<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209</id><updated>2024-09-02T01:17:12.563-07:00</updated><category term="crise"/><category term="economie"/><category term="USA"/><category term="finance"/><category term="ECONOMY"/><category term="crisis"/><category term="finance internationale"/><category term="Etat"/><category term="Fonds spéculatifs"/><category term="WORLD"/><category term="capital risque"/><category term="dette"/><category term="monnaie"/><category term="INTERNATIONAL TRADE – FOREIGN INVESTMENT"/><category term="OMC"/><category term="Politiques communes"/><category term="Trade"/><category term="banque"/><category term="bonheur"/><category term="cafés géographiques"/><category term="capitalisme"/><category term="climat"/><category term="commerce international"/><category term="conjoncture"/><category term="consommation"/><category term="crise euro"/><category term="croissance"/><category term="depense"/><category term="developpement durable"/><category term="ecologie"/><category term="econonomie"/><category term="entreprise"/><category term="europe"/><category term="fonds souverains"/><category term="grèce"/><category term="housing"/><category term="inflation"/><category term="intelligence economique"/><category term="logement"/><category term="mondialisation"/><category term="money"/><category term="pauvreté"/><category term="production"/><category term="produit national brut"/><category term="recovery"/><category term="reprise"/><category term="risque"/><category term="solutions"/><category term="subprime"/><category term="subprimes"/><category term="systeme"/><category term="taux"/><category term="technologie"/><title type='text'>ECONOMIE</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>29</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-6415269791518527863</id><published>2011-08-03T08:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-03T08:43:29.461-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ECONOMY"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Etat"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="finance internationale"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="USA"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="WORLD"/><title type='text'>Relèvement de la dette américaine</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.themorningsun.com/articles/2011/08/01/news/srv0000012875620.txt&quot;&gt;ACCORD HISTORIQUE SUR LA DETTE AMERICAINE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
pour éviter la faillite...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infoproaction.com/SOURCES/INTERNET/espaces/WE95usaeco.php&quot;&gt;Dossier Economie américaine&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/6415269791518527863/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/6415269791518527863' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6415269791518527863'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6415269791518527863'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2011/08/relevement-de-la-dette-americaine.html' title='Relèvement de la dette américaine'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-4854804917809470358</id><published>2011-08-03T08:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-03T08:29:54.913-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crise euro"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dette"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="finance internationale"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fonds spéculatifs"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="grèce"/><title type='text'>DEBTOCRACY</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://owni.fr/2011/06/09/debtocracy-documentaire-choc-grece/&quot;&gt;“Debtocracy”, le documentaire qui secoue la Grèce&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infoproaction.com/SOURCES/INTERNET/themes/WT56ecofin.php&quot;&gt;DOSSIER FINANCE SUR INTERNET&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/4854804917809470358/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/4854804917809470358' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/4854804917809470358'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/4854804917809470358'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2011/08/debtocracy.html' title='DEBTOCRACY'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-18469412940650396</id><published>2011-07-29T08:56:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-29T08:56:52.083-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Aspects de la crise</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://draft.blogger.com/goog_1201715226&quot;&gt;Économie et Statistique n°438-440&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/publications-et-services/sommaire.asp?codesage=ECO438&amp;amp;nivgeo=0&quot;&gt;INSEE, juin 2011, 391 pages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Trois ans à peine après que la faillite de la banque d&#39;affaires américaine Lehman Brothers a marqué l&#39;entrée des économies occidentales dans la pire récession de l&#39;après-guerre, Économie et Statistique consacre un numéro à cette crise. La crise de 2008 : des mécanismes souvent inédits, qui appellent de nouvelles avancées de la connaissance économique. Une lecture de la crise à la lumière des crises passée. De la crise financière à la crise économique. La crise de la finance globalisée. Effets de richesse : le cas français. Comprendre la formation de la bulle immobilière américaine et son éclatement. Les marchés du travail dans la crise. L&#39;Asie émergente a-t-elle tiré la reprise mondiale ? Une analyse de la dynamique des exportations des sociétés françaises de 2000 à 2009. Le recul de l&#39;emploi industriel en France entre 1980 et 2007&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, &#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h1 style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/picto_titre_rouge.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0em 0.2em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3a3c3b; font-size: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;

Économie et Statistique - 438-440 - juin 2011&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;liens&quot; id=&quot;publications&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3337&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La crise de 2008 : des mécanismes souvent inédits, qui appellent de nouvelles avancées de la connaissance économique&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Éric Dubois&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Trois ans à peine après que la faillite de la banque d&#39;affaires américaine Lehman Brothers a marqué l&#39;entrée des économies occidentales dans la pire récession de l&#39;après-guerre, Économie et Statistiqu...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3338&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une lecture de la crise à la lumière des crises passées&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Davide Furceri et Annabelle Mourougane&lt;/div&gt;
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Tout comme les épisodes passés comparables, la crise financière de 2008 peut être reliée à une forte croissance antérieure du crédit, alimentant une hausse marquée des prix des actifs financiers et im...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3339&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Commentaire : Chaque grande crise est différente&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Pierre-Cyrille Hautcoeur&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
La crise actuelle partage des caractéristiques importantes avec nombre d&#39;autres, même si elle en diffère sur certains points. ...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3340&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De la crise financière à la crise économique&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Jean-Charles Bricongne, Jean-Marc Fournier, Vincent Lapègue et Olivier Monso&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
La crise financière, amorcée en 2007 aux États-Unis sur le marché des prêts hypothécaires subprimes, s&#39;est progressivement étendue à l&#39;ensemble des marchés financiers et a durement affecté la croissan...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3341&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Commentaire : de la nécessaire évaluation de l&#39;impact des crises financières à la nécessaire refondation des modèles macroéconomiques&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Christophe Blot et Xavier Timbeau&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Comment évaluer l&#39;impact d&#39;une crise financière ?...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3342&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La crise de la finance globalisée&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Anton Brender et Florence Pisani&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Cette étude cherche à expliquer le développement, à partir de la fin des années 1990, des transferts internationaux d&#39;épargne des pays émergents vers les pays développés. Elle montre comment l&#39;ouvertu...&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3343&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Commentaire : Déséquilibres mondiaux, errances de la régulation et crise de la finance globalisée&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Antoine Bouveret et Stéphane Colliac&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Les principales théories explicatives de la crise s&#39;articulent autour de trois thèmes principaux, pour reprendre la typologie de Bénassy-Quéré et al. (2009) : les causes microéconomiques (une régulati...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3352&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Effets de richesse : le cas français&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Valérie Chauvin et Olivier Damette&lt;/div&gt;
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Les évolutions récentes de la richesse dans les principaux pays industrialisés ont été fortement influencées par la crise financière. Afin d&#39;apprécier leur impact sur la consommation, on évalue les ef...&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&amp;amp;id=3344&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Commentaire : Les effets de richesse importent moins que les effets de bilan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Grégory Levieuge&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
La recherche sur les effets de richesse a connu des développements importants dans le sillage des contributions fondamentales de Brumberg et Modigliani (1954) et de Friedman (1957). Par la suite, cett...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3345&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Comprendre la formation de la bulle immobilière américaine et son éclatement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Vincent Grossmann-Wirth, Sophie Rivaud et Stéphane Sorbe&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
La crise économique et financière de la fin des années 2000 trouve son origine dans l&#39;éclatement d&#39;une bulle spéculative sur le marché immobilier américain. Cet article cherche à mettre en évidence le...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3346&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Commentaire : Articuler les explications pour comprendre la bulle immobilière&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Jean-Paul Pollin&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
L&#39;intérêt de la contribution de Vincent Grossmann-Wirth, Sophie Rivaud et Stéphane Sorbe tient avant tout à l&#39;évaluation et à la chronologie qu&#39;elle propose du gonflement puis de l&#39;éclatement de la bu...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3353&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les marchés du travail dans la crise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Marion Cochard, Gérard Cornilleau et Eric Heyer&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Depuis 2007, l&#39;économie mondiale subit une crise d&#39;une ampleur inédite depuis la grande crise des années 1930. Un an après le retour à une croissance positive dans la plupart des pays, les pays dévelo...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3347&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Commentaire : Diversité des réactions des marchés du travail face à la crise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Julien Deroyon et Cyril Nouveau&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
L&#39;article de Marion Cochard, Gérard Cornilleau et Éric Heyer dresse le panorama de l&#39;évolution des marchés du travail durant la crise au sein de sept pays. Les méthodes d&#39;analyse sont classiques (esti...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3354&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L&#39;Asie émergente a-t-elle tiré la reprise mondiale ?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Guy Lalanne et Léa Mauro&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
À partir du deuxième trimestre 2009, la stabilisation de l&#39;activité dans les économies avancées a marqué la fin d&#39;une récession d&#39;ampleur inédite. Cette stabilisation a été concomitante avec un rebond...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3348&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Commentaire : La reprise : origines et perspectives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Michaël Sicsic&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
La sortie de récession des économies développées a été quasi générale au deuxième trimestre 2009 et au troisième trimestre 2010. Cette sortie de récession a associé plusieurs phénomènes concomitants ...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3349&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une analyse de la dynamique des exportations des sociétés françaises de 2000 à 2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Dimitri Bellas, Jean-Charles Bricongne, Lionel Fontagné, Guillaume Gaulier et Vincent Vicard&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Plus que la forte baisse du nombre de sociétés exportatrices observée en 2009, qui n&#39;est d&#39;ailleurs pas la plus forte des années 2000, c&#39;est la diminution de l&#39;intensité des flux préexistants à la cri...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=98&amp;amp;id=3350&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Commentaire : Exportations françaises : d&#39;une comparaison internationale macroéconomique à une approche microéconomique plus ciblée&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Flore Bouvard et Véronique Salins&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
La piètre performance des entreprises françaises à l&#39;exportation comparativement à celle de leurs voisines allemandes durant la dernière décennie a soulevé bien des débats qui ont souvent abouti à...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&amp;amp;id=3355&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le recul de l&#39;emploi industriel en France entre 1980 et 2007 - Ampleur et principaux déterminants : un état des lieux&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Lilas Demmou&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Le phénomène de désindustrialisation, qui touche la France comme l&#39;ensemble des économies développées, peut être caractérisé par trois transformations concomitantes : un recul de l&#39;emploi industriel, ...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/puce_lien.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.3em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&amp;amp;id=3351&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Commentaire : Désindustrialisation ou mutation industrielle ?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;auteur&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
Lionel Nesta&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
En presque trois décennies, la France a perdu près de deux millions d&#39;emplois industriels. C&#39;est ce recul que l&#39;on nomme la désindustrialisation, c&#39;est-à-dire la réallocation des ressources destinée...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/css/images/picto_soustitre_gris.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0.1em 0.7em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-top-color: gray; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; color: #3a3c3b; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;

Les fiches de cet ouvrage&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;liens&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;pdf&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.insee.fr/fr/img/pdficon.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 22px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/sommaire/ES438T.pdf&quot; style=&quot;color: #0257b2; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;télécharger les fiches de cet ouvrage&quot;&gt;Télécharger les fiches&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(format pdf, 241&amp;nbsp;Ko)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/18469412940650396/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/18469412940650396' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/18469412940650396'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/18469412940650396'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2011/07/aspects-de-la-crise.html' title='Aspects de la crise'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-5197485112202533491</id><published>2011-07-29T08:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-29T08:56:07.838-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Politiques communes"/><title type='text'>Aide à la Grèce</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
Le sommet extraordinaire des chefs d’État et de gouvernement de la zone euro, réunis à Bruxelles le jeudi 21 juillet 2011, a débouché sur un nouveau plan de financement public estimé à 109 milliards d’euros pour venir en aide à la Grèce et empêcher une contagion de la crise de la dette aux pays européens. L’accord s’est appuyé sur un compromis franco-allemand auquel étaient arrivés la veille le président de la République et la chancelière allemande.&lt;br /&gt;
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Ce plan implique aussi la contribution financière du secteur privé à hauteur de 50 milliards d’euros. Le principe du rachat partiel de la dette publique des pays en difficultés a également été mis en place avec le renforcement du rôle du Fonds européen de stabilité financière (FESF). Une évaluation régulière de la mise en œuvre de ces mesures sera effectuée par la Commission européenne en liaison avec la Banque centrale européenne et le FMI. Enfin, les états européens s’engagent à ramener leur déficit budgétaire sous les 3 % dès 2013, sauf pour ceux qui sont actuellement sous « tutelle » financière.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://diffusion.vie-publique.fr/politiques-publiques/dette-publique/index/&quot;&gt;vie-publique.fr vous propose un ensemble de ressources sur l’euro et la gestion de la dette publique.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zone euro : nouveau plan de soutien à la Grèce&lt;br /&gt;
Finances publiques 2010-2011 : l’audit de la Cour des comptes&lt;br /&gt;
Comment fonctionne la zone euro ?&lt;br /&gt;
Budget et contraintes européennes&lt;br /&gt;
Les contrôles des finances de l’État : comparaisons internationales&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mots clés :&amp;nbsp;Politiques communes&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/5197485112202533491/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/5197485112202533491' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/5197485112202533491'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/5197485112202533491'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2011/07/aide-la-grece.html' title='Aide à la Grèce'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-5957402225548806445</id><published>2011-07-14T00:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-14T00:24:11.707-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Histoire des crises</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;La crise de cent ans&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Jean-Louis Gombeaud&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.decitre.fr/livres/La-crise-de-100-ans.aspx/9782717860528&quot;&gt;Economica, juin 2011, 344 pages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
La crise économique et financière qui nous assaille est d&#39;une violence exceptionnelle. À la mi 2011 aucun pays membres de l’OCDE, malgré une succession de plans de relance, financés à coup d&#39;aides et d&#39;endettement publics jamais vus, n&#39;avait retrouvé son rythme de croissance tendanciel de la fin 2007. Pour l’auteur, les ouvertures commerciales et financières irréfléchies sont la cause principale des difficultés actuelles qui couvaient depuis trois décennies.&lt;br /&gt;
De ce point de vue, malgré sa profonde originalité, la crise que nous vivons présente de fortes similitudes avec celles auxquelles l&#39;économie de marché est périodiquement confrontée. Nos lointains prédécesseurs ont déjà subi les rudesses de la compétition généralisée.&lt;br /&gt;
Toutes ont débouché sur de longs mouvements dépressifs : le marché unique de l’empire romain au XIVe siècle, l’Europe chrétienne du XIVe siècle, la crise de 1929. En prenant en compte les spécificités de notre époque, l&#39;auteur conclut que notre XXIe siècle pourrait être marqué à son tour par une crise globale de longue durée. Elle nécessite d&#39;urgence une remise en cause de tous les tabous économiques et la recherche commune d&#39;une sortie par le haut.&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/5957402225548806445/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/5957402225548806445' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/5957402225548806445'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/5957402225548806445'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2011/07/histoire-des-crises.html' title='Histoire des crises'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-9129452525501467225</id><published>2011-07-13T03:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-13T03:19:14.833-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BREVE HISTOIRE ECONOMIQUE</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Luxi sans&#39;, &#39;Lucida Grande&#39;, Lucida, &#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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1-&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Longtemps, on s’est couché de bonne heure.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Les hommes passaient leur journée dans les bois, à la recherche de gibiers et de fruits. Monopolisant le temps disponible, l’économie était cependant une pratique simple et modeste, se limitant à fournir ce dont les hommes avaient besoin pour se nourrir, s’abriter, se chauffer, honorer leurs femmes puis leurs dieux .&lt;br /&gt;
Le risque économique provenait de la nature (climat, épidémies, animaux féroces...). Mais déjà aussi des autres hommes, nomades de la terre ou de la mer. Et cela d’autant plus que les progrès de l’économie sédentaire favorisaient la multiplication et la survie des hommes, donc les cibles pour les prédateurs de ressources, de territoires, de femmes et de vies humaines.&lt;br /&gt;
2-&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;3000 ans avant J.C,&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;dans le Croissant fertile du Moyen Orient, l’agriculture irriguée, l’élevage , le stockage permettaient la création des grandes cités, des états policés, des empires. On n’était plus dans la survie du Neanderthal&amp;nbsp;; on entrait dans l’Age des civilisations organisées où l’économie jouait un rôle important mais non exclusif à côté de la politique , du droit, de la guerre et de la religion .&lt;br /&gt;
3- Cependant&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;les techniques économiques&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;n’ont cessé de progresser en efficacité et dans leur maîtrise du temps et de l’espace.&lt;br /&gt;
* Dans&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;la production agricole&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;. Avec les défrichements médiévaux, la découverte des plantes américaines et l’assolement, l’assolement, l’apport massif d’ amendements et engrais venus d’usines lointaines, la colonisation des grandes steppes continentales par le brûlis, le dry farming, les convois d’immigrants, l’enclos de barbelés. Puis l’agriculture scientifique hyperproductive.....&lt;br /&gt;
*Dans&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;l’industrie,&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;la maitrise de la mine et des métaux , puis de l’énergie, la création de matériaux nouveaux avec la chimie,la mécanisation, le travail organisé à flux tendus et à distance, de plus en plus loin des consommateurs.&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Le commerce&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;aussi élargit l’espace et la durée des activités économiques.A l’origine, simple troc de proximité, il devient continental (grandes foires du Moyen Age) et intercontinental (route de la soie, commerce des épices, commerce triangulaire de l’Atlantique...)&lt;br /&gt;
4 Tout ceci est allé de pair avec une&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;organisation des sociétés liée au progrès économique&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* La production économique appelait une organisation de la&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;propriété&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;des territoires et des biens . Et surtout du travail humain&amp;nbsp;: esclavage, servage, statut de l’artisan, contrat et droit du travail, travail programmé dans les manufactures et les mines, assistance sociale à la reproduction de la force de travail..&lt;br /&gt;
* La machine et l’Horloge organisent le&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;temps humain&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;en modules abstraits&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Le crédit,&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;puis la société de capitaux, donnent du temps et de la confiance pour entreprendre des tâches de longue haleine (dénouement des cycles commerciaux longs , grands travaux, fabrications de masse...) . Dès la fin du moyen Age, les banquiers jouent un rôle croissant, certes pour financer l’économie, mais aussi les dépenses publiques bien plus rentables de l’accès au pouvoir (ex&amp;nbsp;: les candidatures aux élections impériales) , l’ostentation et la guerre des Princes.&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;La monnaie et la comptabilité&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;représentent, par l’abstraction, des valeurs économiques, ce qui facilite les calculs...et les combinaisons douteuses.&lt;br /&gt;
C’est aussi le début d’une indépendance croissante de la finance par rapport à l’économie réelle des biens et services&lt;br /&gt;
La banque, la finance hors banque (la Bourse par exemple) et la monnaie ont en commun de ne pas représenter directement des valeurs concrètes mais des notions assez subjectives comme la confiance, la valorisation du temps et celle des risques .&lt;br /&gt;
Il s’y ajoute l’extrême facilité pour créer et distribuer des ressources de paiement qui viennent en concurrence avec celles qui proviennent de l’économie proprement dit , c’est à dire la rémunération du bien ou service fourni à autrui.&lt;br /&gt;
Or ce n’est pas l’activité économique proprement dite qui crée la valeur, mais la quantité d’argent, que l’on peut attribuer à un produit . Et cela quelle qu’en soit l’origine&amp;nbsp;: salaire, transfert social en provenance de l’Etat -providence, vol, spéculation boursière. cession d’actif, crédit, création monétaire...&lt;br /&gt;
Pour compliquer le tout, la financiarisation a puissamment déplacé les méthodes et les enjeux de l’économie. Comment&amp;nbsp;? La financiarisation a commencé depuis longtemps avec le crédit, l’endossement et la négociation des effets de commerce, la multiplication des monnaies métalliques en provenance d’Amérique, les monnaies de compte , la création des banques centrales régulatrices et l’abandon de l’or comme moyen de paiement en 1976.&lt;br /&gt;
Dans les vingt dernières années la déréglementation , l’internationalisation des mouvements de capitaux, l’apparition des produits dérivés et des marchés de risques, l’intervention d’opérateurs non bancaires ont considérablement accru la circulation financière indépendamment de tout objectif économique classique (produire pour satisfaire un besoin).. Aujourd’hui les actifs financiers représentent quatre fois le PIB mondial, les échanges de devises représentent environ 500 fois les flux commerciaux réels de biens et services. C’est beaucoup plus que l’huile de rouage nécessaire pour l’économie réelle.&lt;br /&gt;
Tout ceci a désarmé les opérateurs et régulateurs traditionnels de la finance (banques commerciales, banques centrales, états). Les grands organismes internationaux de type FMI-Banque Mondiale sont eux aussi très loin de faire le poids devant un marché aussi puissant qui définit de fait les critères de décision (au profit de qui&amp;nbsp;?) les rendements exigés du capital et qui s’autorise bien des bulles spéculatives et des crises.&lt;br /&gt;
Où est, dans tout cela&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;l’économie de grand papa&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;, où Ford gagnait sa vie en proposant des automobiles que pouvaient acheter ses ouvriers&amp;nbsp;? où les institutions publiques définissaient les règles acceptables de la compétition pour les richesses&amp;nbsp;? Rome n’est plus dans Rome et l’économie réelle a sombré dans la finance virtuelle. Tout ceci évolue très vite et se trouve hors de portée des décideurs privés ou publics les plus légitimes..&lt;br /&gt;
La monnaie, symbôle d’une richesse concrète, est vite devenue une source autonome de revenus donc de richesses.&lt;br /&gt;
Les Monarques, maîtres des horloges chargés des régulations, n’ont pas hésité à rogner sur la quantité de métal précieux inclus dans la monnaie. Ils ont ainsi inventé l’inflation qui, avec les impôts, les emprunts plus ou moins obligatoires et mal remboursés et la création de monnaie-papier (assignats), ont financé les grandes faillites de la Cour (Louis XVI&amp;nbsp;?) et surtout les guerres puis les indispensables démagogies.&lt;br /&gt;
L’extraordinaire&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;instinct de survie&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;de l’homme du Neanderthal le conduisait à privilégier par nécessité une économie très concrète. Comme chez les truites d’élevage incapables de survivre dans la nature sans croquettes, cet instinct est aujourd’hui très dégradé, au mieux dans l’amélioration du pouvoir d’achat, au pire en caprice d’acquisition du dernier gadget à la mode...Le vouloir d’achat prend le pas sur le pouvoir d’achat et même sur les besoins réeels.&lt;br /&gt;
A côté de cela s’est développé, du moins chez les &quot;élites&quot; le puissant&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;instinct du pouvoir&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/i&gt;politique ou idéologique, qui porte à son actif la formation et le fonctionnement des grands ensembles territoriaux et des communautés religieuses ou culturelles, mais aussi la quasi-totalité des grandes guerres et des dépenses somptuaires ou démagogiques. Il est lui aussi souvent dégradé en volonté de prestige ou revendication d’identité.&lt;br /&gt;
Dans un cas comme dans l’autre , aspiration économique ou ambition politique, la tentation était grande de transformer en absolu une activité subordonnée. En créant des règles (lois, institutions, organisations...) et même des postulats philosophiques. Ceux de la pensée politique sont bien connus, autour de la Nation, du Roi, du peuple souverain etc...&lt;br /&gt;
Ceux de la pensée économique ont été plus longs à se manifester comme&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;des absolus&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;, mais c’est le cas depuis deux siècles au moins&amp;nbsp;: évangiles selon Saint Marx et Saint Adam Smith, homo economicus, anticipations rationnelles, concurrence, paradigme des marchés autorégulés, marchés incontestés...).&lt;br /&gt;
Il s’agit d’une sorte de religion, ou du moins de pensée unique, qui propose ses méthodes et ses objectifs à la vie concrète dans l’économie mais aussi dans l’organisation du politique, du social et même de la vie individuelle (socioeconomie) . Relire &quot;Le Maitre du Jeu des Perles de Verre&quot; de Herman Hesse...&lt;br /&gt;
Les détenteurs de savoirs techniques (ingénieurs, biologistes, guerriers, prédicateurs) sont rarement modestes . Ils extrapolent leurs savoirs jusqu’à un absolu déraisonnable et on trouve toujours un Faust, un Docteur Mabuse ou Frankenstein, un Hitler pour exagérer sans humour jusqu’à l’absurde ou l’horreur (voir l’efficacité de la machine nazie dans le roman &quot;Les Bienveillantes&quot; de J.Littell.&lt;br /&gt;
Comme toute pulsion forte, la recherche du pouvoir ou simplement d’une satisfaction économique ou politique&amp;nbsp;; exercée par un acteur assez puissant, peut susciter un changement destabilisant pour autrui, c’est à dire un risque.&lt;br /&gt;
Chose plus grave, les techniques d’influence économique (publicité, appel à la crédulité publique, création de valeur «&amp;nbsp;out of nothing&amp;nbsp;» ) et d’influence politique (occupation du temps de cerveau disponible, propagande, rumeur, menace, agression...) sont desormais largement vulgarisées entre des mains non innocentes&amp;nbsp;: mafias, délinquants financiers, groupes terroristes,&lt;br /&gt;
Ouvrons notre journal. Croyances totalitaires, anticipations rationnelles et marchés auto-régulés, bulles et subprimes, énormité de la dette américaine, traders-fous, patrons-voyous, politiciens mégalomanes, médiatisations narcissiques, surconsommations chauffées à la publicité, pollutions, génie génétique, drogues et addictions médicamenteuses, nanotechnologies...&lt;br /&gt;
Nous avons longuement forgé des instruments prométhéens , économie, politique, science, communication qui nous échappent et nous menacent.&lt;br /&gt;
Le bonheur tranquille n’est plus ni dans les prés, ni dans les bois, ni encore moins dans la Cité radieuse promise par les politiciens.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;So what&amp;nbsp;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
André GARCIA&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/9129452525501467225/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/9129452525501467225' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/9129452525501467225'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/9129452525501467225'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2011/07/breve-histoire-economique.html' title='BREVE HISTOIRE ECONOMIQUE'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-8342034613217518284</id><published>2011-07-11T02:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-11T02:01:09.345-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Recherche Google sur crise internationale</title><content type='html'>&lt;span id=&quot;taw&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;cite&gt;www.davidmourey.com/article-7176508.html&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gl&quot;&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0rNRB0El0M0J:www.davidmourey.com/article-7176508.html+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;cd=1&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=fr&amp;amp;source=www.google.fr&quot;&gt;En cache&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vshid&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.fr/search?hl=fr&amp;amp;biw=1110&amp;amp;bih=537&amp;amp;q=related:www.davidmourey.com/article-7176508.html+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;tbo=1&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=97oaTt71Ncno-gaQz-nXBw&amp;amp;ved=0CDMQHzAA&quot;&gt;Pages similaires&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;l&quot; href=&quot;http://archives.contrepoints.org/Incentives-matter-Arthur-Laffer.html&quot;&gt;Pourquoi la &lt;em&gt;crise économique&lt;/em&gt; va rebondir en &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt; - Contrepoints&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;bc&quot;&gt;archives.contrepoints.org › ... › &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.fr/url?url=http://archives.contrepoints.org/-Economie-internationale-.html&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=97oaTt71Ncno-gaQz-nXBw&amp;amp;ved=0CEIQ6QUoADAC&amp;amp;q=crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNHrYPJpAkr-LAh8Sk3FAQ4JBM44xw&quot;&gt;Économie internationale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gl&quot;&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PyapRUYzRqAJ:archives.contrepoints.org/Incentives-matter-Arthur-Laffer.html+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;cd=3&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=fr&amp;amp;source=www.google.fr&quot;&gt;En cache&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vshid&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.fr/search?hl=fr&amp;amp;biw=1110&amp;amp;bih=537&amp;amp;q=related:archives.contrepoints.org/Incentives-matter-Arthur-Laffer.html+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;tbo=1&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=97oaTt71Ncno-gaQz-nXBw&amp;amp;ved=0CEUQHzAC&quot;&gt;Pages similaires&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;5 juil. 2010 – Dans un éditorial du Wall Street Journal, l&#39;ancien gourou de la Reaganomics rappelle que tous les impôts américains vont augmenter au 1er &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;l&quot; href=&quot;http://blog.lefigaro.fr/economie/2011/02/la-prochaine-crise-financiere-aura-lieu-en-2015.html&quot;&gt;La prochaine &lt;em&gt;crise&lt;/em&gt; financière aura lieu en 2015 - L&#39;éco décodée&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;cite&gt;blog.lefigaro.fr/&lt;b&gt;economie&lt;/b&gt;/&lt;b&gt;2011&lt;/b&gt;/.../la-prochaine-&lt;b&gt;crise&lt;/b&gt;-financ...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gl&quot;&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:VGi4h_eH_yIJ:blog.lefigaro.fr/economie/2011/02/la-prochaine-crise-financiere-aura-lieu-en-2015.html+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;cd=4&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=fr&amp;amp;source=www.google.fr&quot;&gt;En cache&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vshid&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;Par Cyrille Lachèvre le 2 février &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt; 18h46 | 20 Commentaires. La prochaine &lt;em&gt;crise&lt;/em&gt; financière mondiale aura lieu en 2015. Tremblez braves gens, le scénario &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;l&quot; href=&quot;http://fortune.fdesouche.com/27568-la-crise-financiere-mondiale-de-2011-a-t-elle-commence&quot;&gt;La &lt;em&gt;crise&lt;/em&gt; financière mondiale de &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt; a-t-elle commencé ? « Fortune&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;cite&gt;fortune.fdesouche.com/27568-la-&lt;b&gt;crise&lt;/b&gt;-financiere-mondiale-...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gl&quot;&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:WIbY74zGB3oJ:fortune.fdesouche.com/27568-la-crise-financiere-mondiale-de-2011-a-t-elle-commence+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;cd=5&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=fr&amp;amp;source=www.google.fr&quot;&gt;En cache&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vshid&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;29 nov. 2010 – Quel a été l&#39;événement &lt;em&gt;économique&lt;/em&gt; majeur de l&#39;année 2010 ? - La &lt;em&gt;crise&lt;/em&gt; des &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt; La &lt;em&gt;crise&lt;/em&gt; financière mondiale de &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt; a-t-elle commencé ? &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;l&quot; href=&quot;http://www.come4news.com/et-si-la-crise-economique-ne-faisait-que-commencer-le-pire-est-pour-demain-2010,-2011-376129&quot;&gt;Et si la &lt;em&gt;crise économique&lt;/em&gt; ne faisait que commencer ? Le pire est &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;cite&gt;www.come4news.com/et-si-la-&lt;b&gt;crise&lt;/b&gt;-&lt;b&gt;economique&lt;/b&gt;-ne-faisait-...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gl&quot;&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7x7OL7RdybUJ:www.come4news.com/et-si-la-crise-economique-ne-faisait-que-commencer-le-pire-est-pour-demain-2010,-2011-376129+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;cd=6&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=fr&amp;amp;source=www.google.fr&quot;&gt;En cache&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vshid&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.fr/search?hl=fr&amp;amp;biw=1110&amp;amp;bih=537&amp;amp;q=related:www.come4news.com/et-si-la-crise-economique-ne-faisait-que-commencer-le-pire-est-pour-demain-2010,-2011-376129+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;tbo=1&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=97oaTt71Ncno-gaQz-nXBw&amp;amp;ved=0CFoQHzAF&quot;&gt;Pages similaires&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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8 messages - 6 auteurs - Dernier message : 24 janv.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;Et si la &lt;em&gt;crise économique&lt;/em&gt; ne faisait que commencer ? Le pire est pour demain... 2010, &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt;... Version imprimable · Suggérer par mail &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.fr/search?q=crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;biw=1110&amp;amp;bih=537&amp;amp;prmd=ivns&amp;amp;tbm=dsc&amp;amp;tbo=u&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=97oaTt71Ncno-gaQz-nXBw&amp;amp;ved=0CFgQmAcwBQ&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;micon&quot; style=&quot;background-position: 0px -172px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Afficher plus de discussions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;l&quot; href=&quot;http://www.henrydarthenay.com/article-crise-financiere-apres-le-portugal-la-guerre-d-espagne-une-crise-systemique-le-premier-trimestre-2011-62206535.html&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Crise&lt;/em&gt; financière - Crack &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt; - 2012 - après le Portugal la guerre &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;cite&gt;www.henrydarthenay.com/article-&lt;b&gt;crise&lt;/b&gt;-financiere-apres-le-...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gl&quot;&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:2tHAF0IasfQJ:www.henrydarthenay.com/article-crise-financiere-apres-le-portugal-la-guerre-d-espagne-une-crise-systemique-le-premier-trimestre-2011-62206535.html+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;cd=7&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=fr&amp;amp;source=www.google.fr&quot;&gt;En cache&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vshid&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;30 nov. 2010 – &lt;em&gt;Crise&lt;/em&gt; financière - Crack &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt; - 2012 - après le Portugal la guerre d&#39;Espagne - une &lt;em&gt;crise&lt;/em&gt; systémique le premiertrimestre &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;l&quot; href=&quot;http://finance.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/11/27/la-crise-financiere-mondiale-de-2011-a-t-elle-commence/&quot;&gt;La &lt;em&gt;crise&lt;/em&gt; financière mondiale de &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt; a-t-elle commencé &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;cite&gt;finance.blog.lemonde.fr/.../la-&lt;b&gt;crise&lt;/b&gt;-financiere-mondiale-de-...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gl&quot;&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BvuTY40rK7AJ:finance.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/11/27/la-crise-financiere-mondiale-de-2011-a-t-elle-commence/+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;cd=8&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=fr&amp;amp;source=www.google.fr&quot;&gt;En cache&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vshid&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.fr/search?hl=fr&amp;amp;biw=1110&amp;amp;bih=537&amp;amp;q=related:finance.blog.lemonde.fr/2010/11/27/la-crise-financiere-mondiale-de-2011-a-t-elle-commence/+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;tbo=1&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=97oaTt71Ncno-gaQz-nXBw&amp;amp;ved=0CGcQHzAH&quot;&gt;Pages similaires&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;27 nov. 2010 – La &lt;em&gt;crise&lt;/em&gt; financière mondiale de &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt; a-t-elle commencé ? &lt;b&gt;....&lt;/b&gt; Et si les mondes financier, politique, &lt;em&gt;économique&lt;/em&gt;, et de la pensée &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;l&quot; href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hntWf2XFnRA&quot;&gt;YouTube - France : La « catastrophe » de &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt;, une grave &lt;em&gt;crise&lt;/em&gt; de &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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 &lt;cite class=&quot;kv&quot;&gt;www.youtube.com/watch?v=hntWf2XFnRA&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;f&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobr&quot;&gt;6 min&lt;/span&gt; - &lt;span class=&quot;nobr&quot;&gt;29 déc. 2010&lt;/span&gt; - &lt;span class=&quot;nobr&quot;&gt;Importé par sami69l3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt;, la fin de l&#39;Euro. L&#39;Espagne et le Portugal, &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt; Added to queue La &lt;em&gt;crise  economique&lt;/em&gt; programmée n&#39;en est qu&#39;a se...by &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;gl&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;fl&quot; href=&quot;http://www.google.fr/search?q=crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;biw=1110&amp;amp;bih=537&amp;amp;prmd=ivns&amp;amp;source=univ&amp;amp;tbm=vid&amp;amp;tbo=u&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=97oaTt71Ncno-gaQz-nXBw&amp;amp;ved=0CG8QqwQ&quot;&gt;Autres vidéos pour &lt;em&gt;crise économique 2011&lt;/em&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;l&quot; href=&quot;http://formations-sur-internet.com/entreprises/vive-la-crise-economique-en-france-en-2010-2011/&quot;&gt;Vive la &lt;em&gt;crise économique&lt;/em&gt; en France en 2010 - &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt; | Formations Sur &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;cite&gt;formations-sur-internet.com/.../vive-la-&lt;b&gt;crise&lt;/b&gt;-&lt;b&gt;economique&lt;/b&gt;-en...&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gl&quot;&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:bv44xRH-sowJ:formations-sur-internet.com/entreprises/vive-la-crise-economique-en-france-en-2010-2011/+crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;cd=10&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=fr&amp;amp;source=www.google.fr&quot;&gt;En cache&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vshid&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;La &lt;em&gt;crise économique&lt;/em&gt; est le  meilleur moment pour s&#39;enrichir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;l&quot; href=&quot;http://www.leparisien.fr/laparisienne/cuisine/la-crise-a-eu-raison-de-la-consommation-de-fruits-de-legumes-et-d-alcool-08-07-2011-1526970.php&quot;&gt;La &lt;em&gt;crise&lt;/em&gt; a eu raison de la consommation de fruits, de légumes et d &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tsw&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gl&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Le Parisien&lt;/cite&gt; - &lt;span class=&quot;f&quot;&gt;Il y a 1 jour&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;max-width: 509px;&quot;&gt;
Avec le déclenchement de la &lt;em&gt;crise&lt;/em&gt; financière et &lt;em&gt;économique&lt;/em&gt; en 2008, &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt; &quot;Le retour de l&#39;inflation annoncée pour &lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt; devrait avoir un impact négatif sur la &lt;b&gt;...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;gl&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.google.fr/news/story?hl=fr&amp;amp;q=crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&amp;amp;biw=1110&amp;amp;bih=537&amp;amp;wrapid=tlif131037463679210&amp;amp;um=1&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;amp;ncl=dkwbJBx3NtAPzzM&amp;amp;ei=97oaTt71Ncno-gaQz-nXBw&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=news_result&amp;amp;ct=more-results&amp;amp;resnum=11&amp;amp;ved=0CHoQqgIwCg&quot;&gt;Autres articles (2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top: 6px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fl&quot; href=&quot;http://www.google.fr/search?q=crise+%C3%A9conomique+2011&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;biw=1110&amp;amp;bih=537&amp;amp;prmd=ivns&amp;amp;source=univ&amp;amp;tbm=nws&amp;amp;tbo=u&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=97oaTt71Ncno-gaQz-nXBw&amp;amp;ved=0CHwQqAI&quot;&gt;More news for &lt;em&gt;crise économique 2011&lt;/em&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/8342034613217518284/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/8342034613217518284' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/8342034613217518284'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/8342034613217518284'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2011/07/recherche-google-sur-crise.html' title='Recherche Google sur crise internationale'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-3477969272782990490</id><published>2011-07-11T00:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-11T00:46:27.602-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://auxinfosdunain.blogspot.com/?expref=next-blog&quot;&gt;Un blog sur la crise internationale&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/3477969272782990490/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/3477969272782990490' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/3477969272782990490'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/3477969272782990490'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2011/07/un-blog-sur-la-crise-internationale.html' title=''/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-5778703111424808439</id><published>2011-02-16T06:32:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-16T06:32:49.417-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="consommation"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dette"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="production"/><title type='text'>Emprunter pour consommer sans produire</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;titrenote&quot; id=&quot;titrenote-221&quot;&gt;             &lt;a href=&quot;http://automatesintelligent.blog.lemonde.fr/2007/08/13/emprunter-pour-consommer-sans-produire/&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Emprunter pour consommer sans produire&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;             &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000099; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Emprunter pour consommer sans produire, maladie chronique des économies libérales occidentales&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;par Jean-Paul Baquiast&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/5778703111424808439/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/5778703111424808439' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/5778703111424808439'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/5778703111424808439'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2011/02/emprunter-pour-consommer-sans-produire.html' title='Emprunter pour consommer sans produire'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-4913984863158925261</id><published>2011-02-16T06:06:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-16T06:06:26.474-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Rénover le dialogue entre l&#39;État et les collectivités territoriales : une nécessité pour une démocratie apaisée - rapport d&#39;information n° 272</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.senat.fr/notice-rapport/2010/r10-272-notice.html&quot;&gt;Rénover le dialogue entre l&#39;État et les collectivités territoriales : une nécessité pour une démocratie apaisée - rapport d&#39;information n° 272&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Rapport d&#39;information n° 272 de Mme Jacqueline GOURAULT et M. Didier GUILLAUME, fait au nom de la Délégation aux collectivités territoriales et à la décentralisation : Rénover le dialogue entre l&#39;État et les collectivités territoriales : une nécessité pour une démocratie apaisée (1er février 2011)&quot;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/4913984863158925261/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/4913984863158925261' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/4913984863158925261'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/4913984863158925261'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2011/02/renover-le-dialogue-entre-letat-et-les.html' title='Rénover le dialogue entre l&#39;État et les collectivités territoriales : une nécessité pour une démocratie apaisée - rapport d&#39;information n° 272'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-2818465477383940936</id><published>2011-02-14T02:17:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-14T02:17:08.443-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crise"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="europe"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="finance"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="solutions"/><title type='text'>L&#39;EUROPE ET LA CRISE FINANCIERE</title><content type='html'>Face à la crise financière, quelle doit être la réponse européenne ?&lt;br /&gt;
par SAeeeD&lt;br /&gt;
LA CRISE FINANCIÈRE INTERNATIONALE: MENACES ET CONTRAINTES Partie 3: LES&lt;br /&gt;
SOLUTIONS ET LES MESURES ANTI-CRISES Chapitre1 : Les solutions proposées&lt;br /&gt;
par les Etats-Unis et l&#39;Europe Section2: les solutions proposées par&lt;br /&gt;
l&#39;Europe ...&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blog.saeeed.com/2010/12/face-a-la-crise-financiere-quelle-doit-etre-la-reponse-europeenne/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.blog.saeeed.com/2010/12/face-a-la-crise-financiere-quelle-doit-etre-la-reponse-europeenne/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blog.saeeed.com/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.blog.saeeed.com/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/2818465477383940936/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/2818465477383940936' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/2818465477383940936'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/2818465477383940936'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2011/02/leurope-et-la-crise-financiere.html' title='L&#39;EUROPE ET LA CRISE FINANCIERE'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-3777604066540676910</id><published>2010-01-18T01:28:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-18T01:31:39.731-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cafés géographiques"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="capital risque"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="economie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pauvreté"/><title type='text'>Comprendre la pauvreté dans le monde</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;titre&quot;&gt;Comment les pauvres comprennent la pauvreté dans le monde ? &lt;/div&gt;          &lt;!-- corps du texte --&gt;        &lt;div class=&quot;texte&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt; Alors que Cassandre remet les pendules à l’heure sur la crise et la Chine, voici que me revient une interview donnée par un économiste péruvien, Hernando de Soto, connu à l’ONU pour sa bataille au profit d’une reconnaissance juridique des biens des pauvres [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cafe-geo.net/article.php3?id_article=1794#nb1&quot; name=&quot;nh1&quot; class=&quot;spip_note&quot; title=&quot;[1] Le Monde, 8 novembre 2008 (dans lequel on peut l&#39;intégralité de (...)&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]. De Soto n’est pas inconnu pour ceux qui ont lu &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Le mystère du capital&lt;/i&gt;, un classique de la collection Champs chez Flammarion [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cafe-geo.net/article.php3?id_article=1794#nb2&quot; name=&quot;nh2&quot; class=&quot;spip_note&quot; title=&quot;[2] 2005.&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Hernando de Soto nous prévient que &lt;strong class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;notre perception de la pauvreté n’est pas la bonne.&lt;/strong&gt; Pourquoi les habitants des pays « pauvres » sont si arriérés et stupides alors qu’ils comptent tant d’entrepreneurs, de commerçants ? Voici sa réponse : les pauvres n’ont pas d’existence légale, ils vivent sans extrait de naissance, leurs bidonvilles ne sont pas leur propriété, leurs commerces n’ont pas de comptabilité, il n’existe pas de contrats. C’est ce &lt;strong class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;que Hernando de Soto appelle du « capital mort » : il a calculé que tout le capital immobilier extralégal des pays du Sud et des pays anciennement communistes équivaudrait à deux fois la masse monétaire circulant aux Etats-Unis&lt;/strong&gt;, soit près de 10 000 milliards de dollars.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Avec Madeleine Albright à l’ONU, il se bat pour « démarginaliser les pauvres par le droit » en leur donnant des droits et des titres de propriété. Pour lui, &lt;strong class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;les Occidentaux ont confondu le capital avec l’argent.&lt;/strong&gt; Le capital, c’est aussi des écrits, des registres, des comptes fiables et des biens que l’on quantifie. Ce qui n’est pas le cas des titres financiers comme les actions ou les &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;hedge funds&lt;/i&gt;. On ne devrait pas confondre l’argent, « &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;grande roue de la circulation&lt;/i&gt; », dit Soto citant Adam Smith, avec le capital. Pourquoi les entreprises devraient exprimer la valeur de leur capital en monnaie ? Et dans quelle ignorance elles sont tombées ? Tant d’entreprises, voire de banques, ne peuvent même pas évaluer leur dette, parce qu’elles ont perdu les traces des transactions. « &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Vous êtes sortis de la réalité&lt;/i&gt; ! » tonne Soto qui se méfie du renflouement des institutions financières, comme l’a montré le cas des traders de la BNP en 2009.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Comment redéfinir le capitalisme, se demande Hernando de Soto ? L’économiste péruvien pense que toutes les crises depuis 1929 ont résulté de l’effondrement des écrits qui représentaient la valeur des biens. Pour lui,&lt;strong class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt; la propriété est de l’idéologie « petit-bourgeois ».&lt;/strong&gt; Autrefois, les élites étaient contrôlées par des registres dont on gardait le contrôle. Aujourd’hui, le capitalisme financier a perdu ce contrôle. Et le système économique des riches est incapable de garantir les richesses, tout comme dans les pays du Sud, qui ne se développera pas, qui sera en crise tant qu’il ignorera ce qu’il possède.&lt;br /&gt;Pourtant, &lt;strong class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;l’Occident a apporté à l’humanité le droit et la propriété.&lt;/strong&gt; Le capitalisme produit des titres de propriétés, des documents qui font qu’une maison, des machines deviennent du capital. Cette information permet de faire du commerce. On est loin de cette époque des privilèges aux mains des élites, comme au 18e siècle. Le protestantisme développe l’éthique de la responsabilité. Le système encadre les transactions et installe la confiance d’un bout à l’autre du monde, où l’on peut échanger sans connaître son acheteur ou son vendeur. Achetons des chaussures en Chine, des services en Inde sans les voir, tout cela est fiable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Que s’est-il passé pour que ce qui a marché au Nord a été un désastre au Sud ?&lt;/strong&gt; C’est que la colonisation qui a sans doute beaucoup donné n’a pas transmis le système de propriété, condition &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;sine qua non&lt;/i&gt; pour que tous participent à l’activité économique. La mondialisation actuelle ne touche que les riches et une poignée de riches dans les pays pauvres. Un véritable &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;apartheid&lt;/i&gt; économique. Pourtant, les ressources existent !&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Regardez dans tous les pays pauvres du monde, il y a toujours des marchands, des vendeurs. Mais deux enfants sur trois nés dans les pays pauvres n’ont pas de certificats de naissance. Jeunes ou adultes, ils vendent leur travail sans papier officiel. Les bureaucraties sont débordées, comme l’Inde qui n’a que onze magistrats pour plus de vingt millions d’affaire en cours ! « &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Il faut jusqu’à vingt ans pour que certaines affaires civiles soient jugées (...). Aujourd’hui au Pérou pour obtenir des documents légalisant une petite entreprise de deux machines à coudre, il faut passer jusqu’à 300 jours, 6 heures quotidiennement, pour obtenir des écrits fiables. Trop souvent, dans les campagnes, les paysans divisent leurs terres en autant de parcelles qu’il y a d’héritiers, cela à chaque génération, jusqu’à ne plus posséder qu’un lopin improductif. Des études ont montré que les pertes techniques et financières des services publics du Sud, additionnés aux fraudes, représentent entre 30 et 50% des volumes traités. Ajoutez que les banques prêtent à seulement 20 ou 30% de la population en Amérique Latine, 2% en Afrique sub-saharienne. Comment voulez-vous, en l’absence de tels outils que les citoyens ordinaires comme les entrepreneurs et les commerçants comptent sur l’Etat, développent leur capital, le valorise, l’échange à l’autre bout du pays contre un autre bien, ou sur le marché international ?&lt;/i&gt; »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Si on ne fait rien, &lt;strong class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;des centaines de millions de gens vont travailler dans l’extralégalité&lt;/strong&gt;, dans les pays pauvres : maisons construites sans contrats, immeubles sous-capitalisés, immobilier hors-la-loi. « &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Au Mexique, 28 à 39% du PIB du pays dépendait du secteur informel en 1987, et en 1996 8 millions de travailleurs sur 20 n’étaient pas déclarés (...). En Amazonie, 10% seulement des terres sont couvertes par des titres de propriété. L’industrie du bâtiment a progressé sur le papier de 0,1% en 1995, et la fabrication du ciment de 20% en un semestre. Pourquoi cette différence ? 60 à 70% des constructions n’ont aucune visibilité légale. Elles ne peuvent même pas être utilisées comme adresse, encore moins comme capital. Ce sont des richesses perdues, hors juridiction. Le droit ce n’est pas seulement l’ordre qui sous-tend l’activité économique et démocratique, c’est d’abord un système d’information fiable qui garantit l’existence et les biens d’une personne&lt;/i&gt; ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Une extralégalité qui pourrait durer, car on ne peut rien localiser, donc on n’identifie pas bien les mafias.&lt;/strong&gt; Les chefs de tribu, les terroristes prospèrent sur ces secteurs où les règles collectives sont inventées, les transactions arrangées, les papiers inventés, les baux non-reconnus. « &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Si vous voulez, les pays en voie de développement vivent une crise des subprimes permanente ! Il m’a fallu des années pour comprendre en quoi le point de vue du Sud peut aider le Nord. Nous vous regardons du dehors et pouvons analyser votre système dans ses effets réels, sans être aveuglés. Michel Foucault disait que pour comprendre la santé mentale, vous devez comprendre la folie. Le seul avantage de vivre dans un pays émergent où les droits, les libertés et les responsabilités ne sont pas respectés est d’apprécier comment vivent ceux qui les ont acquis. Le plus intéressant dans la crise financière récente, c’est que l’Occident a commencé de nous ressembler ! Vous vous êtes engagés dans un système informel qui ne permet plus d’identifier les volumes des transactions, les valeurs réelles des choses. Vous avez oublié le socle, les échafaudages de votre système. L’avantage que j’ai sur vous, à vivre dans un monde sans échafaudage, je peux le voir !&lt;/i&gt; »&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;D’où cette idée de « capital mort » dans les pays en développement&lt;/strong&gt;. Des analystes ont évalué l’immobilier dans cinq métropoles des pays du Sud (Le Caire, Lima, Manille, Mexico, Port-au-Prince), immeuble par immeuble, bicoque par bicoque. Les règles changent vite, les bidonvilles comme l’habitat rural fonctionnent comme du « capital mort ». La quasi-totalité des paysans haïtiens, 9 habitants sur 10 au Caire n’ont pas de titre de propriété... Certes, la valeur de ces biens est faible, mais additionnée, elle représente plusieurs fois l’aide financière internationale aux pays du Sud, « &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt; tous vos investissements privés depuis la deuxième guerre mondiale. Ou encore au moins 20 fois les sommes que Paulson a investi pour aider les banques américaines ! &lt;/i&gt; » Ce qui nous fait dire que les pauvres sont plus riches qu’ils ne le croient : les biens extralégaux urbains urbains au Pérou sont estimés à cinq fois la capitalisation de la bourse de Lima avant le krach de 1998 &lt;strong class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt; ? « &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;À Haïti, la valeur totale des biens appartenant aux pauvres est 150 fois supérieure à la totalité des investissements étrangers reçus dans l’île depuis 1904. En Egypte, la richesse des pauvres représente 55 fois la valeur investie par les pays riches, barrage d’Assouan et canal de Suez compris. Aux Philippines, l’immobilier extralégal atteint 133 milliards de dollars, soit quatre fois la capitalisation des 216 entreprises du pays cotées en Bourse, sept fois le montant total des dépôts gérés par les banques. » Soit un total pour tous les pays pauvres et anciens pays du bloc communiste, « de 9300 milliards de dollars, c’est-à-dire à peu près deux fois la masse monétaire en circulation aux Etats-Unis ». Ce qui fait dire à Hernando de Soto que les pauvres ne sont pas le problème mais « la solution, à condition qu’ils puissent mobiliser leur capital&lt;/i&gt; ».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Que faire ?&lt;/strong&gt; De nombreux pays se sont intéressés à la légalisation de certaines propriétés informelles comme la Russie et ses 400 000 datchas, la Chine et son « capitalisme léger », l’Egypte, la Syrie, la Libye. L’ex-Secrétaire d’Etat américaine, Madeleine Albright qui a monté une &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor&lt;/i&gt;, soutenue par l’Irlande, le Mexique, la Tanzanie et beaucoup d’anciens chefs d’Etat et diplomates veulent faire voter un renforcement de l’AG des Droits de l’homme : « &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Chaque être humain a droit à sa propriété&lt;/i&gt; ». Une révolution pour quatre milliards d’êtres humains exclus de l’Etat de droit. Il faut repenser la mondialisation qui vient &lt;i class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;« nous rappeler où sont les véritables forces économiques, d’où procèdent les échecs récents. Il est temps de comprendre combien la crise actuelle provient en grande partie du fait de la pauvreté chronique de plus de la moitié du monde, qui vit hors de l’économie globale...&lt;/i&gt; »&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;Gilles Fumey&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;        &lt;!-- Post scriptum --&gt;            &lt;!-- notes --&gt;    &lt;div class=&quot;notes&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;spip_note&quot;&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cafe-geo.net/article.php3?id_article=1794#nh1&quot; name=&quot;nb1&quot; class=&quot;spip_note&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] Le Monde, 8 novembre 2008 (dans lequel on peut l’intégralité de l’interview).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;spip_note&quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cafe-geo.net/article.php3?id_article=1794#nh2&quot; name=&quot;nb2&quot; class=&quot;spip_note&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] 2005.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;            &lt;!-- docmuments joints --&gt;           &lt;br /&gt;       &lt;div class=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;URL pour citer cet article: &lt;/b&gt;http://www.cafe-geo.net/article.php3?id_article=1794&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/3777604066540676910/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/3777604066540676910' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/3777604066540676910'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/3777604066540676910'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2010/01/comprendre-la-pauvrete-dans-le-monde.html' title='Comprendre la pauvreté dans le monde'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-3389160664664517363</id><published>2009-03-25T02:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-25T02:53:07.504-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crise"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crisis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="economie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ECONOMY"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="finance"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="housing"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="logement"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="monnaie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="recovery"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="reprise"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="USA"/><title type='text'>US ECONOMIC TRENDS feb.2009</title><content type='html'>ECONOMIC TRENDS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Postwar Trends in Economic Well-Being in the United States, 1959–2004 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Levy Economics Institute of Bard College – Report - February 2009 – 17 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.levy.org/pubs/lmw_feb_09.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“The Levy Institute Measure of Economic Well-Being (LIMEW) is a more comprehensive measure than either gross money income or extended income because it includes estimates of public consumption and household production, as well as the long-run benefits from the ownership of wealth… The authors find that median household well-being grew rather sluggishly over the 1959–2004 period compared to the annual growth rate of per capita GDP. They note the crucial role of net government expenditures, and therefore call for the Obama administration’s fiscal stimulus package to improve the broader economic well-being of the poor and the middle class, while also creating jobs.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Brian K. Bucks, Arthur B. Kennickell, Traci L. Mach, and Kevin B. Moore &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2004 to 2007&lt;/span&gt;: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances &lt;br /&gt;Federal Reserve Bulletin - February 12, 2009 – 56 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/bulletin/2009/pdf/scf09.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Data from the 2004 and 2007 SCF show that median income barely changed, while mean income rose substantially, an indication that income gains were much greater for families in the uppermost part of the distribution. Although overall both median and mean net worth increased strongly over this period—17.7 percent and 13.0 percent, respectively—these measures declined for families at the bottom of the wealth distribution.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Report Card for &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;America’s Infrastructure &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;American Society of Civil Engineers - January 28, 2009 -  &lt;br /&gt;http://www.asce.org/reportcard/2009/grades.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The study is an assessment by professional engineers of the nation’s status in 15 categories of infrastructure. In 2009, all signs point to an infrastructure that is poorly maintained, unable to meet current and future demands, and in some cases, unsafe. A healthy infrastructure is the backbone of a healthy economy. In these challenging times, infrastructure is essential to reviving the nation’s fortunes, and in maintaining our high quality of life, concludes the study. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thomas I. Palley&lt;br /&gt;After the Bust: The &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Outlook for Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Policy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Levy Economics Institute of Bard College – Public Policy Brief - January 2009 – 28 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.levy.org/pubs/ppb_97.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Change” was the buzzword of the Obama campaign, in response to a political agenda precipitated by financial turmoil and a global economic crisis. According to the author, the neoliberal economic policy paradigm underlying that agenda must itself change if there is to be a successful policy response to the crisis. Mainstream economic theory remains unreformed, says Palley, and he warns of a return to failed policies if a deep crisis is averted. Since Post Keynesians accurately predicted that the U.S. economy would implode from within, there is an opportunity for Post Keynesian economics to replace neoliberalism with a more successful approach.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;U.S. Metro Economies: &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;The Engines of Economic Recovery &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;U.S. Conference of Mayors and the Council for the New American City - January 2009 – 19 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://usmayors.org/77thWinterMeeting/documents/usmer-report-200901.pdf&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;The key findings include: unemployment will rise in metro areas in 2009, shrinking GDP, growing unemployment nationwide, regional impacts, metro areas are essential to national economic recovery.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;James Kvaal, Ben Furnas  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Recession, Poverty, and the Recovery Act &lt;/span&gt;- Millions Are at Risk of Falling Out of the Middle Class &lt;br /&gt;Center for American Progress – Report – February 11, 2009 - 8 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/02/pdf/recession_poverty.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“The American economy is in a recession that is 14 months old, and the downturn appears to be growing deeper and more severe. Approximately 1.8 million Americans lost their jobs in the past three months alone—nearly 20,000 a day. Helping struggling families is not only the right thing to do in hard times; it is also one of the most cost-effective ways to fight the recession.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;ECONOMIC CRISIS : STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;White House Releases State by State Numbers; American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Save or Create 3.5 Million Jobs &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The White House – February 17, 2009&lt;br /&gt;http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/White-House-Releases-State-by-State-Numbers-American-Recovery-and-Reinvestment-Act-to-Save-or-Create-35-Million-Jobs/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This site offers links to tables and fact sheets outlining the impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.  The estimates are derived from an analysis of the overall employment impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act conducted by Christina Romer, Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, and Jared Bernstein, Chief Economist for the Vice President, and detailed estimates of the working age population, employment, and industrial composition of each state.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jason Bordoff, Lael Brainard, Carola McGiffert, Isaac Sorkin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Strengthening American Competitiveness&lt;/span&gt;: Regaining Our Competitive Edge - Four Priorities and 20 New Ideas &lt;br /&gt;The Brookings Institution – Paper - February 2009 – 28 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/02_american_competitiveness_brainard/02_american_competitiveness_brainard.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“If we are going to provide opportunities for all Americans going forward, we need to make the right investments today to rebuild American competitiveness by investing in our people, infrastructure, ideas, and green transformation. This paper addresses this central challenge for the United States.” They “lay out the fundamentals of a competitiveness agenda through descriptions of specific policy proposals by leading experts on how to invest more robustly in infrastructure, people, ideas and green transformation. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trevor Houser, Shashank Mohan, and Robert Heilmayr&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;A Green Global Recovery? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Peterson Institute -  Policy Brief – February 2009 – 21 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/pb/pb09-3.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“The authors consider twelve proposed &quot;green&quot; stimulus programs and examine the economic, environmental, and energy-security costs and benefits of these proposals using the Energy Information Administration&#39;s National Energy Modeling System and the Bureau of Economic Analysis&#39;s RIMS II multipliers.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gerald W. Scully &lt;br /&gt;Will &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;the $800 Billion-Plus Stimulus Plan&lt;/span&gt; Bring Economic Recovery? &lt;br /&gt;National Center for Policy Analysis - Brief Analysis - February 10, 2009 – 2 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.ncpa.org/pub/ba/ba643/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Banker greed and Wall Street are blamed, but government policies over the last 25 years are the root cause of the current financial crisis”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Restoring the Economy:&lt;/span&gt; Strategies for Short-term and Long-term Change &lt;br /&gt;U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee - Hearing - February 26, 2009&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “This hearing explored the short-term actions that are being taken to restore the economy to create a functioning credit system, and the long-term actions that must be taken to prevent the recurrence of this kind of financial disaster in the future.”&lt;br /&gt;Roger C. Altman, Chairman and CEO, Evercore Partners, Inc. &lt;br /&gt;Joseph Mason, Professor of Economics, Louisiana State University  &lt;br /&gt;Adam Posen, Deputy Director, Peterson Institute for International Economics &lt;br /&gt;Paul Volcker, Chairman, President’s Economic Advisory Board &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Derek Scissors and J.D. Foster&lt;br /&gt;Two Lost Decades? Why Japan’s Economy Is Still Stumbling and &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;How the U.S. Can Stay Upright&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Heritage Foundation – WebMemo – February 23, 2009 – 5 pages &lt;br /&gt;http://www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/upload/wm_2307.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “A heated and important debate is underway as to how America should respond to its financial crisis and the deepening recession. Another lesson from Japan is that, if the U.S wants to secure long-term prosperity and the future of American leadership, it must also be concerned about the next two decades. If the U.S does not fundamentally change its tax, spending, and regulatory policies, this nation risks replaying Japan&#39;s two lost decades, with all that entails.”&lt;br /&gt;        &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;HOUSING&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meeting Multifamily &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Housing Finance Needs &lt;/span&gt;During and after the Credit Crisis&lt;br /&gt;Harvard University - Joint Center for Housing Studies – Policy Brief - January 2009 – 28 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/finance/multifamily_housing_finance_needs.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The study contends that the policymakers must recognize the important differences between single-family and multifamily financing and take steps to ensure an adequate supply of capital to the multifamily sector during and after the economic crisis. The paper details the growing importance of rental apartments and points to a looming liquidity crisis that could seriously impair the sector, leading to a critical housing shortage.  &lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jordan Rappaport&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Affordability of Homeownership &lt;/span&gt;to Middle-Income Americans  &lt;br /&gt;FRB Kansas City - Economic Review - Fourth Quarter 2008 – 31 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.kansascityfed.org/Publicat/ECONREV/PDF/4q08Rappaport.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“From 1971 through mid-2007, the nominal national sales price of housing grew almost eightfold. Controlling for inflation, this represented a near doubling in the relative price of housing. The retrenchment in prices that began in 2007 has so far remained small compared to the earlier increase.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Homeowner Affordability and Stability Plan&lt;/span&gt; Fact Sheet&lt;br /&gt;U.S. Department of the Treasury – Fact Sheet - February 19, 2009&lt;br /&gt;http://www.ustreas.gov/news/index2.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Homeowner Affordability and Stability Plan is part of the President Obama’s broad, comprehensive strategy to get the economy back on track. The plan will help up to 7 to 9 million families restructure or refinance their mortgages to avoid foreclosure. In doing so, the plan not only helps responsible homeowners on the verge of defaulting, but prevents neighborhoods and communities from being pulled over the edge too, as defaults and foreclosures contribute to falling home values, failing local businesses, and lost jobs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;House Prices and Bank Loan Performance &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;FRB San Francisco – Economic Letter – February 6, 2009 – 4 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2009/el2009-06.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“A number of studies have shown a strong link between house price depreciation and defaults on residential mortgages. This Economic Letter reports on new research which looks at the performance of commercial banks and finds further evidence on this link. The study also finds that the performance of land development and construction loans is even more sensitive to house prices than the performance of residential mortgages, consistent with very high delinquency rates on the former set of loans. At the same time, the study finds little evidence that spillovers from falling house prices have materially affected the performance of other types of loan categories at commercial banks.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;FISCAL AND TAX POLICIES&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;New Approaches to Addressing &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Long-Term Fiscal Responsibility&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Brookings – Statement by members of the Brookings-Heritage Fiscal Seminar – February 19, 2009&lt;br /&gt;http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0219_fiscal_responsiblity_sawhill.aspx?emc=lm&amp;m=222610&amp;l=8&amp;v=252043&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“We therefore urge the President to lead a major public engagement effort – beyond a one-day summit – to inform Americans of the scale and nature of the long-term fiscal crisis, explain the consequences of inaction and discuss the options for solving the problem. This should be bipartisan, and involve a serious conversation with Americans to help guide action in Washington. As a group with some experience in this domain, we stand ready to assist if needed.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;A New Era of Responsibility&lt;/span&gt; - Renewing America’s Promise&lt;br /&gt;White House, Office of Management and Budget – February 26, 2009 &lt;br /&gt;http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/assets/fy2010_new_era/A_New_Era_of_Responsibility2.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The budget of the United States Government for the fiscal  year 2010.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Democrats:&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt; Brief Analysis of President Obama’s FY 2010 Budget&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;U.S. Senate, Senate Budget Committee, Democratic Staff - Brief Analysis – February 27, 2009 – 13 pages &lt;br /&gt;http://budget.senate.gov/democratic/statements/2009/Obama%20FY%202010%20Budget%20Brief%20Analysis_022709.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Democratic Staff of the Senate Budget Committee comments on President Obama’s FY 2010 Budget.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Republicans: The Obama Budget: A Summary and Analysis&lt;br /&gt;U.S. Senate, Senate Budget Committee, Republican Staff – February 26, 2009 – 10 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://budget.senate.gov/republican/pressarchive/2009-02-26BudgetOutlineSummary.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Republican Staff of the Senate Budget Committee comments on President Obama’s FY 2010 Budget.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allison Hughey&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;How Tax Relief Can Stimulate Economic Growth &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;National Center for Policy Analysis – Brief analysis - February 10, 2009 – 2 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.ncpa.org/pub/ba/ba641/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Congress is debating an economic stimulus package that would substantially increase federal spending, but may not speed recovery from the current recession.  The Congressional Budget Office estimates that less than 40 percent of the proposed infrastructure spending in the stimulus bill will be spent within two years.  Tax cuts, by contrast, can have an immediate effect.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;William G. Gale and Alan J. Auerbach&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;The Economic Crisis and the Fiscal Crisis:&lt;/span&gt; 2009 and Beyond&lt;br /&gt;The Brookings Institution – Paper – February 19, 2009 - 29 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/0219_fiscal_future_gale/0219_fiscal_future_gale.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“This paper discusses the impact of recent tumultuous economic events and policy interventions on the Federal fiscal picture for the immediate future and for the longer run.  In 2009, the federal deficit will be larger as a share of the economy than at any time since World War II. The current deficit is due in part to economic weakness and the stimulus, and in part to policy choices made in the past. What is more troubling is that, under what we view as optimistic assumptions, the deficit is projected to average at least $1 trillion per year for the 10 years after 2009, even if the economy returns to full employment and the stimulus package is allowed to expire in two years. The longer-run picture is even bleaker…”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;MONETARY POLICY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ben S. Bernanke&lt;br /&gt;The Semiannual &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Monetary Policy Report to the Congress&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs - Hearing - January 24, 2009 - 10 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://banking.senate.gov/public/_files/BERNANKESTMT022409_MPR_SenateBankingCommittee.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ben S.Bernanke, Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System analyzes the economic situation and monetary policy. After describing the recent economic and financial developments and the policy responses, he develops the economic outlook and the quarterly projections of the Federal Open Market Committee. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Monetary Policy and the State of the Economy&lt;br /&gt;U.S. House Committee on Financial Services - Hearing - February 26, 2009&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. James K. Galbraith, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin  &lt;br /&gt;Dr. Alan S. Blinder, Center for Economic Policy Studies, Princeton University &lt;br /&gt;Dr. John B. Taylor, Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This hearing is following Ben S.Bernanke’s Semiannual Monetary Policy Report to the Congress, presented before the Senate (February 24) and the House (February 25) Committees. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;FINANCE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Julia S. Perelstein&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Macroeconomic Imbalances in the United States and their Impact on the International Financial System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Levy Economics Institute of Bard College - Web posted - February 2009 – 21 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.levy.org/pubs/wp_554.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The paper presents that the financial crisis of 2007–08 was made global by the current account deficit in the United States and there is global dependence on the United States trade deficit as a means of maintaining liquidity in financial markets. The outflow of dollars from the United States was invested in U.S. capital markets, causing inflation in asset markets and leading to a bubble and bust in the subprime mortgage sector. Since the U.S. dollar is the international reserve currency, international debt is mostly denominated in dollars. Because there is a high degree of global financial integration, any reduction in the U.S. balance of trade will have negative effects on many countries throughout the world, according to the paper. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mark Jickling &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Causes of the Financial Crisis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress - Web posted February 11, 2009 – 10 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.taxpayer.net/user_uploads/file/Reports/CRS/1-29-09%20CRS%20Causes%20of%20the%20Financial%20Crisis.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The current financial crisis began in August 2007, when financial stability replaced inflation as the Federal Reserve’s chief concern. The roots of the crisis go back much further, and there are various views on the fundamental causes. It is generally accepted that credit standards in U.S. mortgage lending were relaxed in the early 2000s, and that rising rates of delinquency and foreclosures delivered a sharp shock to a range of U.S. financial institutions. While some may insist that there is a single cause, and thus a simple remedy, the sheer number of causal factors that have been identified tends to suggest that the current financial situation is not yet fully understood in its full complexity. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Martin Neil Baily and Robert E. Litan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Fixing Finance: A Roadmap for Reform&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Brookings Institution – Paper – February 17, 2009 - 45 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/0217_finance_baily_litan/0217_finance_baily_litan.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“The Obama Administration has announced that fixing the nation’s financial system is one of its highest initial priorities… In this essay, we attempt to provide our own version of a roadmap for reform. We believe that the central challenge confronting policy makers now is to establish a new regulatory framework that will do a far better job preventing financial abuses and their consequences without chilling innovation and prudent risk-taking that are essential for growth in any economy. To accomplish that end will require a major restructuring and strengthening of the two pillars upon which an efficient and safe financial system must rest: market discipline and sound regulation.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Financial Stability Plan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Joint statement by Secretary of the Treasury Timothy  F. Geithner, chairman of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System, Ben S. Bernanke, chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Sheila Bair, comptroller of the currency, John C. Dugan, and director of the Office of Thrift Supervision John M. Reich &lt;br /&gt;Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation – Press release - February 12, 2009&lt;br /&gt;http://www.fdic.gov/news/news/press/2009/pr_fsb.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A comprehensive set of measures to restore confidence in the strength of U.S. financial institutions and to restart the critical flow of credit to households and businesses has been announced. The program will help lay the groundwork for restoring the flows of credit necessary to support recovery. The core program elements include new Capital Assistance Program and Public-Private Investment Fund. A new Treasury and Federal Reserve initiative to dramatically expand, up to $1 trillion, the existing Term Asset-Backed Securities Lending Facility (TALF) in order to reduce credit spreads and restart the securitized credit markets that in recent years supported a substantial portion of lending to households, students, small businesses, and others. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;N. Eric Weiss et al.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Troubled Asset Relief Program and Foreclosures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress - February 17, 2009 – 13 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40224_20090217.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Increasing foreclosure rates and problems in financial markets are some of the issues addressed in the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-343), which created the Troubled Asset Relief Plan (TARP). The law authorized $700 billion in spending. The report focuses on Title II of the bill, which would require the Treasury to spend a minimum of $40 billion of the second $350 billion on foreclosure mitigation. The bill, as passed by the House, would require the Secretary of the Treasury to develop a plan by March 15, 2009. Both H.R. 703 and H.R. 788 have the same safe-harbor provisions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;David C. John, James L. Gattuso&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Obama&#39;s Bank Bailout Plan&lt;/span&gt;: Not Ready for Prime Time&lt;br /&gt;The Heritage Foundation - Web memo - February 12, 2009&lt;br /&gt;http://www.heritage.org/Research/Economy/wm2291.cfm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“The Administration&#39;s financial bailout strategy announced by Timothy Geithner, despite some positive elements, is filled with incomplete and unsound policy proposals financed by trillions of taxpayer dollars”. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Living on the Hedge: &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;A Forum on the Private Investment Fund Industry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Brookings Institution – Event transcript – February 12, 2009 – 143 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.brookings.edu/events/2009/0212_hedge.aspx?emc=lm&amp;m=222135&amp;l=44&amp;v=252043&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wall Street hedge funds and their larger-than-life managers have captured Main Street’s imagination, as well as investor dollars. On February 12, the Brookings Institution hosted a forum to explore the role of hedge funds in the ongoing financial crisis, as well as their uncertain future in the evolving regulatory environment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tim Westrich&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Putting Credit Card Debt on Notice &lt;/span&gt;- Using electronic reminders to give consumers the right information at the right time&lt;br /&gt;Center for American Progress – Report - February 2009 – 14 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/02/pdf/credit_cards.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Washington is awash in proposals for revamping banking regulation—and credit card fees are only one element that needs to be examined. But lawmakers should consider how technology can make everyday financial products such as credit cards easier to use and understand.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stuart E. Weiner&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;The Federal Reserve&#39;s Role in Retail Payments&lt;/span&gt;: Adapting to a New Environment&lt;br /&gt;FRB Kansas City - Economic Review - Fourth Quarter 2008 – 30 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.kansascityfed.org/Publicat/ECONREV/PDF/4q08weiner.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“The U.S. retail payments system is in the midst of a transformation. The shift from paper to electronics, the emergence of new instruments and payments channels, the rise in nonbank participation, the change in risk profiles—all are elements of this new landscape. The Federal Reserve takes as one of its mandates fostering a payments system that is safe, efficient, and accessible. How does the Federal Reserve fulfill this mandate in this new environment?”</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/3389160664664517363/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/3389160664664517363' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/3389160664664517363'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/3389160664664517363'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2009/03/us-economic-trends-feb2009.html' title='US ECONOMIC TRENDS feb.2009'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-8940063849120520876</id><published>2009-02-07T03:00:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-07T03:11:13.491-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crise"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crisis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ECONOMY"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="USA"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="WORLD"/><title type='text'>GENERAL ECONOMY: USA and WORLD</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Source:&lt;a href=&quot;http://france.usembassy.gov&quot;&gt; http://france.usembassy.gov&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;GENERAL ECONOMY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Performance 2009: Productivity, Employment, and Growth in the World’s Economies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; The Conference Board - January 22, 2009 – 20 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.conference-board.org/pdf_free/Productivity2009.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Despite a slowdown in world productivity in 2008, output per hour worked in the United States increased slightly by 1.7 percent, up from 1.5 percent in 2007, according to the latest annual. The most recent productivity advances have been realized, however, through rapid layoffs, suggesting that the productivity of remaining workers and firms is actually strengthening.        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Economic Report of the President Council of Economic Advisors&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;- January 2009 419 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.gpoaccess.gov/eop/2009/2009_erp.pdf The report contains current/foreseeable trends and annual numerical goals concerning topics such as employment, production, real income, and Federal budget outlays.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The Global Economy: Outlook, Risks, and Implications for Policy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Senate Budget Committee – Hearing – January 29, 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Recession Rewind &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The Urban Institute - Reports&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.urban.org/toolkit/issues/recession.cfm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;“As economists, policymakers, pundits, and the public debate whether we&#39;re in a recession, UI researchers review the lessons from the 2001 recession and its aftermath.  Have we learned from our past?”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; A Year-End Look at the Economic Slowdown’s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; Impact on Middle-Aged and Older Americans&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;S. Kathi Brown American Association of Retired Persons - January 2009 – 34 pages http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/econ/economic_slowdown_09.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Throughout 2008, the economy was battered by falling housing prices and increasing foreclosure rates, record stock market losses, rising unemployment, and weak consumer spending. An overwhelming majority of Americans ages 45+ believe that the economy is in bad shape. As a result of the economic downturn, the majority say that they cut back on entertainment spending (68%) and eating out (64%) during 2008. Additionally, 52 percent had more difficulty paying for essential items such as food, gas, and medicine in 2008, and 44 percent found it more difficult to pay for utilities. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;A First Look at the Foundation and Corporate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; Response to the Economic Crisis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Foundation Center – Report - January 2009 – 4 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://foundationcenter.org/gainknowledge/research/pdf/researchadvisory_economy_200901.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The report is an examination of foundation and corporate support in response to the current economic crisis. It is part of a research series intended to shed light on the impact of the economic downturn on the nonprofit sector.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;ECONOMIC RECOVERY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Economic Stimulus:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; Issues and Policies Congressional Research Service – January 23, 2009 – 23 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40104_20090123.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The need for additional fiscal stimulus depends on the state of the economy… Fiscal policy temporarily stimulates the economy through an increase in spending which also, if not offset by increases in revenue, increases the budget deficit… Economists generally agree that spending proposals are somewhat more stimulative than tax cuts since part of a tax cut may be saved by the recipients.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Summary of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;American Recovery and Reinvestment Act&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Senate – Appropriations Committee – February 2, 2009 – 5 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://appropriations.senate.gov/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; “The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 combines two essential ingredients needed to bring our economy back to life,” said Senate Appropriations Chairman Daniel K. Inouye (D-Hawaii). “We will create four million jobs in the near-term, and invest in America’s future by rebuilding our crumbling infrastructure for the long-term. In addition, this bill includes more than $301 billion to aid state and local governments as they struggle to meet increasing demand for social services amidst plummeting tax revenues. As we address this crisis, we must never lose sight of our responsibility to avoid wasteful spending by providing strict accountability and oversight measures. We must invest this money quickly, but also wisely.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pumping Life Back into the U.S. Economy - Why a Stimulus Package Must Be Big and Targeted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; Scott Lilly  Center for American Progress – Report - January 2009 – 28 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/01/pdf/lilly_stimulus.pdf “Priming the pump” is a metaphor that economists have frequently used to explain a policy of using government deficits to restore the circulation of goods, services, and money in a struggling economy. As our economy continues to deteriorate after nearly a year in recession, the question of pump priming becomes a central issue in public discourse. But there are a number of questions that need to be addressed before enacting any economic stimulus plan.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Repower America with Green Education, Green Jobs, Green Schools&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;National Wildlife Federation - January 8, 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.nwf.org/nwfwebadmin/binaryVault/Education_Fact_Sheet2.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.nwf.org/nwfwebadmin/binaryVault/Campus_Report_Card_Fact_Sheet.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Economic and education experts join National Wildlife Federation to push for green stimulus investments that would re-power America with green education, green jobs and green schools. Investments in education generate 23.1 jobs per $1 million in spending, nearly five times more jobs created than oil and natural gas sector spending, according to Robert Pollin, Department of Economics and Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts-Amherst. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Green Stimulus Proposals  Senate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; – Committee on Energy and Natural Resources – Source Book – January 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=IssueItems.View&amp;amp;IssueItem_ID=ce27babd-d579-40ce-91e9-7b41510d97d3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; “The purpose of this Green Book is to make available the principal ideas and proposals for the upcoming economic stimulus package that relate to “green” Federal programs or technologies in the jurisdiction of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Unites States Senate. The Committee has primary jurisdiction over a wide range of energy and public lands programs and policies that relate to the concept of a “green” economic stimulus. I have directed the Committee’s Majority Staff to assemble these ideas and proposals, and to make them available in a single compilation.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;A Proposal to Rebuild America by Investing in Transportation and Environmental Infrastructure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;House – Transportation and Infrastructure Committee - December 12, 2008 – 41 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://transportation.house.gov/Media/File/Full%20Committee/20090107/Rebuild%20America%20(updated%2012-12-08%20proposal).pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;“The Rebuild America proposal provides $85 billion of infrastructure investment to enhance the safety, security, and efficiency of our highway, transit, rail, aviation, environmental, inland waterways, public buildings, and maritime transportation infrastructure.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Infrastructure Investment: Ensuring an Effective Economic Recovery&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Package House – Transportation and Infrastructure Committee – Hearing - January 22, 2009 http://transportation.house.gov/hearings/hearingDetail.aspx?NewsID=798&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure held a hearing to examine how infrastructure investment contributes to job creation and economic recovery.  The hearing addressed infrastructure across the Committee&#39;s jurisdiction, including highways, bridges, public transportation, rail, aviation, ports, waterways, wastewater treatment facilities, and Federal buildings. It includes 18 written statements.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; Building America&#39;s 21st Century Infrastructure &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Jessica Milano Progressive Policy Institute - Memo to the Next President – January 15, 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=450020&amp;amp;subsecID=900200&amp;amp;contentID=254788&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;“America spends only about 2 percent of GDP per year on infrastructure investment (this includes federal, state, local, and private-sector spending). By contrast, that number is about 5 percent in Europe and between 9 percent and 12 percent in China… With the economy slumping, fuel costs rising over time, and private capital looking for new investment opportunities, infrastructure projects can boost our global competitiveness and create jobs at the same time. Many studies have pointed to a positive correlation between such investment and economic growth.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Memo to the President: Invest in Infrastructure for Long-Term Prosperity&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The Brookings Institution – Memo + event – January 12, 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2009/0112_prosperity_memo.aspx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/events/2009/0112_infrastructure/20090112_infrastructure.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;“President-elect Obama is preparing plans for an immediate economic stimulus package. At the same time, his new administration must consider how to make investments that will stabilize and strengthen our economy over the long term. Smart investments in infrastructure, innovation and life-long learning can enhance national prosperity—especially in metropolitan areas, where the bulk of our population lives and jobs are located.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The Digital Road to Recovery:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; A Stimulus Plan to Create Jobs, Boost Productivity and Revitalize America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Robert Atkinson, Daniel Castro and Stephen Ezell  The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation – - January 07, 2009 – 22 p. HTTP://WWW.ITIF.ORG/FILES/ROADTORECOVERY.PDF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;This report provides a detailed analysis and estimate of the short-term jobs impacts of using the stimulus package to spur investment in three critical digital networks: broadband, the smart grid and health IT.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Arts &amp;amp; the Economy: Using Arts and Culture to Stimulate State Economic Development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; National Governors Association  January 15, 2009 – 44 pages http://www.nga.org/Files/pdf/0901ARTSANDECONOMY.PDF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Fostering the arts and culture sector has played a vital role in state economic development, according to the report. Arts and culture-related industries, collectively known as “creative industries,” provide direct economic benefits to states and communities by creating jobs, attracting new investments, generating tax revenues and stimulating tourism and consumer purchases. &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/8940063849120520876/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/8940063849120520876' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/8940063849120520876'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/8940063849120520876'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2009/02/general-economy-usa-and-world.html' title='GENERAL ECONOMY: USA and WORLD'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-7674340879531514256</id><published>2009-02-07T02:30:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-07T02:33:43.711-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="INTERNATIONAL TRADE – FOREIGN INVESTMENT"/><title type='text'>INTERNATIONAL TRADE – FOREIGN INVESTMENT</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;INTERNATIONAL TRADE – FOREIGN INVESTMENT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;Source:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot; href=&quot;http://france.usembassy.gov/&quot;&gt; http://france.usembassy.gov &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;&quot; &gt;Trade Policy Report to the President-Elect and the 111th Congress&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;The Peterson Institute – Special report – January 16 – 16 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt; http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/papers/20081217presidentmemo.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;“As President-elect Barack Obama and the 111th Congress take office, addressing US trade policy will have to be an important part of the agenda. Responding to the global economic downturn, restoring the global standing of the United States, implementing global-warming initiatives, and clarifying the United States&#39; role in the world economy will all require a rethinking and reform of trade policy. The Trade Policy Study Group, comprising twenty-two former officials and close observers of US trade policy and chaired by Institute director C. Fred Bergsten, presents the President-elect with a four-part strategy for sustaining a constructive trade policy.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;Lee Hudson Teslik  Sovereign Wealth Funds  Council on Foreign Relations - Backgrounder – Updated January 29, 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.cfr.org/publication/15251/sovereign_wealth_funds.html?breadcrumb=%2Fpublication%2Fby_type%2Fbackgrounder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;“Creating funds to manage government wealth is not a new phenomenon. But over the past five years, wealth accumulated in existing funds has fluctuated significantly and the number of new funds has spiked.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;Raising Capital&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;: The role of Sovereign Wealth Funds&lt;/span&gt; FRB Chicago - Chicago Fed Letter - January 2009 – 4 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.chicagofed.org/publications/fedletter/cfljanuary2009_258.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;This article describes what sovereign wealth funds do, where their funding comes from, and what  drives their investment strategies. It also highlights some of the policy issues that their activities raise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Invest in America &lt;/span&gt;Department of Commerce – International Trade Administration http://www.trade.gov/investamerica/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;Invest in America is the primary U.S. Government mechanism to manage foreign direct investment promotion. Efforts are focused on outreach to foreign governments and investors, support for state governments’ investment promotion efforts, and addressing business climate concerns by serving as ombudsman in Washington for the international investment community.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;Daniel Griswold &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Shipping Jobs Overseas or Reaching New Customers? &lt;/span&gt;Why Congress Should Not Tax Reinvested Earnings Abroad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt; Cato Institute - Center for Trade Policy Studies - Free Trade Bulletin - January 13, 2009. http://www.freetrade.org/pubs/FTBs/FTB-036.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;“Investing abroad is not about “shipping jobs overseas.” There is no evidence that expanding employment at U.S.- owned affiliates comes at the expense of overall employment by parent companies back home in the United States. In fact, the evidence and experience of U.S. multinational companies points in the opposite direction: foreign and domestic operations tend to compliment each other and expand together.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;Closing Santa’s Sweatshop: How to Deliver on Obama’s and Congress’ &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Toy-Safety and Fair-Trade Promises&lt;/span&gt; Public Citizen - December 2008 – 27 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;http://www.citizen.org/documents/SantasSweatshop08.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;As U.S. toy imports hit record levels, U.S. trade policy and outdated consumer safety protections expose America’s children to a flood of unsafe toys, according to the study. It also documents campaign pledges on import safety made by President-elect Obama and new members of Congress. The United States is expected to import $23 billion in toys in 2008, 90 percent of that from China. Imports this year represent 90 percent of U.S. toys, which is the highest toy import level and share on record. Many nations producing our children’s toys have extremely lax safety standards and enforcement. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;Rawles O. King&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;  Ocean Piracy and its Impact on Insurance&lt;/span&gt; Congressional Research Service - Library of Congress - Web posted January 4, 2009 – 10 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40081_20081203.pdf Many Members of Congress are concerned about the sharp rise in pirate attacks in the strategic waterways in the Gulf of Aden off the East coast of Africa. Given the sharp increase in the number of pirate attacks, the cost of transporting cargo in international waters could rise dramatically because of the sharp increase in ocean marine insurance rates for ships transiting the Gulf of Aden. Commercial insurers, for example, could require a special war risk insurance premium costing an additional ten of thousands of dollars a day. These additional costs could adversely impact international trade during the current global economic slowdown.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/7674340879531514256/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/7674340879531514256' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/7674340879531514256'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/7674340879531514256'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2009/02/international-trade-foreign-investment.html' title='INTERNATIONAL TRADE – FOREIGN INVESTMENT'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-1264521074321863756</id><published>2008-11-12T09:39:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-12T09:51:17.887-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crise"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Etat"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="intelligence economique"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="technologie"/><title type='text'>L&#39;intelligence économique s&#39;est-elle trompée de cible?</title><content type='html'>Tardivement baptisée en 1994 (rapport MARTRE), l&#39;intelligence économique telle qu&#39;on l&#39;enseigne aujourd&#39;hui est une combinaison de techniques anciennes de sécurité technique, de renseignement militaire, d&#39;influence et de management à l&#39;américaine, déjà bien connues dans les années cinquante . C&#39;était alors la résultante combinée de l&#39;ardente obligation  du Plan , des missions de productivité liées au Plan Marshall, des expériences de  guerres psychologiques  en Indochine et en Algérie. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les trois piliers de l&#39;intelligence économique (information, secret, influence ) étaient  implicitement requises dans le  management général des organisations. Aucune de ces techniques n&#39;est totalement périmée. Mais aucune ne se montre totalement efficace devant la réalité des risques d&#39;aujourd&#39;hui et devant la manière dont se forme la valeur ajoutée d&#39;une entreprise ou d&#39;un territoire. Il faut chercher ailleurs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quand elle a été officialisée,&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt; l&#39;IE était déjà en retard&lt;/span&gt; sur les âges du management et du risque. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Au moins deux révolutions manageriales successives étaient déjà en fin de vie, bien qu&#39;elles aient fortement inspiré les problématiques de la toute jeune  discipline:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;l&#39;âge du management par les ingénieurs&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, soucieux de production, de sécurité des systèmes, de protection du secret industriel et technologique, de monopole des marchés publics (M.Martre venait de l&#39;Aerospatiale) &lt;br /&gt;- &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;l&#39;âge du management par les commerçants,&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; légitimement soucieux de la connaissance du marché, de la conservation des listes de clients, du détournement des produits, des  marques ou labels etc... et des champions nationaux dans les industries régaliennes et dans les produits de terroir (agriculture, haute couture, cinéma...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ces deux âges se combinaient très bien avec &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;le patriotisme économique&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; de la Quatrième  Republique et de la première moitié de la Cinquième. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; L&#39; »affirmative action »de l&#39;Etat en faveur de nos entreprises se manifestait alors par la protection du marché , par les subventions sectorielles, par les aides diverses à la production ou à l&#39;exportation  et surtout par les dévaluations du franc qui rétablissaient provisoirement la compétitivité de nos produits . &lt;br /&gt;Ces drogues douces mettaient un voile sur l&#39;inadaptation de nos entreprises  (sous-capitalisation,  organisation chaotique, contrôle laxiste, manque d&#39;ouverture d&#39;un management content de lui) . Mais la bonne signature de la France (dette publique) , en partie soutenue par les revenus passifs du tourisme, couvrait nos petites indolences. On était heureux comme Gott in Frankreich.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Le changement &lt;/span&gt;est progressivement venu ;&lt;br /&gt;-des modifications institutionnelles du milieu que nous avons voulues, sans doute à juste titre (en gros la libéralisation de l&#39;économie et la stabilisation du franc dans l&#39;euro)&lt;br /&gt;_ et des évolutions mal comprises donc mal maitrisées par les experts  et les puissants, a fortiori les citoyens ordinaires que nous sommes (en gros le développement exponentiel de la finance aux dépens de l&#39;économie)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;L&#39;ouverture institutionnelle des marchés&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; et leur libération s&#39;est faite progressivement;  1983  en fut une année décisive.&lt;br /&gt;Le marché commun européen a mis en lumière le fait que nos industries de consommation traditionnelles  ont été  victorieusement concurrencées par nos partenaires industriels (Allemagne, Italie, Pays Bas, Espagne...) bien avant l&#39;arrivée des produits délocalisés par nous au Maghreb ou dans les pays de l&#39;Est. Dès le milieu des années 90 des secteurs entiers des industries de consommation (textile, chaussure, meuble, jouet) et de petit équipement (matériel agricole, machine outil, bureautique) avaient pratiquement disparu. Par vraiment par agression illégale justifiant une assistance en intelligence économique, mais par inertie.&lt;br /&gt;Les produits asiatiques ( Chine , Taiwan, Asie du Sud Est) sont arrivés ensuite : textiles et produits de bas de gamme, puis electronique . Nul doute que; comme elle l&#39;est déjà pour les Etats Unis,  la Chine sera bientôt l&#39;usine de l&#39;Europe et peut être même son financier par la créance commerciale et par  l&#39;investissement des fonds souverains, de grands combinats industriels (sidérurgie?) et les achats de Bons du Trésor sans lesquels les services publics ne peuvent pas fonctionner, ni les entreprises en détresse ne peuvent pas être secourues .Tout ceci est la resultante logique de l&#39;ouverture nécessaire au marché international.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L&#39;autre grande révolution , née de la libération des capitaux, est &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;la puissante financiarisation&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; avec ses techniques ésotériques (produits dérivés, titrisation des dettes, hedge funds) qui portent sur des masses monétaires sans commune mesure avec celles de l&#39;économie réelle. On est en train de s&#39;en apercevoir avec l&#39;énormité des dotations indispensables en Amérique, en Europe et en Asie pour réparer les pertes des grands joueurs de poker en quête de profits créés « out of nothing »..&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L&#39;économie réelle de grand papa visait modestement (?) à connaître et satisfaire les besoins des consommateurs pour en tirer la rémunération raisonnable des facteurs de production (travail et capital) et le financement des investissements porteurs d&#39;avenir. &lt;br /&gt;C&#39;était l&#39;honneur de l&#39;économie des ingénieurs qui n&#39;étaient pourtant pas à l&#39;abri des mégafautes (éléphants blancs,catastrophes techniques, erreurs de planification etc...) pas forcément imputables à un manque d&#39;intelligence économique au sens strict.&lt;br /&gt;C&#39;était aussi au départ le devoir des gens de marketing qui devaient en principe établir le client au coeur des préoccupations. En une trentaine d&#39;années, ces commerçants prospères ont malheureusement dépassé leur mission en imposant aux clients des produits dont ils n&#39;avaient pas réellement besoin et qu&#39;ils ne pouvaient pas réellement s&#39;offrir. &lt;br /&gt;La combinaison de la publicité de masse et du crédit revolving « (crédit revolver?) est  à l&#39;origine directe de la crise américaine des subprimes et, de manière plus générale de la surconsommation américaine financée par les gains des bulles boursières...et par la Chine et les pétroliers arabes. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L&#39;orgueil des techniciens puis l&#39;avidité des commerçants ont poussé à la démesure.Dans les affaires récentes de niveau opérationnel (par exemple,à la Générale ou à  la Caisse d&#39;Epargne; ailleurs chez Parmalat , chez Enron ou chez les banquiers de l&#39;immobilier, ) l&#39;arrogance technique et la cupidité se sont rejointes avec des conséquences infiniment plus importantes que celles que gère habituellement l&#39;intelligence économique&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bien sûr, on invoque &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;la culpabilité d&#39;individus&lt;/span&gt;: publicitaires bling-bling, informaticiens trop habiles,  traders fous, patrons-voyous qui sautent en parachute après avoir ruiné leur entreprise.  Les cas isolés rassurent l&#39;opinion puisqu&#39;en principe la justice fait ensuite son  métier. Mais la réapparition des mêmes escroqueries , après changement de nom de marque ou fusions salvatrices (voir dans les métiers de la banque, de l&#39;assurance, du consulting, de la notation financière...) et surtout  la multiplication des incidents et leur coût croissant, finissent par nous interpeler .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Et &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;si le système lui-même fonctionnait mal ?&lt;/span&gt; par combinaison de laissez-faire étatique et monétaire, par tolérance d&#39;institutions ou de pays qui vivent de delinquance (paradis fiscaux, recyclage d&#39;argent suspect) , par mauvais contrôle de ceux qui ont le droit, par la titrisation, de construire des instruments de dette infiniment plus puissants que les réserves de toutes les banques centrale du monde.  On n&#39;est peut-être pas à l&#39;abri de violentes crises sociales et politiques. On est certainement dans le bain d&#39;une crise économique (stagflation par hausse des prix et ralentissement de la croissance) qui a d &#39;ailleurs précédé la crise proprement immobilière, bancaire et financière.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La chose est devenue si importante qu&#39;elle occupera les gouvernants d&#39;un monde en principe réveillé en sursaut par la crise et agréablement séduit par la nouvelle election américaine.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Pourra-ton ébranler le lourd porte-avion américain, indispensable à la sécurité militaire de beaucoup de pays et à la santé économique de tous? Porte-avion  qui fonctionne avec une certaine créativité technologique mais aussi avec la drogue de la surconsommation, du surendettement et de la surspéculation. Et qui navigue dans une mer peuplée d&#39;énormes icebergs comme la Chine et l&#39;Inde.&lt;br /&gt;Et comment se situera la consommation nécessaire à l&#39;activité économique courante (et aux rentrées fiscales) mais contraire à la nécessité écologique.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Que peut faire l&#39;intelligence économique? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Et que peuvent faire nos modestes capacités d&#39; opérateurs, plus ou moins techniciens,  devant des phénomènes qui nous  dépassent de beaucoup?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L&#39;intelligence, dans le domaine économique ou ailleurs consiste à utiliser des outils éprouvés (information, analyse, critique, contrôle etc...) pour découvrir soit la vérité (?) soit une décision pertinente . Mais l&#39;intelligence suppose avant tout de déterminer à quoi il faut appliquer l&#39;intelligence. Quelle est la situation de l&#39;acteur? Où sont les opportunités et les risques? Qui est la cible (ennemi ou partenaire ou élément à modifier, à protéger?)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On remarquera que, avant même la naissance officielle de l&#39;intelligence économique et encore aujourd&#39;hui la technologie (à protéger ou à conquérir) n&#39;était  pas à l&#39;origine des grandes crises sectorielles  (Airbus, bulle immobilière à répétition, déclin des industries de main d&#39;oeuvre). Pas plus d&#39;ailleurs que les atteintes au secret commercial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les grandes crises avant et après 1994  reposaient sur la conjoncture, sur les dysfonctionnements de systèmes de marché (penuries, excédents provisoires) et, disons le sur un mismanagement des entreprises ou des états. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Et si l&#39;intelligence économique s&#39;était trompée de cible et accessoirement de méthodes? Par quelles interrogations  retrouver des racines ?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Qui est l&#39;objet possible de la protection?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Qu&#39;est-ce qu&#39;une entreprise française?qui a droit à la protection publique?&lt;br /&gt;-Situation en France?du siège social? Des usines?&lt;br /&gt;-Capital français? Filiale de groupe européen ou étranger ?Majoritaire?minoritaire?&lt;br /&gt;-Compétition entre deux entreprises françaises: qui doit-on aider?&lt;br /&gt;-Quid de l&#39;entreprise française qui fait essentiellement appel à des actifs étrangers? &lt;br /&gt;- Ou qui commercialise des produits concurrents de productions françaises&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Que faut-il protéger dans l&#39;entreprise?&lt;/span&gt;jusqu&#39;où? &lt;br /&gt;-Les biens matériels&lt;br /&gt;- les biens immatériels: brevets, savoir faire&lt;br /&gt;- le personnel : emploi, rémunération, situation sociale?&lt;br /&gt;- Les dirigeants? Les actionnaires?&lt;br /&gt;- La contribution à la collectivité: impôt, charges sociales? (une entreprise sur deux ne paye pas d&#39;impôts : comment l&#39;impliquer?) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Qui est la cible  de l&#39;action protectrice?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Une personne physique ou morale usant de méthodes illégales?&lt;br /&gt;- Un concurrent étranger ou français bien déterminé, usant de méthodes illégales?&lt;br /&gt;- Un partenaire étranger ou français bien déterminé, usant de méthodes illégales? Ce peut-être aussi un salarié ou un dirigeant de l&#39;entreprise &lt;br /&gt;Une personne physique ou morale non déterminée usant de méthodes illégales?&lt;br /&gt;Une personne physique ou morale usant de méthodes inconnues ou légales mais dommageables?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On est jusque là  dans les domaines ordinaires de l&#39;action pénale ou de la responsabilité commerciale qui relèvent des tribunaux . Mais la concurrence ordinaire normale est sans doute le plus grand destructeur d&#39;entreprises fragiles&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- &lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;Une personne physique ou morale&lt;/span&gt; faisant un usage excessif de méthodes inconnues ou légales&lt;br /&gt;  l&#39;exigence de rentabilité financière à 15%&lt;br /&gt;  les frais de représentation et communication publicitaire,  les rémunérations exorbitantes et les parachutes dorés&lt;br /&gt;  Faut-il, et à quel prix exorbitant, réparer les pertes aux jeux des banquiers fous qui ont généré  ou rediffusé des « crédits toxiques » &lt;br /&gt;- &lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;Les systèmes&lt;/span&gt; qui bien ou mal utilisés conduisent à des situations dommageables&lt;br /&gt;*pour l&#39;entreprise elle-même, et ses ayant-droits de toutes natures du monde économique, social et politique (employés, clients, contribuables, responsables territoriaux ou gouvernementaux) &lt;br /&gt;*les risques ne proviennent pas seulement des agressions d&#39;autrui, d&#39;un acte ou d&#39;un événement précis mais souvent du mauvais fonctionnement de systèmes internes ou externes à l&#39;organisation (marchés, processus, programme économique ou politique, déroulement d&#39;une guerre)&lt;br /&gt;*les risques sont souvent potentiels. Pour les prévoir, les prévenir, s&#39;en défendre, voire les exploiter, il ne suffit certes pas d&#39;attendre la manifestation de crise. La quasi totalité des enseignements d&#39;intelligence économique supposent une crise déclarée. Il est alors trop tard  pour appliquer des techniques de sauvetage. Il faut peut-être réhabiliter Cassandre , voire encourager le « whistle blowing » institutionnel. &lt;br /&gt;* la fréquentation des méthodes prospectives (culture socio-économique, veille d&#39;environnement et de systèmes, faits porteurs d&#39;avenir, hypothèses, scenarios, évaluation et probabilité, gestion de conflits avant crises) n&#39;est pas forcément une panacée. Cependant elle serait un pas en direction de la sécurité préventive mais aussi d&#39;une meilleure réponse aux crises avérées.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On dit que « &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;la Concurrence et la Transparence sont les deux mamelles de la Gouvernance »&lt;/span&gt; . &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- L&#39;intelligence économique doit laisser un rôle tonifiant à &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;la concurrence&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; , sans quoi il n&#39;y a pas de progrès dans les organes transfusés.&lt;br /&gt;- La &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;transparence&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; est le commencement de la sagesse . S&#39;obliger à clarifier ses intentions , ses actes et ses résultats, est une manière de se contrôler soi-même et d&#39;incorporer les points de vue des ayant droits.&lt;br /&gt;- Malgré ses aspects de tarte à la crème, &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;la gouvernance&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; est en principe tout cela , mis au service de la direction ouverte  d&#39;une entreprise,  d&#39;une collectivité, d&#39;un  territoire voire bientôt de l&#39;humanité.&lt;br /&gt; La gouvernance n&#39;est pas une technique ni un règlement pompeux , mais un comportement collectif. &lt;br /&gt;Rappelons nous la leçon de &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;démocratie&lt;span style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; de la Carmélite de Bernanos&lt;br /&gt;« Ce n&#39;est pas la Règle qui nous garde, c&#39;est nous qui gardons la Règle » &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Voir &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/ACTEURS/a95acnintelco.php&quot;&gt;Table de l&#39;Intelligence economique&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/RISQUESindex3.php&quot;&gt;Table des Risques &lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/1264521074321863756/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/1264521074321863756' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/1264521074321863756'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/1264521074321863756'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2008/11/lintelligence-conomique-sest-elle.html' title='L&#39;intelligence économique s&#39;est-elle trompée de cible?'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-6141719035857865922</id><published>2008-08-15T02:02:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-15T02:07:23.807-07:00</updated><title type='text'>INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS</title><content type='html'>&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;INTERNATIONAL TRADE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Year in Trade 2007&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;U.S. International Trade Commission - Web posted August 6, 2008 – 40 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hotdocs.usitc.gov/docs/pubs/332/pub4026.pdf&quot;&gt;http://hotdocs.usitc.gov/docs/pubs/332/pub4026.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The report provides a practical review of U.S. international trade laws and actions in 2007, a summary of the operation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and an overview of U.S. free trade agreements and negotiations and of U.S. bilateral trade relations with major trading partners. It also includes complete listings of antidumping, countervailing duty, safeguard, intellectual property rights infringement, and section 301 cases undertaken by the U.S. government in 2007.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Future of U.S. Trade Policy: Perspectives from Former U.S. Trade Representatives&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Senate Committee on Finance – Hearing – July 29, 2008  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing072908.htm&quot;&gt;http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing072908.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“We have with us today a wealth of past experience. We have before us four former U.S.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Trade Representatives who together led this country’s trade policy through the first days&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;of the technological revolution to the global economy of today. We cannot forget their&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;past contributions. And their experience is a sure guide to the future.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot; lang=&quot;fr-FR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dimitri B. Papadimitriou et al. &lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Buffett Plan for Reducing the Trade Deficit&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Levy Economics Institute, Bard College – Paper - July 2008 – 40 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.levy.org/pubs/wp_538.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.levy.org/pubs/wp_538.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The paper examines a plan proposed by Warren Buffett, in which importers would be required to obtain certificates proportional to the amount of non-oil goods and possibly also services they brought into the country. These certificates would be granted to firms that exported goods. Exporting firms could then sell certificates to importing firms on an organized market. Starting from a relatively neutral projection of all major variables for the U.S. economy, the report estimates that the plan would raise the price of imports by approximately 9 percent, quickly reducing the current account deficit to about 2 percent of GDP. The possible instability in the price of certificates and retaliation by U.S. trade partners are included in the paper.  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;How Changes in the Value of the Chinese Currency Affect U.S. Imports&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Congressional Budget Office -  July 2008 – 24 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/95xx/doc9506/07-17-ChinaTrade.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/95xx/doc9506/07-17-ChinaTrade.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt; Rapid growth in imports of merchandise from the People’s Republic of China over the past decade has posed a challenge for competing U.S. manufacturers. Some observers believe that the Chinese government has contributed to growth in U.S. imports by maintaining an undervalued currency, and there have been calls for China to revalue its currency, the renminbi, that is, to raise its value (or allow it to rise) relative to the dollar as a way to level the playing field for U.S. manufacturers.  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jeffrey Schott&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Future of the Multilateral Trading System in a Multi-Polar World&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The Peterson Institute – Study – 2008 – 22 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/papers/schott0608.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/papers/schott0608.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“This paper assesses the future of the world trading system in the face of diminishing returns from current multilateral trade negotiations and the proliferation of bilateral and regional trade agreements (RTAs). It traces the evolution of the postwar trading regime from the early decades of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that were dominated by the United States and the European Communities to the new World Trade Organization (WTO) in which developing countries have begun to play a more important role, especially in the current Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs).”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;David M. Marchick and Matthew J. Slaughter &lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Global FDI Policy: Correcting a Protectionist Drift&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Council on Foreign Relations - Series on American Competitiveness - June 2008 – 56 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/FDl_CSR34.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/FDl_CSR34.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Foreign investment has been a principal engine of global economic growth in recent years. Both developed and developing countries have reaped substantial gains. This investment offers direct benefits to host countries, including job creation and increased tax revenue. It also helps source countries, where multinational firms are based, by allowing these firms to compete and earn profits abroad. However, foreign investment is not immune to the resistance in respect to the movement of goods and services. Calls to restrict investment are growing in many countries, with potentially significant adverse political and economic consequences. Acknowledging governments’ legitimate national security interests, the report lays out principles for host countries to follow in regulating foreign investment.  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;International Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights and American Competitiveness&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Senate Committee on Finance – Hearing - July 15, 2008&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing071508.htm&quot;&gt;http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing071508.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Witnesses:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Andrew Lack, Chairman, SONY BMG Music Entertainment, New York, NY&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Jeffrey Kindler, Chairman &amp;amp; Chief Executive Officer, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;John Barton, George E. Osborne Professor of Law, Emeritus, Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;J. Walter Cahill, International Vice President, International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, Moving Picture Technicians, Artists and Allied Crafts, Washington, DC&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. Fred Bergsten&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A Partnership of Equals - How Washington Should Respond to China&#39;s Economic Challenge&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Foreign Affairs - Article - July/August 2008&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20080701faessay87404/c-fred-bergsten/a-partnership-of-equals.html&quot;&gt;http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20080701faessay87404/c-fred-bergsten/a-partnership-of-equals.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“Beijing is shirking its responsibilities to the global economy. To encourage better behavior, Washington should offer to share global economic leadership.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Albert Keidel&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;China’s Economic Rise: Fact and Fiction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Carnegie Endowment for International Peace - July 2008 – 16 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/pb61_keidel_final.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/pb61_keidel_final.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;China’s economy will surpass that of the United States by 2035 and be twice its size by mid century, the report concludes. China’s rapid growth is driven by domestic demand—not exports—and will sustain high single-digit growth rates well into this century. The report examines China’s likely economic trajectory and its implications for global commercial, institutional, and military leadership.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;William H. Cooper &lt;/i&gt;Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress - Web posted June 22, 2008 – 29 pages &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Russia’s Economic Performance and Policies and Their Implications for the United States&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34512.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34512.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The Russian economy has grown impressively since 1999 and has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The growth has brought an improvement in the standard of living of the average Russian citizen and has brought economic stability that Russia had not experienced in at least a decade. The Russian economy is highly dependent on the production and export of oil, gas, and other natural resources. Its success has largely been the result of record-breaking world energy prices, although prudent fiscal policies have also helped to promote economic stability. While U.S. exports to Russia are still relatively small, for some producers, such as poultry, energy equipment, and technology, Russia is an important market. Russia is also an important supplier of a number of raw materials that are critical to U.S. manufacturers.  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot; lang=&quot;fr-FR&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/6141719035857865922/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/6141719035857865922' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6141719035857865922'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6141719035857865922'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2008/08/international-trade-and-economic.html' title='INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-6348666498295289483</id><published>2008-08-15T00:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-15T00:32:18.332-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="croissance"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="economie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="inflation"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="monnaie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="taux"/><title type='text'>US MONETARY POLICY</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Monetary Policy Report to the Congress&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Report: http://www.house.gov/apps/list/hearing/financialsvcs_dem/fullreport071608.pdf&lt;br /&gt;House Financial Services Committee – Hearing – July 16, 2008&lt;br /&gt;http://www.house.gov/apps/list/hearing/financialsvcs_dem/hr071608.shtml&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The committee held its semi-annual Humphrey Hawkins hearing to examine the conduct of monetary policy and the state of the U.S. economy on Wednesday, July 16th.  The committee received the testimony of Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Charles I. Plosser &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perspectives on the Economy, Inflation, and Monetary Policy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia – Remarks - July 22, 2008&lt;br /&gt;http://www.philadelphiafed.org/publicaffairs/speeches/plosser/2008/07-22-08_philadelphia-business-journal.cfm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Today, I want to share my thoughts about the economy and the financial markets. In doing so, I will comment briefly on how our economy got here and how I think it is likely to evolve over the next 18 months or so. I also want to devote part of my time to discussing my views about inflation and inflationary expectations. In particular, I want to explain why it is so important that inflation expectations remain firmly anchored, and why I believe that is key to keeping inflation itself under control.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Monetary Policy and Asset Markets:&lt;/span&gt; Conference Summary FRB San Francisco - Economic Letter – July 11, 2008 – 4 pages&lt;br /&gt;http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2008/el2008-21.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“This Economic Letter summarizes the papers presented at a conference on &quot;Monetary Policy and Asset Markets&quot; held at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco on February 22, 2008. The papers are available online.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jian Wang  &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Why Are Exchange Rates So Difficult to Predict?&lt;/span&gt; Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas - Economic Letter - June 2008&lt;br /&gt;http://dallasfed.org/research/eclett/2008/el0806.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“The U.S. dollar has been losing value against several major currencies this decade. Since 2001–02, the U.S. currency has fallen about 50 percent against the euro, 40 percent against the Canadian dollar and 30 percent against the British pound. These steep, prolonged depreciations have brought a new urgency to understanding the factors that move exchange rates. Some way of forecasting them would allow businesses, investors and others to make better, more-informed decisions. Unfortunately, exchange rates are very difficult, if not impossible, to predict—at least over short to medium time horizons.”&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;William R. Cline and John Williamson &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;New Estimates of Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange Rates&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/pb/pb08-7.pdf&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The study concludes that the dollar is still significantly overvalued against a number of Asian currencies, most prominently the Chinese renminbi and the Japanese yen. The renminbi needs to rise by about 30 percent against the dollar and the yen should strengthen by about 20 percent. A number of other Asian currencies also need to appreciate substantially.  The study also concludes that the euro and the pound are now overvalued on average. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C. Randall Henning The Peterson Institute – Book - June 2008 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Accountability and Oversight of US Exchange Rate Policy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://bookstore.petersoninstitute.org/book-store/4198.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“The US Congress long ago delegated authority over exchange rate policy to the US Treasury and the Federal Reserve. But the heat of the international trade and monetary conflicts of the mid-1980s prompted Congress to involve itself more deeply in exchange rate policy than it had before and more deeply than the legislatures of most of the other key currency countries. The Exchange Rates and International Economic Policy Coordination Act of 1988 (the 1988 Act, for short), an important component of the large omnibus trade act of that year, mandated Treasury to submit reports on international economic and exchange rate policies to Congress and the secretary to testify at follow-up hearings if asked to do so by the banking committees of the House and Senate.”&lt;br /&gt;****&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Liens &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://geoblog-amerique.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt; BLOG SUR LES ETATS-UNIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/ESPACES/e95useco.php&quot;&gt;L&#39;ECONOMIE DES ETATS-UNIS&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/THEMES/t50eco.php&quot;&gt;TABLE DE L&#39;ECONOMIE&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/6348666498295289483/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/6348666498295289483' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6348666498295289483'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6348666498295289483'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2008/08/us-monetary-policy.html' title='US MONETARY POLICY'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-6854236514373490832</id><published>2008-06-13T14:43:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-13T14:43:56.269-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="finance internationale"/><title type='text'>FONDS SOUVERAINS</title><content type='html'>&lt;!-- InstanceBeginEditable name=&quot;texte_rapport&quot; --&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tr1.mp009.net/r5.aspx?GV1=RUSF0HG00565000A6H000PD31004FCY9Z&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#336699;&quot;&gt;Rapport sur les fonds  souverains&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;Ministère de  l&#39;économie, de l&#39;industrie et de l&#39;emploi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/6854236514373490832/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/6854236514373490832' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6854236514373490832'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6854236514373490832'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2008/06/fonds-souverains.html' title='FONDS SOUVERAINS'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-3321755875067876143</id><published>2008-06-13T03:10:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-13T03:13:32.994-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="climat"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="developpement durable"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecologie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="economie"/><title type='text'>ECONOMIE ET DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/fre/2008/03/pdf/tamirisa.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/fre/2008/03/pdf/tamirisa.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Le changement climatique et l’économie&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Natalia Tamirisa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On peut faire face au changement climatique sans nuire à la stabilité macroéconomique ni à la croissance, et sans imposer une charge excessive aux pays qui sont les moins en mesure de s’acquitter du coût des mesures. Si celles–ci sont bien conçues, leur coût économique devrait être gérable.&lt;br /&gt;(308 kb fichier pdf)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/fre/2008/03/pdf/cline.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/fre/2008/03/pdf/cline.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Réchauffement climatique et agriculture&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;William R. Cline&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Si rien n’est fait pour diminuer les émissions de carbone, la productivité agricole pourrait fortement chuter, surtout dans les pays en développement. Ces pays ont donc grand intérêt à participer activement aux programmes internationaux de réduction des émissions.&lt;br /&gt;(2,000 kb fichier pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;p&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/fre/2008/03/pdf/jones.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/fre/2008/03/pdf/jones.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Le prix du changement climatique&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Benjamin Jones, Michael Keen et Jon Strand&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les pouvoirs publics doivent encourager les ménages et les entreprises à combattre le changement climatique et à s’y adapter. Le rôle des instruments budgétaires est indispensable pour atténuer le changement climatique et s’y adapter.&lt;br /&gt;(240 kb fichier pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/gifs/space.gif&quot; alt=&quot;spacer&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt; &lt;!-- --&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/fre/2008/03/pdf/mills.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/fre/2008/03/pdf/mills.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;L’écologisation des marchés&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Paul Mills&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Comment les marchés financiers réagiront-ils aux initiatives en matière de lutte contre le changement climatique et comment peuvent-ils au mieux promouvoir l’atténuation et l’adaptation? La réponse à ces questions sera cruciale pour établir un plan d’action et réduire son coût au minimum.&lt;br /&gt;(340 kb fichier pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/fre/2008/03/pdf/munasinghe.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/fre/2008/03/pdf/munasinghe.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hausse des températures, hausse des risques&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mohan Munasinghe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bien que le changement climatique et le développement durable soient des problèmes complexes et liés entre eux qui constituent un défi à relever par l’humanité, on pourrait les résoudre ensemble en intégrant les mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation dans le cadre plus général des stratégies de développement durable.&lt;br /&gt;(308 kb fichier pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Voir &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/ECOLOGIEindex3.php&quot;&gt;ECOLOGIE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/3321755875067876143/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/3321755875067876143' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/3321755875067876143'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/3321755875067876143'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2008/06/economie-et-developpement-durable.html' title='ECONOMIE ET DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-4679565083428459740</id><published>2008-06-13T02:44:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-13T02:50:36.493-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crise"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crisis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="subprimes"/><title type='text'>LA CRISE FINANCIERE, VUE PAR LE FMI</title><content type='html'>&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;215&quot;&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/kodres.htm_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/kodres.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;        A Crisis of Confidence... and a lot more &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Laura Kodres&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What can be done to prevent future crises like the one that began in the U.S. subprime mortgage market? This article argues that the source of the problem lies in incentives. But the remedies may be difficult to implement because faulty incentives are entrenched in the marketplace and in regulatory and supervisory systems.&lt;br /&gt; (432 kb, &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/kodres.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/kodres.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf file&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;       &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/dodd.htm_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/dodd.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Outbreak: U.S. Subprime Contagion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Randall Dodd and Paul Mills&lt;br /&gt;      &lt;/i&gt; The authors examine the origins of the subprime mortgage crisis and the reasons for its large spillover effects. They suggest policies to deal with such problems should aim to moderate leverage, improve liquidity management, foster market liquidity, promote due diligence, and increase transparency in the public availability of price and trading information.&lt;br /&gt;    (276 kb, &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/dodd.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/dodd.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf file&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;       &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/khor.htm_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/khor.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Point of View: Asia: A Perspective on the Subprime Crisis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Khor Hoe Ee and Kee Rui Xiong&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The authors, from the Monetary Authority of Singapore, examine the current crisis through the lens of the financial crisis that hit Asia in 1997. They discuss lessons industrial countries can take from the Asian crisis and lessons Asian countries can learn from the subprime crisis. They also explore the reasons for Asia&#39;s resilience, so far, to the current crisis.&lt;br /&gt;     (328 kb, &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/khor.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/khor.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf file&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/caruana.htm_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/caruana.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Banking on More Capital&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jaime Caruana and Aditya Narain&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One reason that banks succumbed to the subprime crisis is that they did not hold adequate amounts of capital. Against that background, the authors discuss the Basel II New Capital Adequacy Framework, suggesting that it does not address all the regulatory issues that arose from the crisis but that it does, nonetheless, have a key role to play.&lt;br /&gt;     (300 kb, &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/caruana.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/caruana.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf file&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;215&quot;&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/kodres.htm_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/kodres.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;        A Crisis of Confidence... and a lot more &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Laura Kodres&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What can be done to prevent future crises like the one that began in the U.S. subprime mortgage market? This article argues that the source of the problem lies in incentives. But the remedies may be difficult to implement because faulty incentives are entrenched in the marketplace and in regulatory and supervisory systems.&lt;br /&gt; (432 kb, &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/kodres.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/kodres.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf file&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;       &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/dodd.htm_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/dodd.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Outbreak: U.S. Subprime Contagion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Randall Dodd and Paul Mills&lt;br /&gt;      &lt;/i&gt; The authors examine the origins of the subprime mortgage crisis and the reasons for its large spillover effects. They suggest policies to deal with such problems should aim to moderate leverage, improve liquidity management, foster market liquidity, promote due diligence, and increase transparency in the public availability of price and trading information.&lt;br /&gt;    (276 kb, &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/dodd.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/dodd.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf file&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;       &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/khor.htm_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/khor.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Point of View: Asia: A Perspective on the Subprime Crisis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Khor Hoe Ee and Kee Rui Xiong&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The authors, from the Monetary Authority of Singapore, examine the current crisis through the lens of the financial crisis that hit Asia in 1997. They discuss lessons industrial countries can take from the Asian crisis and lessons Asian countries can learn from the subprime crisis. They also explore the reasons for Asia&#39;s resilience, so far, to the current crisis.&lt;br /&gt;     (328 kb, &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/khor.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/khor.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf file&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/caruana.htm_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/caruana.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Banking on More Capital&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jaime Caruana and Aditya Narain&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One reason that banks succumbed to the subprime crisis is that they did not hold adequate amounts of capital. Against that background, the authors discuss the Basel II New Capital Adequacy Framework, suggesting that it does not address all the regulatory issues that arose from the crisis but that it does, nonetheless, have a key role to play.&lt;br /&gt;     (300 kb, &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/caruana.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/caruana.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf file&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;           &lt;!-- --&gt;       &lt;td width=&quot;12&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/gifs/space.gif&quot; alt=&quot;spacer&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;!-- --&gt;        &lt;td width=&quot;215&quot;&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/gifs/space.gif&quot; alt=&quot;spacer&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;               &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/saurina.htm_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/saurina.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;                                     Point of View: Will Basel II Help Prevent Crises or Worsen Them?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                   &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jesús Saurina and Avinash D. Persaud&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The authors offer opposing views on whether the Basel II capital adequacy guidelines are too procyclical—that is, too lax on capital requirements during good times and too strict when conditions deteriorate.&lt;br /&gt;            (172 kb, &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/saurina.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/saurina.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf file&lt;/a&gt;)         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;VOIR : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/geoscopie/themes/t451cri2007.php&quot;&gt;La crise 2007-2008 &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;           &lt;!-- --&gt;       &lt;td width=&quot;12&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/gifs/space.gif&quot; alt=&quot;spacer&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;!-- --&gt;        &lt;td width=&quot;215&quot;&gt;        &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/gifs/space.gif&quot; alt=&quot;spacer&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;               &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/saurina.htm_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/saurina.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;                                     Point of View: Will Basel II Help Prevent Crises or Worsen Them?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                   &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jesús Saurina and Avinash D. Persaud&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The authors offer opposing views on whether the Basel II capital adequacy guidelines are too procyclical—that is, too lax on capital requirements during good times and too strict when conditions deteriorate.&lt;br /&gt;            (172 kb, &lt;a onclick=&quot;&#39;var&quot; x=&quot;.tl(&quot; s_objectid=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/saurina.pdf_1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/06/pdf/saurina.pdf&quot;&gt;pdf file&lt;/a&gt;)         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/4679565083428459740/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/4679565083428459740' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/4679565083428459740'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/4679565083428459740'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2008/06/la-crise-financiere-vue-par-le-fmi.html' title='LA CRISE FINANCIERE, VUE PAR LE FMI'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-6990783867217394111</id><published>2008-06-12T01:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-12T02:03:57.737-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crise"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="finance"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="money"/><title type='text'>MONETARY POLICY AND FINANCIAL MARKETS 2008</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MONETARY POLICY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Report to Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;U.S. Department of the Treasury - May 2008 – 39 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.treasury.gov/offices/international-affairs/economic-exchange-rates/052008_report.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.treasury.gov/offices/international-affairs/economic-exchange-rates/052008_report.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The report reviews developments in international economic and exchange rate policies, focusing on the second half of 2007. However, where pertinent and when available, data through mid-April 2008 are included and discussed. The report also includes an appendix updating issues related to Sovereign Wealth Funds. Exports and imports of goods and services to and from the countries whose economies and currencies are discussed accounted for about 85 percent of total U.S. trade in 2007.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FINANCE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Martin Neil Baily, Douglas W. Elmendorf and Robert E. Litan&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Great Credit Squeeze: How It Happened, How to Prevent Another&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The Brookings Institution – Paper - May 16, 2008 – 163 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brookings.edu/%7E/media/Files/rc/papers/2008/0516_credit_squeeze/0516_credit_squeeze.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2008/0516_credit_squeeze/0516_credit_squeeze.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Roundtable discussion - &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brookings.edu/events/2008/0516_credit.aspx&quot;&gt;http://www.brookings.edu/events/2008/0516_credit.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“The experience of the U.S. financial system and economy during the past year vividly demonstrate the need for reform of our financial regulation and supervision. Financial markets will always experience swings between confidence and fear; between optimism and pessimism. However, effective regulation and supervision can reduce the frequency, the magnitude, and the broader consequences of these swings. […]In the report, the authors examine the origins of the current crisis and recommend specific policy responses to address both the immediate and long-term challenges.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Subprime Mortgage Market: National and Twelfth District Developments&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;FRB San Francisco - 2007 Annual Report – 12 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/annual/2007/subprime.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/annual/2007/subprime.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“Learn about the factors that led to the subprime mortgage crisis, the impact of these developments on the nation and the Twelfth District, and &quot;lessons learned&quot;  that may contribute to financial market stability going forward. Find out about the major foreclosure prevention initiative the Community Development department launched in 2007 to understand the impact of the crisis on low- and moderate-income borrowers and neighborhoods and help homeowners in hard-hit communities avoid foreclosure.”&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The U.S. Housing Bubble and the Global Financial Crisis: Housing and Housing-Related Finance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Joint Economic Committee – Study – May 2008 - 30 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.house.gov/jec/news/Housing%20Bubble%20study.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.house.gov/jec/news/Housing%20Bubble%20study.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“A combination of government policy errors and private sector miscalculations and mistakes underlie the inflation and deflation of the housing bubble… The study examines how a combination of government policies fostered a credit expansion that fueled a huge bubble in the U.S. housing market, and how the popping of this bubble destabilized the international financial system.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Alex J. Pollock&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regulatory Implications of the Housing and Mortgage Bubble and Bust&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;United States Congress - Joint Economic Committee - Testimony – May 14, 2008 – 8 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.house.gov/jec/hearings/testimony/110/5-14-08/Pollock%20Testimony.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.house.gov/jec/hearings/testimony/110/5-14-08/Pollock%20Testimony.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“The severe housing and mortgage bust we are experiencing can best be understood as the inevitable deflation of a classic asset bubble. Historically speaking, why do we keep having these financial adventures, no matter what our technological and theoretical progress or regulatory reorganizations? Why is “a prudent banker one who goes broke when everybody else goes broke”? This witty line of Keynes points us to the eternal human elements behind the credit overexpansion that our sophisticated, globalized, computerized, and leveraged markets produced between 2003 and 2006, the subsequent debt panics of 2007 and 2008, and the continuing bust.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Paul Volcker&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Financial Crisis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;U.S. Congress - Joint Economic Committee - Testimony – May 14, 2008 – 5 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.house.gov/jec/hearings/testimony/110/5-14-08/Volcker%20Testimony.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.house.gov/jec/hearings/testimony/110/5-14-08/Volcker%20Testimony.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“I appreciate the opportunity to discuss informally some implications of the systemic risks in the financial system as revealed in the current crisis. This statement will simply point out some of the more important and unresolved issues as I see them. The complications are evident. There are no quick and facile answers. Your deliberations can, however, help lay the groundwork for legislation that will, I believe, be necessary, if not now in the midst of crisis and an election campaign, then in 2009.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Turmoil and Innovation: A Look at Financial Markets in 2007&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;FRB Chicago - 2007 Annual Report – April 2008&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chicagofed.org/about_the_fed/2007_annual_report.cfm&quot;&gt;http://www.chicagofed.org/about_the_fed/2007_annual_report.cfm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“Financial markets have been characterized by significant turmoil since the summer of 2007. Even as this annual report went to press in April of 2008, credit conditions remained tight, and market volatility continued to be high. These market disruptions raise many issues, but one of particular importance to the Federal Reserve System is the appropriate role of public policy in response. As the premier public policy institution for addressing financial stability issues in the U.S., the Fed must understand the underlying causes of financial disruption in order to design an appropriate policy response.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Liz Laderman&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Small Business Lending and Bank Competition&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco – Economic Letter - May 9, 2008 – 4 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2008/el2008-15.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2008/el2008-15.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“The question of how much bank financing small businesses are able to obtain is of real importance. Indeed, a regard for the volume of lending helps motivate enforcement of antitrust laws in banking. The Department of Justice and the Federal Reserve, which share responsibility for considering the effects of bank mergers and acquisitions on competition in local banking markets, do so, in part, because theory says that more competition generates more lending. The author examines what the data say about the relationship between the degree of competition in small business lending in local geographic banking markets and the total volume of small business lending in those markets.”  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Industrial Loan Companies: Commercial businesses face head-on opposition to entering the banking sector&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;FRB Kansas - Article – Ten - Spring 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt; – 8 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/TEN/pdf/spring2008/ILCs.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/TEN/pdf/spring2008/ILCs.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;Current law leaves ILCs as the only option for businesses like Wal-Mart and Home Depot to open a bank, but this possibility causes uproar.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Edwin M. Truman&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Rise of Sovereign Wealth Funds: Impacts on US Foreign Policy and Economic Interests&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The Brookings Institution - Testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs - May 21, 2008 – 14 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/papers/truman0508.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/papers/truman0508.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) pose the greatest risks to the citizens of the countries whose governments have accumulated the large stocks of international assets, but authorities in the United States and other countries where those assets are invested also have legitimate concerns about how these funds will be managed.[…] The author concludes that though the potential impacts are disquieting, SWFs do not pose a significant new threat to US foreign policy, national security, and economic interests.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;James K. Jackson&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: An Economic Analysis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Congressional Research Service - Library of Congress – Report - Web posted May 20, 2008 – 6 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS21857_20080319.pdf&quot;&gt;http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS21857_20080319.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“Foreign direct investment in the United States declined sharply after 2000, when a record $300 billion was invested in U.S. businesses and real estate. In 2006, according to Department of Commerce data, foreigners invested $184 billion. Foreign direct investments are highly sought after by many State and local governments that are struggling to create additional jobs in their regions. While some in Congress encourage such investment to offset the perceived negative economic effects of U.S. firms investing abroad, others are concerned about foreign acquisitions of U.S. firms that are considered essential to U.S. national and economic security.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; VOIR &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/THEMES/t55ecofin.php&quot;&gt;TABLE DE LA FINANCE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/6990783867217394111/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/6990783867217394111' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6990783867217394111'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6990783867217394111'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2008/06/monetary-policy-and-financial-markets.html' title='MONETARY POLICY AND FINANCIAL MARKETS 2008'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-6806145238362128952</id><published>2008-06-12T01:07:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-12T01:29:28.499-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="commerce international"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="OMC"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trade"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="USA"/><title type='text'>INTERNATIONAL TRADE</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Trade Enforcement Act of 2007&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;Senate Committee on Finance – Hearing – May 22, 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing052208.htm&quot;&gt;http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing052208.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;“The administration has many tools to enforce trade agreements and trade remedy laws… But having these rules on the books is not enough. The Government needs to enforce them… USTR can and should do more. And Congress can help USTR to do more by updating its trade enforcement tools. Many of the trade enforcement tools that USTR uses today were created decades ago. Congress created them to address different problems, in a very different world.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/DaniellaMarkheim.cfm&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Daniella Markheim&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Free Trade Agreements: Promoting Prosperity in 2008&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;The Heritage Foundation – Paper - &lt;/span&gt;May 2, 2008 – 7 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heritage.org/Research/TradeandForeignAid/upload/bg_2132.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.heritage.org/Research/TradeandForeignAid/upload/bg_2132.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;“Freer trade allows more goods and services to reach American consumers at lower prices, giving families more income to save or to spend on other goods and services.[…] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;This year, Congress has a real opportunity to resist partisanship and help America and the world reap the rewards of free trade policies. It is essential that law­makers separate myth from fact and assess upcoming trade initiatives objectively—not through the lens of campaign rhetoric. Armed with the facts, they can then help to ensure that prosperity in the U.S. and around the world has a real chance to grow and thrive, both this year and in the years to come.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Raymond J. Ahearn&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;U.S.-French Commercial Ties&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;Congressional Research Service - Library of Congress – Report - Web posted May 14, 2008 – 16 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32459.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32459.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;“U.S. commercial ties with France are extensive, mutually profitable, and growing. With over $1.2 billion in commercial transactions taking place between the two countries every day of the year, each country has an increasingly large stake in the health and openness of the other’s economy. France is the 9th largest merchandise trading partner for the United States and the United States is France’s largest trading partner outside the European Union. […] While some public opinion polls at the time suggested support for economic boycotts as a way of expressing opposition to France’s position on Iraq, an economic backlash appears not to have materialized. Effective boycotts would jeopardize thousands of jobs on both sides of the Atlantic.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Economic and National Security Implications of the U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The Brookings Institution – Event Transcript - May 12, 2008 – 38 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brookings.edu/%7E/media/Files/events/2008/0512_columbiafta/20080512_colombia.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/events/2008/0512_columbiafta/20080512_colombia.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;“International trade has grown rapidly in recent decades. Most countries impose tariffs on imports, which protect domestic industries from overseas competition but distort world markets. With jobs and wages under pressure, both global trade talks and bilateral trade agreements have become harder and harder to negotiate. Although a free-trade deal has been negotiated by the United States and Colombia, it still awaits congressional approval. […]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt; On May 12, the Brookings Institution hosted Senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) and Senator Kit Bond (R-Mo.) for a discussion of the economic and national security implications of the U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; ”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;U.S.-China Trade: USTR&#39;s China Compliance Reports and Plans Could Be Improved&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;GAO – Report - April 14, 2008 – 64 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-08-405&quot;&gt;http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-08-405&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;“GAO was asked to (1) evaluate USTR’s annual China trade compliance reports to Congress and the degree to which they present information necessary to fully understand China’s compliance situation and (2) examine the status of the plans presented in USTR’s February 2006 top-to-bottom report. GAO systematically analyzed the contents of USTR’s compliance reports from 2002 to 2007 and reviewed information on the status of agencies’ monitoring and enforcement activities.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gary Clyde Hufbauer  &lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Answering the Critics: Why Large American Gains from Globalization Are Plausible&lt;/b&gt; Peterson Institute – Paper – May 2008&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/papers/print.cfm?doc=pub&amp;amp;ResearchID=929&quot;&gt;http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/papers/print.cfm?doc=pub&amp;amp;ResearchID=929&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“Hufbauer responds to criticisms of Dani Rodrik and L. Josh Bivens that the Peterson Institute has exaggerated the benefits of globalization in raising US household income and GDP. The estimate published by Hufbauer and his Peterson Institute colleagues suggests that full global liberalization would ultimately increase US GDP by about 4.1 percent, about $570 billion based on US national income in 2007.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jisun Kim  &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;International Competition Policy and the WTO &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Peterson Institute – Paper – May 2008&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/papers/paper.cfm?ResearchID=930&quot;&gt;http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/papers/paper.cfm?ResearchID=930&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;“A multilateral agreement on competition policy is highly desirable given the covert growth of murky cartels and the boom (until the recent financial crisis) in cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;amp;As). However, the prospect for a World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement covering all WTO members is remote. The best prospect over the next decade (after the Doha Round is concluded or abandoned) is for a constructive agreement among a subset of WTO members that covers the interests of both developed and developing countries. Such an agreement should address issues of interest to developing countries, such as export cartels and the anticompetitive aspects of large M&amp;amp;A deals. It should also address issues that concern developed countries, such as concerted efforts by local producers to block the entry of new foreign firms.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. Fred Bergsten&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;World Trade at Risk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;Peterson Institute for International Economics – Policy Brief - May 13, 2008 – 3 pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/pb/pb08-5.pdf&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;“The decision by the House of Representatives on April 10 to change the rules for Congressional action on trade agreements drives a gaping hole in US trade policy and poses the gravest threat to the global trading system in decades. By rejecting long-settled procedures that prevented Congressional sidetracking of trade deals agreed by fully authorized Presidents, it instantaneously destroyed the credibility of the United States as a negotiating partner in the eyes of the rest of the world. Unless reversed soon, the House action will severely damage both the US economy and US foreign policy. It will particularly undermine the presumed goal of any new Administration in 2009 to restore our country&#39;s standing as a reliable partner in a cooperative multilateral world.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;Voir &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/THEMES/t56com.php&quot;&gt;TABLE DU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/ESPACES/e95useco.php&quot;&gt;ECONOMIE AMERICAINE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/6806145238362128952/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/6806145238362128952' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6806145238362128952'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/6806145238362128952'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2008/06/international-trade.html' title='INTERNATIONAL TRADE'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-3585922955681427729</id><published>2008-05-15T03:40:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-15T03:50:31.967-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bonheur"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="depense"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="economie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="entreprise"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="produit national brut"/><title type='text'>L&#39;ECONOMIE NOUS COUTE VRAIMENT TRES CHER</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;L&#39;ECONOMIE NOUS COUTE VRAIMENT TRES CHER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/ECONOMIEindex3.php&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/ECONOMIEindex3.php&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Voir TABLE DE L&#39;ECONOMIE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A- L&#39;Economie est peu évaluée: &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Dans la série des  réformes  d&#39;inspiration libérale, toutes les grandes fonctions sociales sont remises en question au regard des critères économiques de coût et rentabilité. Tout y passe ou tout peut y passer: l&#39;école, la recherche, la santé, la justice, la défense, le lien social , l&#39;allongement de la vie, voire le besoin d&#39;eau et d&#39;air pur, l&#39;amour et la manipulation de nos gênes...&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Tout, sauf précisément l&#39;économie dont la fonction est d&#39;assurer la production des biens et services nécessaires à  la survie et au bien-être de la collectivité.. Cette  fonction  n&#39;est certes pas  négligeable mais subordonnée , précisément à  la survie et au bien-être de la collectivité.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Il y a plusieurs raisons pour lesquelles  l&#39;économie est restée hors d&#39;une évaluation objective:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;1°)&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;l&#39;importance sociale de l&#39;univers économique &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;qui concerne une masse de chefs d&#39;entreprises et travailleurs déterminants dans le débat politique (électoral?) et la quasi totalité de la population concernée par le besoin de consommer et par une dépendance aux produits proposés par l&#39;économie telle qu&#39;elle fonctionne&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;2°) le postulat absurde selon lequel&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt; l&#39;économie est seule à produire une  valeur &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;qui est ensuite prélevée et redistribuée par les groupes sociaux  responsables des autres fonctions sociales .  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;En réalité l&#39;entreprise ne produit pas de la valeur mais des produits ou services dont la valeur ne peut exister que par l&#39;acte d&#39;achat . Sans achat, en l&#39;absence d&#39;utilité reconnue ou réelle, le produit n&#39;est pas une valeur mais un coût, aggravé par les coûts d&#39;élimination de déchets, et  comptabilisable du seul point de vue des coûts,  comme une création artistique ou un simple service public.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;La valeur dépend bien sûr des préférences du consommateur mais aussi du pouvoir d&#39;achar de ce dernier. Ceci pourrait faire de la distribution de revenus la seule fonction économique créant de la valeur effective.Et les revenus de l&#39;activité économique (salaires et profits) constituent , avant ou après redistribution, une partie importante des revenus créateurs de valeur.  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Du moins en économie réelle mais pas en économie financière. Le crédit d&#39;une part (ressources d&#39;épargne multipliées par les coefficients bancaires)  et  la titrisation des actifs sont des distributeurs de valeur dont le montant , totalement arbitraire, dépasse de plusieurs dizaines de fois le montant de l&#39;épargne disponible , des ressources des Banques centrales et même du Produit National Brut .C&#39;est dire que les ressources financières disponibles pour créer de la valeur et réaliser des achats solvables  sont arbitrairement dissociées de l&#39;utilité du travail d&#39;entreprise. Elles  obéissent à des critères sans commune mesure avec ceux de l&#39;économie réelle (par exemple la « norme » des rendements attendus du capital est fixée à 14% dans des économies où le PNB ne croit que de 2 ou 3% par an)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;3°) deuxième postulat :&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;  la concurrence et  le marché et sont préférables&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;  à toute autre méthode d&#39;évaluation.   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;L&#39;argument de &lt;b&gt;la concurrence&lt;/b&gt;  prête à sourire: une entreprise sanctionnée par  la concurrence est généralement une entreprise qui n&#39;a  pas su s&#39;entendre avec ses concurrents ou ses fournisseurs. Quand  elle est éliminée par la concurrence, ses actifs sont  soit détruits (aux frais de la collectivité) soit  recyclés dans le circuit économique au profit d&#39;un  concurrent ...qui renforce sa capacité de monopole.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;La clientèle&lt;/b&gt; serait un  meilleur juge de la satisfaction finale si la publicité ,  très généreusement défiscalisée,  se limitait à une simple information technique sur les  produits.  Et si elle n&#39;avait pas pris, depuis longtemps, les  aspects d&#39;un bombardement permanent qui conditionne les  consommateurs ou  les prescripteurs d&#39;achat . On connait la célèbre  déclaration du président de TF1 sur la capture du  cerveau humain.  Depuis peu une chaine de TV plonge  les bébés  dans un bain visuel et sonore qui prépare leurs futurs  comportements d&#39;acheteur . On connait aussi les débordements  du maketing pour adolescents (marques, jeux en ligne etc...)   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Aucune fonction sociale  autre que  l&#39;économie marchande ne dispose d&#39;autant de moyens (d&#39;origine  publique puisque déduits de la capacité fiscale) de  former ou déformer le marché   par le financement de  la presse et de l&#39;audio visuel ou par des moyens dits de  « lobbying » auprès du grand public et  des divers décideurs .Contrairement à ce qu&#39;on  s&#39;imagine, la France n&#39;est pas la plus honorablement  classée  dans la liste  des pays corrupteurs ou corrompus établie par  Transparency International.    &lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Et depuis longtemps on incorpore  dans les produits des matières stimulantes (sel, sucre,  graisses, peut-être bientôt des psychotropes)  qui  agissent, peut-être par l&#39;euphorie, sur le Bonheur National Brut  mais aussi sur les chiffres d&#39;affaires et donc le  Produit National Brut&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;B- L&#39;économie pourrait être réévaluée: &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1°)  d&#39;abord par&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt; application de ses propres critères d&#39;efficience &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;(coûts, recettes;, profits...).Le secteur économique est beaucoup moins économe qu&#39;il le dit des ressources qui lui sont confiées par la société des actionnaires, des banquiers et des consommateurs&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;les dépenses ne sont  pas toujours très bien contrôlées&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; par  les dirigeants, les actionnaires, les employés et.. plus  généralement les « stakeholders ».  Les rémunérations exorbitantes, les frais généraux  confortables,  les détournements de fonds, les parachutes  dorés après échec, les dépenses  publicitaires qui soutiennent des objectifs pas forcément  recommandables , les fonds d&#39;organismes solidaires  permettant de  « fluidifier les relations sociales&quot;...tout ceci laisse à  penser qu&#39;un contrôle plus rigoureux des comptes d&#39;entreprise  fournirait bien du grain à moudre en faveur du pouvoir d&#39;achat et des investissements d&#39;avenir...&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;d&#39;autant plus que , même  honnête et austère, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;un dirigeant peut se tromper  &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;dans sa stratégie (nombreux exemples dans le BTP, les  medias, l&#39;ingénierie etc...) ou dans ses tactiques (trader de  la Générale...). Il y a toujours un payeur en dernier  ressort: généralement l&#39;Etat ou la Banque centrale ou  les clients, ou tout le monde à la fois&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;-  &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Les  rivalités personnelles entre patrons n&#39;ont rien à  envier aux querelles politiciennes. U&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ne partie des  stratégies des entreprises ne consiste pas à fournir  de meilleurs produits et services mais à &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;déplacer  un concurrent, &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;ce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;  &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;qui  est une destruction de valeur. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;la  prise en charge des &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;économies et des  economies externes  &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;est  assez arbitraire. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;  D&#39;autres formes d&#39;entreprise (paternalisme, communisme) , sans doute  moins efficaces au point de vue de l&#39;économie de marché  , pratiquaient une conception différente de la répartition  du travail social.Dans les économies industrialisées,  c&#39;est l&#39;impôt qui répartit différemment les  taches.Rappelons qu&#39;en France seule une entreprise sur deux  paye  des impôts . L&#39;evasion fiscale (fraude ou evasion) est évaluée  à 45 milliards d&#39;euros , dont l&#39;essentiel en provenance des  entreprises.   &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;  L&#39;entreprise ne couvre pas directement les frais de services dont  elle bénéficie: formation amont des employés,  infrastructures de transports, recherche scientifique, sécurité  des territoires etc...&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;L&#39;entreprise  ne couvre pas directement les dommages suscités par son  activité : licenciements collectifs, mises à la  retraite anticipée, pollutions et accidents technologiques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;  Bien des entreprises , notamment dans les périodes de  lancement ou de crise,  ou des secteurs entiers (agriculteurs,  transports...) reçoivent des aides financières  publiques  par subvention ou exonération, garantie de prix ,  protection juridique ou douanière, monopole de fait  etc...&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;2°) L&#39;évaluation en fonction des &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;critères généraux de satisfaction &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; supposerait  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;dans un premier temps d&#39;apprécier   l&#39;économie avec les yeux des responsables ou supporters des  autres grandes fonctions sociales ( à condition que par  équité, ils disposent de la même manne  publicitaire que l&#39;entreprise) ,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;dans un deuxième temps de  combiner le tout dans un système d&#39;évaluation  comparée, du type  « Revision generale des  politiques publiques », probablement utopique au plan  scientifique et confié, en attendant mieux, à la  sagesse des majorités électorales (?) . &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Peut-être faut-il attendre  des progrès de la mission confiée au Prix Nobel  d&#39;Economie, Joseph Stiglitz , sur la mesure du Bonheur National  Brut. En l&#39;état actuel,  le Produit National Brut (somme des  « valeurs ajoutées » ) incorpore des  « valeurs «  qui sont en fait des régressions  (les accidents de la route et les divorces  créent du Produit  National Brut alors que  les services publics  (école,  hopitaux, défense...)sont comptablisés comme centres de  côuts non producteurs de valeur&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;La prise en compte de valeurs  immatérielles ( Le Bien être, le Bonheur...) et les  précautions necessaires pour un avenir proche (climat,  destruction de ressources naturelles, pollutions, épidémies,  mutations génétiques...) ne sont pas incorporées  dans les decisions publiques, a fortiori dans celles de la sphère  économique qui dispose encore de moyens puissants pour  détourner l&#39;attention de ce qui n&#39;est pas du chiffre  d&#39;affaires.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Donc , pour longtemps encore, l&#39;économuie telle que nous la pratiquons, restera un luxe de pays riche, dépensier et frivole.&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/3585922955681427729/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/3585922955681427729' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/3585922955681427729'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/3585922955681427729'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2008/05/leconomie-nous-coute-vraiment-tres-cher.html' title='L&#39;ECONOMIE NOUS COUTE VRAIMENT TRES CHER'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082095175892319209.post-4689778490188838700</id><published>2008-04-16T06:25:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-16T06:53:16.643-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="banque"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crise"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="economie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="risque"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="USA"/><title type='text'>POINTS DE VUE AMERICAINS SUR LA CRISE ECONOMIQUE ET FINANCIERE</title><content type='html'>&lt;p face=&quot;arial&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot; lang=&quot;fr-FR&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Source:&lt;/b&gt; PUBLIC AFFAIRS - American Embassy&lt;br /&gt;Sylvie VACHERET Tel: 01 43 12 29 28  E Mail: vacheretsr@state.gov&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot; lang=&quot;fr-FR&quot;&gt;Voir aussi &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geoscopies.net/geoscopie/themes/t451cri2007.php&quot;&gt;Crise 2007-2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot; lang=&quot;fr-FR&quot;&gt;et &lt;a href=&quot;http://geoblog-amerique.blogspot.com/2008/02/conjoncture-economique-us-en-2008.html&quot;&gt;Conjoncture economique US debut 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p face=&quot;arial&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ECONOMIC OUTLOOK&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2  style=&quot;font-weight: normal;font-family:arial;&quot; class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Taking Responsible Action to Keep Our Economy Growing  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h2 class=&quot;western&quot;  style=&quot;font-weight: normal;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;White House - Fact Sheet - March 7, 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;h2  style=&quot;font-weight: normal;font-family:arial;&quot; class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);font-size:100%;&quot; &gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/03/20080307.html&quot;&gt;http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/03/20080307.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;h2  style=&quot;font-weight: normal;font-family:arial;&quot; class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;The U.S. economy is structurally sound for the long term, but growth has slowed… The President and his Administration are taking action to address economic uncertainties and to keep our economy growing.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;   &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Daniel Griswold &lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Worried about a Recession? Don’t Blame Free Trade&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Cato Institute - Free Trade Bulletin No. 34 - March 31, 2008&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freetrade.org/node/856&quot;&gt;http://www.freetrade.org/node/856&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;“If the past is any guide, politicians on the campaign trail will be tempted to blame trade and globalization for the passing pain of the business cycle. Rising unemployment and falling output can provide fertile ground for attacks on imports and foreign investment by U.S. multinational companies. But an analysis of previous recessions and expansions shows that international trade and investment are not to blame for downturns in the economy and may in fact be moderating the business cycle.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Addressing the Foreclosure Crisis: A Hamilton Project Policy Discussion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The Brookings Institution - Discussion - March 14, 2008 – 72 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brookings.edu/%7E/media/Files/events/2008/0314_mortgage/20080314_mortgage.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/events/2008/0314_mortgage/20080314_mortgage.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;With house prices down, many Americans now owe more on their mortgages than their homes are worth – a problem referred to as “negative equity.” In addition, interest rate resets on select subprime and traditional loans will result in even higher mortgage payments for many families already struggling to make ends meet. The results of these conditions are already apparent, with foreclosures in January 2008 up 57 percent from the year before. Without new and effective public policy, some experts project that 2 million families will lose their homes during the next two years – an outcome that would hurt communities while causing broader collateral damage for the economy, jobs and wages.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;__________________________________________________________________________&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MONETARY POLICY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Kevin Hassett&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;How the Fed Works&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The American – September/October 2007 issue  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;http://www.american.com/archive/2007/september-october-magazine-contents/how-the-fed-works&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Kevin Hassett, a former Fed economist, offers an inside look at how America’s central bankers operate.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Charles I. Plosser&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Benefits of Systematic Monetary Policy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia - Report - March 3, 2008 – 14 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.philadelphiafed.org/publicaffairs/speeches/plosser/2008/03-03-08_natl-assn-business-economics.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.philadelphiafed.org/publicaffairs/speeches/plosser/2008/03-03-08_natl-assn-business-economics.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“The benefits of operating in an environment with the transparency afforded by simple rules is that it gives monetary policymakers the ability to anchor expectations and affords them the opportunity to temporarily deviate from the simple rules in extraordinary circumstances without eroding central bank credibility.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Todd E. Clark and Taisuke Nakata&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Has the Behavior of Inflation and Long-Term Inflation Expectations Changed?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City - Economic Review – First Quarter 2008 – 34 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kc.frb.org/PUBLICAT/ECONREV/PDF/1q08Clark.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.kc.frb.org/PUBLICAT/ECONREV/PDF/1q08Clark.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“From 1975 to 1980, inflation in core (nonfood and nonenergy) consumer prices rose sharply as crude oil prices more than tripled. Yet, as crude oil prices quadrupled from late 2001 to 2007, core consumer price inflation remained essentially flat. Some observers have attributed the stability of consumer price inflation in the more recent episode to the influence of long-term inflation expectations. While inflation expectations rose significantly in the second half of the 1970s, they remained largely unchanged from 2001 through 2007. The increased stability of inflation and long-term expectations raises the possibility that the behavior of both variables has fundamentally changed.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Vincent R. Reinhart, Carmen M. Reinhart &lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Capital Inflows and Reserve Accumulation: The Recent Evidence&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;National Bureau of Economic Research – Research paper - March 2008 - 25 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.27668,filter.all/pub_detail.asp&quot;&gt;http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.27668,filter.all/pub_detail.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“Over the past decade, policymakers in many emerging market economies have opted to limit fluctuations of the value of their domestic currencies relative to the U.S. dollar. A simple interest-parity relationship is used to identify the potential sources of upward pressure on the value of a foreign exchange rate and to explain the policy options to damp them. The paper then documents the extent to which the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves has been sterilized and provides a comprehensive list of major policy initiatives related to stemming forces that would otherwise appreciate the exchange rate in over one hundred countries.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;LawrenceH. White&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;As Good As Gold?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Cato Institute – Cato Policy Report - March/April 2008 - 4 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v30n2/cpr30n2-1.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v30n2/cpr30n2-1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The subprime crisis and the decline in the foreign exchange value of the dollar have raised questions about the performance of the Federal Reserve Board. One [presidential] candidate has proposed ending the post-1971 experiment with an unanchored fiat dollar issued by the Federal Reserve and returning to a gold standard with private money issue.  Critics have raised a number of theoretical and historical objections to the gold standard.. In light of the historical evidence the gold standard is not a crazy idea.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Richard H. Timberlake&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The Independent Review - Winter 2007 – 30 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_11_03_01_timberlake.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_11_03_01_timberlake.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Discounting the differences between the self-regulating classical gold standard that prevailed before World War I and the government-managed gold-exchange standard that replaced it, many writers have erroneously blamed “the gold standard” for the inability of Federal Reserve Board policymakers to implement countercyclical policies in 1929–33 and thus to prevent the Great Depression. Worse, they have failed to identify the true culprit in the monetary system of that era—the fallacious real bills doctrine, which guided Fed policy.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Chinese FX Interventions Caused International Imbalances, Contributed to U.S. Housing Bubble&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Joint Economic Committee – Study – March 2008 – 13 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.house.gov/jec/studies/2008/Chinese%20FX%20Interventions%20Caused%20International%20Imbalances%20Contributed%20to%20U%20S%20%20Housing%20Bubble%20%282%29.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.house.gov/jec/studies/2008/Chinese%20FX%20Interventions%20Caused%20International%20Imbalances%20Contributed%20to%20U%20S%20%20Housing%20Bubble%20(2).pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“Since 2000, the PRC’s exchange rate policy and the shadow policies of other Asian governments slowed the depreciation of the U.S. dollar and lowered interest rates, particularly at the long end of the yield curve. By distorting market price signals, these policies have exacerbated a number of economic problems not only in the United States but also around the world.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;_______________________________________________________________&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FINANCE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Policy Statement on Financial Market Developments&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The President’s Working Group on Financial Markets – March 2008 – 22 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/reports/pwgpolicystatemktturmoil_03122008.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/reports/pwgpolicystatemktturmoil_03122008.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“Last August, you called on the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets (PWG) to review the underlying causes of developing financial market tunnoil.. Our objectives  which we believe these recommendations will achieve, are improved transparency and disclosure, better risk awareness and management, and stronger oversight. Collectively, these recommendations will mitigate systemic risk, help restore investor confidence, and facilitate economic growth.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Thomas M. Hoenig &lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Maintaining Stability in a Changing Financial System: Some Lessons Relearned Again?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City - Economic Review – First Quarter 2008 – 12 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kansascityfed.org/PUBLICAT/ECONREV/PDF/1q08Hoenig.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.kansascityfed.org/PUBLICAT/ECONREV/PDF/1q08Hoenig.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“In a speech made before the High Level Meeting on Regulatory Capital and Issues in Financial Stability in Sydney, Australia, last November, Mr. Hoenig used the recent subprime mortgage crisis to motivate a broader discussion of how we can maintain financial stability in a changing financial system. While the recent crisis has revealed some new and unexpected vulnerabilities in the financial system, it has also highlighted the need to remember some of the lessons we have learned from past crises.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;William Poole&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Financial Innovation: Engine of Growth or Source of Instability?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis - Report - March 6, 2008&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stlouisfed.org/news/speeches/2008/03_06_08.html&quot;&gt;http://www.stlouisfed.org/news/speeches/2008/03_06_08.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“Financial innovation, like innovation in other industries, is part of the dynamic process of “creative destruction” that drives market economies forward and raises living standards. My message today is that we should not fear financial innovation, but that we must be careful, both in designing our public policies and in making our personal financial decisions, to understand the lessons of the recent subprime mortgage turmoil and of past innovations that led to instability.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Adam B. Ashcraft and Til Schuermann&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Understanding the Securitization of Subprime Mortgage Credit&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Federal Reserve Bank of New York - Report - March, 2008 – 82 pages&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr318.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr318.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;The authors provide an overview of the subprime mortgage securitization process and the seven key informational frictions that arise. Ashcraft and Schuermann discuss the ways that market participants work to minimize these frictions and speculate on how this process broke down. They continue with a complete picture of the subprime borrower and the subprime loan, discussing both predatory borrowing and predatory lending. The authors present the key structural features of a typical subprime securitization, document how rating agencies assign credit ratings to mortgage-backed securities, and outline how these agencies monitor the performance of mortgage pools over time. Throughout the paper, they draw upon the example of a mortgage pool securitized by New Century Financial during 2006.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The State of the Banking Industry&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs - Hearing - March 4, 2008&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://banking.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?Fuseaction=Hearings.Detail&amp;amp;HearingID=3de28452-e2aa-416b-aab9-89a6a2f6a30a&quot;&gt;http://banking.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?Fuseaction=Hearings.Detail&amp;amp;HearingID=3de28452-e2aa-416b-aab9-89a6a2f6a30a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“While many experts have commented on the disintermediation of banks within the financial system, we have seen from the subprime crisis, banks remain central players.  Even though many banks moved from portfolio lending to the ‘originate-to-distribute’ model, they still have been significantly affected by the subprime mess.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Governor Randall S. Kroszner&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Importance of Fundamentals in Risk Management &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Federal Reserve Board – Remarks at the American Bankers Association -  March 11, 2008&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/kroszner20080311a.htm&quot;&gt;http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/kroszner20080311a.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“The focus of my remarks today--the importance of fundamentals in risk management--should still resonate with all of you, whether you are part of a large global bank or a smaller community bank. Unfortunately, recent market events have shown us that banking institutions still face some risk management challenges, including a need to refocus on some key fundamentals. The good news, however, is that we also have many examples of sound risk management practices during the recent disruptions.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth S. Laderman&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Quantity and Character of Out-of-Market Small Business Lending&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco - Economic Review 2008 – 8p&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/review/2008/er31-39.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/review/2008/er31-39.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;“Most small business lending from banks originates with institutions that have a local branch, but “out-of-market” lending does not. Supporting the view that proximity is conducive to lending, I find that only about 10 percent of small business lending is from banks with no branch in the local market. About half of this appears to be from banks with a branch in the same state, further supporting the role of proximity, while, at the same time, supporting the current regulatory practice of considering out-of-market loans when assessing local competitive conditions. I also find that out-of-market and in-market loans are of similar average size and are about equally likely to be secured by commercial real estate.”&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/feeds/4689778490188838700/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/1082095175892319209/4689778490188838700' title='1 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/4689778490188838700'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1082095175892319209/posts/default/4689778490188838700'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://geoblog-economie.blogspot.com/2008/04/points-de-vue-americains-sur-la-crise.html' title='POINTS DE VUE AMERICAINS SUR LA CRISE ECONOMIQUE ET FINANCIERE'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry></feed>