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learning PHP programming basic

2009-10-02T10:32:00.000-07:00

ppt on THE INTERPLANETARY INTERNET .pdf download

2009-09-17T18:08:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

A strategy is being developed whereby
the current set of internationally
standardized space data
communications protocols can be
incrementally evolved so that a first
version of an operational
“Interplanetary Internet” is feasible by
the end of the decade. This paper
describes its architectural concepts,
discusses the current set of standard
space data communications
capabilities that exist to support Mars
exploration and reviews proposed new
developments. It is also speculated that
these current capabilities can grow to
support future scenarios where human
intelligence is widely distributed
across the solar system and day-to-day
communications dialog between
planets is routine.

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ppt on INTELLIGENT SKYSCRAPER MONITORING SYSTEM . pdf download

2009-09-17T18:06:00.000-07:00

1. ABSTRACT

The collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) has
reminded us of the importance of structural integrity
Monitoring for improving disaster preparedness and
response. A real-time system based on GPS and optical
fiber sensors for monitoring structural integrity of the
skyscraper has been proposed. In the designed system,
there are 4 RTK GPS receivers atop the skyscraper on the
vertices and 4 groups of several strings of optical fiber
Bragg grating (FBG) sensors deployed along the 4 edges
of the perimeters. The GPS sensors are used to measure
the 3D positions of the vertices so that strain, tilt and
rotation of the skyscraper can be determined. The
vibrations of the skyscraper can be measured directly if an
external reference GPS receiver is used together with the
rover receivers atop the skyscraper at high sampling rate.
The optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are used to
measure both strain and temperature. The conceptual
design of the combined system of GPS and optical fiber
sensors was based on the dimensions of the WTC. The
system proposed here may also prove to be useful for the
monitoring of other structures.

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ppt on INTEGRATED FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER FOR SPEED CONTROL OF BRUSHLESS DCMOTOR DRIVES .pdf download

2009-09-17T18:04:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT:

Brush Less dc (BLDC)
are penetrating in the market of home
appliances, industry, and
defense/military, automotive
applications in recent years because
of their high efficiency, silent
operation, compact form, reliability,
and low maintenance. BLDC are also
being popularly used in radar systems
for antenna positioning applications.
For accurate reception and
transmission of signals, the position
of the radar antenna must be precise.
This paper deals with the design and
development of integrated fuzzy logic
controller (IFLC) for the speed
control of BLDC servomotor drive
using virtual instrumentation
(Lab VIEW 6i). The proposed
controller system consists of twoinput
one-output FLC i.e., error and
change in error as inputs to the
system with single-output. The IFLC
is constructed by using FLC and PID
controllers for BLDC motor speed

control application.

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ppt on image processing .pdf download

2009-09-17T18:03:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

In this paper, the basics of capturing an image, image processing to
modify and enhance the image is discussed. There are many applications for Image
Processing like surveillance, navigation, and robotics. Robotics is a very interesting
field and promises future development so it is chosen as an example to explain the
various aspects involved in Image Processing.
The various techniques of Image Processing are explained briefly and
the advantages and disadvantages are listed. There are countless different routines that
can be used for variety of purposes. Most of these routines are created for specific
operations and applications. However, certain fundamental techniques such as
convolution masks can be applied to many classes of routines. We have concentrated
on these techniques, which enable us to adapt, develop, and use other routines and
techniques for other applications. The advances in technology have created tremendous
opportunities for visual system and image processing. There is no doubt that the trend
will continue into the future.

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ppt on HARDWARE PRESENTATION ON ELECTRONICS DICE .pdf download

2009-09-17T18:01:00.000-07:00

Abstract:

The dice has six plane surfaces bearing one to six dots that determine the
steps of forward movement. In this electronic version the players need to press a switch
instead of throwing the six-surface dice. When the switch is pressed momentarily, the
seven-segmented counter display’s a number immediately in one to six.

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ppt on HAM Radio Communication .pdf download

2009-09-17T18:00:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT:

Ham Radio (amateur radio) is a popular hobby amongst electronics enthusiasts all over
the world. Basically the hobby involves a person in making his own gear consisting of a receiver
and transmitter or a transceiver (a receiver and a transmitter in one unit) after procuring a license
from the Ministry of Communications. Various institutions with governmental help have come
into being recently.
Throughout the history, amateur radio enthusiasts have made significant contributions to
science, engineering, industry, and social services. The economic and social benefit derived from
research by amateur radio operators has founded new industries, built economies, empowered
nations, and saved lives.
Increasing a person's knowledge of electronics and radio theory as well as radio
contesting are also popular aspects of amateur radio. In this article we basically concentrate on
the various specifications as defined by the HAM operators such as the Transmitter, Receivers,
amplifiers, and the oscillator circuits. The basic block diagram has been illustrated.
At various stages of the paper the applications and the diverse uses of HAM have been
illustrated. The handy role of the HAM radio in various disasters management circumstances
have also been provided.

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ppt on gid computing . pdf download

2009-09-17T17:58:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

During recent years, we have witnessed
a major paradigm shift in distributed
computing principles, with a focus
towards service orientation, open
standards integration, collaboration, and
virtualization. “Grid” computing has
emerged as an important new field,
distinguished from conventional
distributed computing by its focus on
large-scale resource sharing, innovative
applications, and, in some cases, highperformance
orientation. In this paper,
we focus our analysis on this evolution
and the significance of achieving some
form of standardization of grid
computing architecture principles.

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ppt on GPS- A COMMUNICATION GADGET . pdf download

2009-09-17T17:56:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT:

This paper describes one of the fastest
growing technologies, which provides
unequalled accuracy and flexibility of
positioning for navigation, surveying and
GIS data capture named as Global
Positioning System (GPS). By using this
you can know where you were located on
the planet at all times. The GPS provides
continuous 3-dimensional positioning 24
hrs a day throughout the world. This
technology has tremendous amount of
applications in Geophysics and geology
Location-based services, and mapping.
This paper is mainly concerned with the
description of GPS and how it works.
Some attention is also paid on the errors
related to GPS and also the ways to reduce
these errors

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ppt on GPRS Communication Using Embedded Device .pdf download

2009-09-17T17:55:00.000-07:00

Abstract

The task of creating a cheap and flexible device for Supervisory Control And
Data Acquisition (SCADA) is the goal of this project. SCADA systems generally cover larger
geographic areas, and rely on a variety of communications systems that are normally less
reliable than a LAN.
The device is intended to operate as part of a previously defined architecture.
By using a very simple and cheap microprocessor, and relying on an existing
communications infrastructure – the mobile phone network, the task was accomplished to the
point that a functional system now exists. GPRS provides us with a relatively cheap,
continuous connection to the Internet, and a web interface hides complexity from the user.

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ppt on GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM .pdf download

2009-09-17T17:50:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only system today able to show ones own
position on the earth any time in any weather, anywhere. This paper addresses this
satellite based navigation system at length. The different segments of GPS viz. space
segment, control segment, user segment are discussed. In addition, how this amazing
system GPS works, is clearly described. The various errors that degrade the performance
of GPS are also included. DIFFERENTIAL GPS, which is used to improve the accuracy
of measurements, is also studied. The need, working and implementation of DGPS are
discussed at length. Finally, the paper ends with advanced application of GPS.

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ppt on WIRELESS COMMUNICATION .pdf download

2009-09-17T17:46:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

Wireless networks are nowadays the most popular means of data communication.
A wireless network is defined as a network protocol that enables online content to be
viewed and accessed via wireless devices such as cell phones, laptops and handheld
devices. Bluetooth is a simple type of wireless networking that allows the formation
of a small network with up to eight devices being connected at once.Wireless
networks may operate on licensed or unlicensed portions of the frequency
spectrum. Some of the types of wireless networks that we come across are
WLANS(Wireless Local Area Networks),WPANS(Wireless Personal Area
Networks),WMANS( Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks),WWANS(Wireless
Wide Area Networks).As far as application point of view the different categories of
wireless networks are CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data), HSCSD (High Speed
Circuit Switched Data), PDC-P (Packet Data Cellular),GPRS(General Packet
Radio Service),1xRTT(1x Radio Transmission Technology), Bluetooth,
MMDS(Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service),LMDS(Local Multipoint
Distribution Service),WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access),802.11(Wi-Fi)The advantages offered by wireless networks lure the users
around the world to switch to wireless networks. But users have to compromise with
the speed limitations offered by wireless networks.

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ppt on GESTURE RECOGNITION AND HMM .pdf download

2009-09-17T17:44:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT:

Understanding human
motions can be posed as a pattern
recognition problem. Humans express timevarying
motion patterns (gestures), such as
a wave, in order to convey a message to a
recipient. If a computer can detect and
distinguish these human motion patterns, the
desired message can be reconstructed, and
the computer can respond appropriately.
This thesis describes an approach to
recognize domain-dependent gestures using
various different mehods. Constellation
method and Hidden Markov Model (HMM)
are one of the different methods of gesture
recognition. Both methods have their special
features and used according to appropriate
situations. HMM involves more
mathematical calculations than
constellation method.

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ppt on GENETIC ALGORITHMS .pdf download

2009-09-17T17:43:00.000-07:00

Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are adaptive heuristic search algorithm premised on the
evolutionary ideas of natural selection and genetic. The basic concept of GAs is designed
to simulate processes in natural system necessary for evolution, specifically those that
follow the principles first laid down by Charles Darwin of survival of the fittest. As such
they represent an intelligent exploitation of a random search within a defined search
space to solve a problem.
GAs were introduced as a computational analogy of adaptive systems. They are modelled
loosely on the principles of the evolution via natural selection, employing a population of
individuals that undergo selection in the presence of variation-inducing operators such as
mutation and recombination (crossover). A fitness function is used to evaluate
individuals, and reproductive success varies with fitness.

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ppt on FUZZY LOGIC BASED OVER CURRENT PROTECTION FOR MV NETWORKS .pdf download

2009-09-17T17:40:00.000-07:00

Abstract

In the paper a novel approach to over current protection
stabilization based on FUZZY Logic technique is presented. The scheme is intended
for MV overhead lines for which the auto enclosure function is applied to enhance
reliability of supply in case of intermediate the feeders supplying a part of network
with numerous loaded MV/LV transformers that may face inrush conditions after
reemerging the line. Traditional harmonic effective for line over current protection
because of different current spectrum as measured at the MV bus bars. The new FL
protection developed takes both current and voltage signals for further processing
and final decision is issued as a result of partial decision support coefficients.
Application of signal fuzzification an fuzzy setting enabled obtaining a relay with
increased sensitivity, reliability and much faster than commonly available solutions.
The developed fuzzy protection scheme has been tested with EMTP signals and
compared with other standard protection approaches.

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ppt on fuzzy logic .pdf download

2009-09-17T17:39:00.000-07:00

ABSRACT:

Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional
(Boolean) logic that has been extended to
handle the uncertainty in data. It was
introduced by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh of UC/Berkeley
in the 1960's as a means to model the
uncertainty of natural language. Fuzzy logic is
useful to processes like manufacturing
because of its ability to handle situations that
the traditional true/false logic can't adequately
deal with. It lets a process specialist describe,
in everyday language, how to control actions
or make decisions without having to describe
the complex behavior.

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ppt on FUTURE WITH NANOTECHNOLOGY .pdf download

2009-09-17T17:37:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT:

Today’s most intriguing, curiositydriven
and promising area of technology
is by far the “nanotechnology”.
Technology concerns the building of
useful things based on known scientific
principles. Thus ‘nanotechnology’
means building of useful things based on
things of dimensions at the nanometer
level. The scientific community to
describe various phenomena occurring
in these tiny structural domains often
uses various words with prefix ‘nano’.
Understanding of the science of
nanomaterials is important and
curiosity-driven not only because of the
fascinating nature of the subject itself
but also for its overwhelming and novel
applications of various nanoscale
systems in almost all branches of
technology. Nanotechnology cuts across
disciplines without a thought. From
physics, we have tools that allow us to
see and manipulate matter at
unprecedented small scales. From
chemistry, we have methods for
synthesizing and assembling molecules,
from materials science; we know that
this is also the scale of a cell. The reason
that nanotechnology is causing so much
excitement is the potential to bring
together all these disciplines to tackle
common problems—and, of course, solve
them with a plethora of new applications.
The present paper attempts in a nutshell
to give a peripheral sketch towards the
understanding of this amazing subject of
nanomaterials.

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ppt on FUEL CELLS .pdf download

2009-09-17T17:36:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

You may have heard a lot recently about fuel cells. According to many
news reports, we may soon be using the new energy-saving technology to
generate electrical power for our homes and cars. The technology is extremely
interesting to people in all walks of life because it offers a means of making
power more efficiently and with less pollution. A fuel cell is an
electrochemical energy conversion device. A fuel cell converts the chemicals
hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process it produces electricity. In
addition to clean, quiet operation, fuel cells offer highly reliable, high-quality
electricity.
In

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ppt on finger chip : Fingerprint recognition based on silicon chips .pdf download

2009-09-17T17:34:00.000-07:00

Abstract

After introducing the fingerprint recognition mechanism, different types of
fingerprint sensors will be presented, with silicon-based sensors being shown as a less
expensive solution. The fact that lower area means lower cost for silicon chips will be
demonstrated by looking at ‘sweeping’ solutions such as the FingerChip™. Then, the
fingerprint system will be detailed from a silicon point-of-view: how the integration of
the sensor and processor may enhance the cost and the security, associated (or not) with a
smart card.
Keywords: Biometrics; Fingerprint recognition; Fingerprint sensor

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ppt on FIBER OPTICS IN COMMUNICATION . pdf download

2009-09-17T17:32:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

An opical fibre (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its
length by total internal reflection.Fiber optics is the branch of applied science and
engineering concerned with such optical fibers.optical fibers are widely used in
fiber optic communication, which permitts digital data transmission over longer
distances and at higher data rates than other forms of wired and wireless
communications.they are also used to form sensors,and in a variety of other
applications.

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ppt on FACE RECOGNITION . pdf download

2009-09-17T17:29:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

Face Recognition is the inherent capability of human beings.
Identifying a person by face is one of the most fundamental human
functions since time immemorial. Face recognition by computer is to
endow a machine with capability to approximate in some sense, a similar
capability in human beings. To impart this basic human capability to a
machine has been a subject of interest over the last few years. Such a
machine would find considerable utility in many commercial transactions,
personal management, security and the law enforcement applications,
especially in criminal identification, authentication in secure system etc.
Enough research has not been carried out on identification of human
faces. However a number of automated or semi-automated recognition
studies have been reported.

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ppt on FACE MORPHING .pdf download

2009-09-16T19:10:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

A study on face morphing is
proposed. The algorithms explains the
extra feature of points on face and based
on these feature points, images are
portioned and morphing is performed .The
algorithms has been used to generate
morphing between images of face of
different people as well as between images
of face of individuals. To do face
morphing, feature points are usually
specified manually in animation
industries. . However, this approach
involved computation of 3N dimensional
probability density function, N being the
number of pixels of the image, and we
thought the approach was too much
computation-demanding. Within the scope
of this project, we built up a prototypical
automatic animation generator that can
take an arbitrary pair of facial images and
generate morphing between them. The
results of both inter and intra personal
morphing are subjectively satisfactory.

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ppt on ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE PROTECTION FOR HIGH SPEED I/O SIGNALS IN VLSI TECHNOLOGY .pdf download

2009-09-16T19:08:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

Electrostatic discharges constitute a danger for integrated circuits that never should be underestimated .
This paper focuses on what is ESD , where does this term occurs , what are the damages caused by ESD and
its cost of damage at each and every level. Electrostatic charging can occur as a result of friction, as well as
for other reasons. When two non conducting materials rub together, then are separated, opposite
electrostatic charges remain on both. These charges attempt to equalize each other. A common example of
the generation of such charges is when one walks with well-insulated shoes on a carpet that is electrically
non conducting, causing the body to become charged. If a conducting object is touched, for example, a
water pipe or a piece of equipment connected to a ground line, the body is discharged. The energy stored in
the human body is injected into the object that is touched, and is converted primarily into heat..The various
levels of human perceptions and its ranges are also discussed. We have some elementary circuit models in
which the ESD occur and some graphical comparisons of the above models. This test circuits have been
developed to test sensitivity to electrostatic discharges by simulating various scenarios. These test circuits
are analyzed in more detail in the following paragraphs. These should provide the design engineer with
insight into the reliability of these tests and the effectiveness of the individual protection circuits, providing
the criteria to decide, in individual cases, whether additional precautions are necessary. We have the
classification of failures based on ESD , their respective contribution percentages and the basic circuits for
the preventions of ESD.

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ppt on ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE AND COMPATIBILITY .pdf download

2009-09-16T19:06:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT:

The electromagnetic environment is the integral part of the world in which
we live. Various apparatus such as radio and television broadcast stations,
communication transmitters, and other radar and navigational aids radiate
electromagnetic energy during their normal operation. These are intentional and
unintentional radiations of electromagnetic energy into the environment. Many
appliances, such as automobile ignition systems and industrial control equipment
used in everyday life also emit electromagnetic energy although these emissions
are not an essential part of normal operation. The electromagnetic environment
created by these intentional and unintentional sources, when sufficiently strong,
interferes with the operation of many electrical and electronics equipment and
systems which degrades the performance of the system. Electromagnetic
Interference is nothing but electromagnetic pollution. It is neither seen nor sensed
nor audible and hence it is a salient threat.

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ppt on EMBEDDED SYSTEMS LARGE AIRCRAFT INFRARED COUNTERMEASURES SYSTEMS .pdf download

2009-09-16T19:04:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT

Regarding the recent escape by an Israeli charter airline in which terrorists fired a pair of infrared
(IR) SA-7 surface-to-air missiles at an Israeli passenger jet in Kenya late last year, the near-disaster
called attention to commercial aircraft's vulnerability to small, shoulder-launched weapons. Shoulderlaunched
missiles or MANPADS (man portable air-defense systems) have been a military staple for
decades. MANPADS are manufactured around the world and cost between $20 000 and $70 000 per
system by some estimates, more than 500 000 shoulder-fired missile systems now exist, and it only
takes one bought on the market to severely damage or even bring down a plane. They are easily
transportable, designed to be setup and fired by two people with minimal training, and have a range of
about 5 km. Since the infra-red threat is becoming more deadly one of the more challenging aspects is
the development of an urgently needed missile defense system, which enhances commercial passenger
aircrafts survive against currently deployed infrared missiles, with growth to handle future
generations of anti- aircraft missiles. Breakthroughs in the development of improved and smarter
target acquisition systems have made it necessary to strenuously develop new countermeasure
systems that can assure the survivability of large aircrafts
This is a crucial time for the aircraft-survivability community. Whether you operate in the
realm of susceptibility or vulnerability, in the realm of military or civilaviation, with an estimated
inventory of 500,000 shoulder-launched IR missiles around the world, IR jammers may become more
important to air travelers than comfortable seats and in-flight movies.

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