THE LOST BLOG

Atur Posisi Bercinta Anda Bila Ingin Cepat Hamil

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 17 Mar 2011 21:23:00 +0700

Benarkah posisi bercinta memiliki peranan penting dalam menghasilkan kehamilan? Wallahu alam. Kita sebagai manusia hanyalah patut berusaha, berdoa dan berserah diri kepada Yang Maha Kuasa.

Namun, usaha kita tidaklah berhubungan intim semata, kita harus tahu ilmunya. Bila menginginkan kehamilan aturannya adalah sperma pria harus dilepas sedekat mungkin dengan leher rahim wanita. Ketika telur dilepaskan dari ovarium, atau disebut dengan ovulasi, telur berjalan melalui tabung fallopi menuju ke rahim. Telur yang telah dilepaskan tersebut biasanya akan bertahan selama 24 jam, sedangkan sperma akan bertahan di dalam tubuh wanita selama 3-5 hari.

Karenanya, sperma harus dilepas sedekat mungkin dengan telur sehingga terjadi pembuahan sebelum telur mati. Banyak orang yang tidak memercayai keterkaitan posisi bercinta dengan kehamilan karena kebanyakan mereka tidak mengerti ilmu seks. Bahkan, sebagaian besar orang beranggapan bahwa PENDIDIKAN SEKS Sejak Dini itu tabu diajarkan. Hal ini tidaklah tabu bila kita tepat mengajarkannya, tepat waktunya serta tepat tempatnya.

Bila anda pasangan yang sudah menikah dan segera menginkan kehamilan, camkan baik-baik berbagai variasi posisi bercinta dibawah ini :

Posisi terbaik bercinta adalah posisi yang menghindari terjadinya 'penjelajahan' sperma di dalam rahim, dan melawan gravitasi saat bercinta seperti posisi berdiri, duduk, atau wanita berada di atas. Agar mendapatkan kehamilan, pasangan harus membatasi sperma yang keluar dari vagina.Pinggul wanita harus diposisikan sedemikian rupa untuk menghindari keluarnya sperma sehingga sperma memiliki waktu yang cukup panjang untuk berenang-renang di dalam rahim wanita
Posisi missionary atau lebih dikenal dengan 'man on top' adalah posisi terbaik untuk mendapatkan keturunan. Hal ini dikarenakan posisi ini memungkinkan penetrasi yang lebih lebih dalam sehingga sperma dilepaskan dekat dengan rahim.
Posisi yang mengangkat pinggul wanita juga termasuk posisi yang memudahkan sperma masuk ke dalam rahim. Dengan mengangkat pinggul wanita, dapat dibantu dengan meletakkan bantal di bawah tubuh wanita, rahim akan lebih mudah dimasuki sperma sehingga meningkatkan jumlah sperma yang masuk.
'doggy style', ketika wanita membelakangi tubuh pria. Pada posisi ini, sperma pun dilepaskan dekat leher rahim sehingga meningkatkan kemungkinan terjadinya pembuahan.
Posisi 'side by side' juga sangat berpotensi meningkatkan kemungkinan kehamilan.Tidak hanya posisi-posisi tersebut yang membantu pasangan mendapatkan keturunan, orgasme yang dirasakan wanita pun memiliki peranan penting.

Berdasarkan penelitian, orgasme pada wanita memunculkan kontraksi yang mendorong sperma menuju rahim.

Sekali lagi penulis tekankan, bahwa semua posisi ini hanya boleh dicoba oleh pasangan yang sudah resmi menikah secara hukum Agama & Pemerintah. Segala tindak tanduk yang melanggar akibat tulisan ini, penulis tidak bertanggung jawab.

Dan ingat, MANUSIA BOLEH BERENCANA serta BERUSAHA, tapi TUHANlah yang MENENTUKAN SEGALANYA.

Selebriti Terlibat Narkoba Lagi?

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 14 Mar 2011 22:11:00 +0700

Sangat disayangkan, sudah terlalu banyak selebriti Indonesia yang terlibat NARKOBA. Apa mereka tidak sadar? Entah siapa yang tahu. Padahal, mereka punya banyak penggemar, idola, fans, apa itu belum cukup?

Albumnya meledak sampai keluar negeri, mendadak kaya karena semua orang menyukai musik ciptaannya, apa belum cukup? Sadarlah wahai para musisi pengguna NARKOBA, kalian itu harusnya bersyukur diberi kelebihan oleh Allah swt, khususnya dalam bidang seni musik. Tidak semua orang mampu seperti kalian, tidak semua seniman musik bisa setenar kalian. Padahal kalian menapak jalan itu tidak mudah, apalagi sekarang tenar, terkenal.

Saya bukan musisi, apalagi orang terkenal, saya hanya rakyat biasa, yang bisanya mengkritik orang-orang yang sukses melebihi saya. Saya rasa anda paham dengan maksud saya.

Jauhi NARKOBA sekarang juga, atau anda akan sangat menyesal suatu saat nanti.

Gempa Jepang 11 Maret 1.000 Kali Lebih Kuat dari Gempa 1995 "Alumni Blogger"

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Mar 2011 21:53:00 +0700

Sepanjang sejarah negeri matahari terbit, rakyat Jepang telah mengenal salah satu gempa terdahsyat yaitu gempa Kobe tahun 1995. Gempa berkekuatan 7,3 SR itu menewaskan sekitar 6.000 penduduk prefektur tersebut maupun wilayah sekitarnya.

Rakyat Jepang menyebutnya Great Hanshin-Awaji Earhquake., ini karena kuatnya gempa yang berpusat di darat dengan kedalaman 16 Km, Namun, kini Jepang dilanda gempa yang lebih dahsyat lagi, yang terjadi di Prefektur Miyagi, Jepang bagian utara.

Gempa Miyagi diperkirakan mendekati 1.000 kali lebih kuat dibandingkan gempa Kobe, 500 km arah selatan Tokyo. Secara magnitute pun, gempa terakhir mempunyai kekuatan 9 SR. Begitu kata Satoko Oki seorang peneliti dari Institut Penelitian Gempa Bumi Tokyo, .

Menurut Satako seperti dikutip dari japantimes.com, Minggu (13/3/2011), gempa disebabkan oleh adanya retakan di antara lempeng pasifik dan Amerika Utara. Retakan di dasar laut itu memicu terjadinya gelombang tsunami setinggi 10 meter yang menyapu kawasan pantai timur Jepang.

"Magnitute 8.8 (kini direvisi menjadi 9) benar-benar sebuah gempa besar. Ini juga merupakan gempa terbesar yang pernah diukur di sekitar Jepang," katanya.

Sekadar informasi, pasca gempa mematikan di Kobe, Jepang mendirikan Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution (DR-HRI). DR-HRI menempati sebuah gedung bertingkat menghadap laut Kobe. Di sebelah kanannya, terdapat gedung Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRD), yang beranggotakan 28 negara di Asia.

Didirikan tahun 2002 atau 7 tahun pasca gempa, DRI-HRI memiliki 6 bagian utama. Bagian-bagian itu antara lain museum, pelatihan manajemen penanganan gempa, serta penelitian untuk pengendalian risiko bencana dan pengembangan ahli. DHI-HRI mempekerjakan para korban gempa sebagai karyawan.

16 Tahun berlalu, masyarakat Kobe telah pulih dari rasa traumatis akibat gempa dahsyat tersebut. Gedung-gedung bertingkat sudah banyak berdiri megah di kota pelabuhan tersebut. Infrastruktur dan jaringan transportasi terlihat sangat memadai.

(disadur dari detik dan telah dirubah oleh "Alumni Blogger"

Temuan Soal Fosil Alien Oleh NASA Ternyata Keliru "Alumni-Blogger"

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 9 Mar 2011 17:36:00 +0700

Richard B Hoover seorang ilmuwan NASA yang mengklaim telah menemukan fosil bakteri di meteorit, ternyata dibantah oleh atasannya sendiri karena keliru.

Hoover dan timnya yang menemukan fosil bakteri ini, mendapatkan hanya dengan menggunakan pencitraan mikroskop. Mereka yang semula mengira bahwa fosil bakteri kecil itu adalah cyanobacteria. Tapi, ternyata keliru.

Laporan tersebut kini lantas dihentikan perluasannya oleh NASA, meski sempat dipublikasikan Jumat lalu di salah satu jurnal online eksentrik: Journal of Cosmology.

Akibat kecorobohan Hoover, NASA mulai memperhitungkan pekerjaannya. Senin kemarin, Paulus Hertz, kepala direktorat misi NASA mengatakan bahwa NASA tidak dapat berdiri di belakangnya dan mendukung klaim ilmiah tersebut.

"Kami tidak dapat mendukung klaim ilmiah sampai benar-benar dikaji secara menyeluruh dan memenuhi syarat ... Kami bahkan tidak mengetahui pengajuan kertas ke Journal of Cosmology atau publikasi yang terjadi belakangan ini," kata Hertz.

Menanggapi isu ini, Journal of Cosmology pun turut buka mulut. Media publikasi yang berusia 2 tahun itu mengklaim bahwa publikasi itu telah diuji bersama ilmuwan (peer-reviewed).

Pada kasus ini, editor jurnal mengatakan artikel yang dikirimkan Hoover telah melalui kritik dari 100 ilmuwan terkemuka dan layak dimasukkan dalam jurnalnya. Dalam penelitian ilmiah normal, peer-review dibutuhkan untuk sebelum diterbitkan untuk menjamin keakuratan.

(telah di riview oleh "Alumni-Blogger")

Baca Berita Terkait :

Ada ALIEN di Batu Meteor ?

Signs You're About to Get Fired "Alumni-Blogger"

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 9 Mar 2011 16:50:00 +0700

(copy from yahoo)

Rusty Rueff, On Friday March 4, 2011, 12:35 pm EST

Too many times after someone gets fired, they say, "I should have seen it coming." But most of us don't see the signs because we don't want to see them. They're there, sometimes right in front of us.
Here are some cautionary signs your last day may be coming sooner than you think:

There's been a "change" in your boss' behavior towards you. This isn't always a fatal sign, but you should be sensitive to it. If you sense your boss isn't being as friendly or open as usual, something bad might be brewing. If she no longer acts in a way that makes you feel secure and comfortable in your job and relationship with her, like dropping by the cubicle unannounced to sit and shoot the breeze or seeking your advice, it could be a sign of trouble.
[See 15 Ways Good Bosses Keep Their Best Employees.]

One-on-ones are consistently canceled. Beyond your boss' attitude or changing behavior, if he starts canceling every one-on-one meeting you've scheduled, or you have trouble getting his time and attention, then he could be feeling guilt about what's coming next. He could be avoiding you.

The boss has a new attention to detail. In the past, you were always left alone to perform, without much attention or coaching, but all of a sudden your boss is all over you. Maybe she's asking too many questions, setting deadlines, and following up on small tasks that once never mattered. It could be that she's building her performance case and getting her ducks in order.

No more talks about planning and the future. If by this time last year you were planning ahead for the annual conference or future budgets, yet now you aren't getting information or invites to meetings, then it's probably because you aren't considered as someone who will be here for the future.
[See How to Convince Your Employer to Pay for School.]

The "insider" stops talking to you. Every team has someone we know is the boss' insider. This is the person who your boss talks to more than anyone else, who she asks for advice and counsel. If you were the insider and all of a sudden the flow of information slows, that says it all. Or if someone you know is the boss' insider stops talking to you or begins avoiding you, then it could be that he knows more than you do and is reacting to an uncomfortable bit of knowledge.

HR doesn't have time for you. This is assuming that HR used to have time for you. HR employees are like anyone else in that they'll avoid uncomfortable situations for fear of saying the wrong thing or setting the wrong expectations. Take note if they're "unavailable" or not hanging around with you like they used to do.
[For more career advice, visit U.S. News Careers, or find us on Facebook or Twitter.]

Your complaints get answered with, "You're right." In the past, you may have had conversations about how your job wasn't challenging enough, and your boss would try to convince you otherwise. But if recently she starts agreeing and sending signals almost encouraging you to go find another job, don't miss that sign.
Before you panic and think you're going to lose your job tomorrow morning, recognize that this is much like a horoscope--we can see enough of it in any given day that it looks like it's true and written just for us. See these changes as what they are, warning signs, and nothing more. If any of these are happening to you right now, set up time to speak with your boss to ask what you can do to improve. Do this before it's too late, and you'll avoid getting blindsided.

Rusty Rueff, director and career expert for jobs and career website Glassdoor.com has been a CEO, led HR in global companies and is co-author of Talent Force: A New Manifesto for the Human Side of Business.
Vote for Glassdoor in Readers' Choice Awards as Best Career Resource Website.

Whale Shark Feeding Frenzies Mystify Scientists "Alumni-Blogger"

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 9 Mar 2011 16:29:00 +0700

(copy from yahoo)
Stephanie Pappas
, LiveScience Senior Writer
LiveScience.com Stephanie Pappas
, Livescience Senior Writer
livescience.com – Tue Mar 8, 5:25 pm ET

If this year is like the last few, one of the most mysterious creatures in the world will soon descend upon the waters off of the Yucatan Peninsula. The blue, plankton-rich waters will become an all-you-can-eat haven for hundreds of giant whale sharks, an annual event known as "afuera."
As writer Jim Tharpe wrote Monday in the Washington Post, the sharks feed on plankton at the ocean surface in a "swirling mass." Nowhere else do whale sharks gather in such numbers in full view of human eyes – and researchers are using the opportunity to learn more about these elusive giants.
"Amazingly, the largest fish in the world, which is the whale shark, is one of the least known," Rafael de la Parra, a biologist and coordinator for Mexico's whale shark conservation Domino Project, told LiveScience. [Images of whale sharks]

Mystery beasts
The sharks live their lives largely out of the sight. Little is known about where they go and what they do when they aren't in shallow-water feeding groups like the ones in Mexican waters. Satellite tags, which beam back information about animals' whereabouts, have given some hints, said Robert Hueter, the director of the shark research center at the Mote Marine Laboratory in Florida.
Hueter, de la Parra and their colleagues have tracked 42 whale sharks from the Yucatan area with satellite tags since 2003. They've found that the animals swim massive distances. One female turned up in the Southern Hemisphere halfway between Brazil and Africa. She'd traveled a minimum of 4,500 miles (7,242 kilometers) in 150 days, not including vertical distance diving or any curves on her route.
"We're working on the hypothesis that they are going down there to give birth to their pups, at least that's one place that they're going," Hueter told LiveScience. The theory is consistent with observations of small whale sharks in the area, he said, but so far the team hasn't seen another female take the same journey.
The whale sharks also take deep dives. The deepest observed dive, Hueter said, was 6,325 feet (1,928 meters) below the ocean surface – more than a mile and a quarter. The sharks make these dives in a long, slow glide, Hueter said, leading researchers to speculate that it's a way for the animals to cover long distances without expending much energy.
Reproduction riddle
The reason for the deep-sea excursions isn't the only whale shark mystery. No one knows anything about how the animals breed, said Jennifer Schmidt, a biologist at the University of Illinois at Chicago who has studied the genetics of the animals. One of her studies suggests that female whale sharks may save up sperm from a single mating to fertilize multiple pregnancies, but whale shark courtship has never been observed.
"The genetics tell us that there seems to be a large degree of migration and interbreeding between animals around the world," Schmidt told LiveScience. "There must be a place where adult males and females meet to breed, but we don't know where that place is."
Most feeding aggregations seen around the world are made up of adolescent males, Hueter said. The sharks that feed in Mexico are a slightly more inclusive slice of whale shark life, with more adults and females present. Still, the sex ratio is 2.6 males to every female, and no one knows why.
Diving for clues
Nonetheless, studies of the Yucatan feeding frenzies have answered some questions about whale sharks. For one: What do they eat? The sharks are drawn to the site by an upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water that leads to plankton blooms. Plankton is the main source of sustenance for these filter-feeding sharks. In particular, the afuera area – so named because it is "outside" the Mexican government's official protected zone for the sharks – is a spawning spot for a type of tuna called the little tunny. The fish probably spawn at night, Schmidt said, and their eggs rise to the surface in the morning.
Next, she said, "the sharks come in and literally swim at surface level with their mouths wide open just vacuuming in the eggs."
Because the sharks feed at the surface, researchers have been able to figure out how they eat, as well as how much. It turns out that whale sharks have a unique filtration system: Their mouths are equipped with pads that "look like scouring pads from your kitchen," said Philip Motta, a biologist at the University of South Florida who has studied the afuera whale sharks' feeding behavior.
As the sharks swim along, water probably hits these pads at an angle, Motta told LiveScience. The water continues through, but the plankton get deflected toward the back of the throat. The set-up probably prevents the filtering pads from getting clogged, Motta said.
"There's no other fish that has anything like this," he said.
For all their size (they can grow to more than 40 feet, or 12 meters, in length) whale sharks don't eat as many calories as might be expected. According to research by Motta and colleagues published last year in the journal Zoology, a 20-foot (6.2 meter) whale shark is estimated to consume 6,721 calories (28,121 kilojoules) per day. In comparison, a moderately active human man should consume around 2,500 calories per day.
It's impossible to know in advance whether the sharks will stay "afuera" or aggregate inside the protected zone this year, de la Parra said, but the research team plans to continue research on the sharks' genetics, growth and movements. They're also monitoring whether ecotourism affects the sharks' behavior. Numerous boats carry tourists out to feeding aggregations to get close to the sharks, Hueter said, which is good for conservation awareness. However, he said, many sharks already show signs of run-ins with propellers and boats, so ecotourism can be a threat.
Hueter and his Mote Marine Lab team aren't sure if they'll have funding to continue studies in Mexico this summer. They're watching a few remaining satellite tags from previous seasons, Hueter said. They are also monitoring shark populations in the northern Gulf of Mexico, looking for contamination from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. It's likely to be tough, Hueter said, but the team hopes to draw blood from swimming whale sharks to check their health. As filter feeders, he said, whale sharks are particularly vulnerable to ocean pollution.
"They can't just keep their mouths closed and swim away and feed somewhere else," Hueter said. "Even if oil is present in microdroplets that have been dispersed, they are processing a lot of volume of water, and even the smallest trace of pollutants can become concentrated on their gills."

Mesothelioma

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 7 Mar 2011 22:28:00 +0700

Mesothelioma, more precisely malignant mesothelioma, is a rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs, the mesothelium. It is usually caused by exposure to asbestos.^[1]

Its most common site is the pleura (outer lining of the lungs and internal chest wall), but it may also occur in the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity), the heart,^[2] the pericardium (a sac that surrounds the heart) or tunica vaginalis.

Most people who develop mesothelioma have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos and glass particles, or they have been exposed to asbestos dust and fiber in other ways. It has also been suggested that washing the clothes of a family member who worked with asbestos or glass can put a person at risk for developing mesothelioma.^[3] Unlike lung cancer, there is no association between mesothelioma and smoking, but smoking greatly increases the risk of other asbestos-induced cancers.^[4] Those who have been exposed to asbestos often utilize attorneys to collect damages for asbestos-related disease, including mesothelioma. Compensation via asbestos funds or lawsuits is an important issue in mesothelioma (see asbestos and the law).

The symptoms of mesothelioma include shortness of breath due to pleural effusion (fluid between the lung and the chest wall) or chest wall pain, and general symptoms such as weight loss. The diagnosis may be suspected with chest X-ray and CT scan, and is confirmed with a biopsy (tissue sample) and microscopic examination. A thoracoscopy (inserting a tube with a camera into the chest) can be used to take biopsies. It allows the introduction of substances such as talc to obliterate the pleural space (called pleurodesis), which prevents more fluid from accumulating and pressing on the lung. Despite treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy or sometimes surgery, the disease carries a poor prognosis. Research about screening tests for the early detection of mesothelioma is ongoing.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms or signs of mesothelioma may not appear until 20 to 50 years (or more) after exposure to asbestos. Shortness of breath, cough, and pain in the chest due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (pleural effusion) are often symptoms of pleural mesothelioma.

Symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma include weight loss and cachexia, abdominal swelling and pain due to ascites (a buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity). Other symptoms of Peritoneal Mesothelioma may include bowel obstruction, blood clotting abnormalities, anemia, and fever. If the cancer has spread beyond the mesothelium to other parts of the body, symptoms may include pain, trouble swallowing, or swelling of the neck or face.

These symptoms may be caused by mesothelioma or by other, less serious conditions.

Mesothelioma that affects the pleura can cause these signs and symptoms:

Chest wall pain
Pleural effusion, or fluid surrounding the lung
Shortness of breath
Fatigue or anemia
Wheezing, hoarseness, or cough
Blood in the sputum (fluid) coughed up (hemoptysis)

In severe cases, the person may have many tumor masses. The individual may develop a pneumothorax, or collapse of the lung. The disease may metastasize, or spread, to other parts of the body.

Tumors that affect the abdominal cavity often do not cause symptoms until they are at a late stage. Symptoms include:

Abdominal pain
Ascites, or an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen
A mass in the abdomen
Problems with bowel function
Weight loss

In severe cases of the disease, the following signs and symptoms may be present:

Blood clots in the veins, which may cause thrombophlebitis
Disseminated intravascular coagulation, a disorder causing severe bleeding in many body organs
Jaundice, or yellowing of the eyes and skin
Low blood sugar level
Pleural effusion
Pulmonary emboli, or blood clots in the arteries of the lungs
Severe ascites

A mesothelioma does not usually spread to the bone, brain, or adrenal glands. Pleural tumors are usually found only on one side of the lungs.

[edit] Cause

Working with asbestos is the major risk factor for mesothelioma.^[5] In the United States, asbestos is the major cause of malignant mesothelioma and has been considered "indisputably"^[6] associated with the development of mesothelioma. Indeed, the relationship between asbestos and mesothelioma is so strong that many consider mesothelioma a “signal” or “sentinel” tumor.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] A history of asbestos exposure exists in most cases. However, mesothelioma has been reported in some individuals without any known exposure to asbestos. In rare cases, mesothelioma has also been associated with irradiation, intrapleural thorium dioxide (Thorotrast), and inhalation of other fibrous silicates, such as erionite. Some studies suggest that simian virus 40 (SV40) may act as a cofactor in the development of mesothelioma.^[11]

Asbestos was known in antiquity, but it was not mined and widely used commercially until the late 19th century. Its use greatly increased during World War II. Since the early 1940s, millions of American workers have been exposed to asbestos dust. Initially, the risks associated with asbestos exposure were not publicly known. However, an increased risk of developing mesothelioma was later found among shipyard workers, people who work in asbestos mines and mills, producers of asbestos products, workers in the heating and construction industries, and other tradespeople. Today, the official position of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the U.S. EPA is that protections and "permissible exposure limits" required by U.S. regulations, while adequate to prevent most asbestos-related non-malignant disease, they are not adequate to prevent or protect against asbestos-related cancers such as mesothelioma.^[12] Likewise, the British Government's Health and Safety Executive (HSE) states formally that any threshold for mesothelioma must be at a very low level and it is widely agreed that if any such threshold does exist at all, then it cannot currently be quantified. For practical purposes, therefore, HSE assumes that no such "safe" threshold exists. Others have noted as well that there is no evidence of a threshold level below which there is no risk of mesothelioma.^[13] There appears to be a linear, dose-response relationship, with increasing dose producing increasing disease.^[14] Nevertheless, mesothelioma may be related to brief, low level or indirect exposures to asbestos.^[6] The dose necessary for effect appears to be lower for asbestos-induced mesothelioma than for pulmonary asbestosis or lung cancer.^[6] Again, there is no known safe level of exposure to asbestos as it relates to increased risk of mesothelioma.

The duration of exposure to asbestos causing mesothelioma can be short. For example, cases of mesothelioma have been documented with only 1–3 months of exposure.^[15]^[16] People who work with asbestos wear personal protective equipment to lower their risk of exposure.

Latency, the time from first exposure to manifestation of disease, is prolonged in the case of mesothelioma. It is virtually never less than fifteen years and peaks at 30–40 years.^[6] In a review of occupationally related mesothelioma cases, the median latency was 32 years.^[17] Based upon the data from Peto et al, the risk of mesothelioma appears to increase to the third or fourth power from first exposure.^[14]

[edit] Environmental exposures

Incidence of mesothelioma had been found to be higher in populations living near naturally occurring asbestos. For example, in central Cappadocia, Turkey, mesothelioma was causing 50% of all deaths in three small villages — Tuzköy, Karain and Sarıhıdır. Initially, this was attributed to erionite, a zeolite mineral with similar properties to asbestos, however, recently, detailed epidemiological investigation showed that erionite causes mesothelioma mostly in families with a genetic predisposition.^[18]^[19] The documented presence of asbestos fibers in water supplies and food products has fostered concerns about the possible impact of long-term and, as yet, unknown exposure of the general population to these fibers.

[edit] Occupational

Exposure to asbestos fibers has been recognized as an occupational health hazard since the early 20th century. Numerous epidemiological studies have associated occupational exposure to asbestos with the development of pleural plaques, diffuse pleural thickening, asbestosis, carcinoma of the lung and larynx, gastrointestinal tumors, and diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum. Asbestos has been widely used in many industrial products, including cement, brake linings, gaskets, roof shingles, flooring products, textiles, and insulation.

Commercial asbestos mining at Wittenoom, Western Australia, occurred between 1945 and 1966. A cohort study of miners employed at the mine reported that while no deaths occurred within the first 10 years after crocidolite exposure, 85 deaths attributable to mesothelioma had occurred by 1985. By 1994, 539 reported deaths due to mesothelioma had been reported in Western Australia.

[edit] Paraoccupational secondary exposure

Family members and others living with asbestos workers have an increased risk of developing mesothelioma, and possibly other asbestos related diseases.^[20]^[21] This risk may be the result of exposure to asbestos dust brought home on the clothing and hair of asbestos workers. To reduce the chance of exposing family members to asbestos fibres, asbestos workers are usually required to shower and change their clothing before leaving the workplace.

[edit] Asbestos in buildings

Many building materials used in both public and domestic premises prior to the banning of asbestos may contain asbestos. Those performing renovation works or DIY activities may expose themselves to asbestos dust. In the UK use of Chrysotile asbestos was banned at the end of 1999. Brown and blue asbestos was banned in the UK around 1985. Buildings built or renovated prior to these dates may contain asbestos materials.

[edit] Diagnosis

CXR demonstrating a mesothelioma

CT scan of a patient with mesothelioma, coronal section (the section follows the plane that divides the body in a front and a back half). The mesothelioma is indicated by yellow arrows, the central pleural effusion (fluid collection) is marked with a yellow star. Red numbers: (1) right lung, (2) spine, (3) left lung, (4) ribs, (5) descending part of the aorta, (6) spleen, (7) left kidney, (8) right kidney, (9) liver.

Micrograph of a pleural fluid cytopathology specimen showing mesothelioma.

Micrographs showing mesothelioma in a core biopsy.

Diagnosing mesothelioma is often difficult, because the symptoms are similar to those of a number of other conditions. Diagnosis begins with a review of the patient's medical history. A history of exposure to asbestos may increase clinical suspicion for mesothelioma. A physical examination is performed, followed by chest X-ray and often lung function tests. The X-ray may reveal pleural thickening commonly seen after asbestos exposure and increases suspicion of mesothelioma. A CT (or CAT) scan or an MRI is usually performed. If a large amount of fluid is present, abnormal cells may be detected by cytopathology if this fluid is aspirated with a syringe. For pleural fluid, this is done by thoracentesis or tube thoracostomy (chest tube); for ascites, with paracentesis or ascitic drain; and for pericardial^{[disambiguation needed]} effusion with pericardiocentesis. While absence of malignant cells on cytology does not completely exclude mesothelioma, it makes it much more unlikely, especially if an alternative diagnosis can be made (e.g. tuberculosis, heart failure). Unfortunately, the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma by cytology alone is difficult, even with expert pathologists.

Generally, a biopsy is needed to confirm a diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. A doctor removes a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope by a pathologist. A biopsy may be done in different ways, depending on where the abnormal area is located. If the cancer is in the chest, the doctor may perform a thoracoscopy. In this procedure, the doctor makes a small cut through the chest wall and puts a thin, lighted tube called a thoracoscope into the chest between two ribs. Thoracoscopy allows the doctor to look inside the chest and obtain tissue samples. Alternatively, the chest surgeon might directly open the chest (thoracotomy). If the cancer is in the abdomen, the doctor may perform a laparoscopy. To obtain tissue for examination, the doctor makes a small incision in the abdomen and inserts a special instrument into the abdominal cavity. If these procedures do not yield enough tissue, more extensive diagnostic surgery may be necessary.

Immunohistochemical studies play an important role for the pathologist in differentiating malignant mesothelioma from neoplastic mimics. There are numerous tests and panels available. No single test is perfect for distinguishing mesothelioma from carcinoma or even benign versus malignant.

**Typical immunohistochemistry results**
Positive	Negative
EMA (epithelial membrane antigen) in a membranous distribution	CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)
WT1 (Wilms' tumour 1)	B72.3
Calretinin	MOC-3 1
Mesothelin-1	CD15
Cytokeratin 5/6	Ber-EP4
HBME-1 (human mesothelial cell 1)	TTF-1 (thyroid transcription factor-1)

There are three histological types of malignant mesothelioma: (1) Epithelioid; (2) Sarcomatoid; and (3) Biphasic (Mixed). Epithelioid comprises about 50-60% of malignant mesothelioma cases and generally holds a better prognosis than the Sarcomatoid or Biphasic subtypes.^[22]

[edit] Staging

Staging of mesothelioma is based on the recommendation by the International Mesothelioma Interest Group.^[23] TNM classification of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis is performed. Mesothelioma is staged Ia–IV (one-A to four) based on the TNM status.^[23]^[24]

[edit] Screening

There is no universally agreed protocol for screening people who have been exposed to asbestos. Screening tests might diagnose mesothelioma earlier than conventional methods thus improving the survival prospects for patients. The serum osteopontin level might be useful in screening asbestos-exposed people for mesothelioma. The level of soluble mesothelin-related protein is elevated in the serum of about 75% of patients at diagnosis and it has been suggested that it may be useful for screening.^[25] Doctors have begun testing the Mesomark assay which measures levels of soluble mesothelin-related proteins (SMRPs) released by diseased mesothelioma cells.^[26]

[edit] Pathophysiology

Diffuse pleural mesothelioma with extensive involvement of the pericardium.

The mesothelium consists of a single layer of flattened to cuboidal cells forming the epithelial lining of the serous cavities of the body including the peritoneal, pericardial and pleural cavities. Deposition of asbestos fibers in the parenchyma of the lung may result in the penetration of the visceral pleura from where the fiber can then be carried to the pleural surface, thus leading to the development of malignant mesothelial plaques. The processes leading to the development of peritoneal mesothelioma remain unresolved, although it has been proposed that asbestos fibers from the lung are transported to the abdomen and associated organs via the lymphatic system. Additionally, asbestos fibers may be deposited in the gut after ingestion of sputum contaminated with asbestos fibers.

Pleural contamination with asbestos or other mineral fibers has been shown to cause cancer. Long thin asbestos fibers (blue asbestos, amphibole fibers) are more potent carcinogens than "feathery fibers" (chrysotile or white asbestos fibers).^[6] However, there is now evidence that smaller particles may be more dangerous than the larger fibers. They remain suspended in the air where they can be inhaled, and may penetrate more easily and deeper into the lungs. "We probably will find out a lot more about the health aspects of asbestos from [the World Trade Center attack], unfortunately," said Dr. Alan Fein, chief of pulmonary and critical-care medicine at North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System. Dr. Fein has treated several patients for "World Trade Center syndrome" or respiratory ailments from brief exposures of only a day or two near the collapsed buildings.^[27]

Mesothelioma development in rats has been demonstrated following intra-pleural inoculation of phosphorylated chrysotile fibers. It has been suggested that in humans, transport of fibers to the pleura is critical to the pathogenesis of mesothelioma. This is supported by the observed recruitment of significant numbers of macrophages and other cells of the immune system to localized lesions of accumulated asbestos fibers in the pleural and peritoneal cavities of rats. These lesions continued to attract and accumulate macrophages as the disease progressed, and cellular changes within the lesion culminated in a morphologically malignant tumor.

Experimental evidence suggests that asbestos acts as a complete carcinogen with the development of mesothelioma occurring in sequential stages of initiation and promotion. The molecular mechanisms underlying the malignant transformation of normal mesothelial cells by asbestos fibers remain unclear despite the demonstration of its oncogenic capabilities (see next-but-one paragraph). However, complete in vitro transformation of normal human mesothelial cells to malignant phenotype following exposure to asbestos fibers has not yet been achieved. In general, asbestos fibers are thought to act through direct physical interactions with the cells of the mesothelium in conjunction with indirect effects following interaction with inflammatory cells such as macrophages.

Analysis of the interactions between asbestos fibers and DNA has shown that phagocytosed fibers are able to make contact with chromosomes, often adhering to the chromatin fibers or becoming entangled within the chromosome. This contact between the asbestos fiber and the chromosomes or structural proteins of the spindle apparatus can induce complex abnormalities. The most common abnormality is monosomy of chromosome 22. Other frequent abnormalities include structural rearrangement of 1p, 3p, 9p and 6q chromosome arms.

Common gene abnormalities in mesothelioma cell lines include deletion of the tumor suppressor genes:

Neurofibromatosis type 2 at 22q12
P16^INK4A
P14^ARF

Asbestos has also been shown to mediate the entry of foreign DNA into target cells. Incorporation of this foreign DNA may lead to mutations and oncogenesis by several possible mechanisms:

Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes
Activation of oncogenes
Activation of proto-oncogenes due to incorporation of foreign DNA containing a promoter region
Activation of DNA repair enzymes, which may be prone to error
Activation of telomerase
Prevention of apoptosis

Asbestos fibers have been shown to alter the function and secretory properties of macrophages, ultimately creating conditions which favour the development of mesothelioma. Following asbestos phagocytosis, macrophages generate increased amounts of hydroxyl radicals, which are normal by-products of cellular anaerobic metabolism. However, these free radicals are also known clastogenic and membrane-active agents thought to promote asbestos carcinogenicity. These oxidants can participate in the oncogenic process by directly and indirectly interacting with DNA, modifying membrane-associated cellular events, including oncogene activation and perturbation of cellular antioxidant defences.

Asbestos also may possess immunosuppressive properties. For example, chrysotile fibres have been shown to depress the in vitro proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes, suppress natural killer cell lysis and significantly reduce lymphokine-activated killer cell viability and recovery. Furthermore, genetic alterations in asbestos-activated macrophages may result in the release of potent mesothelial cell mitogens such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) which in turn, may induce the chronic stimulation and proliferation of mesothelial cells after injury by asbestos fibres.

[edit] Treatment

The prognosis for malignant mesothelioma remains disappointing, although there have been some modest improvements in prognosis from newer chemotherapies and multimodality treatments.^[28] Treatment of malignant mesothelioma at earlier stages has a better prognosis, but cures are exceedingly rare. Clinical behavior of the malignancy is affected by several factors including the continuous mesothelial surface of the pleural cavity which favors local metastasis via exfoliated cells, invasion to underlying tissue and other organs within the pleural cavity, and the extremely long latency period between asbestos exposure and development of the disease. The histological subtype and the patient's age and health status also help predict prognosis.

[edit] Surgery

Surgery, by itself, has proved disappointing. In one large series, the median survival with surgery (including extrapleural pneumonectomy) was only 11.7 months.^[28] However, research indicates varied success when used in combination with radiation and chemotherapy (Duke, 2008). (For more information on multimodality therapy with surgery, see below). A pleurectomy/decortication is the most common surgery, in which the lining of the chest is removed. Less common is an extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP), in which the lung, lining of the inside of the chest, the hemi-diaphragm and the pericardium are removed.

[edit] Radiation

For patients with localized disease, and who can tolerate a radical surgery, radiation is often given post-operatively as a consolidative treatment. The entire hemi-thorax is treated with radiation therapy, often given simultaneously with chemotherapy. This approach of using surgery followed by radiation with chemotherapy has been pioneered by the thoracic oncology team at Brigham & Women's Hospital in Boston.^[29] Delivering radiation and chemotherapy after a radical surgery has led to extended life expectancy in selected patient populations with some patients surviving more than 5 years. As part of a curative approach to mesothelioma, radiotherapy is also commonly applied to the sites of chest drain insertion, in order to prevent growth of the tumor along the track in the chest wall.

Although mesothelioma is generally resistant to curative treatment with radiotherapy alone, palliative treatment regimens are sometimes used to relieve symptoms arising from tumor growth, such as obstruction of a major blood vessel. Radiation therapy when given alone with curative intent has never been shown to improve survival from mesothelioma. The necessary radiation dose to treat mesothelioma that has not been surgically removed would be very toxic.

[edit] Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is the only treatment for mesothelioma that has been proven to improve survival in randomised and controlled trials. The landmark study published in 2003 by Vogelzang and colleagues compared cisplatin chemotherapy alone with a combination of cisplatin and pemetrexed (brand name Alimta) chemotherapy in patients who had not received chemotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma previously and were not candidates for more aggressive "curative" surgery.^[30] This trial was the first to report a survival advantage from chemotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma, showing a statistically significant improvement in median survival from 10 months in the patients treated with cisplatin alone to 13.3 months in the group of patients treated with cisplatin in the combination with pemetrexed and who also received supplementation with folate and vitamin B₁₂. Vitamin supplementation was given to most patients in the trial and pemetrexed related side effects were significantly less in patients receiving pemetrexed when they also received daily oral folate 500mcg and intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ 1000mcg every 9 weeks compared with patients receiving pemetrexed without vitamin supplementation. The objective response rate increased from 20% in the cisplatin group to 46% in the combination pemetrexed group. Some side effects such as nausea and vomiting, stomatitis, and diarrhoea were more common in the combination pemetrexed group but only affected a minority of patients and overall the combination of pemetrexed and cisplatin was well tolerated when patients received vitamin supplementation; both quality of life and lung function tests improved in the combination pemetrexed group. In February 2004, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved pemetrexed for treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. However, there are still unanswered questions about the optimal use of chemotherapy, including when to start treatment, and the optimal number of cycles to give.

Cisplatin in combination with raltitrexed has shown an improvement in survival similar to that reported for pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin, but raltitrexed is no longer commercially available for this indication. For patients unable to tolerate pemetrexed, cisplatin in combination with gemcitabine or vinorelbine is an alternative, or vinorelbine on its own, although a survival benefit has not been shown for these drugs. For patients in whom cisplatin cannot be used, carboplatin can be substituted but non-randomised data have shown lower response rates and high rates of haematological toxicity for carboplatin-based combinations, albeit with similar survival figures to patients receiving cisplatin.^[31]

In January 2009, the United States FDA approved using conventional therapies such as surgery in combination with radiation and or chemotherapy on stage I or II Mesothelioma after research conducted by a nationwide study by Duke University concluded an almost 50 point increase in remission rates.

[edit] Immunotherapy

Treatment regimens involving immunotherapy have yielded variable results. For example, intrapleural inoculation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in an attempt to boost the immune response, was found to be of no benefit to the patient (while it may benefit patients with bladder cancer). Mesothelioma cells proved susceptible to in vitro lysis by LAK cells following activation by interleukin-2 (IL-2), but patients undergoing this particular therapy experienced major side effects. Indeed, this trial was suspended in view of the unacceptably high levels of IL-2 toxicity and the severity of side effects such as fever and cachexia. Nonetheless, other trials involving interferon alpha have proved more encouraging with 20% of patients experiencing a greater than 50% reduction in tumor mass combined with minimal side effects.

[edit] Heated Intraoperative Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy

A procedure known as heated intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy was developed by Paul Sugarbaker at the Washington Cancer Institute.^[32] The surgeon removes as much of the tumor as possible followed by the direct administration of a chemotherapy agent, heated to between 40 and 48°C, in the abdomen. The fluid is perfused for 60 to 120 minutes and then drained.

This technique permits the administration of high concentrations of selected drugs into the abdominal and pelvic surfaces. Heating the chemotherapy treatment increases the penetration of the drugs into tissues. Also, heating itself damages the malignant cells more than the normal cells.

This technique is also used in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.^[33]

[edit] Multimodality Therapy

All of the standard approaches to treating solid tumors—radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery—have been investigated in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Although surgery, by itself, is not very effective, surgery combined with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation (trimodality therapy) has produced significant survival extension (3–14 years) among patients with favorable prognostic factors.^[29] However, other large series of examining multimodality treatment have only demonstrated modest improvement in survival (median survival 14.5 months and only 29.6% surviving 2 years).^[28] Reducing the bulk of the tumor with cytoreductive surgery is key to extending survival. Two surgeries have been developed: extrapleural pneumonectomy and pleurectomy/decortication. The indications for performing these operations are unique. The choice of operation depends on the size of the patient's tumor. This is an important consideration because tumor volume has been identified as a prognostic factor in mesothelioma.^[34] Pleurectomy/decortication spares the underlying lung and is performed in patients with early stage disease when the intention is to remove all gross visible tumor (macroscopic complete resection), not simply palliation.^[35] Extrapleural pneumonectomy is a more extensive operation that involves resection of the parietal and visceral pleurae, underlying lung, ipsilateral diaphragm, and ipsilateral pericardium. This operation is indicated for a subset of patients with more advanced tumors, who can tolerate a pneumonectomy.^[36]

[edit] Epidemiology

Although reported incidence rates have increased in the past 20 years, mesothelioma is still a relatively rare cancer. The incidence rate varies from one country to another, from a low rate of less than 1 per 1,000,000 in Tunisia and Morocco, to the highest rate in Britain, Australia and Belgium: 30 per 1,000,000 per year.^[37] For comparison, populations with high levels of smoking can have a lung cancer incidence of over 1,000 per 1,000,000. Incidence of malignant mesothelioma currently ranges from about 7 to 40 per 1,000,000 in industrialized Western nations, depending on the amount of asbestos exposure of the populations during the past several decades.^[38] It has been estimated that incidence may have peaked at 15 per 1,000,000 in the United States in 2004. Incidence is expected to continue increasing in other parts of the world. Mesothelioma occurs more often in men than in women and risk increases with age, but this disease can appear in either men or women at any age. Approximately one fifth to one third of all mesotheliomas are peritoneal.

Between 1940 and 1979, approximately 27.5 million people were occupationally exposed to asbestos in the United States.^[39] Between 1973 and 1984, the incidence of pleural mesothelioma among Caucasian males increased 300%. From 1980 to the late 1990s, the death rate from mesothelioma in the USA increased from 2,000 per year to 3,000, with men four times more likely to acquire it than women. These rates may not be accurate, since it is possible that many cases of mesothelioma are misdiagnosed as adenocarcinoma of the lung, which is difficult to differentiate from mesothelioma.

[edit] Society and culture

[edit] Notable cases

Mesothelioma, though rare, has had a number of notable patients.

Malcolm McLaren, former manager of New York Dolls and Sex Pistols, died on 8 April 2010.

Billy Vaughn, American bandleader, died in 1991.

Hamilton Jordan, Chief of Staff for U.S. President Jimmy Carter and lifelong cancer activist, died in 2008.

Richard J. Herrnstein, psychologist and co-author of The Bell Curve, died in 1994.

Australian anti-racism activist Bob Bellear died in 2005.

British science fiction writer Michael G. Coney, responsible for nearly 100 works, also died in 2005.

American film and television actor Paul Gleason, perhaps best known for his portrayal of Principal Richard Vernon in the 1985 film The Breakfast Club, died in 2006.

Mickie Most, an English record producer, died of mesothelioma in 2003.

Paul Rudolph, American architect, died in 1997.

Bernie Banton, an Australian workers' rights activist, fought a long battle for compensation from James Hardie after he contracted mesothelioma after working for that company. He claimed James Hardie knew of the dangers of asbestos before he began work with the substance making insulation for power stations. Mesothelioma eventually took his life along with his brothers and hundreds of James Hardie workers. James Hardie made an undisclosed settlement with Banton only when his mesothelioma had reached its final stages and he was expected to have no more than 48 hours to live. Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd mentioned Banton's extended struggle in his acceptance speech after winning the 2007 Australian federal election.

Actor Steve McQueen was diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma on December 22, 1979. He was not offered surgery or chemotherapy because doctors felt the cancer was too advanced. McQueen subsequently sought alternative treatments at clinics in Mexico. He died of a heart attack on November 7, 1980, in Juárez, Mexico, following cancer surgery. He may have been exposed to asbestos while serving with the U.S. Marines as a young adult—asbestos was then commonly used to insulate ships' piping—or from its use as an insulating material in automobile racing suits (McQueen was an avid racing driver and fan).^[40]

United States Congressman Bruce Vento died of mesothelioma in 2000. The Bruce Vento Hopebuilder award is given yearly by his wife at the MARF Symposium to persons or organizations who have done the most to support mesothelioma research and advocacy.

Rock and roll musician and songwriter Warren Zevon, after a long period of untreated illness and pain, was diagnosed with inoperable mesothelioma in the fall of 2002. Refusing treatments that he believed might incapacitate him, Zevon focused his energies on recording his final album The Wind, including the song "Keep Me in Your Heart," which speaks of his failing breath. Zevon died at his home in Los Angeles, California, on September 7, 2003.

Christie Hennessy, the influential Irish singer-songwriter, died of mesothelioma in 2007, and had stridently refused to accept the prognosis in the weeks before his death.^[41] Hennessy's mesothelioma has been attributed to his younger years spent working on building sites in London.^[42]^[43]

Bob Miner, one of the founders of Software Development Labs, the forerunner of Oracle Corporation, died of mesothelioma in 1994.

Scottish Labour MP John William MacDougall died of mesothelioma on August 13, 2008, after fighting the disease for two years.^[44]

Australian journalist and news presenter Peter Leonard of Canberra succumbed to the condition on September 23, 2008.

Terrence McCann, Olympic gold medalist and longtime Executive Director of Toastmasters, died of mesothelioma on June 7, 2006, at his home in Dana Point, California.

Merlin Olsen, Pro Football Hall of Famer and television actor, died on March 10, 2010, from mesothelioma that had been diagnosed in 2009.

[edit] Notable people who have lived for some time with mesothelioma

Although life expectancy with this disease is typically limited, there are notable survivors. In July 1982, Stephen Jay Gould was diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma. After his diagnosis, Gould wrote "The Median Isn't the Message"^[45] for Discover magazine, in which he argued that statistics such as median survival are just useful abstractions, not destiny. Gould lived for another 20 years, eventually succumbing to metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung, not mesothelioma. Author Paul Kraus was diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma in July 1997. He was given a prognosis of less than a year to live and used a variety of complementary modalities. He continues to outlive his prognosis and wrote a book about his experience "Surviving Mesothelioma and Other Cancers: A Patient's Guide"^[46] in which he presented his philosophy about healing and the decision making that led him to use integrative medicine.

[edit] Legal issues

Main article: Asbestos and the law

The first lawsuits against asbestos manufacturers were in 1929. Since then, many lawsuits have been filed against asbestos manufacturers and employers, for neglecting to implement safety measures after the links between asbestos, asbestosis, and mesothelioma became known (some reports seem to place this as early as 1898). The liability resulting from the sheer number of lawsuits and people affected has reached billions of dollars.^[47] The amounts and method of allocating compensation have been the source of many court cases, reaching up to the United States Supreme Court, and government attempts at resolution of existing and future cases. However, to date, the US Congress has not stepped in and there are no federal laws governing asbestos compensation.^[48]

History

The first lawsuit against asbestos manufacturers was brought in 1929. The parties settled that lawsuit, and as part of the agreement, the attorneys agreed not to pursue further cases. In 1960, an article published by Wagner et al. was seminal in establishing mesothelioma as a disease arising from exposure to asbestos.^[49] The article referred to over 30 case studies of people who had suffered from mesothelioma in South Africa. Some exposures were transient and some were mine workers. Prior to the use of advanced microscopy techniques, malignant mesothelioma was often diagnosed as a variant form of lung cancer.^[50] In 1962 McNulty reported the first diagnosed case of malignant mesothelioma in an Australian asbestos worker.^[51] The worker had worked in the mill at the asbestos mine in Wittenoom from 1948 to 1950.

In the town of Wittenoom, asbestos-containing mine waste was used to cover schoolyards and playgrounds. In 1965 an article in the British Journal of Industrial Medicine established that people who lived in the neighbourhoods of asbestos factories and mines, but did not work in them, had contracted mesothelioma.

Despite proof that the dust associated with asbestos mining and milling causes asbestos-related disease, mining began at Wittenoom in 1943 and continued until 1966. In 1974 the first public warnings of the dangers of blue asbestos were published in a cover story called "Is this Killer in Your Home?" in Australia's Bulletin magazine. In 1978 the Western Australian Government decided to phase out the town of Wittenoom, following the publication of a Health Dept. booklet, "The Health Hazard at Wittenoom", containing the results of air sampling and an appraisal of worldwide medical information.

By 1979 the first writs for negligence related to Wittenoom were issued against CSR and its subsidiary ABA, and the Asbestos Diseases Society was formed to represent the Wittenoom victims.

In Leeds, England the Armley asbestos disaster involved several court cases against Turner & Newall where local residents who contracted mesothelioma claimed compensation because of the asbestos pollution from the company's factory. One notable case was that of June Hancock, who contracted the disease in 1993 and died in 1997.^[52]

Asbestosis

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 7 Mar 2011 22:25:00 +0700

Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory and fibrotic medical condition affecting the parenchymal tissue of the lungs caused by the inhalation and retention of asbestos fibers. It usually occurs after high intensity and/or long-term exposure to asbestos (particularly in those individuals working on the production or end-use of products containing asbestos) and is therefore regarded as an occupational lung disease. People with extensive occupational exposure to the mining, manufacturing, handling or removal of asbestos are at risk of developing asbestosis.^[1] Sufferers may experience severe dyspnea (shortness of breath) and are at an increased risk for certain malignancies, including lung cancer but especially mesothelioma.^[2] Asbestosis specifically refers to interstitial (parenchymal) fibrosis from asbestos, and not pleural fibrosis or plaquing.

Asbestosis
Classification and external resources
Micrograph of asbestosis showing the characteristic ferruginous bodies and marked interstitial fibrosis (or scarring). H&E stain.
ICD-10	J 61.
ICD-9	501
DiseasesDB	928
MedlinePlus	000118
eMedicine	med/171 radio/52
MeSH	D001195

Signs and symptoms

The signs and symptoms of asbestosis do not manifest until after an appreciable latency (time since first exposure), often several decades under current conditions in the US.^[3] The primary symptom of asbestosis is generally the slow onset of dyspnea, especially on exertion.^[4] Clinically advanced cases of asbestosis may lead to respiratory failure. On auscultation of the lungs, the physician may hear inspiratory rales.
The characteristic pulmonary function finding in asbestosis is a restrictive ventilatory defect. ^[5] This manifests as a reduction in lung volumes, particularly the Vital Capacity (VC) and Total Lung Capacity (TLC). The TLC may be reduced through alveolar wall thickening; however this is not always the case.^[6] Large airway function, as reflected by FEV₁/FVC, is generally well preserved.^[3] In the more severe cases, the drastic reduction in lung function due to the stiffening of the lungs and reduced TLC may induce right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale).^[7]^[8] In addition to a restrictive defect, asbestosis may produce reduction in Diffusion Capacity and arterial hypoxemia.

Pathogenesis

Asbestosis is the scarring of lung tissue (around terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts) resulting from the inhalation of asbestos fibers.^[9] There are two types of fibers: amphibole (thin and straight) and serpentine (curved). The former are primarily responsible for human disease as they are able to penetrate deeply into the lungs. When such fibers reach the alveoli (air sacs) in the lung, where oxygen is transferred into the blood, the foreign bodies (asbestos fibers) cause the activation of the lung's local immune system and provoke an inflammatory reaction. This inflammatory reaction can be described as chronic rather than acute, with a slow ongoing progression of the immune system in an attempt to eliminate the foreign fibers. Macrophages phagocytose (ingest) the fibers and stimulate fibroblasts to deposit connective tissue. Due to the asbestos fibers' natural resistance to digestion, the macrophage dies off, releasing cytokines and attracting further lung macrophages and fibrolastic cells to lay down fibrous tissue, which eventually forms a fibrous mass. The result is interstitial fibrosis. The fibrotic scar tissue causes alveolar walls to thicken, which reduces elasticity and gas diffusion, reducing oxygen transfer to the blood as well as the removal of carbon dioxide.

Diagnosis

Close-up asbestosis right lower zone ILO 2/2 S/S

Lateral Chest X-ray in asbestosis shows plaquing of the diaphragm.

According to the American Thoracic Society (ATS)^[3], the general diagnostic criteria for asbestosis are:

Evidence of structural pathology consistent with asbestosis, as documented by imaging or histology
Evidence of causation by asbestos as documented by the occupational and environmental history, markers of exposure (usually pleural plaques), recovery of asbestos bodies, or other means
Exclusion of alternative plausible causes for the findings

The abnormal chest x-ray and its interpretation remain the most important factors in establishing the presence of pulmonary fibrosis.^[3] The findings usually appear as small, irregular parenchymal opacities, primarily in the lung bases. Using the ILO Classification system, "s", "t", and/or "u" opacities predominate. CT or high-resolution CT (HRCT) are more sensitive than plain radiography at detecting pulmonary fibrosis (as well as any underlying pleural changes). More than 50% of people affected with asbestosis develop plaques in the parietal pleura, the space between the chest wall and lungs. Once apparent, the radiographic findings in asbestosis may slowly progress or remain static, even in the absence of further asbestos exposure.^[10] Rapid progression suggests an alternative diagnosis.
Asbestosis resembles many other diffuse interstitial lung diseases, including other pneumoconioses. The differential diagnosis includes Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, sarcoidosis, and others. The presence of pleural plaquing may provide supportive evidence of causation by asbestos. Although lung biopsy is usually not necessary, the presence of asbestos bodies in association with pulmonary fibrosis establishes the diagnosis.^[11] Conversely, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in the absence of asbestos bodies is most likely not asbestosis.^[3] Asbestos bodies in the absence of fibrosis indicate exposure, not disease.

Treatment

There is no curative treatment for asbestosis.^[12] Oxygen therapy at home is often necessary to relieve the shortness of breath and correct underlying hypoxia. Supportive treatment of symptoms includes respiratory physiotherapy to remove secretions from the lungs by postural drainage, chest percussion, and vibration. Nebulized medications may be prescribed in order to loosen secretions or treat underlying Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia and annual influenza vaccination is administered due to increased sensitivity to the diseases. Patients are at increased risk for certain malignancies. If the patient smokes, cessation reduces further damage. Periodic PFTs, chest x-rays, and clinical evaluations, including cancer screening/evaluations, are given to detect additional hazards.

Legal issues

Main article: Asbestos and the law

The death of English textile worker Nellie Kershaw in 1924 from pulmonary asbestosis was the first case to be described in medical literature, and the first published account of disease attributed to occupational asbestos exposure. However, her former employers (Turner Brothers Asbestos) denied that asbestosis even existed because the medical condition was not officially recognised at the time. As a result, they accepted no liability for her injuries and paid no compensation, either to Kershaw during her final illness or to her bereaved family after she had died. Even so, the findings of the inquest into her death were highly influential insofar as they led to a parliamentary enquiry by the British Government. The enquiry formally acknowledged the existence of asbestosis, recognised that it was hazardous to health and concluded that it was irrefutably linked to the prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust. Having established the existence of asbestosis on a medical and judicial basis, the report resulted in the first Asbestos Industry Regulations being published in 1931, which came into effect on 1 March 1932.^[13]^[14]
The first lawsuits against asbestos manufacturers occurred in 1929. Since then, many lawsuits have been filed against asbestos manufacturers and employers,^[12] for neglecting to implement safety measures after the link between asbestos, asbestosis and mesothelioma became known (some reports seem to place this as early as 1898 in modern times). The liability resulting from the sheer number of lawsuits and people affected has reached billions of dollars. The amounts and method of allocating compensation have been the source of many court cases, and government attempts at resolution of existing and future cases.^[15]^[16]^[17]

Rambut Beruban ?

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 7 Mar 2011 21:11:00 +0700

(copy from yahoo)

By Ayu Kinanti Friday March 4, 2011 02:30 pm WIT

Kiat Mencegah dan Mengatasi Rambut Beruban

Munculnya uban pada rambut merupakan salah satu tanda-tanda penuaan. Namun jika rambut putih itu muncul sebelum waktunya, malah akan membuat penampilan Anda terganggu.

Salah satu cara untuk mencegah dan mengatasi timbulnya uban sebelum waktunya adalah dengan mempelajari penyebabnya. Seringkali, kebiasaan kitalah yang mendorong munculnya si rambut putih itu.

1. Kebiasaan merokok

Racun-racun yang ada di dalam rokok membuat tubuh mengalami penuaan dini. rambut pun ikut memutih karenanya. Jika tak ingin uban muncul sebelum waktunya, berhentilah merokok.

2. Stres
Saat mengalami stres, metabolisme tubuh terganggu secara keseluruhan. Ketidakseimbangan dalam tubuh membuat efek yang beragam. Termasuk timbulnya uban. Maka sebisa mungkin hindari stres. Tenangkan diri Anda setiap ada tekanan yang berat.

3. Perhatikan pola makan

Uban juga bisa disebabkan karena jaringan protein yang rusak dalam tubuh karena pola makan yang salah. Untuk itu, perhatikan benar nutrisi yang masuk ke tubuh Anda.

4. Pemakaian zat kimia berlebihan di rambut

Tak hanya pola makan yang dapat merusak jaringan protein di rambut. Pemakaian produk kimia di rambut seperti cat dan obat keriting juga bisa membuat jaringan rambut rusak. Uban pun muncul karenanya. Oleh karena itu, jangan terlalu sering menggunakan mengguanakan produk-produk tersebut. Jika Anda mengecat atau mengeriting rambut, pastikan untuk menggunakan shampo dan pelembab khusus untuk menjaga kesehatan rambut.

Jika uban telah terlanjur muncul, jangan buru-buru putus asa. Munculnya uban adalah karena produksi pigmen rambut yang bernama melanocytes telah berkurang. Untuk itu beberapa bahan makanna bisa membuat produksi pigmen tersebut bertambah. Sehingga uban Anda akan berkurang dan tidak muncul kembali.

Bahan-bahan mengandung zat besi adalah yang paling utama. Zat besi adalah nutrisi yang merangsang produksi melanocytes. Jangan lupa untuk sellau mengkonsumsi sayuran hijau dan daging merah yang cukup untuk mendapatkan jumlah zat besi yang sesuai.

Tak ada salahnya untuk mengkonsumsi multivitamin yang lengkap untuk menjaga keseimbangan nutrisi dalam tubuh. Multivitamin juga akan melindungi tubuh dari serangan penyakit.

Jika pola makan Anda sudah benar namun uban tetap muncul, mungkin liburan jalan keluarnya. Keluarlah dari rutinitas sehari-hari yang membuat Anda stres. Liburan akan membuat Anda lebih rileks, sehingga metabolisme tubuh kembali berjalan normal. Uban pun hilang.

Selamat mencoba!

Ada ALIEN di Batu Meteor ?

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 7 Mar 2011 20:30:00 +0700

Fosil bakteri di meteorit

Richard B Hoover adalah salah seorang Ilmuwan NASA yang telah menunjukan bukti adanya makhluk hidup dalam meteorit. Ia dan timnya mengklaim bahwa di dalam bongkahan batu meteor tersebut ada bukti makhluk hidup berupa fosil bakteri langka.

Minggu 6 Maret 2011, Hoover menuliskan bukti itu dalam jurnal "Journal of Cosmology" edisi maret 2011 seperti yang dilansir oleh CBSNews.com. Ia berpendapat bahwa hasil uji pada koleksi sembilan meteorit yang dinamakan CI1 Meteorit Carbonaceous, itu menunjukkan bahwa ada bakteri yang berasal dari daerah asal meteor.

Dalam tulisannya ia mengatakan, "Filamen kompleks yang ditemukan di dalam meteorit CI1 Carbonaceous menunjukkan ada mikrofosil bakteri 'pribumi' dari cyanobacteria,".

Cyanobacteria merupakan bakteri biru-hijau yang masuk golongan bakteri autotrof fotosintetik. Dia dapat menghasilkan makanan sendiri dengan bantuan sinar matahari secara kimia.

Kesimpulan akhir dari penelitian Hoover menyebutkan bahwa materi yang ditemukan yang dideteksi sebagai cyanobacteria itu kemungkinan besar menunjukkan adanya kehidupan mahkluk hidup di luar bumi.

Sontak saja kesimpulan ini menimbulkan pro dan kontra di kalangan ilmuwan. Tetapi, kesimpulan Hoover ini memperkuat bukti adanya kehidupan di luar bumi. Setelah sebelumnya sejumlah ahli menegaskan bahwa ada unsur air dalam meteorit.

Sementara, News.com.au menulis, penelitian yang dilakukan Hoover ini hanya melalui proses yang sangat sederhana. Batu meteor itu disimpan dalam tempat yang steril sebelum diuji. Pengujian dilakukan dengan alat-alat standar peneliti: mikroskop elektron dan emisi elektron mikroskop.

Hasilnya, Hoover menemukan mikroogranisme yang jenisnya tidak jauh berbeda dengan salah satu jenis bakteri biasa yang ada di bumi. "Hal yang menarik adalah, fosil-fosil itu bentuknya mudah dikenali dan jenisnya sangat dekat dengan yang ada di bumi," kata Hoover.

(di riview dari vivanews.com dengan editing alumi smanell 01)

Oops, Heidi Klum Off Knickers at Oscar Party!

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 5 Mar 2011 21:41:00 +0700

Hollywood - Thursday, 03 Maret 2011 15.33 WIB

Heidi Klum @ dailymail.co.uk

At the Oscar party, for some reason the celebrities often forgot himself. One of them is Heidi Klum, who was present at the Oscar party hosted by Elton John. So partying spirit, Heidi until her panties took off in public! Oops ..

Behavior 'non-lady', is done Heidy as a tribute to the Jay Leno. At that time, Heidi comes wearing a beautiful dress designs Julien McDonald.

When one reporter Jay Leno approached him and asked to donate something to Leno through 'Goody bag', Seal's wife did not hesitate to let go of her panties that seem to form G-String in public and in front of the camera!

Jamie Foxx was wearing sunglasses donated, Jane Lynch, 'plunge' his Visa card that can be used to shop with a limit of $ 2,000 per day, and Hayden Panettiere gave a tissue spiked 'sign her lips. "

So, if you're a celebrity, what would you do if asked to donate something to honor someone?

What Heidi recognize exemplary behavior?

Of course not, for us who claim the east let alone Muslims, it is not enviable, of course you already know, who should be your role models! :) Please answer yourself

Wuih, Heidi, don't you have anything else to give?

Rumah Aqiqah Al-An'am: Aqiqah:Pesanan dari Saeful Muluk di Leuwiliang

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 5 Mar 2011 21:17:00 +0700

Rumah Aqiqah Al-An'am: Aqiqah:Pesanan dari Saeful Muluk di Leuwiliang

IPAD 2 ?

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 3 Mar 2011 21:22:00 +0700

IPAD 2

Wah, Apple membuat kejutan lagi dengan meluncurkan IPAD seri 2. Sebenarnya apa yang menjadi kelebihan IPAD 2 dibandingkan dengan yang pertama?

Menurut berita di kompas, Apple menggelar konferensi pers, Selasa (2/3/2011) pagi pukul 10.00 atau Rabu dini hari sekitar pukul 02.00 WIB di Yerba Buena Center of the Arts, tentu saja ini membuat semua fans produk Apple tidak sabar menunggu.

Di deret depan hanya terlihat COO Apple Tim Cook dan Phil Schiller, Senior Vice President of Worldwide Product Marketing Apple. Tampak pula di barisan depan Jonathan "Jony" Ive, Senior Vice President of Industrial Design Apple.

"Kami telah mempersiapkan produk ini dengan matang, dan saya tidak akan melewatkannya," kata Steve Jobs mengawali kalimatnya. Ia pun langsung memulai kejutan lanjutannya dengan mengungkap banyak pencapaian Apple selama setahun terakhir. Steve Jobs hadir dengan busana khasnya yaitu atasan hitam kelam tanpa kerah dan celana jins biru. Sebenarnya banyak orang yang meragukan kedatangannya demi mempresentasikan IPAD 2 ini.

Apa penyebabnya?

Steve Jobs harus cuti untuk memulihkan kesehatannya yang terus menurun sejak operasi tumor pankreas sejak tahun 2004 lalu.

Inilah pencapaian APPLE selama setahun terakhir :

No	Produk	Unduhan	Waktu	Penerbit	Akun
1	iBookstore	100 juta kali	< setahun	Didukung 2500	200 juta yang mengakses
2	Kesuksesan kerja sama dengan pengembang sebagai pembuat aplikasi di perangkat-perangkat Apple yang membayar tak kurang dari 2 miliar dollar AS kepada semua mitra pengembang secara keseluruhan
3	iPhone	Terjual 100 juta unit	4 tahun dengan 4 generasi
4	iPad	Terjual 9 juta unit	Dalam waktu 9 bulan april - desember	90% menguasai pasar	Dengan 65.000 buah aplikasi

Perbedaan iPad 2 dengan iPad :

Sistem komputasi cip dual core A5 yang memberikan kecepatan dua kali lipat dan cip grafis yang diklaim memberikan kinerja 9 kali lebih cepat.
Platform terbaru iOS 4.3 , tanpa mengorbankan daya tahan baterainya.
Dilengkapi dua kamera di bagian depan dan belakang.
Tersedia dalam dua pilihan warna, hitam atau putih.
Harga mulai dari 499 dollar AS.
Ukuran layarnya tetap 9,7 inci.

Awet Muda Ala "Alumni-blogger"

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 2 Mar 2011 21:58:00 +0700

Apa anda ingin awet muda?

Apa anda tau rahasianya?

Awet muda itu bukan tergantung pada produk kosmetik apa yang anda pakai, itu semua hanyalah topeng. Jadi apakah yang benar-benar bisa membuat kita awet muda?

Cobalah ikuti petunjuk dibawah ini :

Jaga berat tubuh anda jangan sampai kegemukan atau sebaliknya.
Hilangkan kebiasaan anda merokok, anda tahu kan dalam rokok terdapat banyak sekali racun!
Makanlah dengan porsi yang cukup dan makan makanan yang menyehatkan serta baik tubuh anda.
Lakukan Olahraga secara rutin.
Bersosialisasilah, dengan begitu anda tidak akan pernah merasa sendirian.
Tersenyumlah dengan tulus, hal ini akan membuat anda lebih nyaman. Dalam Islam "senyum itu adalah ibadah yang paling mudah". Tapi, nyatanya tidak banyak orang yang bisa senyum dengan tulus. :)
Lakukan kegiatan keagamaan anda secara kontinyu jangan pernah sekalipun meninggalkannya.

Anda tidak percaya! SILAKAN MENCOBANYA SENDIRI

Daytipper Tip - Love for life

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 1 Mar 2011 20:33:00 +0700

Daytipper Tip - Love for life

Daytipper Tip - Teaching your children to clean

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 1 Mar 2011 19:50:00 +0700

Daytipper Tip - Teaching your children to clean

Lima Keajaiban Telur

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 27 Feb 2011 21:21:00 +0700

Lima Keajaiban Telur

Telur Mata Sapi

VIVAnews - Di balik kandungan nutrisinya yang kaya, telur berkontribusi meningkatkan kadar kolesterol tubuh. Ini yang kemudian memunculkan anjuran agar tak mengonsumsi telur lebih dari empat kali seminggu.
Berdasar penelitian terbaru di Amerika Serikat, telur merupakan salah satu menu diet sehat yang terbukti selama beberapa dekade terakhir. Telur diklaim bukan sebagai penyebab utama peningkatan kadar kolesterol dalam darah.

Dari studi yang sama diketahui, telur yang diklaim rendah kolesterol justru kaya vitamin D yang berperan dalam pembentukan tulang. Peningkatan kolesterol lebih banyak disebabkan konsumsi lemak trans.
Ahli gizi Amanda Ursell mengungkap, sarapan telur rebus atau poach sebelum anak berangkat sekolah bermanfaat bagi energi dan kecerdasan. Janin juga memiliki IQ lebih tinggi bila calon ibu secara rutin mengasup dua butir telur setiap hari.
Berikut lima manfaat utama telur:

1. Cepat memberi rasa kenyang

Makan telur saat sarapan membantu Anda menurunkan berat badan secara signifikan dengan memotong asupan kalori harian. Makanan kaya protein membuat telur lebih lama dicerna di perut.
Peneliti di Pusat Obesitas Rochester Amerika Serikat menemukan bahwa wanita yang mengkonsumsi dua telur rebus untuk sarapan pergi, makan 400 kalori lebih sedikit selama sisa hari dibandingkan sarapan roti.

2. Mengencerkan otak

Dua telur dengan kandungan 550 miligram kolin setiap hari selama kehamilan akan membantu perkembangan otak janin dan menghasilkan ingatan tajam pada anak. Kolin juga penting untuk memori. Sumber kolin lain termasuk kacang kedelai, ayam dan salmon.

3. Mengurangi risiko kebutaan karena usia

Lutein yang ada di telur membantu meningkatkan kesehatan mata dan mengurangi risiko kebutaan yang berkaitan dengan usia.

4. Mengandung asam lemak omega 3

Lemak ini sangat penting untuk pengembangan mata dan pendengaran pada anak-anak dan fungsi otak sepanjang hidup. Asam esensial juga membantu menjaga sirkulasi dan menurunkan risiko penyakit jantung. Telur dengan omega 3 juga memiliki lebih sedikit lemak jenuh.

5. Kaya Protein

Sebutir telur memiliki 8 gram protein, nutrisi yang sangat penting untuk menjaga kulit tetap kencang dan membentuk otot yang kuat. Wanita membutuhkan 45 gram protein sehari dan pria membutuhkan 55 gram atau sekitar 2-3 butir.

TIPS MENJADI SUAMI IDEAL

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 24 Feb 2011 22:36:00 +0700

TIPS MENJADI SUAMI IDEAL

Anda sudah menikah?

Bagaimana kehidupan berumah tangga anda saat ini? (baik-baik saja atau tidak)

Yah, namanya mengarungi bahtera hidup berumah tangga, tidak akan selamanya dalam keadaan baik dan begitu pula sebaliknya.

Mengapa?

Usia yang terus bertambah, kondisi ekonomi yang fluktuatif, memiliki anak atau tidak, hubungan dengan orang tua serta saudara kita termasuk ipar didalamnya, itu semua akan mempengaruhi pola pikir serta bagaimana menentukan sikap yang tepat.

Namun, semua itu bisa teratasi dengan cara bagaimana memahami pasangan kita. Tak perlu banyak ucapan sayang, tak usah sering memberi pujian serta hadiah, yang penting segala hal yang dilakukan untuk pasangan harus punya dasar IKHLAS.

Tips dibawah ini bisa menjadi acuan untuk anda, agar bisa menjadi suami yang ideal :

Tetap Hormati & Sayangi Orang Tua & Mertua, terkadang kita atau bahkan sering lupa hanya karena sekarang sudah beristri dan memiliki anak, kita jarang dan bisa lupa sama sekali kepada orang tua kita serta mertua. Cobalah dan lakukanlah kunjungan sesekali, itu akan membuat hati serta perasaan Beliau masih diperhatikan oleh kita.
Penuhi Kebutuhan Istri & Anak, meski pendapatan anda relatif sedikit, anda harus tetap bisa memenuhi kebutuhan istri dan anak anda. Namun, bila belum mampu, sampaikan pada istri dengan cara baik-baik, isyallah dia akan mengerti dan malah akan mendoakan yang terbaik bagi anda.
Hormati Istri, terkadang karena merasa kita ini laki-laki, pemimpin dalam keluarga maka berhak atas segala-galanya. Tidak! itu tidak dibenarkan, Junjungan kita Nabi Besar Muhammad saw telah mencontohkan bagaimana bersikap yang baik dan benar kepada istri-istrinya. Tapi, jangan pula karena dasar mengikuti sunnah Nabi boleh beristri 4, maka kita memaksakan diri, ini juga tidak dibenarkan bahkan termasuk golongan yang menyesatkan agama dan sunnah Nabi.
Jangan pernah menyerah untuk terus belajar serta pantang berputus asa, bila anda tidak melakukan hal ini, anda adalah orang yang paling bodoh dan akan menyesali seumur hidup bila tidak mau berubah. Ingat, kita manusia diberi akal oleh 4JJI swt, maka pergunakanlah, gagal bukanlah akhir tapi itu adalah jembatan menuju keberhasilan proyek anda selanjutnya.
Belajarlah Mengurus Anak, laki-laki mengasuh bayi? balita? remaja? kenapa tidak!, anda sangat berdosa bila hanya istri anda yang mengurus anak. "Kan saya sudah memberi uang, tempat tinggal, pakaian & makanan, apa itu belum cukup?". Tidak! itu semua hanya perantara, akan habis dimakan waktu. Dengan sedikit perhatian kepada anak, maka istri anda akan sangat bersyukur memiliki anda sebagai suami, apalagi anda mau bermain, mengerjakan sesuatu bersama, itu sudah lebih dari cukup ketimbang membelikan mobil untuk mereka misalnya.
Bersama Menjalankan Kewajiban Kepada 4JJI swt, ini adalah kepuasan ruhani yang tiada tandingannya. Bila anda mampu menjalankannya setiap saat, subhanallah, keluarga anda akan termasuk kedalam keluarga yang sakinah mawaddah warrahmah.
Berikhtiar, Bersabar, Bersyukur,Berdoa & Bertawakal, ini mudah diucapkan namun sulit dalam pelaksanaan. Ini Adalah pokok dari semua yang anda lakukan. Kerjakanlah.

SELAMAT MENGERJAKAN ( TALK LESS DO MORE)

Cara daftar domain di Co.cc

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 24 Feb 2011 21:11:00 +0700

Disini saya akan memaparkan dengan jelas cara mendaftarkan domain gratis melalui situs co.cc

Get a Free domain with DNS service!
	.co.cc free web address works exactly like a .com

masukan "nama" yang anda inginkan lalu klik "periksa ketersediaan, bila berhasil akan muncul :

Pilih nama domain | Pilih nama domain

www.caritahudisini.co.cc tersedia
• Satu tahun pendaftaran domain sebesar $0
• Kendali DNS dan manajemen domain penuh

www.goldace.co.cc tersedia Gratis
www.cartable.co.cc sudah terdafta
www.cardsabsynch.co.cc sudah terdafta

lalu klik "pendaftaran" dan akan muncul yang berikut

CO.cc Account

Nama Pengguna (Email) :

Kata sandi :

Verifikasi Kata :




	Type the two words:Type what you hear:Incorrect. Try again.

lalu klik "sign", setelah itu masukan data anda selengkap mungkin beserta alamat blog anda. Dan "SELESAI".
Anda telah memiliki nama domain sendiri, gratis lagi.... :D

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 24 Feb 2011 21:03:00 +0700

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Massive iceberg shears off after N. Zealand quake (copy from Yahoo)

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 23 Feb 2011 22:56:00 +0700

– Tue Feb 22, 11:30 pm ET

CHRISTCHURCH (AFP) – A 30 million tonne block of ice sheared off a New Zealand glacier just minutes after a violent earthquake devastated the city of Christchurch, officials said Wednesday.

The huge iceberg crashed into a lake shortly after the 6.3 magnitude tremor rocked the South Island on Tuesday and created waves up to three metres high for 30 minutes which rocked two sightseeing boats on the lake at the time.

The enormous iceberg -- estimated to weigh 30 to 40 million tonnes -- began ripping off the Tasman Glacier at Aoraki Mount Cook National Park accompanied by a loud noise which sounded like a rifle shot, a local tourism official said.

Aoraki Mount Cook Alpine Village tourism manager Denis Callesen said locals had been expecting a major iceberg to drop from the glacier for the past month, but the "curve ball" was that the event was caused by an earthquake.

"The earthquake that we felt here was a swaying motion for about a minute, then it stopped and then it swayed for about another minute," he told AFP.

"Within about a minute of that happening, the staff at the lake heard from five kilometres away (from the glacier) a sound that sounded like a rifle shot and then over the next two minutes all the events started to unfold.

"I have absolutely no doubt in my mind that the earthquake was the trigger."

The Department of Conservation confirmed that a "large chunk" of the glacier fell into the lake but was unable to say if this was caused by the earthquake, which was only felt lightly around Mt Cook some 150 kilometres (93 miles) from the epicentre.

"You could argue whether the earthquake precipitated it or not -- the fact is that the terminal face was about due to carve anyway," area manager Richard McNamara told AFP.

"The estimate of around 30 to 40 million tonnes of ice would be at a rough estimate about right."

McNamara said the one-kilometre long piece of ice which carved off the glacier had broken into smaller icebergs, some of which were now about 200 metres (650 metres) in length, and towering up to 50 metres above the lake.Life From Scratch

"It carved in one big lot; a face about a kilometre long carving is a spectacular sight," McNamara said, adding that the iceberg would then have popped up to the water like a porpoise before starting to break into smaller pieces.

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part 1

He said that particular face of the glacier had experienced similar events in recent years and it was not unusual to see huge icebergs in the lake. However, the 7.0 magnitude quake which hit New Zealand in September had not produced a similar event at Mt Cook, he said.

Report: Apple to unveil iPad 2 on March 2 (copy from yahoo)

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 23 Feb 2011 21:21:00 +0700

Kindle 3G Wireless Reading Device, Free 3G + Wi-Fi, 3G Works Globally, Graphite, 6" Display with New E Ink Pearl Technology

By Ben Patterson ben Patterson – Tue Feb 22, 2:40 pm ET

If the latest chatter is true, we may finally get our first glimpse at the next iPad in a little more than a week.

Kara Swisher over at All Things Digital says she has "multiple" sources who claim that Apple will hold a media event in San Francisco on March 2.

Apple has yet to officially confirm an event next week, but according to Swisher, the company "seems poised" to take the wraps off the long-anticipated iPad 2, with the event "likely" to take place at San Francisco's Yerba Buena Center for the Arts.

The story comes just hours after a flurry of rumors that the next-generation iPad had been delayed, with major news outlets eventually backtracking on the claim Monday.

While Apple hasn't said a peep about the new iPad yet, rumors peg it to be both thinner and lighter than the 1.5-pound, 0.52-inch original, with at least one camera for video chat, a souped-up processor, and more RAM.

There had also been talk that the iPad 2 would arrive with an improved screen similar to the "retina" display on the current iPhone 4, but a recent report in the Wall Street Journal shot down those rumors, noting that the new display may "disappoint customers" hoping for a "significant improvement" in resolution.

The news comes just days before the arrival of the Motorola Xoom, a tablet with a 10.1-inch display that runs on Android 3.0 "Honeycomb," the new tablet-centric version of Google's mobile Android platform.

The next iPad also faces competition from the upcoming, Android-powered LG G-Slate, RIM's BlackBerry Playbook, and the WebOS-powered Touchpad from HP.

Update: Both the New York Times and Reuters (via Yahoo! News) are now independently confirming the (still unofficial) March 2 iPad event.

Exclusive: Apple iPad 2 Event Set for March 2 [All Things Digital]

— Ben Patterson is a technology blogger for Yahoo! News.

HDMI Cable 2M (6 Feet)

Blogging from iGoogle and Gmail

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 23 Feb 2011 19:13:00 +0700

Blogging from iGoogle and Gmail

The Blogger Posting gadget makes it easy to post to your blog from the convenience of Gmail or your iGoogle homepage.

To add the Blogger Posting Gadget to your iGoogle page, simply click this button:

Then click the blue "Add to Google" button. Make sure that you're signed in with the same Google account that you use for Blogger. Once you've added the Blogger Posting Gadget you will see the gadget on your iGoogle page:

To add the Blogger Posting Gadget in Gmail, you'll first have to enable the Add Gadget by URL lab feature from your settings:

Once you've enable this Labs feature, then you can add the posting gadget by simpling entering its URL into the Gadget tab in your Settings. Here's the URL:

http://www.blogger.com/gadgets/post.xml

In the top right corner of the gadget you will see the title of your blog. If you have more than one blog, there will be a drop-down menu in the corner so you can select the blog you'd like to post to. You can then enter a title and write a post. You also have the option to add labels to your post as well. Once you have finished writing your post, click "Publish" to publish your post or click "Save Draft" to save your post back to Blogger without publishing it.

Notes:

The gadget supports editing the HTML of title and body.
If you start writing a post and decide you want to upload images or use other rich text features, just click "Save Draft". The gadget will save your post, then give you a link to directly edit the post in Blogger.
The gadget works in Firefox, Chrome, Safari 3, Internet Explorer and on the iPhone.

RODA KEHIDUPAN

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 11 Feb 2011 22:12:00 +0700

Roda adalah obyek berbentuk lingkaran, yang bersama dengan sumbu, dapat menghasilkan suatu gerakan dengan gesekan kecil dengan cara bergulir.

Nah, kalau Roda Kehidupan apa artinya ya?

Kita ambil contoh gambar disamping ini. Roda=objek lingkaran, dia melingkari suatu sumbu atau titik pusat.

Dalam hidup itu, titik pusat kita dimana?

Pusat dari kehidupan kita adalah keinginan untuk hidup.

Jari-jarinya adalah persiapan untuk menjalani kehidupan itu sendiri. Contohnya : kesiapan mental, harta dll.

Sedangkan lingkarannya adalah perjalanan yang akan ditempuh setiap orang untuk menjalani kehidupannya dengan segala hal yang telah dipersiapkannya.

Ketika roda itu berputar, maka perjalanan hidup kita pun dimulai.

Kita berada dimana?

TIDAK TAHU!

Kenapa?

Karena roda terus berputar, maka kita bisa terus berada dimana saja, kadang diatas dan mendapatkan segala keinginan, disamping atau bahkan dibawah karna kita tidak mendapatkan apa yang diinginkan.

Yang Lebih penting dari itu semua adalah bagaimana kita menyikapi serta mempersiapkan mental dan ruhani saat roda itu berhenti.

INGAT!

Meski roda terus berputar, namun ada saatnya ia berhenti meski sejenak. Karena disebabkan kita tidak mengetahui dimana ia berhenti maka dari itu diperlukan kesiapan mental, keteguhan hati serta kedalaman ilmu.

Kenapa roda berhenti berputar?

Bisa karna titik pusatnya yang rusak atau jari-jarinya patah. Bila titik pusat rusak itu berarti orang tersebut tidak lagi memiliki keinginan untuk hidup atau sudah meninggal. Bila jari-jari yang patah, itu berarti segala hal yang telah dipersiapkan perlu diperbaiki atau ditambah (bahasa kerennya UPGRADE), maka harus segera dicari solusinya.

Yah, ini adalah pendapatku dan caraku memaknai kehidupan yang kian ganas ini, agar disetiap detiknya aku selalu waspada dan aku bisa bermanfaat bagi orang lain.

Kesimpulannya :

Tujuan, hidup itu harus punya tujuan, dengan begitu kita akan memiliki semangat yang kuat untuk terus hidup dan meraih cita-cita.
Jangan pernah berhenti belajar & gali terus pengalaman orang lain, karna dengan belajar dan menggali pengalaman orang lain akan menambah wawasan serta strategi untuk kita bertahan hidup.
Saling membantu & bekerja sama serta pererat tali silaturahmi, akan menambah semangat hidup kita.
Jadilah orang yang selalu bersyukur dan bersabar, dengan dua elemen ini kita akan mampu memaknai lebih dalam hidup yang kita jalani.
Jalin erat hubungan dengan 4JJI swt dan jalankan segala perintah dan jauhi segala larangannya.

SELAMAT MENCOBA

SEMOGA BERMANFAAT

WEB PUNYAKU

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 3 Feb 2011 20:44:00 +0700

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