ENGINEERING PROJECTS

C & C++ Control Structure Statements

2017-10-05T03:53:00.000-07:00

There are three types of control structures available in C and C++

1) Sequence structure (straight line paths)

2) Selection structure (one or many branches)

3)Loop structure (repetition of a set of activities)

All the 3 control structures and its flow of execution is represented in the flow charts given below.

The control statements are:-

Switch
If
If Else
While
Do While
For

Tip:-

Write Correct English Grammar without knowing tense.

Make Your USB Disk as RAM

2016-05-28T02:44:00.001-07:00

Must Visit. You will surprised

2014-07-15T21:48:00.002-07:00

check it

Electric_machinery_fundamentals_4th_ed--Stephen_j_chapman

2012-05-03T20:44:00.000-07:00

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Fundamentals of Electric Drives (Electrical Engineering)

2012-05-03T20:36:00.000-07:00

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MARKETING PROJECTS

2012-05-02T19:20:00.001-07:00

1-GREEN MARKETING PROJECT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701824

2-INFOSYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701826

3-NEW PRODUCT LAUNCH PROJECT .doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701827

4-IMPACT OF CELEBRITY ENDORMENT PROJECT .doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701828

20-ICE CREAM PROJECT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701829

5-ADVERTISING PROJECT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701830

6-LG MARKETING PROJECT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701834

7-LUX MARKETING PROJECT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701835

8-AIRTEL PROJECT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701836

9-LENOVO PROJECT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701837

10-AMUL MARKETING PROJECT .doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701838

11-BRAND BAKER PROJECT .doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701839

12-LEVIS MARKETING PROJECT.rtf
Text Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701840

13-AIRTEL PROJECT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701841

14-LOREAL MARKETING PROJECT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701842

15-MARKETING MIX PROJECT .doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701844

16-MARKETING NOTES PROJECT .doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701845

17-MARKET SEGMENTATION PROJECT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701846

18-McDONALD PROJECT.doc
Microsoft Word Document

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701848

19-IPL PROJECT.pps
Microsoft Power Point Presentation

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701851

20-IS MARKETING SELLING OR BUILDING BRANDS PROJECT
Microsoft Power Point Presentation

http://sharecash.org/download.php?file=2701852

Automatic Street Light

2012-04-27T02:43:00.000-07:00

Needs no manual operation for switching ON and OFF. When there is need of light. It detects itself weather there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value then automatically street light is switched ON and when there is other source of light i.e. day time, the street light gets OFF. The sensitiveness of the street light can also be adjusted. In our project we have used four L.E.D for indication of bulb but for high power switching one can connect Relay (electromagnetic switch) at the output of pin 3 of I.C 555. Then it will be possible to turn ON/OFF any electrical appliances connected all the way through relay. Principle : This circuit uses a popular timer I.C 555. I.C 555 is connected as comparator with pin-6 connected with positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin 2 is at lower then 1/3rd level of the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes low (0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the level of output (pin-3) from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1.

The output has only two states high and low and can not remain in any intermediate stage. It is powered by a 6V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic in power consumption. Pin 4, 6 and 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is grounded. To detect the present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light. LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum. We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and 100K variable resistance connected in series. We know that voltage is directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get from this divider when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness. This divided voltage is given to pin 2 of IC 555. Variable resistance is so adjusted that it crosses potential of 1/3rd in brightness and fall below 1/3rd in darkness. Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistance. As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage of pin 2 drops1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED or buzzer which is connected to the output gets activated.Component used 9v Battery with strip Switch L.D.R (Light Depending Resistance) I.C NE555 with Base L.E.D (Light Emitting Diode) 3 to 6 pieces. Variable Resistance of 47 Kilo ohms P.C.B (Printed Circuit Board of 555 or Vero board. COMPONENTS : a) Battery: For 9v power supply we can use 6pcs dry cell or 6F22 9v single piece battery. b)Switch:Any general purpose switch can be used. Switch is used as circuit breaker. c) L.D.R: (Light Depending Resistance) it is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum. d) L.E.D: A diode is a component that only allows electricity to flow one way. It can be thought as a sort of one way street for electrons. Because of this characteristic, diode are used to transform or rectify AC voltage into a DC voltage. Diodes have two connections, an anode and a cathode. The cathode is the end on the schematic with the point of the triangle pointing towards a line. In other words, the triangle points toward that cathode. The anode is, of course, the opposite end. Current flows from the anode to the cathode. Light emitting diodes, or LEDs, differ from regular diodes in that when a voltage is applied, they emit light. This light can be red (most common), green, yellow, orange, blue (not very common), or infa red. LEDs are used as indicators, transmitters, etc. Most likely, a LED will never burn out like a regular lamp will and requires many times less current. Because LEDs act like regular diodes and will form a short if connected between + and -, a current limiting resistor is used to prevent that very thing. LEDs may or may not be drawn with the circle surrounding them. e) Variable resistance:(Potentiometer) Resistors are one of the most common electronic components. A resistor is a device that limits, or resists current. The current limiting ability or resistance is measured in ohms, represented by the Greek symbol Omega. Variable resistors (also called potentiometers or just “pots”) are resistors that have a variable resistance. You adjust the resistance by turning a shaft. This shaft moves a wiper across the actual resistor element. By changing the amounts of resistor between the wiper connection and the connection (s) to the resistor element, you can change the resistance. You will often see the resistance of resistors written with K (kilohms) after the number value. This means that there are that many thousands of ohms. For example, 1K is 1000 ohm,2K is 2000 ohm, 3.3K is 3300 ohm, etc. You may also see the suffix M (mega ohms). This simply means million. Resistors are also rated by their power handling capability. This is the amount of heat the resistor can take before it is destroyed. The power capability is measured in W (watts) Common wattages for variable resistors are 1/8W, 1/4W, 1/2W and 1W. Anything of a higher wattage is referred to as a rheostat f) PCB (Printed Circuit Board) with the help of P.C.B it is easy to assemble circuit with neat and clean end products. P.C.B is made of Bakelite with surface pasted with copper track-layout. For each components leg, hole is made. Connection pin is passed through the hole and is soldered. WORKING: When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decreases which results in increase of the voltage at pin 2 of the IC 555. IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt, which compares between the input voltage from pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply voltage. When input falls below 1/3rd then output is set high otherwise it is set low. Since in brightness, input voltage rises so we obtain no positive voltage at output of pin 3 to drive relay or LED, besides in poor light condition we get output to energize. Precautions: a) LDR used should be sensitive. Before using in the circuit it should be tested with multimeter. b) I.C should not be heated too much while soldering, can destroy the I.C. For safety and easy to replace, use of I.C base is suggested. While placing the I.C pin no 1 should be made sure at right hole. c) Opposite polarity of battery can destroy I.C so please check the polarity before switching ON the circuit. One should use diode in series with switch for safety since diode allows flowing current in one direction only. d) L.E.D glows in forward bias only so incorrect polarity of L.E.D will not glow. Out put voltage of our project is 7.3 volt therefore 4 LED in series can be easily used with out resistance. e) Each component should be soldered neat and clean. We should check for any dry soldered. f) LDR should be so adjusted that it should not get light from streetlight itself. Components:- 1) 9V battery with snap 2)LDR 3)Variable resistance 100K ohms 4)Resistance 470 ohms 5)LED 6)IC 555 7)Switch

Heat Sensor

2012-04-27T02:40:00.001-07:00

Here is a simple circuit which can be used as a heat sensor. In the following circuit diagram thermistor and 100 Ohms resistance is connected in series and makes a potential devider circuit . If thermistor is of N.T.C (Negative temperature Coefficient ) type then after heating the thermistor its resistance decreases so more current flows through the thermistor and 100 Ohms resistance and we get more voltage at junction of

thermistor and resistance

. Suppose after heating 110 ohms thermistor its resistance value become 90 Ohms.then according to potential devider circuit the voltage across one resistor equals the ratio of that resistor’s value and the sum of resistances times the voltage across the series combination. This concept is so pervasive it has a name: voltage divider. The input-output relationship for this system, found in this particular case by voltage divider, takes the form of a ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage. This output voltage is applied to a NPN transistor through a resistance. Emitter voltage is maintain at 4.7 volt with a help of Zener diode. This voltage we will use as compare voltage. Transistor conducts when base voltage is greater than emitter voltage. Transistor conducts as it gets more than 4.7 base Voltage and circuit is completed through buzzer and it gives Sound.

Touch Switch

2012-04-27T02:38:00.001-07:00

THEAFS ARE ATTRACTED TO EXPENSIVE THINGS WHEN THEY COME IN OUR HOUSES. WE CAN PROTECT OUR PRODUCT OR THING BY MAKING THEM TOUCH PROOF OR WE CAN STOP ANY UNIDENTIFIED PERSONS ENTRY IN OUR HOUSE BY MAKING DOOR AND WINDOW TOUCH PROOF.THIS CIRCUIT ALERT US WHEN ANY THEAF COME TO STOLE PRODUCTS FROM OUR HOUSE OR TOUCH ANY METALLIC THING AT DOOR / WINDOW OR IN SIDE . WE CAN USE THIS CERCUIT TO PROTECT OUR CAR OR BIKE BY MAKING THEM TOUCH PROOF. AS WE HAVE DISCRIBE ABOVE THIS PRODUCT GIVE ALARM WHEN ANY HUMAN BODY TOUCH ANY OF THE METTALIC THING WHICH ARE PROTECTED BY THIS CIRCUIT.

THIS PROJECT IS WORKING ON TWO TRANSISTORS WHICH MAKE COMPLIMENTORY PAIR DIRECT COUPLED AMPLIFIER. THIS CIRCUIT BASICALLY A AUDIO OSILATOR FOR OSILATION WE USE COLLECTOR OF TRANSISTOR BC558 WHICH IS CONNECTED TO THE BASE OF TRANSISTOR BC 548 VIA RESISTANCE 18 K .01 or .02 MFD CAPACITOR . TRANSISTOR BC-548 IS WORKING AS A PREAMPLIFIER. WHEN ANY HUMAN BODY TOUCH THE TOUCH SENSOR WHICH IS CONNECTED TO BASE OF TRANSISTOR BC-548. THIS TRANSISTOR CONDUCT WITH HUMAN SKIN CONDUCTANCE . WHEN TRANSISTOR BC-548 START CONDUCTING IT’S FORCED TO TRANSISTOR BC558 TO START CONDUCTING . SO WE GET ALARM SOUND FROM SPEAKER. WHEN WE TAKE BACK OUR HAND THEN DOES NOT CONNECTED TO BASE OF TRANSISTOR BC-548 . SO IT’S DOES NOT CONDUCT WE DO NOT GET THE ALARM SOUND.

MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 2010

2012-04-16T23:01:00.000-07:00

DOWNLOAD
CLICK HERE

Turbo C++ 3.0 Compiler

2012-04-16T22:56:00.001-07:00

DOWNLOAD
CLICK HERE
Installation Instructions

Download the archive from the link(s) provided somewhere at the top of this post.
Unzip it and place the contents of the archive into a folder inside your Drive C. (e.g., C:\tcpp3)
The compiler is the file named TC.EXE. Don’t confuse it with the TC shortcut! Simply double click on that and the compiler will run.
Just before you type your C program code, please make sure you have the correct path for the INCLUDE Directory and LIBRARY Directory. You can check by clicking on Options -> Directories…
The path for the INCLUDE Directory must be C:\YourFolder\INCLUDE. For example, C:\tcpp3\INCLUDE. The file you downloaded uses tcpp3 as folder name, which is why I’m using the same folder name in my example. Please make sure you specify the correct path to the INCLUDE folder, this is crucial, or else it you would get errors. The INCLUDE folder should directly under tcpp3 folder, and tcpp3 folder is directly under your drive C folder.
And the path for the LIBRARY Directory must be C:\YourFolder\LIB, for example C:\tcpp3\LIB. Again, check if you have the correct path to the LIB folder.
Remember to change the YourFolder into the name of the folder you are using for your Turbo C++.
You can now test a C program code. First, select File from the menu and choose new. Copy the sample codes at the end of this blog entry.
After copying the codes, select Run from the menu, and choose Run. There should be an output of Hello World on the screen. The codes worked for me, please copy them carefully.
Hello World sample code for testing in C language

#include
#include
int main(){
clrscr();
printf("Hello world!");
getch();
return 0;
}
Hello World sample code for testing in C++ language

#include
main(){
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

LTspice IV

2012-04-16T22:51:00.001-07:00

LTspice IV is a high performance SPICE simulator, schematic capture and waveform viewer with enhancements and models for easing the simulation of switching regulators. Our enhancements to SPICE have made simulating switching regulators extremely fast compared to normal SPICE simulators, allowing the user to view waveforms for most switching regulators in just a few minutes. Included in this download are LTspice IV, Macro Models for 80% of Linear Technology's switching regulators, over 200 op amp models, as well as resistors, transistors and MOSFET models.
DOWNLOAD
CLICK HERE

Proteus Professional

2012-04-16T22:44:00.000-07:00

Proteus Professional is a Virtual System Modelling (VSM) that combines circuit simulation, animated components and microprocessor models to co-simulate the complete microcontroller based designs. This is the perfect tool for engineers to test their microcontroller designs before constructing a physical prototype in real time. This program allows users to interact with the design using on-screen indicators and/or LED and LCD displays and, if attached to the PC, switches and buttons.

One of the main components of Proteus Professional is the Circuit Simulation — a product that uses a SPICE3f5 analogue simulator kernel combined with an event-driven digital simulator that allow users to utilize any SPICE model by any manufacturer.
Proteus VSM comes with extensive debugging features, including breakpoints, single stepping and variable display for a neat design prior to hardware prototyping.
In summary, Proteus Professional is the program to use when you want to simulate the interaction between software running on a microcontroller and any analog or digital electronic device connected to it.

Proteus PCB design combines the ISIS schematic capture and ARES PCB layout programs to provide a powerful, integrated and easy to use suite of tools for professional PCB Design

All Proteus PCB design products include an integrated shape based autorouter and a basic SPICE simulation capability as standard. More advanced routing modes are included in Proteus PCB Design Level 2 and higher whilst simulation capabilities can be enhanced by purchasing the Advanced Simulation option and/or micro-controller simulation capabilities.

The products are offered at a number of levels which offer increasing levels of functionality and design capacity.

DOWNLOAD SOFTWARE

CLICK HERE

20 Watt Power Amplifier

2012-04-14T03:17:00.000-07:00

This IC chip was designed specifically for use in power boosting applications in automobiles. It is self protecting against short circuits and thermal problems. In the bridge configuration shown it will deliver 20 watts of power into a 2 ohm speaker operating at 14.4 volts

FM Transmitters

2012-04-14T03:16:00.000-07:00

Simple Audio Signal Injector

2012-04-14T03:13:00.001-07:00

Here's a signal injector for those of us like me who don't have a bench full of nice test equipment. It can be used for tracing audio circuits for troubleshooting, or for working on audio circuits that require some kind of signal for testing.

The injector is a single-transistor implementation of the classic twin-T oscillator circuit. I actually found this in the ARRL (Amateur Radio Radio League) Handbook, and adapted it for my purposes. The transistor type is absolutely non-critical: any small-signal NPN transistor will do. Likewise, component values aren't crucial, and you can change them for different frequency output if you like. (As built, the injector gives about a 1 kHz tone at about 1v p/p.)

The whole thing can be built on a tiny scrap of perfboard and mounted in a small box (I used an Altoids-type metal lozenge box).

Dark Detector

2012-04-14T03:12:00.000-07:00

The dark detector circuit shown here can be used to produce an audible alarm when the light inside a room goes OFF. The circuit is build around timer IC NE555.A general purpose LDR is used for sensing the light. When proper light is falling on the LDR its resistance is very low. When there is no light the LDR resistance increases. At this time the IC is triggered and drives the buzzer to produce an alarm sound. If a transistor and relay is connected at the output (pin3) of IC1 instead of the buzzer, electrical appliances can be switched according to the light.

Notes

The LDR ,R4 can be any general purpose LDR.
The circuit must be assembled on a good quality PCB or common board.
The circuit can be powered from a 9V PP3 battery.
The POT,R3 can be sued as a volume controller.
Mount the IC1 on a holder.It will make replacements easy.

Light Activated Switch

2012-04-14T03:10:00.000-07:00

The circuit is based on National Semiconductors comparator LM311 (IC1) and an LDR. The non inverting input of IC1 is given with a reference voltage of 6V using resistors R3 and R4. The input to the inverting input will be the voltage across the LDR that is light dependent. At darkness the resistance of the LDR will be high and so do the voltage across it. In this condition the voltage at the inverting input will be higher than the reference at non inverting pin and the output of the comparator will be low. When the LDR is illuminated, its resistance drops and so does the voltage across it. Now the voltage at the inverting input will be lower than that at non inverting input and the out put of the comparator goes high. This makes transistor Q1 on and drives the relay. As a result we get a relay switching according to the intensity of the light falling on the LDR.

Notes

Adjust POT R1 to set the desired light intensity for switching the relay.For this illuminate the LDR with the desire intensity light.The relay will be either on or off. Adjust POT R1 slowly so that the state of the relay changes.That’s it.Now the circuit is set for the given intensity of light.
Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB or common board.
You can use either a 9 V battery or a well regulated & filtered 9V DC mains operated power supply.
The pin 5&6 (Balance & Balance/Strobe ) of IC LM311 are shorted to minimize the chance of oscillations.
The pin out of LM311 is also given together with the circuit diagram.

Caveats

Because there is no hysteresis in this circuit, they can be some chattering with the relay when the illumination is very near triggering point

Simple Black Line Follower

2012-04-14T03:05:00.001-07:00

list p=16f628A
#include<p16f628.inc>
__CONFIG _MCLRE_ON & _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF &
_INTRC_OSC_NOCLKOUT
ERRORLEVEL -302

cblock 0x20
temp
temp_s
endc
;******************************************************************
org 0x00
goto main
;***********************************INTERRUPT LOOP*****************
org 0X04
inter:
movwf temp
swapf STATUS,w
clrf STATUS
movwf temp_s
btfsc PORTB,0x00
goto loop1
loop2:
movlw b'00000101'
movwf PORTA
btfsc PORTB,0x05
goto loop2
goto loop_x
loop1:
movlw b'10001000'
movwf PORTA
btfsc PORTB,0x00
goto loop1
loop_x
bcf INTCON,0x01
bcf INTCON,0x00
swapf temp_s,w
movwf STATUS
swapf temp,w
retfie
main:
bsf INTCON,0x07 ;Globel interrupt enable(we are using
interr.)
bsf INTCON,0x04
bsf INTCON,0x03 ;RB4-RB7 interrupt on change is
enabled/ in other words these pins will also
work as
;interrupts and interrupt will occur every
time any of these pin changes state
; i.e.:HIGH to LOW or LOW to HIGH, we
can not set it to be on eather one state
change
bcf INTCON, 0x01
bcf INTCON, 0x00 ;Clear RB4-RB7 interrupt flag so,
that another interr. can occur.
;**********************************SET UP THE PORTS *****************
bsf STATUS,RP0 ;switch to BANK 1
movlw b'00100001'
movwf TRISB ;set RB6 & RB5 as input
movlw b'00000000'
movwf TRISA ;setPORT A all output
bcf STATUS,RP0 ;back to BANK 0
movlw 0x07 ;turn comparators off, so HIGH will be
simple HIGH rather than +5V (compared to
supply) so with the LOW
movwf CMCON
Loop:
movlw b'00001001'
movwf PORTA ;set pin 0 of port a HIGH
goto Loop
END

Infrared Proximity Detector

2012-04-14T03:02:00.000-07:00

This proximity detector using an infrared detector (Fig. 1) can be used in various equipment like automatic door openers and burglar alarms. The circuit primarily consists of an infrared transmitter and an infrared receiver. The transmitter section consists of a 555 timer IC functioning in astable mode. It is wired as shown in the figure. The output from astable is fed to an infrared LED via resistor R4, which limits its operating current. This circuit provides a frequency output of 38 kHz at 50 per cent duty cycle, which is required for the infrared detector/receiver module. Siemens SFH5110-38 is a much better choice than SFH506-38. Siemens SFH5110-38 is turned on by a continuous frequency of 38 kHz with 50 per cent duty cycle, whereas SFH506 requires a burst frequency of 38k to sense. Hence, SFH5110-38 is used.

The receiver section comprises an infrared receiver module, a 555 monostable multivibrator, and an LED indicator. Upon reception of infrared signals, 555 timer (mono) turns on and remains on as long as infrared signals are received. When the signals are interrupted, the mono goes off after a few seconds (period=1.1 R7xC6) depending upon the value of R7-C6 combination. Thus if R7=470 kilo-ohms and C6=4.7µF, the mono period will be around 2.5 seconds.
Both the transmitter and the receiver parts can be mounted on a single breadboard or PCB. The infrared receiver must be placed behind the infrared LED to avoid false indication due to infrared leakage. An object moving nearby actually reflects the infrared rays emitted by the infrared LED. The infrared receiver has sensitivity angle (lobe) of 0-60 degrees, hence when the reflected IR ray is sensed, the mono in the receiver part is triggered. The output from the mono may be used in any desired fashion. For example, it can be used to turn on a light when a person comes nearby by energising a relay. The light would automatically turn off after some time as the person moves away and the mono pulse period is over. The sensitivity of the detector depends on current-limiting resistor R4 in series with the infrared LED. Range is approximately 40 cm. For 20-ohm value of R4 the object at 25 cm can be sensed, while for 30-ohm value of R4 the sensing range reduces by 22.5 cm.

TV Remove Blocker

2012-04-14T02:59:00.000-07:00

Theory of Operation

The 555 IC (see our 555 Timer guide) is wired as an astable multivibrator for a frequency of nearly 38 kHz. This is the frequency at which most of the modern TVs receive the IR beam. The transistor acts as a current source supplying roughly 25mA to the infra red LEDs. To increase the range of the circuit simply decrease the value of the 180 ohm resistor to not less than 100 ohm.

It is required to adjust the 10K potentiometer while pointing the device at your TV to block the IR rays from the remote. This can be done by trial and error until the remote no longer responds.

Solar Charged Remote Control Electric Lawn Mower

2012-04-14T02:57:00.000-07:00

Frame & Body:[*]Steelworks Aluminum Flat 1/8 x 2 x 8′ (Quantity may vary)
Steelworks Aluminum Flat 1/8 x 1-1/2 x 8′ (Quantity may vary)
Steelworks Aluminum Flat 1/8 x 1 x 8′ (Quantity may vary)
Steelworks Aluminum Angle 1/8 x 1-1/2 x 8′ (Quantity may vary)
Steelworks Aluminum Angle 1/8 x 1 x 8′ (Quantity may vary)
HM 5/16 – 18 x 1 Hex Bolt (100 pack)
Stop Nuts Nylon Insert 5/16 – 18 (100 pack)
HM 5/16 – 18 x 1 1/2 Hex Bolt
HM 5/16 – 1/2 Hex Bolt
Nylon MS BH/Slot 1/4-20 x 1
Nylon Hex Nuts 1/4-20
5/16 Drill Bit
Multiuse Lube WD40

Electric Wheelchair Related Components:

Electric Wheelchair Motors
Sabertooth 2X25 Dual Motor Driver
DX5e DSMX 5-Channel Transmitter/Receiver
Male Servo Connector
9-18VDC Hobby Motor
2x NOCO Group U1 Battery Box
2x 13×5.00-6 Carlisle Tire Split Rim
The Hillman Group 5/16″ x 2″ Zinc Plated Fine-Thread Hex Bolt
Hitachi 13/32″ Drill Bit
Flat Washers 5/16 – Box Set
2x UB12350 Group U1 Battery
24v Battery Charger
20-Ft. UL-Recognized Red Hookup Wire (12AWG)
20-Ft. UL-Recognized Black Hookup Wire (12AWG)

Lawn Mower Related Components:

Black & Decker CM1836 Electric Lawn
1x 1N4007 1A 1000V Rectifier Diode
36 Volt Continuous Duty Solenoid Relay
25A Solid State Relay SSR DC In DC Out
Heatsink for Solid State Relay
Heatsink Compound
In-line ACT Water-resistant Fuse Holder – 10 AWG
ATC / ATO BLADE FUSE 25 AMP
Heat Shrink Tubing

Microprocessor Related Components:

Parallax Board of Education
1x 9v Battery Clip
1x IRF3205 MOSFET

Solar Related Components:

1x Morningstar PS15 ProStar 15 Charge Controller (PS-15)
2x 12v 20 Watt Solar Panels
8x Z Style Flat Roof Mounting System (Brackets)
24v Power Inverter
Pan Head Slotted Screws 4-40 x 3/4
Hex Machine Nuts Stainless 4-40

Other Electric Components:

Dri-box Waterproof Outdoor Connection Enclosure
Cooler Master Computer Case 120mm Cooling Fan
SilverStone 120mm Fan Filter with Grill FF121B
Nylon Wing Nuts 1/4″-20
Nylon Mach Screw 1/4″ x 1-1/2″
Nylon Mach Screw 1/4″ x 1/2″
Nylon Hex Nut 1/4″-20
2x 25A DPDT Toggle Switch
1x 50A Toggle Switch (On-Off)
2x 36v Battery Voltmeter
2x SPST Rocker Switch
100A Busbar
Pwr Plug Sealed IP68
Pwr Jack Sealed IP68
Digital Multimeter

Recommended Tools & Machines:

Torque Wrench / Kit
Wrench / Kit
Band Saw
Belt Sander
Drill Press / Power Drill
Heavy Duty Spring Clamps

Binary to 7 Segment Decoder

2012-04-14T02:51:00.000-07:00

This circuit displays the Hexadecimal equivalent of a 4 bit Binary Number. The number is displayed on a 7 Segment LED display.

There are many Binary to 7 Segment decoders out there, such as the CD4511, DM74LS47, SN7447 and the DM9368. All of which have attractive features, but none have all of them in one package. Another downside is many only display 0 - 9 with few displaying all Hexadecimal digits (0 - F). With many of these chips obsolete and hard to find, my Binary to 7 Segment Decoder is a versatile substiute.

How It Works

I am using a PIC16F628A to read the Binary Number and Display the Hexadecimal equivalent on a 7 Segment LED display. The ASM file is heavily commented, so for information on exactly how it works, take a look at the ASM file.

Here is a summarised explanation:
The software reads the logic levels of the first 4 bits of PORTA (Binary Inputs) and stores the digit in a General Purpose Register (GPR).
The GPR is then XOR'd with 0x00 to mask the upper nibble.
A table is called, and the program counter jumps x amount of instructions, depending on the number stored in the GPR.
The corresponding 7 segment arrangement is moved to the working register (W).
Then this is transfered to PORTB, to which the LED 7 segment display is connected. As well and doing this, the microcontroller tests the inputs for Ripple Blanking, Latch, Test Lamp, and Display Type Select and acts on them accordingly.

Parts

1x PIC16F628A (can use 627A or 648A)
1x LED 7 Segment (Common Cathode or Common Anode)
7x 470Ω Resistor
3x 10KΩ (RA4, RA5 & RB0 pull up ) resistor
1x .1μF Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor
1x Breadboard

Simple Serial LCD

2012-04-14T02:47:00.000-07:00

Creating a serial LCD can be very useful for quick debugging; as well as projects requiring LCD support with minimal interface. The circuit presented here may not satisfy all needs, but it should serve as a good starting point for further work.

How does serial LCD interface work?
It is quite simple really. Using a microcontroller with a built-in HW UART, the information form the HW UART is received and passed on to the LCD using 4-bit control. The LCD is a standard 2x16 character based display compatible with a HD44780 controller. The microcontroller is a 16F688 with built-in UART. A baud-select function is included to allow for the selection of two different input baud rates. The following figure shows how the circuit used.
Code Description:
The code for the simple serial LCD was created using Oshonsoft Basic. This language is not as complete or provides as much functionality as others (e.g. CCS C), but it can be readily obtained and used.

The code can be summarized as follows:
On power-up read the baud-select input (select between 9600bps and 1200bps),
Continuously monitor the HW UART and parse any received characters,
a null character is ignored,
a carriage return starts the second line of the LCD,
an escape character clears the LCD,
everything else is passed on to the LCD.
CODE
* PIC16F688 Serial LCD Test Bed *'
'Title: Simple Serial LCD Test Program
'Description: This program uses PIC16F688 to drive a 2x16 LCD from an RS-232 input (9600bps)
'Author: languer (2010)
'Pin Allocation:
    'PIN#   Main_Fn
    'RA0 -> PGD - Programming data
    'RA1 -> PGC - Programming clock
    'RA2 -> not used
    'RA3 -> not used
    'RA4 -> LCD EBIT
    'RA5 -> LCD RSBIT
    'RC0 -> LCD DB4
    'RC1 -> LCD DB5
    'RC2 -> LCD DB6
    'RC3 -> LCD DB7
    'RC4 -> BAUD SELECT
    'RC5 -> RS232 RX
'Usage Information:
    'BAUD Select
        'low -> 1200
        'high -> 9600
    'RS232 Input
        '0x00 -> ignore
        '0x0D -> LCD line 2, clear line 2
        '0x1B -> LCD line 1, clear LCD

'General Device Configuration
Define CONF_WORD = 0x33c4
OSCCON = 0x70 'define internal 8MHz clock
Define CLOCK_FREQUENCY = 8

'HW UART Setup
Define ALLOW_MULTIPLE_HSEROPEN = 1

'LCD Configuration
Define LCD_BITS = 4 'allowed values are 4 and 8 - the number of data interface lines
Define LCD_DREG = PORTC
Define LCD_DBIT = 0 '0 or 4 for 4-bit interface, ignored for 8-bit interface
Define LCD_RSREG = PORTA
Define LCD_RSBIT = 5
Define LCD_EREG = PORTA
Define LCD_EBIT = 4
Define LCD_RWREG = 0 'set to 0 if not used, 0 is default
Define LCD_RWBIT = 0 'set to 0 if not used, 0 is default
Define LCD_COMMANDUS = 2000 'delay after LCDCMDOUT, default value is 5000
Define LCD_DATAUS = 50 'delay after LCDOUT, default value is 100
Define LCD_INITMS = 10 'delay used by LCDINIT, default value is 100

'Variable Declarations
Const trisa1 = %11001111
Const trisc1 = %11010000

Symbol lcd_db4 = PORTC.0
Symbol lcd_db5 = PORTC.1
Symbol lcd_db6 = PORTC.2
Symbol lcd_db7 = PORTC.3
Symbol lcd_rs = PORTA.4
Symbol lcd_e = PORTA.5

Symbol baud_select = PORTC.4
Symbol rs232_rx = PORTC.5

Dim _true As Bit
Dim _false As Bit
Dim char As Byte

_true = True
_false = False

'Main Program
main:
    Call init()
    WaitMs 1000
    While _true
        Call get_rs232_char()
        Call send_lcd_char()
    Wend
End
Proc init()
    AllDigital 'set all ports to digital
    TRISA = trisa1
    TRISC = trisc1
    WaitMs 1
    Lcdinit 1 'initialize LCD module; cursor is blinking
    Lcdcmdout LcdClear 'clear LCD display
    Lcdout "LCD Display" 'line 1
    Lcdcmdout LcdLine2Home 'set cursor at the beginning of line 2
    Lcdout "LR@2010" 'line 2
    WaitMs 1
    If baud_select = 1 Then
        Hseropen 9600
    Else
        Hseropen 1200
    Endif
End Proc
Proc get_rs232_char()
        Hserin char
End Proc
Proc send_lcd_char()
        Select Case char
        Case 0
            'do nothing
        Case 13
            Lcdcmdout LcdLine2Home
            Lcdcmdout LcdLine2Clear
        Case 27
            Lcdcmdout LcdHome
            Lcdcmdout LcdClear
        Case Else
            Lcdout char
        EndSelect
End Proc

Digital Temerature Sensor

2012-04-14T02:44:00.000-07:00

This circuit is a Digital Temerature Sensor using a Dallas '1-wire' DS18B20 Digital Thermometer
Firstly I would like to thank Pommie and Mike, K8LH from the Electro Tech Online Forum for their genourous help. This has been the most challenging project to date and they have helped immensely. They have tought me many valuable lessons about programming in Assembly language and it has really assitsted me in getting this project up and running.

Note: I would like to make a point that some snippets of their own code is used in this program. I have used it with their permission and please observe any copyrights or name recognition placed in the code. If you wish to use their snippets of code, please contact them via the Electro-Tech-Online forum.

How It Works

The DS18B20 is a direct-to-digital temperature sensor using Maxim's exclusive 1-Wire bus protocol that implements bus communication using one control signal. In regards to hardware, this particular sensor is particularly easy to interface to. It only requires 1 external pull-up resistor to operate as opposed to an analogue sensor which possibly needs multiple external components such as resistors and op-amps.

In regards to software, opposed to analogue sensors, the Dallas 1-wire digital sensors are arguably as easy to interface to. While an analogue sensor will need an Analogue to Digital conversion using a voltage reference and possibly using an op-amp, the Dallas 1-wire direct to digital sensors require precise timing when it comes to communication. This program is fairly basic in principle as all it does is obtain temperature data from the DS18B20 sensor and display the temperature in Degrees Celsius on a 4 digit, 7 segment display. But when it comes to actually doing this, as you will see from the .ASM file, it is more complicated than it sounds. In words; the program first initialises the PIC16F628A Microcontroller. It assigns the Inputs and Outputs, zero's all bank 0 RAM, initialises the display column select bit and configures TIMER 2. TIMER 2 is used to interrupt the normal loop of the program to update the 7 segment LED display.

After the Microcontroller has been setup, it begins communication with the DS18B20 Temperature Sensor. Communication routines take up just under half of the program memory. After the temperature has been gathered and stored in RAM, the Microcontroller takes the 12-bit signed/fraction integer and converts it into a decimal number then stores it in four general purpose registers in RAM.
These registers are then used within the Interrupt Service Routine to call a table to obtain display data.
The program runs continuously, updating the temperature on the display just over once per 1 second.
code:
HUNS register = 0
TENS register = 9
ONES register = 5
TENTHS register = 8

Features Summary:
Temperature data gathered more than once per second.
TIMER 2 interrupt driven display.
Program expandable to include multiple sensors on the same 1-Wire bus.
Temperature range of -55.0 - 127.9 Degrees Celsius.
Please see the DS18B20 Datasheet for detailed information on the device.