Technology, Science and Health

The Importance of Health Insurance: Understanding Your Coverage Options

2023-02-12T03:27:00.003+05:00

"The Importance of Health Insurance: Understanding Your Coverage Options"

Health insurance is a critical component of a comprehensive health care plan. It provides financial protection against the high costs of medical care and helps ensure that you and your family receive the care you need, when you need it. With the rising cost of healthcare, having health insurance has become increasingly important.

There are two main types of health insurance: private insurance and public insurance. Private insurance is provided by private companies and is typically purchased by individuals or through an employer. Public insurance, on the other hand, is funded by the government and is available to those who are eligible, such as those who are elderly, disabled, or low-income.

Private insurance plans come in a variety of forms, including health maintenance organizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPOs), point of service (POS) plans, and indemnity plans. Each type of plan has its own benefits and drawbacks, so it's important to understand the different options available and choose the one that best meets your needs.

In addition to traditional insurance, there are also alternative health care options, such as health savings accounts (HSAs), health care sharing ministries, and short-term health insurance plans. These options may provide limited coverage, but they can also be less expensive than traditional insurance and may be a good option for those who are healthy and looking for a more affordable option.

When purchasing health insurance, it's important to understand the coverage options available and what each plan covers. Some plans cover only basic health services, while others offer comprehensive coverage that includes things like hospital stays, prescription drugs, and mental health services. Understanding what is covered and what is not can help you make an informed decision about which plan is right for you.

Another important factor to consider when purchasing health insurance is the cost. Premiums, copays, and deductibles are all important factors to consider when determining the cost of insurance. It's important to compare the cost of different plans and to consider the overall cost of care, including the cost of services not covered by insurance.

Finally, it's important to regularly review and update your health insurance coverage to make sure that you are receiving the best possible coverage for your needs. This may involve reviewing your insurance policy, considering alternative options, and consulting with a healthcare professional or insurance agent to determine what changes, if any, need to be made.

In conclusion, health insurance is a critical component of a comprehensive health care plan. Understanding the different types of insurance and coverage options available, as well as the cost of care, can help you make an informed decision about which plan is right for you and your family. Regularly reviewing and updating your coverage can also ensure that you are receiving the best possible care for your needs.

The Benefits of Embracing Aging: How to Age Gracefully and Happily

2023-02-11T23:13:00.005+05:00

Aging is a natural part of life, and it can be a time of growth and fulfillment. As we age, our bodies and minds change, and it's important to understand these changes and learn how to adapt to them. Embracing aging and making the most of our later years can lead to greater happiness and overall well-being.

One of the keys to aging gracefully is to maintain a healthy lifestyle. This includes eating a balanced diet, getting regular exercise, and getting enough sleep. Engaging in physical activity not only improves our physical health, but it also has a positive impact on our mental health and can help reduce stress. Exercise can also improve our cardiovascular health, increase our strength and flexibility, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

Dr. J. Fung

In addition to physical health, mental health is also important as we age. Keeping our minds active through activities such as reading, solving puzzles, and learning new skills can help improve cognitive function and prevent age-related declines.

Another way to embrace aging is to develop and maintain strong social connections. Studies have shown that social support can improve mental and physical health, reduce stress, and increase life satisfaction. This can include staying in touch with friends and family, joining clubs or organizations, volunteering, or simply taking the time to talk to neighbors.

Finally, it's important to have a positive attitude and a sense of purpose as we age. Finding meaning and fulfillment in our later years can help us feel fulfilled and engaged in life. This can include pursuing hobbies or interests, giving back to our communities, or simply finding joy in everyday experiences.

In conclusion, aging is a natural part of life, and there are many ways to age gracefully and happily. By focusing on physical and mental health, developing strong social connections, and having a positive attitude, we can make the most of our later years and live fulfilling lives.

The Rise of Plant-Based Diets and their Benefits for Health: Understanding the Trend and its Impact

2023-02-11T23:03:00.006+05:00

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the popularity of plant-based diets. People are turning to plant-based diets for a variety of reasons, including health benefits, environmental concerns, and animal welfare. A plant-based diet is a type of diet that focuses on consuming foods that are derived from plants, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts.

Studies have shown that a plant-based diet can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. It can also help improve gut health, boost energy levels, and lead to weight loss. Plant-based diets are typically rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which are essential for maintaining good health.

One of the key benefits of plant-based diets is that they are typically lower in saturated fats and higher in fiber, which helps to reduce cholesterol levels and prevent heart disease. Studies have also shown that plant-based diets can help regulate blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. In addition, plant-based diets are also rich in antioxidants, which can help prevent oxidative stress and reduce the risk of certain types of cancer.

Harvard Health

In addition to the health benefits, plant-based diets are also more sustainable and environmentally friendly. By reducing the consumption of animal products, we can decrease our carbon footprint and reduce the strain on the planet's resources. Animal agriculture is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation, and adopting a plant-based diet can help mitigate these negative impacts.

Despite these benefits, many people are still skeptical about adopting a plant-based diet. Some are concerned about getting enough protein and other essential nutrients, while others simply miss the taste of meat and dairy products. However, with the increasing availability of plant-based alternatives, it's now easier than ever to incorporate more plant-based foods into your diet.

In conclusion, plant-based diets offer a multitude of benefits for both our health and the environment. Whether you're looking to improve your health, reduce your impact on the planet, or simply try something new, a plant-based diet is worth considering. With the right education and resources, anyone can incorporate more plant-based foods into their diet and reap the numerous health benefits.

Basics of green tea

2023-02-10T08:45:00.004+05:00

Green Tea

Common Names: green tea
Latin Names: Camellia sinensis

Background

Green, black, and oolong teas all come from the same plant, Camellia sinensis, but are prepared using different methods. To produce green tea, leaves from the plant are steamed, pan fried, and dried.

Tea has been used for medicinal purposes in China and Japan for thousands of years.

Green tea as a beverage or dietary supplement is promoted for improving mental alertness, relieving digestive symptoms and headaches, and promoting weight loss. Green tea and its components, including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have been studied for their possible protective effects against heart disease and cancer.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a topical ointment, sinecatechins (brand name Veregen), which includes extracted components of green tea leaves and is used for the treatment of genital warts.

How Much Do We Know?

Although many studies have been done on green tea and its extracts, definite conclusions cannot yet be reached on whether green tea is helpful for most of the purposes for which it is used.

What Have We Learned?

Green tea contains caffeine. Drinking caffeinated beverages throughout the day seems to prevent a decline in alertness. One study looked at the effect of taking only a main component of green tea—EGCG—on mental capabilities. In that study, mental capabilities in adults didn’t improve.

The FDA has approved a specific green tea extract ointment as a prescription drug for treating genital warts.

Studies of green tea and cancer in people have had inconsistent results. The National Cancer Institute does not recommend for or against using green tea to reduce the risk of any type of cancer.

A small number of studies suggests that both green and black tea might have beneficial effects on some heart disease risk factors, including blood pressure and cholesterol. The research has limitations though, including how the data was evaluated and differences in study populations, so no definite conclusions have been reached.

Green tea extracts haven’t been shown to produce a meaningful weight loss in adults who are overweight or obese. They also haven’t been shown to help people maintain a weight loss.

It’s uncertain whether green tea is helpful for other conditions.

The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) is funding research on green tea and its extracts, including studies on new forms of green tea extracts for preventing symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease and for lowering cholesterol.

What Do We Know About Safety?

Green tea, when consumed as a beverage, is believed to be safe when used in amounts up to 8 cups per day. Keep in mind that only the amount of added caffeine must be stated on product labels and not the caffeine that naturally occurs in green tea.

Drinking green tea may be safe during pregnancy and while breastfeeding when consumed in amounts up to 6 cups per day (no more than about 300 mg of caffeine). Drinking more than this amount during pregnancy may be unsafe and may increase the risk of negative effects. Green tea may also increase the risk of birth defects associated with folic acid deficiency. Caffeine passes into breast milk and can affect a breastfeeding infant.

Although uncommon, liver problems have been reported in a number of people who took green tea products, primarily green tea extracts in pill form. People with liver disease should consult a health care provider before taking products with green tea extract. People taking green tea extracts, especially those with liver disease, should discontinue use and consult a health care provider if they develop symptoms of liver trouble (such as abdominal pain, dark urine, or jaundice).

Green tea is an ingredient in many over-the-counter weight loss products, some of which have been identified as the likely cause of rare cases of liver injury.

Green tea at high doses has been shown to reduce blood levels and therefore the effectiveness of the drug nadolol, a beta-blocker used for high blood pressure and heart problems. It may also interact with other medicines.

Keep in Mind

Take charge of your health—talk with your health care providers about any complementary health approaches you use. Together, you can make shared, well-informed decisions.

Source: Link

Split wheel Motorcycle

2023-02-06T03:58:00.005+05:00

Credit: BikesandBeards

How to Save Humanity from Extinction

2023-02-03T06:17:00.007+05:00

How to Save Humanity from Extinction

Modern humans have only existed for a relatively brief amount of time, and presumably we’d like to stick around a lot longer. But how can we do that?

1. Figure out climate change:

The Earth’s climate has changed and shifted for millions of years. There have been times in the past when it’s been hotter than it is today, and times when it’s been cooler. But there is something different about the past century. As far as we can tell from the geologic record, there has been no time in Earth’s entire history when the climate has warmed so much in such a short amount of time. And we can see the effects of climate change everywhere: more frequent and more severe extreme weather events like tornados and hurricanes; droughts increasing; more varied weather, with seasons beginning to lack regularity; increased glacial melting and sea level rises. While climate change doesn’t necessarily pose an existential threat to human existence, it surely poses a threat to how we like to live our lives in modern society.

2. Figure out nukes:

Again, a single nuclear weapon doesn’t pose a threat to all of humanity, but the thousands of warheads in the world right now certainly do. But as time goes on, the chances of one nuclear detonation increases. Just consider all the “near misses” in recent history, where all-out nuclear war was averted thanks only to the quick thinking and cool headedness of solitary individuals. We can only try our luck for so long. And one accident or mishap can lead to larger scale nuclear conflict (in the aftermath of a single explosion, it’s difficult to tell if it was a rogue actor or an act of war). We need to disarm as much as possible to reduce the risk of catastrophe.

3. Figure out asteroids:

If you want to know the dire consequences for ignoring space-borne threats, just ask the dinosaurs how well it worked out for them. Asteroids and comets have the ability to trigger massive extinction events, wiping out vast numbers of entire species. While these kinds of events are thankfully incredibly rare, the risk they present are dire. For humanity to make it to the long-term, we need to equip ourselves with robust asteroid detection and mitigation strategies (NASA’s recent DART mission is a great place to start).

Best for Wear OS

2023-02-03T05:47:00.003+05:00

Google Pixel Watch

While Apple has been honing their smartwatch and fitness tracker to a finely tuned machine, Google has been noticeably late to the party. When it finally debuted this year, reviews editor Julian Chokkattu noted that while it does include key fitness features like an ECG and a heart rate monitor, it doesn't have auto workout detection, fall detection, or SpO2 sensing. The Fitbit integration isn't as smooth as you might think, given that Google acquired the company in 2019—the app looks dated and cramped on the screen, and Wear OS needs more apps in general.

However, the Pixel is a notably beautiful watch and the heart of the fitness tracking experience is Fitbit's, which means that the data itself is very accurate and empowering (you will still have to pay for a Fitbit Premium subscription). Also, more features will be unrolling through 2023. If you've been waiting with bated breath for a Wear OS watch, this might be it.

Courtesy: wired.com

Best Watch for Android Owners

2023-02-02T23:58:00.001+05:00

Samsung Galaxy Watch5

Samsung's new Galaxy Watch5 (7/10, WIRED Recommends) is the comfiest Wear OS smartwatch out there. It comes in 40- and 44-mm sizes and runs the latest version of Wear OS 3, meaning you get access to Google Maps' turn-by-turn navigation and Google Assistant, plus the best of Samsung's health features, including SpO2 measurements, auto-workout detection, sleep tracking, and an electrocardiogram. It's great for checking notifications and responding to them, too.

Like the Apple Watch, don't expect to go for days on a single charge. WIRED reviews editor Julian Chokkattu says he usually had to charge it after a day and a half. Unfortunately, this watch only works with Android phones, and ECG tracking is limited to Samsung phones (as is blood pressure monitoring, but that's not available in the US yet anyway). If you want a bigger watch that's just a bit more rugged, try the pricey Galaxy Watch5 Pro ($500), which has better battery life, has GPX support, and is made of more durable materials. Alternatively, if you want to save some cash, you can snag last year's Galaxy Watch4, which is still a great watch.

Courtesy: wired.com

Best Running Watch

2023-02-02T23:52:00.001+05:00

Coros Pace 2

For years, I was convinced that no running watch would ever beat a Garmin. That changed when I tried the Coros Pace 2 (8/10, WIRED Recommends), which is now my favorite. It's unbelievably light, and the battery lasts for weeks between charges, which is a feature you won't find in any other watch on this list. It also integrates with Strava for mapping your runs and rides, and it uses the same multi-system satellite positioning system as Garmin to trace your route.

On the minus side, it has a basic LCD screen, and EvoLab—Coros' analytics platform, meant to compete with Garmin's Connect—is still in its early stages. Accuracy can be iffy; a few of my outdoor runs were improperly tracked. But Coros also offers a ton of small, useful features, like a locking screen and simple two-button operation, at a very accessible price.

★ Alternatives: Garmin's Forerunners represent an iconic running watch series, and this year's iteration includes drastically improved battery life via solar recharging. The Forerunner 955 Solar ($560) is a premium running watch for experienced, dedicated runners and triathletes, but it's expensive and large on my small wrist. The Forerunner 55 ($200) is fine for most people, but you won't get two weeks of battery life out of one charge.

However, if you have an iPhone, you should probably just get a Series 8. In addition to the running features that we wrote about earlier this year, new features continue to debut every few months in WatchOS. More recent ones now include automatic track detection and Race Route, which will allow you to race yourself on your favorite running routes.

Courtesy: wired.com

Best Budget FitnessTracker

2023-02-02T23:46:00.000+05:00

Fitbit Inspire 3

If all you want is a simple health tracker that will track your steps and your sleep and let you know when someone is calling, the internet's marketplace is awash in knockoffs of this fitness tracker. For $80, you could get the original instead. This year, Fitbit released the latest version of its hugely popular Inspire, which thankfully does not use Wear OS. Instead, it continues to use Fitbit's clear and easy Fitbit app, has a pedometer that tracks SpO2 and sleep, and comes with a wide array of watch faces and accessories.

All wasn't easy-peasy. I had some connectivity issues and had to restart my phone when the Inspire 3 wouldn't update the time zone for a day or two. The Inspire 3 also regularly overestimated how much sleep I'd gotten, which made me mistrust their new Sleep Profile feature. For two months, I had a chronic nighttime cough; the Inspire 3 regularly logged me at 7 hours a night because I was lying still, when switching to a more sensitive fitness tracker put me at a much more accurate 5. However, if you have no health issues, it is more reliable and accessible than a knockoff Inspire 3, and Fitbit also regularly puts its trackers on sale.

★ Alternative: I also tried Amazon's Halo View ($35), which works with Alexa and uses Amazon's Activity Points system. However, I blow the Activity Points metric out of the water just by running, biking my kids to school and walking my dog, so I didn't find it particularly useful and I find the constant pushing of partnerships with Whole Foods and WW (formerly known as Weight Watchers) stressful.

Courtesy: wired.com

Samsung S23 Ultra

2023-02-02T07:11:00.003+05:00

Galaxy S23 Ultra’s most advanced camera, next-level gaming performance, and more eco-conscious design come together in Samsung’s most innovative Galaxy S series yet

Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. today unveiled the Galaxy S23 Ultra, Galaxy S23+, and Galaxy S23, marking a new era of Samsung Galaxy’s ultimate premium phone experience. Samsung Galaxy’s epic camera gives users more freedom to explore their creativity, like capturing truly cinematic Nightography videos with transformative AI. The Snapdragon® 8 Gen 2 Mobile Platform for Galaxy unleashes a premium experience, including groundbreaking AI, future-ready mobile gaming experience and powerfully sustained game play with the world’s fastest mobile graphics(1). On the Galaxy S23 Ultra, an embedded S Pen(2) that many long-time Samsung Galaxy users know and love offers more possibilities for productivity, notetaking, hobbies and more. All the Galaxy S23 series’ new standard-setting innovations are housed within a striking design that advances the company’s sustainability commitment with more components using recycled materials than any other Samsung Galaxy smartphone(3).

“The value of impactful technology is measured, not just by what it enables for people today, but also how it contributes to a better future,” said TM Roh, President and Head of Mobile eXperience Business at Samsung Electronics. “The entire Galaxy S series is the new standard-bearers of a trustworthy premium smartphone experience. We’re on a mission to redefine peak performance by bringing together powerful, lasting innovations and sustainability.”

A Samsung Galaxy Camera with More Megapixels and Extensive Creative Controls, From Day to Night

Galaxy S23 Ultra makes it easier for any level of photographer to capture phenomenal content. It offers Samsung Galaxy’s most advanced camera system, tailored for nearly any lighting conditions and engineered to render incredible detail. Improved Nightography capabilities transform how the Galaxy S series optimizes photos and videos in a wide range of ambient conditions. Filming a favorite song at a concert, snapping a selfie at the aquarium, or grabbing a group shot of friends at dinner — users can get sharper images and videos(4). Visual noise that usually ruins low-light images is corrected by a new AI-powered image signal processing (ISP) algorithm that enhances object details and color tone.

In a Samsung Galaxy-first, Galaxy S23 Ultra boasts a new 200MP Adaptive Pixel sensor that captures epic moments with incredible precision. It uses pixel binning to support multiple levels of high-resolution processing at once(5). And because selfie cameras are more important than ever to how we communicate today, the Galaxy S23 series introduces fast autofocus and our first Super HDR selfie camera, jumping from 30fps to 60fps, for noticeably better front-facing images and videos.

For users who want the ultimate creative control and customization, the Galaxy S23 series offers a suite of tools that enhance any photography experience. The Expert RAW app(6), available exclusively through Samsung Galaxy, enables DSLR-style image shooting and editing in RAW and JPEG — no bulky camera equipment required. Users can experiment with Multiple exposures photo art or capture a clear view of the Milky Way with Astrophoto settings, and now, after being downloaded on Galaxy S23, Expert RAW features can be accessed within Samsung’s native Camera app. Meanwhile, the new zoom capabilities on Galaxy Watch5 series’ Camera Controller app(7) empower users to capture a perfectly framed shot right from their wrist.

Courtesy: Samsung news

Apple Series 8 watch

2023-02-02T02:13:00.003+05:00

Apple Series 8

People tend to hold on to their Apple Watches for years, and rightfully so—it is far and away the best fitness tracker if you have an iPhone. So if you want one, you're best off with the latest Series 8. We're still testing it, but this year's Series 8 comes with new body temperature sensors that are aimed at tracking menstrual cycles. It also has new safety features, such as Crash Detection. In the event of a severe car accident, the Series 8 will use a powerful new accelerometer and gyroscope as well as the barometer, GPS, and microphone to detect a car crash and alert emergency services if the user has not responded within 10 seconds.

These come in conjunction with a whole host of health and fitness features in WatchOS 9, such as better workout views, more in-depth running metrics, medication logging, and better sleep tracking. In comparison, the new Apple Watch SE has the latest S8 chip and will have Crash Detection, but no wrist-based body temperature sensing, as well as no older features like the blood oxygen or ECG app.

Courtesy: wired.com

Best Fitness Trackers and Watches for Everyone

2023-02-02T02:10:00.001+05:00

Whether you’re skiing in the backcountry or trampolining in the backyard, we have an activity tracker for you.

LIKE EVERY PIECE of gear you wear on your body day in and day out, fitness trackers are incredibly personal. They have to be comfortable and attractive, sure, but they must also fit your lifestyle, as well as when and how you like to work out. Do you bike, row, or do strength training? Do you run on trails for hours at a time, or do you just want a reminder to get up every hour?

Best All-Around

Fitbit Charge 5

Even as Fitbit has faced stiff competition from other manufacturers—most notably, the Apple Watch—its trackers have always won me over. They hit a very specific sweet spot between attractiveness, affordability, accessibility, and ease of use. They're perfect for everyone who isn't an ultra-marathoner or a semipro powerlifter trying to hit a PR.

Runner-Up

Garmin Vívomove Sport

Picking a fitness tracker often means taking the proprietary software into consideration, as well as the hardware. Fitbit's app is really easy to use, but I also like Garmin's Connect, which I have found to be one of the most comprehensive digital health apps. If you discover that you like running, for example, it integrates easily with Strava. Unlike Fitbit, Garmin doesn't paywall most of its best features behind a premium subscription.

That makes Garmin's entry-level smartwatch my top pick for a first fitness tracker, especially since it doesn't look particularly sporty. It comes in a variety of colors and resembles an analog watch. Simply swipe along the bottom half of the touchscreen to log activities and check notifications. Not only can you track workouts, but you can also monitor your sleep and heart rate and check a few other of Garmin's proprietary algorithms, like your Body Battery, or how ready you are for the day. It's worth noting that most people get a Garmin because it is GPS-enabled, and the Vivomove Sport only uses connected GPS from your phone.

Courtesy: https://www.wired.com/

Smartwatches and Fitness Trackers: How They're Changing the Game for Health and Wellness

2023-02-01T23:39:00.003+05:00

Smartwatches and fitness trackers have become increasingly popular in recent years, offering a convenient and effective way to monitor your health and wellness. In this post, we'll explore how these devices are changing the game for health and wellness.

One of the biggest benefits of smartwatches and fitness trackers is their ability to track physical activity and monitor vital signs such as heart rate, sleep patterns, and calorie burn. This data can be used to develop a more comprehensive picture of an individual's overall health, allowing them to make informed decisions about their diet, exercise, and overall lifestyle.

Another benefit of these devices is that they make it easier to set and track fitness goals. With features such as customized workout plans, progress tracking, and personalized coaching, users can stay motivated and on track with their fitness goals.

Smartwatches and fitness trackers also offer a convenient and easy way to manage stress and improve mental well-being. With features such as guided meditation and breathing exercises, users can take control of their mental health and reduce stress levels.

Finally, these devices provide a more convenient and accessible way to monitor health, reducing the need for frequent doctor visits and traditional health monitoring methods. This can be especially helpful for individuals with chronic health conditions, allowing them to better manage their health from home.

In conclusion, smartwatches and fitness trackers are revolutionizing the way we think about health and wellness. With their ability to track physical activity, monitor vital signs, and improve mental health, these devices are changing the game for health and wellness, offering individuals a more convenient and effective way to take control of their health.

Courtesy: AI Fitbit

The Benefits of Telehealth: Why More People are Turning to Virtual Doctor Visits

2023-02-01T23:28:00.003+05:00

Telehealth, or virtual doctor visits, has become increasingly popular in recent years as technology continues to play a larger role in healthcare. With telehealth, patients can access medical services from the comfort of their own homes, saving time and reducing the need for in-person appointments. In this post, we'll explore some of the benefits of telehealth that are driving its growing popularity.

One of the biggest benefits of telehealth is convenience. With telehealth, patients don't have to take time off work or arrange transportation to visit a doctor. They can simply log in from their computer or smartphone and connect with a healthcare provider in real time. This can be especially helpful for individuals with mobility issues or those living in rural areas with limited access to medical services.

Telehealth also saves time by reducing wait times for appointments and eliminating the need for repetitive trips to the doctor. Virtual doctor visits can be scheduled more quickly and efficiently than in-person appointments, and follow-up visits can be done remotely, reducing the need for multiple trips to the doctor.

Another benefit of telehealth is improved access to medical care. Many individuals, especially those in rural areas, may struggle to find a doctor that can treat their specific condition. Telehealth eliminates geographical barriers and allows patients to access medical services from anywhere, at any time.

Finally, telehealth has the potential to reduce healthcare costs by reducing the need for in-person appointments and cutting down on unnecessary tests and treatments. With telehealth, patients can receive prompt and effective treatment for many conditions, reducing the risk of complications and reducing healthcare costs in the long run.

In conclusion, the benefits of telehealth are clear. With its convenience, improved access to medical care, and cost savings, it's easy to see why more and more people are turning to virtual doctor visits.

Source: AI and NYT

Your Brain Uses Calculus to Control Fast Movements

2023-02-01T20:17:00.003+05:00

Your Brain Uses Calculus to Control Fast Movements

To sharpen its command over precise maneuvers, the brain uses comparisons between control signals—not the signals themselves.

A MOUSE IS RUNNING ON A TREADMILL EMBEDDED IN A VIRTUAL REALITY CORRIDOR. IN ITS MIND’S EYE, IT SEES ITSELF SCURRYING DOWN A TUNNEL WITH A DISTINCTIVE PATTERN OF LIGHTS AHEAD. THROUGH TRAINING, THE MOUSE HAS LEARNED THAT IF IT STOPS AT THE LIGHTS AND HOLDS THAT POSITION FOR 1.5 SECONDS, IT WILL RECEIVE A REWARD—A SMALL DRINK OF WATER. THEN IT CAN RUSH TO ANOTHER SET OF LIGHTS TO RECEIVE ANOTHER REWARD.

This setup is the basis for research published in July in Cell Reports by the neuroscientists Elie Adam, Taylor Johns and Mriganka Sur of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It explores a simple question: How does the brain—in mice, humans and other mammals—work quickly enough to stop us on a dime? The new work reveals that the brain is not wired to transmit a sharp “stop” command in the most direct or intuitive way. Instead, it employs a more complicated signaling system based on principles of calculus. This arrangement may sound overly complicated, but it’s a surprisingly clever way to control behaviors that need to be more precise than the commands from the brain can be.

Control over the simple mechanics of walking or running is fairly easy to describe: The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) of the brain sends signals to neurons in the spinal cord, which send inhibitory or excitatory impulses to motor neurons governing muscles in the leg: Stop. Go. Stop. Go. Each signal is a spike of electrical activity generated by the sets of neurons firing.

The story gets more complex, however, when goals are introduced, such as when a tennis player wants to run to an exact spot on the court or a thirsty mouse eyes a refreshing prize in the distance. Biologists have understood for a long time that goals take shape in the brain’s cerebral cortex. How does the brain translate a goal (stop running there so you get a reward) into a precisely timed signal that tells the MLR to hit the brakes?

“Humans and mammals have extraordinary abilities when it comes to sensory motor control,” said Sridevi Sarma, a neuroscientist at Johns Hopkins University. “For decades people have been studying what it is about our brains that makes us so agile, quick and robust.”

Read the full article here.

Telehealth and COVID-19

2023-01-16T09:49:00.004+05:00

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a significant shift in the way healthcare is delivered, with telehealth becoming a crucial tool in the fight against the virus. Telehealth, also known as telemedicine, is the use of technology to provide medical services remotely. This can include virtual consultations, remote monitoring, and the use of electronic communication to share medical information.

One of the biggest advantages of telehealth during the pandemic has been the ability to reduce the spread of the virus by limiting in-person visits to healthcare facilities. Virtual consultations have allowed patients to receive medical attention from the safety of their own homes, reducing the risk of exposure to the virus. This has been especially beneficial for people who are at high risk for COVID-19, such as the elderly and those with underlying health conditions.

Telehealth has also played a vital role in managing the surge of COVID-19 cases. With hospitals and clinics overwhelmed by patients, telehealth has helped to ease the burden on the healthcare system by allowing doctors to see more patients in a shorter amount of time. It has also helped to reduce the need for personal protective equipment (PPE), which is in short supply during the pandemic.

The use of telehealth has also been expanded in many countries due to the pandemic. Many governments have temporarily relaxed regulations and laws on the use of telehealth, making it easier for healthcare providers to use the technology. This has led to an increase in the number of patients using telehealth services, and it is likely that many of these changes will become permanent even after the pandemic is over.

However, telehealth is not without its challenges. One of the main challenges is ensuring that patients have access to reliable and high-speed internet, as well as the necessary equipment for virtual consultations. Additionally, there is a need for healthcare providers to be trained in the use of telehealth technology and to ensure that patient privacy and security are protected.

In conclusion, telehealth has played a vital role in the fight against COVID-19. It has helped to reduce the spread of the virus and ease the burden on the healthcare system. The pandemic has accelerated the use of telehealth, and it is likely that it will continue to play a significant role in healthcare delivery even after the pandemic is over. It is important that governments, healthcare providers, and patients work together to ensure that telehealth is implemented in a way that is inclusive, equitable, and that meets the needs of all patients.

Source: AI and Freepik

Virtual healthcare

2023-01-12T10:06:00.004+05:00

Virtual healthcare is a rapidly growing field that utilizes technology to provide medical services remotely. Instead of visiting a doctor or healthcare facility in person, patients can receive care through video conferencing, phone calls, or other forms of electronic communication. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the way healthcare is delivered, making it more accessible and convenient for patients, especially those living in remote or underserved areas.

One of virtual healthcare's biggest advantages is patients' ability to receive medical attention from the comfort of their homes. This eliminates the need for transportation and can be especially beneficial for people who have mobility issues or live in rural areas. Additionally, virtual consultations can be scheduled more quickly and easily than traditional in-person appointments, reducing wait times and allowing for more efficient use of healthcare resources.

Virtual healthcare is also beneficial for doctors and healthcare providers. It allows them to reach a wider patient population and increase the number of patients they can see daily. It also helps in reducing the transmission of infectious diseases and reduces the costs of the healthcare organization

Telemedicine also plays a vital role in the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma where regular monitoring is needed. Remote monitoring devices such as blood pressure monitors, glucose meters, and pulse oximeters can send the data to a healthcare provider allowing for real-time monitoring of a patient's condition.

However, virtual healthcare does have its limitations. One of the main challenges is the need for a reliable and high-speed internet connection. There is also a lack of understanding among some people about how telemedicine works, and how to use it, which can make it less accessible to certain patient populations.

In conclusion, virtual healthcare, through telemedicine, has the potential to transform the way healthcare is delivered. It can increase access to care, reduce costs and improve the overall quality of care. However, it is important to ensure that this technology is implemented in a way that is inclusive and equitable for all patients, regardless of their location or socioeconomic status.

Link: AI

Image courtesy: https://www.letscale.com/

Telemedicine

2023-01-12T09:58:00.000+05:00

Telemedicine is the delivery of healthcare services remotely using telecommunication technology. This can include video conferencing, phone calls, and the sharing of medical information via the internet. The goal of telemedicine is to provide patients with access to medical care regardless of their location, which can be particularly beneficial for those living in rural or remote areas, or for those with mobility issues.

Telemedicine has been around for several decades, but has seen a significant increase in popularity in recent years. One of the main drivers of this increase has been the development of technology that makes it easier and more affordable to conduct telemedicine consultations. For example, the widespread adoption of smartphones has made it possible for patients to have video consultations with healthcare providers from anywhere, at any time.

One of the most common forms of telemedicine is known as telehealth. This is a broad term that encompasses all types of remote healthcare services, including telemedicine. Telehealth can include virtual visits with a doctor, nurse, or other healthcare professional, as well as remote monitoring of a patient's condition.

Another way telemedicine can benefit patient is virtual care, also known as telecare. This is the provision of healthcare information and support to patients in their own homes, allowing them to manage their condition without having to travel to a healthcare facility. This can include things like monitoring vital signs, providing medication reminders, or providing education and support on a patient's condition.

Telemedicine also has several benefits for healthcare providers. These include the ability to see more patients in a shorter amount of time, which can lead to increased efficiency and productivity. Additionally, telemedicine can reduce the need for healthcare providers to travel to see patients, which can save them time and money.

One of the most essential benefits of telemedicine is access to specialists. This can be particularly beneficial for patients living in rural or remote areas, who may not have easy access to specialized healthcare services. Through telemedicine, they can consult with a specialist from a hospital or clinic in a different location, allowing them to receive the care they need without having to travel long distances.

Telemedicine can also be an important tool for improving healthcare outcomes. Studies have shown that patients who use telemedicine have lower rates of hospitalization and readmission, and better outcomes for chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory illness.

Despite the benefits, telemedicine has its challenges. One of the main challenges is ensuring the quality of care provided. In order to ensure that patients receive high-quality care, telemedicine providers must have the appropriate training, technology, and support to deliver care remotely.

Another challenge is the reimbursement and billing of telemedicine services. To be covered by insurance or a government health plan, telemedicine services must be provided under certain circumstances. Also, the billing codes used to report telemedicine services differ from those used for in-person services.

In conclusion, telemedicine is a promising technology that has the potential to improve access to healthcare, particularly for patients living in rural or remote areas or those with mobility issues. It also has the potential to improve healthcare outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. However, in order to achieve these benefits, it will be important to overcome the challenges of ensuring the quality of care, reimbursement, and billing.

Link: AI

Image courtesy: Rmmagazine

Peanut allergy

2014-10-06T11:29:00.002+05:00

Peanut allergy 'phenomenon' solved

(NaturalNews) Why are so many people allergic to peanuts? How weird, right? Between six and ten people out of every thousand are allergic to peanuts! That's up from two out of every thousand just 15 years ago. Some people can't even be in a room where a package of peanuts or peanut butter is opened, and some can't ever eat anything that was packaged in a room where peanuts were packaged.

This hypersensitive reaction can cause a drop in blood pressure and send people into anaphylactic shock and/or cardiac arrest. It's the most common cause of fatal food-related anaphylaxis. Since the most obvious and dangerous route for an allergic individual is unintentional ingestion, let's use our common sense here and figure out that, if the vaccine industry uses peanut oil for manufacturing shots for various diseases and flus, then the ingestion of peanut oil that bypasses the digestive and breathing filters and is injected directly into muscle tissue would cause the most violent and detrimental immune reactions possible.

Now, let's consider WHY, WHEN and HOW OFTEN babies are injected with toxic adjuvants and egg embryo, not to mention peanut oil: NaturalNews.com.

Was that CDC vaccine schedule 30 inoculations before age six? Does the CDC in the USA warn everyone about peanut allergies when they get jabbed with that -- plus mercury (thimerosal), formaldehyde and aluminum -- over and over? Do we have an answer for this, parents? It's time to start demanding the truth. Maybe you could ask the CDC's own whistleblower about autism from the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine!

The Peanut Antigen is STILL PRESENT in Vaccines!

Peanut oil has been used in vaccines since the 1960s. You see, because peanut oil does not SHOW UP in the final vaccine product, the manufacturers are allowed to leave it off the package inserts. That does NOT mean that the peanut antigen is not found in the product. Peanut oil is just one "growth medium" that vaccine manufacturers use to make vaccines, like egg embryo (protein) and casein (milk). This is what they use to make MMR and influenza vaccines. It also says on the flu shot insert not to get more than one jab in a lifetime! Do you happen to know what peanuts and vaccines have in common? Thousands of people are allergic to both.

In 2006, the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP) exonerated vaccine makers of any damages from vaccinations. They have their own special court now. Wonder why? They know WHY there are so many peanut allergies, and they also know that mercury is poison, especially when injected.

One precedent court case was brought to light on the peanut oil/vaccine phenomenon in 2010 when parents were accused of shaken baby syndrome, but an MD presented corroborating medical information regarding anaphylactic reaction that the six-month old baby boy experienced resulting in tremendous swelling and pressure in the brain. The Prevnar vaccine also contains soy protein [PDF], and there has been a tremendous rise in those allergies in the population. Again, the math is easy to do on all of this.

All of these antigens in vaccines are perceived by the immune system as foreign proteins, and the body ends up attacking itself, leading to autoimmune disorders.

Food allergies are thought to affect 8 percent of U.S. kids, with the most common culprits being cow's milk, wheat, egg, soy and, of course, peanuts. Over one million children living in America today suffer from peanut allergy, of which a large percentage have so severe of symptoms they must carry self-injectable epinephrine at all times. Conversely, hardly a living soul had peanut allergy prior to the year 1900!

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/047106_peanut_allergy_vaccines_immune_system.html#ixzz3FOIOBiHY

Lymphatic system: how to get it moving

2014-09-15T12:34:00.000+05:00

Your lymphatic system:
why and how to get it moving

When the lymphatic system is not working properly, our bodies cannot remove toxins; fight viral, fungal, and bacterial disease; or regulate the amount of fluid in our tissues. In order to achieve maximum health, we must keep this system functioning well and our lymph fluid flowing.

It is a complex system that includes organs, nodes, and vessels that perform three primary functions: fluid balance, fat absorption, and immunological defense.

When the blood reaches the capillaries, fluid is released from the thin-walled capillaries and flows into all of the tissues in the body. This fluid, called interstitial fluid, bathes the tissues with nutrients and gases as it washes over the cells.

The cells absorb nutrients and oxygen and release their waste products back into the interstitial fluid. Ninety percent of the interstitial fluid is reabsorbed by the venous capillaries, to recombine with the blood and flow back to the heart. The other 10% of the interstitial fluid, now called lymph, flows through the lymphatic system and is filtered through the lymph nodes before being returned, ultimately, to the bloodstream.

If the lymphatic system is not working properly, interstitial fluid builds up in the tissues, and the lymph fluid is not properly filtered and cleansed before being returned to the bloodstream.

Circulation of Lymph

The lymphatic system doesn't have a big pump like a heart to force fluid through the vessels. Instead, our bodies rely on our muscles to move the fluid. Our diaphragms and rib cage as well as the blood pumping through our bodies, do assist in this movement. But body movement and exercise is the primary method of moving lymph. A sedentary lifestyle decreases lymph flow by 94%.

Why is it important to Move Our Lymph?

Lymph contains lymphocytes, (white blood cells: T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells) that seek out and kill pathogens. As the fluid is filtered through the lymph nodes, a concentration of lymphocytes clean up the fluid before it is returned to the blood.

If the fluid is backed up and not flowing properly, it becomes viscous. The flowing fluid can thicken until it becomes the consistency of cottage cheese. Fluids and waste are not properly drained from the cells, bacteria and other foreign invaders are not properly filtered and destroyed, and disease, including cancer, may result.

How to Move Lymph Through the Body and Assist the Lymphatic System

The major way to move lymph through the body is through movement of any kind. Walking, bending, stretching--any and all movement will assist with lymphatic movement. To really get it moving, bounce. Jump up and down, jump rope, or for the best result, bounce on a rebounder for 15-20 minutes a day. (See the link below.)

You will also benefit from massage, including self massage. (See the link below.) This will assist with flow and move any viscous fluid through the system. Find a massage therapist who is certified in lymphatic massage.

Be sure to hydrate well with clean (preferably spring) water.Beets, berries, and cherries all stimulate the lymphatic system. A healthy diet consisting of 80% raw vegetables and fruits supports healthy lymphatic function as well as general health.

One of Ayurveda medicine's most popular blood purifiers, Manjistha, is known to be an excellent lymphatic tonic. Astragalus, echinacea, goldenseal, pokeroot, or wild indigo root tea are recommended. Detoxifying the blood, hot and cold hydrotherapy, candida cleansing, and rebounding are important components to detoxifying the lymph.

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/046861_lymphatic_system_detox_lymph_drainage.html#ixzz3DPlnL5ei

Caffeine pill could boost memory

2014-01-16T13:04:00.000+05:00

A US study has raised the possibility that we may one day rely on caffeine to boost memory as well as to wake up.

The research, published in Nature Neuroscience, tested the memories of 160 people over 24 hours.

It found those who took caffeine tablets, rather than dummy pills, fared better on the memory tests.

But experts warned people to remember caffeine could cause negative effects, such as jitteriness and anxiety.

The Johns Hopkins University study involved people who did not regularly eat or drink caffeinated products.

Saliva samples were taken, to check base levels of caffeine, then participants were asked to look at a series of images.

Five minutes later they were given either a 200-milligram caffeine tablet - equivalent to the caffeine in a large cup of coffee, according to the researchers - or a dummy pill.

Saliva samples were taken again one, three and 24 hours later.

The next day, both groups were also tested on their ability to recognise the previous day's images.

Altered images

Twenty-four hours may not sound like a long time, but it is in terms of memory studies. Most "forgetting" happens in the first few hours after learning something.

People were purposely shown a mixture of some of the initial tranche of images, some new - and some that were subtly different.

Being able to distinguish between similar, but not identical items, is called pattern separation and indicates a deeper level of memory retention.

More members of the caffeine group were able to correctly identify "similar" images, rather than wrongly saying they were the same.

Read full here...

Geoengineering and global warming

2013-12-18T16:51:00.001+05:00

Geoengineering schemes to reduce global warming turn out to be vaporware
(NaturalNews) Researchers in the "global warming" community once posited that, if they could find a way to reduce the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface through geoengineering, they could reverse the allegedly damaging effects of climate change.

Turns out, that's not helpful.

A pair of German researchers used a simple energy balance analysis to describe how Earth's water cycle responds differently to heating by sunlight than it does to warming from a strong greenhouse gas effect.

What's more, they went on to show that this difference implies that reflecting sunlight to reduce Earth temperatures may even have unwanted effects on the planet's rainfall patterns, Science Daily reports.

The results of their research have been published in Earth System Dynamics, an open access journal published by the European Geosciences Union, or EGU.

Reponses are easy to explain, say the researchers

As reported by Science Daily:

Global warming alters Earth's water cycle since more water evaporates to the air as temperatures increase. Increased evaporation can dry out some regions while, at the same time, result in more rain falling in other areas due to the excess moisture in the atmosphere. The more water evaporates per degree of warming, the stronger the influence of increasing temperature on the water cycle. But the new study shows the water cycle does not react the same way to different types of warming.

Researchers Axel Kleidon and Maik Renner, of the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Germany, employed a basic energy balance model to see how sensitive the water cycle is to increases in surface temperature due to a stronger greenhouse effect, as well as an increase in solar radiation.

In predicting the water cycle response for the two cases, the researchers found that, in the former, evaporation increases by 2 percent per degree of warming, while, in the latter, the figure was 3 percent.

The prediction confirmed results of far more complex climate models.

"These different responses to surface heating are easy to explain," Kleidon, who uses a pot on the kitchen stove as an analogy, said.

"The temperature in the pot is increased by putting on a lid or by turning up the heat -- but these two cases differ by how much energy flows through the pot," he said.

A stronger greenhouse effect would, in essence, put a thicker "lid" over Earth's surface, the researchers argued, but - if there is no additional sunlight, extra evaporation occurs "solely due to the increase in temperature."

More from Science Daily:

Turning up the heat by increasing solar radiation, on the other hand, enhances the energy flow through Earth's surface because of the need to balance the greater energy input with stronger cooling fluxes from the surface. As a result, there is more evaporation and a stronger effect on the water cycle.

'Like putting a lid on the pot and turning down the heat'

In the new study for Earth System Dynamics, the authors also demonstrate how their findings can have great consequences for geoengineering. Many geoengineering approaches seek to curb global warming by reducing the level of sunlight reaching Earth's surface. But when Kleidon and Renner applied their results to such a geoengineering scenario, they found that changes in the water cycle and atmosphere occurring at the same time cannot be compensated for simultaneously.

So, reflecting sunlight via geoengineering is really not likely to restore the planet to its original climate - whatever that means.

"It's like putting a lid on the pot and turning down the heat at the same time," Kleidon said. "While in the kitchen you can reduce your energy bill by doing so, in the Earth system this slows down the water cycle with wide-ranging potential consequences."

Evaluators of the study were stunned by its simplicity in producing results. One noted: "It is a stunning result that such a simple analysis yields the same results as the climate models."

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/043278_geoengineering_global_warming_climate_change.html#ixzz2npIS7LWj

More cancer, fewer deaths?

2013-11-14T12:37:00.000+05:00

Study: more cancer, fewer deaths

Australians are now developing cancer at slightly higher rates but dying of the disease less often, according to University of Sydney research published in the Medical Journal of Australia (MJA).

Professor Bruce Armstrong wrote the most notable trends in the latest Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) statistics were annual five to six percent rises in the incidence of hepatic and prostatic cancers and four to five percent falls in mortality from Hodgkin lymphoma and cervical and testicular cancers.

While the research shows we're doing well at preventing cancer deaths, we need to do more to prevent the disease in the first place.

Image: Lightspring/Shutterstock

"These examples reflect the annual trends in the rates of all cancers: increasing incidence of 0.7 percent and falling mortality of 1.4 percent," Professor Armstrong wrote.

Three factors drive trends in cancer incidence and mortality, he wrote.

"Changes in population exposure to cancer risk factors can increase or decrease cancer incidence and, after a delay, produce a parallel change in mortality. Liver cancer, which has shown an increasing annual incidence of 4.8 percent and increasing mortality of 3.0 percent, was an example of this."

Population screening that detects precancerous lesions can cause drops in both incidence and mortality.

"Cervical cancer shows this pattern, however, population screening that detects invasive cancer tends to increase incidence and decrease mortality," he said.

"The national prostate cancer screening program with PSA was an example of this pattern.

"Finally, in the absence of both incidence downtrend and any material effort at early diagnosis, treatment advances were the most likely contributor to mortality downtrend."

Professor Armstrong wrote that while Australia had done very well in preventing cancer deaths, the story was not so good in terms of primary prevention.

"Given that the data show 19 favourable and two adverse mortality trends, six favourable and 17 adverse incidence trends, this was an inescapable conclusion," Professor Armstrong wrote.

"This should come as no surprise: the AIHW estimated that in the 2004-05 financial year, Australia spent $3.19 billion on medical and hospital care and pharmaceuticals for cancer and $0.22 billion on community and public health programs — mostly for screening programs, not primary prevention. The imbalance is unlikely to be less now."

The Medical Journal of Australia is a publication of the Australian Medical Association.

Read full here... http://mail.sciencealert.com.au/news/20131011-24998.html

Behavioral neuroscience

2013-11-05T18:46:00.003+05:00

Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology is the application of the principles of biology (in particular neurobiology), to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in human and non-human animals. It typically investigates at the level of nerves, neurotransmitters, brain circuitry and the basic biological processes that underlie normal and abnormal behavior. Most typically, experiments in behavioral neuroscience involve non-human animal models (such as rats and mice, and non-human primates) which have implications for better understanding of human pathology and therefore contribute to evidence-based practice.

History

Behavioral neuroscience as a scientific discipline emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. In philosophy, people like René Descartes proposed physical models to explain animal and human behavior. Descartes, for example, suggested that the pineal gland, a midline unpaired structure in the brain of many organisms, was the point of contact between mind and body. Descartes also elaborated on a theory in which the pneumatics of bodily fluids could explain reflexes and other motor behavior. This theory was inspired by moving statues in a garden in Paris.

Other philosophers also helped give birth to psychology. One of the earliest textbooks in the new field, The Principles of Psychology by William James (1890), argues that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology:

“

Bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain-experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which Psychology need take account. The spiritualist and the associationist must both be 'cerebralists,' to the extent at least of admitting that certain peculiarities in the way of working of their own favorite principles are explicable only by the fact that the brain laws are a codeterminant of their result.

Our first conclusion, then, is that a certain amount of brain-physiology must be presupposed or included in Psychology.

”

James, like many early psychologists, had considerable training in physiology. The emergence of both psychology and behavioral neuroscience as legitimate sciences can be traced from the emergence of physiology from anatomy, particularly neuroanatomy. Physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the 18th and 19th centuries. The influential work of Claude Bernard, Charles Bell, and William Harvey helped to convince the scientific community that reliable data could be obtained from living subjects.

The term "psychobiology" has been used in a variety of contexts,emphasizing the importance of biology, which is the discipline that studies organic, neural and cellular modifications in behavior, plasticity in neuroscience, and biological deceases in all aspects, in addition, biology focuses and analyzes behavior and all the subjects it is concerned about, from a scientific point of view. In this context, psychology helps as a complementary, but important discipline in the neurobiological sciences. The role of psychology in this questions is that of a social tool that backs up the main or strongest biological science. The term "psychobiology" was first used in its modern sense by Knight Dunlap in his book An Outline of Psychobiology (1914). Dunlap also was the founder and editor-in-chief of the journal Psychobiology. In the announcement of that journal, Dunlap writes that the journal will publish research "...bearing on the interconnection of mental and physiological functions", which describes the field of behavioral neuroscience even in its modern sense.

Relationship to other fields of psychology and biology

In many cases, humans may serve as experimental subjects in behavioral neuroscience experiments; however, a great deal of the experimental literature in behavioral neuroscience comes from the study of non-human species, most frequently rats, mice, and monkeys. As a result, a critical assumption in behavioral neuroscience is that organisms share biological and behavioral similarities, enough to permit extrapolations across species. This allies behavioral neuroscience closely with comparative psychology, evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, andneurobiology. Behavioral neuroscience also has paradigmatic and methodological similarities to neuropsychology, which relies heavily on the study of the behavior of humans with nervous system dysfunction (i.e., a non-experimentally based biological manipulation).

Synonyms for behavioral neuroscience include biopsychology and psychobiology. Physiological psychology is another term often used synonymously with behavioral neuroscience, though authors would make physiological psychology a subfield of behavioral neuroscience, with an appropriately narrow definition.

Read full here... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience