Edu^Tech

Traffic signal

2022-08-12T15:16:00.003+05:30

Traffic signal we all know about it especially Bangalore traffic is biggest issues,but do we know how this traffic signal were invented ,how many people worked behind it. there is a interesting story behind it.

In traffic signals red color light is used to stop vehicles because it ishaving longer wave length. The color which is having longer wavelength will undergo lesser scattering, hence it is visible from a longer distance.

Who Invented Traffic Lights? A Brief History of Traffic Lights

Who invented traffic lights? What would have been the situation if there were no traffic lights? What’s the story behind it? Traffic lights are indications that create long queues and help manage vehicles, and the crowd too. Traffic lights too have a story to narrate.

The Story Behind ‘Who Invented Traffic Lights’?

John Peak Knight was the man who invented traffic lights in 1860. As a railway manager, he came up with the idea of using colored gas lights to make vehicles move. He used red and green gas lights to make the vehicles start and stop. However, his invention did not last for more than a month

In 1868, a man named William Potts came up with the idea of traffic lights. When roads get flooded with vehicles, not knowing which vehicles are going in what direction, there was a need for crowd management. This traffic management aimed allow cars to move freely without affecting pedestrians or other vehicles. While planning for such a technology, the aim in Potts’ mind was to ensure that there are no time delays or crowding on the road.

By 1900, a semaphore design with moving arms was introduced. It proved to be a great help to people in terms of traffic management. In the same year, yellow lights came into the picture when traffic management became a problem. A policeman named William Potts gave the design to a better version of traffic lights. In the 1920s people began placing these lights at intersections in the USA and Europe. As a result, roads faced blocks at the intersection and visibility became a major problem.

By 1923, Garret Morgan gave a new design to traffic lights. It was given the design of T-poles which helped in getting better visibility.

As years passed, automatic lights entered the picture. The main aim of these lights was to monitor the traffic with the help of automated settings. These lights changed in about ten seconds and helped vehicles move effortlessly.

Who Invented Traffic Lights- The Story of Present

In 1923, Garret Morgan was the one who invented traffic lights in the shape of the T-poles that we see today. These aimed for better visibility and management of traffic.

The First Convention of Unification of Road Signals took place in 1930. The aim behind this was to make road signals uniform and understandable to everyone.

By 1950, there was a huge transformation in the traffic signals to the way we see them today. The French cities were the ones who invented traffic lights as a better version. This also ended up in a decision to make traffic lights more systematic in the areas that are more vulnerable to traffic. Also, this helped in the easy movement of public transport, avoiding delays and travel issues. People stick on to this mode even today to ensure better travel.

Later, computerized traffic lights came into the picture. In 1960, slowly, traffic lights started becoming computerized. Also, people began to understand traffic patterns better. People began to use them at pedestrian crossings. Flashlights were installed too to prevent and cut down on the number of accidents.

What do the traffic lights mean?

Red

Though the traffic lights are of three simple colors, they also have different varients if you look at them carefully.

Although red means stop- there are three different variants of it. The one who invented traffic lights also aimed at people understanding the risk levels so that they could understand them better.

Steady red means that moving vehicles must immediately stop. A flashing red sign means that the vehicles must wait for clearance from the other side. Also, red arrows mean that a moving car should come to a complete stop until the signals turn green.

Yellow

Yellow lights are of three types- steady yellow, flashing yellow and yellow arrow

The one who invented traffic lights designed the yellow lights as a symbol of caution. A flashing yellow means that the vehicle is on a caution to proceed. A yellow arrow means that only motorists are allowed to pass. Steady yellow lights are only placed at intersections to help pedestrians cross the road.

Green

As you know, the green light allows the vehicles to go. However, green lights also have been divided into two by the one who invented traffic lights.

Intersections use a solid green and these allow only pedestrians to move.

There is also a green arrow symbol that you may find at intersections. These allow only pedestrians and cyclists to move. The person who invented traffic lights chose green since it is of a short wavelength and also offers high visibility. Another less known fact about green lights is that it has a tinge of blue in them.

The Transformation of Traffic Lights towards Future

People who invented the traffic lights and made changes to them aimed at censoring the traffic. Even today, this helps them in understanding the flow of traffic through simple signals. This adaptive traffic control system also ensures that there is a proper movement of vehicles. It also helps people make real-time decisions.

There is also an upcoming idea of IoT which was revealed by Carnegie Mellon University. This technology makes traffic management quite simple and effective by sending texts across to you through your smartphones. Experts say that this will have your car equipped with a wireless technology that helps in smart traffic management. We can also expect a wireless technology in the coming years which helps you predict the traffic in our location in the direction that you are heading towards.

We can also expect a speed analysis software in traffic management. This helps drivers to analyze the speed of vehicles in traffic every 1/10 seconds. As a result, this helps to reduce the frequently caused traffic issues and makes time management better. Rain-sensing lights are also a future probability. These give priority to bicycles which are more prone to accidents and help two-wheelers make a faster move at intersections.

Shortly, traffic lights will improve the speed of vehicles and improve the commutation abilities. It may also help us predict the time, weather, and emergencies and make movements quicker. These aim in introducing a hassle-free way of travel and help in faster movement of vehicles.

metaverse

2022-03-11T14:47:00.004+05:30

Metaverse is for sure the next big thing, the normal evolution of the internet, Just as computers were in the 80s, the internet was in the 90s,smartphones were after 2000,or the cryptocurrencies were in the last decade.

Metaverse is a virtual world, featuring avatars, digital objects, functioning economies where technology is not just a tool, but something that is all-encompassing.

Its quite popular in crypto, fintech, as well as social media. However, if it does continue to grow at the current rate, it will become a game-changing concept that will impact the entire internet in a massive way.

The popularity of metaverse as a concept grew substantially in 2021, primarily due to big announcements by tech giants. For example, Facebook rebranded as Meta with a focus on developing its own metaverse. It was one of the notable events which spurred worldwide discussions on possibilities with the metaverse. At the same time, many other tech biggies such as Microsoft, Epic Games, and NVidia are joining the metaverse bandwagon with innovative ventures. As the popularity of the metaverse continues to climb higher, the attention on Metaverse pros & cons has started to gain momentum.

Advantage of metaverse:

Its next stage in the development of the internet.
At the moment, people interact with each other online by going to websites such as social media platforms or using messaging applications.
The idea of the metaverse is that it will create new online spaces in which people’s interactions can be more multi-dimensional, where users are able to create there avatars in metavers and they can feel like there are together.
people in different locations they can meet there friends in any locations , they can go for trip in metaverse.
Real estate business will have different dimension, person from any places can visit any area and check the land or property in metaverse,which will help real estate business simply and grow faster.
As more people have started working and going to school remotely, there has been an increased demand for ways to make online interaction more lifelike.

Disadvantage of metaverse

generate addiction
make you lose track of time
separate you from the real nature and real world
overstimulate your senses.

Origin of Month Names

2022-02-18T13:34:00.001+05:30

We mark time in many different ways – months, weeks, days, seconds. These terms get thrown around regularly, and they play a huge role in the way we conceptualize the many happenings of our lives.

The months’ names reflect a mix of gods and goddesses, rulers, and numbers. Discover how our calendar developed into what it is today.

How Our Calendar formed.

The Ancient Roman Calendar

Today, we follow the Gregorian calendar, but it’s based on the ancient Roman calendar, believed to be invented by Romulus, who served as the first king of Rome around 753 BC.

The Roman calendar, a complicated lunar calendar, had 12 months like our current calendar, but only 10 of the months had formal names.

Julian Calendar Updates

When Julius Caesar became pontifex maximus(head of the administration), he reformed the Roman calendar so that the 12 months were based on Earth’s revolutions around the Sun. It was a solar calendar as we have today. January and February were moved to the front of the year, and leap years were introduced to keep the calendar year lined up with the solar year.

Today’s Gregorian Calendar

Quite a bit later, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced a number of reforms to the Julian calendar, as there were still some inaccuracies and adjustments to be made. Mainly, the Julian calendar had overestimated the amount of time it took the Earth to orbit the Sun, so the Gregorian calendar shortened the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days. This meant that the calendar could be more easily corrected by leap years and that the dates of the equinoxes and solstices (equinoxes means time or date(twice each year) at which the sun crosses the celestial equator, when day and night are of approximately equal length (about 22 September and 20 March )

solstices means the time or date (twice each year) at which the sun reaches its maximum or minimum declination, marked by the longest and shortest days (about 21 June and 22 December).

January

January is named after Janus, the Roman god of beginnings and endings. Janus presided over doors and gates, which feels appropriate for the new year. He is often depicted with two faces – one looking forward and the other looking backward. Notably, January was the last month to be added to the calendar, which originally had ten months and began in March.

February

February is named after a Roman purification festival called februa, which occurred around the fifteenth of this month. Februa literally means “month of cleansing” – a fitting title considering that February was once the last month of the year. Much like the New Year’s Resolutions of today, a “month of cleansing” seems like a good way to say goodbye to the old and usher in the new.

March

March is named after Mars, the Roman god of war. In ancient Rome, war was ceased during the time of celebration between the old and new year. Since March was the earliest part of the year when the weather was mild enough to begin waging war again, it was originally the first month.

April

There are a few different theories about where April gets its name. Some believe that April is derived from the Latin base apero – meaning “second” – because it was once the second month of the year. Others say it comes from another Latin word, aperire, which means “to open” and is suggestive of the opening of buds and flowers during springtime. Still others claim that April was named for Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, beauty, and procreation.

May

May is named for the Greek goddess Maia. She had a son, Hermes, with the god Zeus, and she was an earth goddess and a goddess of growth, which explains her connection to this springtime month.

June

June is named after Juno, the wife of Jupiter and queen of the gods. Juno was the patroness of childbirth and marriage, which is fitting for what has long been the most popular month for weddings.

July

July was the birth month of Julius Caesar, for whom the month was renamed following his death in 44 B.C. Previously, July was called “Quintilis,” which is Latin for “fifth” and referred to the fact that, with the calendar year beginning in March, July was the fifth month. July was also the first month to be named after a real person, rather than a Roman or Greek deity.

August

August is the only other month named after a historical figure – Augustus Caesar, who was the nephew of Julius Caesar and the first emperor of Rome. Much like July, August was previously called “Sextilius,” meaning – you guessed it – “sixth.” It was Emperor Augustus’ legacy which eventually gave rise to the adjective august, meaning “respected and impressive.” Additionally, July and August were both allotted thirty-one days to reflect the importance of the leaders that they represented.

September, October, November, December

September, October, November, and December come from the Latin words septem, octo, novem, and decem, meaning “seventh,” “eighth,” “ninth,” and “tenth.” Though their root meanings now make them feel out of place in the calendar year, prior to the addition of January and February, they were indeed the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth months.

SEPTEMBER

September comes from the Latin word septem, meaning “seven,” because it was the seventh month of the early Roman calendar.

OCTOBER

In the ancient Roman calendar, October was the name of the eighth month of the year. Its name comes from octo, the Latin word for “eight.” When the Romans converted to a 12-month calendar, they tried to rename this month after various Roman emperors, but the name October stuck.

NOVEMBER

From the Latin word novem, “nine,” because this had been the ninth month of the early Roman calendar.

DECEMBER

From the Latin word decem, “ten,” because this had been the tenth month of the early Roman calendar.

Week Names Meaning.

2022-01-29T19:22:00.000+05:30

what is week:

week is the period of Seven days.

Seven days has Seven names, and now we will try to know the how this names has come into picture.

who has given names and reason behind it.

The Babylonians named each of the days after one of the five planetary bodies known to them (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) and after the Sun and Moon.

Babylonians thought there were seven planets in the sky, with each one controlling a different day of the week here on Earth

For centuries the Romans used a period of eight days in civil practice, but in 321 CE Emperor Constantine established the seven day week in the Roman calendar and designated Sunday as the first day of the Week.

Why do weeks start on Sunday?

Sunday has always been regarded as the first day of the week for religious reasons.

Sunday is the day of worship and rest.

The Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is a solar dating system used by most of the world. It is named for pope Gregory XIII.

After doing many changes in many calendars ,Gregorian calendar is used world-wide.

Week Names according to Planet :

English		Planet
Monday		Moon
Tuesday		Mars
Wednesday		Mercury
Thursday		Jupiter
Friday		Venus
Saturday		Saturn
Sunday		(Sun)

Time

2021-07-30T16:17:00.001+05:30

Time is very precious to everyone present on the Earth. lets us know how does the time came into existence, somewhere somebody would have taught about this invention.

What is time:

Time in physics and philosophy (time as a physical phenomenon),

Time in psychology (our sense of passing time),

Time in mathematics and engineering (the time that we measure and use to regulate our lives).

History of time :

The measurement of time began with the invention of sundials in ancient Egypt some time prior to 1500 B.C. However, the time the Egyptians measured was not the same as the time today's clocks measure. For the Egyptians, and indeed for a further three millennia, the basic unit of time was the period of daylight. The Egyptians broke the period from sunrise to sunset into twelve equal parts, giving us the forerunner of today's hours.

The need for a way to measure time independently of the sun eventually gave rise to various devices, most notably sandglasses, waterclocks, and candles. The first two of these utilized the flow of some substance to measure time, the latter the steady fall in the height of the candle.

sundial an instrument showing the time by the shadow of a pointer cast by the sun on to a plate marked with the hours of the day.

Sundial

The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock.

The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe

Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe

Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially christiaan huygens with the invention of pendulum-driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi

The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks.

Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second.

GPS in coordination with the Network time protocol can be used to synchronize timekeeping systems across the globe.

Measurement of time:

when we travel from one place to another we will calculate the time and speed.

This is way to calculate the time

When we measure the speed of a car, we seem to be measuring speed with something abstract called time; we are actually just comparing a known motion (of the sun) with an unknown motion of the car

History of calendar

Artifacts from the old stone age suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago.

Lunar calendar were among the first to appear, with years of either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days).

solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the season or almost equivalently the apparent position of the sun relative to the stars.

A lunar calendar is a calendar based on the monthly cycles of the Moon's phases ,In solar calendar annual cycles are based only directly on the solar year.

Living by the clock

Today, we live our lives according to clock. We start our day by an alarm clock, we listen to the radio at a particular time, we travel to and from work at a certain time of day, we attend meetings that start and finish at predetermined times, we eat our meals according to the clock, not simply when we feel hungry, and the clock tells us when to go to a movie, to a concert, to the theater, or to watch our favorite television program. Indeed, not only are most of our daily activities regulated by the clock, they are often ruled down to the precise minute. This way of living is very recent. Not only does it depend on the uniform system of worldwide time measurement, it also requires that each one of us carries on our person a reliable means to keep track of time.

Education system

2021-04-25T12:59:00.002+05:30

Education plays the most important role in everyone's life. Education does not mean only academic qualifications, it's a form of transfer of knowledge or skill from one generation to another generation.

Humans are very intelligent creatures, so they found out a few methods of education from time to time for financial growth and knowledge growth.

History of education system:

Education began in prehistory, education achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling passes knowledge, values and skills from one generation to the next.

Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom.

Plato founded the Academy in Athens.

Cicero

Introduction: 2000 years ago, Cicero propagated that education is the best gift we can give to the youth. Education is a dynamic concept with different people interpreting it from their own background or ideals.

The idea and practice of universal, compulsory public education developed gradually in Europe, from the early 16th century on into the 19th.

Education concept during Industrial Era.

Factories altered the educational system, necessitating the need for universal education.

Factory owners required obedient, agreeable workers who would show up on time and do what their mangers told them.

BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Almost all poorer children had no education
school wasn't free
Majority of the population were poor ,so the country was not as well educated
poor children were going to jobs in factories.

AFTER THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Schooling was an important part of life
Nearly the entire country children were well educated and the country was developing power and strength.
Factories helped employees to attend night school to gain knowledge.
The country built many libraries.

Education system in India .

The history of education began with teaching of traditional elements such as Indian religions, Indian mathematics, Indian logic at early Hindu and Buddhist centers of learning in Nalanda.

Modern universities were established during British rule in the 19th century.

Development of modern education in India.

The company wanted some educated Indians who could assist them in the administration of the land. Also, they wanted to understand our customs and laws.

Warren Hastings established the Calcutta madrassa in 1781 for teaching of Muslim Law.

In 1791, a Sanskrit college was started in Varanasi by Jonathan Duncan for the study of Hindu Philosophy and laws.

In 1835, it was decided that western science and literature would be imparted to Indians through the medium of English by Lord William Bentincks.

There was a huge demand for clerks and other administration position in company.

Its cheaper to hire Indians instead of English men.

Bentinck had appointed Thomas Babington Macaulay as the chairman of the general committee of public instruction.

The modern school system was brought to India including the English language, originally by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay

Interesting facts about education system:

The worlds oldest school is The Kings school in Canterbury, England founded in 597 AD.
Children in Finland begin schooling only at the age of seven.
Schools in Chile have the longest duration of summer Vacations.
The ancient education system of India is the pioneer in several areas of study. The number system, place value system, the concept of Zero, trigonometry, algebra, calculus all originated in India.
India is the birthplace of Ayurveda. the oldest school of medicine in the world.
Nalanda University in India, which was established in 5 AD, is the oldest university in the world. However , the worlds oldest university in continuous operation is the university of Karueein in Morocco founded in 9 AD.

Laptop repair

2021-01-10T00:21:00.000+05:30

Laptop is common device found in everyone house today, so lets us know simple methods if it's not working.

Few precautions to be taken to save data because laptop may Crash anytime.

Backup : backup important data which you have in laptop time to time. we can't predict at what time laptop may crash.

Virus : viruses can attack laptop anytime, so better use antivirus in the system.

Have some knowledge about virus.

Downloaded best antivirus for the system to prevent viruses attack.

Avoid downloading unwanted stuff from unknown site.

Common issues found in Laptop :

Laptop crash
loading failure or slowdown Internet connectivity issues.
Device compatibility issues.
Laptop freezes
Blank screen
unwanted noise etc.

Why does my laptop not turn on or boot.

Connect the power cable. Although it may seem obvious, if your laptop is running on battery power only, connecting the AC adapter may solve the problem
Check AC adapter and power port for a bent pin
Disconnect from the docking station
Remove and reconnect the battery
Drain the computer of electricity

Disconnect the AC adapter and remove the battery (if possible)
Hold down the power button for thirty seconds to drain any residual power from the laptop.
Without replacing the battery.
Plug the AC adapter back into the laptop.

Bad hardware.

why does my laptop crash:

A computer or system crash is generally an application or hardware component on a computer stops to act properly, and you may sometimes see an error report with the crash, sometimes you may not even see any error codes and your computer keeps crashing.

Most PC or laptop crashes are the result of overheating , hardware faulty, corrupted system or driven corruption, etc.

Few methods to fix PC crashing.

Reboot your computer
Make sure your CPU works properly
Boot in safe mode
Update your drivers.
Run system file checker.

Basic steps to get rid of Virus.

computer viruses are almost always invisible. without antivirus protection, you may not know you have one. This is why it is vital to install anti-virus protection on all your devices.

If your PC has a virus, few steps to get rid of it.

1 Download and install a virus scanner

2 Disconnect from internet

3 Reboot your computer into safe mode

Turn your computer off and on again
when the screen lights ,press F8 to bring up the Advances boot options menu
click safe mode with networking
Remain disconnect from the internet

4 Delete any temporary files

click the windows logo on the right bottom
Type temporary files
Choose free up disk space by deleting unnecessary files
Find and select temporary Internet Files in the files to delete Disk cleanup list and click OK
confirm delete files selection
some viruses are programmed to initiate when your computer boots up. Deleting temporary files may delete the virus.

5 Run a virus scan

6 Delete or quarantine the virus

If a virus is found, it may affect multiple files. select Delete or Quarantine to remove the files and get rid of the virus. Re-scan your computer to check there is no viruses.

7 Reboot your computer

Now that the viruses is removed, you can reboot your computer. Simply turn it on as you would normally. It no longer needs to be in Safe mode.

8 Change all your passwords

To protect your computer from further attack, change all your passwords in case they were captured by malware.

9 Update your software, browser and operating system

Updating your software, browser and operating system will reduce the risk of flaws in old code being exploited by criminals to install malware on your computer.

Whatsapp will not work from 2021

2020-12-31T23:15:00.005+05:30

WhatsApp is getting a new update that will prevent the messaging app from working on millions of phones from 1 January 2021.

older Android and iPhone devices will not support the latest version of the app.

WhatsApp will not work on few older iPhone and android smartphones. Few may lose access altogether while others may not be able to use a few features on the Facebook-owned platform.

Old smartphone users who have not upgraded to iOS 9 or above or Android 4.0.3 or above will not able to run WhatsApp. It is advised by the makers of the app that the users should update their devices to these versions of their operating system to keep using it. The ones who cant update will either have to buy a new smartphone or look for alternatives to WhatsApp.

Users who are still holding on to the iPhone 4 or lower model will lose access. Similarly, if someone is using a Samsung Galaxy S2, they will not be able to use WhatsApp.

on iPhone devices system upgrade is easy as they can go into settings followed by general and then tap on software update. This will help them know which version of the OS they are running and whether they can upgrade or not. on the other hand, Android users will find it in the About Phone section in the settings of their smartphone.

other popular phones that will stop running WhatsApp include HTC sensation.

Samsung Google Nexus s, sony Ericsson Xperia Arc.

WhatsApp image

Phones that will lose WhatsApp support from 1 January 2021 include:

Samsung Galaxy S2
Apple iPhone 1-4
HTC Desire
LG Optimus Black
Motorola Droid Razr
Android devices released before 2010

Devices that will need to update to iOS 9 or higher or Android OS 4.0.3 include:

Apple iPhone 4S
iPhone 5
iPhone 5S
iPhone 6
iPhone 6S
Samsung Galaxy S3 and newer
Samsung Galaxy Note
HTC Sensation
HTC Thunderbolt
LG Lucid
Motorola Droid 4
Sony Xperia Pro and newer

WhatsApp /YouTube/Google maps

2020-12-27T23:03:00.001+05:30

How to broadcast the message in whats-app.

Open the whats-app
In the chat screen right side we can find the menu button choose new broadcast
choose recipients from your contact list
click done
click create.

How to use Google maps without an internet connection.

Losing your Internet connection while traveling can be frustrating especially when your relying on your phone for routes.

Its a good idea to plan ahead for these types of situations by downloading maps for offline use in Google Maps. Once you have downloaded area you will be able to get directions without internet.

there are few limitations

we cant get walking transit cycling directions while offline.

only driving directions are available.

Steps for offline maps:

Download offline maps App from playstore
whichever location is needed we can download maps from that APP.
we can make use while driving.

How to download MP3 songs from YouTube

Install YouTube music down-loader.

Download and install freemake YouTube to MP3 Boom. Run the software, follow the instructions Wizard to download music from YouTube.

Find free music for download. Find a song you want to download using the search bar.
YouTube track name, or an album title and hit the enter button on your keyboard.you may preview songs. Before download music from YouTube ,check their correctness and quality.
click the play button before the song.

Download songs from YouTube to iTunes.
click download to download music from YouTube, save full audio tracks as MP3. freemake YouTube music down-loader will automatically save online music in music folder on your computer.
you can change downloadable songs directory in settings tab at the bottom right corner of the program.

Transfer MP3s from YouTube to your phone.
Get free music downloads for your mobile device, if necessary.

how does google maps works

2020-12-14T16:18:00.002+05:30

Google maps is used by numerous people on daily basics while traveling as the navigation platform effectively predicts traffic and plots routes for them.

more than million kilometres may driven on daily basics in 220 countries.

How does google maps work.

Google maps uses machine learning in combination with various data source including aggregate location data, historical traffic patterns, local government data, and real-time feedback from users, to predict traffic.
google maps make use of Dijkstra's algorithm to find the shortest paths between nodes in a graph, which may represent road networks.
google maps gets its images from satellite and aerial images in google Earth are taken by cameras on satellites and aircraft, which collect each image at a specific date and time.
Geo-spatial data visualization company and a real-time traffic analyzer, Google Maps was launched in February 2005.
Map maker was added to the american version of google Maps, allowing any viewer to edit and add changes to google maps. This provides Google with local map updates almost in real-time instead of waiting for digital map data companies to release more infrequent updates.
Early versions of Google maps relied only on data from traffic sensors, most of which were installed by government transportation agencies or private companies that specialize in compiling traffic data.
using radar, active infrared or laser radar technology, the sensors are able to detect the size and speed of passing vehicles and then wirelessly transmit that information to a server.

Google maps uses an international connection to a GPS navigation system to provide turn by turn voice guided instructions on how to arrive at a given destination The application requires connection to internet data and normally uses a GPS satellite connections to determine its location.

Data operation team staffed all over the world that plays a role in just about every aspect of map-making from gathering street view images and getting authoritative data sources to correcting the map for inaccuracies and training machine learning models.

Interesting facts about Google maps.

Google maps has over 20 petabytes of data, which is equal to approximately 21 million gigabytes, or around 20500 terabytes.
Google has worked with thousands of business owners in eight countries to bring street view technology inside buildings.
Google maps doesn't use much mobile data at all when navigating. most of google maps data use is incurred when initially searching for the destination.

Electronics components

2020-12-02T22:51:00.000+05:30

Electronic gadgets have become an integral part of our lives. They have made our lives more comfortable and convenient. we have many applications of electronics like aviation, medical and healthcare etc.

Most gadgets have tiny electronic circuit that can control machines and process information, electronic circuits are the lifeline of various electrical appliances.

There are 2 types of components

Active components: Electronic component which supplies energy to the circuit.

common examples of active components include:

voltage sources

current sources

generators

all types of transistor.

Diodes.

Passive components : Components incapable of controlling current by means of electrical signal are called passive devices.

common examples of passive components include:

Resistors

capacitors

Inductors

Transformers

List of components

Resistor: oppose current and pass current directly proportion to voltage.

Capacitors : capacitors store and release electrical charge. It stores energy in electric field.

Diode : Conduct electricity easily in one direction, among more specific behaviors.

power sources

Battery : acid or alkali based power supply.
power supply : usually a main hook-up
photovoltaic device : generates electricity from light.

Switch : A switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting it from one conductor to another

Inductors : An inductor is considered as passive element of circuit, because it can store energy in it as a magnetic field, and can deliver that energy to the circuit.

Semiconductor : Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors and non conductors.

Integrated circuits : An integrated circuit refers to a special device that had all the components required in an electronic circuit. The component has diodes, transistors and other devices, all of which are etched on a tiny piece of silicon. The componrts are used in watches and computers.

Batteries : Bateeries convert chemical energy into electrical energy. two different cells of a battery are anode ( + ) and cathode (-).

Fuses : Fuses help preserve components from overloading with excessive current. A fuse consists of connection body, support, contacts, and metal-fuse material such as Zinc or copper.

Motors : Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Key components include a rotor, stator, bearings, and eye bolt.

Circuit Breakers : As a protective device, a circuit breaker can be controlled with a remote switch. It is designed to protect the circuit from overloading or a short circuit.

Battery life

2020-11-24T11:21:00.001+05:30

What is Battery

A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electrical cars.

when a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.

Battery

How Battery works

A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy. The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one material (electrode) to another through an external circuit. The flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work.

Rechargeable battery

How to preserve more battery on mobile.

Battery

Few methods:

Battery saver mode: switch on battery saver mode which will help battery to stay for longer time.
Background battery usage: Go to settings and choose which applications can use battery when your not using phone this will save battery unnecessarily used by application.
Dark mode : choose dark mode so that all screen appears in dark.
Always on mode: switch off this option will save more battery.

How to save battery life :

Do not charge overnight using fast charger, if we use fast charger more heat will be produced which may lead to damage of battery.
Use standard company charger and power bank.

Battery Facts.

Batteries work by providing continuous DC.The battery will work until all of the energy has been used up. If it rechargeable it can be used again. If it is not rechargeable then it is garbage.

The power in a battery is created by chemistry.

Rechargeable batteries are used in cars.

NiMH batteries are nickel metal hydride and are commonly used in portable electronics such as toys and portable home phones.

Batteries can come as wet cell or dry cell.

it is possible to use potatoes as source of battery power, although they are not capable of producing a lot of it.

Lemons can also be used to make power.

What is Internet

2020-11-13T19:01:00.001+05:30

Internet has taken control over life nowadays, without internet nobody can be at peace at-least for 15 min.

nowadays we are doing everything digitally which requires internet.

phonepe, whatsapp, paytm, google pay, many things in which we are depend on internet.

What is internet.

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses internet protocol(TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.

internet is just connection of devices through wires, cables. whole world is connected. connection is done by different companies let's have a brief idea.

Tier 1 company lays optical fiber all over world through sea route.

Tier 2 company works on country wise.

Tier 3 company works on local wise.

How does Internet work.

when two people chat from INDIA to SINGAPORE internet is made used ,packet (data) which we want to send from one machine to another machine will travel the routing path with data protection in such a way that in middle one can decode that data.

up-to one point data will travel through Wi Fi but whole world is connected through cables, like optical fiber which carry the data(packets).

The ISP which we make use (to which we are paying money) they will carry our data and send upto India border once its touches the Singapore there ISP will carry the packets and they will make sure data will reach the end user.

both the countries are paying for optical fiber laying through sea, so both countries are making use of it.

IP address is given to all devices which helps identify the device.

Few Facts about internet

The internet is 9110 days old today.
Internet would weigh about 50 grams. as per scientist who measured the weight of multiple billions of electrons which make up the data that we send back and forth every day.
half of world population make use of internet.
Walking sticks, umbrellas, shirts, water bottles, tails all this can be connected to internet.
The average person spends more than 10 hours a day with internet, which is more time then we sleep.

Future of internet

The infrastructure which we make use to run the internet in backend will have higher version of devices like router, switches, load balancer and firewall.

Fan

2020-11-09T15:10:00.000+05:30

Fan is found in almost everyone house, its very much needed when temperature increase and humans feels hot especially during summer.

Fan working mechanism.

Electric fan works on the principle of conversion of electric enegry into mechanical energy and in this case mechanical energy is the rotarty motion. When AC is supplied to electric fan it first reaches capacitor. capactior sends high energy to the stator windings.

stator windings develops rotating magnetic field and which forces the rotor to rotate in the direction of magnetic field.

electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy, rotor and housing to spin and the blade attached to the housing throws away the air nearby and create cooling effect.

Fan

Parts of Fan

Capacitor : capacitor is used to store energy, this store energy is used to rotate the fan from rest state.

Axle: Axle is the metallic rod mostly made up of mild steel. Axle is connected from ceiling to fan housing

Bearings: Ball bearings are used in the electric fan, 2 bearings which are link between housing and axle gives the rotary motion to the housing.

stator : stator windings is to convert electric current into magnetic field.

Rotar: Rotar in the electric motor is the permanent magnetic in the shape of half circles.

Housing: outer part or the electric fan.

Blades : Blades or wings used to rotate.

Future of electric fan.

Electric fan make use of 9% of residential energy, which is almost equal to power plant energy, so in future by using BLDC technology we can reduce use of energy by electric fan.

BLDC motor are more efficient.

xerox machine

2020-11-04T16:53:00.001+05:30

Xerox machine is found in every office, every college, especially near engineering college we can see xerox shops, as we all know students wants Xerox notes during exam.

everyday while going to college we may go through xerox shop,after getting jobs we use xerox machine but never taught how does it work lets know it.

Xerox machine

how does xerox machine work.

xerox machine work on the principle that opposites attract. Toner is a powder that is used to create the printed text and images on paper. The drum which is located in the heart of a photocopier, is positively charged using static electricity. An image is transferred using laser.

Main function :

photocopier produce copies using laser technology, a dry process that uses electrostatic charge on a light-sensitive photo-receptor to transfer toner onto paper to form an image.

Static electricity:

paper which we want photocopy is placed downwards onto a sheet of glass. using static electricity , an image of this paper is projected onto a positively charged drum. The coating on the drum can conduct electricity when light hit it.

Charging :

cylindrical drum is electrostatically charged by a high voltage wire called charge roller. The drum has a coating of a photo conductive material. A photo-conductor is a semiconductor that becomes conductive when exposed to light.

Exposure:

A bright lamp expose document to make a copy.

Developing :

Toner is positively charged when it is applied to drum to develop the image.

Few facts of xerox machine.

color copies helped make Disney's 101 dalmatian

danger of catching fire.

Components of xerox machine.

Laser
Photo-conductive Drum
charge corona
Toner unit
Transfer corona
Fuser unit
Cleaning unit
Ribbon
Print-head
Ink cartridge

Xerox machine we use in many ways but we never electronics is made used there

Amazon quiz

2020-11-02T14:47:00.002+05:30

Hi everyone,

Amazon quiz is happening you guys can participate and win prizes. Play using mobile app. Indian address should be mentioned in APP to eligible for prize.

Especially in Amazon.in India users.

Link : https://www.amazon.in/b?ie=UTF8&node=14351766031

Today's Amazon Quiz Answers- Win Rs.50,000 Amazon Pay Balance

Question 1 of 5:

Who recently became the first batsman to hit centuries in back to back IPL matches?

The answer is- Shikhar Dhawan

Question 2 of 5:

Which of these actors is one of the producers of the movie Chhalaang starring Rajkummar Rao?

The answer is- Ajay Devgn

Question 3 of 5:

Which former model's bronze statue was recently unveiled in her hometown of Sevniça in Slovenia?

The answer is- Melania Trump

Question 4 of 5:

What mandatory cloth is used in the making of this flag? (See Images)

The answer is- Khadi

Question 5 of 5:

Which car manufacturer accquired this brand of cars in 1998? (See Images)

The answer is- Volkswage

Many types of quiz is happening please check out.spin and win cash prize.

Electric meter

2020-10-31T16:55:00.002+05:30

Electric meter calculate the amount of energy used by revolving dial that turns according to energy consumption. it calculate amount of energy used Kilowatt per hour

meters run by continuously measuring voltage and current to give energy use per hour

For residential purpose its directly connected from source to customer directly from in-line.

For commercial purpose where more than 200 Ampere current is made used they should use current transformer

Electric meter specification

electric meter

meter reading for single phase 2 wire class 1

current rating for 5-30 Amps

energy used in KW h and demand in KW

standard reference voltage : 240 V

standard frequency :50 Hz

How to check meter reading

meter board calculate energy used per hour =kilowatt/hour

1 kilowatt hour =1000 watt hours.

if we use 50 W bulb for 10 hours energy used is 50 Watts x 10 = 500 Watts(0.5 KW/h)

How to calculate electricity bill from Electric meter

Dial rotating is directly proportional to amount of energy used.number displayed is number of dial is rotated.your meter reading will never reset to zero.

The number displayed represents the kilowatt-hours that has been used since the meter installed. so number will grow every month.

Current meter reading - meter reading last month report = total kWh used

Total kWh charge per kWh = Total energy charge

Total energy charge + Fixed monthly fees = Final bill.

How does Electric meter work:

Electric meter has 4 system: Driving system, Moving system, Braking system, Integration system.

The driving system has 2 electromagnets ,upper one is shut electromagnet and lower one is series electromagnet. current is flowing through the wires wounded on electromagnet which produces eddy current.

moving system has disc which will be rotating by eddy current produced by shut and series electromagnet.

braking system used to break the aluminium disc rotation.

Integration method used to record how many times disc rotated means how many kilowatt is used will be recorded and we get the bill.

how does a UPS work

2020-10-29T16:21:00.004+05:30

UPS has become basic need for everyone in today's situation, as most of us are working from home.

how does a UPS work

An uninterruptible power supply(UPS) provides power backup continuously when our regular power source fails or voltage drops to an unacceptable levels

UPS typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data centers, telecommunication equipment or other devices, unexpected power disruption may cause loss in data, to save data UPS was used, nowadays for home purpose also we make use of it.

Parts of UPS

Rectifier : convert AC (mains supply) to DC (which is stored in battery).

Inverter : convert DC voltage to AC voltage and regulates AC voltage.

Static bypass : Automatically connects load to main supply if overload or fault occurs.

Battery : power is supplied when mains power fails.

Luminous UPS

1800 watts

It can be connected to any inverter and give battery backup up to 4 to 5 hours during power outrages ,it stores 1800 watts when fully charged.

UPS

Few facts about UPS

UPS can be small as a notebook or large as a room. The difference in size depends on the requirements.

Common reason for failures is their batteries.

The first UPS was rotary design, which used a flywheel to give short intervals of backup power.

how does a phone call work

2020-10-27T16:15:00.010+05:30

Today whole world is connected, we can call anyone in any part of the world within fraction of time. lets us know electronics behind it.

How does a phone call work

phone is two way radio, consisting of a radio transmitter and a radio receiver. phone converts our voice into an electrical signal , which is then transmitted via radio waves to the nearest cell tower.

cell phones use radio waves to communicate. radio waves carry the information and travel in air at the speed of light. cell phones transmit radio waves in all directions.

Phone

Antenna

cell phones contain at least one radio antenna in order to transmit or receive radio signals. An antenna converts an electric signal to the radio wave.

An antenna is a metallic element for transmitting and receiving specific frequencies of radio waves. older generation phones has ex tractable antennas, modern cell phones has inbuilt antennas. nowadays we have inbuilt Wi -Fi , Bluetooth and GPS.

Optical fiber communication.

To make a call to far distance ( from India to America ) few system is involved back-end. previous days when we used make international calls it would connect with the help international gateway exchanges(switches). nowadays with the help of fiber optics and voice over internet protocol(VoIP) international calls can be dialed without an operator.

Optical fibre is connected between countries through sea bed.

When we diall international number from our phone, our ISP will route the call to international gateway with the help of routing then other end ISP will connect our call to end user.

Future

Due to optical fibre laying under sea telecommunications throughout the world has became cheaper.

International calls using internet has become very cheap already.

how does a Door bell work

2020-10-22T18:53:00.006+05:30

A doorbell is a signaling device placed near a door to a buildings entrance. doorbell make life much easier. with a simple push of a button ,friends, family member can announce their presence outside the door.

First doorbells were mechanical , nowadays we have electrical doorbells operated by push-button switch.

how does a Door bell works

wired and wireless

wired mechanism

When switch is pressed , which is present near the door activates a signaling device (bell or buzzer).

when switch is pressed it closes the doorbell circuit. one terminal is connected to transformer . A doorbell transformer steps down the 240 V to (5 to 20) V, another terminal is connected to signalling device which produces voice.

The heart of a doorbell is electromagnet. doorbell uses the magnetic field created by the electromagnet to move a magnetic piston to strike two tone bars.

Wireless mechanism

Doorbell button contains radio transmitter powered by a battery.

when button is pressed radio signal is detected by the receiver, it activates a sound chip and play the music.

Frequencies used is 2.4 GHz ISM band.he

Mechanical bell

Previous days we used to see mechanical bell .

if we pull the rod connected to bell, we can hear the voice.

Future door bell

Sensors will be made used to sense object in-front of door and activate the signal. It helps in security of the house also, if someone wants to enter home without permission.

Few pictures for reference

Door bell

Switch

Even in simple device like door bell electronics is made used, and made our life easier.

Lighter

2020-10-20T14:15:00.004+05:30

Lighter we use everyday many times to ignite the gas burner. But we never taught how it's working, lets us know today.

Working mechanism

The gas lighter consists of a piezo-electric crystal over which a spring loaded hammer is placed. The hammer and spring set up is attached to button. when button is pressed , the hammer is moved away from the piezo-electric crystal. The spring releases the hammer which hits a crystal of PZT ( Piezoelectric ceramic material ) or Quartz crystal.

Quartz is piezoelectric,which means it creates a high voltage . due to high voltage air is ionized and acts as a path for the discharge resulting a spark, which when exposed to gas and air mix it produces flame.

Lighter

what is piezoelectric effect

piezoelectric effect is the ability of some piezoelectric material to generate an electrical charge in feedback to the mechanical stress.

piezoelectric effect is reversible ,which means when we apply mechanical stress to the piezoelectric material we receive some electrical charge on output, and when we apply electricity to the piezoelectric material , then it compress the piezoelectric material.

Piezoelectric application

Many application we can see using piezoelectric effect like,

Musical greeting card.
We can generate electricity by using piezoelectric device placing on stairs, as humans walks mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. The energy generated here can be used for charging 40mAh button cell battery for 1 hour .

Piezoelectric effect has many uses in our day-to-day life, like when we workout in gym mechanical energy which is release can be used to convert into electricity .

medical application it's used in ultrasonic Imaging.

Induction stove

2020-10-18T12:52:00.005+05:30

Induction stove is generally found in everyone house nowadays, if gas is empty or to cook something immediately we make use of Induction stove.

Induction cooking uses electric current directly to heat vessels through magnetic induction.

An induction cooker transfers electrical energy by induction from a coil of wire into a metal vessel that must be ferromagnetic.

The coil is mounted under the cooking surface, and a high frequency alternating current is passed through it. The current in the coil creates a dynamic magnetic field.

Interesting facts about Induction stove.

cooking with induction stove save time, A traditional gas stove passes heat to the pan via flames, but an induction cook-top directly passes the heat to the pan.

Induction cooking saves tons of energy, instead of losing heat through flames.

Induction stove mechanism.

Inside each cooking zone, there a tightly wound coil of metal. when you turn on the power, an alternating current flows through the coil and produces an invisible high frequency, alternating magnetic field all around it.

Place a pan on the cooking zone and the magnetic field produced by the coil penetrates the iron inside it.

The magnetic field induces electrical(eddy) current inside the pan, turning into a heater

Heat from the pan flows directly into the food or water inside it.

Induction stove

Induction stove consists of

Induction is connected to motherboard

motherboard consists of Filter capacitors and IGBT and Rectifier Diode,

A large copper coil forms the magnetic field.

220v is passed through this device.

Voltage is 230 V and 50 Hz , power :1900 W

Microwave oven

2020-10-16T13:54:00.002+05:30

Microwave oven is a part of modern kitchen today, it helps to save energy and save time.Beautiful invention has beautiful electronics in it, lets know it

Microwaves are produced inside the oven by an electron tube called a magnetron. The microwaves are reflected within the metal interior of the oven where they are absorbed by food. Microwaves cause water molecules in food to vibrate, producing heat that cooks the food.

Few interesting facts about microwave

Microwave oven was found during world war 2 by accident.

microwave energy was used for radar system. Accidentally scientist discovered that microwaves could be used for cooking.while conducting experiments with a new style magnetron, a candy bar in his pocket melted.

The first commercial microwave oven was produced in 1947.The oven was about 6 feet tall and weighed about 750 lbs.

The heart of the microwave is magnetron, a device which produces radio waves. These waves excite water molecules within food ,causing them to vibrate rapidly. This vibration results in heat, cooking the food from within.

Microwave cooking times are shorter, cooking with a microwave preserve Vitamin C and other nutrients that break down when heated.

Microwave saves energy and saves time.

Microwave Heating principle.

Microwave heating is a multi-physics phenomenon that involves electromagnetic waves and heat transfer ,any material that is exposed to electromagnetic radiation will be heated up.The rapidly varying electric and magnetic fields lead to heating.

Microwave working.

Inside the strong metal box , there is a microwave generator called a magnetron. when we start cooking, the magnetron takes electricity from the power outlet and converts it into high powered radio waves. Radio waves reaches food compartment through a channel called wave guide.just like light bounces back through wall , microwaves bounces back through wall and penetrate through food and helps in cooking.

MICROWAVE OVEN

A microwave oven consists of

Transformer to transfer energy to the magnetron

Cavity magnetron which converts high voltage electric energy to microwave radiation

a magnetron control circuit(usually with a microcontroller)

a short wave-guide(to send waves to chamber)

metal cooking chamber

metal wave guide stiring fan

control panel.

READINGS

Commercial frequency used for microwave is 2.45 GHz.

Digital thermometer

2020-10-14T18:10:00.001+05:30

Digital thermometer is basic need today, because of Corona we can't go to hospital more often, so better make use of this device to check if we have Fever. During this pandemic Digital thermometer has become basic need.

How does it work

Digital thermometer contain a small computing system and a resistor. A change in temperature causes the sensor to notice a change in resistance. The computer converts the difference in resistance into a difference in temperature and offers a digital readout in degrees.

The thermoresistor sensor is called a Thermistor.

Measurement Conversion

A digital thermistor thermometer provides an excitation voltage or current to the thermistor.

The excitation is converted to a voltage signal by the thermistor and the thermometer then converts the measured voltage to temperature.

Range of Thermometer Display.

32°–42°C

(89.6°–107.6°F).

Infrared thermometer

we can find infrared thermometer everywhere nowadays, without checking temperature we are not allowed anywhere .

Malls, hospitals, office , due to pandemic they make use of this infrared thermometer as safety measure to check the fever.In this device also we can find interesting electronics concept .

Mechanism of thermometer

An infrared thermometer is a sensor that consists of a lens to focus the infrared energy on to a detector,energy is converted to an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature.

Its used to measure the temperature of a surface from a distance ranging from a few inches to few feet.

Infrared light works like visible light it can be focused on the surface,the surface absorbs the infrared radiation and turns into heat . heat is turned into electricity .The electricity is sent to a detector,which uses it to decide the temperature of the surface where IR is pointed.

Infrared Thermometer

Future of thermometer.

wearable fever armband.

Wearable device that can check patients temperature continuously , when there is increase in fever it can send alarm directly to nurse or care taker.

Remote Car Key

2020-10-13T15:11:00.010+05:30

Remote car key is present in everyone hand today,but many of us don't know electronics in it,lets know today.

Remote key means it's a entry system to car without using mechanical key support.Remote key has short-range radio transmitter,which works for certain range which is 5 - 20 meters.when key is pressed it sends coded signal through radio waves to the receiver in the car so that lock or unlock of the car door happens.

car has sensors to detect fob, for opening of door ,truck and opening of vehicle.

Few standard frequency.

315 MHz for North America made cars

433.92 MHz for European,Japan,Asian cars.

how to avoid duplicate key is made used in car.

we can make use of Transponder key to find the duplicate key used to ON the ignition.Transponder key have small computer chip inside them,when it's used to on the ignition it will send some code to ignition ,it will respond back if its original key by electronic control unit.this invention happens during world war 2,to find friendly planes on radar.

Rolling code

Remote car key will produce different code in order,Both in Transmitter and Receiver end,So thief cant decode the real code of remote car key,If receiver misses any signal it compares with upcoming 256 codes to match.

The transmitter controller chip has a memory which stores 40 bit code along with function code,when we press Fob 40 bit code is transmitted and receiver decode 40 bit code.

If we don't use rolling code easy to decode the code.

Hacking of system

Using house Wi - Fi ,same frequency device or using Jammer Thief try to hack your system.try to be careful about this.

Microchip

microchip HCS301 one of chip used in remote key.

34 bits not encrypted : 28 bit serial number,4 bits button information, 2 bits status(Repeat and low battery indication)

32 bits encrypted(rolling code),4 bits of button information.

Few pictures for reference

Car Key

Remote

Future:

If we are far from car also we should know the status of the car,like that remote system will be designed.

For example:

somebody entering the car.

alarm system status.

location of car.