Hardware". Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/data/bizdatapsp_e.html. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
113.^ Electronic Arts (2008-01-31). "Supplemental Segment Information" (PDF). Thomson Financial. p. 5. http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/88/88189/Q3FY08SupSeg.pdf#page=5. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
114.^ Jenkins, David (2008-02-01). "EA Reveals European Hardware Estimates". Gamasutra. CMP Media. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=17206. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
115.^ James Brightman (2008-01-17). "NPD: U.S. Video Game Industry Totals $17.94 Billion, Halo 3 Tops All". GameDaily. http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/news/npd-us-video-game-industry-totals-1794-billion-halo-3-tops-all/19119/?biz=1. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
116.^ Brandon Boyer (2008-01-18). "NPD: 2007 U.S. Game Industry Growth Up 43% To $17.9 Billion". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=17006. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
117.^ Neil Long (2008-01-07). "SPECIAL REPORT: Japan’s 2007 market stats in full". Market for Home Computing and Video Games. Intent Media. http://www.mcvuk.com/news/29249/SPECIAL-REPORT-Japans-2007-market-stats-in-full. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
118.^ Jenkins, David (2008-01-11). "Wii Sports Named Best Selling Game Of 2007 In Japan". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=16914. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
119.^ a b "Japanese 2008 Market Report". Market for Home Computing and Video Games. 2009-01-09. http://www.mcvuk.com/interviews/403/JAPANESE-2008-MARKET-REPORT. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
120.^ a b "2008年国内ゲーム市場規模は約5826億1000万円（エンターブレイン調べ）" (in Japanese). Famitsu. Enterbrain. 2009-01-05. http://www.famitsu.com/game/news/1221045_1124.html. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
121.^ Brightman, James (2008-01-17). "NPD: U.S. Video Game Industry Totals $17.94 Billion, Halo 3 Tops All". GameDaily. http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/news/npd-us-video-game-industry-totals-1794-billion-halo-3-tops-all/19119/?biz=1. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
122.^ Boyer, Brandon (2008-01-18). "NPD: 2007 U.S. Game Industry Growth Up 43% To $17.9 Billion". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=17006. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
123.^ Michael McWhertor (2008-04-03). "Simple 2000: The Japanese Hardware Chart: Holy Crap, PSP Edition". Kotaku. http://kotaku.com/375954/simple-2000-the-japanese-hardware-chart-holy-crap-psp-edition. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
124.^ Michael McWhertor (2008-04-03). "Simple 2000: The Japanese Software Chart". Kotaku. http://kotaku.com/375738/simple-2000-the-japanese-software-chart. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
125.^ Hayward, Andrew (2007-06-22). "PSP Brought up to Speed with 3.50 firmware". 1UP. http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3160506. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
126.^ Faylor, Chris (2007-06-22). "Sony Confirms Full PSP CPU Speed". Shacknews. http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/47564. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
127.^ "Hard Charging: PSP Battery life – page 6". IGN. 2004-12-20. http://psp.ign.com/articles/574/574557p6.html. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
128.^ "PSP Accessories". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://www.us.playstation.com/PSP/Accessories. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
129.^ a b c "PSP® Update History | System Updates | Support - PlayStation.com". http://us.playstation.com/support/systemupdates/psp/history/index.htm. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
130.^ "Projects - Sony PSP". trejan.com. http://www.trejan.com/projects/psp/. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
131.^ a b c "PSP® Update History | System Updates | Support - PlayStation.com". http://us.playstation.com/support/systemupdates/psp/history/index.htm#update200. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
132.^ a b c "PSP® Update History | System Updates | Support - PlayStation.com". http://us.playstation.com/support/systemupdates/psp/history/index.htm#update270. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
133.^ "PSP® Update History | System Updates | Support - PlayStation.com". http://us.playstation.com/support/systemupdates/psp/history/index.htm#update260. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
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135.^ "PSP® Update History | System Updates | Support - PlayStation.com". http://us.playstation.com/support/systemupdates/psp/history/index.htm#update152. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
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137.^ "PSP - Network - Internet Browser - Displaying the menu". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://manuals.playstation.net/document/en/psp/current/network/browser/menu.html. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
138.^ "Adobe Flash Player". Adobe Systems. http://www.adobe.com/products/flashplayer/. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
139.^ "PSP - Network - Internet Browser - Tabs". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://manuals.playstation.net/document/en/psp/current/network/browser/tab.html. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
140.^ Netfront Internet Browser Beta 4 – HighMemoryMod By pp86 – ChickHEN/PSP-3000 Support
141.^ Opera Mini on PSP
142.^ "PSP - Remote Play". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://manuals.playstation.net/document/en/psp/current/network/remoteplay/index.html. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
143.^ a b "PSP - Remote Play - About Remote Play". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://manuals.playstation.net/document/en/psp/current/network/remoteplay/ps3set.html. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
144.^ "PSP - Remote Play - menu". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://manuals.playstation.net/document/en/psp/current/network/remoteplay/menu.html. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
145.^ "PS3 - Settings - Audio Output Device". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://manuals.playstation.net/document/en/ps3/current/settings/outputdevice.html. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
146.^ "PSP Room: It's Like PS Home for The PSP". G4tv.com. http://g4tv.com/thefeed/blog/post/699463/PSP-Room-Its-Like-PS-Home-For-The-PSP.html. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
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149.^ Spencer (2010-04-15). "Sony Pulls The Plug On PSP Social Network Service". Siliconera. http://www.siliconera.com/2010/04/15/sony-pulls-the-plug-on-psp-social-network-service/. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
150.^ Digital Comics Reader Now Available for PSP – Get a Free Issue!
151.^ PlayStation Network Digital Comics
152.^ PlayStation Comics official website
153.^ Try Out The PSP Comic Reader
154.^ SCEJ press release Nov.18,2009 "PSP「プレイステーション・ポータブル」向けコミックコンテンツ配信 PlayStationStoreにて2009年12月10日(木) 開始"
155.^ PlayStation Comics – country selector
156.^ "PSP - Game - Downloading PlayStation format software". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://manuals.playstation.net/document/en/psp/current/game/psntitledl.html. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
157.^ Lempel, Eric (2007-11-20). "Introducing the PlayStation Store for PC". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://blog.us.playstation.com/2007/11/20/introducing-the-playstation-store-for-pc/. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
158.^ Barlog, Cory (2007-09-27). "God of War: Chains of Olympus - Special Edition Demo Disc". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://blog.us.playstation.com/2007/09/27/god-of-war-chains-of-olympus-special-edition-demo-disc/. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
159.^ Haynes, Jeff (2006-05-08). "PSP Greatest Hits Program to be Launched". IGN. http://psp.ign.com/articles/705/705786p1.html. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
160.^ a b ""Greatest Hits" titles for the PSP (PlayStationPortable) system now available". Sony Computer Entertainment. 2006-07-25. http://www.us.playstation.com/News/PressReleases/344. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
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162.^ "Sony Computer Entertainment Europe Announces Introduction of Platinum Range for PSP". Sony Computer Entertainment. 2006-09-05. http://www.scee.presscentre.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=4190&NewsAreaID=2. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
163.^ "Attack of the Playstation Hackers". 2005-12-01. http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051230_356459.htm.
164.^ "Sony battles hackers over hijacked games". 2005-07-06. http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEN20050706033455&Page=N&Title=Infotech&Topic=0.
165.^ "Three Hacker teams unlock the PSP". BBC News. 2007-02-26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6397797.stm#chart.
166.^ Carnoy, David (2005-03-24). "Sony PSP Review". CNET. http://reviews.cnet.com/consoles/sony-psp/4505-10109_7-30895581.html. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
167.^ Nielson, Adam (2004-12-20). "Sony PlayStation Portable/PSP hands-on review". CNET. http://www.engadget.com/2004/12/20/sony-playstation-portable-psp-hands-on-review/. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
168.^ Brandt, Andrew (2005-03-18). "First Look: Sony's Impressive PlayStation Portable". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,120117-page,1/article.html. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
169.^ Quittner, Josh (2008-07-31). "25 Gotta Have Travel Gadgets". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1827576_1827591_1828191,00.html. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
170.^ Singel, Ryan (2005-12-05). "Sony Draws Ire With PSP Graffiti". Wired. http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69741. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
171.^ Satchell, Clarissa (2006-03-07). "No play station, say Metro bosses". Manchester Evening News. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/206/206881_no_play_station_say_metro_bosses.html. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
172.^ Gibson, Ellie (2006-07-05). "Sony defends PSP ad following accusations of racism". gamesindustry.biz. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=18101. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
173.^ Sony under fire for "racist" advertising
174.^ Snow, Blake (2006-12-11). "Sony Marketers pretend to run fansite". JoyStiq. http://www.joystiq.com/2006/12/11/sony-marketers-are-horrible-liars-pretend-to-run-fansite/. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
175.^ Williams, M.H. (September 16, 2010). "PSP2 Is Real, 'Pretty Powerful' And In Developers' Hands". Industry Gamers. http://www.industrygamers.com/news/psp2-is-real-pretty-powerful-and-in-developers-hands/. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: PlayStation Portable

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Nevada

2010-10-26T08:54:00.000-07:00

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Nevada
Elections & Elected Officials

Filing Deadline: March 12, 2010
Primary: June 8, 2010

Sponsored Links:

Next State Constitutional Officer Elections are in 2010.

GOVERNOR:
Jim Gibbons (R)
* Defeated for Renomination in Primary 2010.
Active Candidates:

Brian Sandoval (R)
Ex-US District Court Judge, Ex-Attorney General & Ex-State Assemblyman
Rory Reid (D)
Clark County Commission Chair, Ex-Congressional Aide & Son of US Sen. Reid
David Scott Curtis (Green)
Architect & Artist
Floyd Fitzgibbons (IAP)
Insurance Agency Owner, '08 US Rep. Nominee & '06 State State Controller Nominee
Arthur Lampitt Jr. (Libertarian)
IT Managemant Consultant
Gino DiSimone (Independent)
Ex-Corporate Executive, Electrical Engineer & Navy Veteran
Aaron Honig (Independent)
Teacher

LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR:
Brian Krolicki (R)
* Candidate for US Senate in 2010.

Active Candidates:

Jessica Sferrazza (D)
Reno City Councilwoman
Ryan Fitzgibbons (IAP)
Son of Gov. Candidate Floyd Fitzgibbons & '08 State Assembly Nominee

SECRETARY OF STATE:
Ross Miller (D) | Campaign Site

Active Candidates:

Rob Lauer (R)
Real Estate Investor, Ex-Congressional Intern & Army Veteran
John Wagner (IAP)
State Party Chairman

STATE TREASURER:
Kate Marshall (D) | Campaign Site

Active Candidates:

Steve Martin (R)
Ex-State Controller, State Board of Finance Member, Bsinessman, Accountant & USMC Veteran
Mike Hawkins (IAP)

STATE CONTROLLER:
Kim Wallin (D) | Campaign Site

Active Candidates:

Barry Herr (R)
Accountant
Warren Markowitz (IAP)
Attorney & '06 State Sen. Nominee

ATTORNEY GENERAL:
Catherine Cortez Masto (D) | Campaign Site

Active Candidates:

Travis Barrick (R)
Attorney
Joel Hansen (IAP)
Attorney, '98 Nominee & '02 Clark County District Attorney Nominee

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U.S. SENATORS:

John Ensign (R) | Campaign Site
* Next Election in 2012.

Harry Reid (D) | Leadership Site | Campaign Site
* Next Election in 2010.

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Sharron Angle (R)
Ex-State Assemblywoman, Businesswoman & '06 US Rep. Candidate
Tim Fasano (IAP)
Businessman & Navy Veteran
Scott Ashjian (Tea Party)
Businessman
Michael Haines (Independent)
Jesse Holland (Independent)
Metallurgical Worker
Jeffrey Reeves (Independent)
Teacher & '08 US Rep. Candidate
Wil Stand (Independent)

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District 1:
Shelley Berkley (D) | Campaign Site

Active Candidates:

Kenneth Wegner (R)
Bail Enforcement Agent, Gulf War Veteran, Conservative Activist
Jonathan Hansen (IAP)
Attorney, State Party Treasurer
Ed Klapproth (Libertarian)
Teacher, Ex-Businessman, Ex-Police Officer & Ron Paul Campaign Activist

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Dean Heller (R) | Campaign Site

Active Candidates:

Nancy Price (D)
Ex-State University Regent, Ex-Intelligence Analyst & USAF Veteran
Russell Best (IAP)
Mortgage Broker, Real Estate Developer, Navy Veteran & Tea Party Activist

District 3:
Dina Titus (D) | Campaign Site

Active Candidates:

Joe Heck (R)
Ex-State Sen., Physician & Iraq War Veteran
Scott Narter (IAP)
Painting Foreman & '04/'08 Clark County Commission Nominee
Joseph Silvestri (Libertarian)
Teacher, Realtor & '08 Nominee
Barry Michaels (Independent)
40 Years of Business Experience

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Election 2010: Nevada Senate

2010-10-26T08:52:00.002-07:00

Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and his Republican challenger Sharron Angle remain locked in a tight race for the U.S. Senate in Nevada in the first survey following last Thursday night’s debate.

A new Rasmussen Reports telephone survey of Likely Voters in the state finds Angle with 50% to Reid’s 47%. Two percent (2%) prefer another candidate in the race, and one percent (1%) are undecided. (To see question wording, click here.)

The race remains a Toss-Up in the Rasmussen Reports Election 2010 Senate Balance of Power rankings.

A week ago, Angle held an insignificant 49% to 48% lead in a contest that has been marked for months by its closeness. In seven of eight surveys prior to this one since July, Reid and Angle have been three points apart or less. Both have hit the 50% mark one time.

(Want a free daily e-mail update? If it's in the news, it's in our polls). Rasmussen Reports updates are also available on Twitter or Facebook.

The survey of 750 Likely Voters in Nevada was conducted on October 17, 2010 by Rasmussen Reports. The margin of sampling error is +/- 4 percentage points with a 95% level of confidence. Field work for all Rasmussen Reports surveys is conducted by Pulse Opinion Research, LLC. See methodology.

How do Nevada voters rate debates? Which candidate's favorability numbers are up a bit? How is President Obama regarded these days in Nevada? Become a Platinum member and find out.

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Rasmussen Reports is an electronic media company specializing in the collection, publication and distribution of public opinion polling information. We poll on a variety of topics in the fields of politics, business and lifestyle, updating our site’s content on a news cycle throughout the day, everyday.

Rasmussen Reports Platinum Members get an all-access pass to polling news, analysis and insight not available to the general public.

Scott Rasmussen, president of Rasmussen Reports, has been an independent pollster for more than a decade. To learn more about our methodology, click here.

The survey of 750 Likely Voters in Nevada was conducted on October 17, 2010 by Rasmussen Reports. The margin of sampling error is +/- 4 percentage points with a 95% level of confidence. Field work for all Rasmussen Reports surveys is conducted by Pulse Opinion Research, LLC. See methodology.
Nevada Survey of 750 Likely Voters
October 17, 2010

Election 2010: Nevada Senate

Sharron Angle (R)
50%

Harry Reid (D)
47%

Some other candidate
2%

Not sure
1%

TOP STORIES
Daily Presidential Tracking Poll

Senate Balance of Power: Dems 48 GOP 46 Toss-Ups 6

California Governor: Brown (D) Still Leads Whitman (R)

California Senate: Boxer (D), Fiorina (R) Still Neck-and-Neck

Pennsylvania Governor: Corbett’s (R) Lead Over Onorato (D) Drops

Governor Scorecard: GOP 28 Dems 13 Toss-Ups 8 Ind 1

Nevada Senate: Angle (R), Reid (D) Still Fight A Close One

Pennsylvania Senate: Toomey (R) Holds Smaller Lead Over Sestak (D)

Connecticut Senate: Blumenthal (D) Stretches Lead Over McMahon (R)

A Witch Hunt for Bigots Singes American Media By Debra J. Saunders

Office for Mac 2011

2010-10-26T08:52:00.001-07:00

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Macworld » Software
Feb 11, 2010 8:15 pm89 Comments + 71
Recommendationsdigg ShareThis.Working Mac Recent posts »
Microsoft announces Office for Mac 2011
Key improvements: compatibility, collaboration, and user interface.
by Dan Miller, Macworld.com

Microsoft provided the most extensive look yet into the next version of the Mac version of its popular Office suite on Thursday at Macworld 2010. The new product, Microsoft Office for Mac 2011, will arrive in time for the 2010 holiday season.

Office for Mac Academic 2011
Complete Coverage ».
Office for Mac Home and Business 2011
Complete Coverage ».
Office for Mac Home and Student 2011
Complete Coverage ».Similar Articles:
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Office 2011: Should you upgrade?Microsoft Word for Mac 2011Microsoft Outlook for Mac 2011 Microsoft's Office Web Apps: So far, pretty so-soMicrosoft PowerPoint for Mac 2011Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011Macworld spoke with several representatives of the company’s Mac Business Unit, who told us the company is focusing on three things with this new release: better compatibility across platforms, improved collaboration tools, and a more refined user interface. Also, as Microsoft announced last August, the suite will include Outlook for Mac, which replaces Entourage as Office’s e-mail client. And, in keeping with Microsoft’s 2008 promise, the new version of Office will offer renewed support for Visual Basic, which was dropped in the 2008 version of the productivity suite.

Compatibility, collaboration
To the Mac Business Unit, compatibility means more than making sure that documents, spreadsheets, and presentations created on one platform open and render correctly on the other. Noting that roughly three quarters of their Mac users use Windows at least occasionally, Microsoft’s Mac team says it's also working to make the new Office for the Mac more functionally compatible with the Windows edition.

“Nowadays, compatibility means more than just file formats,” Microsoft’s Kurt Schmucker told Macworld. “It’s also workflow, collaboration, and user interface.”

To that end, the new version of Office will incorporate document-collaboration features that take advantage of Microsoft's online storage features. With Office for Mac 2011, Mac users will be able to share files and collaborate on documents with other Mac and Windows users via Microsoft's SharePoint, SkyDrive, and Office Web Apps.

Those online tools will allow users to collaborate on documents with other Windows and Mac Office users in real time, much as you can in Google Docs now. You could, for example, create a document in Word on your laptop, save it to SkyDrive, then share it with others. A pop-up in Word will show you who’s working on the document; click on that list, and you’ll be able to send them a message (as long as everyone is using Outlook or Microsoft’s Messenger IM application). The paragraphs your collaborators are working on will be locked out until they’re done. You’ll also be able to edit those same documents from any computer, using Office’s Web apps. Mac users will have the same experience in the their versions of Safari and Firefox as Windows users get with their browsers, Schmucker said.

In this preview image from Word 2011, you can see the new Ribbon, a paragraph being edited by another user, and a list of all users editing the document.
Lessons learned
Microsoft also says it’s learned from user feedback about Office 2008 and has tweaked the user interface accordingly in Office 2011.

Most notably, there’s a new Ribbon at the top of each document window. (If you want a preview, check out Office for Windows; the ribbon is already in there, although the Microsoft Mac team members we spoke to said they had learned a lot from the criticism the Ribbon took when launched on Windows.) The Mac version of the Ribbon doesn’t replace any menu bars, but it does replace Office 2008’s controversial Elements Gallery, which took some fire from Mac users for its size and inflexibility. This new Ribbon is designed to give users quick access to each program's most commonly used tools. Unlike the Elements Gallery, the ribbon is customizable and, if you want more screen space, completely collapsible.

The new suite will also feel more Mac-like than Office 2008. For example, the Ribbon is built entirely using Apple’s Cocoa development framework, and takes takes advantage of Apple’s Core Animation system. (As a result, Ribbon tabs will slide smoothly when you rearrange them.) If you click on some Ribbon tools, they will expand smoothly into popovers that don’t obscure the document you’re working on. We even spied a non-modal search box on the right side of the toolbar, right where you’d expect it to be, allowing you to quickly search through documents without having your content blocked by a floating box.

A closer look at the new Ribbon in Office for Mac 2011.
Summarizing the interface changes, Microsoft's Han-Yi Shaw likened Office 2008 to a teenager—“a little quirky”—but said the new edition is Office matured. “This is the version that everyone wanted,” he said.

Shaw added that the Mac team at Microsoft worked hard to adopt Apple technologies while also making sure their product was recognizably Microsoft Office. “We’re at a cross-section of Mac and PC, and because we’re die-hard Mac users, we look at the [Office] technology and try to translate it,” he said. “Following the Apple design philosophy really takes you in the right direction.”

Outlook and Visual Basic
The other big news in Office 2011 is the demise of Entourage and the return of Outlook.

The new Outlook will support PST imports (allowing you to move an Outlook installation, including all your old e-mails, from a Windows PC to a Mac). It will also support Microsoft’s Information Rights Management (IRM), which allows senders to specify what recipients can do with messages (print, forward, and so on). Previously-Windows only, IRM is required in some corporate settings. IRM support in Office 2011 is aimed at Mac users in cross-platform environments, Schmucker said: “It’s been a blocker for some companies because the Mac support was not there.”

And Microsoft has re-engineered the Outlook message database system to be a series of small files, so it’s more easily backed up with Time Machine and searched in Spotlight. “Outlook’s new database is more reliable, faster, and fully supports Time Machine and Spotlight,” Schmucker said.

Finally, power users will be glad to see the return of the Visual Basic macro language. Visual Basic was dropped from Office 2008 in part because it was too technically difficult to port it to the Mac’s then-new Intel CPUs. Microsoft says it began work on that port as far back as 2008—before the last Mac Office shipped. That work is now complete. And the Mac suite will be using the most up-to-date version of Visual Basic, so it’ll be much more compatible with Office for Windows than the Visual Basic in previous versions of Office for Mac.

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"Microsoft announces Office for Mac 2011" Comments
View entire thread »
By dreyfusThu Feb 11 08:31:20 PST 2010Reply to this commentAny news if they will sell the main programs separately again? Pages and Keynote have replaced Word and Powerpoint here (for good) and I am not at all interested in Entourage or Outlook. If I have to buy the entire mess, just to get Excel, I might continue working with OpenOffice/StarCalc instead.

Some of the changes are long overdue, too long for me, but at least they are on a better track now (especially fixing that damned Entourage database and bringing VBA back). I am still amazed how MS is the only company in the world that does not realize, that screens get wider, not taller, all the time. Just look at these screenshots... more than a third of the screen real estate is wasted and the document is almost gone. Hint: Put your friggin' ribbon to the side!
By sporksThu Feb 11 08:35:21 PST 2010Reply to this comment@#($*&@! Word 2011 is getting the POS ribbon too?!? Crap.

There goes the one big advantage Word has; customized toolbars putting desired commands one click away. Word 2007 users lost it, and MS, never one to admit stupid decisions has now decided to castrate Mac users with the same pair of rusty scissors. Joy.
By palaneThu Feb 11 08:35:57 PST 2010Reply to this commentThere's a bit of a cognitive dissonance. MS states that there needs to be a more consistent interface across platforms, but also states that the new version will feel more Mac-like. Unless that means that Win Office will be more Mac-like, I don't see how that can be accomplished.

That much having been said, I welcome the new version. I have been a largely satisfied Office user, but refused to pay for the downgrade that was the previous version. My position is similar to that of the Republicans on HCR, they should have scrapped it and started over.

BB
By soulatriumThu Feb 11 08:42:15 PST 2010Reply to this commentWow, they are putting the ribbon, which is probably the single most reviled feature of the Windows version of Office, in the Mac version? What an awful decision. I hope they are supporting Office 2008 for Mac for a long time, because I can't see myself using 2011.
By Ken_FranklinThu Feb 11 08:44:08 PST 2010Reply to this commentExcellent.

The absence of Visual Basic was a showstopper for me. I will be definitely purchasing 2011 unless early user feedback reports that it causes leprosy or radiation leaks.
By mayduppThu Feb 11 08:45:04 PST 2010Reply to this commentLook at all that empty blue space on the side of the document!

All current Mac's have wide screens. Why not have the palettes and control bars on the SIDE of the document, leaving more room to view the document vertically? When I try to do that with Word, all the break-away palettes have different widths and it is impossible to position them neatly on the side.
By spinoza2Thu Feb 11 08:45:45 PST 2010Reply to this commentYou get so used to Apple keeping very tight lips until a product is released, it comes across as bizarre for these other companies to announce the release of a product that 11 months away. And there's so much vaporware and long delays with software releases, that credibility is also brought into question when such announcements are made.

Because of this I ignore them most of the time now, and much prefer Apple's simple announcements of products being released--and made available--either that day or very soon therafter.
By flybynightThu Feb 11 08:46:15 PST 2010Reply to this commentYawn.
By alanskyThu Feb 11 08:46:46 PST 2010Reply to this commentMore crap from the King of Crap, Steve Balmer.
By deemeryThu Feb 11 08:48:42 PST 2010Reply to this commentMicrosoft needs to understand the cost-benefit concerns here. With NeoOffice and OpenOffice as well as iWork, capable of opening and manipulating MS Office documents, Microsoft needs to have a clear pitch for why someone should buy MS Office. VB compatibility is not sufficient for me to spend more than, for example, $50-$100. And the continuing gratuitous GUI changes bring with them a learning curve that has to be considered as part of the cost-benefit equation. I.e. do I want to learn Yet Another MS interface, or invest the same effort into gaining serious competence with NeoOffice/OpenOffice or iWork? Similarly, MS Exchange Server integration is not a compelling reason to buy a new version of MS Office (I'm quite happy on non-Exchange POP/IMAP and SMPT...)

If the primary selling point is consistency with the Microsoft Back Office (proprietary) suite, e.g. SharePoint, etc, this will have value in mid & large businesses that are invested in a Microsoft environment, but that's a limited market.
By warlock7Thu Feb 11 08:49:16 PST 2010Reply to this commentYAWN
By jamusThu Feb 11 08:52:28 PST 2010Reply to this commentGlad to see the new version announced, but the first question to pop into my mind was...

Will Silverlight be required? Or maybe not officially required, but you would be hamstrung if you did not install it?
By MaxerThu Feb 11 09:00:59 PST 2010Reply to this commentMicrosoft should Port Office (or at least PowerPoint) to the iPad. That is the real McCoy!
By CosmicThu Feb 11 09:02:00 PST 2010Reply to this comment
alansky said

More crap from the King of Crap, Steve Balmer.

Someone find the video of Ballmer saying the Mac version of Office is crippled on purpose so the Win version is better.
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Microsoft announces Office for Mac 2011

2010-10-26T08:51:00.002-07:00

Microsoft provided the most extensive look yet into the next version of the Mac version of its popular Office suite on Thursday at Macworld 2010. The new product, Microsoft Office for Mac 2011, will arrive in time for the 2010 holiday season.

Office for Mac Academic 2011
Complete Coverage ».
Office for Mac Home and Business 2011
Complete Coverage ».
Office for Mac Home and Student 2011
Complete Coverage ».Similar Articles:
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Office 2011: Should you upgrade?Microsoft Word for Mac 2011Microsoft Outlook for Mac 2011 Microsoft's Office Web Apps: So far, pretty so-soMicrosoft PowerPoint for Mac 2011Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011Macworld spoke with several representatives of the company’s Mac Business Unit, who told us the company is focusing on three things with this new release: better compatibility across platforms, improved collaboration tools, and a more refined user interface. Also, as Microsoft announced last August, the suite will include Outlook for Mac, which replaces Entourage as Office’s e-mail client. And, in keeping with Microsoft’s 2008 promise, the new version of Office will offer renewed support for Visual Basic, which was dropped in the 2008 version of the productivity suite.

Compatibility, collaboration
To the Mac Business Unit, compatibility means more than making sure that documents, spreadsheets, and presentations created on one platform open and render correctly on the other. Noting that roughly three quarters of their Mac users use Windows at least occasionally, Microsoft’s Mac team says it's also working to make the new Office for the Mac more functionally compatible with the Windows edition.

“Nowadays, compatibility means more than just file formats,” Microsoft’s Kurt Schmucker told Macworld. “It’s also workflow, collaboration, and user interface.”

To that end, the new version of Office will incorporate document-collaboration features that take advantage of Microsoft's online storage features. With Office for Mac 2011, Mac users will be able to share files and collaborate on documents with other Mac and Windows users via Microsoft's SharePoint, SkyDrive, and Office Web Apps.

Those online tools will allow users to collaborate on documents with other Windows and Mac Office users in real time, much as you can in Google Docs now. You could, for example, create a document in Word on your laptop, save it to SkyDrive, then share it with others. A pop-up in Word will show you who’s working on the document; click on that list, and you’ll be able to send them a message (as long as everyone is using Outlook or Microsoft’s Messenger IM application). The paragraphs your collaborators are working on will be locked out until they’re done. You’ll also be able to edit those same documents from any computer, using Office’s Web apps. Mac users will have the same experience in the their versions of Safari and Firefox as Windows users get with their browsers, Schmucker said.

In this preview image from Word 2011, you can see the new Ribbon, a paragraph being edited by another user, and a list of all users editing the document.
Lessons learned
Microsoft also says it’s learned from user feedback about Office 2008 and has tweaked the user interface accordingly in Office 2011.

Most notably, there’s a new Ribbon at the top of each document window. (If you want a preview, check out Office for Windows; the ribbon is already in there, although the Microsoft Mac team members we spoke to said they had learned a lot from the criticism the Ribbon took when launched on Windows.) The Mac version of the Ribbon doesn’t replace any menu bars, but it does replace Office 2008’s controversial Elements Gallery, which took some fire from Mac users for its size and inflexibility. This new Ribbon is designed to give users quick access to each program's most commonly used tools. Unlike the Elements Gallery, the ribbon is customizable and, if you want more screen space, completely collapsible.

The new suite will also feel more Mac-like than Office 2008. For example, the Ribbon is built entirely using Apple’s Cocoa development framework, and takes takes advantage of Apple’s Core Animation system. (As a result, Ribbon tabs will slide smoothly when you rearrange them.) If you click on some Ribbon tools, they will expand smoothly into popovers that don’t obscure the document you’re working on. We even spied a non-modal search box on the right side of the toolbar, right where you’d expect it to be, allowing you to quickly search through documents without having your content blocked by a floating box.

A closer look at the new Ribbon in Office for Mac 2011.
Summarizing the interface changes, Microsoft's Han-Yi Shaw likened Office 2008 to a teenager—“a little quirky”—but said the new edition is Office matured. “This is the version that everyone wanted,” he said.

Shaw added that the Mac team at Microsoft worked hard to adopt Apple technologies while also making sure their product was recognizably Microsoft Office. “We’re at a cross-section of Mac and PC, and because we’re die-hard Mac users, we look at the [Office] technology and try to translate it,” he said. “Following the Apple design philosophy really takes you in the right direction.”

Outlook and Visual Basic
The other big news in Office 2011 is the demise of Entourage and the return of Outlook.

The new Outlook will support PST imports (allowing you to move an Outlook installation, including all your old e-mails, from a Windows PC to a Mac). It will also support Microsoft’s Information Rights Management (IRM), which allows senders to specify what recipients can do with messages (print, forward, and so on). Previously-Windows only, IRM is required in some corporate settings. IRM support in Office 2011 is aimed at Mac users in cross-platform environments, Schmucker said: “It’s been a blocker for some companies because the Mac support was not there.”

And Microsoft has re-engineered the Outlook message database system to be a series of small files, so it’s more easily backed up with Time Machine and searched in Spotlight. “Outlook’s new database is more reliable, faster, and fully supports Time Machine and Spotlight,” Schmucker said.

Finally, power users will be glad to see the return of the Visual Basic macro language. Visual Basic was dropped from Office 2008 in part because it was too technically difficult to port it to the Mac’s then-new Intel CPUs. Microsoft says it began work on that port as far back as 2008—before the last Mac Office shipped. That work is now complete. And the Mac suite will be using the most up-to-date version of Visual Basic, so it’ll be much more compatible with Office for Windows than the Visual Basic in previous versions of Office for Mac.

Microsoft announces Office for Mac 2011

2010-10-26T08:51:00.001-07:00

REDMOND, Wash. — Aug. 2, 2010 — Microsoft Office for Mac 2011, the next version of the leading productivity suite for the Mac, will be available in more than 100 countries around the world at the end of October. The suite will come in two editions to purchase at retail — Office for Mac Home and Student 2011 and Office for Mac Home and Business 2011. For better alignment across platforms, the Office 2011 pricing and edition options map closer with Office for the Windows operating system. In addition, starting today, if customers purchase Office 2008 for Mac, they will be able to upgrade to Office 2011 when it is available at no additional cost through the Microsoft Office for Mac Technology Guarantee Program.

“We develop Office for Mac to give you the tools to create great-looking and compatible documents — with options to pick the right edition for your Mac needs,” said Eric Wilfrid, general manager, Macintosh Business Unit (MacBU) at Microsoft Corp. “More than ever before, Office 2011 brings the familiar productivity tools and features of Microsoft Office to a suite of applications that work great on the Mac.”

How Much Will Office for Mac 2011 Cost?

The new Office 2011 lineup makes purchasing decisions easier — with a lower price per installation for all editions. These changes ensure that customers get the right products and applications at the right price.

Microsoft Office for Mac Home and Student 2011 includes Word for Mac, PowerPoint for Mac, Excel for Mac and Messenger for Mac, and it will retail starting at $119 (U.S. estimated retail price [ERP]).

• It will be available in two editions — a single install for $119 (U.S. ERP) and a Family Pack for $149 (U.S. ERP) with three installs for families with more than one Mac in their household. The Home and Student edition provides the core productivity applications that Mac users want and need.

Microsoft Office for Mac Home and Business 2011 includes Word for Mac, PowerPoint for Mac, Excel for Mac, Outlook for Mac and Messenger for Mac, and it will retail starting at $199 (U.S. ERP).

• It also will be available in two editions — a single install for $199 (U.S. ERP) and a Multi-Pack for $279 (U.S. ERP) with two installs for a user with two machines. If Home and Student customers determine that they need the additional functionality of a desktop e-mail client, they can easily step up to Office for Mac Home and Business 2011using online upgrade functionality.

Microsoft Office for Mac Academic 2011 includes Word for Mac, PowerPoint for Mac, Excel for Mac, Outlook for Mac and Messenger for Mac, and it will retail at authorized academic stores and Microsoft, http://www.officeformac.com, for $99 (U.S. ERP).

• This special edition was created for higher education students, staff and faculty, and includes one installation.

What Languages Will Office 2011 Be Available In?

Office 2011 will be available in 13 languages, including Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Spanish and Swedish. The MacBU worked to expand the global accessibility of Office 2011 and is adding two new languages — Polish and Russian. The suite will be available in several regions in late October with continued availability through the rest of the year. A complete list of country-specific availability will be disclosed in late October.

If I Buy Office 2008 Today, Can I Upgrade?

Microsoft is today announcing a program to allow qualifying customers to upgrade to Office 2011 at no additional cost when they purchase Office 2008.

• Qualifying purchase details. Office 2008 for Mac must be purchased between Aug. 1, 2010, and Nov. 30, 2010, at Microsoft or an authorized reseller.

• Program registration. Customers can register for the program online at http://www.microsoft.com/mac/techg. Qualifying registrants must fill out the form and submit their product key(s) and dated sales receipt for Office 2008 for Mac by Dec. 31, 2010.

Complete details on this upgrade offer can be found at http://www.microsoft.com/mac/techg.

Stay in Touch

For updates about Office for Mac, follow the team on Twitter, @OfficeforMac, and Facebook, http://www.facebook.com/officeformac.

About Microsoft Macintosh Business Unit

For more than 25 years, Microsoft has developed award-winning software for the Mac. The Macintosh Business Unit (MacBU) at Microsoft is a leading developer of software and online products for the Macintosh platform including the Office for Mac suite. The group is composed of Mac product experts dedicated to creating innovative software for Mac customers worldwide. More information about the MacBU and Microsoft Macintosh products is available at http://www.microsoft.com/mac.

About Microsoft

Founded in 1975, Microsoft (Nasdaq “MSFT”) is the worldwide leader in software, services and solutions that help people and businesses realize their full potential.

Note to editors: For more information, news and perspectives from Microsoft, please visit the Microsoft News Center at http://www.microsoft.com/news. Web links, telephone numbers and titles were correct at time of publication, but may have changed. For additional assistance, journalists and analysts may contact Microsoft’s Rapid Response Team or other appropriate contacts listed at http://www.microsoft.com/news/contactpr.mspx.

Office for Mac 2011 Hitting Store Shelves This October

2010-10-26T08:50:00.000-07:00

sheen

2010-10-26T08:49:00.000-07:00

Sheen could mean:

Places
In London, England, United Kingdom:
Sheen or West Sheen, an alternative name for Richmond, London
East Sheen
North Sheen
Sheen Priory
Sheen, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Sheenboro, Quebec, Canada, formerly Sheen Township and Sheen-Esher-Aberdeen-et-Malakoff United Township Municipality
People
Charlie Sheen, American actor
Fulton J. Sheen, Catholic archbishop, television evangelist, sainthood candidate
Jacqueline Sheen, model
Martin Sheen, American actor
Sheen Meem Haneef, Urdu poet from Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Michael Sheen, British actor
Sheen Palakuzhy,Catholic Priest, India
Other
Sheen, the gloss level of paint
Sheen Estevez, fictional character
Emma Sheen, fictional character
Mr. Sheen, a cleaning product
Sheen Genus, computer game character
Sheen, alternate name for semitic alphanumeric character Shin (Šin)
Similar
Barry Sheene, British former World Champion Grand Prix motorcycle road racer

Octopus

2010-10-26T08:48:00.000-07:00

This article is about the order of cephalopod. For other uses, see Octopus (disambiguation).
Octopus

The Common Octopus, Octopus vulgaris.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Superorder: Octopodiformes
Order: Octopoda
Leach, 1818[1]
Suborders
Cirrina
Incirrina

Synonyms
Octopoida
Leach, 1817[2]

The octopus is a cephalopod mollusc in the order Octopoda. Octopuses have two eyes and four pairs of arms, and like other cephalopods they are bilaterally symmetric. An octopus has a hard beak, with its mouth at the center point of the arms. Most octopuses have no internal or external skeleton, allowing them to squeeze through tight places. Octopuses are highly intelligent, and are among the most intelligent of all invertebrates.

The octopus inhabits many diverse regions of the ocean, especially coral reefs. For defense against predators, they hide, flee quickly, expel ink, or use color-changing camouflage. An octopus trails its eight arms behind it as it swims. All octopuses are venomous, but only the small blue-ringed octopuses are known to be deadly to humans.[3]

In the larger sense, there are around 300 recognized octopus species, which is over one-third of the total number of known cephalopod species. The term octopus may also be used to refer only to those creatures in the genus Octopus.

Contents [hide]
1 Biology
1.1 Intelligence
1.2 Defense
1.3 Reproduction
1.4 Sensation
1.5 Locomotion
1.6 Size
2 Terminology
3 Relationship to humans
3.1 In mythology
3.2 In literature
3.3 As food
3.4 As pets
4 Classification
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Biology

A Common Octopus (Octopus vulgaris)Octopuses are characterized by their eight arms, usually bearing suction cups. The arms of octopuses are often distinguished from the pair of feeding tentacles found in squid and cuttlefish.[4] Both types of limbs are muscular hydrostats. Unlike most other cephalopods, the majority of octopuses – those in the suborder most commonly known, Incirrina – have almost entirely soft bodies with no internal skeleton. They have neither a protective outer shell like the nautilus, nor any vestige of an internal shell or bones, like cuttlefish or squid. A beak, similar in shape to a parrot's beak, is the only hard part of their body. This enables them to squeeze through very narrow slits between underwater rocks, which is very helpful when they are fleeing from morays or other predatory fish. The octopuses in the less familiar Cirrina suborder have two fins and an internal shell, generally reducing their ability to squeeze into small spaces.

An octopus moving between tide pools during low tideOctopuses have a relatively short life expectancy, and some species live for as little as six months. Larger species, such as the North Pacific Giant Octopus, may live for up to five years under suitable circumstances. However, reproduction is a cause of death: males can only live for a few months after mating, and females die shortly after their eggs hatch. They neglect to eat during the (roughly) one month period spent taking care of their unhatched eggs, but they do not die of starvation. Endocrine secretions from the two optic glands are the cause of genetically programmed death (and if these glands are surgically removed, the octopus may live many months beyond reproduction, until she finally starves).[citation needed]

Grimpoteuthis discoveryi, a finned octopus of the suborder CirrinaOctopuses have three hearts. Two pump blood through each of the two gills, while the third pumps blood through the body. Octopus blood contains the copper-rich protein hemocyanin for transporting oxygen. Although less efficient under normal conditions than the iron-rich hemoglobin of vertebrates, in cold conditions with low oxygen pressure, hemocyanin oxygen transportation is more efficient than hemoglobin oxygen transportation. The hemocyanin is dissolved in the plasma instead of being carried within red blood cells and gives the blood a bluish color. Octopuses draw water into their mantle cavity where it passes through its gills. As mollusks, octopuses have gills that are finely divided and vascularized outgrowths of either the outer or the inner body surface.

Intelligence
Main article: Cephalopod intelligence
Octopuses are highly intelligent, likely more so than any other order of invertebrates. The exact extent of their intelligence and learning capability is much debated among biologists,[5][6][7][8] but maze and problem-solving experiments have shown that they do have both short- and long-term memory. Their short lifespans limit the amount they can ultimately learn. There has been much speculation to the effect that almost all octopus behaviors are independently learned rather than instinct-based, although this remains largely unproven. They learn almost no behaviors from their parents, with whom young octopuses have very little contact.

An octopus opening a container with a screw capAn octopus has a highly complex nervous system, only part of which is localized in its brain. Two-thirds of an octopus's neurons are found in the nerve cords of its arms, which have a remarkable amount of autonomy. Octopus arms show a wide variety of complex reflex actions arising on at least three different levels of the nervous system. Unlike vertebrates, the complex motor skills of octopuses in their higher brain are not organized using an internal somatotopic map of its body.[9] Some octopuses, such as the mimic octopus, will move their arms in ways that emulate the movements of other sea creatures.

In laboratory experiments, octopuses can be readily trained to distinguish between different shapes and patterns. They have been reported to practice observational learning,[10] although the validity of these findings is widely contested on a number of grounds.[5][6] Octopuses have also been observed in what some have described as play: repeatedly releasing bottles or toys into a circular current in their aquariums and then catching them.[11] Octopuses often break out of their aquariums and sometimes into others in search of food. They have even boarded fishing boats and opened holds to eat crabs.[7]

In some countries, octopuses are on the list of experimental animals on which surgery may not be performed without anesthesia. In the UK, cephalopods such as octopuses are regarded as honorary vertebrates under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and other cruelty to animals legislation, extending to them protections not normally afforded to invertebrates.[12]

The octopus is the only invertebrate which has been conclusively shown to use tools. At least four specimens of the Veined Octopus (Amphioctopus marginatus) have been witnessed retrieving discarded coconut shells, manipulating them, and then reassembling them to use as shelter. This discovery was documented in the journal Current Biology and has also been caught on video.[13][14]

Defense

Greater Blue-ringed Octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata)An octopus's main (primary) defense is to hide, either not to be seen at all, or not to be detected as an octopus.[15] Octopuses have several secondary defenses (defenses they use once they have been seen by a predator). The most common secondary defense is fast escape. Other defenses include the use of ink sacs, camouflage, and autotomising limbs.

Most octopuses can eject a thick blackish ink in a large cloud to aid in escaping from predators. The main coloring agent of the ink is melanin, which is the same chemical that gives humans their hair and skin color. This ink cloud is thought to reduce the efficiency of olfactory organs, which would aid an octopus's evasion from predators that employ smell for hunting, such as sharks. Ink clouds of some species might serve as pseudomorphs, or decoys that the predator attacks instead.[16]

Amphioctopus marginatus travels with shells it has collected for protectionAn octopus's camouflage is aided by certain specialized skin cells which can change the apparent color, opacity, and reflectiveness of the epidermis. Chromatophores contain yellow, orange, red, brown, or black pigments; most species have three of these colors, while some have two or four. Other color-changing cells are reflective iridophores, and leucophores (white).[17] This color-changing ability can also be used to communicate with or warn other octopuses. The very venomous blue-ringed octopus becomes bright yellow with blue rings when it is provoked. Octopuses can use muscles in the skin to change the texture of their mantle to achieve a greater camouflage. In some species the mantle can take on the spiky appearance of seaweed, or the scraggly, bumpy texture of a rock, among other disguises. However in some species skin anatomy is limited to relatively patternless shades of one color, and limited skin texture. It is thought that octopuses that are day-active and/or live in complex habitats such as coral reefs have evolved more complex skin than their nocturnal and/or sand-dwelling relatives.[15]

When under attack, some octopuses can perform arm autotomy, in a similar manner to the way skinks and other lizards detach their tails. The crawling arm serves as a distraction to would-be predators.

A few species, such as the Mimic Octopus, have a fourth defense mechanism. They can combine their highly flexible bodies with their color changing ability to accurately mimic other, more dangerous animals such as lionfish, sea snakes, and eels.[18][19]

Reproduction
When octopuses reproduce, males use a specialized arm called a hectocotylus to insert spermatophores (packets of sperm) into the female's mantle cavity. The hectocotylus in benthic octopuses is usually the third right arm. Males die within a few months of mating. In some species, the female octopus can keep the sperm alive inside her for weeks until her eggs are mature. After they have been fertilized, the female lays about 200,000 eggs (this figure dramatically varies between families, genera, species and also individuals). The female hangs these eggs in strings from the ceiling of her lair, or individually attaches them to the substrate depending on the species. The female cares for the eggs, guarding them against predators, and gently blowing currents of water over them so that they get enough oxygen. The female does not hunt during the roughly one-month period spent taking care of the unhatched eggs and may ingest some of her own arms for sustenance. At around the time the eggs hatch, the mother leaves the lair and is too weak to defend herself from predators like cod, often succumbing to their attacks. The young larval octopuses spend a period of time drifting in clouds of plankton, where they feed on copepods, larval crabs and larval starfish until they are ready to descend to the ocean bottom, where the cycle repeats. This is a dangerous time for the larval octopuses; in the plankton cloud they are vulnerable to plankton eaters. In some deeper dwelling species, the young do not go through this period.[citation needed]

Sensation

Eye of Octopus vulgarisOctopuses have keen eyesight. Octopuses, like other cephalopods, can distinguish the polarization of light. Color vision appears to vary from species to species, being present in Octopus aegina but absent in Octopus vulgaris.[20] Attached to the brain are two special organs, called statocysts, that allow the octopus to sense the orientation of its body relative to horizontal. An autonomic response keeps the octopus's eyes oriented so that the pupil slit is always horizontal.

Octopuses also have an excellent sense of touch. An octopus's suction cups are equipped with chemoreceptors so that the octopus can taste what it is touching. The arms contain tension sensors so that the octopus knows whether its arms are stretched out. However, the octopus has a very poor proprioceptive sense. The tension receptors are not sufficient for the octopus brain to determine the position of the octopus's body or arms. (It is not clear that the octopus brain would be capable of processing the large amount of information that this would require; the flexibility of an octopus's arms is much greater than that of the limbs of vertebrates, which devote large areas of cerebral cortex to the processing of proprioceptive inputs.) As a result, the octopus does not possess stereognosis; that is, it does not form a mental image of the overall shape of the object it is handling. It can detect local texture variations, but cannot integrate the information into a larger picture.[21]

The neurological autonomy of the arms means that the octopus has great difficulty learning about the detailed effects of its motions. The brain may issue a high-level command to the arms, but the nerve cords in the arms execute the details. There is no neurological path for the brain to receive feedback about just how its command was executed by the arms; the only way it knows just what motions were made is by observing the arms visually.[21]

Octopuses appear to have limited hearing.[22]

Octopuses swim headfirst, with arms trailing behindLocomotion

Video of an octopus in its natural habitatOctopuses move about by crawling or swimming. Their main means of slow travel is crawling, with some swimming. Jet propulsion is their fastest means of locomotion, followed by swimming and walking.[23]

They crawl by walking on their arms, usually on many at once, on both solid and soft surfaces, while supported in water. In 2005 it was reported that some octopuses (Adopus aculeatus and Amphioctopus marginatus under current taxonomy) can walk on two arms, while at the same time resembling plant matter.[24] This form of locomotion allows these octopuses to move quickly away from a potential predator while possibly not triggering that predator's search image for octopus (food).[23]

Octopuses swim by expelling a jet of water from a contractile mantle, and aiming it via a muscular siphon.

Size
See also: Cephalopod size

An adult North Pacific Giant Octopus, Enteroctopus dofleiniThe North Pacific Giant Octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini, is often cited as the largest octopus species. Adults usually weigh around 15 kg (33 lb), with an arm span of up to 4.3 m (14 ft).[25] The largest specimen of this species to be scientifically documented was an animal with a live mass of 71 kg (156.5 lb).[26] The alternative contender is the Seven-arm Octopus, Haliphron atlanticus, based on a 61 kg (134 lb) carcass estimated to have a live mass of 75 kg (165 lb).[27][28] However, there are a number of questionable size records that would suggest E. dofleini is the largest of all octopus species by a considerable margin;[29] one such record is of a specimen weighing 272 kg (600 lb) and having an arm span of 9 m (30 ft).[30]

Terminology
The term octopus, pronounced /ˈɒktəpʊs/, is from Greek ὀκτάπους (oktapous), "eight-footed",[31][32] with plural forms: octopuses /ˈɒktəpʊsɪz/, octopi /ˈɒktəpaɪ/, or octopodes /ɒkˈtɒpədiːz/. Currently, octopuses is the most common form in both the US and the UK; octopodes is rare, and octopi is often objectionable.[33]

The plural form octopi is often defined as a hypercorrection. The Oxford English Dictionary (2008 Draft Revision)[34] lists octopuses, octopi and octopodes (in that order); it labels octopodes "rare", although the correct Greek plural form, and notes that octopi derives from the "apprehension" that octōpūs is a second declension Latin noun, though it is not. It is a Latinization of Greek third-declension masculine oktṓpous (ὀκτώπους, 'eight-foot'), plural oktṓpodes (ὀκτώποδες). If the word were native to Latin, it would be octōpēs, plural octōpedes, after the pattern of pēs ('foot'), plural pedēs, analogous to "centipede".[35] The actual Latin word for octopus and other similar species is polypus, from Greek polýpous (πολύπους, 'many-foot'); usually the inaccurate plural polypī is used instead of polypodēs.

In modern Greek, the word is khtapódi (χταπόδι), plural khtapódia (χταπόδια), from Medieval oktapódion (ὀκταπόδιον), equivalent to Classical oktápous (ὀκτάπους), variant of oktṓpous.

Chambers 21st Century Dictionary[36] and the Compact Oxford Dictionary[37] list only octopuses, although the latter notes that octopodes is "still occasionally used"; the British National Corpus has 29 instances of octopuses, 11 of octopi and 4 of octopodes. Merriam-Webster 11th Collegiate Dictionary lists octopuses and octopi, in that order; Webster's New World College Dictionary lists octopuses, octopi and octopodes (in that order).

Fowler's Modern English Usage states that "the only acceptable plural in English is octopuses," and that octopi is misconceived and octopodes pedantic.

The term octopod (plural octopods or octopodes) is taken from the taxonomic order Octopoda but has no classical equivalent. The collective form octopus is usually reserved for animals consumed for food.

Relationship to humans
Left: Vase from a Mycenaean Greek cemetery at Prosymna, Argos, grave 2, c. 1500 BCE
Centre: Moche Octopus (200 AD), Larco Museum Collection, Lima, Peru
Right: Ancient Greek black-figure amphora, 530–520 BC. On the left, a hoplite with an octopus image on his shield. Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Munich, GermanyAncient peoples of the Mediterranean were aware of the octopus, as evidenced by certain artworks and designs of prehistory. For example, a stone carving found in the archaeological recovery from Bronze Age Minoan Crete at Knossos has a depiction of a fisherman carrying an octopus.[38]

Octopuses were often depicted in the art of the Moche people of ancient Peru, who worshipped the sea and its animals.[39]

In mythology
The Hawaiian creation myth relates that the present cosmos is only the last of a series, having arisen in stages from the wreck of the previous universe. In this account, the octopus is the lone survivor of the previous, alien universe.[40]

In literature
The octopus has a significant role in Victor Hugo's book Travailleurs de la mer (Toilers of the Sea).[41]

Octopus at Tsukiji fish marketAs food
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Octopus

Humans eat octopus in many cultures. The arms and sometimes other body parts are prepared in various ways, often varying by species.

Octopus is a common ingredient in Japanese cuisine, including sushi, takoyaki, and Akashiyaki. Some small species are sometimes eaten alive as a novelty food. Similarly, a live octopus may be sliced up and the legs eaten while still squirming, which continues for some minutes.

Octopuses are "tickled" out of their holes‎ in the Hawaiian Islands with 3-pronged polespearsOctopus is eaten regularly in Hawaii, since many popular dishes are Asian in origin. Locally known by their Hawaiian or Japanese names ("he'e" and "tako" respectively), octopus is also a popular fish bait.

Octopus is a common food in Mediterranean cuisine and Portuguese cuisine. In Galicia, polbo á feira (market fair style octopus) is a local delicacy. Restaurants which specialize or serve this dish are known as pulperías. On the Tunisian island of Djerba, local people catch octopuses by taking advantage of the animals' habit of hiding in safe places during the night. In the evening they put grey ceramic pots on the sea bed. The morning of the following day they check them for octopuses that sheltered there. A common scene in the Greek islands is octopuses hanging in the sunlight from a rope, just like laundry from a clothesline. They are often caught by spear fishing close to the shore. The fisherman brings his prey to land and tenderizes the flesh by pounding the carcass against a stone surface. Thus treated they are hung out to dry, and later will be served grilled either hot, or chilled in a salad. They are considered a superb meze, especially alongside ouzo.

According to the USDA Nutrient Database (2007), cooked octopus contains approximately 139 calories per three ounce portion, and is a source of vitamin B3, B12, potassium, phosphorus, and selenium.[42]

Care must be taken to boil the octopus properly, to rid it of slime, smell, and residual ink.

As pets
Though octopuses can be difficult to keep in captivity, some people keep them as pets. Octopuses often escape even from supposedly secure tanks, due to their problem-solving skills, mobility and lack of rigid structure.

The variation in size and life span among octopus species makes it difficult to know how long a new specimen can naturally be expected to live. That is, a small octopus may be just born or may be an adult, depending on its species. By selecting a well-known species, such as the California Two-spot Octopus, one can choose a small octopus (around the size of a tennis ball) and be confident that it is young with a full life ahead of it.

Octopuses are also quite strong for their size. Octopuses kept as pets have been known to open the covers of their aquariums and survive for a time in the air in order to get to a nearby feeder tank and gorge themselves on the fish there[citation needed]. Large octopuses have also been known to catch and kill some species of sharks.[43]

Classification
Wikispecies has information related to: Octopoda

Cirrothauma murrayi
Amphitretus pelagicusClass CEPHALOPODA
Subclass Nautiloidea: nautilus
Subclass Coleoidea
Superorder Decapodiformes: squid, cuttlefish
Superorder Octopodiformes
Family †Trachyteuthididae (incertae sedis)
Order Vampyromorphida: Vampire Squid
Order Octopoda
Genus †Keuppia (incertae sedis)
Genus †Palaeoctopus (incertae sedis)
Genus †Paleocirroteuthis (incertae sedis)
Genus †Pohlsepia (incertae sedis)
Genus †Proteroctopus (incertae sedis)
Genus †Styletoctopus (incertae sedis)
Suborder Cirrina: finned deep-sea octopus
Family Opisthoteuthidae: umbrella octopus
Family Cirroteuthidae
Family Stauroteuthidae
Suborder Incirrina
Family Amphitretidae: telescope octopus
Family Bolitaenidae: gelatinous octopus
Family Octopodidae: benthic octopus
Family Vitreledonellidae: Glass Octopus
Superfamily Argonautoida
Family Alloposidae: Seven-arm Octopus
Family Argonautidae: argonauts
Family Ocythoidae: Tuberculate Pelagic Octopus
Family Tremoctopodidae: blanket octopus
See also
Book:Cephalopoda
Books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

Octopus wrestling
Legend of the Octopus
Henry the Hexapus, a six-armed octopus
Paul the Octopus, an octopus famous for predicting Germany national football team results
References
1.^ ITIS Report: Octopoda Leach, 1818
2.^ Helsinki.fi, Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Coleoidea – Recent cephalopods
3.^ Unimelb.edu.au, Tentacles of venom: new study reveals all octopuses are venomous, University of Melbourne, Media Release, Wednesday 15 April 2009
4.^ Norman, M. 2000. Cephalopods: A World Guide. ConchBooks, Hackenheim. p. 15. "There is some confusion around the terms arms versus tentacles. The numerous limbs of nautiluses are called tentacles. The ring of eight limbs around the mouth in cuttlefish, squids and octopuses are called arms. Cuttlefish and squid also have a pair of specialized limbs attached between the bases of the third and fourth arm pairs [...]. These are known as feeding tentacles and are used to shoot out and grab prey."
5.^ a b What is this octopus thinking?. By Garry Hamilton.
6.^ a b NFW.org?, Is the octopus really the invertebrate intellect of the sea, by Doug Stewart. In: National Wildlife. Feb/Mar 1997, vol.35 no.2.
7.^ a b Giant Octopus—Mighty but Secretive Denizen of the Deep
8.^ Slate.com, How Smart is the Octopus?
9.^ Zullo L, Sumbre G, Agnisola C, Flash T, Hochner B. (2009). Nonsomatotopic organization of the higher motor centers in octopus. Curr Biol. 19(19):1632-6. PMID 19765993
10.^ Octopus intelligence: jar opening
11.^ What behavior can we expect of octopuses?. By Dr. Jennifer Mather, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge and Roland C. Anderson, The Seattle Aquarium.
12.^ United Kingdom Animals (Scientific Procedures) act of 1986
13.^ "Octopus snatches coconut and runs". BBC News. 2009-12-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8408233.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
14.^ http://www.edutube.org/video/coconut-shelter-evidence-tool-use-octopuses
15.^ a b Hanlon, R.T. & J.B. Messenger 1996. Cephalopod Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16.^ Caldwell, R. L. (2005). "An Observation of Inking Behavior Protecting Adult Octopus bocki from Predation by Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Hatchlings". Pacific Science 59 (1): 69–72.
17.^ Meyers, Nadia. "Tales from the Cryptic: The Common Atlantic Octopus". Southeastern Regional Taxonomic Center. http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/species_month.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
18.^ Norman, M.D., J. Finn & T. Tregenza (2001). Dynamic mimicry in an Indo-Malayan octopus.PDF (312 KB) Proceedings of the Royal Society 268: 1755–1758.
19.^ Norman, M.D. & F.G.Hochberg (2005). The "Mimic Octopus" (Thaumoctopus mimicus n. gen. et sp.), a new octopus from the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae). Molluscan Research 25: 57–70. Abstract
20.^ Kawamura, G., et al. (2001). Color Discrimination Conditioning in Two Octopus Octopus aegina and O. vulgaris.PDF (453 KB) . Nippon Suisan Gakkashi 67(1): 35–39.
21.^ a b Wells. Martin John. Octopus: physiology and behaviour of an advanced invertebrate. London : Chapman and Hall ; New York : distributed in the U.S.A. by Halsted Press, 1978.
22.^ Matt Walker (15 June 2009). "The cephalopods can hear you". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8095000/8095977.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
23.^ a b Locomotion by Abdopus aculeatus, C.L. Huffard 2006
24.^ Science, vol. 307, p. 1927
25.^ Smithsonian National Zoological Park: Giant Pacific Octopus
26.^ Cosgrove, J.A. 1987. Aspects of the Natural History of Octopus dofleini, the Giant Pacific Octopus. M.Sc. Thesis. Department of Biology, University of Victoria (Canada), 101 pp.
27.^ O'Shea, S. 2004. The giant octopus Haliphron atlanticus (Mollusca : Octopoda) in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 31(1): 7–13.
28.^ O'Shea, S. 2002. Haliphron atlanticus — a giant gelatinous octopus. Biodiversity Update 5: 1.
29.^ Norman, M. 2000. Cephalopods: A World Guide. ConchBooks, Hackenheim. p. 214.
30.^ High, W.L. (1976). "The giant Pacific octopus". U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Marine Fisheries Review 38 (9): 17–22.
31.^ Oktapous, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
32.^ Scientific Latin from Greek ὀκτώποδ-, ὀκτώπους (also ὀκτάποδ- ὀκτάπους) "eight-footed" > ὀκτώ- or ὀκτά- [combination form of ὀκτώ "eight"] and πόδ-, πούς "foot". Cf. Modern Greek χταπόδι < οκταπόδι < οκταπόδιον < ὀκτάπους.
33.^ Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62181-X, p. 388.
34.^ OED.com (subscription required). Retrieved February 1, 2010.
35.^ "centipede". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
36.^ Chambersharrap.co.uk, Retrieved October 19, 2007.
37.^ Askoxford.com, Retrieved October 19, 2007.
38.^ C. Michael Hogan. 2007 Knossos fieldnotes, The Modern Antiquarian
39.^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 199 7.
40.^ Dixon, Roland Burrage (1916). The Mythology of All Races. 9. Marshall Jones. p. 15.
41.^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
42.^ Octopus Calories And Nutrition
43.^ Archived Google video of an octopus catching a shark, from The Octopus Show by Mike deGruy
External links
The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of
Octopoda
Find more about octopus on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary

Images and media from Commons

Learning resources from Wikiversity

News stories from Wikinews

Quotations from Wikiquote

Source texts from Wikisource

Textbooks from Wikibooks

CephBase: Octopoda
TONMO.COM – The Octopus News Magazine Online
Tree of Life website: information about cephalopods along with pictures and videos
Discussion about the plural
An octopus's shark encounter – footage of an octopus eating a shark (also in Quicktime format)
Camouflage in action
Video showing an Octopus escaping through a 1 inch hole
Bipedal Octopuses- Video, Information, Original paper
Why Cephalopods Change ColorPDF (359 KB)
Video of walking octopuses

Tornado

2010-10-26T08:46:00.000-07:00

This article is about the weather phenomenon. For other uses, see Tornado (disambiguation).
For the current tornado season, see Tornadoes of 2010

A tornado near Anadarko, Oklahoma. The funnel itself is the thin tube reaching from the cloud to the ground. The lower part of this tornado is surrounded by a translucent dust cloud, kicked up by the tornado's strong winds at the surface. Note that the actual wind of the tornado has a much wider radius than the funnel.A tornado (often referred to as a twister or, erroneously, a cyclone) is a violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (177 km/h), are approximately 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme can attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than two miles (3 km) across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km).[1][2][3]

Various types of tornadoes include the landspout, multiple vortex tornado, and waterspout. Waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current, connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally classified as non-supercellular tornadoes that develop over bodies of water.[4] These spiraling columns of air frequently develop in tropical areas close to the equator, and are less common at high latitudes.[5] Other tornado-like phenomena that exist in nature include the gustnado, dust devil, fire whirls, and steam devil.

Tornadoes have been observed on every continent except Antarctica. However, the vast majority of tornadoes in the world occur in the Tornado Alley region of the United States, although they can occur nearly anywhere in North America.[6] They also occasionally occur in south-central and eastern Asia, the Philippines, northern and east-central South America, Southern Africa, northwestern and southeast Europe, western and southeastern Australia, and New Zealand.[7] Tornadoes can be detected before or as they occur through the use of Pulse-Doppler radar by recognizing patterns in velocity and reflectivity data, such as hook echoes, as well as by the efforts of storm spotters.

There are several different scales for rating the strength of tornadoes. The Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused, and has been replaced in some countries by the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F0 or EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees, but not substantial structures. An F5 or EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.[8] Doppler radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns (cycloidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and assign a rating.[9]

Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 Definitions
2.1 Funnel cloud
2.2 Outbreaks and families
3 Characteristics
3.1 Size and shape
3.2 Appearance
3.3 Rotation
3.4 Sound and seismology
3.5 Electromagnetic, lightning, and other effects
4 Life cycle
4.1 Supercell relationship
4.2 Formation
4.3 Maturity
4.4 Demise
5 Types
5.1 Multiple vortex
5.2 Waterspout
5.3 Landspout
5.4 Similar circulations
5.4.1 Gustnado
5.4.2 Dust devil
5.4.3 Fire whirls and steam devils
6 Intensity and damage
7 Climatology
7.1 Associations with climate and climate change
8 Detection
8.1 Radar
8.2 Storm spotting
8.3 Visual evidence
9 Extremes
10 Safety
11 Myths and misconceptions
12 Ongoing research
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links

Part of the Nature series on
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Downburst · Lightning
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Etymology
The word tornado is an altered form of the Spanish word tronada, which means "thunderstorm". This in turn was taken from the Latin tonare, meaning "to thunder". It most likely reached its present form through a combination of the Spanish tronada and tornar ("to turn"); however, this may be a folk etymology.[10][11] A tornado is also commonly referred to as a "twister", and is also sometimes referred to by the old-fashioned colloquial term cyclone.[12][13] The term "cyclone" is used as a synonym for "tornado" in the often-aired 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz. The term "twister" is also used in that film, along with being the title of the 1996 tornado-related film Twister.

Definitions

A tornado near Seymour, TexasA tornado is "a violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud".[14] For a vortex to be classified as a tornado, it must be in contact with both the ground and the cloud base. Scientists have not yet created a complete definition of the word; for example, there is disagreement as to whether separate touchdowns of the same funnel constitute separate tornadoes.[3] Tornado refers to the vortex of wind, not the condensation cloud.[15][16]

Funnel cloud
Main article: Funnel cloud

This tornado has no funnel cloud; however, the rotating dust cloud indicates that strong winds are occurring at the surface, and thus it is a true tornado.A tornado is not necessarily visible; however, the intense low pressure causing the high wind speeds (as described by Bernoulli's principle) and rapid rotation (due to cyclostrophic balance) usually causes water vapor in the air to become visible as a funnel cloud or condensation funnel.[17]

There is some disagreement over the definition of funnel cloud and condensation funnel. According to the Glossary of Meteorology, a funnel cloud is any rotating cloud pendant from a cumulus or cumulonimbus, and thus most tornadoes are included under this definition.[18] Among many meteorologists, the funnel cloud term is strictly defined as a rotating cloud which is not associated with strong winds at the surface, and condensation funnel is a broad term for any rotating cloud below a cumuliform cloud.[3]

Tornadoes often begin as funnel clouds with no associated strong winds at the surface, although not all evolve into a tornado. However, many tornadoes are preceded by a funnel cloud. Most tornadoes produce strong winds at the surface while the visible funnel is still above the ground, so it is difficult to discern the difference between a funnel cloud and a tornado from a distance.[3]

Outbreaks and families
Main articles: Tornado family, tornado outbreak, and tornado outbreak sequence
Occasionally, a single storm will produce more than one tornado, either simultaneously or in succession. Multiple tornadoes produced by the same storm cell are referred to as a "tornado family".[19] Several tornadoes are sometimes spawned from the same large-scale storm system. If there is no break in activity, this is considered a tornado outbreak, although there are various definitions. A period of several successive days with tornado outbreaks in the same general area (spawned by multiple weather systems) is a tornado outbreak sequence, occasionally called an extended tornado outbreak.[14][20][21]

Characteristics
Size and shape

A wedge tornado, nearly a mile wide. This tornado hit Binger, Oklahoma.Most tornadoes take on the appearance of a narrow funnel, a few hundred yards (meters) across, with a small cloud of debris near the ground. Tornadoes may be obscured completely by rain or dust. These tornadoes are especially dangerous, as even experienced meteorologists might not see them.[22] Tornadoes can appear in many shapes and sizes.

Small, relatively weak landspouts may be visible only as a small swirl of dust on the ground. Although the condensation funnel may not extend all the way to the ground, if associated surface winds are greater than 40 mph (64 km/h), the circulation is considered a tornado.[15] A tornado with a nearly cylindrical profile and relative low height is sometimes referred to as a "stovepipe" tornado. Large single-vortex tornadoes can look like large wedges stuck into the ground, and so are known as "wedge tornadoes" or "wedges". The "stovepipe" classification is also used for this type of tornado, if it otherwise fits that profile. A wedge can be so wide that it appears to be a block of dark clouds, wider than the distance from the cloud base to the ground. Even experienced storm observers may not be able to tell the difference between a low-hanging cloud and a wedge tornado from a distance. Many, but not all major tornadoes are wedges.[23]

A rope tornado in its dissipating stage. Tecumseh, OKTornadoes in the dissipating stage can resemble narrow tubes or ropes, and often curl or twist into complex shapes. These tornadoes are said to be "roping out", or becoming a "rope tornado". When they rope out, the length of their funnel increases, which forces the winds within the funnel to weaken due to conservation of angular momentum.[24] Multiple-vortex tornadoes can appear as a family of swirls circling a common center, or may be completely obscured by condensation, dust, and debris, appearing to be a single funnel.[25]

In the United States, tornadoes are around 500 feet (150 m) across on average and stay on the ground for 5 miles (8 km).[22] Yet, there is a wide range of tornado sizes. Weak tornadoes, or strong yet dissipating tornadoes, can be exceedingly narrow, sometimes only a few feet or couple meters across. One tornado was reported to have a damage path only 7 feet (2 m) long.[22] On the other end of the spectrum, wedge tornadoes can have a damage path a mile (1.6 km) wide or more. A tornado that affected Hallam, Nebraska on May 22, 2004, was up to 2.5 miles (4 km) wide at the ground.[2]

In terms of path length, the Tri-State Tornado, which affected parts of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana on March 18, 1925, was on the ground continuously for 219 miles (352 km). Many tornadoes which appear to have path lengths of 100 miles (160 km) or longer are composed of a family of tornadoes which have formed in quick succession; however, there is no substantial evidence that this occurred in the case of the Tri-State Tornado.[20] Modern reanalysis of the path suggests that the tornado may have begun 15 miles (24 km) further west than previously thought, lengthening its track.[26]

Appearance
Tornadoes can have a wide range of colors, depending on the environment in which they form. Those which form in a dry environment can be nearly invisible, marked only by swirling debris at the base of the funnel. Condensation funnels which pick up little or no debris can be gray to white. While traveling over a body of water as a waterspout, they can turn very white or even blue. Funnels which move slowly, ingesting a lot of debris and dirt, are usually darker, taking on the color of debris. Tornadoes in the Great Plains can turn red because of the reddish tint of the soil, and tornadoes in mountainous areas can travel over snow-covered ground, turning white.[22]

Photographs of the Waurika, Oklahoma tornado of May 30, 1976, taken at nearly the same time by two photographers. In the top picture, the tornado is lit with the sunlight focused from behind the camera, thus the funnel appears bluish. In the lower image, where the camera is facing the opposite direction, the sun is behind the tornado, giving it a dark appearance.[27]Lighting conditions are a major factor in the appearance of a tornado. A tornado which is "back-lit" (viewed with the sun behind it) appears very dark. The same tornado, viewed with the sun at the observer's back, may appear gray or brilliant white. Tornadoes which occur near the time of sunset can be many different colors, appearing in hues of yellow, orange, and pink.[12][28]

Dust kicked up by the winds of the parent thunderstorm, heavy rain and hail, and the darkness of night are all factors which can reduce the visibility of tornadoes. Tornadoes occurring in these conditions are especially dangerous, since only weather radar observations, or possibly the sound of an approaching tornado, serve as any warning to those in the storm's path. Most significant tornadoes form under the storm's updraft base, which is rain-free,[29] making them visible.[30] Also, most tornadoes occur in the late afternoon, when the bright sun can penetrate even the thickest clouds.[20] Night-time tornadoes are often illuminated by frequent lightning.

There is mounting evidence, including Doppler On Wheels mobile radar images and eyewitness accounts, that most tornadoes have a clear, calm center with extremely low pressure, akin to the eye of tropical cyclones. This area would be clear (possibly full of dust), have relatively light winds, and be very dark, since the light would be blocked by swirling debris on the outside of the tornado. Lightning is said to be the source of illumination for those who claim to have seen the interior of a tornado.[31][32][33]

Rotation
Tornadoes normally rotate cyclonically in direction (counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere, clockwise in the southern). While large-scale storms always rotate cyclonically due to the Coriolis effect, thunderstorms and tornadoes are so small that the direct influence of the Coriolis effect is unimportant, as indicated by their large Rossby numbers. Supercells and tornadoes rotate cyclonically in numerical simulations even when the Coriolis effect is neglected.[34][35] Low-level mesocyclones and tornadoes owe their rotation to complex processes within the supercell and ambient environment.[36]

Approximately 1 percent of tornadoes rotate in an anticyclonic direction in the northern hemisphere. Typically, systems as weak as landspouts and gustnadoes can rotate anticyclonically, and usually only those which form on the anticyclonic shear side of the descending rear flank downdraft in a cyclonic supercell.[37] On rare occasions, anticyclonic tornadoes form in association with the mesoanticyclone of an anticyclonic supercell, in the same manner as the typical cyclonic tornado, or as a companion tornado either as a satellite tornado or associated with anticyclonic eddies within a supercell.[38]

Sound and seismology
Tornadoes emit widely on the acoustics spectrum and the sounds are caused by multiple mechanisms. Various sounds of tornadoes have been reported throughout time, mostly related to familiar sounds for the witness and generally some variation of a whooshing roar. Popularly reported sounds include a freight train, rushing rapids or waterfall, a nearby jet engine, or combinations of these. Many tornadoes are not audible from much distance; the nature and propagation distance of the audible sound depends on atmospheric conditions and topography.

The winds of the tornado vortex and of constituent turbulent eddies, as well as airflow interaction with the surface and debris, contribute to the sounds. Funnel clouds also produce sounds. Funnel clouds and small tornadoes are reported as whistling, whining, humming, or the buzzing of innumerable bees or electricity, or more or less harmonic, whereas many tornadoes are reported as a continuous, deep rumbling, or an irregular sound of "noise".[39]

Since many tornadoes are audible only when very near, sound is not reliable warning of a tornado. And, any strong, damaging wind, even a severe hail volley or continuous thunder in a thunderstorm may produce a roaring sound.[40]

An illustration of generation of infrasound in tornadoes by the Earth System Research Laboratory's Infrasound ProgramTornadoes also produce identifiable inaudible infrasonic signatures.[41]

Unlike audible signatures, tornadic signatures have been isolated; due to the long distance propagation of low-frequency sound, efforts are ongoing to develop tornado prediction and detection devices with additional value in understanding tornado morphology, dynamics, and creation.[42] Tornadoes also produce a detectable seismic signature, and research continues on isolating it and understanding the process.[43]

Electromagnetic, lightning, and other effects
Tornadoes emit on the electromagnetic spectrum, with sferics and E-field effects detected.[42][44][45] There are observed correlations between tornadoes and patterns of lightning. Tornadic storms do not contain more lightning than other storms and some tornadic cells never produce lightning. More often than not, overall cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity decreases as a tornado reaches the surface and returns to the baseline level when the tornado lifts. In many cases, intense tornadoes and thunderstorms exhibit an increased and anomalous dominance of positive polarity CG discharges.[46] Electromagnetics and lightning have little or nothing to do directly with what drives tornadoes (tornadoes are basically a thermodynamic phenomenon), although there are likely connections with the storm and environment affecting both phenomena.

Luminosity has been reported in the past and is probably due to misidentification of external light sources such as lightning, city lights, and power flashes from broken lines, as internal sources are now uncommonly reported and are not known to ever have been recorded. In addition to winds, tornadoes also exhibit changes in atmospheric variables such as temperature, moisture, and pressure. For example, on June 24, 2003 near Manchester, South Dakota, a probe measured a 100 mbar (hPa) (2.95 inHg) pressure decrease. The pressure dropped gradually as the vortex approached then dropped extremely rapidly to 850 mbar (hPa) (25.10 inHg) in the core of the violent tornado before rising rapidly as the vortex moved away, resulting in a V-shape pressure trace. Temperature tends to decrease and moisture content to increase in the immediate vicinity of a tornado.[47]

Life cycle

A sequence of images showing the birth of a tornado. First, the rotating cloud base lowers. This lowering becomes a funnel, which continues descending while winds build near the surface, kicking up dust and other debris. Finally, the visible funnel extends to the ground, and the tornado begins causing major damage. This tornado, near Dimmitt, Texas, was one of the best-observed violent tornadoes in history.Further information: Tornadogenesis
Supercell relationship
See also: Supercell
Tornadoes often develop from a class of thunderstorms known as supercells. Supercells contain mesocyclones, an area of organized rotation a few miles up in the atmosphere, usually 1–6 miles (2–10 km) across. Most intense tornadoes (EF3 to EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale) develop from supercells. In addition to tornadoes, very heavy rain, frequent lightning, strong wind gusts, and hail are common in such storms.

Most tornadoes from supercells follow a recognizable life cycle. That begins when increasing rainfall drags with it an area of quickly descending air known as the rear flank downdraft (RFD). This downdraft accelerates as it approaches the ground, and drags the supercell's rotating mesocyclone towards the ground with it.[15]

Formation
As the mesocyclone approaches the ground, a visible condensation funnel appears to descend from the base of the storm, often from a rotating wall cloud. As the funnel descends, the RFD also reaches the ground, creating a gust front that can cause damage a good distance from the tornado. Usually, the funnel cloud becomes a tornado within minutes of the RFD reaching the ground.[15]

Maturity
Initially, the tornado has a good source of warm, moist inflow to power it, so it grows until it reaches the "mature stage". This can last anywhere from a few minutes to more than an hour, and during that time a tornado often causes the most damage, and in rare cases can be more than one mile (1.6 km) across. Meanwhile, the RFD, now an area of cool surface winds, begins to wrap around the tornado, cutting off the inflow of warm air which feeds the tornado.[15]

Demise
As the RFD completely wraps around and chokes off the tornado's air supply, the vortex begins to weaken, and become thin and rope-like. This is the "dissipating stage"; often lasting no more than a few minutes, after which the tornado fizzles. During this stage the shape of the tornado becomes highly influenced by the winds of the parent storm, and can be blown into fantastic patterns.[20][27][28] Even though the tornado is dissipating, it is still capable of causing damage. The storm is contracting into a rope-like tube and, like the ice skater who pulls her arms in to spin faster, winds can increase at this point.[24]

As the tornado enters the dissipating stage, its associated mesocyclone often weakens as well, as the rear flank downdraft cuts off the inflow powering it. In particular, intense supercells tornadoes can develop cyclically. As the first mesocyclone and associated tornado dissipate, the storm's inflow may be concentrated into a new area closer to the center of the storm. If a new mesocyclone develops, the cycle may start again, producing one or more new tornadoes. Occasionally, the old (occluded) mesocyclone and the new mesocyclone produce a tornado at the same time.

Although this is a widely accepted theory for how most tornadoes form, live, and die, it does not explain the formation of smaller tornadoes, such as landspouts, long-lived tornadoes, or tornadoes with multiple vortices. These each have different mechanisms which influence their development—however, most tornadoes follow a pattern similar to this one.[48]

Types
Multiple vortex
Main article: multiple vortex tornado

A multiple-vortex tornado outside Dallas, Texas on April 2, 1957.A multiple-vortex tornado is a type of tornado in which two or more columns of spinning air rotate around a common center. Multivortex structure can occur in almost any circulation, but is very often observed in intense tornadoes. These vortices often create small areas of heavier damage along the main tornado path.[3][15] This is a distinct phenomenon from a satellite tornado, which is a weaker tornado which forms very near a large, strong tornado contained within the same mesocyclone. The satellite tornado may appear to "orbit" the larger tornado (hence the name), giving the appearance of one, large multi-vortex tornado. However, a satellite tornado is a distinct circulation, and is much smaller than the main funnel.[3]

Waterspout
Main article: waterspout

A waterspout near the Florida Keys.A waterspout is defined by the National Weather Service as a tornado over water. However, researchers typically distinguish "fair weather" waterspouts from tornadic waterspouts. Fair weather waterspouts are less severe but far more common, and are similar to dust devils and landspouts. They form at the bases of cumulus congestus clouds over tropical and subtropical waters. They have relatively weak winds, smooth laminar walls, and typically travel very slowly. They occur most commonly in the Florida Keys and in the northern Adriatic Sea.[49][50][51] In contrast, tornadic waterspouts are stronger tornadoes over water. They form over water similarly to mesocyclonic tornadoes, or are stronger tornadoes which cross over water. Since they form from severe thunderstorms and can be far more intense, faster, and longer-lived than fair weather waterspouts, they are more dangerous.[52]

Landspout
Main article: landspout
A landspout, or dust-tube tornado, is a tornado not associated with a mesocyclone. The name stems from their characterization as a "fair weather waterspout on land". Waterspouts and landspouts share many defining characteristics, including relative weakness, short lifespan, and a small, smooth condensation funnel which often does not reach the surface. Landspouts also create a distinctively laminar cloud of dust when they make contact with the ground, due to their differing mechanics from true mesoform tornadoes. Though usually weaker than classic tornadoes, they can produce strong winds which could cause serious damage.[3][15]

Similar circulations
Gustnado
Main article: gustnado

A dust devil in NevadaA gustnado, or gust front tornado, is a small, vertical swirl associated with a gust front or downburst. Because they are not connected with a cloud base, there is some debate as to whether or not gustnadoes are tornadoes. They are formed when fast moving cold, dry outflow air from a thunderstorm is blown through a mass of stationary, warm, moist air near the outflow boundary, resulting in a "rolling" effect (often exemplified through a roll cloud). If low level wind shear is strong enough, the rotation can be turned vertically or diagonally and make contact with the ground. The result is a gustnado.[3][53] They usually cause small areas of heavier rotational wind damage among areas of straight-line wind damage.

Dust devil
Main article: dust devil
A dust devil resembles a tornado in that it is a vertical swirling column of air. However, they form under clear skies and are no stronger than the weakest tornadoes. They form when a strong convective updraft is formed near the ground on a hot day. If there is enough low level wind shear, the column of hot, rising air can develop a small cyclonic motion that can be seen near the ground. They are not considered tornadoes because they form during fair weather and are not associated with any clouds. However, they can, on occasion, result in major damage in arid areas.[22][54]

Fire whirls and steam devils
Main articles: fire whirl and steam devil
Small-scale, tornado-like circulations can occur near any intense surface heat source. Those that occur near intense wildfires are called fire whirls. They are not considered tornadoes, except in the rare case where they connect to a pyrocumulus or other cumuliform cloud above. Fire whirls usually are not as strong as tornadoes associated with thunderstorms. They can, however, produce significant damage.[20] A steam devil is a rotating updraft that involves steam or smoke. Steam devils are very rare. They most often form from smoke issuing from a power plant smokestack. Hot springs and deserts may also be suitable locations for a steam devil to form. The phenomenon can occur over water, when cold arctic air passes over relatively warm water.[22]

Intensity and damage
Main article: Tornado intensity and damage
See also: Enhanced Fujita scale, Fujita scale, and TORRO scale

An example of EF1 damage. Here, the roof has been substantially damaged, and the garage door blown outwards, but the walls and supporting structures are still intact.The Fujita scale and the Enhanced Fujita Scale rate tornadoes by damage caused. The Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale was an upgrade to the older Fujita scale, by expert elicitation, using engineered wind estimates and better damage descriptions. The EF Scale was designed so that a tornado rated on the Fujita scale would receive the same numerical rating, and was implemented starting in the United States in 2007. An EF0 tornado will probably damage trees but not substantial structures, whereas an EF5 tornado can rip buildings off their foundations leaving them bare and even deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes. Doppler radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns (cycloidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and award a rating.[3][55][56] Tornadoes vary in intensity regardless of shape, size, and location, though strong tornadoes are typically larger than weak tornadoes. The association with track length and duration also varies, although longer track tornadoes tend to be stronger.[57] In the case of violent tornadoes, only a small portion of the path is of violent intensity, most of the higher intensity from subvortices.[20]

In the United States, 80% of tornadoes are EF0 and EF1 (T0 through T3) tornadoes. The rate of occurrence drops off quickly with increasing strength—less than 1% are violent tornadoes (EF4, T8 or stronger).[58] Outside Tornado Alley, and North America in general, violent tornadoes are extremely rare. This is apparently mostly due to the lesser number of tornadoes overall, as research shows that tornado intensity distributions are fairly similar worldwide. A few significant tornadoes occur annually in Europe, Asia, southern Africa, and southeastern South America, respectively.[59]

Climatology
Main article: Tornado climatology

Areas worldwide where tornadoes are most likely, indicated by orange shadingThe United States has the most tornadoes of any country, nearly four times more than estimated in all of Europe, excluding waterspouts.[60] This is mostly due to the unique geography of the continent. North America is a large continent that extends from the tropics north into arctic areas, and has no major east-west mountain range to block air flow between these two areas. In the middle latitudes, where most tornadoes of the world occur, the Rocky Mountains block moisture and buckle the atmospheric flow, forcing drier air at mid-levels of the troposphere due to downsloped winds, and causing the formation of a low pressure area downwind to the east of the mountains. Increased westerly flow off the Rockies force the formation of a dry line when the flow aloft is strong,[61] while the Gulf of Mexico fuels abundant low-level moisture in the southerly flow to its east. This unique topography allows for frequent collisions of warm and cold air, the conditions that breed strong, long-lived storms throughout the year. A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central United States known as Tornado Alley.[6] This area extends into Canada, particularly Ontario and the Prairie Provinces, although southeast Quebec, interior British Columbia, and western New Brunswick are also tornado-prone.[62] Tornadoes also occur across northeastern Mexico.[3]

The United States averages about 1,200 tornadoes per year. The Netherlands has the highest average number of recorded tornadoes per area of any country (more than 20, or 0.0013 per sq mi (0.00048 per km2), annually), followed by the UK (around 33, or 0.00035 per sq mi (0.00013 per km2), per year),[63][64] but most are small and cause minor damage. In absolute number of events, ignoring area, the UK experiences more tornadoes than any other European country, excluding waterspouts.[60]

Intense tornado activity in the United States. The darker-colored areas denote the area commonly referred to as Tornado Alley.Tornadoes kill an average of 179 people per year in Bangladesh, the most in the world. This is due to high population density, poor quality of construction and lack of tornado safety knowledge, as well as other factors.[65][66] Other areas of the world that have frequent tornadoes include South Africa, parts of Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil, as well as portions of Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and far eastern Asia.[7][67]

Tornadoes are most common in spring and least common in winter.[20] Spring and fall experience peaks of activity as those are the seasons when stronger winds, wind shear, and atmospheric instability are present.[68] Tornadoes are focused in the right front quadrant of landfalling tropical cyclones, which tend to occur in the late summer and autumn. Tornadoes can also be spawned as a result of eyewall mesovortices, which persist until landfall.[69] Favorable conditions can occur any time of the year.

Tornado occurrence is highly dependent on the time of day, because of solar heating.[70] Worldwide, most tornadoes occur in the late afternoon, between 3 pm and 7 pm local time, with a peak near 5 pm.[71][72][73][74][75] Destructive tornadoes can occur at any time of day. The Gainesville Tornado of 1936, one of the deadliest tornadoes in history, occurred at 8:30 am local time.[20]

Associations with climate and climate change
Associations to various climate and environmental trends exist. For example, an increase in the sea surface temperature of a source region (e.g. Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean Sea) increases atmospheric moisture content. Increased moisture can fuel an increase in severe weather and tornado activity, particularly in the cool season.[76]

Some evidence does suggest that the Southern Oscillation is weakly correlated with changes in tornado activity, which vary by season and region, as well as whether the ENSO phase is that of El Niño or La Niña.[77]

Climatic shifts may affect tornadoes via teleconnections in shifting the jet stream and the larger weather patterns. The climate-tornado link is confounded by the forces affecting larger patterns and by the local, nuanced nature of tornadoes. Although it is reasonable that global warming may affect trends in tornado activity,[78] any such effect is not yet identifiable due to the complexity, local nature of the storms, and database quality issues. Any effect would vary by region.[79]

Detection
Main article: Convective storm detection
Rigorous attempts to warn of tornadoes began in the United States in the mid-20th century. Before the 1950s, the only method of detecting a tornado was by someone seeing it on the ground. Often, news of a tornado would reach a local weather office after the storm. However, with the advent of weather radar, areas near a local office could get advance warning of severe weather. The first public tornado warnings were issued in 1950 and the first tornado watches and convective outlooks in 1952. In 1953 it was confirmed that hook echoes are associated with tornadoes.[80] By recognizing these radar signatures, meteorologists could detect thunderstorms probably producing tornadoes from dozens of miles away.[81]

Radar
See also: Pulse-Doppler radar and weather radar
Today, most developed countries have a network of weather radars, which remains the main method of detecting signatures probably associated with tornadoes. In the United States and a few other countries, Doppler weather radar stations are used. These devices measure the velocity and radial direction (towards or away from the radar) of the winds in a storm, and so can spot evidence of rotation in storms from more than a hundred miles (160 km) away. When storms are distant from a radar, only areas high within the storm are observed and the important areas below are not sampled.[82] Data resolution also decreases with distance from the radar. Some meteorological situations leading to tornadogenesis are not readily detectable by radar and on occasion tornado development may occur more quickly than radar can complete a scan and send the batch of data. Also, most populated areas on Earth are now visible from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), which aid in the nowcasting of tornadic storms.[83]

A Doppler on Wheels radar loop of a hook echo and associated mesocyclone in Goshen County, Wyoming on June 5, 2009. Strong mesocyclones show up as adjacent areas of yellow and blue (on other radars, bright red and bright green), and usually indicate an imminent or occurring tornado.Storm spotting
In the mid-1970s, the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) increased its efforts to train storm spotters to spot key features of storms which indicate severe hail, damaging winds, and tornadoes, as well as damage itself and flash flooding. The program was called Skywarn, and the spotters were local sheriff's deputies, state troopers, firefighters, ambulance drivers, amateur radio operators, civil defense (now emergency management) spotters, storm chasers, and ordinary citizens. When severe weather is anticipated, local weather service offices request that these spotters look out for severe weather, and report any tornadoes immediately, so that the office can warn of the hazard.

Usually spotters are trained by the NWS on behalf of their respective organizations, and report to them. The organizations activate public warning systems such as sirens and the Emergency Alert System, and forward the report to the NWS.[84] There are more than 230,000 trained Skywarn weather spotters across the United States.[85]

In Canada, a similar network of volunteer weather watchers, called Canwarn, helps spot severe weather, with more than 1,000 volunteers.[83] In Europe, several nations are organizing spotter networks under the auspices of Skywarn Europe[86] and the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) has maintained a network of spotters in the United Kingdom since 1974.[87]

Storm spotters are needed because radar systems such as NEXRAD do not detect a tornado; merely signatures which hint at the presence of tornadoes.[88] Radar may give a warning before there is any visual evidence of a tornado or imminent tornado, but ground truth from an observer can either verify the threat or determine that a tornado is not imminent.[89] The spotter's ability to see what radar cannot is especially important as distance from the radar site increases, because the radar beam becomes progressively higher in altitude further away from the radar, chiefly due to curvature of Earth, and the beam also spreads out.[82]

Visual evidence

A rotating wall cloud with rear flank downdraft clear slot evident to its left rearStorm spotters are trained to discern whether a storm seen from a distance is a supercell. They typically look to its rear, the main region of updraft and inflow. Under the updraft is a rain-free base, and the next step of tornadogenesis is the formation of a rotating wall cloud. The vast majority of intense tornadoes occur with a wall cloud on the backside of a supercell.[58]

Evidence of a supercell comes from the storm's shape and structure, and cloud tower features such as a hard and vigorous updraft tower, a persistent, large overshooting top, a hard anvil (especially when backsheared against strong upper level winds), and a corkscrew look or striations. Under the storm and closer to where most tornadoes are found, evidence of a supercell and likelihood of a tornado includes inflow bands (particularly when curved) such as a "beaver tail", and other clues such as strength of inflow, warmth and moistness of inflow air, how outflow- or inflow-dominant a storm appears, and how far is the front flank precipitation core from the wall cloud. Tornadogenesis is most likely at the interface of the updraft and rear flank downdraft, and requires a balance between the outflow and inflow.[15]

Only wall clouds that rotate spawn tornadoes, and usually precede the tornado by five to thirty minutes. Rotating wall clouds are the visual manifestation of a mesocyclone. Barring a low-level boundary, tornadogenesis is highly unlikely unless a rear flank downdraft occurs, which is usually visibly evidenced by evaporation of cloud adjacent to a corner of a wall cloud. A tornado often occurs as this happens or shortly after; first, a funnel cloud dips and in nearly all cases by the time it reaches halfway down, a surface swirl has already developed, signifying a tornado is on the ground before condensation connects the surface circulation to the storm. Tornadoes may also occur without wall clouds, under flanking lines, and on the leading edge. Spotters watch all areas of a storm, and the cloud base and surface.[90]

Extremes
Main article: Tornado records

A map of the tornado paths in the Super OutbreakThe most extreme tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State Tornado, which roared through parts of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana on March 18, 1925. It was likely an F5, though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale in that era. It holds records for longest path length (219 miles, 352 km), longest duration (about 3.5 hours), and fastest forward speed for a significant tornado (73 mph, 117 km/h) anywhere on Earth. In addition, it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history (695 dead).[20] The tornado was also the second costliest tornado in history at the time, but in the years since has been surpassed by several others if population changes over time are not considered. When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation, it ranks third today.[91] The deadliest tornado in world history was the Daultipur-Salturia Tornado in Bangladesh on April 26, 1989, which killed approximately 1300 people.[65] Bangladesh has had at least 19 tornadoes in its history kill more than 100 people, almost half of the total in the rest of the world.

The most extensive tornado outbreak on record was the Super Outbreak, which affected a large area of the central United States and extreme southern Ontario in Canada on April 3 and 4, 1974. Not only did this outbreak feature 148 tornadoes in 18 hours, but many were violent; six were of F5 intensity, and twenty-four peaked at F4 strength. This outbreak had sixteen tornadoes on the ground at the same time during its peak. More than 300 people, possibly as many as 330, were killed by tornadoes during this outbreak.[92]

While it is nearly impossible to directly measure the most violent tornado wind speeds (conventional anemometers would be destroyed by the intense winds), some tornadoes have been scanned by mobile Doppler radar units, which can provide a good estimate of the tornado's winds. The highest wind speed ever measured in a tornado, which is also the highest wind speed ever recorded on the planet, is 301 ± 20 mph (484 ± 32 km/h) in the F5 Bridge Creek-Moore, Oklahoma tornado which killed 36 people[93]. Though the reading was taken about 100 feet (30 m) above the ground, this is a testament to the power of the strongest tornadoes.[1]

Storms that produce tornadoes can feature intense updrafts, sometimes exceeding 150 mph (240 km/h). Debris from a tornado can be lofted into the parent storm and carried a very long distance. A tornado which affected Great Bend, Kansas in November 1915, was an extreme case, where a "rain of debris" occurred 80 miles (130 km) from the town, a sack of flour was found 110 miles (177 km) away, and a cancelled check from the Great Bend bank was found in a field outside of Palmyra, Nebraska, 305 miles (491 km) to the northeast.[94] Waterspouts and tornadoes have been advanced as an explanation for instances of raining fish and other animals.[95]

Safety
Though tornadoes can strike in an instant, there are precautions and preventative measures that people can take to increase the chances of surviving a tornado. Authorities such as the Storm Prediction Center advise having a pre-determined plan should a tornado warning be issued. When a warning is issued, going to a basement or an interior first-floor room of a sturdy building greatly increases chances of survival.[96] In tornado-prone areas, many buildings have storm cellars on the property. These underground refuges have saved thousands of lives.[97]

Some countries have meteorological agencies which distribute tornado forecasts and increase levels of alert of a possible tornado (such as tornado watches and warnings in the United States and Canada). Weather radios provide an alarm when a severe weather advisory is issued for the local area, though these are mainly available only in the United States. Unless the tornado is far away and highly visible, meteorologists advise that drivers park their vehicles far to the side of the road (so as not to block emergency traffic), and find a sturdy shelter. If no sturdy shelter is nearby, getting low in a ditch is the next best option. Highway overpasses are one of the worst places to take shelter during tornadoes, as they are believed to create a venturi effect, increasing the danger from the tornado by increasing the wind speed and funneling debris underneath the overpass.[98]

Myths and misconceptions
Main article: Tornado myths

Salt Lake City Tornado, August 11, 1999. This tornado disproved several misconceptions, including the idea that tornadoes cannot occur in areas like Utah or in cities.Folklore often identifies a green sky with tornadoes, and though the phenomenon may be associated with severe weather, there is no evidence linking it specifically with tornadoes.[1] It is often thought that opening windows will lessen the damage caused by the tornado. While there is a large drop in atmospheric pressure inside a strong tornado, it is unlikely that the pressure drop would be enough to cause the house to explode. Some research indicates that opening windows may actually increase the severity of the tornado's damage. A violent tornado can destroy a house whether its windows are open or closed.[99][100]

Another commonly held belief is that highway overpasses provide adequate shelter from tornadoes. On the contrary, a highway overpass is a dangerous place during a tornado. In the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak of May 3, 1999, three highway overpasses were directly struck by tornadoes, and at all three locations there was a fatality, along with many life-threatening injuries. The small area under the overpasses is believed to cause a venturi effect.[101] By comparison, during the same tornado outbreak, more than 2000 homes were completely destroyed, with another 7000 damaged, and yet only a few dozen people died in their homes.[98]

An old belief is that the southwest corner of a basement provides the most protection during a tornado. The safest place is the side or corner of an underground room opposite the tornado's direction of approach (usually the northeast corner), or the central-most room on the lowest floor. Taking shelter in a basement, under a staircase, or under a sturdy piece of furniture such as a workbench further increases chances of survival.[99][100]

Finally, there are areas which people believe to be protected from tornadoes, whether by being in a city, near a major river, hill, or mountain, or even protected by supernatural forces.[102] Tornadoes have been known to cross major rivers, climb mountains,[103] affect valleys, and have damaged several city centers. As a general rule, no area is "safe" from tornadoes, though some areas are more susceptible than others.[22][99][100]

Ongoing research

A Doppler On Wheels unit observing a tornado near Attica, KansasMeteorology is a relatively young science and the study of tornadoes is newer still. Although researched for about 140 years and intensively for around 60 years, there are still aspects of tornadoes which remain a mystery.[104] Scientists have a fairly good understanding of the development of thunderstorms and mesocyclones,[105][106] and the meteorological conditions conducive to their formation. However, the step from supercell (or other respective formative processes) to tornadogenesis and predicting tornadic vs. non-tornadic mesocyclones is not yet well known and is the focus of much research.[68]

Also under study are the low-level mesocyclone and the stretching of low-level vorticity which tightens into a tornado,[68] namely, what are the processes and what is the relationship of the environment and the convective storm. Intense tornadoes have been observed forming simultaneously with a mesocyclone aloft (rather than succeeding mesocyclogenesis) and some intense tornadoes have occurred without a mid-level mesocyclone. In particular, the role of downdrafts, particularly the rear-flank downdraft, and the role of baroclinic boundaries, are intense areas of study.[107]

Reliably predicting tornado intensity and longevity remains a problem, as do details affecting characteristics of a tornado during its life cycle and tornadolysis. Other rich areas of research are tornadoes associated with mesovortices within linear thunderstorm structures and within tropical cyclones.[108]

Scientists still do not know the exact mechanisms by which most tornadoes form, and occasional tornadoes still strike without a tornado warning being issued.[109] Analysis of observations including both stationary and mobile (surface and aerial) in-situ and remote sensing (passive and active) instruments generates new ideas and refines existing notions. Numerical modeling also provides new insights as observations and new discoveries are integrated into our physical understanding and then tested in computer simulations which validate new notions as well as produce entirely new theoretical findings, many of which are otherwise unattainable. Importantly, development of new observation technologies and installation of finer spatial and temporal resolution observation networks have aided increased understanding and better predictions.[110]

Research programs, including field projects such as VORTEX (Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment), deployment of TOTO (the TOtable Tornado Observatory), Doppler On Wheels (DOW), and dozens of other programs, hope to solve many questions that still plague meteorologists.[42] Universities, government agencies such as the National Severe Storms Laboratory, private-sector meteorologists, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research are some of the organizations very active in research; with various sources of funding, both private and public, a chief entity being the National Science Foundation.[88][111]

See also
Weather portal
Cultural significance of tornadoes
Derecho
History of tropical cyclone-spawned tornadoes
List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
Secondary flow
Skipping tornado
Tornado drill
Tornadoes of 2010
Whirlwind (atmospheric phenomenon)
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85.^ National Weather Service (2009-02-06). "What is SKYWARN?". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.weather.gov/skywarn/. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
86.^ European Union (2009-05-31). "Skywarn Europe". http://www.skywarn.eu/. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
87.^ Terence Meaden (1985). "A Brief History". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. http://www.torro.org.uk/site/history.php. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
88.^ a b National Severe Storms Laboratory (2006-11-15). "Detecting Tornadoes: What Does a Tornado Look Like?". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tornado/tor_detecting.html. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
89.^ "Proposals For Changes in Severe Local Storm Warnings, Warning Criteria and Verification". Roger and Elke Edwards. 2003. http://www.stormeyes.org/tornado/verf/. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
90.^ "Questions and Answers about Tornadoes". A Severe Weather Primer. National Severe Storms Laboratory. 2006-11-15. http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tornado/tor_basics.html. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
91.^ Harold E Brooks, Charles A. Doswell III (2000-10-01). "Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999". http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/damage/tdam1.html. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
92.^ Lee R Hoxit, Charles F Chappell (1975-11-01). "Tornado Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974; Synoptic Analysis" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/1999/april/TornOut.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
93.^ Anatomy of May 3's F5 tornado, The Oklahoman Newspaper, May 1st 2009
94.^ Thomas P Grazulis (2005-09-20). "Tornado Oddities". http://www.tornadoproject.com/oddities/oddities.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
95.^ Emily Yahr (2006-02-21). "Q: You've probably heard the expression, "it's raining cats and dogs." Has it ever rained animals?". Answers archive: Tornado history, climatology. USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/archives-tornado-history.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
96.^ Roger Edwards (2008-07-16). "Tornado Safety". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/safety.html. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
97.^ "Storm Shelters" (PDF). National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2002-08-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20060223072127/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hun/preparedness/brochures/storm_shelter.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
98.^ a b "Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2000-03-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20000616093920/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/papers/overpass.html. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
99.^ a b c Thomas P Grazulis (2001). "Tornado Myths". The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3258-2.
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102.^ Kenneth F Dewey (2002-07-11). "Tornado Myths & Tornado Reality". High Plains Regional Climate Center and University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080611013128/http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/nebraska/tornado-myths.html. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
103.^ John Monteverdi, Roger Edwards, Greg Stumpf, Daniel Gudgel (2006-09-13). "Tornado, Rockwell Pass, Sequoia National Park, 2004-07-07". http://tornado.sfsu.edu/RockwellPassTornado/index.html. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
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105.^ Micheal H Mogil (2007). Extreme Weather. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publisher. p. 210–211. ISBN 978-1-57912-743-5.
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108.^ Erik Rasmussen (2000-12-31). "Severe Storms Research: Tornado Forecasting". The Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies. Archived from the original on April 07, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070407031255/http://cimms.ou.edu/~erik/Tornadoes/Forecasting/Detailed/Detailed.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
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110.^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The tornado: nature's ultimate windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 65–69. ISBN 9780806132587. http://books.google.com/?id=N6Tiz_7VmJoC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=intense+tornadoes+without+a+mesocyclone&q=intense%20tornadoes%20without%20a%20mesocyclone. Retrieved 2009-11-20.
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Further reading
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Textbooks from Wikibooks

Howard B Bluestein (1999). Tornado Alley: Monster Storms of the Great Plains. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510552-4.
Marlene Bradford (2001). Scanning the Skies: a History of Tornado Forecasting. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3302-3.
Thomas P Grazulis (January 1997). Significant Tornadoes Update, 1992–1995. St. Johnsbury, VT: Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-04-X.
External links
NOAA Storm Database 1950–Present
European Severe Weather Database
Social & Economic Costs of Tornadoes
Tornado Detection and Warnings
Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology
NOAA Tornado Preparedness Guide
Tornado History Project - Maps and statistics from 1950-Present

Indonesia

2010-10-26T08:43:00.000-07:00

Indonesia (pronounced /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ or /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.

The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the seventh century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change. The current nation of Indonesia is a unitary presidential republic consisting of thirty three provinces.

Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The Javanese are the largest—and the politically dominant—ethnic group. Indonesia has developed a shared identity defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism including rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread in contemporary Indonesia.[5]

Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Government and politics
4 Foreign relations and military
5 Administrative divisions
6 Geography
7 Biota and environment
8 Economy
9 Demographics
10 Culture
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links

[edit] Etymology
The name Indonesia derives from the Latin Indus, and the Greek nesos, meaning "island".[6] The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.[7] In 1850, George Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians — and, his preference, Malayunesians — for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".[8] In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago.[9] However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. Instead, they used the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and even Insulinde.[10]

From 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.[11] Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name Indonesisch Pers-bureau in 1913.[7]

[edit] History
Main article: History of Indonesia

Picture: a ship carved on Borobudur, circa 800 CE. Indonesian outrigger boats may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa as early as the first century CE.[12]Fossilized remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", suggest that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago.[13] Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE, and as they spread through the archipelago, confined the native Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions.[14] Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as early as the eighth century BCE,[15] allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the first century CE. Indonesia's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade, including links with Indian kingdoms and China, which were established several centuries BCE.[16] Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.[17]

The nutmeg plant is native to Indonesia's Banda Islands. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia.From the seventh century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism that were imported with it.[18] Between the eighth and 10th centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's Borobudur and Mataram's Prambanan. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia.[19]

Although Muslim traders first traveled through South East Asia early in the Islamic era, the earliest evidence of Islamized populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra.[20] Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.[21] The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolize the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku.[22] Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalized colony.[22]

For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over the archipelago was tenuous outside of coastal strongholds; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries.[23] Japanese occupation during World War II ended Dutch rule,[24] and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement.[25] Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president.[26] The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and an armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognized Indonesian independence[27] (with the exception of the Dutch territory of West New Guinea, which was incorporated into Indonesia following the 1962 New York Agreement, and the UN-mandated Act of Free Choice of 1969).[28]

Sukarno, Indonesia's founding presidentSukarno moved from democracy towards authoritarianism, and maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces of the Military and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI).[29] An attempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, who led a violent anti-communist purge, during which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed.[30] Between 500,000 and one million people were killed.[31] The head of the military, General Suharto, out-maneuvered the politically weakened Sukarno, and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His New Order administration[32] was supported by the US government,[33] and encouraged foreign direct investment in Indonesia, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth.[34] However, the authoritarian "New Order" was widely accused of corruption and suppression of political opposition.

Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the late 1990s Asian Financial Crisis.[35] This increased popular discontent with the New Order and led to popular protest across the country. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998.[36] In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year military occupation that was marked by international condemnation of repression of the East Timorese.[37] Since Suharto's resignation, a strengthening of democratic processes has included a regional autonomy program, and the first direct presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, and terrorism slowed progress, however, in in the last five years the economy has performed strongly. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, sectarian discontent and violence has occurred.[38] A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.[39]

[edit] Government and politics
Main article: Politics of Indonesia
Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the central government. Following the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia[40] have revamped the executive, judicial, and legislative branches.[41] The president of Indonesia is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The 2004 presidential election was the first in which the people directly elected the president and vice president.[42] The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.[43]

A session of the People's Representative Council in JakartaThe highest representative body at national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalizing broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the president.[44] The MPR comprises two houses; the People's Representative Council (DPR), with 560 members, and the Regional Representative Council (DPD), with 132 members.[45] The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms by proportional representation.[41] Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPR's role in national governance.[46] The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.[47]

Most civil disputes appear before a State Court; appeals are heard before the High Court. The Supreme Court is the country's highest court, and hears final cassation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; a State Administrative Court to hear administrative law cases against the government; a Constitutional Court to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and a Religious Court to deal with specific religious cases.[48]

[edit] Foreign relations and military
Main articles: Foreign relations of Indonesia and Indonesian National Armed Forces
In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to western powers and tensions with Malaysia, Indonesia's foreign relations since the Suharto "New Order" have been based on economic and political cooperation with Western nations.[49] Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbors in Asia, and is a founding member of ASEAN and the East Asia Summit.[45] The nation restored relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era.[48] Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950,[50] and was a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC).[45] Indonesia is signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the Cairns Group, and the WTO, and has historically been a member of OPEC, although it withdrew in 2008 as it was no longer a net exporter of oil. Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, in particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.[45]

The Indonesian Government has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant Islamism and Al-Qaeda.[51] The deadliest killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the Bali resort town of Kuta in 2002.[52] The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.[53]

Indonesia's 300,000-member armed forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI–AD), Navy (TNI–AL, which includes marines), and Air Force (TNI–AU).[54] The army has about 233,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations.[55] One of the reforms following the 1998 resignation of Suharto was the removal of formal TNI representation in parliament; nevertheless, its political influence remains extensive.[56]

Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.[57] Following a sporadic thirty-year guerrilla war between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.[58] In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[59]

[edit] Administrative divisions
Main articles: Provinces of Indonesia and Administrative divisions of Indonesia

Provinces of IndonesiaAdministratively, Indonesia consists of 33 provinces, five of which have special status. Each province has its own political legislature and governor. The provinces are subdivided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), which are further subdivided into subdistricts (kecamatan), and again into village groupings (either desa or kelurahan). Furthermore, a village is divided into several citizen-groups (Rukun-Warga (RW)) which are further divided into several neighbourhood-groups (Rukun-Tetangga (RT)). Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and cities have become the key administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life, and handles matters of a village or neighborhood through an elected lurah or kepala desa (village chief).

The provinces of Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and West Papua have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. The Acehnese government, for example, has the right to create an independent legal system; in 2003, it instituted a form of Sharia (Islamic law).[60] Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region in recognition of its pivotal role in supporting Indonesian Republicans during the Indonesian Revolution.[61] Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, now West Papua, was granted special autonomy status in 2001.[62] Jakarta is the country's special capital region.

Indonesian provinces and their capitals – listed by region
(Indonesian name in parentheses if different from English)
† indicates provinces with Special Status

Sumatra

Aceh† – Banda Aceh
North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) – Medan
West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) – Padang
Riau – Pekanbaru
Riau Islands (Kepulauan Riau) – Tanjung Pinang
Jambi – Jambi (city)
South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) – Palembang
Bangka-Belitung (Kepulauan Bangka-Belitung) – Pangkal Pinang
Bengkulu – Bengkulu (city)
Lampung – Bandar Lampung
Java

Jakarta† – Jakarta
Banten – Serang
West Java (Jawa Barat) – Bandung
Central Java (Jawa Tengah) – Semarang
Yogyakarta Special Region† (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta) – Yogyakarta (city)
East Java (Jawa Timur) – Surabaya
Lesser Sunda Islands

Bali – Denpasar
West Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Barat) – Mataram
East Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Timur) – Kupang
Kalimantan

West Kalimantan (Kalimantan Barat) – Pontianak
Central Kalimantan (Kalimantan Tengah) – Palangkaraya
South Kalimantan (Kalimantan Selatan) – Banjarmasin
East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur) – Samarinda
Sulawesi

North Sulawesi (Sulawesi Utara) – Manado
Gorontalo – Gorontalo (city)
Central Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tengah) – Palu
West Sulawesi (Sulawesi Barat) – Mamuju
South Sulawesi (Sulawesi Selatan) – Makassar
South East Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tenggara) – Kendari
Maluku Islands

Maluku – Ambon
North Maluku (Maluku Utara) – Ternate
Western New Guinea

West Papua† (Papua Barat) – Manokwari
Papua† – Jayapura

[edit] Geography
Main article: Geography of Indonesia

Map of IndonesiaIndonesia consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited.[63] These are scattered over both sides of the equator. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), and Sulawesi. Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor. Indonesia shares maritime borders across narrow straits with Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines to the north, and with Australia to the south. The capital, Jakarta, is on Java and is the nation's largest city, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Semarang.[64]

At 1,919,440 square kilometers (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest country in terms of land area.[65] Its average population density is 134 people per square kilometer (347 per sq mi), 79th in the world,[66] although Java, the world's most populous island,[67] has a population density of 940 people per square kilometer (2,435 per sq mi). At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya in Papua is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra its largest lake, with an area of 1,145 square kilometers (442 sq mi). The country's largest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include the Mahakam and Barito; such rivers are communication and transport links between the island's river settlements.[68]

Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest.Indonesia's location on the edges of the Pacific, Eurasian, and Australian tectonic plates makes it the site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. Indonesia has at least 150 active volcanoes,[69] including Krakatoa and Tambora, both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. The eruption of the Toba supervolcano, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of the largest eruptions ever, and a global catastrophe. Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 tsunami that killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra,[70] and the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006. However, volcanic ash is a major contributor to the high agricultural fertility that has historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.[71]

Lying along the equator, Indonesia has a tropical climate, with two distinct monsoonal wet and dry seasons. Average annual rainfall in the lowlands varies from 1,780–3,175 millimeters (70–125 in), and up to 6,100 millimeters (240 in) in mountainous regions. Mountainous areas—particularly in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua—receive the highest rainfall. Humidity is generally high, averaging about 80%. Temperatures vary little throughout the year; the average daily temperature range of Jakarta is 26–30 °C (79–86 °F).[72]

[edit] Biota and environment
Main articles: Fauna of Indonesia, Flora of Indonesia, and Environment of Indonesia

The critically endangered Sumatran Orangutan, a great ape endemic to Indonesia.Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of biodiversity (after Brazil),[73] and its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species.[74] Once linked to the Asian mainland, the islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the country.[75] In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna.[76] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species.[77]

Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic.[78] Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.[6] The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species.[79] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area.[80] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[79]

Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialization present serious environmental issues, which are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.[81] Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.[81] Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases.[82] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including the Sumatran Orangutan.[83]

[edit] Economy
Main articles: Economy of Indonesia and Science and technology in Indonesia

Using water buffalo to plough rice fields in Java. Agriculture has been the country's largest employer for centuries.At 13 July 2010, Japan Credit Rating Agency has upgraded Indonesia's investment grade from BB+ to BBB (Investment Grade - proper to invest).[84] Indonesia has a market economy in which the government plays a significant role.[85] It is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of the G-20 major economies.[86] Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product (nominal), purchasing power parity aside for 2008 was US$539.7 billion with estimated nominal per capita GDP was US$2,329, and per capita GDP PPP was US$4,157 (international dollars).[87] The services sector is the economy's largest and accounts for 45.3% of GDP (2005). This is followed by industry (40.7%) and agriculture (14.0%).[88] However, agriculture employs more people than other sectors, accounting for 44.3% of the 95 million-strong workforce. This is followed by the services sector (36.9%) and industry (18.8%).[89] Major industries include petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, and mining. Major agricultural products include palm oil, rice, tea, coffee, spices, and rubber.

Indonesia's main export markets (2005) are Japan (22.3%), the United States (13.9%), China (9.1%), and Singapore (8.9%). The major suppliers of imports to Indonesia are Japan (18.0%), China (16.1%), and Singapore (12.8%). In 2005, Indonesia ran a trade surplus with export revenues of US$83.64 billion and import expenditure of US$62.02 billion. The country has extensive natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, and gold. Indonesia's major imports include machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, and foodstuffs.[90]

Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia and the country's largest commercial centerIn the 1960s, the economy deteriorated drastically as a result of political instability, a young and inexperienced government, and economic nationalism, which resulted in severe poverty and hunger.[91] Following President Sukarno's downfall in the mid-1960s, the New Order administration brought a degree of discipline to economic policy that quickly brought inflation down, stabilized the currency, rescheduled foreign debt, and attracted foreign aid and investment.[92] Indonesia is Southeast Asia's only member of OPEC, and the 1970s oil price raises provided an export revenue windfall that contributed to sustained high economic growth rates.[93] Following further reforms in the late 1980s,[94] foreign investment flowed into Indonesia, particularly into the rapidly developing export-oriented manufacturing sector, and from 1989 to 1997, the Indonesian economy grew by an average of over 7%.[95]

Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the Asian financial crisis of 1997–98. Against the US dollar, the rupiah dropped from about Rp. 2,600 to a low point of 14,000, and the economy shrank by 13.7%.[96] The Rupiah has since stabilised in the Rp. 8,000 to 10,000 range,[97] and a slow but significant economic recovery has ensued. However, political instability, slow economic reform, and corruption at all levels of government and business, have slowed the recovery.[5][98] Transparency International ranked Indonesia 143rd out of 180 countries in its 2007 Corruption Perceptions Index.[99] The rank rose to 111st out of 180 in 2009[100] GDP growth, however, exceeded 5% in both 2004 and 2005, and is forecast to increase further.[101] This growth rate, however, was not enough to make a significant impact on unemployment,[102] and stagnant wages growth and increases in fuel and rice prices have worsened poverty levels. As of 2006, an estimated 17.8% of the population was living below the poverty line, defined by the Indonesian government as purchasing power parity of US$1.55 per day (household income). According to the 2006 estimates, nearly half of the population was living on less than US$2 per day.[103] In recent years, the strongest growth rates since the Suharto years have helped the unemployment rate decline to 8.46% in 2008,[104] and in comparison to its neighbours, Indonesia has been less affected by the recent global recession.[105]

[edit] Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Indonesia, Languages of Indonesia, and Religion in Indonesia
The national population from the 2000 national census is 206 million,[106] and the Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau and Statistics Indonesia estimate a population of 222 million for 2006.[107] 130 million people live on the island of Java, the world's most populous island.[108] Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since the 1960s, the population is expected to grow to around 254 million by 2020 and 288 million by 2050.[109]

Balinese children. There are around 300 distinct native ethnicities in Indonesia.Most Indonesians are descended from Austronesian-speaking peoples whose languages can be traced to Proto Austronesian (PAn), which likely originated on Taiwan. The other major grouping are Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia.[110] There are around 300 distinct native ethnicities in Indonesia, and 742 different languages and dialects.[111] The largest ethnic group is the Javanese, who comprise 42% of the population, and are politically and culturally dominant.[112] The Sundanese, ethnic Malays, and Madurese are the largest non-Javanese groups.[113] A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.[114] Society is largely harmonious, although social, religious and ethnic tensions have triggered horrendous violence.[115] Chinese Indonesians are an influential ethnic minority comprising 3-4% of the population.[116] Much of the country's privately owned commerce and wealth is Chinese-Indonesian-controlled,[117] which has contributed to considerable resentment, and even anti-Chinese violence.[118]

The Istiqlal Mosque and Jakarta Cathedral in Central Jakarta. Indonesia has the world's largest population of MuslimsThe official national language, Indonesian, is universally taught in schools, and consequently is spoken by nearly every Indonesian. It is the language of business, politics, national media, education, and academia. It was constructed from a lingua franca that was in wide use throughout the region, and is thus closely related to Malay which is an official language in Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore. Indonesian was first promoted by nationalists in the 1920s, and declared the official language on the proclamation of independence in 1945. Most Indonesians speak at least one of the several hundred local languages (bahasa daerah), often as their first language. Of these, Javanese is the most widely spoken as the language of the largest ethnic group.[90] On the other hand, Papua has over 270 indigenous Papuan and Austronesian languages,[119] in a region of about 2.7 million people. A significant fraction of the people who attended school before independence can speak Dutch to some extent.[120]

Although religious freedom is stipulated in the Indonesian constitution,[121] the government officially recognizes only six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism.[122] Although it is not an Islamic state, Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation, with 86.1% of Indonesians declared Muslim according to the 2000 census.[90] 8.7% of the population is Christian,[citation needed] 3% are Hindu, and 1.8% Buddhist or other. Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese,[123] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are ethnic Chinese.[124] Though now minority religions, Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining influences in Indonesian culture. Islam was first adopted by Indonesians in northern Sumatra in the 13th century, through the influence of traders, and became the country's dominant religion by the 16th century.[125] Roman Catholicism was brought to Indonesia by early Portuguese colonialists and missionaries,[126] and the Protestant denominations are largely a result of Dutch Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period.[127] A large proportion of Indonesians—such as the Javanese abangan, Balinese Hindus, and Dayak Christians—practice a less orthodox, syncretic form of their religion, which draws on local customs and beliefs.[128]

[edit] Culture
Main article: Culture of Indonesia

A wayang kulit shadow puppet performance as seen by the audienceIndonesia has around 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural identities developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European sources. Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do wayang kulit (shadow puppet) performances. Textiles such as batik, ikat and songket are created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region. The most dominant influences on Indonesian architecture have traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been significant.

Sports in Indonesia are generally male-orientated and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling.[129] The most popular sports are badminton and football. Indonesian players have won the Thomas Cup (the world team championship of men's badminton) thirteen of the twenty-six times that it has been held since 1949, as well as numerous Olympic medals since the sport gained full Olympic status in 1992. Its women have won the Uber Cup, the female equivalent of the Thomas Cup, twice, in 1994 and 1996. Liga Indonesia is the country's premier football club league. Traditional sports include sepak takraw, and bull racing in Madura. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as, caci in Flores, and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art.

A selection of Indonesian food, including Soto Ayam (chicken soup), sate kerang (shellfish kebabs), telor pindang (preserved eggs), perkedel (fritter), and es teh manis (sweet iced tea)Indonesian cuisine varies by region and is based on Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents.[130] Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients.[131] Indonesian traditional music includes gamelan and keroncong. Dangdut is a popular contemporary genre of pop music that draws influence from Arabic, Indian, and Malay folk music. The Indonesian film industry's popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia,[132] although it declined significantly in the early 1990s.[133] Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year has steadily increased.[132]

The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century CE. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli, who criticized treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans Muhammad Yamin and Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians;[134] and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist.[135] Many of Indonesia's peoples have strongly rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities.[136]

Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suharto's rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media.[137] The TV market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI. Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply programs. At a reported 25 million users in 2008,[138] Internet usage was estimated at 12.5% in September 2009.[139]

[edit] See also
Indonesia portal
List of Indonesia-related topics
CIVETS
[edit] Notes
1.^ US Library of Congress; Vickers (2005), page 117.
2.^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
3.^ a b c d "Indonesia". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=536&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=48&pr.y=11. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
4.^ "Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G". The United Nations. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
5.^ a b "Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them". The Economist. 14 September 2006. http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7925064. Retrieved 26 December 2006. ; (subsequent correction)
6.^ a b Tomascik, T; Mah, J.A., Nontji, A., Moosa, M.K. (1996). The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas – Part One. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd.. ISBN 962-593-078-7.
7.^ a b (Indonesian) Anshory, Irfan (16 August 2004). "Asal Usul Nama Indonesia". Pikiran Rakyat. Archived from the original on December 15, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061215190155/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
8.^ Earl, George S. W. (1850). "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): 119.
9.^ Logan, James Richardson (1850). "The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago: Embracing Enquiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): 4:252–347. ; Earl, George S. W. (1850). "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): 254, 277–278.
10.^ (This term was introduced in 1860 in the influential novel Max Havelaar (1859), written by Multatuli, critical of Dutch colonialism). Justus M. van der Kroef (1951). "The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage". Journal of the American Oriental Society 71 (3): 166–171. doi:10.2307/595186. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28195107%2F09%2971%3A3%3C166%3ATTIIOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5.
11.^ Jusuf M. van der Kroef (1951). "The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage". Journal of the American Oriental Society 71 (3): 166–171. doi:10.2307/595186. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28195107%2F09%2971%3A3%3C166%3ATTIIOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5.
12.^ Brown, Colin (2003). A short history of Indonesia : the unlikely nation?. Allen & Unwin. p. 13. ISBN 1 86508 838 2.
13.^ Pope, G G (1988). "Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology". Annual Review of Anthropology 17: 43–77. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.17.100188.000355. cited in Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. pp. 309–312. ; Pope, G (15 August 1983). "Evidence on the Age of the Asian Hominidae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80 (16): 4,988–4992. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988. PMID 6410399. PMC 384173. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/16/4988. cited in Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 309. ; de Vos, J.P.; P.Y. Sondaar, (9 December 1994). "Dating hominid sites in Indonesia" (PDF). Science Magazine 266 (16): 4,988–4992. doi:10.1126/science.7992059. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/266/5191/1726.pdf. cited in Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 309.
14.^ Taylor (2003), pages 5–7
15.^ Taylor, Jean Gelman. Indonesia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
16.^ Taylor, Jean Gelman. Indonesia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 15–18. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
17.^ Taylor (2003), pages 3, 9, 10–11, 13, 14–15, 18–20, 22–23; Vickers (2005), pages 18–20, 60, 133–134
18.^ Taylor (2003), pages 22–26; Ricklefs (1991), page 3
19.^ Peter Lewis (1982). "The next great empire". Futures 14 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1016/0016-3287(82)90071-4.
20.^ Ricklefs (1991), pages 3 to 14
21.^ Ricklefs (1991), pages 12–14
22.^ a b Ricklefs, M.C (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, second edition. London: MacMillan. pp. 22–24. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
23.^ Dutch troops were constantly engaged in quelling rebellions both on and off Java. The influence of local leaders such as Prince Diponegoro in central Java, Imam Bonjol in central Sumatra and Pattimura in Maluku, and a bloody thirty-year war in Aceh weakened the Dutch and tied up the colonial military forces.(Schwartz 1999, pages 3–4) Despite major internal political, social and sectarian divisions during the National Revolution, Indonesians, on the whole, found unity in their fight for independence.
24.^ Gert Oostindie and Bert Paasman (1998). "Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves". Eighteenth-Century Studies 31 (3): 349–355. doi:10.1353/ecs.1998.0021. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eighteenth-century_studies/v031/31.3oostindie.html. ; Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, second edition. London: MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
25.^ Library of Congress, 1992, "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45".
26.^ H. J. Van Mook (1949). "Indonesia". Royal Institute of International Affairs 25 (3): 274–285. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-5850%28194907%2925%3A3%3C274%3AI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P. ; Charles Bidien (5 December 1945). "Independence the Issue". Far Eastern Survey 14 (24): 345–348. doi:10.1525/as.1945.14.24.01p17062. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0362-8949%2819451205%2914%3A24%3C345%3AITI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S. ; Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and History. Yale University Press. p. 325. ISBN 0-300-10518-5. ; Reid (1973), page 30
27.^ Charles Bidien (5 December 1945). "Independence the Issue". Far Eastern Survey 14 (24): 345–348. doi:10.1525/as.1945.14.24.01p17062. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0362-8949%2819451205%2914%3A24%3C345%3AITI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S. ; "Indonesian War of Independence". Military. GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-inde.htm. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
28.^ Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice". National Security Archive, Suite 701, Gelman Library, The George Washington University.
29.^ Ricklefs (1991), pages 237 – 280
30.^ Friend (2003), pages 107–109; Chris Hilton (writer and director). (2001). Shadowplay. [Television documentary]. Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions. ; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290
31.^ John Roosa and Joseph Nevins (5 November 2005). "40 Years Later: The Mass Killings in Indonesia". CounterPunch. http://www.counterpunch.org/roosa11052005.html. Retrieved 12 November 2006. ; Robert Cribb (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966". Asian Survey 42 (4): 550–563. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550.
32.^ John D. Legge (1968). "General Suharto's New Order". Royal Institute of International Affairs 44 (1): 40–47. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-5850%28196801%2944%3A1%3C40%3AGSNO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I.
33.^ US National Archives, RG 59 Records of Department of State; cable no. 868, ref: Embtel 852, 5 October 1965. [1][dead link]; Adrian Vickers, A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press, p. 163; 2005; David Slater, Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations, London: Blackwell, p. 70
34.^ Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6. ; Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2. ; Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition. MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-X.
35.^ Delhaise, Philippe F. (1998). Asia in Crisis: The Implosion of the Banking and Finance Systems. Willey. p. 123. ISBN 0-471-83450-5.
36.^ "President Suharto resigns". BBC. 21 May 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/indonesia/latest_news/97848.stm. Retrieved 12 November 2006.
37.^ Burr, W.; Evans, M.L. (6 December 2001). "Ford and Kissinger Gave Green Light to Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor, 1975: New Documents Detail Conversations with Suharto". National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 62. National Security Archive, The George Washington University, Washington, DC. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/. Retrieved 17 September 2006. ; "International Religious Freedom Report". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. U.S. Department of State. 17 October 2002. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/13873.htm. Retrieved 29 September 2006.
38.^ Robert W. Hefner (2000). "Religious Ironies in East Timor". Religion in the News 3 (1). http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/csrpl/RINVol3No1/east_timor.htm. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
39.^ "Aceh rebels sign peace agreement". BBC. 15 August 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4151980.stm. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
40.^ In 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001
41.^ a b Susi Dwi Harijanti and Tim Lindsey (2006). "Indonesia: General elections test the amended Constitution and the new Constitutional Court". International Journal of Constitutional Law 4 (1): 138–150. doi:10.1093/icon/moi055.
42.^ The Carter Center (2004). "The Carter Center 2004 Indonesia Election Report" (PDF). Press release. http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/2161.pdf. Retrieved 13 December 2006.
43.^ _ (2002), The fourth Amendment of 1945 Indonesia Constitution, Chapter III – The Executive Power, Art. 7.
44.^ (Indonesian) People's Consultative Assembly (MPR-RI) (PDF). Ketetapan MPR-RI Nomor II/MPR/2000 tentang Perubahan Kedua Peraturan Tata Tertib Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia. http://www.mpr.go.id/pdf/ketetapan/putusan%20MPRRI%202000.pdf. Retrieved 7 November 2006.
45.^ a b c d "Background Note: Indonesia". U.S. Library of Congress. U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2748.htm. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
46.^ Reforms include total control of statutes production without executive branch interventions; all members are now elected (reserved seats for military representatives have now been removed); and the introduction of fundamental rights exclusive to the DPR. (see Harijanti and Lindsey 2006)
47.^ Based on the 2001 constitution amendment, the DPD comprises four popularly elected non-partisan members from each of the thirty-three provinces for national political representation. People's Consultative Assembly (MPR-RI) (PDF). Third Amendment to the 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia. Archived from the original on December 1, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061201025250/http://www.gtzsfdm.or.id/documents/laws_n_regs/con_decree/3_AmdUUD45_eng.pdf. Retrieved 13 December 2006.
48.^ a b "Country Profile: Indonesia" (PDF). U.S Library of Congress. December 2004. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Indonesia.pdf. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
49.^ "Indonesia – Foreign Policy". U.S. Library of Congress. U.S. Library of Congress. http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/97.htm. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
50.^ Indonesia temporarily withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965 in response to the fact that Malaysia was elected as a non-permanent member of the Security Council. It announced its intention to "resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities" on 19 September 1966, and was invited to re-join the UN on 28 September 1966.
51.^ Chris Wilson (11 October 2001). "Indonesia and Transnational Terrorism". Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade Group. Parliament of Australia. http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/CIB/2001-02/02cib06.htm. Retrieved 15 October 2006. ; Reyko Huang (23 May 2002). "Priority Dilemmas: U.S. – Indonesia Military Relations in the Anti Terror War". Terrorism Project. Center for Defense Information. http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/priority.cfm.
52.^ "Commemoration of 3rd anniversary of bombings". AAP. Melbourne: The Age Newspaper. 10 December 2006. http://www.theage.com.au/news/war-on-terror/services-to-honour-victims-of-2002-bali-bombing/2005/10/12/1128796537208.html.
53.^ US Embassy, Jakarta (10 May 2005). "Travel Warning: Indonesia". Press release. Archived from the original on November 11, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061111230327/http://www.usembassyjakarta.org/news/trv_warning02.html. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
54.^ Chew, Amy (7 July 2002). "Indonesia military regains ground". CNN Asia. http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/07/05/indonesia.sutarto/index.html. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
55.^ Witular, Rendi A. (19 May 2005). "Susilo Approves Additional Military Funding". The Jakarta Post. http://www.etan.org/et2005/may/22/19susilo.htm. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
56.^ Friend (2003), pages 473–475, 484
57.^ Friend (2003), pages 270–273, 477–480; "Indonesia flashpoints: Aceh". BBC News (BBC). 29 December 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3809079.stm. Retrieved 20 May 2007.
58.^ "Indonesia agrees Aceh peace deal". BBC News (BBC). 17 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4690293.stm. Retrieved 20 May 2007. ; Harvey, Rachel (18 September 2005). "Indonesia starts Aceh withdrawal". BBC News (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4257944.stm. Retrieved 20 May 2007.
59.^ Lateline TV Current Affairs (20 April 2006). "Sidney Jones on South East Asian conflicts". TV Program transcript, Interview with South East Asia director of the International Crisis Group (Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC)). Archived from the original on September 18, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060918233640/http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/indonesia/b53_papua_answers_to_frequently_asked_questions.pdf. ; International Crisis Group (5 September 2006). "Papua: Answer to Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Update Briefing (International Crisis Group) (53): 1. Archived from the original on September 18, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060918233640/http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/indonesia/b53_papua_answers_to_frequently_asked_questions.pdf. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
60.^ Michelle Ann Miller (2004). "The Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam law: a serious response to Acehnese separatism?". Asian Ethnicity 5 (3): 333–351. doi:10.1080/1463136042000259789. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/caet/2004/00000005/00000003/art00005.
61.^ The positions of governor and its vice governor are prioritized for descendants of the Sultan of Yogyakarta and Paku Alam, respectively, much like a sultanate. (Elucidation on the Indonesia Law No. 22/1999 Regarding Regional Governance. People's Representative Council (1999). Chapter XIV Other Provisions, Art. 122; Indonesia Law No. 5/1974 Concerning Basic Principles on Administration in the RegionPDF (146 KB) (translated version). The President of Republic of Indonesia (1974). Chapter VII Transitional Provisions, Art. 91
62.^ As part of the autonomy package was the introduction of the Papuan People's Council tasked with arbitration and speaking on behalf of Papuan tribal customs, however, the implementation of the autonomy measures has been criticized as half-hearted and incomplete. Dursin, Richel; Kafil Yamin (18 November 2004). "Another Fine Mess in Papua". Editorial (The Jakarta Post). http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm. Retrieved 5 October 2006. ; "Papua Chronology Confusing Signals from Jakarta". The Jakarta Post. 18 November 2004. http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm#Papua%20Chronology%20Confusing%20Signals%20from%20Jakarta. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
63.^ International Monetary Fund (April 2006). Estimate "World Economic Outlook Database". Press release. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2005&ED=2005&R1=1&R2=1&CS=3&SS=2&OS=C&DD=0&OUT=1&C=536&S=PPPWGT-PPPPC&RequestTimeout=120&CMP=0&x=45&y=5 Estimate. Retrieved 5 October 2006. ; "Indonesia Regions". Indonesia Business Directory. http://www.indonext.com/Regions/. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
64.^ Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 139, 181, 251, 435. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
65.^ Central Intelligence Agency (17 October 2006). "Rank Order Area". The World Factbook. US CIA, Washington, DC. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html. Retrieved 3 November 2006.
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