UPCOUNTRY PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION

2011-03-15T04:21:00.000-07:00

ö£¸¢-÷uõmh Áµ-»õØ-ÔÀ C¸¢x... (30)

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©s-øna \õ¨-¤h GßÚ Põ-µ-n®?

÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõm-hz öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ Ps-h-øu-²® \õ¨-¤m-hõº-PÒ Gß-£-uØS ÷©»õP PÎ- ©s-øn-²® \õ¨-¤m-hõºPÒ GßÓ J¸ ÷uõm-hz xøµ-°ß TØÖ £»-µ-x® PÁ-Úz-øuU PÁº¢-ux. PÎ ©søn E¸mi CÛ¨ø£ Es-£-øu¨ ÷£õÀ \¨¤a \¨-¤a \õ¨-¤m-h-Úº GÚ ÷uõmhz xøµ J¸-Áº ©¸z-xÁ Eu-Â BønU-S-Ê •ß \õm-]-¯-©-ÎU-øP-°À SÔ¨-¤m-kÒÍõº. CuØS Buõ-µ-©õP P®-£øÍ øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-°À AÝ-©-vU-P¨-£mh |õß-SUS ‰ßÖ ÷£¸US Á°Ø-÷Óõmh ÷|õ´ Põ-n¨-£m-h-öuÚ AÆ øÁz-v-¯-\õ-ø»-°ß ö£õ-Ö¨-£-v-Põ› Dr. Áß÷hõºm TÔ-²ÒÍõº.

©s-øna \õ¨-¤m-h-uØS GßÚ Põ-µ-n®? GßÖ AU-Põ-»z-vÀ Bµõ-¯¨-£-h-ÂÀ-ø»-¯õ-°-Ý® As-ø©U Põ» ©¸z-xÁ B´-Ä-P-Îß-£i Cµz-ua ÷\õøP ÷|õ´ HØ-£m-h-Áº-P-ÐUS PÎ ©s-q®, Ak¨-¦a \õ®-£-¾® _øÁ-¯õÚ E-n-ÁõP C¸U-S-ö©ßÖ Ps-h-Ô-¯¨-£m-kÒÍx. GÚ-÷Á, Cµz-uz-vÀ ö\[-S-¸v ]Ö xoU-øP-PÒ SøÓ¢-u-Áº-PÒ ©s-øna \õ¨-¤m-h-Úº. Eh-¼À Âm-h-ªß "]' SøÓ¢u Pº¨-¤-o¨ ö£s-PÒ ©õ[-Põø¯ Â¸®-¤a \õ¨-¤-k-Áx ÷£õß-Óx uõß Cx-Ä®. Cß-øÓ¯ Põ-»z-v-¾® Th ÷uõm-hz öuõ-È-»õÍº ©z-v-°À Cµz-ua ÷\õøP ÷|õ´, ÷£õ-\õU-Qßø© Gß-£Ú £µ-Á-»õ-PU Põ-n¨-£-k-Qß-Óø© SÔ¨-¤-hz-uU-Px. GÛ-Ý® 1878 B® Bsk ©¸z-xÁ Â\õ-µ-øn-ö¯õß-Ôß £i ©¢u ÷£õ-\-ønU Põ-µ-n-©õP öuõ-È-»õÍº ©z-v-°À Ps £õºøÁ SøÓ-£õk Põ-n¨-£m-kÒÍ-uõP Cx öuõ-hº-¤À B´-Ä-PÒ ÷©Ø-öPõsh B´-ÁõÍº Dr. öµõU-Äm (Dr. Rockwood) SÔ¨-¤m-kÒÍõº. CÁ-›ß TØ-Ö¨-£i "öÁ-Ö® A›-]U Pg]ø¯ ©õz-v-µ® Sizx ö©¼¢x |õº ÷£õÀ Põ-n¨-£mh C®-©-UP-ÎÀ ÷£õ-\õU-Qßø© Põ-µ-n-©õP Ps-£õºøÁ ©[Q £g-\-øh¢u Ps-PøÍU öPõsk Põ-n¨-£mhÚº Gß-Ö® J¸ SÔ¨-¤mh ©m-hz-xU-S A¨-£õÀ G¢-ua ]Qa-ø\-¯õ-¾® CÁº-PÒ Ps-£õº-øÁø¯ ©m-k-©À» E°-øµU Th Põ¨-£õØÓ •i-¯õ-©À C¸¢-ux'' Gß-Ö® CÁº TÔ-¯ø© ©Ú[-öPõÒÍz uU-Px.

©¸z-xÁ EuÂ BønU-S-Ê-Âß AÔ-Ä-Öz-u-¼ß-£i, Auß Â\õ-µ-øn-°ß ÷£õx 1879 B® Bsk AÔUøP JßøÓ \õß-ÓõP \©º¨-¤zu ö©m-µõì ©õ-{-»z-vß _Põ-uõµ Bøn-¯õÍ-µõ-PU Ph-ø©-¯õØ-Ô¯ Dr. h¤Ò³. Bº. ÷Põº-Ûì (Dr. W. R. Cornish) ¤ßÁ-¸-©õÖ SÔ¨-¤m-kÒÍõº.

""öuß-Û¢-v¯ T¼z öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ G¢u Âuz-v-¾® A›-]a ÷\õÖ \õ¨-¤m-k¨ £ÇU-P¨-£m-h-Áº-PÒ AÀ». AÁº-PÒ uõ® ÁõÌ¢u ©õ-Ám-hz-vß ©s ©Ø-Ö® Põ-»-{-ø»U-÷PØ£ ÁÍº¢u £À-÷ÁÖ uõ-Û¯ ÁøP-P-øÍ÷¯ Es-h-Úº. CÁØ-ÔÀ ÷\õÍ®, vøn, P®¦, ÷uÌ-Á-µS •u-»õÚ uõ-Û-¯ ÁøP-PÒ Ah[-S®. ÷Põ-xø© ©õ £Ø-Ô-÷¯õ Auß £õ-ÁøÚ £Ø-Ô-÷¯õ AÁº-PÒ Jß-Ö® AÔ¢-v-¸U-P-ÂÀø». Áh C¢-v-¯º-P÷Í ÷Põ-x-ø©ø¯ AvP AÍ-ÂÀ £¯ß-£-kz-v-Úº.

©Ö-¦-µz-vÀ Â»[-S-PÒ, £Ó-øÁ-PÒ, PõÀ-|-øh- En-Ä-P-ÎÀ Av-P |õm-h[ öPõs-h-Áº-PÍõP C¸¢-u-Úº. «ß, ]¨¤, uÁøÍ, ö£¸a-\õ¼, GÀ-»õ ÁøP-¯õÚ ÷Ám-øh-¯õ-i¯ ª¸-P[-PÒ, Põm-kU ÷PõÈ, Bk, ö\®-©-Ô-¯õk, ©õm-i-øÓa], £Ø-Ô-øÓa] ÷£õßÓ AøÚz-øu-²® £õ-S-£õk Cß-Ô Es-h-Úº. ÷ÁÖ Âuz-vÀ TÖ-Á-uõ-°ß uõ® ÁõÌ-QßÓ `Ç-¼À Qøhzu EsnU Ti-¯-uõÚ Gu-øÚ-²® CÁº-PÒ Em-öPõs-h-Úº GÚ-»õ®.''

÷©Ø-£i ©¸z-xÁ Â\õ-µ-ønUS ö£õ-Ö¨-£õ-Ú-Á-µõ-PU Ph-ø©-¯õØ-Ô¯ Dr. Qß] (Dr. Kynsey - CÁµ-x ö£¯-›À öPõ-Ê®¦ ö£õµøÍUPs-ø©-°À Ãv-ö¯õßÖ C¨-÷£õ-x® EÒÍx) uÚ-x-øµ-°À SÔ¨-¤m-kÒÍ-uõ-Áx:&

""C-Áº-PÒ ªPU Pk-ø©-¯õÚ EøÇ¨-£õ-Î-PÍõP C¸¢-u-u-ÚõÀ Av-P £]-²-øh-¯-Áº-PÍõ-P-Ä® C¸¢-xÒÍ-Úº. CÁº-PÒ Á°ØøÓ {µ¨-¦-Á-uØ-Põ-P-Ä® E°º ÁõÌ-Á-uØ-Põ-P-Ä® \õ¨-¤m-hõº-P-÷Í-¯ßÔ \õ¨-£õmøh öu›-Ä ö\´x \õ¨-¤-k® \¢-uº¨-£® ÁÇ[-P¨-£-h-ÂÀø». Pk-ø©-¯õÚ ÁÖ-ø© Áõm-i-¯-uõÀ Põmk ÁõÌU-øPUS \©-©õÚ £s-£õiÀ-»õu ÁõÌU-øP-ø¯-²® £ÇUP ÁÇU-P[-P-øÍ-²® öPõs-i-¸¢-u-Úº Gß-£-u-øÚ-²® C[S SÔ¨-¤-hz-uõß ÷Ás-k®.

öuß-Û¢-v¯ T¼z öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ ¦»® ö£¯º¢x ö\ßÓ HøÚ¯ ¤›z-uõ-Û¯ Si-÷¯ØÓ |õ-k-PÍõÚ ¤›m-iì P¯õ-Úõ, ö©õ-Ô-]-¯ì ©Ø-Ö® ÷©Ø-Q¢-v-¯z wÄ-P-Î-¾® C÷u-÷£õßÓ {ø»-ø©÷¯ Põ-n¨-£m-h-uõP A¢u |õ-k-P-ÎÀ ÷©Ø-öPõÒÍ¨-£mh Â\õ-µ-øn-P-ÎÀ C¸¢x öu›-¯-Á¢-xÒÍ-öuß-Ö® TÓ¨-£m-kÒÍx. ¤›m-iè P¯õ-Úõ-ÂÀ Av-P-©õP ©s ö£õ¢-x-P-ÎÀ ÁõÌ-QßÓ ª¸-P[-P-øÍ÷¯ ÷ui¨ ¤izx ÷Ámøh¯õi PÔ \ø©zx \õ¨-¤mh-Úº GÚU SÔ¨-¤-h¨-£m-kÒÍx.

CU-Põ-»z-v-÷»÷¯ ¤›z-uõ-Û-¯õ-ÂÀ ¤µ-£-»-©õQ C¸¢u ©x JÈ¨¦ C¯U-P® C»[-øP-°-¾® £µ-Â C¸¢-ux. GÛ-Ý® ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõm-hz öuõ-È-»õÍº-PøÍ¨ ö£õ-Öz-u-Á-øµ-°À ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ öuõ-ÈÀ £õ-vU-Põu Áøµ-°À öuõ-È-»õÍº ©x A¸¢-x-Á-øuU Pm-k¨-£-kzuÂÀø». ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ bõ-°Ø-ÖU-Q-Çø© Âk-•-øÓ |õÍõP C¸¢u ÷£õ-x® öuõ-È-»õÍ-¸US Ax ©x A¸¢-x® |õÍõ-P÷Á°¸¢-ux. öuõ-È-»õÍº ö\À-¾® ÁÈ-P-ÎÀ PÒ-ÐU Pøh-P-Ð®, \õ-µõ-¯U Pøh-P-Ð® vÓU-P¨-£m-i-¸¢-u-uõÀ AÁº-PÍõÀ Si¨-£øu {Özu •i-¯õ-xÒÍ-öuÚ ©x JÈ¨-¦¨£o-°À Dk-£m-i-¸¢u ÷\øÁ-¯õÍº-PÒ öu›-Âz-xÒÍ-Úº. ö£õ-x-ÁõP \ÛU-Q-Çø© CµÄ Bµ®-¤U-S® Siz-uÀ öuõ-ÈØ-£õ-hõ-Úx bõ-°Ö •Ê-Á-x® öuõ-hº-Qß-Ó-£-i-¯õÀ v[-Pm-Q-Ç-ø©-P-ÎÀ öuõ-ÈÀ ìu®-¤-u® Aøh-Qß-Ó-öuÚ xøµ-©õº-PÒ Â\-Ú® öu›-Âz-xÒÍ-Úº.

Aµ-\ Á¸-©õ-Úz-øu¨ ö£õ-Öz-u-Á-øµ-°À ©x ÂØ-£øÚ J¸ ¤µ-uõÚ Á¸-Áõø¯ ÁÇ[-S® Põ-µ-o-¯õP C¸-¢u ÷£õ-x® A-µ\õ[-P÷© ©x £õ-Á-øÚø¯ FU-S-ÂU-Qß-Óx GßÓ öPmh ö£¯øµ Áõ[P Aµ-\õ[-P® Â¸®-£-ÂÀø». BÚõÀ ©x ÂØ-£øÚ {ø»-¯[-P-Îß Gs-oUøP |õm-iÀ Áµ Áµ Av-P-›U-Pz-uõß ö\´-ux.

(Cß-Ý® Á¸®)

2011-03-15T04:16:00.000-07:00

ö£¸¢-÷uõmh Áµ-»õØ-ÔÀ C¸¢x..... (29)

Cµõ. \h-÷Põ-£ß

""A›-]a-÷\õ-Ö® P¸-Áõm-kU SÇ®-¦-÷©

¤µ-uõÚ En-ÁõP C¸¢-u-x

vøÚ-©õ-Ä®, P®-¦®, P®-£[P-¼-²® ÷\õ-»U-Pg-]-²® ÷PÒ-Á-µ-SU-P-¼-²® GÚ C¨-£i uõ-Û-¯[-P-øÍ Esk £ÇU-P¨-£mhÁº-P-ÐUS C[S Á¢ux® A›-]a ÷\õÖ ÁÇ[-P¨-£mh ÷£õx AÁº-P-ÐUS Á°Ø-÷Óõmh ÷|õ´ HØ-£m-hx. Au-ÚõÀ AÁº-PÒ A›-] ÷\õØ-ÖU-S¨ £Ç-S® Áøµ vøÚ, ÷\õÍU Pg] ÁÇ[P öuõ-È-»õÍº ¦v-uõP Á¢u ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ HØ-£õk ö\´¯ ÷Ási C¸¢-ux GÚ 1924 B® Bs-k•uÀ 1931 B® Bsk Áøµ \m-h-\-ø£-°À EÖ¨-¤-Ú-µõP C¸¢u ÷\õ.÷uõ-©ì ÂÀ-¼-¯õì

(Sir Thomas Villiers) J¸ •øÓ \m-h-\-ø£-°À öu›-Âz-uõº. CÁº •ß¦ ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõm-hz xøµ-¯õP uÚ-x öuõ-Èø» Bµ®-¤z-v-¸¢-u-x-hß, ¤ß-Úº ÷áõºä ìl-Áºm {Ö-Á-Úz-vß uø»-Á-µõ-P-Ä® C¸¢-u-Áº.

C»[øP ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ öuõ-ÈÀ ¦-›¢u J¸ ÷uõm-hz öuõ-È-»õÎ, BÐU÷PØ-Ó¨-£i Á¸-hö©õß-ÖUS 6 1/2 •uÀ 9 1/2 £PÀ-Áøµ A›-]a-÷\õÖ Em-öPõÒ-Q-Óõß GÚ J¸ PnU-öPõ-k¨-¤ß ¤µ-Põ-µ® öu›-¯-Á¢-v-¸¢-ux. Cz-u-øP-¯ P-nU-öP-k¨-¤ß £i Áõ-µõ¢-u®, ©õ-uõ¢-u® J¸ Sk®-£z-v-Ú-¸US CÆ-ÁÍÄ \›-ö¯Ú ÁÇ[-P¨-£m-hx. GÛ-Ý-® u® \õ¨-£õm-øhU Pm-k¨-£-kzv A›-]-ø¯ ªa-\¨-£-kzv Au-øÚ As-ø©-°À Põ-n¨-£mh Pøhzöu¸-ÄUS ( £\õº, Bazar) G-kz-xa ö\ßÖ ÷u[Põ´, P¸-Áõk, ©Ø-Ö-® £»-\-µU-S¨ ö£õ-¸m-P-ÐU-öPÚ £s-h-©õØ-Ö ö\´x öPõs-h-Úº.

÷Põ¨-¤U Põ-»z-v-¾®, ¤ß-Úº ÷u°ø»¨-£-°ºa ö\´øP Bµ®-¤U-P¨-£m-h-÷£õ-x® A›-]a ÷\õØ-Ö-hß P¸-Áõm-kU PÔ \ø©¨-£÷u öuõ-È-»õÍºP-Îß ¤µ-uõÚ E-n-ÁõP C¸¢-ux, ¤ß-Úº Á¢u Põ-»[-P-ÎÀ ö©x ö©-x-ÁõP uz-u-©x »¯[-P-ÐU-S¨ £U-Pz-vÀ ]Ô-uõP Ãm-kz ÷uõm-h[P-øÍ ö\´-¯-Áõ-µ®¤zu Põ-»z-v-÷»÷¯ u-©-x En-ÂÀ Põ´-P-Ô-P-øÍ-²®, Røµ-Á-øP-P-øÍ-²® ÷\ºz-xU öPõs-h-Úº. ö£º-S-\ß A-Áº-P-Îß Po¨-¤ß-£i 1837 B® Bs-iÀ 6719 £Äs-PÍõ-PU Põ-n¨-£mh P¸-Áõmk C-ÓU-S-©v ö\»-Â-Ú® 1863 B® Bsk 60, 965 £Äs-PÍõP Av-P-›z-v-¸¢-ux. A÷u-÷£õÀ £»-\-µU-S¨ ö£õ-¸m-PÒ, Áõ-\-øÚz-v-µ-Â-¯[-P-Îß CÓU-S-©-v-²® C÷u Põ»¨ £S-v-°À 240 £Äs-P-ÎÀ C¸¢x 60, 000 £Äs-PÒ Áøµ AvP-›z-v-¸¢-u-x.

öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß En-Ä¨ £ÇU-P-Á-ÇU-P[-PÒ öuõ-hº-¤À P¸z-xz öu›-Âzu GÊz-uõÍ-¸®-, ÷uõmhzxøµ²©õÚ ÷á.GÀ.åõsm (J.L.Shand) Gß£Áº ¤ßÁ¸©õÖ SÔ¨¤mkÒÍõº.

""G¢uz ÷uøÁPøÍ²® Âh EnÄz ÷uøÁ Jß÷Ó öuõÈ»õÍºPÎß ªP¨ ö£›¯ ÷uøÁ¯õP C¸¢ux. EnÄ©mk® \›¯õPU QøhzuõÀ AÁºPÒ ªPzv¸¨v¯øh¢x ÂkQßÓÚº. öÁ°÷»õ, ©øÇ÷¯õ, SÎ÷µõ AÁºPÐUS ö£õ¸mhÀ». PõÀPÐUS ö\¸¨÷£õ \¨£õz÷uõ ÷uøÁ¨£hÂÀø». AÁºPÍx ÁõÌUøP ªP GÎø©¯õÚx. øP°À öPõg-\® Põ_ ¦Ç[-Q-ÚõÀ Ax A¸Q¾ÒÍ \õµõ¯ PøhU÷Íõ AÀ»x PÒ-ÐU-P-øh-P÷Íõ ÷£õ´-Â-k®. AÀ-»x u[Pzv¾®-, öÁÒ-Î-°-¾® |øP-ö\´x ö£s-P-ÐU-S® ¤Ò-øÍ-P-ÐU-S® ÷£õmk AÇS £õºU-Q-Óõº-PÒ.''

GÛ-Ý® öuõ-Ç-»õÍºPøÍ¨ ö£õ-Öz-u-Á-øµ-°À AÁº-PÒ Ax- Cx GÚ Gu-øÚ-²® JxUQ øÁU-Põ-©À øP°À Qøhz-u-øua \õ¨-¤m-h-Úº GÚ P®-£øÍ øÁz-v¯\õ-ø»U-S¨ ö£õ-Ö¨-£õPÂ¸¢u øÁz-v¯ Av-Põ› Dr. Áß-÷hõºm öu›-ÂU-Qß-Ó-Úº.

""A-Áº-P-ÐUS EnÄ¨-ö£õ-¸m-PøÍ öu›-Ä ö\´x \õ¨-¤-k® \¢uº¨-£® ÁÇ[-P¨-£hÂÀø». AÁº-PÒ E°º ÁõÇ ÷Ás-k-©õ-°-ß u® øP°À AP¨-£m-høu Gøu ÷Ás-k-©õ-Úõ-¾® \õ¨-¤h ÷Ás-i¯ {ø»U-Sz uÒÍ¨-£m-i-¸¢-u-Úº. AÁº-PÒ Â-\z-øuz uÂ-µ ©ØÓ GÀ-»õ-ÁØ-øÓ-²® \õ¨-¤m-h-Úº. ]Ö ª¸-P[-PÍõÚ ö£-›a\õÎ, R›¨-¤Ò-øÍ, •¯À, •ÒÍ®-£ßÔ, öÁÍ-ÁõÀ, öPõm-øh-PÒ ÷uß Tk-, us-k-PÒ, QÇ[S Cø» SøÇ GÚ GÀ-»õ-ÁØ-øÓ-²-® \õ¨-¤m-hõº-PÒ. Hß ö\zu Bk, ÷PõÈPøÍ-²® Th Âm-k-øÁU-P-ÂÀ-ø».''

Áß-÷hõºmiß TØ-Ö¨-£i P®-£-øÍ øÁz-v-¯õ-\-ø»-°À AÝ-©-vU-P¨-£m-h-Áº-P-ÎÀ |õß-QÀ ‰ß-Ö-£[-Q-ÚºUS Á°Ø-÷Óõmh ÷|õ´ Põ-n¨-£m-hx. AuØSU Põ-µ-n® öPm-k¨-÷£õ-Ú ©Ø-Ö® AÊ-Q¯ En-Ä¨ ö£õ-¸m-PøÍ AÁº-PÒ Em-öPõs-h-x-uõß GßÖ AÁº TÔ-Úõº.

BÚõ-À Bº.-¤.-øh-Áº, CuØS ©õ-ÓõÚ P¸z-øuz öu›ÂzxÒÍõº. AÁº Áß-÷hõºmiß P¸zøu ©Öz-u-x-hß ""B[-Q-÷»-¯ºPøÍ¨÷£õ-»÷Á öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ AÁº-P-ÐU-S-›¯ ¦]z-xsq® £ÇU-P® Põ-n¨-£m-hx. CÁº-P-Ð® ª¸-P[-P-øÍ ÷Ám-øh-¯õi Auß CøÓa-]ø¯ Es-£-vÀ BÚ¢-u® Aøh¢-u-Úº. µì¯ ©U-PÒ µõUTßPøÍ ÷Ám-øh-¯õi Es-h-Úº, ¤µõß-]-¯º uÁ-øÍ-P-øÍ µ]zx Es-h-Úº. öPõ[-÷Põ P¸¨-¤-Ú -©U-PÒ G¼-P-øÍ Es-h-Úº. C[÷P C¢u öuõ-È-»õÍº u©US _Ø-Ö¨-¦-Ó `Ê-¼À Qøhzu ]Ö-Â-»[-S-PøÍ ÷Ám-øh-¯õi Es-hø© C¯À-£õ-Úx uõß. CÁº-PÒ A›-] Pø»¢x \ø©zx, P¸-Áõ-k PÔ-¯õU-Q AvÀ £»\µU-S® Áõ-\-øÚz vµ-Â-¯[-P-Ð®, ÷\ºzx SÇ®¦ øÁzv¸¢uõÀ Dr. Áß÷hõºkUSU ThÁõ°À Ga]À FÓzuÁÓõx.

Bº.¤.øh»º G¨÷£õx÷© öuõÈ»õÍ›ß ¤µa]øÚPÐUPõP SµÀ GÊ¨¤Á¢uÁº Gß£x®, AÁº öuõÈ»õÍº «x AÝuõ£zxhß |h¢x öPõshõº Gß£x® AÁº öuõhº£õÚ £» SÔ¨¦UPÎÀ C¸¢x öu›QÓx.

GÛÝ® £À÷ÁÖ Põ»õß ÁøPPøÍ EshuõÚõ¾®, ]» PõmkU E¸øÍU QÇ[SPøÍ EshuÚõ¾® Â\÷©Ô CÓ¢uÁºPÎß öuõøP AvP›zuuõÀ CøÁ B£zuõÚøÁ Gß£x öuõhº¤À AÔÄÖzu 1866 B® Bsk J¨÷\Áº £zv›øP CÁØÔß |a_z ußø©£ØÔ ö\´vPÒ öÁÎ°mi¸¢ux. BÚõÀ ö£›a\õ¼PøÍ¨ ¤izx E›zx _zu¨£kzv ÷u[Põ´ Gsön°À ö£õ›zx \õ¨¤kÁx,

ö£õxÁõÚuõP C¸¢ux. CUPõ»zvÀ J¸ |õÎÀ B°µ® G¼PÒ öPõÀ»¨£mi¸UQßÓø©US \õßÖPÒ EÒÍuõP J¸•øÓ ÷\º. G©º\ß öhÚßm, C»[øP Á¢u ÷£õx AÁ¸US öPõkUP¨£mh AÔUøP°À SÔ¨¤h¨£mi¸¢ux.

(CßÝ® Á¸®)

2011-03-15T04:13:00.000-07:00

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""|õ-øÍ¯ CÍ® \¢-u-v-°-Úº Cz-u-øP¯ Am-l-È-¯[-PøÍ \Qz-xU öPõsk _®©õ C¸UP ©õm-hõº-PÒ. Cz-u-øP¯ \¢-uº¨-£[-P-ÎÀ T¼z öuõ-È»õÍº G¢u AÍ-ÄU-S S•-Ô¨ ö£õ[-Qz uÂU-Q-Óõº-PÒ Gß-£x Gß ÷£õß-Ó-Áº-P-ÐU-Sz-uõß öu›-²®. AÁº-PÒ }Ö §zu ö|¸¨-£õP u®•Ò Ah[-Q¨ ÷£õ´ Âk-Á-uØ-SU Põ-µ-n® uõ® \U-v-Áõ´¢u Gá-©õ-Ú-¸US •ß-ÚõÀ öÁÖ® T¼z öuõ-È-»õÎ-¯õP C¸¨-£-x® u® Gvº-Põ-»® £õ-vzx ÂhU Thõx Gß-£-x®-uõß.

E»-öP[-S® ö£¸¢-÷uõm-h¨ ö£õ-¸Íõ-uõ-µ[-PÒ ÁÍºa-]-¯-øh¢u J¸ Põ-»-Pm-hz-vÀ GÀ-»õ |õ-k-P-Î-¾® C¢u ö£¸¢-÷uõm-hz xøµ-©õº C¨-£-iz-uõß |h¢x öPõs-h-Ú-µõ? GßÓ J¸ ÷PÒ-Âø¯ GÊ¨-¤ AuØ-PõÚ £v-ø»-²® TÖ-Q-Óõº. ""C-»[-øP-°À Põmk ÁõÌUøP'' (Forest Life in Ceylon) GßÓ ¡¼ß B]-›-¯º ÂÀ-¼-¯® ø|m-hß.

""J-¸ £nU-Põµ ÁºU-Pz-v-Úº GßÖ £õºU-S® ÷£õx C»[-øPz ÷uõm-hz xøµ-©õº P¸-øn-²® ©Û-uz-x-Á-•® öPõs-h-Áº-PÒ-uõß. HöÚß-ÓõÀ Aö©-›U-Põ-Âß P÷µõ-¼-Úõ ©Ø-Ö® ª]-]¨¤ ¤µ-÷u-\z-vß £¸z-vz ÷uõm-hz xøµ©õ-¸-hß J¨-¤m-hõÀ |õß Cu-øÚz uõß TÓ •-i-²®. G¢u ©U-PÒ Tm-hz-v-Úº ©z-v-°-¾® x›-÷¯õ-u-Ú-Ý® öPÍ-µ-Áº-P-Ð® C¸U-Pz-uõß ö\´-Q-Óõº-PÒ. Cx ©Û-u Áµ-»õÖ C¸U-S® Áøµ-²® öuõ-h-¸®. ö\õ¢u F›À C¸¢x B°-µU-P-nU-PõÚ ø©ÀPÐU-P¨-£õÀ Põm-iÀ }v-©ß-÷Óõ }v-Áõ-÷Úõ CÀ-»õu Chz-vÀ, ÷Áø» £Ô-÷£õ´ Âk® GßÓ £¯z-vÀ uß ©øÚÂ ©U-P-ÐUS Gß-Ú-Áõ-S÷©õ GßÓ £›-u-Â¨-¤À C¸¨-£-ÁøÚ J¸ \U-v-ªUP Gá-©õß GßÚ ö\´-uõ-¾® ¯õº uõß um-iU ÷Pm-£õº-PÒ. CÆ-Â-u® um-iU ÷Pm-£õº CÀ-»õu J¸ \‰-P® C¸U-S® ÁøµUS® AÁº-PÒ «uõÚ A}-v-²® AhU-S-•-øÓ-²® öPõ-k-ø©-²® Ch®-ö£Ø-ÖU öPõs-k-uõß C¸U-S®'' GßÖ AÁº öu›-Âz-xÒÍõº.

ÂÀ-¼-¯® ø|m-h-øÚ¨ ÷£õ» ÂÀ-¼-¯® iU¤ (William Digby) Gß£-Áº J¸ £nU-Põ-µz xøµ-¯õP CÀ-»õ-v-¸¢u ÷£õ-x® J¸ EÖ-v-¯õÚ £z-v-›-øP-¯õÍ-µõ-Pz vPÌ¢-uõº. CÁ-¸® ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõmh {ø»-ø©-PøÍ AiU-Pi A®-£-»¨-£-kz-v-Úõº. GÛ-Ý® CÁ-¸® HøÚ-¯ ¤›z-uõ-Û¯ Põ-»-Ûz-xÁ |õ-kP-ÎÀ T¼z öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ |hz-u¨-£mhøu Âh C»[-øP-°À |À-»-Âu-©õ-P÷Á |hz-u¨-£m-hÚº GßÓ P¸z-øuU öPõs-i-¸¢-uõº.

CÁº öu›-Âz-v-¸¢u P¸z-vß-£i ""¤-›z-uõ-Û¯ £õ-µõ-Ð-©ß-Óz-vÀ Si-÷¯ØÓ |õ-k-P-ÎÀ öuõ-ÈÀ ¦›-QßÓ ¦»® ö£¯º¢u öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß {ø» £ØÔ ªPU SøÓ-Áõ-P÷Á ÷£\¨-£m-hx. Ax-Ä® Th C»[-øP-°ß ©ø»-|õm-iÀ ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõm-h[-P-Î-¾® Auß PÍg-]-¯-\õ-ø»-P-Î-¾® Aøµ ªÀ-¼-¯ß öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ ÷Áø» ö\´-Q-Óõº-PÒ GßÖ ö£¸-ø©-¯-izx ¥Ø-ÔU öPõÒ-Á-uõP ©m-k÷© C¸¢-ux. G¨-÷£õ-uõ-Áx J¸-•-øÓ CÁº-PÒ «x ""}-v ¤øÇzx Âm-hx'' GßÖ J¸-Áº K»-ª-k-Áõº. Az-x-hß Ax •i¢x ÷£õ´ Âk®. uõß C¨-£-iU TÖ-Á-uß ÂøÍ-Ä-P-øÍ-²® Auß Es-ø©z uß-ø©-°ß •Ê¨ ö£õ-Ö¨-ø£-²® uõ÷Ú HØ-ÖU öPõÒ-Á-uõ-P-Ä® uõß Cx Âh-¯zøu |ßS Bµõ´¢u ¤ß-Ú÷µ öu›-Âz-xÒÍ-uõ-P-Ä® AÁº ÷©¾® SÔ¨-¤m-i-¸¢-uõº.

A÷|-P-©õÚ \¢-uº¨-£[-P-ÎÀ xøµ-©õº-P-Îß Am-l-È-¯[-P-ÎÀ C¸¢x u¨-¦-Á-uØS ÷uõmhzv¼-¸¢x Ki Âk-Á-øu÷¯ öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ ÁÇU-P-©õ-PU öPõs-i-¸¢-u-Úº. Gß-Ú-uõ-ß AÁº-PÒ ÷uõm-hz xøµ-°ß ¤i-°À C¸¢x u¨-¤-Úõ-¾® P[-Põo°ß £õº-øÁ-°À C¸¢x AÁº-PÍõÀ u¨£ •i-¯õ-©À C¸¢-ux. £õº-øÁUS P[-Põo Gß-£-Áß öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Îß £õ-x-Põ-Á-»ß ÷£õ-»-Ä® ¤µ-v-{-v ÷£õ-»-Ä® öuõ-È-»õÍº uµ¨¦ {¯õ-¯z-øu- G-kz-x-øµ¨-£-Áß ÷£õ-»-Ä® ÷uõß-Ô-Úõ-¾® xøµ-©õ-¸US Akzu Am-l-È-¯U-Põ-µ-ÚõP AÁ-÷Ú C¸¢-uõß.'"

Au-ÚõÀ AÁß »¯z-vÀ |hU-S® Am-l-È-¯[-P-øÍ-²® Ahõ-Á-iz-uÚ[-P-øÍ-²® {º-ÁõPz-xU-S® xøµU-S® öu›-¯õ-©À £õºz-xU öPõs-hõß. ÷uõm-hzøu Âmk öuõ-È-»õÎ uø»-©-øÓ-ÁõQ C¸¢-uõ-¾® AuØ-S® P[-Põ-o-°ß u¯-Ä ÷uøÁ-¯õP C¸¢-ux. H. Bº. Q[ (A. R. King) £xøÍ ©õ-Ámh }v-£-v-¯õ-PU Ph-ø©-¯õØ-Ô¯ ÷£õx öuõ-È-»õÎ J¸-Áß ÷uõm-hzøu Âmk Ki Âm-hø© öuõ-hº-£õÚ ÁÇU-öPõßøÓ Â\õ-›z-uõº. A¨-÷£õx öuõ-È-»õÎ C¸U-S-ª-h® öu›-¯-ÂÀø» GÚ ÁÇU-PõÎ öu›-Âzu ÷£õx ""A-Áß C¸U-S-ª-h® P[-Põ-oU-Sz öu›-²® Gß-Ö® AÁ-øÚ Â\õ-›UP ÷Ás-k-ö©ß-Ö®'' SÔ¨-¤m-hõº.

”தொழிலாளர் வாழ்வு செழிப்பாக இருந்தது.“ - சேர்.முத்துக்குமார சுவாமி

2010-12-06T03:26:00.000-08:00

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÷Põ¨-¤U Põ-»z-vß ö£¸¢-÷uõmh \‰-P ö£õ-¸Íõ-uõµ ÁõÌÄ SÔzx B´-Ä ö\´-u-Áº-P-ÎÀ Cµsk ÷£º SÔ¨-¤-hz-uU-P-Áº-PÒ. J¸-Áº G›U ÷©¯º (Eric meyer) GßÓ ¤µõß-]¯ ö£õ-¸-Î¯À Áµ-»õØ-Óõ-]-›-¯º ©Ø-Ó-Áº A÷\õ-Põ £s-hõµ (Asoka Bandara) GßÓ C»[øP¯º.

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01. F›À AÁ-ÝUQ¸¢-u ]Ö ]Ö Phß-PøÍ AøhUP ÷Ás-i-°-¸¢-ux.

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©Ö-¦Óz-vÀ öuõ-È-»õÍºP-Îß ÁõÌUøP {ø»ø¯ ª-øP¨-£-kz-vU TÔ-¯-Áº-P-Ð® C¸U-Pz uõß ö\´-u-Úº 1874 B® Bsk öuõ-È-»õÍ-›ß ÁõÌUøP {ø» £ØÔ P¸z-xz öu›-Âzu ö£ºSéß (Fergusan) AÁº-PÒ ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ Pn-Áß, ©øÚ-Â, ¤Ò-øÍ-P-Ð® EøÇ¨-£-u-ÚõÀ Á¸-hõ¢-u® Sk®£ Á¸-©õ-Ú-©õP 4 £Äs Áøµ-°À EøÇUP •i-²® GßÖ® Cx J¨-¥m-hÍ-Â-À Po-\-©õÚx Gß-Ö® SÔ¨-¤m-kÒÍõº.

C÷u Põ-»¨-£-S-v-°À C»[-øP-°ß ÷uõm-hz öuõ-È-»õÍº {ø»-ø¯ AÔ-Á-uØ-PõP ¤›z-uõ-Û-¯õ-ÂÀ C¸¢x Á¸-øP u¢u ÷©áº ÷ÁõÀm-hº QÍm-hõº ¦×U (Major Walter Clutter Bruck) Gß-£-Áº öuõÈ-»õ-ÎUS |õm T¼-¯õP 6 ö£ß_-PÒ QøhU-QßÓ öuß-Ö® Cx Av-P® Gß-Ö® |ß-ÓõP Es-£-uõÀ ¤Ò-øÍ-P-Îß Á°-Ö ö£¸z-xU Põ-n¨-£-k-QßÓ öuß-Ö® ö£s-PÒ u[-P® öÁÒÎ°À B£-µ-n[-PÒ A-o¢x öáõ-¼U-Qß-Ó-Úº Gß-Ö® SÔ¨-¤m-kÒÍõº.

1861 •uÀ 1879 Áøµ \mh \ø£°À C»[-øPz uª-Ç-øµ ¤µ-v{vz-x-Á¨ £kz-v¯ ÷\º •z-xUS©õµ _Áõª öuõ-È-»õÍ-›ß {ø» AÔ-¯ ö£¸¢-÷uõmh ©õ-Ámh[P-ÐUS Âá-¯® ö©õßøÓ ÷©Ø öPõs-hõº. AÁ-µ-x Psk ¤i¨-¤ß £i öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ "ª-P |ß-Óõ-P ö\È¨¦hß Põ-n¨-£-k-Qß-Óõº-PÒ' (Exeeedingly Well - Off) Gß-£-uõ-S®. C[-öPõß-Ö® A[-öPõß-Ö-©õP ]»º Pì-h¨-£-k-Qß-Óõº-P÷Í uÂ-µ ©Ø-Ó¨-£i öuõ-È-»õÍº ÁõÌUøP ªPa ]Ó¨-£õ-P÷Á (Execllent) C¸U-QßÓ öußÖ uÚx ÷©»õÚ Psk ¤i¨ø£ \m-h-\ø£-°À öu›-Âz-xÒÍõº GÚ B´-ÁõÍº öhõ-÷Úõ-Áß ö©õÀm-›a ÷Põ¨-¤U öPõz-u-i-ø©-PÒ ( Bitter Berry Bondage) GßÓ ¡¼À SÔ¨-¤m-kÒÍõº.

ஜோன்.ஜீ.பால்க்கனர் துரை கொலை

2010-12-06T03:20:00.000-08:00

ö£¸¢-÷uõmh Áµ-»õØ-ÔÀ C¸¢-x...(15)

÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ ÷Áø» ©Ö¨-¦¨ ÷£õ-µõm-h[-PÒ A[-öPõß-Ö® C[-öPõß-Ö-©õP C¸¢-u-Ú÷Á uÂµ AøÁ £õ-›¯ ¤µa-]-øÚ-¯õP E¸-ÁõPÂÀø». 1866 B® Bs-k Ps-i-°À Ch®-ö£ØÓ J¸ \®-£-Á® £»-µ-x® PÁ-Úz-øuU PÁº¢-ux. CU-Põ-»z-vÀ |õm-iÀ £»-©õÚ A›-]z um-k¨-£õk {»-Â-¯-uõ-Pz öu›-ÂU-P¨-£m-kÒÍx. öuõ-È-»õÍº u©US ÷£õx©õÚ A›] ö£Ø-Öz-u-¸®-£i ÷£õµõm-hz-vÀ CÓ[-Q-Úº.

J¸ |õÒ bõ-°Ø-ÖU-Q-Çø©¯ßÖ Psi ö\ß. ÷£õÀì ÷uÁõ-»-¯z-vÀ (St.Paul's Church ) Põø» Buõ-µ-øÚU-PõP ÷uõm-hz-x-øµ-©õº-P-Ð® HøÚ-¯ Av-Põ-›-P-Ð® Ti-°-¸¢-u-Úº. A¨-÷£õx Pøhz-öu-¸U-PÒ £U-P-ª-¸¢x Ta-\À-P-Ð®, TU-S-µÀ-P-Ð® £»-©õ-PU ÷Pm-hÚ. H÷uõ P-»-Á-µ® |hU-QßÓ AÔ-S-Ô-PÒ ÷uõß-ÔÚ. Eh÷Ú Cx öuõ-hº-¤À Psi Aµ-\õ[P Av-£º G¨. öh®-»-¸US (F.Templer) ö\´v AÝ¨-£¨-£m-hx. Aµ-\õ[P Av-£º A[SÁ¢x ÷\º¢-u-÷£õx öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ S®-£-»õP A[-Q-¸¢x A›-]U-P-øh-PøÍ Eøhzx öPõs-i-¸¢-u-Úº. A›]US ö\¯Ø-øP-¯õÚ um-k¨-£õmøh HØ-£-kzv Ti-¯ Âø»US ÂØ-£-uØ-Põ-P-A[S A›-]-‰-øh-PÒ £xU-Q-øÁU-P¨-£m-kÒÍ-uõP Aµ-\õ[P Av-£º AÔ¢x öPõs-hõº. Eh-÷Ú A[-Q-¸¢u A›-]-ø¯ GÀ-»õ® {»-Â-¯ E›-¯ Âø»U-÷P ÂØ-S®-£i Áºz-u-Pº-P-ÐUS Pm-h-øÍ-°m-h-uõ-P-Ä® ¤ß-Úº C¢-v-¯õ-ÂÀ C¸¢-x®, £º-©õ-ÂÀ C¸¢-x® A›-] u¸-ÂU-P¨-£mk A›-]¨-£g-\® wºU-P¨-£m-h-uõPÄ® Ca-\®-£-Ázøu ÷|›À £õºzu A¨-÷£õ-øu¯ xøµ-©õº \[-Pz uø»-Á-µõÚ ÂÀ-¼-¯® ½U (William Leake) öu›-Âz-xÒÍõº.

÷Põ¨-¤U-Põ-»® •Ê-Á-v-¾÷© £» xøµ-©õº-PÒ öPõø» ö\´-¯¨-£mh \®-£-Á[-PÒ Ch®-ö£Ø-ÖÒÍÚ GÚz-öu-›-ÂUP¨-£kQß-Ó-x.-A-ÁØ-ÖÒ ]» BÁ-n[-P-ÎÀ £v-¯¨-£m-kÒÍÚ. 1866 B® Bsk ö\¨-öh®-£º ©õ-u® ÷áõß â. £õÀ-P-Úº (Jonh G. Falconer) GßÓ ÷uõm-hz-xøµø¯ Az-÷uõm-hz-vß P[-Põ-o-¯õP C¸¢-u-Áß _m-kU öPõß-ÖÒÍõß. C¢-uz-xøµöuõ-È-»õÍ-›-h-•® P[-Põ-o-°-h-•® ªS¢uöPk-¤-i-²-h-Ý® JÊU-PU-Pm-k¨-£õm-k-h-Ý® |h¢x öPõÒ-£-Áº GßÖ CÁ-µx öPõø» öuõ-hº-£õÚ ÁÇUS Â\õ-µ-øn-°À \õm-]-¯® TÓ¨-£m-kÒÍx. ÷©Ø-£i xøµ AÁº öuõ-ÈÀ ¦›¢u Psi, í¢-uõÚõ ÷uõm-hz-xUS £u-Â-ö£ØÖ Á¸ •ß Az-÷uõm-hz-vÀ £» •øÓ-÷P-k-PÒ |h¢-xÒÍ-öußÖ® P[-Põ-o-²® öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Ð® uõ® {øÚzx uõß \m-h-ö©Ú |h¢-x-öPõs-h-Úº Gß-Ö® ÷©Ø-£i £õÀ-P-Úº xøµ-÷¯ ª-S¢u Pm-k¨-£õ-k-hß |h¢x öPõsk \m-h® JÊ[S •øÓø¯ A[S öPõsk Á¢-uõº Gß-Ö® CÆ-Á-ÇU-QÀ Áõ-vmh Aµ-\ \mhÁõv Áß ÷hõºm (Van Dort ) }v-©ß-ÔÀ öu›-Âz-uõº.

J¸ |õÒ ÷©Ø-£i P[-Põ-oU-S® £õÀ-PÚº xøµU-S-ª-øh-°À J¸ ÁõU-S-Áõ-u® |øh-ö£Ø-Óx. AÆ-ÁõUS Áõ-uz-v-ß ÷£õx ÷©Ø-£i P[-Põo, xøµ-ø¯¨ £õºzx } Cß-Ý® Gz-u-øÚ-|õÒ C[÷P ÷Áø» £õºU-Q-Óõ´ Gß-£øu |õ-Ý® £õºzx Âk-Q-÷Óß. Gz-u-øÚ÷¯õ ö£›¯ öPõ®-£-öÚÀ-»õ® C[P xøµ-¯õ-÷Á» £õºz-uõ[P. AÄ[-P-ö»À-»õ® Gß ÷©À Sz-u® Põ-n-ÂÀø». CÁ-¸-©m-k® Á¢-xm-hõº GßÖ TÔ ªµm-i¯uõP \õm-]-¯[-PøÍ Áß ÷hõºm ö|Ô¨-£-kz-v-¯-÷£õx öu›-¯Á¢-u-x.

Cu-øÚz uÂ-µ C»[-øP-°ß ö£õ-¼ì xøÓ-°ß Áµ-»õØøÓ GÊ-v-¯-Á-µõÚ ¤¨-£m (Pippet) AÁº-PÒ ÷©Ø-£i í¢-uõ-Úõ-÷uõm-hzvÀ HØö-P-Ú÷Á Cµsk xøµ-©õº-PÒ ©µ-n-©-øh¢-xÒÍ-Úº Gß-Ö®, AÁº-PÒ öPõ-»-µõ ÷|õ´ ¤iz-u-uõÀ ©µ-n-©õ-Úõº-PÒ Gß-Ö® ÷©»-v-Pz uP-ÁÀ öu›-ÂU-Qß-ÓÚ.

Cx C¨-£i C¸UP A¨-÷£õ-øu¯ PÁº-Úº öíº-S-¼ì öµõ-¤ß \ß £U-Q[-íõ® CÍ-Á-µ-\-¸US AÝ¨-¤¯ AÔUøP Jß-ÔÀ 1867, áüß 28 B® vPv ¤ß-Á-¸-©õÖ SÔ¨-¤m-i-¸¢-uõº.

÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõm-h[-P-ÎÀ T¼z-öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÍõÀ ÷©Ø-£õº-øÁ-¯õÍº-P-Ð®, ÷©»v-Põ-›-P-Ð® uÂºU-P¨-£-k-Á-x®, £¯-•-Öz-u¨-£-k-Á-x® |õÍõ¢-u¨ ¤µa-]-øÚ-PÍõ-Q-Âm-hÚ. Cz-u-øP-¯-÷£õU-QøÚ Pm-k¨-£-kz-x® |i-Á-iU-øP-PÒ ÷©Ø-öPõÒÍ¨-£m-kÒÍ-x-hß CøÁ ö£õ-x-©U-P-ÐUS öu›-¯-Á-µõ-©À C¸U-S®-£i £õºz-xU-öPõÒÍ-Ä® JÊ[S ö\´-¯¨-£m-kÒÍ-x.

GÛ-Ý® öµõ-¤ß-\-ÚõÀ öu›-ÂU-P¨-£mh CU-P-¸zx ªøP¨-£-kz-u¨-£mh Jß-ÓõP £»º P¸-v-Úõº-PÒ. HöÚ-ÛÀ ö£õ-x-ÁõP öuõ-È-»õÍº-PÒ P[-Põ-o-°-Ú-x® KÁº^¯-›-Ú-x® Pm-k¨-£õm-kU-SÒ÷Í÷¯ øÁU-P¨-£m-i-¸¢-u-Úº. P[-Põ-o- «-uõÚ öuõ-È-»õÍ-›ß uõU-S-uÀ G[-÷P-÷¯õ G¨-÷£õ-uõ JßÖ |h¢-u-ußÔ £µ-Á-»õP Ch-® ö£Ö-Á-uØS \õm-]-¯[-PÒ CÀ-ø».

öuõ-È-»õÍº-P-Ð-US öPõ-kU-P¨-£mh T¼, £Ø-ÓõU-S-øÓ-¯õP C¸¢-u-uõP AÀ-»x ÷£õ-x-©õ-Ú-uõP C¸¢-u-uõ GÚ ö£õ-x-ÁõÚ J¸ •i-ÄUS Áµ-•i¯õ-xÒÍ-öuÚ Cx öuõ-hº-¤À B´-Ä-PÒ ÷©Ø-öPõsh P»õ-{v ÷P. G®.i. ]À-Áõ (K.M.D.Silva) SÔ¨-¤-k-Qß-Óõº. AuØ-SU Põ-µ-n® G¨-£-i-²® JÆ-öÁõ¸ ÷Põ¨-¤z ÷uõm-hz öuõ-È-»õ-Î-²® uõ® |õ-k-v-¸®-¦® ÷£õx J¸ öuõ-øP¨ £nzøu ÷\ªzx Gkzx ö\À-Qß-Ó-Úº Gß-£x AøÚ-Á-¸U-S® öu›¢u Âh-¯-©õ-P÷Á C¸¢-u-x.

A¨-£-i-¯õ-ÚõÀ T¼ ÷£õ-x-©õ-Ú-uõ-P- CÀ-»õ-u-Â-hzx G¨-£i CÁº-PÍõÀ ÷\ªUP •i¢uöuÚ J¸ ÷PÒÂ GÊ-Qß-Ó-öuÚ ÷©Ø-£i B´-ÁõÍº uß-øÚ÷¯ J¸ ÷PÒÂ ÷Pm-kU-öPõsh ÷£õx En-ÄU-PõP ö\»-Á-ÈU-P-÷Ás-i¯ £nzøu ö\»-Á-ÈU-Põ-©À -R-øµ-ø¯-²®, öPõm-øh-P-øÍ-²®, QÇ[-øP-²® vßÖ u®ø© £m-i-Û-÷£õmk Á¸z-v÷¯ AÁº-PÍõÀ J¸ ]Ö-öuõ-øP¨ £nzøu ªa-\® ¤iUP •i¢-u-öuÚ AÁº •i-ÄUS Á¢-uõº. A¨-£-i-¯õ-ÚõÀ AÁº-PÒ Az-u-øP¯ ©-Pz-uõÚ Aº¨-£-o¨-ø£a ö\´-v-¸U-P-÷Ás-k®.

WinRAR archiver, a powerful tool to process RAR and ZIP files

2010-11-15T03:58:00.000-08:00

WinRAR archiver, a powerful tool to process RAR and ZIP files

புன்னகை மறைந்த அந்த நாளில்....

2010-11-15T03:02:00.000-08:00

]ÖPøu

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George Green on Depopulation and the Pleiadians Part 4 of 12

2010-09-06T03:01:00.000-07:00

Double Day Weekend

2010-09-06T02:51:00.000-07:00

Double Day Weekend

2010-09-03T04:20:00.001-07:00

Photograph of tunnels on the railway near Ohiya railway station taken in 1894. Photograph originally taken by William Henry Jackson for the World Transportation Commission.
Date Original 1894

Ceylon Tea - the Beginning...

2010-09-03T03:24:00.000-07:00

Ceylon Tea - the Beginning...

Tea came to be a principal crop in Sri Lanka in the early 1870s. Prior to 1860s Sri Lanka’s main crop was coffee and no planter showed much interest in tea. A young Scottish man by the name of James Taylor who arrived in Ceylon in 1852 to work for one of the large coffee growers was mainly responsible for transformation of Ceylon’s plantation map from coffee to tea. Taylor was a scientific planter who was entirely devoted to his work .He was involved with Royal Botanical Gardens of Peradeniya of Sri Lanka and it was there that he got his first tea seeds for experimental planting. The 19-acre Loolecondera Estate where Taylor did the first commercial planting of tea became the model for future development of the tea industry in Sri Lanka. Taylor began to experiment with different methods of processing tealeaves. His bungalow became the factory. Leaf was rolled on tables and firing was done in clay stoves over charcoal fires.
In 1869 a leaf disease destroyed the island’s coffee plantation and Estate owners looked for alternative crops. Following Taylor’s lead they opted for tea. The transformation from coffee to tea was fairly easy since island had experienced planters and well working agricultural system. Ceylon’s tea industry witnessed a rapid expansion in 1870s and 1880s, which brought a good deal of interest from large British companies, which took over many estates. From 400 hectares in 1875, the island’s tea area grew to 120,000 hectares by 1900.Today it covers about 220,000 hectares in the highland and southern low land areas of the country.
Taylor made his home in Loolekondera and died 40 years later. James Taylor’s legacy is best summed up in the words of John Field, a former High Commissioner of Great Britain in Sri Lanka. He wrote: “It can be said of very few individuals that their labour have helped to shape the landscape of a country. The beauty of the hill country as it now appears owes much to inspiration of James Taylor, the man who introduced tea cultivation to Sri Lanka.”