HEDAIT360

Top 10 Social Media Resources for encouraging your business

2023-10-02T11:07:00.003+06:00

In today's digital age, leveraging social media is crucial for businesses looking to expand their reach, engage with customers, and boost their brand presence. With numerous social media platforms available, it's essential to choose the right ones for your business niche and target audience. Here are the top 10 social media resources that can help encourage and grow your business:

Facebook: As one of the largest social networks, Facebook offers a diverse user base and powerful advertising tools. It's an excellent platform for creating a business page, sharing updates, and running targeted ads.

Instagram: Perfect for businesses with visually appealing products or services, Instagram is all about captivating visuals. Use Instagram to showcase your brand's personality through photos, videos, and Stories.

LinkedIn: Ideal for B2B businesses and professional networking, LinkedIn is a platform for building industry connections, sharing thought leadership content, and recruiting top talent.

Twitter: With its real-time nature, Twitter is great for sharing quick updates, engaging in conversations, and monitoring industry trends. Use relevant hashtags to increase discoverability.

YouTube: Video content is king, and YouTube is the go-to platform for sharing video content. Create informative, entertaining videos that showcase your expertise and products.

Pinterest: If your business relies on visual inspiration, Pinterest can drive traffic and sales. Pin images and content that resonate with your target audience's interests.

Snapchat: For reaching a younger demographic, Snapchat offers fun and creative marketing opportunities through Stories, filters, and geofilters.

TikTok: Harness the power of short-form video content to entertain and engage users. TikTok's algorithm can help your videos go viral if they catch on with the community.

Reddit: Participate in relevant subreddits to connect with passionate communities and share valuable insights, but be sure to follow the platform's guidelines.

WhatsApp: Use WhatsApp Business to provide personalized customer support and engage with customers directly through messaging. It's especially useful for international audiences.

Remember that success on social media requires a well-thought-out strategy, consistent posting, and genuine engagement with your audience. Each platform has its unique strengths, so tailor your approach to align with your business goals and the preferences of your target audience. Be sure to track your performance using analytics tools and adjust your strategy accordingly to maximize the impact of your social media efforts.

This information should help you understand the top social media resources and how to leverage them for your business's benefit.

Book fair 2021 in Digital Information Center

2021-04-05T21:12:00.004+06:00

BsIDB BHABAN ( IT SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMME)

2021-02-16T20:08:00.006+06:00

What is information technology (IT)

2020-04-26T17:12:00.000+06:00

What is information technology (IT)

The concept of information technology refers to the use of telecommunications equipment and computers for the transmission, processing and storage of data. The notion covers issues related to computing, electronics and telecommunications.

Importantly, the idea of information technology emerged in the mid-twentieth century. However, the human being already stored, processed and transmitted information several millennia before Christ. These processes, of course, were very different from the current ones.

Throughout history, the need to store and spread information has become increasingly important, and today they are basic questions for the development of human life. Many of the limitations of the early days of computing have been overcome, such as device dimensions, processing speed, and memory volatility (early storage media were unable to retain data once it was interrupted electricity supply, as it happens with RAM), but there are still many pending challenges, the stability of the Internet being one of the main ones, without neglecting the abysmal differences between providers from developed countries versus underdeveloped ones.

This makes the notion associated with computers, although it also includes other devices such as televisions, phones, and tablets. Today, information technology is essential in a large number of fields, from academic to work, through leisure and interpersonal communications.

Most companies today make constant use of information technology. Let's take the case of a clothing store that has a website where it presents data on its products and also uses email to contact its customers and suppliers. On the premises, a computer allows to record the operations and issue the invoices that they deliver to the buyers. Stock movements are also recorded on the computer.

Many people also appeal to information technology in everyday life, communicating by email, chat, or phone; watching television for information; and using video game consoles for entertainment, to name just a few activities.

One of the most popular jobs today is Information Technology Service Management, which comes from the English Information Technology Service Management, and is generally known as IT Management, even in Spanish-speaking countries (note that the acronym for "information technology" in English is written with the letters in the opposite order to that of our language).

It is expected that a professional in this field has acquired the necessary knowledge to design, develop, apply and maintain computer information systems, in addition to being able to provide support to the other employees of the company in which he works. This is a complementary role, for example, to that of the programmers, since they are in charge of the installation and maintenance of all the programs used in the company, the administration and repair of networks and the updating of devices.

Every time the operating system, antivirus or one of the company's programs must be installed or updated, the person responsible for IT Management takes action; likewise, you must assist your colleagues in solving software and hardware problems, take care of replacing faulty parts, design and implement the structure of networks to supply all employees with Internet and intranet connections, and even write small programs. Computer systems that serve to streamline certain processes and thus avoid the need to work on each individual computer.

What is the difference between a 32 and-64 bit CPU?

2020-04-13T12:40:00.000+06:00

What is a Processor?

The processor is the basic device of the PC, it is the unit that is in charge of the information processing and the work speed of the computer. Formerly, it was known as CPU (Central Processing Unit). These equipments are integrated circuits that work with a small internal clock, which emits frequency pulses (clock cycles) and each pulse represents a task that can be performed by the PC.

We can say that a processor is responsible for ordering the PC to perform as many operations as pulses generated by its internal clock. The higher the speed, the more power the processor will have.

Differences between 32-bit and 64-bit processors

The main difference between 32-bit and 64-bit processors is the number of applications that can run them simultaneously (power), without generating errors or problems with the applications.

That is, a 32-bit processor may have a number of applications open, for example, about 3. If we want to open 5 more, the system will start to slow down and possibly create some errors that may even close the programs, since The power of these processors is more limited. Meanwhile, the 64-bit processor will have no problem executing all these actions at the same speed and with the same efficiency without compromising its performance.

Another appreciable difference is the amount of memory these processors can support. 32-bit processors have a limit of 4 GB of RAM, while 64-bit processors can work with a huge number of memory, which can exceed 16 GB and reach TB.

We can say, then, that the main difference is the processing capacity (almost double that of 64 GB), which allows us to obtain better PC performance and optimal operation of the operating system.

Utility of 32 and 64-bit processors

Most 64-bit processors are used by companies or companies, which requires enormous power to process data and must not use 64-bit operating systems, which can only be run by processors of this capacity.

In general, an average user does not require as much RAM, so a 32-bit processor is quite good for personal or home PCs. Note that 32-bit processors cannot run 64-bit operating systems.

Although most of the current processors are 64-bit, you should not worry if you have a 32-bit one, since if you are a user who does not open more than 5 applications at the same time or does not need more than 4 GB Of RAM, you can work seamlessly with a 32-bit processor, without having to migrate to a 64-bit processor.

#Motherboard_Components

2020-04-10T17:05:00.000+06:00

Also known as a motherboard, mobo (abbreviation), MB (abbreviation), system board, and even logic board, a computer motherboard is used to connect all parts of a computer. The processor, memory, hard drives, graphics card, expansion cards, and other ports connect to the motherboard directly or via cables.

The motherboard is the piece of computer hardware that can be thought of as the "backbone" of the PC, or rather as the hub where all the pieces are kept together. Phones, tablets, and other small devices also have motherboards, but they are often called logic boards or PCBs. Its components are often soldered directly to the board to save space, which means there are no expansion slots for upgrades like those seen on desktop computers. Going back a few years, the IBM computer that was released in 1981 is considered to be the first computer motherboard. However, currently the most popular motherboard manufacturers are ASUS, MSI, Gigabyte, EVGA, Supercomputer or the classic Biostar.

Parts of a motherboard

Everything behind the computer case is somehow connected to the motherboard so that all components can communicate with each other. This includes graphics cards, sound cards, hard drives, optical drives, microprocessor (1 or 2), RAM, USB connections or power from the power supply. On a motherboard, there are also expansion slots, jumpers, capacitors, device and data power connections, fans, heat sinks, and screw holes. All of these components will be detailed below.

Important facts about the motherboard

PC's motherboards, power supplies, and boxes come from the factory in different sizes, which are known as "form factors." These three components of a PC have to be compatible in terms of size in order to function properly.

Motherboards vary greatly with respect to the types of components they support. For example, each motherboard supports a single CPU type and a short list of memory types. Also, some graphics cards, ram memories, hard drives, and other peripherals may not be compatible. The motherboard manufacturer should provide clear guidance on component compatibility.

In laptops and tablets, and increasingly even in desktop computers, the motherboard usually incorporates the functions of the video card and the sound card. This helps keep these types of computers small. However, it also prevents those built-in components from being updated.

Furthermore, poor cooling mechanisms of the motherboard can damage the hardware connected to it. This is why high-performance devices like high-end CPUs and video cards are often cooled with heat sinks, and built-in sensors are often used to sense temperature and communicate with the BIOS or operating system to regulate the fan speed.

Devices attached to a motherboard often require device drivers to be manually installed to work with the operating system.

Physical description of a motherboard

On a PC, the motherboard mounts inside the case or chassis, facing the side with the easiest access. It is securely fixed using small screws through pre-drilled holes. The front of the motherboard contains ports to which all internal components connect. A single socket / socket houses the processor, while multiple slots allow the connection of one or more memory modules. We also find other ports that reside on the motherboard, which allow the hard drive and optical drive to connect via data cables.
The small cables on the front of the computer case connect to the motherboard to allow the power, power button, and LED lights to work. Power from the power supply is supplied to the motherboard through a specially designed port.

Also, on the front of the motherboard are a series of peripheral card slots. These slots are where most video cards, sound cards, and other expansion cards are connected to the motherboard. On the left side of the motherboard (the side facing the rear of the chassis) there are a number of ports. These ports allow connection of most external computer peripherals such as monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, network cable, and much more.

All modern motherboards also include USB ports and, increasingly, other ports such as HDMI, USB Type C with Thunderbolt 3 or Mini DisplayPort that allow compatible devices to connect to the computer when needed, such as digital cameras, printers and more.

What is on a motherboard?

Laptop motherboards do the same job as PC motherboards, but they're custom-made and vary greatly in design and layout. Also, although a PC motherboard is designed to have room to add additional components, on a laptop motherboard the only thing that can usually be upgraded is RAM.

That being said, these are the main components of a motherboard:

CPU socket (processor)

This is where the CPU, or processor, connects. All modern computers have large cooling devices on top of the processor, which typically consists of a finned metal block and a fan. The socket is carefully designed so that the processor will only fit in the right place.

Also known as a microprocessor or processor, the CPU is the brain of the computer. It is responsible for obtaining, decoding, and executing program instructions, as well as performing mathematical and logical calculations.

The processor chip is identified on its surface by the type of processor and the manufacturer. This information is usually inscribed on the chip itself. For example, Intel 386, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) 386, Cyrix 486, Pentium MMX, Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5, Intel Core i7, Intel Core i9, AMD Threadripper or AMD Ryzen.

If the processor chip is not on the motherboard, you can identify the processor socket as socket 1 to socket 8, LGA 775 and several more. This can help you identify the processor that fits in the socket. For example, a 486DX processor fits socket 3. An Intel Core i-7 8700K processor to socket LGA 1151, an i9-7900X to socket LGA 2011, or first and second generation AMD Ryzen to AM4.

RAM memory slots (DDR memory)

Most desktop computers have two, four, or eight slots for RAM. More slots means more RAM can be adjusted, up to the maximum specified in the motherboard manual. In notebooks, the RAM slots are usually the only part of the motherboard that the user can replace.

RAM modules are long and thin. The slots have a mechanism along which corresponds to a gap in the RAM module, so the module will only fit in the right way. This gap also ensures that incompatible RAM cannot be installed on a board, such as an older DDR2 module on a modern DDR4 motherboard.

Random access memory, or RAM, usually refers to computer chips that temporarily store dynamic data to improve computer performance while it is working.

In other words, it is the workplace of the computer, where the active programs and data are loaded so that each time the processor needs them, you do not have to recover them from the hard disk.

Random access memory is volatile, which means that it loses its content once the computer is turned off. This is different from nonvolatile memory, such as hard drives and flash memory, which do not require a power source to hold data.

When a computer is properly shutdown, all data located in RAM is returned to permanent storage on the hard drive or flash drive. At the next boot, the RAM begins to fill with programs loaded automatically at startup, a process called startup.

Expansion slots: PCI Express and PCI

They are used to add additional components to your PC, such as graphics or sound cards. There are two main types of expansion slots: PCI Express and the outdated PCI. PCI Express slots come in three sizes and speed ratings: x1, x4, and x16, to fit different types of cards.

On many PCs, these slots may never be used. All motherboards have built-in sound, and many CPUs have integrated graphics components. However, gaming-built computers often have powerful dedicated graphics cards in a PCI Express x16 slot, and some audiophiles prefer dedicated sound cards to improve audio quality, although the latest motherboard releases have greatly improved the quality of the integrated sound card: nichicon capacitors, EMI protection, good dedicated chips and above all highly developed software.

The PCI slot is for older expansion cards and they have always been compatible with sound cards, network cards, connection cards. Although it is less and less common to see them on mid-range and high-end motherboards, where PCI Express slots predominate.

The buses carry signals such as data, memory addresses, power, and component-to-component control signals. Other types of buses are ISA and EISA, but they only appear on old motherboards.

Expansion buses enhance the capabilities of PCs by allowing users to add missing features to their computers by inserting adapter cards into expansion slots.

A quick summary of the main expansion slots:

ISA and / or VESA connection: Obsolete and that began to be used in the first 386.

PCI connection: still seen, but at the time of Pentium I was a standard with the arrival of 3D graphics cards like VOODOO.

PCI Express connection: We find it in different speeds: x1, x4 and x16. They are the usual expansion slots that make up current motherboards.

Storage connectors

These connectors are for mechanical hard drives, solid state storage (SSD) devices, and optical storage devices such as DVD burners.

There are two types of connectors: SATA 2 and the fastest SATA 3. SATA 2 is fast enough for traditional mechanical hard drives and optical drives, while SSDs require SATA 3 to run at full speed.

SATA 2 devices work well with SATA 3 connectors, but SATA 3 devices connected to SATA 2 connectors can work at reduced speeds.

PS / 2 connectors for keyboard and mouse

Most keyboards and mice now connect via USB, but there are still some models that use the old round PS / 2 connector, which can still be found even on new motherboards. A classic connection that was once repeated twice on the motherboard and now with luck in one.

Graphics connectors (for monitors)

If your microprocessor has integrated graphics, it will use these connectors to connect to the monitor. If you have a dedicated graphics card, you will use the connectors on the back of it.

Different motherboards have different connectors, like DisplayPort, HDMI, DVI, and sometimes the older VGA. You will need a port that matches your monitor, but be aware that a DVI port can be used with an HDMI monitor and vice versa using cheap adapters. HDMI and Displayport connections carry audio too, but

USB ports

Almost everything you connect to your computer from the outside, from keyboards to mice and printers, connects to a USB port. There are two types of full-size USB that you will be familiar with: USB 2 and USB 3. A USB 3 is much faster and better suited for devices like USB 3 external hard drives, where the extra speed will really make a difference.

Most motherboards have USB 2 and USB 3 connectors, and all USB 2, USB 3, and USB 3.1 devices will work when connected to either port; although they may work a little slower on USB 2.

Modern motherboards now also come with second-generation USB-C. With greatly improved read rates with each update.

Network port

Not all laptops have wired network ports (some come with a USB with a Gigabit connection), but they are still found on virtually all desktops. This is where an Ethernet (network) cable connects to create a wired, rather than a wireless, network connection to a home router or office network.

All modern motherboards have Gigabit Ethernet ports, also called 10/100/1000, which means they can transfer data at 1,000 megabits per second (Mbit / s), or a theoretical maximum of 125 megabytes per second (MB / s) . Although in the very near future 10 Gigabit connections will be included in all motherboards.

Northbridge

Also known as the Memory Controller Hub (MCH). It is a chipset that allows the CPU to communicate with RAM and the graphics card.

As of Intel Sandy Bridge in 2011, this motherboard component is no longer present as it has been integrated into the same microprocessor. Clearly improving speed on all hardware.

It is responsible for controlling transfers between the processor and RAM, so it is physically close to the processor. Sometimes it is called GMCH, for Graphic and Memory Controller Hub.

CMOS Battery (RAM CMOS)

The CMOS battery found in most motherboards is the CR2032 lithium battery.

Provides power to store BIOS settings and keep the real-time clock running.

Motherboards also include a separate small block of memory made of CMOS RAM chips that is kept alive by a battery (known as a CMOS battery) even when the PC is turned off. This prevents reconfiguration when the PC is on.

CMOS devices require very little power to operate. The CMOS RAM is used to store basic information about the PC configuration.

Other important data that is stored in CMOS memory is the time and date, which are updated using a real time clock (RTC).

Southbridge

Also known as an I / O Controller Hub.

It is a chipset that enables the CPU to communicate with PCI slots, PCI-Express x1 slots (expansion cards), SATA connectors (hard drives, optical drives), USB ports (USB devices), Ethernet ports, and integrated audio.

Handles communications between slower peripheral devices. Also called ICH (I / O Controller Hub). The term "bridge" is generally used to designate a component that connects two buses.

ATX power connector

Connects to the 24-pin ATX power cable from a power supply that supplies power to the motherboard. Auxiliary we can find extra power connections in 4 or 8-pin format, on high-end motherboards the normal thing is to see: 24 power pins and two 8-pin EPS connections. The Intel LGA 2066 (Intel Core i9 processor) and AMD TR4 (Theadripper) platforms

MSATA and / or M.2 NVME connector

Connects to an mSATA or M.2 NVME solid state drive. In most cases, this SSD is used as a cache to speed up hard drives, but it can be reused as a normal hard drive. It is currently difficult to find in home portable devices, but a business notebook can still bring us some surprises.

Power and reset button

Built-in button to turn on, turn off and restart the computer. This motherboard component is more common among high-end motherboards.

Basic Input / Output System (BIOS)

BIOS stands for Basic Input / Output System. BIOS is a read-only memory, which consists of low-level software that controls the system hardware and acts as an interface between the operating system and the hardware.

All motherboards include a small block of ROM (Read Only Memory) that is separate from the main system memory used to load and run the software. On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code necessary to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial ports, and various other functions.

The system BIOS is a ROM chip on the motherboard that is used during the boot routine (boot process) to check the system and prepare to run the hardware. The BIOS is stored on a ROM chip because the ROM retains information even when no power is supplied to the computer.

Memory Cache

Cache is a small block of high-speed memory (RAM) that improves PC performance by preloading information from main memory (relatively slow) and passing it on to the processor on demand.

Most CPUs have an internal cache (built into the processor) known as Level 1 (L1) or primary cache memory. This can be supplemented by external cache memory installed on the motherboard. This is Level 2 (L2) or secondary cache.

Chipsets

A chipset is a group of small circuits that coordinate the flow of data to and from the key components of a PC. These key components include the CPU itself, main memory, secondary cache, and any devices located on the buses. A chipset also controls the flow of data to and from hard drives and other devices connected to IDE channels.

A computer has two main chipsets: northbridge and southbridge

Final words and conclusion about the components of a motherboard

With this we finish our article on what are the most important components of a motherboard. As we have seen at first glance, the components of a motherboard can seem complicated to understand, it can even be somewhat discouraging for some.

#WHAT_IS_COMPUTER_NETWORKING ?

2020-04-05T13:34:00.000+06:00

A network is a set of computers connected to each other that can share information, (documents, images, etc), resources (printers, hard drives) and services. A network can be consisting of two computers or even having thousands of computers distributed all over the world (like the Internet).

Types of networks:

According to its size or coverage area:

Local Area Networks (LAN): small extension networks, as in a home, an institute, a university or a company.

Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): Cover a larger area like a city or a municipality.

Wide Area Networks (WAN): connect computers between cities, countries or different continents.

According to your level of access or privacy:

Internet: It is a worldwide network of computer networks. It has public access.
Intranet: It is a local network that uses Internet tools (web, mail, FTP, etc). It can consider as a private Internet that works within the same institution.
Extranet: It is a virtual private network; is part of the Intranet of an organization that extends to users outside of it.

According to its functional relationship:

Client-server: Clients use the shared resources and services they provide
servers: web, data, print, etc.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks: All devices can act as clients or
servers.

According to its topology

Basic networking concepts:

Communication: It is the process that takes a message from a sender through a channel to a
receiver. In a network, computers are transmitters and receivers at the same time. The channel is the
means by which the data circulates: cables, fiber, etc.

Protocol: It is the language and the set of rules by which the sender and receiver communicate. Internet protocol is the most used: TCP / IP

Private IP Address: Identifies each device on the network. It consists of 4 numbers
separated by points, with values from 0 to 255. The IP of a computer does not transcend on the Internet, since that it is the router through its external IP that is identified in the requests.

Public IP Address: Public IP is the IP address that is visible from the Internet. It is usually the one with the router or modem. It is the one that gives "the face" to the Internet. This IP is usually provided by the ISP (a company that gives you internet access: Cable One, AT&T Internet Services, etc.).

Gateway: It is the IP address through which the local network goes abroad, either another network or
Internet. It is usually the IP of the router (192.168.1.1). It is the same for all teams that share the router.

Netmask: Resembles the IP address, but determines what part of the IP address specifies the team and what part of the subnet it belongs to. It is used to create subnets. The most common mask in small networks is 255.255.255.0 and it indicates that the first three 8-bit packets from the IP are intended to identify the network and only the fourth to identify the equipment so it offers us a theoretical maximum of 253 connectable devices since 0 is the network identifier address, 1 is the default for the router and 255 for broadcast, so these values can no longer be used.

Workgroup: Computers are grouped into subnets for ease of use. For the ones
Computers on the same network can communicate must be in the same workgroup.

DNS (Domain Name System): IP addresses are difficult to remember. Thus DNS is used to translate IP addresses into easy names for us (Ex:www.google.es). The default DNS servers used are those provided by the ISP with the one that contracts the service (Movistar, Vodafone, etc). There are also free DNS like the new ones Free DNS of Google 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.8.4 that can replace the DNS of our providers in the case of having navigation problems.

Network card: It is a hardware element whose function is to send and receive information to the rest
of the computers. It can be integrated into the motherboard or connected in a slot expansion. Each card has a unique identifier called a mac address, it consists of a 6-byte (48-bit) hexadecimal identifier. The first 3 bytes, called OUI, indicate the manufacturer and the other 3 serve to differentiate the cards produced by it. For example: 00-80-5A-39- 0F-DE.

Port: Interface to communicate with a program through the network. Example: HTTP service
uses port 80.

Interconnection devises:

Network cards :
They are the devices through which information is sent between the network and the computer. We have the following types:

PCI to cable (Ethernet). It connects to the motherboard.
Wireless PCI. It connects to the motherboard.
Wireless USB. Connects via USB.
Wireless MiniPCI. For laptops.

Routers:

They are devices that connect different networks of computers. For example a LAN network with
Internet. We have the following types:

Router with cables.
Wireless router.
Modem-USB.

Network cables:

They connect network devices to each other by a wire. They are the physical channel through which
transmit the data. They may be:
Coaxial cable: It is similar to that of the television antenna. It connects with the BNC connector.
Twisted pair: It is similar to the telephone cable. It consists of 8 braided conductive wires. There are
various categories (cat5e, cat6, cat6e). Connects with an RJ-45 type connector.
Optical fiber: The information is sent in the form of a light beam at a high speed.

Devices to communicate several computers on the same network with each other:

Hub. The information it receives is sent to all ports.
Switch. The information it receives is only sent to the port of the destination device.
Access point. It works just like a switch but sends the information over wifi.

Web server:

A web server is a program that runs continuously on a computer, keeping waiting for execution requests from a client or an Internet user. The server the web is responsible for answering these requests appropriately, delivering, as a result, a web page or information of all kinds according to the requested commands. At this point it is necessary to clarify the following: while the word server is commonly used to refer to a computer with server software installed, strictly speaking, the server is the software that allows the performance of the described functions.

The server would become the "home" (host or accommodation) of the sites we visit on the Internet.

The sites are hosted on computers with installed servers, and when a user visits them they are these computers that provide the user with interaction with the site in question. When a web hosting plan is contracted with a company, the latter provides a server to site owner to host it; there are two options, choose a "server dedicated ", which refers to a server computer dedicated exclusively to the site of the

client (for high demand applications), or a "shared server", which means that a same server (served computer + program) will be used for multiple clients sharing the resources.

Connecting an ADSL network

In the image, we see the way to connect the computers to a network with an Internet connection by

ADSL. We can see that the telephones on the line with ADSL must have microfilters to avoid interference when speaking.

Network settings in Windows:

1. It must be opened in Control Panel - Networks and Internet - Network and Resource Center

shared

2. Click Change adapter settings to view the network status.

3. Double click on the adapter that we want to configure.

4. Click on the Properties button and double click on Internet Protocol version 4

(TCP / iPv4) and again the Properties button.

5. Here we choose between Obtain an IP address automatically if our provider has

offered to get the configuration by DHCP (most common); o Use the following IP address to perform manual configuration of IPs, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS.

Creating a home network in windows:

In order to create a home network that allows us to share files and folders, we have to give a name to our team and the working group (this has to be the same in all computers on the network). For this, we right-click on the windows icon that It is on the left in the taskbar and this screen appears:

We click on change settings and a new window appears in which by clicking On changing we write the name of our team and that of the working group. The computer will ask us to restart the computer. Later we go to Control Panel - Networks and Internet -

Network and shared resources center and click on homegroup and then create a homegroup.

We choose which files and devices we want to share and at the end, it gives us a password that

It will be the one that we have to introduce in all the computers in the network in which we will repeat these steps.

Folders can also be shared more easily without having to be in its workgroup. To do this we mark the folder and clicking with the right button click on share with - specific users and then click on add -

we choose everyone's option - share.

DOS Commands for Networks:

There are DOS commands (Enter with cmd) that help us to have information and verify the correct

operation of our network.

ipconfig: It shows us the configuration values of our network. For more information put ipconfig / all and in this way, we would have data such as our IP, gateway, DNS servers or the MAC address of our network card.

ping: It allows us to verify the operation of our network both during its configuration and to detect possible failures in it. The ping command sends a packet of 32 information bits that the destination reads and responds to in the same way so it must match the response information. It also gives us the time it takes for two points to connect remotely. Some practical checking utilities would be:

a) Know the IP of a web page.

ping www.google.es

b) Verify the network card

ping IP of my computer

c) Verify the equipment wiring to the network

ping IP of another computer

d) Verify general wiring

ping gateway

e) Verify internet connection

ping IP web page (216.58.211.99 www.google.es)

f) Verify DNS servers

ping www.google.es

Tracert : con sends echo packets (same as ping) but it shows us the route it takes to the destination we want to reach, showing us on that path data such as the hosts by which passes and the time it takes for each jump to reach the destination. Tracert has an advantage against in ping and is that here we can see how far and host we got in case. we have a failure in communication with the destination. There are also more visual programs that show us all the communication nodes on the map, such as the visual route, but they are paying (you have 15 days free trial). We can also see the physical situation of an IP in web pages like http://www.ip-tracker.org/

Netstat: This command included in all Windows operating systems, allows monitoring and be aware of all the connections established between our PC and the outside world. With the orders are introduced that allow us to see, know, detect and identify connections active established abroad, both incoming and outgoing, its origin and IP address of origin, know the ports that we have open to listen, see and identify the connections incoming and network intrusions on our PC, know if we have programs that establish contact with a remote host, etc.

Thanks

What is computer software?

2020-04-01T13:38:00.000+06:00

The software is the set of instructions that a computer must follow, that is, all those instructions on what to do and how. The concept of software encompasses everything that is intangible on the computer, which cannot be touched, such as programs and operating systems.

This definition contrasts with hardware, which refers to the physical components of the computer, those devices, devices and equipment that can be touched, seen and manipulated. Without the software, no matter how big or expensive the hardware is, it won't work.

In fact, the word software comes from English; it means "soft merchandise", as opposed to hardware, which means "hard merchandise". Today, the word software has become global as a synonym for computer instructions.

If we compare a computer with a human being, the software would become like the signals of the nervous system that control the functioning of the body.

Types of software:

The software's are varied and must be adapted to the electronic equipment that you want to operate. For example, planes, smartphones, and word processors work with different software.

When we use the computer to listen to music, while we write a text and search for information on the internet, many software is active at the same time. Let's see the different types of software.

BIOS
The basic input/output system or BIOS (for its acronym in English, basic input-output system) is the initial software with which the computer starts and starts. It is the essential software for any computer.

Operating systems:

Its function is to control the physical part of a computer to facilitate its use by the user. The operating system takes control of the computer's activities after the BIOS completes its power-on job.

There are various operating systems, among which we can mention Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux for personal computers, iOS, and Android for tablets and smartphones.

The operating system optimizes the use of the processor, memory and input/output equipment allowing users to run various programs efficiently. The database system tries to maximize memory and disk usage to allow different users to access data at the same time.

Utility programs
They are computer maintenance programs. For example information system, disk utility, console, and terminal.

Application software
An application is a software that helps us do something productive or fun on the computer. It is written to perform a particular function. This function does not have to be directly related to the computer. For example, a word processor helps users create texts.

There are two types of application software: generic commercial mass-use software, and custom-made software. Among the best known generic applications we have:

Powerpoint, with which you can make presentations,
The calculator is the calculator,
Google Chrome, to browse the internet,
DVD player: with which DVDs are read, among others.

An example of custom-made application software is the banking system, which handles a particular domain such as a bank's customers, accounts, investments, interest, and deposits.

Communication software
Communication software enables processes for computers to communicate with each other. Examples of these are FTP, email, chat rooms and messaging programs.

Embedded software

Video game equipment works with embedded software.

Embedded software is part of electronic equipment and is used to control the functions of the physical parts of the equipment. For example, on television sets, airplanes, and video games. When an operator presses a button on an airplane controls command, the software performs the corresponding function.

It is characterized because it is designed based on electronic equipment. For example, when we press the microwave keyboard to heat for two minutes at high power, the embedded system orders the microwave to operate at full voltage and turn off after a certain time.

How is the software written?

The basic form of the first software was binary code. This is a numbering system in which there are only two numbers: 0 and 1. Currently, programmers and software engineers write in programming languages, the best known being C ++, Ada, R and JavaScript

Importance of the software:
Today, the software is used to control virtually any electronic device. They are found in the control systems of airplanes, transport and power plants. Also in the electronic devices that we use frequently, such as ovens, microwaves, television, and refrigerators.

Medical equipment such as pacemakers and diagnostic equipment are also controlled by software. In short, modern society depends on the correct operation of the software.

Software engineering
It refers to the application of engineering principles in software construction, that is, the development, operation, and maintenance of software. The professional in charge of this task is known as a system engineer.

Let's make the analogy between a programmer and a system engineer. A programmer writes a complete program as a personalized activity. Instead, a system engineer writes part of the software that will be combined with others to build a system as part of teamwork.

See also What is hardware?

WHAT_IS_RANSOMWARE?

2020-03-25T07:42:00.000+06:00

Ransomware is a type of malware: that is, malicious or malicious software. It is a computer program that, by infecting a computer, prevents its normal use or restricts access to documents, demanding payment for the restoration of normal operation.

Typically, the user installs the ransomware without realizing it, by following a deceptive link that appears on a website or in an email. Once installed, this program can encrypt files or even lock the screen.

With the infection already produced, the creator of the ransomware demands a "ransom" to free the system. The amount requested usually depends on the consequences that the attack generates: if the ransomware causes financial losses to a company, for example, it is possible that a lot of money will be requested.

The first cases linked to ransomware date back to 2005. Often criminals resort to fake messages posing as reputable companies, encouraging users to click on a link. Whoever falls into the trap ends up installing the ransomware.

Computer security specialists emphasize the importance of prevention to prevent ransomware from affecting computers. This is relevant since, even if the user ends up paying what is asked of him, nothing guarantees that he will regain control and full access to his system.

Experts recommend using a firewall when browsing the Internet and have a reliable and updated antivirus. Furthermore, they suggest not opening suspicious emails or entering potentially dangerous websites.

#History_of _Computer? / #what_is_computer?

2020-03-22T13:43:00.000+06:00

The first mechanical calculating machine, a precursor to the digital computer, was invented in 1642 by the French mathematician Blaise Pascal. That device used a series of ten-tooth wheels with each tooth representing a digit from 0 to 9. The wheels were connected in such a way that numbers could be added together by advancing the correct number of teeth. In 1670 the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz perfected this machine and invented one that could also multiply.

The French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard, when designing an automatic loom, used thin perforated wooden plates to control the fabric used in complex designs. During the 1880s the American statistician Herman Hollerith conceived the idea of using punched cards, similar to Jacquard plates, to process data. Hollerith managed to compile statistical information for the 1890 population census of the United States by using a system that passed punch cards over electrical contacts.

The analytical machine:

Also in the 19th century, the British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage elaborated on the principles of the modern digital computer. He invented a series of machines, like the differential machine, designed to solve complex mathematical problems. Babbage and his partner, the British mathematician Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1852), daughter of the English poet Lord Byron, are considered by many historians to be the true inventors of the modern digital computer. The technology of that time was not capable of translating its correct concepts into practice; but one of his inventions, the analytical machine, already had many of the characteristics of the modern computer. It included a stream, or input stream in the form of a punch card package, a memory for storing data, a processor for math, and a printer for permanent recording.

First computers:

Analog computers began to be built in the early 1900s. The first models made calculations using shafts and rotating gears. With these machines, the numerical approximations of equations too difficult to be solved by other methods were evaluated. During the two world wars, analog computer systems, first mechanical and later electrical, were used to predict the trajectory of torpedoes in submarines and to remotely control bombs in aviation.

Electronic computers:

During World War II (1939-1945), a team of scientists and mathematicians working in Bletchley Park, North London, created what was considered the first fully electronic digital computer - the Colossus. By December 1943 the Colossus, which incorporated 1,500 valves or vacuum tubes, was already operational. It was used by the team led by Alan Turing to decode encrypted radio messages from the Germans. In 1939 and independently of this project, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry had already built a prototype electronic machine at Iowa State College (USA). This prototype and subsequent investigations were carried out anonymously and were later overshadowed by the development of the Electronic Digital Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) in 1945. The ENIAC, which the evidence showed was largely computer-based Atanasoff-Berry (ABC, acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), obtained a patent that expired in 1973, several decades later.

The ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum valves and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute, but its program was connected to the processor and had to be modified manually. An ENIAC successor was built with program storage that was based on the concepts of the Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann. The instructions were stored within a memory cell, which freed the computer from the speed limitations of the paper tape reader during execution and allowed to solve problems without reconnecting to the computer.

The use of the transistor in computers in the late 1950s marked the advent of smaller, faster, and more versatile logic elements than valve machines allowed. Since transistors use much less energy and have a longer lifespan, their development was due to the birth of more sophisticated machines, which were called computers or second-generation computers. The components became smaller, as well as the spaces between them, making the system cheaper to manufacture.

Integrated circuits

At the end of the 1960s, the integrated circuit (IC) appeared, which made it possible to manufacture several transistors on a single silicon substrate on which the interconnection cables were soldered. The integrated circuit allowed a subsequent reduction in price, size and error rates. The microprocessor became a reality in the mid-1970s with the introduction of the Large Scale Integrated Integration Circuit (LSI), and later with the Large Scale Integration Circuit (VLSI, Acronym for Very Large Scale Integrated), with several thousand interconnected transistors soldered on a single silicon substrate.

COMPUTER HISTORY:

From Abacus to punch card:

THE ABACUS; perhaps it was the first mechanical accounting device to exist. It has been calculated that it originated at least 5000 years ago and its effectiveness has stood the test of time.

THE PASCALINA; The inventor and painter Leonardo Da Vencí (1452-1519) laid out the ideas for a mechanical adder. A century and a half later, the French philosopher and mathematician Balicé Pascal (1623-1662) finally invented and built the first mechanical adder. It was called Pascalina and it worked as machinery based on gears and wheels. Despite the fact that Pascal was praised throughout Europe for his achievements, Pascaline was a heartbreaking financial failure, because, at that time, it was more expensive than human labor for arithmetic calculations.

THE MADNESS OF BABBAGE Charles Babbage (1793-1871), an English visionary and Cambridge professor, could have accelerated the development of computers if he and his inventive mind had been born 100 years later. He advanced the situation of computational hardware by inventing the "difference machine", capable of calculating mathematical tables. In 1834, when working on the advances of the different machine Babbage conceived the idea of an "analytical machine".

In essence, this was a general-purpose computer. Consistent with its design, Babbage's analytical machine could add, subtract, multiply, and divide in automatic sequence at a rate of 60 sums per minute. The design required thousands of gears and mechanisms that would cover the area of a soccer field and would need to be powered by a locomotive. Skeptics nicknamed him "Babbage's Folly". Charles Babbage worked on his analytical machine until his death.

Babbage's detailed strokes described the features now incorporated into the modern electronic computer. If Babbage had lived in the age of electronic technology and precision parts, he would have anticipated the birth of the electronic computer by several decades. Ironically, his work was so neglected that some pioneers in the development of the electronic computer completely ignored his concepts of memory, printers, punch cards, and sequence program control.

THE FIRST PERFORATED CARD; The weaving loom, invented in 1801 by the French Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1753-1834), still used today, is controlled by punch cards. Jackard's loom operates as follows: card cards are strategically punched and arranged in a certain sequence to indicate a particular fabric design. Charles Babbage wanted to apply the Jacquard Loom Punched Cards concept to his analytical engine. In 1843 Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace suggested the idea that punched cards could be adapted in such a way that they would allow Babbage's engine to repeat certain operations. Due to this suggestion, some people consider Lady Lovelace the first programmer.

Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) The US Census Bureau did not complete the 1880 census until 1888. The office leadership had already concluded that the ten-year census would take longer than the same 10 years to complete. The census bureau commissioned statistician Herman Hollerith to apply his punch card experience and conduct the 1890 census.

With Hollerith's punch card processing and punch-card tabulator, the census was completed in just 3 years, and the office saved around $ 5,000,000. So started the automatic data processing. Hollerith did not take the idea of punch cards from Jackard's invention, but from the "punch picture". Some railways of the time issued tickets with physical descriptions of the passenger; the drivers made holes in the tickets that described the passenger's hair color, eye color, and nose shape. That gave Hollerith the idea to make the perforated photograph of each person to be tabulated.

Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company and sold its products worldwide. The demand for its machines even extended to Russia. The first census carried out in Russia in 1897, was recorded with the Hollerith Tabulator. In 1911, the Tabulating Machine Company, by joining with other Companies, formed the Computing-Tabulating-Recording-Company. ELECTROMECHANICAL ACCOUNTING MACHINES (MEC) The results of tabulating machines had to be brought up to date by manual means, until in 1919 the Computing-Tabulating-Recording-Company. announced the appearance of the printer/enumerator. This innovation revolutionized the way the Companies conducted their operations.

To better reflect the scope of its business interests, in 1924 the Company changed its name to international Bussines Machines Corporation (IBM). For decades, since the mid-1950s, the punch card technology was perfected with the introduction of more devices with more complex capabilities. Since each card generally contained a record (A name, address, etc.), punch card processing was also known as unit record processing. The family of electro-mechanical accounting machines (EAM) electromechanical accounting machines of punched card devices comprises card puncher, verifier, player, summary punch, interpreter, classifier, collator, calculator and machine accounting. The machine room operator at a punch card facility had a physically demanding job. Some machine rooms resembled the activity of a factory; punch cards and printed outputs were switched from one device to another in manual carts, the noise it produced was as intense as that of an automobile assembly plant.

Pioneers of computing:

ATANASOFF AND BERRY An old patent for a device that many people believed was the first electronic digital computer, was invalidated in 1973 by order of a federal court, and John V. Atanasoff was officially credited as the inventor of the computer. to electronic digital. Dr. Atanasoff, a professor at Iowa State University, developed the first electronic digital computer between the years 1937 to 1942. He called his invention the Atanasoff-Berry computer, or just ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer). A graduate student, Clifford Berry, was a helpful aid in building the ABC computer.

Some authors consider that there is not a single person to whom the invention of the computer can be attributed, but it was the effort of many people. However, in the old Physics building of the University of Iowa, there is a plaque with the following legend: "The first electronic digital computer of automatic operation in the world was built in this building in

1939 by John Vincent Atanasoff, mathematician and physicist at the University College, who conceived the idea, and by Clifford Edward Berry, a graduate student in physics. "

Mauchly and Eckert, after several conversations with Dr. Atanasoff, reading notes describing the principles of the ABC computer, and seeing her in person, Dr. John W. Mauchly collaborated with J. Presper Eckert, Jr. to develop a machine that calculates trajectory tables for our army. The final product, a large-scale fully operational electronic computer, was completed in 1946 and was called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.

The ENIAC built for World War II applications was completed in 30 months by a team of scientists working under the clock. ENIAC, a thousand times faster than its electromechanical predecessors, burst forth as a major discovery in computing technology. It weighed 30 tons and occupied a space of 450 square meters, filled a room of 6 m x 12 m and with 18,000 bulbs, it had to be programmed manually by connecting it to 3 boards that contained more than 6,000 switches. Entering a new program was a very tedious process that required days or even weeks. Unlike current computers that operate with a binary system (0,1), ENIAC operated with a decimal (0,1,2..9). ENIAC required a large amount of electricity. Legend has it that the ENIAC, built at the University of Pennsylvania, turned down the lights in Philadelphia whenever it was activated. The impressive scale and numerous general applications of ENIAC signaled the beginning of the first generation of computers.

In 1945 John von Neumann, who had worked with Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania, published an article about program storage. The concept of the stored-program allowed the reading of a program in the memory of the computer, and then the execution of its instructions without having to write them again. The first computer to use the aforementioned concept was the so-called EDVAC (Electronic Discrete-Variable Automatic Computer, that is, electronic automatic computer with discrete variable), developed by Von Neumann, Eckert, and Mauchly.

Stored programs gave computers tremendous flexibility and reliability, making them faster and less error-prone than mechanical programs. A stored-program capable computer could be used for various applications by loading and running the appropriate program. Up to this point, programs and data could be entered into the computer only with binary notation, which is the only code that computers "understand".

The next major development in computer design was interpreter programs, which allowed people to communicate with computers using means other than binary numbers. In 1952 Grace Murray Hoper, a U.S. Navy officer, developed the first compiler, a program that can translate English-like statements into a machine-readable binary code called COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Langu aje).

Computer generations

First Generation of Computers

(from 1951 to 1958) First Generation computers used bulbs to process information. Operators entered data and programs in special code using punch cards. Internal storage was accomplished with a rapidly rotating drum, on which a read/write device placed magnetic marks. Those bulb computers were much larger and generated more heat than contemporary models.

Eckert and Mauchly contributed to the development of 1st Generation computers by forming a private company and building UNIVAC I, which the Census Committee used to evaluate the 1950s. IBM had a monopoly on card-based data processing equipment. pierced and was having a big boom in products like meat slicers, grocery scales, watches, and other items; however, he had not obtained the contract for the 1950 Census.

He then started building electronic computers and his first entry was with IBM 701 in 1953. After a slow but exciting start, the IBM 701 became a commercially viable product. However, in 1954, the IBM 650 model was introduced, which is why IBM today enjoys a large share of the computer market. IBM management took a big risk and estimated a sale of 50 computers. This number was greater than the number of computers installed at that time in the U.S. In fact, IBM installed 1,000 computers. The rest is history. Although expensive and of limited use, computers were quickly accepted by private and government companies. In the mid-1950s IBM and Remington Rand established themselves as leaders in computer manufacturing.

Second generation

(1959-1964) Transistor Limited Compatibility The invention of the transistor made possible a new generation of computers, faster, smaller, and with less need for ventilation. However, the cost was still a significant portion of a Company's budget. Second-generation computers also used magnetic core networks instead of rotating drums for primary storage. These nuclei contained small rings of magnetic material, linked together, in which data and instructions could be stored.

Computer programs also improved. COBOL developed during the 1st generation was already commercially available. Programs written for one computer could be transferred to another with minimal effort. Writing a program no longer required a full understanding of computer hardware. 2nd Generation computers were substantially smaller and faster than bulb computers and were used for new applications, such as systems for airline reservations, air traffic control, and general-purpose simulations.

Companies began to apply computers to record storage tasks, such as inventory management, payroll, and accounting. The U.S. Navy used Second Generation computers to create the first flight simulator (Whirlwind I). Honeywell was ranked as the first competitor during the second generation of computers. Burroughs, Univac, NCR, CDC, HoneyWell, IBM's biggest competitors during the 1960s became known as the BUNCH group.

Third generation

(1964-1971) integrated circuits Compatibility with older equipment Multiprogramming Minicomputer Third generation computers emerged with the development of integrated circuits (silicon chips) in which thousands of electronic components are placed, in a miniature integration. Computers again became smaller, faster, gave off less heat, and were more energy efficient. Before the advent of integrated circuits, computers were designed for mathematical or business applications, but not for both.

Integrated circuits allowed computer manufacturers to increase the flexibility of programs, and to standardize their models. The IBM 360, one of the first commercial computers to use integrated circuits, could perform both numerical analysis and file management or processing. Customers were able to scale their 360 systems to larger IBM models and still be able to run their current programs. Computers worked at such speeds that they provided the ability to run more than one program simultaneously (multiprogramming).

For example, the computer could be calculating the payroll and accepting orders at the same time. Minicomputers, With the introduction of the 360 models IBM captured 70% of the market, to avoid competing directly with IBM, the company Digital Equipment Corporation DEC redirected its efforts towards small computers. Much less expensive to buy and operate than

Large computers, Mini Computers were developed during the second generation but reached their peak between 1960 and 70.

The fourth generation

(1971 to date)

Microprocessor

Memory chips.

Microminiaturization

Two improvements in computer technology mark the start of the fourth generation: the replacement of memories with magnetic cores, by those of silicon chips and the placement of many more components in a Chic: product of the micro-miniaturization of the circuits electronic. The small size of the Chips microprocessor made it possible to create personal computers. (PC) Today's LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technologies allow hundreds of thousands of electronic components to be stored in one clip. Using VLSI, a manufacturer can make a small computer rival a first-generation computer that takes up an entire room.

Classification of computers:

Supercomputers

Macrocomputers

Minicomputers

Microcomputers or PC´s

Supercomputers:

A supercomputer is the fastest and most powerful type of computer that exists at any given time. These machines are designed to process huge amounts of information in a short time and are dedicated to a specific task. They are also the most expensive, their prices reach 30 MILLION dollars and more, and they have special temperature control, this to dissipate the heat that some components can have. Some examples of tasks to which supercomputers are exposed are the following:

1. Search and study of nuclear energy and weapons.

2. Search for oil fields with large seismic databases.

3. The study and prediction of tornadoes.

4. The study and prediction of the climate of any part of the world.

5. The elaboration of models and projects of the creation of airplanes, flight simulators. Etc.

Due to their price, very few supercomputers are built in a year. Macrocomputers or Mainframes.

macrocomputers:

Macrocomputers are also known as Mainframes. Mainframes are large, fast, and expensive systems that are capable of controlling hundreds of users simultaneously, as well as hundreds of input and output devices. Mainframes cost from $ 350,000 to several million dollars.

Somehow mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support more programs simultaneously. BUT supercomputers can run a single program faster than a mainframe. In the past, Mainframes occupied entire rooms or even entire floors of a building, today, a Mainframe is similar to a row of filing cabinets in a room with a false floor, this to hide the hundreds of peripheral cables, and their temperature has to be controlled.

Minicomputers:

In 1960 the minicomputer emerged, a smaller version of the Macrocomputer. Being task-oriented, it did not need all the peripherals a Mainframe needs, and this helped to reduce the price and maintenance costs. Minicomputers, in size and processing power, are located between mainframes and workstations. In general, a minicomputer is a multi-process system (several processes in parallel) capable of supporting 10 to 200 users simultaneously. They are currently used to store large databases, industrial automation, and multi-user applications. Microcomputers or PC´s

microcomputers:

Microcomputers or Personal Computers (PCs) had their origin with the creation of microprocessors. A microprocessor is "a computer in a chic", that is, an independent integrated circuit. PCs are computers for personal use and are relatively cheap and are currently found in offices, schools, and homes.

The term PC is derived from the fact that for the year 1981, IBM® released its "IBM PC" model, which became an ideal type of computer for "personal" use, hence the term "PC "it was standardized and the clones that other companies later brought out were called" PC and compatible ", using processors of the same type as IBM, but at a lower cost and being able to run the same type of programs.

There are other types of microcomputers, such as the Macintosh®, which are not compatible with IBM, but which in many cases are also called "PCs", because they are for personal use. Currently, there are several types of PC design: Personal computers, with the mini-tower type cabinet, separated from the monitor. "Laptop" or "Notebook" personal computers. Most common personal computers, with the horizontal cabinet, separate from the monitor. Personal computers that are in a single unit compact the monitor and the CPU.

Laptops are computers that are designed to be transported from one place to another. They are powered by rechargeable batteries, weigh between 2 and 5 kilos and most have an integrated LCD screen (Liquid Crystal Display). Workstations or Workstations The workstations are between the Minicomputers and the macrocomputers (for the processing).

Workstations are a type of computer that is used for applications that require moderate processing power and relatively high-quality graphics capabilities. They are used for: CAD (Computer-Aided Design) engineering applications CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) Advertising Networked Software Creation, the word "workstation" or "workstation" is used to refer to any computer that is connected to a local area network.

Hardware:

Entry

Processing

Secondary Storage

Exit

Hardware Definition:

Hardware is all those physical components of a computer, everything visible and tangible. The hardware performs the 4 fundamental activities: input, processing, output and secondary storage. Input To enter data into the computer, different devices are used, for example, Keyboard The most commonly used input device found in all computer equipment. The keyboard is made up of 3 parts: function keys, alphanumeric keys, and numeric keys.

Mouse:

It is the second most commonly used input device. The mouse or mouse is dragged along a surface to maneuver a pointer on the monitor screen. It was invented by Douglas Engelbart and its name is derived from its shape which resembles that of a mouse.

Optical pencil :

This device is very similar to an ordinary pen but connected to an electrical cord and that requires special software. By making the pen touch the monitor the user can choose the commands of the programs.

Digitizing tablet :

It is a drawing surface with a marking medium that works like a pencil. The tablet converts the movements of this pointer into digitized data that can be read by certain computer packages. Sizes range from letter size to desktop.

Voice input (voice recognition):

They convert a person's voice output into digital signals. Most of these programs have to be "trained" to recognize the commands that the user gives verbally. Voice recognition is used in the medical profession to allow doctors to quickly compile reports. More than 300 Kurzweil Voicemed systems are currently installed in more than 200 Hospitals in the United States. This innovative voice recognition system uses speaker independence technology. This means that a computer does not have to be trained to recognize the language or tone of voice of a single person. You can recognize the same word spoken by various individuals.

Screens sensitive to the touch (Screen Touch):

They allow you to give commands to the computer by touching certain parts of the screen. Very few software programs work with them and users complain that the screens are too far from the keyboard. Its acceptance has been very low. Some department stores employ this type of technology to help customers find goods or services within the store.

Barcode readers These are scanners that read the vertical bars that make up a code. This is known as a Point of Sale (POS). Grocery stores use the Universal Product Code (CUP or UPC). This code identifies the product and at the same time makes the ticket discounted from inventory and will make a purchase order if necessary. Some readers are installed on a physical surface and others are operated manually.

Scanners:

They convert text, color or black and white photos to a form that can be read by a computer. Later this image can be modified, printed and saved. They are capable of digitizing a graphics page in a few seconds and provide a fast, easy and efficient way to enter printed information into a computer; You can also enter information if you have special software called OCR (Optical Character Recognition).

Processing:

The CPU (Central Processor Unit) is responsible for controlling the data flow (I / O Input and Output Activities) and for executing program instructions on the data. Perform all calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and compare numbers and characters). It is the "brain" of the computer.

It is divided into 3 Components

1.Unit of Control (UC)

2.Arithmetic / Logical Unit (UAL)

3.Primary storage area (memory)

Control unit :

It is essentially the one that governs all the activities of the computer, just as the CPU is the brain of the computer, it can be said that the UC is the nucleus of the CPU. It supervises the execution of the programs. It coordinates and controls the computer system, that is, it coordinates I / O activities. It determines what instruction must be executed and makes the data requested by the instruction available. It determines where the data is stored and transfers it from the locations where it is stored. Once the instruction has been executed, the Control Unit must determine where it will put the result for output or for later use.

Arithmetic / Logic Unit:

This unit performs calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and logical operations (comparisons). It transfers data between storage positions. It has a very important record known as ACC Accumulator When performing arithmetic and logical operations, the UAL moves data between it and the storage. The data used in the processing is transferred from its storage location to the UAL. The data is manipulated according to the program's instructions and returned to storage. Since the processing cannot be carried out in the storage area, the data must be transferred to the UAL. To finish an operation it can happen that the data goes from the UAL to the storage area or several times.

Primary storage area:

Memory gives the processor temporary storage for programs and data. All programs and data must be transferred to memory from an input device or from secondary (floppy) storage before the programs can run or process the data. Computers use 2 types of primary memory: ROM (read-only memory), read-only memory, in which certain programs and information needed by the computer are stored, which are permanently recorded and cannot be modified by the programmer.

The basic instructions for starting a computer are recorded here and some notebooks have recorded spreadsheets, basic, etc. RAM (Random access memory), used by the user through its programs, is volatile. The unit's memory allows you to store input data, instructions of the programs that are currently running, the data resulting from the processing and the data that is prepared for output.

The data provided to the computer remains in the primary storage until it is used in processing. During processing, the primary storage stores the intermediate and final data of all operations to rhythmic and logical. Primary storage must also store instructions for programs used in processing. The memory is subdivided into individual cells, each of which has a similar capacity to store data.

Secondary Storage:

Secondary storage is a definitive storage medium (not volatile like that of RAM). The process of transferring data to computer equipment is called a read procedure. The process of transferring data from the computer to storage is called the writing procedure. Currently, two technologies can be mainly used to store information:

1.- Magnetic storage.

2.-Optical storage. Some devices combine both technologies.

Magnetic Storage Devices:

Magnetic Storage

1.- Flexible Disks

2.- Hard Drives

3.- Magnetic Tapes or Cartridges.

Optical Storage:

The need for greater storage capacities has led hardware manufacturers to a continuous search for alternative storage media and, when there are no options, to improve available technologies and develop new ones. Optical storage techniques make it possible to use precise location using laser beams.

Reading information from an optical medium is a relatively easy task, writing it is another matter. The problem is the difficulty in modifying the surface of an optical medium since the optical media physically pierces the surface to reflect or scatter the laser light.

The main optical storage devices are:

1.- CD ROM.- CD Read Only Memory

2.- WORM.- Write Once, Read Many

Magnetic - Optical Media:

These media combine some of the best features of optical and magnetic recording technologies. A MO disc has the capacity of an optical disc but can be rewritten with the ease of a magnetic disc. They are currently available in various sizes and capacities. Exit

The output devices of a computer are the hardware that is responsible for sending a response to the outside of the computer, such as monitors, printers, sound systems, modem. etc.

1.- Monitors:

The monitor or video screen is the most common output device. There are some that are part of the body of the computer and others are separated from it. There are many ways to classify monitors, the basic one is in terms of their color capabilities, they can be: Monochromatic, they display only 2 colors, one for the background and one for the surface. Colors can be black and white, green and black, or amber and black. Grayscale, a grayscale monitor is a special type of monochrome monitor capable of displaying different shades of gray. Color: Color monitors can display 4 to 1 million different colors.

As technology has advanced, different models have emerged: TTL, Monochromatic, very poor resolution, the former did not have the ability to graph. CGA, Color Graphics Adapter, displayed 4 colors, with very poor resolution compared to current monitors, now out of the market. EGA, Enhanced Graphics Adapter, handled a better resolution than the 640x350 pixel CGA. (Pixels are the points of light with which characters and graphics are formed on the monitor, the more pixels the better resolution). They displayed 64 colors. VGA, Video Graphics Array, there are monochrome and color. Suitable for the graphic environment due to its high resolution (640x480 pixels), they can reach up to 256,000 colors or 64 shades of gray depending on the memory allocated to the device. PVGA, Super Video Graphics Array, handles a higher resolution (1,024x768), the number of drop-down colors varies depending on memory but can be greater than 1 million colors.

UVGA, Ultra Video Graphics Array, 1280 x 1024 Resolution. The quality of the images that a monitor can display is defined more by the capabilities of the Video Controller Card than by the capabilities of the monitor itself. The video controller is an intermediary device between the CPU and the monitor. The controller contains the memory and other electronic circuits necessary to send the information to the monitor for display on the screen.

2.- Printers:

The device that converts computer output into printed images. Printers can be divided into 2 types: impact printers and non-impact printers.

IMPACT PRINTERS:

A printer that uses a printing mechanism that impacts the character's image on a ribbon and on paper. Line, dot matrix, and daisy wheel printers are examples of impact printers. Dot Matrix Printer, is the most common printer. It has a movable print head with several dots or needles that when hitting the ink ribbon form characters by means of dots on the paper. The more needles the print head has, the better the quality of the result. There are 10 and 15 ", the speeds vary from 280 cps to 1,066 cps. Margarita printers; it has the same quality of a typewriter using a print disc that contains all the characters, they are out of the market for slow. Line Printers: These are high-speed printers that print one line at a time. They generally connect to large computers and minicomputers. Line printers print one line at a time from approximately 100 to 5000 LPM.

PRINTERS WITHOUT IMPACT:

They make the impression by different methods, but do not use the impact. They are less noisy and print quality is noticeably better than impact printers. The methods they use are the following: Thermal: They print in a similar way to the matrix machine, but the characters are formed by marking points by burning of a special paper. Vel. 80 cps. Faxes work with this method.

Inkjet printer: It emits small jets of ink from disposable cartridges to the paper, there are colored ones. Vel. from 4 to 7 ppm. Electrophotographic or Laser: They create letters and graphics through a photocopying process. A laser beam traces the characters on a photosensitive drum, then attaches the toner to the paper using heat. Very high-resolution quality speeds from 4 to 18 ppm.

Software :

Definition

Classification Operating Systems

S. Programming Languages

General use S. D e application

Software Definition:

Software is the set of instructions that computers use to manipulate data. Without the software, the computer would be an unused set of media. By loading programs onto a computer, the machine will act as if it receives an instant education; suddenly "knows" how to think and how to operate. Software is a set of programs, documents, procedures, and routines associated with the operation of a computer system. Distinguishing itself from the physical components called hardware.

Commonly, computer programs are called software; The software ensures that the program or system fully meets its objectives, operates efficiently, is properly documented, and simple enough to operate. It is simply the set of individual instructions provided to the microprocessor so that it can process the data and generate the expected results. The hardware alone cannot do anything, since it is necessary that the software exists, which is the set of instructions that make the hardware work.

Software Ratings:

The software is classified into 4 different categories: Operating Systems, Programming Languages, General Use Software, Application Software. (some authors consider the 3rd and 4th classification as one).

Operating systems :

The operating system is the manager and organizer of all the activities carried out by the computer. It marks the guidelines according to which information is exchanged between the central and external memory, and determines the elementary operations that the processor can perform. The operating system must be loaded into the central memory before any other information. Programming Languages The programs indicate to the computer what task to perform and how to do it, but for this, it is necessary to enter these commands in a language that the system can understand. In principle, the computer only understands the instructions in machine code, that is, the specific one of the computer. However, from these the so-called high and low-level languages are elaborated.

General Use Software:

General-purpose software provides the framework for a large number of business, scientific, and personal applications. Spreadsheet, Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Word Processing, Database Management software belongs to this category. Most general-purpose software is sold as a package; that is, with user-oriented software and documentation (reference manuals, keyboard templates, and more).

Application software:

The application software is designed and written to perform a specific personal, business, or scientific tasks such as payroll processing, human resource management, or inventory control. All these applications are to process data (a receipt of materials) and generate information (payroll records). for the user. Operating Systems An Operating system (OS) is itself a computer program. However, it is a very special program, perhaps the most complex and important on a computer. The OS wakes up the computer and makes it recognize the CPU, memory, do key, video system, and disk drives. In addition, it provides the facility for users to communicate with the computer and serves as the platform from which to run application programs.

When you turn on a computer, the first thing it does is perform a self-test called a Power On Self Test (POST). During POST, the computer identifies its memory, its disks, its keyboard, its video system and any other device connected to it. The next thing the computer does is search for an OS to boot.

Once the computer has started up its OS, it keeps at least part of it in its memory at all times. While the computer is on, the OS has 4 main tasks. 1. Provide either a command-line interface or a graphical user interface, so that the latter can communicate with the computer. Command-line interface: you enter words and symbols from the computer keyboard, for example, MS-DOS. Graphical User Interface (GUI), you select the actions by using a Mouse to click on figures called icons or select options from the menus. 2. Manage hardware devices on the computer.

When programs run, they need to use memory, monitor, disk drives, In / Out ports (printers, modems, etc). The OS acts as an intermediary between the programs and the hardware. 3. Manage and maintain disk file systems · OSs group information into logical compartments for storage on disk. These informal groups are called archives. Files may contain program instructions or user-created information. The OS maintains a list of the files on a disk and provides us with the necessary tools to organize and manipulate these files. 4.Support other programs.

Another important function of the OS is to provide services to other programs. These services are similar to those that the OS provides directly to users. For example, listing files, burning them to disk, deleting files, reviewing available space, etc. When programmers write computer programs, they include in their program instructions that request OS services. These instructions are known as "system calls"

The Kernel and the Shell:

The core functions of an OS are controlled by the kernel while the user interface is controlled by the environment. For example, the most important part of DOS is a program named "COMMAND.COM". This program has two parts. The kernel, which is kept in memory at all times, contains the low-level machine code to handle the hardware administration for other programs that need these services, and for the second part of COMMAND.COM the shell, which is the command interpreter.

Low-level OS functions and command-interpreting functions are separate, so you can keep the DOS kernel running, but use a different user interface. This is exactly what happens when you load Microsoft Windows, which takes the place of the shell, replacing the command line interface with a graphical user interface. There are many different shells on the market, for example NDOS (Norton DOS), XTG, PC TOOLS, or even the same MS-DOS OS from version 5.0 included a Shell called DOS SHELL.

Categories of Operating Systems MULTITAREA:

The term multitasking refers to the ability of the OS to run more than one program at the same time. There are two schemes that operating system programs use to develop multitasking OS.

The first requires cooperation between OS and application programs. The programs are written in such a way that they periodically check with the OS to see if any other program needs the CPU, if this is the case then they leave control of the CPU to the next program, this method is called cooperative multitasking and It is the method used by the OS of the Machintosh and DOS computers running Microsoft Windows.

The second method is multitasking with prioritization. With this scheme, the OS maintains a list of processes (programs) that are running. When each process in the list starts, the OS assigns it a priority. At any time the OS can step in and change the priority of a process by effectively organizing the priority list, the OS also keeps track of the amount of time it spends with any process before going to the next. With multitasking prioritization, the OS can replace the running process at any time and reassign time to a higher priority task. Unix OS-2 and Windows NT employ this type of multitasking.

MULTI-USER:

A multi-user OS allows more than a single user to access a computer. Of course, to do this, the OS must also be capable of multitasking. Unix is the most widely used Multi-User Operating System. Because Unix was originally designed to run on a minicomputer, it was multi-user and multitasking from its inception.

PC versions of Unix are currently being produced such as The Santa Cruz Corporation Microport, Essex, IBM, and Sunsoft. Apple also produces a version of Unix for the Machintosh called: A / UX. Unix, Unix provides three ways to allow multiple people to use the same PC at the same time.

1.Through modems.

2.Using terminal connection through serial ports

3. Through Networks.

MULTIPROCESS:

Computers that have more than one CPU are called multithreaded. A multithreaded operating system coordinates the operations of multiprocessor computers. Since each CPU in a multithreaded computer may be executing one instruction, the other processor is freed to process other instructions simultaneously. By using a computer with multithreaded capabilities we increase its response speed and processes.

Almost all computers that have multithreaded capabilities offer a great advantage. The first Multiprocessing Operating Systems performed what is known as Asymmetric multiprocessing: The main CPU retains the global control of the computer, as well as that of the other processors. This was the first step towards multithreading but it was not the ideal direction to go as the main CPU could become a bottleneck. Symmetric multithreading: In asymmetric multithreading system, there is no single controller CPU. The barrier to overcome when implementing symmetric multithreading is that OSs have to be redesigned or designed from scratch to work in a multithreaded environment.

Unix extensions, which support asymmetric multithreading are now available and symmetric extensions are becoming available. Microsoft's Windows NT supports symmetric multithreading.

Most common operating systems:

MS-DOS

It is the most common and popular of all PC Operating Systems. The reason for its continued popularity is due to the overwhelming volume of software available and the installed base of Intel-based computers. When Intel released the 80286, DOS became so popular and strong on the market that DOS and DOS applications accounted for the majority of the PC software market.

At that time, IBM compatibility was a necessity for products to succeed, and "IBM compatibility" meant computers that ran DOS as well as IBM computers did. 80186 After the introduction of the Intel 80286 processor, IBM and Microsoft recognized the need to take advantage of the multitasking capabilities of this CPU. They teamed up to develop OS / 2, a modern multitasking OS for Intel microprocessors. <BR> However, society did not last long.

The differences in technical opinions and IBM's perception of seeing Windows as a threat to OS / 2 caused a disagreement between the Companies that ultimately led to the dissolution of society. IBM continued the development and promotion of OS / 2. It is a single-user multitasking operating system that requires an Intel 286 microprocessor or better. In addition to multitasking, the great advantage of the OS / 2 platform is that it allows up to 16 MB of RAM to be handled directly (compared to 1 MB in the case of MS-DOS).

On the other hand, OS / 2 is a very complex environment that requires up to 4 MB of RAM. OS / 2 users interact with the system through a graphical user interface called Presentation Manager. Despite the fact that OS / 2 breaks the 1 MB barrier of MS-DOS, it took time for it to become popular. Software vendors are reluctant to commit resources to create software.

VIRUS :

initialization sector virus

file infecting virus

troll horse

time bombs

mutants

They are programs designed to multiply and pay without giving any indication of their existence. Electronic viruses can produce a variety of symptoms in their receptors. Some viruses multiply without causing obvious changes, malicious viruses can make strange noises or display bad taste messages on the screen. In extreme cases, they can erase files or hard drives.

Viruses spread in several ways, some duplicate when an infected file is opened. Others infect the part of a hard drive that controls the part of the computer and then infect other disks that are bisected. A virus that has infected a disk will be able to spread to others that contain information such as programs.

CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES:

1. The initialization sector viruses: The initialization sector is the part of the hard disk that controls the start of the operating system when we turn on the cp.

2. Infected viruses: Once this virus is activated, it will spread to all the program's files.

3. Trojan horses: This virus masquerading as a legal program can harm your computer, files, or hard drive. Troll horses are the most capable of destroying files.

4. time bombs: They remain hidden until the cp. Meet certain requirements such as the specific time and date.

5. Mutants: These viruses change shape when going from one disk to another or from one file to another, it is difficult to detect and eradicate them.

WINDOWS:

It is graphical physical work support that works with many applications designed specifically for it. Its main characteristics are the power of the applications so that users work in a simple and pleasant way. In the windows environment, the panel is referred to as if it were a desktop, the functions are presented in areas called windows.

Windows offers a taskbar in which the files that we have open are accommodated but that at a given moment would hinder us, windows consists of many windows.

word:

Microsoft Word is a program designed for the comfort of the user with many applications, in word text documents are handled. Microsoft Word requirements are as follows:

1. Windows 3.1, win 95

2. 4 megabytes of ram (I recommend 8 megabytes)

3. 480 40 MH2 (recommended Pentium)

4. keyboard

5. mouse recommended

6. monitor

In Word, there is an application that can copy and paste the documents that have been repeated, and bullets are another Microsoft Word application that helps us to correctly accommodate the data that requires it.

History of Intel Core i3, i5 and 7 processors

2020-03-21T22:41:00.000+06:00

Technologies advance at such a speed that sometimes makes us doubt what we have. This happens for example with processors, whether you know it or not every one or two years Intel has been offering us new versions.

Intel Core is the name that Intel has been using for its microphones since 2008 or so. To better understand what each of them offers us, you have to know the development cycle that this manufacturer uses and that they themselves call “tick/tock”.

This way of developing the mikes has two phases, one is called a tick and the other is a tock:

Tick. The mics are nothing more than small functional blocks that connect with each other. If we manage to reduce the size of these blocks we will be able to carry out more tasks using the same hardware. When Intel performs a tick, what decreases is the minimum size that it can use to create the transistors that are the basic blocks, the bricks with which these devices are created

Tock. The architecture of a processor is the map that defines the elements that compose it and how they are interconnected. A different way of distributing the blocks can make the mic behave in a totally different way.

Well, nothing is the way Intel works, first, it reduces the size of its transistors and then improves the architecture or adapts it to the needs it wants to satisfy.

First-generation

The first-generation Intel Core comes to replace the Core 2. Not all the first generation Core are the same since in 2008 there was already an i7, in 2009 the i5 appeared and in 2010 the i3. As you can understand the architecture of a 2008 i7 does not have much to do with that of 2010 3.

There are versions that use lithographs of both 45 and 32 nanometers. Among the improvements compared to the previous micros is that they add the memory controller inside and that have the integrated graphics card in the same package.

Second generation

It is a tock, that is, a new architecture. It appears in early 2011 and its code name is Sandy Bridge. The set of AVX instructions is added, designed to speed up the processing of images, sound, and 3D. In addition, other instructions such as AES that are used in cryptographic programs are added.

Its lithography is 32 nanometers and the graphics card is added inside the micro. 10% to 20% faster than the previous generation without taking into account the tremendous differences in graphics. Above all, it allows to Overclock, so much that many users have skipped several updates thanks to this.

Third generation

There is a reduction in size, specifically to 22 nanometers, it is a tick, its code name is Ivy Bridge. Performance is hardly improved at the same speed, only between 1-5% gain. About a 20% profit in the graphic section. Add support for PCIe 3.0.

Above all, consumption is reduced, support for DirectX 11 is added and the level three cache memory is increased.

Fourth generation

It is a tock and its code name is Haswell. Intel is trying to improve energy efficiency with the thought of not losing the market share of portable devices. Above all, consumption is reduced when the equipment is not used.

Between 5 and 10% improvement in the number of instructions per clock cycle.

As in each of the new generations, it is especially noticeable in the integrated graphics card. The one included in these was twice as fast as the one you found in a second-generation micro.

New instructions such as AVX2 and FMA3 are added for video and sound encoding. In addition, TSX is added to create applications that take advantage of the processor cores. The enthusiast version brings support for DDR4.

Fifth-generation

It is a tick, it is reduced in size to 14 nanometers, its code name is Broadwell. They are half as small as in the fourth generation. Follow the path set by Haswell regarding consumption.

Less than 5% improvement over Haswell at the same clock frequency. The fifth-generation cores are the ones that have brought DDR4 memories to the general public.

Sixth generation

It is a tock, it is released almost at the same time as Broadwell and it is called Skylake. Add technologies such as configurable TDP designed for 2-in-1 computers and tablets.

Stay on the path of adding new instruction sets like the AVX3.2. Less than 5% improvement at the same clock speed.

What is a Network Interface Card (NIC)?

2020-03-19T20:14:00.001+06:00

Network interface cards are also known as network adapters, LAN adapters or NIC cards for their English meaning: Network Interface Card. A network adapter is the most important device in networking.

The network card is physically connected to the network cable, which in turn is responsible for receiving and transmitting data on the physical level.

A NIC card transmits data to the network and receives data from it. It works at the data link protocol level. A network card provides a junction point for a specific type of cables, such as coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, or fiber optic cable. Interface cards for wireless networks typically have an antenna for communication with a base station. Each network interface card has a unique IP address.

Modern hardware for a network adapter can be found in different ways. In addition to the traditional PCI Ethernet card, some network adapters are PCMCIA devices or USB devices. In most laptops, network adapters are built into the circuit chip on the motherboard.

There are four techniques that are used to transfer data from a network card:

Polling is where the CPU examines the status of peripherals under program control.

Programmed I / O is where the microprocessor alerts the peripheral designated by the application of its address to the system's bus address.

I / O interruptions are where the peripheral alerts of the microprocessor that is ready to transfer data.

DMA or direct memory access is when the controller takes over the bus system and transfers the data on the network card to a memory location, thereby reducing the CPU load.

#What_is_DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)?

2020-03-18T12:24:00.002+06:00

What is DHCP?

In a network, when we connect several computers, they must have a different IP address registered within a certain network segment or range. This is so that these teams can communicate and share information with each other. In the past, this communication was established manually, but over time it was evident that it was not feasible to dedicate the resources and time of a systems administrator to manually configure each new computer that connected to the network. It is at this point that the term DHCP Server appears, to make centralized and automatic administration of network parameters.

The DHCP protocol, in English, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, is an extension of the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) developed in 1985 to connect devices such as terminals and workstations without a hard disk with a Boot server, from which they receive their operating system. Its function was to offer a solution to large networks and the incipient presence of mobile workstations such as laptops or think-clients, assigning network addresses automatically so that they were reusable.

DHCP has been with us for almost 40 years and like any protocol, it has gone through different revisions that have been adapting it to this day, although perhaps the most important was in 1997 with RFC 2131 and its final specification.

DHCP

How the DHCP protocol works

This network protocol is based on a client-server model. In this scenario, a device (a laptop, mobile, etc.) requests IP configuration to a DHCP server when connecting to a network through UDP ports 67 and 68 (for IPv6, ports 546 and 547), which for its part consults in a database the assignable addresses and network parameters before giving a response. Once the query is made, the server sends the following parameters to the client through the network:

• Unique IP address

• Subnet mask

• Standard gateway

• DNS servers

• Proxy configuration by WPAD (Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol)

But how is this allocation accomplished? the process is automatic but it is also the result of successfully completing four consecutive steps:

1. Broadcast or Broadcast: The DHCP client sends a DHCPDISCOVER packet to address 255.255.255.255 from address 0.0.0.0. In this way, an attempt is made to establish communication with all members of the network, the basic idea is to locate the available DHCP servers and thus continue with the request.

2. Offer: The DHCP servers present on the network are listening for requests through port 67. As soon as they detect a client's request, they send a DHCPOFFER packet, which contains a free IP address, the client's MAC address, and the subnet mask, as well as the IP address and ID of the server.

3. Request: The DHCP client that receives the package contacts the corresponding server with DHCPREQUEST. In this way, the other servers become aware of the assignment at the same time that the client confirms to the server that it accepts the previously assigned parameters.

4. Confirmation: Finally, the server confirms the TCP / IP parameters and sends them back to the client, this time with the DHCPACK packet (DHCP acknowledged). The assigned address is saved in the server database along with the client's MAC address.

What is DHCP for?

Thanks to DHCP we can connect different electronic devices to our network without having to worry about anything. At the moment we connect, our server or router is responsible for centralized management of IP addresses, thus avoiding conflicts with IP addresses already used by others or also allowing the distribution of network parameters to all computers.

In a home network this may not seem to be of great importance, but in a larger network being able to modify a change of address, DNS servers, static routes, and more, from a single server for all members of the network is something of Great utility by saving huge amounts of time.

What is IP 169.254.X.X and the APIPA protocol?

2020-03-17T18:17:00.000+06:00

Surely more than once you have had problems with the Internet connection and when going to check the IP address of the equipment you have noticed that it has assigned an address 169.254.X.X, an address that is out of your range and that you cannot see servers or other devices on the network and you also have no Internet connection.

Well, this very peculiar IP address corresponds to the APIPA protocol (Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing), the usefulness of which is simply to assign an IP address between 169.254.0.1 and 169.254.255.254 if we have our equipment configured in automatic mode (DHCP) but it is not possible to contact a DHCP server that provides a valid IP address, that is, it is the IP that will be assigned when there is no other option or anything else to do.

The idea of this peculiar network is that, although our team cannot obtain a valid address for our range, at least it does have an address with which to communicate with machines that are in the same situation as it, that is, it is a sort of contingency plan in case of failures, where we are assigned an emergency IP that hardly allows us to carry out more actions than communicating with teams that are in the same situation as us.

This protocol will search every 5 minutes if there is already a DHCP service in the network that is capable of providing a range address to the equipment.

If we are experiencing this situation and have received this IP address, we can try the following to try to recover normality:

Check that the DHCP server is available, powered on, working and well configured

Analyze that the network cable is connected and connected

Verify on the switch that our connection port is correct

Check that there is no rule in a firewall that has filtered and/or blocked us

Launch ipconfig / renew command from CMD

Reinstall network card

As you can see, if you are receiving this IP address you will not be able to access the Internet or any other services, servers or devices, so you should try to locate the point of failure to get a new address assigned and thus recover connectivity.

What is the graphics card?

2020-03-17T14:20:00.000+06:00

Most graphics cards connect to the motherboard of your computer and their main utility is to display images on the monitor. The current ones are able to accelerate the creation of three-dimensional images as you see in games and video playback.

Although the normal thing is that they have a single output, and therefore you can only use a single screen, it is increasingly common to see adapters of this type capable of connecting up to four simultaneously.

A little history

The first graphics cards only had to display text. Things get a little more complicated when the use of graphics is generalized. In a short time, we went from having only four colors with the famous CGA cards, up to 16.7 million current models.

The technology of these devices has evolved in parallel with that of games. Because the users of this type of programs are the most willing to invest money in this element. It was not until the appearance of the first 3D games that the graphics did not undergo a considerable improvement.

Before the accelerator cards appeared, the processor was the only one in charge of executing all the operations. Unfortunately, creating three-dimensional worlds is very expensive for a single mic. The creation of this type of image can be done concurrently. That is, at the same time that you are creating a zone you can calculate another one from the same screen. With the arrival of graphics cards, manufacturers include hundreds of specialized processors on the same chip for 3D imaging. Games can then be created with increasingly complex environments.

In principle, therefore, graphics cards were elements that were included independently in the equipment. But not all users have the same needs. The owner of a laptop, for example, needs a card that consumes little power, does not drain its battery, and takes up little space. Also, most people don't use their PC to play games with very complicated three-dimensional scenarios.

For these reasons, integrated graphics cards appear. It was decided to include the chip on the motherboard but removing certain functionalities, therefore taking up less space and consuming less. A conventional graphics card that wants to function as a graphics accelerator needs a large amount of memory. This stores both the images to be displayed and the textures of the objects. In the case of an integrated card, the card uses the RAM of your PC, which makes this type of card slow down your computer.

The next step was the logical one. Using current cards not only for games, but they can also speed up video playback and processing. As with 3D imaging, these types of utilities take advantage of the ability to process information concurrently.

The evolution of cards collides with that of processors. Due to the improvement of manufacturing technologies, it is easier to create processors with a greater number of functionalities. This can be clearly seen in Intel microphones such as Sandy Bridge or AMD Fusion where a graphics card is included inside the CPU.

Graphics card models according to their integration

Discreet

These are the most common that you can find on a desktop PC. They connect directly to the motherboard through an expansion port. It is also common to find configurations with several cards like the ones you can get thanks to SLI or Cross Fire.

Integrated on motherboard

Very common in laptops and netbooks, the functionality now gives us a chip that is on the motherboard and although they may contain some memory they would normally use the RAM of the computer.

Integrated with the processor itself

They are found in the new microphones which make use of the RAM memory of the equipment. It is clear that this is the future but we are facing the first steps of this technology.

Models according to the connection cable to the monitor

VGA

Developed by IBM. Very sensitive to both interference and cable length. Their biggest disadvantage is that they do not include the audio signal. You need an additional cable to connect it to a TV and watch videos or movies.

DVI

The first standard for fully digital PC. In this way, it becomes more resistant to interference. There are several connectors under this name with different characteristics and some are even capable of carrying audio.

HDMI

The higher resolution screens require a connector that can carry the signal without loss of quality. In this case, the audio signal is incorporated.

Display Port

Able to include audio and video. It can be used to connect multiple monitors and include stereoscopic 3d signals that are no more than two signals, a different one for each eye to create the three-dimensional effect.

Thunderbolt

Thunderbolt is based on Displayport, specifically in the mini display port. You can connect external PCI Express devices with the same features as if they were inside the box.

What is the chipset of a PC?

2020-03-17T13:13:00.000+06:00

The chipset is the set of circuits that are on the motherboard of your PC. Its most important function is to connect the different elements that are inside the equipment box, although it is not the only one.

Its functionality has been changing over time, mainly due to changes that have occurred in the processors themselves. These integrate more and more elements that we previously found on the plate. In addition, certain cards that had to be discrete, such as the sound card or the network card, come to be supported by the chipset itself.

For you to understand it in a simple way, you go from having a discrete device that performs a function such as a graphics card to integrating it into the chipset on the motherboard and then thanks to improvements in manufacturing technologies to include it in the inside the processor.

This leads to duplication of certain computers. That is, various elements that can be used to perform the same job, each with its own benefits.

However there are things that do not change, for example, the chipset will always be in charge of giving us the connection to the outside. It is useless to have a graphics card integrated into the CPU, as we have in APUs if, in the end, the chipset that is mounted on your board does not have an outlet to connect it to a monitor.

Chipsets therefore usually include a large number of components:

Graphics card
It is less and less common to find computers that have the card integrated into the chipset itself since they are usually included in the microprocessor itself or are discrete. The use of one of these has some disadvantages among them, is that in both cases it will have to use RAM to carry out its functions, leaving less of it for your programs.

Sound card
Almost all motherboards already include audio support and their connections as standard. This will cover the basic needs of the normal user.

Network card
As has happened with sound cards, these have ended up located on the motherboard itself.

Wireless connection
From the appearance of the first Centrino, Intel was clear that it wanted to include maximum functionality on the motherboard to create smaller and less-consuming laptops. It is very common to find chipset that add Wifi and Bluetooth connection without adding an external card.

Outward connection
Apart from the connections for the above elements, it is common to see USB integrated with the chipset or SATA or PCI Express ports for external devices.

What is processor? How does it work and which one to buy?

2020-03-17T00:05:00.000+06:00

The processor, also known as a CPU, it is the brain of the PC. Its main functions include managing the operating system, executing applications and coordinating the different devices that make up the computer.

In the physical aspect, it is not more than a small silicon tablet which is covered with what we call encapsulated. This is inserted into the motherboard over a connector called a socket, although this is not always the case, in a laptop, it is normal to solder directly. There are three encapsulation models, PGA, LGA, and BGA.

The board thus becomes in charge of the connection with the other devices, such as RAM, graphics card or hard drive, using a set of circuits and chips that you find on it, which we call chipset.

From a historical point of view, the processor is one of the elements of the PC that has evolved the most, both in its manufacturing process and in its internal architecture.

Thanks to these improvements, it has been possible to include more functional blocks inside. At first, it was the memory controller, then the graphics card and in the very near future, we will move from the concept of a processor to what is called SOC, that is, a chip with all the elements of the motherboard inside, thus improving the size and reducing consumption.

What components do a processor have?

Keep in mind that not all are the same but most of them include, among other elements:

A core is nothing more than a miniature processor. Modern processors have several of them which means that they can speed up certain types of applications and avoid crashes.

The cache memory is the element of the memory system of a PC that is inside the micro, it is used to accelerate the speed of access to RAM.

The cache is, in turn, organized into several levels, each one slower and larger than the previous one. It will be the micro's task to leave the most used data as close as possible in order to speed up the execution of the programs.

Memory controller

This was one of the first elements that were integrated, speeding up access to RAM memory. This has a drawback and is that you can only use the type of memory for which your processor is prepared.

This has not always been the case since before the type of memory you could use depending on the motherboard and it was not unusual for it to be prepared to work with various types of RAM.

Graphics card

If they integrate this component we are no longer talking about CPUs but about APUs. We would no longer be in front of a conventional micro if not in front of a hybrid between processor and graphics card. Currently and it seems that in future developments almost all the microphones that you come across will be of this type.

Other elements

The mics have incorporated even more functionality than before on the motherboard. For example, the PCI Express controller, increasing the speed with which the micro is able to communicate with other devices.

More information on these elements in parts of the processor.

How does a processor work?

The entire system is governed by a clock that is used to synchronize the different functional blocks. The speed at which it changes state is called the operating frequency and is related to the computing capacity of the system.

The operation of a processor can be divided into the following stages:

Read instruction from memory

The instruction set of any current processor includes more than a thousand different ones and it grows over time. They are added to improve the processing speed of certain applications.

Looking for data

Some instructions will require data to perform their calculations that may not be found within the processor and will, therefore, have to be searched in the memory system.

The operation is performed

Once you have everything the operation is executed, this may require the work of several blocks such as the logical arithmetic unit or the floating-point unit.

It goes to the next instruction

Which is not always the one below in memory. Many instructions can change the flow of the program and allow jumps or repeat certain actions until a certain condition is met.

One of the most used techniques to increase speed includes executing instructions out of order trying to optimize the use of functional blocks. In these processors, the operations are executed when your data is and not in the order in which it was written. This, of course, leads to a more complex architecture that must check that the results are consistent.

Another improvement is the jump predictor. This element tries to find out whether or not a branch will occur in the code in a certain operation. In this way, you can execute the instructions of a certain branch even before knowing if a jump will occur.

All these techniques are trying to improve the IPC, that is, the ability of the processor to execute more instructions in the same amount of time.

What should I take into account when buying a processor?

It will be your needs that ultimately decide which processor you should buy. Acquiring a PC to study is not the same as playing to give you two examples.

As technical characteristics what differentiates one micro from another are, among others, its operating frequency, its amount of cache memory and its number of cores.

Among those other technologies we find:

Hyperthreading

Thanks to Hyper thread technology, which is typical of Intel microphones, it is possible to simulate that you have two logical cores on top of a physical one. It is interesting for certain applications such as those dealing with graphics and videos.

CMT

CMT is an AMD technology that allows joining two cores and sharing certain resources that these occupy less area and therefore include a greater number of them.

Turbo Boost and Turbo Core

Turbo Boost and Turbo Core are two technologies, the first from Intel and the second from AMD capable of speeding up processors when they don't consume much.

Differences between a Desktop PC and a server processor

2020-03-16T23:48:00.000+06:00

In computer science principles there was no specialization. We simply wanted a processor to serve any type of task and to do it as quickly as possible. However, over the years this has changed and it is increasingly clear that there are different markets depending on user requirements.

What does a processor need for a desktop PC?

In essence, a user of this type of processor usually works with several open applications, but what he wants is for the operating system to respond as quickly as possible. Normally there is only one of them that is the important one and that is the one that we want to work at maximum performance.

It is, therefore, necessary that you are able to work with simple applications very quickly. If you look at its internal architecture you will see that they do not have to have a large number of cores inside or at least this should not be what decided the purchase. They also do not have multiprocessor support either in the micro or in the motherboard.

What does a processor need for a server?

When we talk about a server computer, we are referring for example to one capable of working with databases, offering us web pages, or providing files to several hundred if not thousands of PCs. In essence, a server computer provides service, as its name suggests, to many users. Neither of them is more important than the other.

The importance of power to work with a single task falls. We don't want Word to work fast or Auto cad to work properly, we want it to be able to perform many tasks at the same time. In this case, the number of cores is important, the more there will be able to serve more clients concurrently. So much so that prices soar.

Support in this case for multiprocessor is mandatory. By having more than one piece of equipment is able to function even if one of them is not in good condition. This, of course, causes the price of the plates and microphones to skyrocket.

Conclusions

In short, what can be good for one type of user, as we have seen in the increase in the number of cores, does not have to have the same value for other types of people.

Be careful with these kinds of things that can make you end up buying a much more expensive processor and not adapted to your needs.

What is RAM?, how does it work, how many to mount and types?

2020-03-16T23:34:00.000+06:00

RAM is one of the most important elements of a PC. Its scarcity can make even the fastest computer look like a turtle since its functions include serving as a warehouse for the programs and data you work with at all times. RAM is the acronym for Random Access Memory, in Spanish random access memory.

If the memory is small you will have the limitation on the amount of data and programs that you can use simultaneously. If the memory is very large, the operating system can use it to speed up disk access.
How does the memory system of a PC work and what is the position of RAM memory?
The storage of a PC is made up of several devices that act in a hierarchical way, for this reason, we sometimes use the term "memory system" since it is more appropriate. In general, you find the hard drive, RAM, internal processor cache and registers.

Its functions are as follows:

HDD. The hard drive stores data and programs when you turn off the computer. It differs from the other memories in that even without connection to the electrical current it does not stop saving the information. It is, therefore, the storage corner that is furthest from the processor and the one that is slowest.

RAM. RAM, being much faster, houses the utilities and data you are working with at any given time. For example, the Word you write with or that page you are browsing. If it didn't exist, the processor would get bored waiting for the hard drive to send it something. Of course, the RAM has the disadvantage that it is much smaller than the hard drive.

Processor. Inside you find various levels of memory, it is what we call cache, designed to accelerate access to data in RAM. The closer to the mike, faster but unfortunately more expensive and smaller. Finally, you have the records of the micro that is where the operations are executed.

As you can see, the memory system is made up of several elements that are differentiated by the place they occupy with respect to the processor, which, after all, is the one that works with the instructions. These elements are larger the further they are from the micro but the slower.

How much RAM do you need and how does it affect the performance of your PC?
The more the better, since this will make teamwork more smoothly and without interruptions. As a basic number so that your computer does not suffer crashes, it is best to have at least 4 GB of RAM and a 64-bit operating system.

For a PC, laptop or laptop where you only go surfing the Internet and use Word-type office programs, 2 GB of RAM should be more than enough.

For more professional games or applications, buy at least 8 GB, as a limit only your budget and what the motherboard is capable of supporting.

This memory has a clear impact on the processing speed of the computer more than it may seem at first glance, because the operating systems, when they run out of RAM, use the hard drive to get more applications running at the same time, with the technique known as virtual memory. That is, they download from memory those parts of the applications that you are not running. When this happens, the whole system slows down because the hard disk is thousands of times slower, so if your computer sometimes works in jerks, it is very likely due to a shortage of RAM.

More information about how much RAM you need in the article.

What types of RAM are there?

In the current market for desktop and laptop PCs, we have DDR2 and DDR3 and we are already starting to see new DDR4. In any case, the most important characteristic of memory is its capacity, leaving speed or type, model and even the manufacturer in the background.

Each of the DDR versions has increased the data transfer capacity, or bandwidth, in exchange for it taking a little longer to receive the first data, which is called latency. In addition, with each new generation, the size of the packages has been increased, which means that we normally find double the capacity in each one of them.

The fact that a DDR4 has higher bandwidth than a DDR3 although it has less latency makes DDR4 ideal to work with the integrated graphics cards of the processors which use RAM to work.

Another type of memory used mainly in servers is called ECC, these can detect and correct errors even in real-time.

You can check RAM memory prices on the link.

What encapsulations exist in RAM memory?

Encapsulation is the way the different integrated circuits and their connections to the motherboard are configured. Basically, there are two types called DIMMs for PCs and SO DIMMs for laptops.

Desktop PC: types and characteristics

2020-03-16T23:16:00.001+06:00

Time has made more and more PC models on the market available to buyers. There is no longer a single model, but we have different models adapted to each of the needs.

The types of PCs that you can find today are for example:

Lounge PC: Also known as HTPC, or home theater PC or media center. It is used to play all kinds of multimedia content, you can install it in your living room or in your bedroom to watch movies before going to sleep.
PC AIO, or All in One: It is a type of PC that will be very fashionable in the coming years. Its main feature is that the monitor and the CPU are integrated with the same box.
Tablet PC: It is a tablet that runs a Windows operating system. In other words, a portable PC with a touch screen.
Ultrabook: The last to arrive. They appear on the market thanks to Intel and their main idea is to create ultrathin and light notebooks that compete with Mac Book Air.
Netbook: Its difference with ultrabooks is that you are looking for a reduced price instead of high performance.

What is a desktop PC?

Also known as a desktop or desktop computer. It is the most common and oldest model of PC that has existed on the market. Its elements, unlike the other models, are separated and intended to be used on a table or desk and not be moved.

We have, therefore, on the one hand, the keyboard, on the other the screen and the cabinet or box where the motherboard and internal components are located.

What needs can it cover?

It is the all-terrain computer in a house. It serves almost everything, except for those tasks that require mobility.

Ideal for the office, for children to study and play without the power limitations that all notebooks have.

Why not use a desktop PC?

As I have already mentioned, its biggest defect is mobility. If you are one of those who like to carry the PC in tow, it is not the right equipment.

Its size, larger than the other models, can make it not adapt for example to your little ones' room or that it simply does not fit in your living room.

They are also usually noisier equipment than laptops, which also limits the places where it can be used.

How is the ideal desktop PC?

Especially powerful. In these teams we do not want to reduce energy consumption or increase the duration of the batteries, therefore we should not encounter any problem to achieve higher speeds.

A screen or several of an acceptable size, the configuration that is more and more common every day, always helps.

What are the most common parts of a desktop PC?

As I already mentioned, the most common parts are:

Keyboard — It is in charge of taking the texts from the user to the PC.
Mouse — Very useful since modern operating systems became popular.
Screen — That shows us visual information.
CPU— Where all the internal components are located. There are different sizes to adapt to different situations.

What is a laptop or notebook?

2020-03-16T23:01:00.001+06:00

A laptop or notebook is a PC designed to be used in more than one place, that is, in a mobile way. This is achieved thanks to a battery that is recharged using electric current.

The consumption of each of its components is very important since this determines the autonomy, which is no more than the time it works without the need to connect to the electric current.

The laptop market is very versatile. So much so that new types appear, adapted to increasingly specific needs, almost annually. For example, today you can find notebooks, netbooks, ultrabooks or tablet PCs.

Its features have grown over the years since the first laptops were anything but portable. We have seen how its size, weight and all this were reduced with benefits that have not stopped increasing.

The improvement of the batteries and the continuous improvements in all the elements that compose it has allowed us to be talking about a mature technology with a great future.

What is a laptop for?

They can be adapted to almost any need depending on the model you choose:

Replace to a desktop PC. The most powerful, their size is large since they are designed to work with them and they need a monitor of certain dimensions. In these models, power is more important than autonomy.

For Games. They include the latest in processors and graphics cards. Some models allow the connection of an external graphics card, that is, it is located outside the equipment, thus achieving autonomy and power when necessary.

Low cost. Here we would include netbooks and notebooks designed for those who want mobility but do not require great features.

Ultra-portable. Intel has created in 2012 a new model of laptop known as an ultrabook. These computers consume little, weigh even less, although their problem is the price and the lack of power compared to other types of laptops.

Hybrid tablet PC. With the arrival of Windows 8, the distance between tablets and the PC world is diluted. It is very important to also highlight the tablet PCs that you can use even with Windows XP.

As you can see there is a laptop model for almost any task, leaving the world of the PC increasingly limited.

When not to choose a laptop?

There are several cases in which a laptop is not the correct option:

You need power. A desktop PC will give you more features than a laptop for the same price. Also, a laptop is always more complicated to update.

You are not going to move it. How many laptops always end up connected to the current in the same place. In this case, do not hesitate and buy a desktop PC.

You will work with several screens. In many environments, especially professionals and players, it is normal to have more than one monitor. This way you get to work with more information at the same time. In this case, it is clear that a normal PC is a better option.

Specific needs. Do not buy a laptop for example if you are going to always have it connected to television since that is what you have HTPCs for.

What problems can you find when buying a laptop?

You have to learn how to care for batteries, and they still have a limited lifetime. You will lose autonomy as you use it and if the laptop lasts you will surely have to buy a new one.

Laptops are very prone to be hit. Because conventional hard drives have internal moving parts they can cause serious problems if they get too rattled. Fortunately, there is the possibility of using SSDs that are much less sensitive to these problems.

Process power, being more complicated to update, it will be obsolete before and you must buy a new one.

What is a PC?

2020-03-16T22:32:00.000+06:00

PC, computer are terms that are used interchangeably. A computer is used more in Latin American countries and computers in Spain. PC is the acronym for Personal Computer, in a Castilian computer or personal computer and you can see its use in both English and Spanish speaking countries.

The first PC as it is known today appeared under the IBM PC nomenclature in 1981 is the 5150 model. And although there were previous personal computers, the term PC began to be used with this equipment.

The main feature of this type of computer was that it included a processor based on the x86 instruction set. This has been increased until today but always maintaining backward compatibility.

The latter means that with a current computer you could run any previous application as long as you had the appropriate operating system. The same does not happen to the contrary since the model 5150 could not make the current programs work.

In creating this kit, IBM decided to open certain parts of the design so that any manufacturer could create peripherals or cards for them. As a curiosity to tell you that it included 16 or 32 KB of RAM and could not have a floppy drive. It will surprise you but there were no hard drives inside.

As for the programs, the first versions brought an interpreter of the BASIC programming language that acted as the user interface, this was loaded in case you did not insert the operating system.

This equipment evolves thanks to the appearance of a multitude of brands that create the compatible PCs to date.

Currently, we understand by PC the one that accompanies the Windows operating system to differentiate them from MAC computers which really only differ in the operating system since they both run on x86 processors.

What makes up a PC?

A PC is made up of the following components:

Screen. The screen or monitor is the device that is in charge of showing you the images. On certain computers like "all in one" this also includes most of the PC.

Box or cabinet. Also sometimes called CPU. Inside you have the motherboard, the micro, the RAM and the hard drive.

A keyboard and mouse. That they are the ones in charge of receiving your orders that are then interpreted by the processor.

How does a PC work?

Each of its parts performs different functions:

Processor. The processor is the brain of the PC, runs the applications and coordinates the different devices that make up the computer.

RAM. The memory and programs with which you are working at a certain time are stored in RAM.

Motherboard On the motherboard the components are inserted and thanks to what we know as a chipset they communicate.

Graphic card. The graphics card can be independent or integrated into the motherboard or even within the processor itself.

What is a PC for?

You can use a PC for many things from the creation or treatment of all kinds of digital content, be it photos, videos, or writing documents without forgetting games or Internet browsing.

A PC is without a doubt one of the most versatile electronic devices.

What types of PCs are there?

Over the years, a large number of computers have appeared that we can call PCs.

Desktop PC. A desktop PC is the one that comes to mind when we think of these machines because they remind us.

Laptop or notebook. A laptop or notebook is nothing more than a battery-powered PC in which elements designed to consume little energy are used.

HTPC. An HTPC, also known as a living room PC, is a computer designed to reproduce all kinds of content and display it on television.

AIO. All-in-one or AIO PCs are those in which the display and the cabinet or case have been merged into a single element.

Ultrabook. An ultrabook is a twist on the laptop concept. Powered by Intel to create much lighter teams than we are used to.

Netbook. A netbook is a small and not very powerful laptop. They were in fashion a few years ago.

NUC. NUCs are small teams whose development, as with ultrabooks, has been powered by Intel.

BIOS, what is it and what is it used for?

2020-03-16T22:20:00.000+06:00

BIOS is an acronym for (Binary Input Output System) and is found on all PCs. Its importance is such that without this component you could not even turn on the computer.

Where is the BIOS physically located?

This element is part of the chipset and therefore is located on the motherboard. Physically the BIOS is nothing more than a small chip that is activated when you press the power button, if you want to know its exact location, all you have to do is consult the manual for your motherboard. The term BIOS is used both to refer to the program and to designate the physical component.

What is the function of the BIOS?

It has several functions. The main one is to boot the PC. When it turns on, it performs the RAM memory test and checks which devices, such as hard drives, are connected.

In this process, it is in charge of configuring them and offering them to the operating system. If the BIOS is unable to detect a certain device, the system will not be able to use it, here you can see the importance of this element. The BIOS, therefore, becomes in charge of offering the closest layer to the hardware.

A few years ago, when devices were slower. The BIOS performed the input and output operations, hence its name. That is, it carried the data from the devices to the processor. This has changed and now other faster systems are used like DMA accesses in which the processor maps the memory of the cards skipping the BIOS and accessing the data directly.

The information necessary to carry out its function is stored in memory, which is known as CMOS, which is another chip that is on the board. In order not to lose your data, the system uses a battery as a power source and when it is consumed, the equipment loses its configuration and the time it has to be reconfigured once the battery has been changed.

Should I update the BIOS?

Updating the operating system, for example, is something you should do on a regular basis. However, the BIOS is a different element and you should only do it, despite the fact that it is becoming a simpler procedure when it is strictly necessary.

For example, one reason to update a BIOS is that the motherboard can work with processors that did not exist at the time of its release. Sometimes performance or compatibility improvements are also made with older devices. BIOS updates are quite common but don't launch if you are not quite clear on how to do it. If at the moment you are updating the BIOS you suffer a power failure you may end up having problems.

Advanced BIOS features

It is common to see computers go from BIOS with text menus to new ones with graphics and even integrated games. Another aspect in which progress has been made is its ease of updating. We have gone from an almost artisanal method in which at any time we could make a mistake and be left with a useless motherboard to which it can be updated having a reserve copy that you can use in case something does not work.

Another of these advanced features is that the BIOS can be used to overclock both the RAM and the processor.

Future BIOS Features

One of the aspects that PCs have failed from the start is in their delay in starting up. One of the elements that can accelerate this aspect is the BIOS without a doubt. It is

Also never rule out that they are capable of carrying out more complex tasks without starting the computer. At the end of the day, the BIOS is nothing more than a small program that, if changed, can perform any type of function.

What do you need to know before buying a motherboard?

2020-03-16T22:00:00.001+06:00

The motherboard is the element on which the various components are mounted inside the PC. Unfortunately, it is very common not to give importance to the acquisition of new equipment. Don't fall for this mistake, a bad choice can make you unable to use certain features or limit future updates.

A good choice can make your next purchase two or three years older, so answer the following questions before purchasing your new computer:

Will I be able to upgrade the CPU?

It is very convenient to look at the manufacturer's website to know what types of processors can work with your new motherboard. It may even inform you that it will be used with microphones that are not yet available on the market.

Updating the CPU is usually the last resort if you encounter performance problems since sometimes it is more convenient to change the entire system, however, it is always convenient to know this type of information.

What chipset does the motherboard include?

The chipset is the set of circuits found on the motherboard. They are in charge, therefore, of interconnecting the elements that compose it.

They can offer you other very interesting features:

Graphic card. It is not uncommon to see motherboards that include a graphics card. Unfortunately, they are not usually as powerful as discrete ones, but they can be useful if you are not going to use your PC to play. Always check what types of connections it offers to the outside to make sure that you can use it with your monitor.

Network card. It is true that almost all already include this integrated element. Consult its characteristics if you are going to make intensive use of the network.

Overclock possibility. The ability to change the frequency of the processor and therefore increase the number of operations per second that the micro performs is becoming fashionable, especially in the most powerful models. Some boards are even capable of overclocking at the push of a button. The board is in charge of automatically adjusting the parameters.

Can I add more memory?

Memory is and will continue to be one of the elements that will revitalize a system the most. You must verify that there are free sockets as well as the type of memory supported.

The motherboard limits the maximum memory that the system recognizes. Sometimes it will be necessary to update the BIOS, the program that controls its operation, to recognize larger memories.

Lack of RAM is the main reason why a computer may experience performance problems. It is without a doubt the simplest, cheapest and most helpful update for your team.

What is a motherboard ?

2020-03-16T21:30:00.000+06:00

A motherboard is responsible for interconnecting and giving physical support to all the internal devices of your computer.

Its importance is that depending on which one you choose, you will be delimiting the team's capacity. All others depend on it, such as the amount of RAM and the type you can use, the number of USB ports or the number of hard drives.

What components make up a motherboard?

Hard drive connectors

The hard disk is the store of all the information that your PC contains. Therefore, you need a connection to transport that data. Normally, there are both older IDE connectors and SATA. Some motherboards include external SATA connectors to speed up access to hard drives attached to them.

Memory slots

RAM is inserted into connectors known as memory slots. Normal plates usually have between two and four of these elements. The maximum amount of memory you can install will depend on its number. Always keep in mind that you will need at least one free to be able to add more memory to the equipment in the future.

Sockets for the core processor

The socket is the place where the processor is placed. So this one outlines precisely which ones you can use.

BIOS

The BIOS is in charge of executing the program that boots your PC. It is therefore closely associated with the motherboard since many of its characteristics depend on this element. Sometimes it is necessary to update it to adapt the motherboard to new processors or because manufacturers discover faults.

PCI slots

It is where you will place the expansion cards. For example, your graphics card will need one.

Chipset

The chipset is the set of circuits that interconnect the elements of the motherboard.

Connectors for USB, firewire, ps2, etc.

They all depend on the motherboard manufacturer including them.

Am I worth the same motherboard for a micro Intel or AMD?

No. You will need a different board for each brand of a microprocessor. Even within the same brand, you will have different types of plates for different generations of processors.

Does one motherboard or another influence performance?
At the time of buying a motherboard, you will see that there are many prices depending on the features they offer but this is not an element that determines, in principle at least, the benefits of one equipment or another.

However, in case of using advanced features, such as overclocking, investing in a better motherboard can be the difference between getting what you are looking for or staying with the desire.