Solutions

JavaScript Conditional Statements

2018-04-24T23:26:00.001-07:00

Conditional Statements

Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this.

In JavaScript we have three conditional statements:

if statement - use this statement if you want to execute a set of code when a condition is true
if...else statement - use this statement if you want to select one of two sets of lines to execute
switch statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many sets of lines to execute

If and If...else Statement

You should use the if statement if you want to execute some code if a condition is true.

Syntax

if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}

Example

//If the time on your browser is less than 10,
//you will get a "Good morning" greeting.

<script type="text/javascript">
var d=new Date()
var time=d.getHours()

if (time<10) 
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>")
}
</script>

Notice that there is no ..else.. in this syntax. You just tell the code to execute some code if the condition is true.

If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if a condition is false, use the if....else statement.

Syntax

if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is false
}

Example

//If the time on your browser is less than 10,
//you will get a "Good morning" greeting.
//Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting.

<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
var time = d.getHours()

if (time < 10) 
{
document.write("Good morning!")
}
else
{
document.write("Good day!")
}
</script>

Switch Statement

You should use the Switch statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.

Syntax

switch (expression)
{
case label1:
  code to be executed if expression = label1
  break    
case label2:
  code to be executed if expression = label2
  break
default:
  code to be executed
  if expression is different 
  from both label1 and label2
}

This is how it works: First we have a single expression (most often a variable), that is evaluated once. The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case in the structure. If there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent the code from running into the next case automatically.

Example

//You will receive a different greeting based
//on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0,
//Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc.

<script type="text/javascript">
var d=new Date()
theDay=d.getDay()
switch (theDay)
{
case 5:
  document.write("Finally Friday")
  break
case 6:
  document.write("Super Saturday")
  break
case 0:
  document.write("Sleepy Sunday")
  break
default:
  document.write("I'm looking forward to this weekend!")
}
</script>

Conditional Operator

JavaScript also contains a conditional operator that assigns a value to a variable based on some condition.

Syntax

variablename=(condition)?value1:value2

Example

greeting=(visitor=="PRES")?"Dear President ":"Dear "

If the variable visitor is equal to PRES, then put the string "Dear President " in the variable named greeting. If the variable visitor is not equal to PRES, then put the string "Dear " into the variable named greeting.

Examples

If statement

How to write an If statement. Use this statement if you want to execute a set of code if a specified condition is true.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
var time = d.getHours()
if (time < 10)
{
document.write("<b>Good Morning</b>")
}
</script>
<p>This example demonstrates the If statement. <p>If the time on your browser is less than 10, you will get a "Good Morning" greeting.
</body>
</html>

If...else statement

How to write an If...Else statement. Use this statement if you want to execute one set of code if the condition is true and another set of code if the condition is false.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
var time = d.getHours()
if (time < 10)
{
document.write("<b>Good Morning</b>")
}
else
{
document.write("<b>Good Day</b>")
}
</script>
<p>This example demonstrates the If ... Else statement. <p>If the time on your browser is less than 10, you will get a "Good Morning" greeting. Otherwise you will get a "Good Day" greeting
</body>
</html>

Random link

This example demonstrates a link, when you click on the link it will take you to W3Schools.com OR to W3AppML.com. There is a 50% chance for each of them.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var r = Math.random()
if (r>0.5)
{
document.write("<a href='http://www.w3schools.com'>Learn Web Development!<a>")
}
else
{
document.write("<a href='http://www.refsnesdata.no'>Visit Refsnes Data!<a>")
}
</script>
<p>This example demonstrates the Math.random() method. <p>The Hyperlink included in the page depends on the state of a random variable.
</body>
</html>

Switch statement

How to write a switch statement. Use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to execute.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
var theDay = d.getDay()
switch (theDay)
{
case 5:
document.write("<b>Finally Friday</b>")
break
case 6:
document.write("<b>Super Saturday</b>")
break
case 0:
document.write("<b>Sleepy Sunday</b>")
break
default:
document.write("<b>Looking Forward to the Weekend</b>")
}
</script>
<p>This example demonstrates the switch statement. <p>The text presented depends on the day of the week (0=Sunday, 1=Monday, 2=Tuesday, etc.)
</body>
</html>

JavaScript Operators

2018-04-24T23:07:00.000-07:00

Arithmetic Operators

Operator	Description	Example	Result
+	Addition	2+2	4
-	Subtraction	5-2	3
*	Multiplication	4*5	20
/	Division	15/5 5/2	3 2.5
%	Modulus. Returns the remainder after the first divisionExample 1: 5/2 results in 2, remainder 1 Example 2: 10/8 results in 1, remainder 2	5%2 10%8	1 2
++	Increment	x=5 x++	x=6
--	Decrement	x=5 x--	x=4

Comparison Operators

Operator	Description	Example
==	is equal to	5==8 returns false
!=	is not equal	5!=8 returns true
>	is greater than	5>8 returns false
<	is less than	5<8 returns true
>=	is greater than or equal to	5>=8 returns false
<=	is less than or equal to	5<=8 returns true

Assignment Shorthand Operators

Operator	Example	Is The Same As
+=	x+=y	x=x+y
-=	x-=y	x=x-y
*=	x*=y	x=x*y
/=	x/=y	x=x/y
%=	x%=y	x=x%y

Logical Operators

Operator	Description	Example
&&	and	x=6 y=3(x < 10 && y > 1) returns true
\|\|	or	x=6 y=3(x==5 \|\| y==5) returns false
!	not	x=6 y=3x != y returns true

String Operator

A string is most often a text, for example "Hello World!". To stick two or more string variables together, use the + operator.

txt1="What a very"
txt2="nice day!"
txt3=txt1+txt2

The variable txt3 now contains "What a verynice day!".

To add a space between two string variables, insert a space into the expression, OR in one of the strings.

txt1="What a very"
txt2="nice day!"
txt3=txt1+" "+txt2

or

txt1="What a very "
txt2="nice day!"
txt3=txt1+txt2

The variable txt3 now contains "What a very nice day!".

JavaScript Variables

2018-04-24T23:04:00.003-07:00

Variables

A variable is a "container" for information you want to store. A variable's value can change during the script. You can refer to a variable by name to see its value or to change its value.

Rules for Variable names:

Variable names are case sensitive
They must begin with a letter or the underscore character

Declare a Variable

You can create a variable with the var statement:

var strname = some value

You can also create a variable without the var statement:

strname = some value

Assign a Value to a Variable

You assign a value to a variable like this:

var strname = "Hege"

Or like this:

strname = "Hege"

The variable name is on the left side of the expression and the value you want to assign to the variable is on the right. Now the variable "strname" has the value "Hege".

Lifetime of Variables

When you declare a variable within a function, the variable can only be accessed within that function. When you exit the function, the variable is destroyed. These variables are called local variables. You can have local variables with the same name in different functions, because each is recognized only by the function in which it is declared.

If you declare a variable outside a function, all the functions on your page can access it. The lifetime of these variables starts when they are declared, and ends when the page is closed.

An Example of Variable Use

Variables are used to store data. This example shows you how:

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var name = "WECT"
document.write(name)
document.write("<h1>"+name+"</h1>>")
</script>
This example declares a variable, assigns a value to it, and then displays the variable.<P> Then the variable is displayed one more time, only this time within a heading element.
</body>
</html>

JavaScript Looping and Objects

2018-04-24T22:59:00.002-07:00

http://www.cev.washington.edu/lc/CLWEBCLB/jst/js_looping.html

Looping

Very often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run a number of times. You can use looping statements in your code to do this.

In JavaScript we have the following looping statements:

while - loops through a block of code while a condition is true
do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop while a condition is true
for - run statements a specified number of times

while

The while statement will execute a block of code while a condition is true..

while (condition)
{
    code to be executed
}

do...while

The do...while statement will execute a block of code once, and then it will repeat the loop while a condition is true

do
{
    code to be executed
}
while (condition)

for

The for statement will execute a block of code a specified number of times

for (initialization; condition; increment)
{
    code to be executed
}

Examples

For loop

How to write a For loop. Use a For loop to run the same block of code a specified number of times

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
for (i=0; i<=5; i++)
{
document.write("<b>The number is " + i + "</b>")
document.write("<br>")
}
</script>
<p>Explanation:
<p>The for loop sets <b>i</b> equal to 0.
<p>As long as <b>i</b> is less than or equal to 5, the loop will continue to run.
<p><b>i</b> will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
</body>
</html>

Looping through HTML headers

How to use the For loop to write the HTML headers.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
for (i=0; i<=6; i++)
{
document.write("<h" + i + ">This is header " + i)
document.write("</h" + i + ">")
}
</script>
<p>Explanation:
<p>The for loop sets <b>i</b> equal to 0.
<p>As long as <b>i</b> is less than or equal to 5, the loop will continue to run.
<p><b>i</b> will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
</body>
</html>

While loop

How to write a While loop. Use a While loop to run the same block of code while or until a condition is true

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
i=0 while (i<=5)
{
document.write("<b>The number is " + i + "</b>")
document.write("<br>")
i++
}
</script>
<p>Explanation:
<p>The for loop sets <b>i</b> equal to 0.
<p>As long as <b>i</b> is less than or equal to 5, the loop will continue to run.
<p><b>i</b> will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
</body>
</html>

Do while loop

How to write a Do While loop. Use a Do While loop to run the same block of code while or until a condition is true. This loop will always be executed once, even if the condition is false, because the statements are executed before the condition is tested

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
i=0
do
{
document.write("<b>The number is " + i + "</b>")
document.write("<br>")
i++
}
while (i<=5)
</script>
<p>Explanation:
<p>The for loop sets <b>i</b> equal to 0.
<p>As long as <b>i</b> is less than or equal to 5, the loop will continue to run.
<p><b>i</b> will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
</body>
</html>

JavaScript String Object

The Most Common Methods

NN: Netscape, IE: Internet Explorer, ECMA: Web Standard

Methods	Explanation	NN	IE	ECMA
length	Returns the number of characters in a string	2.0	3.0	1.0
indexOf()	Returns the index of the first time the specified character occurs, or -1 if it never occurs, so with that index you can determine if the string contains the specified character.	2.0	3.0
lastIndexOf()	Same as indexOf, only it starts from the right and moves left.	2.0	4.0
match()	Behaves similar to indexOf and lastIndexOf, but the match method returns the specified characters, or "null", instead of a numeric value.	4.0	4.0
substr()	Returns the characters you specified: (14,7) returns 7 characters, from the 14th character.	4.0	4.0
substring()	Returns the characters you specified: (7,14) returns all characters between the 7th and the 14th.	2.0	3.0	1.0
toLowerCase()	Converts a string to lower case	2.0	3.0	1.0
toUpperCase()	Converts a string to upper case	2.0	3.0	1.0

Examples

The length method

The length method returns the number of characters in a string.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="Web Enabling Tools is Cool!"
document.write("<p>" + str + "</p>")
document.write("str.length")
</script>
</body>
</html>

The indexOf() method

Test if a string contains a specified character. Returns an integer if it does and -1 if it does not. Use this method in a form validation.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="Web Enabling Tools is Cool!"
var pos=str.IndexOf("Enabling")
if (pos>=0)
{
document.write("School found at position: ")
document.write(pos + "<br>")
} else {
document.write("Enabling not found!")
}
<p>This example tests if a string contains a specified word. If the word is found it returns the position of the first character of the word in the original string. Note: The first position in the string is 0!
</script>
</body>
</html>

The match() method

Works similar to the indexOf method, only this method returns the characters you specified, "null" if the string does not contain the specified characters.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="Web Enabling Tools is cool!"
document.write(str.match("cool"))
</script>
<p>This example tests if a string contains a specified word. If the word is found it returns the word!
</body>
</html>

The substr() method

Returns a specified part of a string. If you specify (3,6) the returned result string will be from the third character and 6 long. (Note that since the first character is 0, the second is 1 etc, the result will be from the second character and 6 long).

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="W3Schools is great!"
document.write(str.substr(2,6))
document.write("<br><br>")
document.write(str.substring(2,6))
</script>
<p>The substr() method returns a specified part of a string. If you specify (2,6) the returned string will be from the second character (start at 0) and 6 long. <p>The substring() method also returns a specified part of a string. If you specify (2,6) it returns all characters from the second character (start at 0) and up to, but not including, the sixth character. </body>
</html>

The substring() method

Returns a specified part of a string. (3,6) returns the characters from the third to the 6th.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str="W3Schools is great!"
document.write(str.substring(3,6))
</script>
<p>This example returns all the characters from the third character up to but not including the 6th character. (Note that since the first character is 0, the second is 1 etc, the result will be from the fourth character including the 6th character). </body>
</html>

The toLowerCase() and toUpperCase() methods

Converts a string to lower case and upper case respectively.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str=("Hello JavaScripters!")
document.write(str.toLowerCase())
document.write("<br>")
document.write(str.toUpperCase())
</script>
</body>
</html>

JavaScript Array Object

The Array object

An Array object is used to store a set of values in a single variable name. Each value is an element of the array and has an associated index number.

You can refer to a particular element in the array by using the name of the array and the index number. The index number starts at zero.

You create an instance of the Array object with the "new" keyword.

var family_names=new Array(5)

The expected number of elements goes inside the parentheses, in this case 5.

You assign data to each of the elements in the array like this:

family_names[0]="Tove"
family_names[1]="Jani"
family_names[2]="Ståle"
family_names[3]="Hege"
family_names[4]="Kai"

And the data can be retrieved from any element by using the index of the particular array element you want. Like this:

mother=family_names[0]
father=family_names[1]

The Most Common Methods

Methods	Explanation	NN	IE	ECMA
length	Returns the number of elements in an array. This property is assigned a value when an array is created	3.0	4.0	1.0
reverse()	Returns the array reversed	3.0	4.0	1.0
slice()	Returns a specified part of the array	4.0	4.0
sort()	Returns a sorted array	3.0	4.0	1.0

Examples

Array

Arrays are used to store a series of related data items. This example demonstrates how you can make an array that stores names.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var famname = new Array(6)
famname[0] = "Jan Egil"
famname[1] = "Tove"
famname[2] = "Hege"
famname[3] = "Stale"
famname[4] = "Kai Jim"
famname[5] = "Borge"
for (i=0; i<6; i++)
{
document.write(famname[i] + "<br>")
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Array 2

This is another way of making an array that gives the same result as the one above. Note that the length method is used to find out how many elements the array contains.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var famname = new Array("Jan Egil","Tove","Hege","Stale","Kai Jim","Borge")for (i=0; i {
document.write(famname[i] + "<br>")
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

JavaScript Date Object

The Date object

The Date object is used to work with dates and times.
You create an instance of the Date object with the "new" keyword.
To store the current date in a variable called "my_date":

var my_date=new Date()

After creating an instance of the Date object, you can access all the methods of the object from the "my_date" variable. If, for example, you want to return the date (from 1-31) of a Date object, you should write the following:

my_date.getDate()

You can also write a date inside the parentheses of the Date() object, like this:

new Date("Month dd, yyyy hh:mm:ss")
new Date("Month dd, yyyy")
new Date(yy,mm,dd,hh,mm,ss)
new Date(yy,mm,dd)
new Date(milliseconds)

Here is how you can create a Date object for each of the ways above:

var my_date=new Date("October 12, 1988 13:14:00")
var my_date=new Date("October 12, 1988")
var my_date=new Date(88,09,12,13,14,00)
var my_date=new Date(88,09,12)
var my_date=new Date(500)

The Most Common Methods

NN: Netscape, IE: Internet Explorer, ECMA: Web Standard

Methods	Explanation	NN	IE	ECMA
Date()	Returns a Date object	2.0	3.0	1.0
getDate()	Returns the date of a Date object (from 1-31)	2.0	3.0	1.0
getDay()	Returns the day of a Date object (from 0-6. 0=Sunday, 1=Monday, etc.)	2.0	3.0	1.0
getMonth()	Returns the month of a Date object (from 0-11. 0=January, 1=February, etc.)	2.0	3.0	1.0
getFullYear()	Returns the year of the Date object (four digits)	4.0	4.0	1.0
getHours()	Returns the hour of the Date object (from 0-23)	2.0	3.0	1.0
getMinutes()	Returns the minute of the Date object (from 0-59)	2.0	3.0	1.0
getSeconds()	Returns the second of the Date object (from 0-59)	2.0	3.0	1.0

Examples

Date

Returns today's date including date, month, and year. Note that the getMonth method returns 0 in January, 1 in February etc. So add 1 to the getMonth method to display the correct date.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
document.write(d.getDate())
document.write(".")
document.write(d.getMonth() + 1)
document.write(".")
document.write(d.getFullYear())
</script>
</body>
</html>

Time

Returns the current local time including hour, minutes, and seconds. To return the GMT time use getUTCHours, getUTCMinutes etc.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
document.write(d.getHours())
document.write(".")
document.write(d.getMinutes() + 1)
document.write(".")
document.write(d.getSeconds())
</script>
</body>
</html>

Set date

You can also set the date or time into the date object, with the setDate, setHour etc. Note that in this example, only the FullYear is set.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
d.setFullYear("1990")
document.write(".")
</script>
</body>
</html>

UTC time

The getUTCDate method returns the Universal Coordinated Time which is the time set by the World Time Standard.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
document.write(d.getUTCHours())
document.write(".")
document.write(d.getUTCMinutes() + 1)
document.write(".")
document.write(d.getUTCSeconds())
</script>
</body>
</html>

Display weekday

A simple script that allows you to write the name of the current day instead of the number. Note that the array object is used to store the names, and that Sunday=0, Monday=1 etc.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
var weekday=new Array("Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday")
document.write("Today is " + weekday[d.getDay()])
</script>
</body>
</html>

Display full date

How to write a complete date with the name of the day and the name of the month.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
var weekday=new Array("Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday")
var monthname=new Array("Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec")
document.write(weekday[d.getDay()] + " ")
document.write(d.getDate() + ". ")
document.write(monthname[d.getMonth()] + " ")
document.write(d.getFullYear())
</script>
</body>
</html>

Display time

How to display the time on your pages. Note that this script is similar to the Time example above, only this script writes the time in an input field. And it continues writing the time one time per second.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var timer = nullfunction stop()
{
clearTimeout(timer)
}
function start()
{
var time = new Date()
var hours = time.getHours()
minutes=((minutes < 10) ? "0" : "") + minutes
var seconds = time.getSeconds()
seconds=((seconds < 10) ? "0" : "") + seconds
var clock = hours + ":" + minutes + ":" + seconds
document.forms[0].display.value = clock
timer = setTimeout("start()",1000)
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

JavaScript Math Object

Examples

The Math object

The built-in Math object includes mathematical constants and functions. You do not need to create the Math object before using it.

To store a random number between 0 and 1 in a variable called "r_number":

r_number=Math.random()

To store the rounded number of 8.6 in a variable called "r_number":

r_number=Math.round(8.6)

The Most Common Methods

NN: Netscape, IE: Internet Explorer, ECMA: Web Standard

Methods	Explanation	NN	IE	ECMA
max(x,y)	Returns the number with the highest value of x and y	2.0	3.0	1.0
min(x,y)	Returns the number with the lowest value of x and y	2.0	3.0	1.0
random()	Returns a random number between 0 and 1	2.0	3.0	1.0
round(x)	Rounds x to the nearest integer	2.0	3.0	1.0

Round

How to round a specified number to the nearest whole number

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write(Math.round(7.25))
</script>
</body>
</html>

Random number

The random method returns a random number between 0 and 1

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write(Math.random())
</script>
</body>
</html>

Random number from 0-10

How to write a random number from 0 to 10, using the round and the random method.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
no=Math.random()*10
document.write(Math.floor(no))
</script>
</body>
</html>

Max number

How to test which of two numbers, has the highest value.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write(Math.max(2,4))
</script>
</body>
</html>

Min number

How to test which of two numbers, has the lowest value.

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write(Math.min(2,4))
</script>
</body>
</html>

VB.NET

2018-04-21T17:37:00.000-07:00

Introduction

Visual Basic .NET is an Object-Oriented programming language designed by Microsoft. With the word “Basic” being in the name of the language, you can already see that this is a language for beginners. Although the language is aimed at noobs and novices, you should not underestimate the power of the language itself. There are people who criticize VB.NET because of the simplicity of the syntax, but VB.NET has the ability to create very powerful and sophisticated applications. VB.NET is a great place to start because of how easy and straight forward it is. The syntax is easy and you will not find yourself writing hundreds of lines of code as there are many shortcuts that make coding so much easier in this language.

If you have had any experience in computer programming, you should understand what a syntax is and the purpose of it. If not, let’s take a look at the VB.NET syntax. The purpose of typing code is to instruct the application what to do. It’s not as easy as typing “Hey application, multiply 5 by 8″ but it’s pretty darn close! If you wanted to tell your application to show a Message Box telling you that HowToStartProgramming.com is awesome, this would be the code you would use:

MessageBox.Show("HowToStartProgramming.com is awesome")

Wow pretty easy right? I bet you thought that you would be typing 0′s and 1′s like in binary! Well now that you have looked at the syntax for VB.NET, you are ready to start your first tutorial. Please select the first tutorial from the list below and begin watching.

VB.NET Tutorial Index

1. Introduction
2. Hello World
3. Variables
4. If Statements
5. Math Functions
6. Form Properties
7. The Progress Bar
8. The Listbox
9. The Radio Button And The CheckBox
10. The Menu Strip
11. Linking Forms
12. Log In Form
13. Text To Speech
14. Splash Screen
15. For Loop
16. Do While
17. Do Until
18. Subs
19. Functions
20. Advanced MessageBox
21. Conditional Operators
22. Logical Operators
23. Timers
24. Sending An Email
25. Emailing Application
26. FTP Upload
27. FTP Application
28. ByVal and ByRef
29. Comments
30. Download and Run File
31. Web Browser
32. Application Settings
33. Using Settings
34. Auto Typer
35. Arrays
36. Splitting Strings
37. Computer Information
38. Try Catch
39. Web Page Source Code
40. Application Updater
41. Website Login
42. Reading Text Files
43. Saving Text Files
44. OpenFileDialog
45. SaveFileDialog
46. Special Folders
47. Get Elements By Tag Name
48. Get All HTML Elements
49. Click Button Without ID
50. Write To Online Text File
51. HttpWebRequest POST Method
52. HttpWebRequest CookieContainer
53. MultiThreading
54. Regex
55. Modules
56. Classes

Visual Studio features

2018-04-06T23:53:00.000-07:00

http://www.visual-basic-tutorials.com/

This lesson as mentioned describes some of the most important Visual Studio features. It explains the most important windows, menus, and toolbars that make up the environment, and show how to customize them to suit your needs. In addition we gonna see some of the tools that provide help while you are writing Visual Basic applications and how to use the IDE to debug your programs.

Please notice that the Visual Studio IDE is extremely customizable which means that you can move, hide, or modify the menus, toolbars, and windows. You can create your own toolbars and then dock, undock, or rearrange them. Finally you can change the behavior of the built-in text editors and much more. However as beginner you should probably not customize the IDE's basic menus and toolbars too much because it will only cause confusion later.

NOTE: The screenshots in this tutorial may not look exactly like the ones on your system because of the OS and selected style. These screenshots were taken on a computer running Windows 8.1 so they display the Windows 8.1 look and feel. Also it may look different if you have chosen a different configuration (we assume you have configured VS for Visual Basic development).

1. The New Project dialog lets you start a new project.
Use the Project Types tree view on the left to select the project category that you want. After that select a specific project type on the right (as you see we have selected the Windows Forms Application project type). Finally set the location (default is My Documents), enter a name for the new project and click OK to create the project.

2. The Toolbox window displays tools that you could use with the currently active document. These tools are available when you are editing an item that can contain objects such as controls and components. By the way, these tools are grouped into sections callif you right-click a certain tab and select one of the commands in the context menu.

3. The Properties window allows you to view and modify the properties of the form and of the controls that it contains.

On our screenshot you may see the Properties window displaying properties for a Button control named ButtonLogin. You can see in the figure that the Text property of this control is "Login" and that's what the button displays to the user.

In addition please note the drop-down list at the top of the window. Well that list holds the names of all of the controls on the form. To select a certain control, you can either click it on the Designer or select it from this drop-down list.

The small icons below the dropdown determine what items are displayed in the window and how they are arranged. For example if you click the leftmost button, the window lists properties grouped by category and if you click the second icon that holds the letters A and Z, the window lists the control's properties alphabetically.

4. The Solution Explorer lets you manage the files associated with the current solution. For example, in the Figure below, you could select LoginForm.vb in the Solution Explorer and then click the View Code button (the third icon from the right at the top of the Solution Explorer) to open the form's code editor.

You can also right-click an object in the Solution Explorer to get a list of appropriate commands for that object. This window makes it easier to find a command by right-clicking an object related to whatever you want to do than it is to wander through the menus.

5. The Error List window shows errors and warnings in the current project. For example, if the code contains invalid character, this list will say so. It's extremly useful as it clearly tells you the type of the error(s) showing a full description, file name, line and everything else that helps you easily find and fix the error. If you don't see the Error List it is probably hidden. You can display it by selecting the appropriate item in the View menu.

6. The Output window displays compilation results and output printed by the application. Usually an application interacts with the user through its forms and dialog boxes, but it can display information here, usually to help you debug the code. The Output window also shows informational messages generated by the IDE. For example, when you compile an application, the IDE sends messages here to tell you what it is doing and whether it succeeded.

7. The Windows Forms Designer allows you to design forms for typical Windows applications. It lets you add, size, and move controls on a form using your mouse. Together with the Properties window, it lets you view and modify control properties, and create event handlers to interact with the controls.

8. You use the Visual Basic Code Editor to write a code that responds to control events.

The most obvious feature of the code editor is that it lets you type code, but the code editor is far more than a simple text editor such as Notepad.

It provides many features to make writing correct Visual Basic code much easier. For example you can create an event handler within the code editor. The upper left part of the code editor displays a drop-down listing all the controls.

If you select a control from the list, you can then pick an event for that control from a second dropdown in the code editor's upper right. If you select an event, the code editor generates a corresponding empty event handler for you.

To make referring to the code lines easier, code editor may display line numbers too.

To switch between design and code view:

To navigate from design to code view:
1. Right click anywhere in the Designer and select "View Code"
2. Open View menu and select "View Code"
3. Right-click the form in the Solution Explorer and select "View Code"
4. Use the hotkey "Ctrl + Alt + 0"hu

To navigate from code to design view:
1. Right click anywhere in the Code editor and select "View Designer"
2. Open View menu and select "View Designer"
3. Right-click the form in the Solution Explorer and select "View Designer"
4. Use the hotkey "Shift + F7"

Visual Basic .NET Debugging, Comments, Variables

2018-04-06T23:51:00.001-07:00

http://www.visual-basic-tutorials.com/

As soon as you create a new project, it is ready to run.
However if you run it immediately it will display only an empty form containing no controls.
This form will compile and run smoothly because there is nothing to be debugged/validated yet.

As soon as you add some controls to your form and write appropriate code for them you will want to test your application. To do that you simply start debugging!

There are several ways to start debugging:
1. Open the Debug menu and select "Start Debugging".
2. If you’re using the Visual Basic environment settings, you can simply press F5
3. Click Debug item in the toolbar as shown on the image below:

If there are no errors your app will run shortly after you started debugging.

Please watch the Output Windows as this window displays compilation results and output produced by Debug and Trace statements.

Comments

The comments are one of the few typographic code elements that make a programs structure a bit easier to understand.
They do not execute and they are ignored by the compiler but are an important part of how you organize your code.

Generally speaking, comments can help you as well as other developers (at a later date) to understand the code purpose.

The comment starts with a single quotation mark (') and everything until the end of the line is part of the comment and as mentioned ignored by Visual Basic.

NOTE: you cannot use line continuation characters to make a multi-line comment nor you can have block comment as they are not supported in VB.NET

If you want to comment or uncomment a large block of code quickly, just select the code and then open Edit > Advanced > Comment Selection and Uncoment Slection respectively.

You should always use comments to make your code clear and understandable.

' checking if the username and password are valid
If Username.Text = "admin" AndAlso Password.Text = "mypwd" Then
    Dim mForm As Form = MainForm ' instantiate the MainForm
    mForm.ShowDialog() ' display the main form
    Me.Close() ' close the login form
Else
    ' incorrect username or password provided
    Username.Text = String.Empty ' reset the username textbox
    Password.Text = String.Empty ' reset the password textbox
    ' let them know that username or password is incorrect 
    MessageBox.Show("Incorrect username or password. Please try again!")
End If

Generally speaking, the variables are among the most fundamental components of programming.

A variable is an object that stores a value which can be a number, letter, string, date etc.

If a variable contains a value, the program can manipulate it. Meaning, it can perform arithmetic operations on numbers, string operations on strings (concatenate, calculate substrings, finding a match within string and so on), date operations (find the difference between two dates, add a time period to a date), and so forth.

The variable's behavior is determined by:
1. Scope - it indicates the scope levels from where the variable can be accessed (private, public etc.)
2. Data type - can be an Integer, String, Boolean etc.
3. Accessibility - determines what code in other modules can access the variable
4. Lifetime - determines how long the variable value is valid
For instance, any variable declared inside a subroutine has scope equal to the subroutine and cannot be accessed by the code outside of the subroutine.

Private Sub DoSomething()

Dim InsideVariable As String = String.Empty;

' Do Something with the variable

End Sub

Console.Write(InsideVariable)
' ERROR: variable is not in scope (can't be accessed from outside)
In Visual Basic you use the keyword Dim to tell Visual Basic officially that you want to declare a variable.
You can avoid the Dim only if you specify Private, Public, Protected etc. however a variable delared using a Dim keyword is Private by default so the next two declarations are identical:

Dim MyString As String = String.Empty
Private MyString As String = String.Empty

Getting User Inputs in Visual Basic .NET

2018-04-06T23:46:00.000-07:00

http://www.visual-basic-tutorials.com/

It often happens that you need to prompt the user to enter an expected value.

VB.NET Console Application:

Dim nl As String = Environment.NewLine

' say hi and ask them for a name

Console.WriteLine("Hello there. What's your name?" + nl)

Dim input = Console.ReadLine()

' say something to the user

Console.WriteLine(nl & "Nice to meet you " & input & "." & nl)

Console.Read()

VB>NET Windows Form Application

Dim prompt As String = String.Empty
Dim title As String = String.Empty
Dim defaultResponse As String = String.Empty
Dim answer As Object
' Set prompt.
prompt = "Hello there. What's your name?"
' Set title.
title = "Getting user input"
' Set default value.
defaultResponse = "Your name here"
' Display prompt, title, and default value.
answer = InputBox(prompt, title, defaultResponse)
     
' Say something to the user
Messagebox.Show("Nice to meet you " & answer)

how to make an onscreen keyboard in visual basic .net

2018-04-06T23:37:00.000-07:00

This tutorial will show you how to make an onscreen keyboard in visual basic .net.

The most important step in this tutorial is placing the keys(Buttons) on the form. In order to follow with this tutorial, I have included a map that shows the name of each button on the form:

The Red text in the following picture indicates the name of each control. The black text indicates the text property of each button

Below, the picture shows how the Onscreen Keyboard look like:

After preparing the form and adding the buttons on it according the same order of the first picture, let's program the buttons:

The following code will handle the click of all the typing keys. It will also check if the Shift key is pressed:

Typing Keys:

Private Sub Button28_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button9.Click, _
    Button8.Click, Button7.Click, Button6.Click, Button5.Click, Button48.Click, Button47.Click, _
    Button46.Click, Button45.Click, Button44.Click, Button43.Click, Button42.Click, Button41.Click, _
    Button40.Click, Button4.Click, Button39.Click, Button38.Click, Button37.Click, Button36.Click, _
    Button35.Click, Button34.Click, Button33.Click, Button32.Click, Button31.Click, Button30.Click, _
    Button3.Click, Button29.Click, Button28.Click, Button26.Click, Button25.Click, Button24.Click, _
    Button23.Click, Button22.Click, Button21.Click, Button20.Click, Button2.Click, Button19.Click, _
    Button18.Click, Button17.Click, Button16.Click, Button15.Click, Button14.Click, Button13.Click, _
    Button12.Click, Button11.Click, Button10.Click, Button1.Click 
        If ShiftR.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Flat Then
            TextBox1.Text = TextBox1.Text + sender.text
            ShiftR.PerformClick()
        Else
 TextBox1.Text = TextBox1.Text + sender.text
        End If
End Sub

Backspace Key

The following code will handle the Backspace button click event:

Private Sub Back_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Back.Click

        If TextBox1.Text < " " Then

            TextBox1.Text = Mid(TextBox1.Text, 1, Len(TextBox1.Text) - 1 + 1)

        Else

            TextBox1.Text = Mid(TextBox1.Text, 1, Len(TextBox1.Text) - 1)

        End If

End Sub

Enter Key

The following code will handle the Enter button click event:

Private Sub Enter_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Enter.Click

        TextBox1.Text = TextBox1.Text & Environment.NewLine 

End Sub

Righ and Left Shift Keys

The following code will handle both right and left Shift keys:

Private Sub ShiftR_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles ShiftR.Click, ShiftL.Click

If ShiftR.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Flat Then

            ShiftR.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Standard

            ShiftL.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Standard

            For Each ctl As Control In Me.Controls

                If (ctl.Name.StartsWith("Button")) Then

                    Dim btn As Button = DirectCast(ctl, Button)

                    btn.Text = btn.Text.ToLower

                    Button1.Text = "1"

                    Button2.Text = "2"

                    Button3.Text = "3"

                    Button4.Text = "4"

                    Button5.Text = "5"

                    Button6.Text = "6"

                    Button7.Text = "7"

                    Button8.Text = "8"

                    Button9.Text = "9"

                    Button10.Text = "0"

                    Button11.Text = "-"

                    Button12.Text = "="

                    Button13.Text = "`"

                    Button14.Text = "\"

                    Button15.Text = "]"

                    Button16.Text = "["

                    Button29.Text = "'"

                    Button30.Text = ";"

                    Button28.Text = "/"

                    Button40.Text = "."

                    Button41.Text = ","

                End If 

            Next

        ElseIf ShiftR.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Standard Then

            ShiftL.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Flat

            ShiftR.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Flat

            For Each ctl As Control In Me.Controls

                If (ctl.Name.StartsWith("Button")) Then

                    Dim btn As Button = DirectCast(ctl, Button)

                    btn.Text = btn.Text.ToUpper

                    Button1.Text = "!"

                    Button2.Text = "@"

                    Button3.Text = "#"

                    Button4.Text = "$"

                    Button5.Text = "%"

                    Button6.Text = "^"

                    Button7.Text = "&"

                    Button8.Text = "*"

                    Button9.Text = "("

                    Button10.Text = ")"

                    Button11.Text = "_"

                    Button12.Text = "+"

                    Button13.Text = "~"

                    Button14.Text = "|"

                    Button15.Text = "}"

                    Button16.Text = "{"

                    Button29.Text = """"

                    Button30.Text = ":"

                    Button28.Text = "?"

                    Button40.Text = ">"

                    Button41.Text = "<"

                End If

             Next

        End If

    End Sub

Caps Lock Key:

The followng code will handle the Caps Lock button click event:

Private Sub Caps_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Caps.Click

        If Caps.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Flat Then

            Caps.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Standard

            Caps.BackColor = Color.FromKnownColor(KnownColor.Control)

            For Each ctl As Control In Me.Controls

                If (ctl.Name.StartsWith("Button")) Then

                    Dim btn As Button = DirectCast(ctl, Button)

                    btn.Text = btn.Text.ToLower

                    Button1.Text = "1"

                    Button2.Text = "2"

                    Button3.Text = "3"

                    Button4.Text = "4"

                    Button5.Text = "5"

                    Button6.Text = "6"

                    Button7.Text = "7"

                    Button8.Text = "8"

                    Button9.Text = "9"

                    Button10.Text = "0"

                    Button11.Text = "-"

                    Button12.Text = "="

                    Button13.Text = "`"

                    Button14.Text = "\"

                    Button15.Text = "]"

                    Button16.Text = "["

                    Button29.Text = "'"

                    Button30.Text = ";"

                    Button28.Text = "/"

                    Button40.Text = "."

                    Button41.Text = ","

                End If

 

            Next

        ElseIf Caps.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Standard Then

            Caps.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Flat

            Caps.BackColor = Color.LightGreen

            For Each ctl As Control In Me.Controls

                If (ctl.Name.StartsWith("Button")) Then

                    Dim btn As Button = DirectCast(ctl, Button)

                    btn.Text = btn.Text.ToUpper

                    Button1.Text = "!"

                    Button2.Text = "@"

                    Button3.Text = "#"

                    Button4.Text = "$"

                    Button5.Text = "%"

                    Button6.Text = "^"

                    Button7.Text = "&"

                    Button8.Text = "*"

                    Button9.Text = "("

                    Button10.Text = ")"

                    Button11.Text = "_"

                    Button12.Text = "+"

                    Button13.Text = "~"

                    Button14.Text = "|"

                    Button15.Text = "}"

                    Button16.Text = "{"

                    Button29.Text = """"

                    Button30.Text = ":"

                    Button28.Text = "?"

                    Button40.Text = ">"

                    Button41.Text = "<"

                End If

 

            Next

        End If

    End Sub

The Tab Key:

The following code will handle the Tab key click event:

Private Sub Tab_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Tab.Click

        TextBox1.Text = TextBox1.Text & "   "

    End Sub

The Space Key

The following code will handle the Space key click event:

Private Sub Space_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Space.Click

        TextBox1.Text = TextBox1.Text & " "

    End Sub

Calculator

2018-04-06T23:29:00.000-07:00

Create a new project.
You can change the form text to "your name's calculator". Click on the form and then go to propertieswindow, then change the text property.
You also need to disable the maximize control of the form. That's because you don't want the user to maximize the calculator. Go to the properties window, and change the maximize box property to False:

You also need to change the FormBorderStyle property to Fixed3D

Add a button to the form and place on top of the form:

You might be surprised of this button because we should have placed a textbox instead. Well, this is the cool thing about Visual Basic, you can use a button to display text and results.
Now we have to change the button properties to look like a text box.
First we change it's text to "0.".

We align the text to be on the right. Right click on the button, click on properties. In the properties window change TextAlign to MiddleRight:

Choose the box in the middle right (the blue one in the image above)

Change the FlatStyle of the button. In the properties window change FlatStyle to Flat:

You also need to change the color of the button. Go to the properties window and change the backcolor property to white:

There are two more properties you need to change: TabStop to False and Enabled to False.

Your button should look like this now:

Let's add the rest of the buttons to the form.
Important: please add the button in the same order exactly as shown below.

Add four buttons. Start by adding the button on the left (1) then (2) then (3) then (4)

Change the text of the four buttons to 7 , 8, 9, / as shown above.
Add four more buttons and change their text to 4, 5, 6, *
Remember to start adding the buttons in order as the following image:

Add four more buttons in the same order as shown below and change their text to 1, 2, 3, -

Add four more buttons in the same order as shown below and change their text to 0, . , =, +

Add the last two buttons to the calculator in order as shown below and change their text to Clear, Exit:

Go to the code page and add the following declarations:

Dim value1 As String = ""
Dim value2 As String = ""
Dim value3 As Double = 0.0

Clear Button Code

Private Sub Button18_Click(sender As System.Object, e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button18.Click
        value1 = ""
        value2 = ""
        value3 = 0.0
        Button1.Text = 0.0
    End Sub

Exit Button Code

Private Sub Button19_Click(sender As System.Object, e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button19.Click
        End
End Sub

Equal Button Code

Private Sub Button16_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button16.Click
        If value1 > "" And value2 = "+" Then
            Button1.Text = Val(value1) + Val(Button1.Text)
            value3 = Button1.Text
        ElseIf value2 > "" And value2 = "-" Then
            Button1.Text = Val(value1) - Val(Button1.Text)
            value3 = Button1.Text
        ElseIf value2 > "" And value2 = "*" Then
            Button1.Text = Val(value1) * Val(Button1.Text)
            value3 = Button1.Text
        ElseIf value2 > "" And value2 = "/" Then
            Button1.Text = Val(value1) / Val(Button1.Text)
            value3 = Button1.Text
        Else
        End If
    End Sub

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Divition Buttons Code will be handled under one sub

Private Sub Button17_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button17.Click, Button13.Click, Button9.Click, Button5.Click
        value2 = sender.text
        value1 = Button1.Text
    End Sub

Zero Button Code

Private Sub Button14_Click(sender As System.Object, e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button14.Click
        If Button1.Text = value1 Then
            Button1.Text = "0."
        ElseIf Button1.Text = "0." Then
            Button1.Text = "0."
        ElseIf Button1.Text = "0" Then
            Button1.Text = "0."
        ElseIf Button1.Text = value1 Then
            Button1.Text = "0."
        Else : Button1.Text = Button1.Text & "0"
        End If
    End Sub

Decimal Button Code

 Private Sub Button15_Click(sender As System.Object, e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button15.Click
        If Button1.Text = "0." Then
            Button1.Text = "."
        ElseIf Button1.Text = value3 Then
            Button1.Text = "."
        ElseIf Button1.Text = value1 Then
            Button1.Text = "."
        Else
            If Button1.Text.Contains(".") Then
            Else
                Button1.Text = Button1.Text & "."
            End If
        End If
    End Sub

Numbers 1 - 9 Buttons Code under one sub:

Private Sub Button2_Click(sender As System.Object, e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button8.Click, Button7.Click, Button6.Click, Button4.Click, Button3.Click, Button2.Click, Button12.Click, Button11.Click, Button10.Click
        If Button1.Text = value1 Then
            Button1.Text = sender.text
        ElseIf Button1.Text = "0." Then
            Button1.Text = sender.text
        ElseIf Button1.Text = value3 Then
            Button1.Text = sender.text
        Else
            Button1.Text = Button1.Text & sender.text
        End If
    End Sub

Cellualar network

2018-04-04T22:43:00.000-07:00

सेलुलर ट्रांसमिशन क्या हैं?

सेल्युलर नेटवर्क एक रेडिओ नेटवर्क है जो land areas पर डिस्ट्रीब्यूट होता है जिसे cells के नाम से जाना जाता है | प्रत्येक cell, fixed location ट्रांस्सीवर पर serve किया जाता है जिसे एक cell site या बेस स्टेशन के नाम से जाना जाता है |जब ये cell आपस में एक दुसरे के साथ जुड़ते है तो ये एक wide geographic areas के ऊपर रेडिओ कवरेज को उपलब्ध कराते है ये बढ़ी संख्या में ट्रांससीवर्स
(transceiver ) जैसे-mobile phones, pagers इत्यादि को एक दुसरे के साथ कम्युनिकेट करने के लिए सक्षम बनाते है तथा नेटवर्क में बेस स्टेशन के द्धारा कही भी फिक्स्ड transceiver और telephones के माध्यम से कम्युनिकेट करने के लिए सक्षम बनाते है |
(सेल्युलर ट्रांसमिशन को सेल्युलर रेडिओ के नाम से जाना जाता है इसमें ट्रांसमिशन के लिए low power base स्टेशन की बढ़ी संख्या का प्रयोग करके नेटवर्क को बनाया जाता है प्रत्येक स्टेशन एक सीमित कवरेज एरिया को रखता है एक एरिया कई छोटे-छोटे एरिया में विभाजित होते है जो सेल के नाम से जाना जाता है इनमे से प्रत्येक छोटे एरिया को इसके अपने low power radio रेडिओ बेस स्टेशन के द्धारा serveकिया जाता है)
सेल्युलर रेडिओ में ट्रांसमिशन के लिए प्रत्येक एरिया अपने low power रेडिओ बेस स्टेशन को रखता है | इन रेडिओ स्टेशंस को frequency channels को इस तरीके से एलोकेट किया जाता है की एक सेल में प्रयोग किये channels ( frequencies) को कुछ दुरी पर दुसरे cell को पुन: प्रयोग किया जा सकता है |
सेलुलर रेडियो का प्रमुख principal, एक coverage area के अंतर्गत एक पावरफुल ट्रांसमीटर का प्रयोग करने के बजाय बहुत सारे low power transmitter का प्रयोग करना होता है | जैसे एक region में एक high power transmitter, 12 channels को रखता है लेकिन यदि हम इस region को one hundred cell में विभाजित कर दे तो low power transmitters को रखते है और ये 12 channels प्रयोग करते है | तो प्रत्येक के लिए सिस्टम की capacity 12 से 1200 channels हो जायेगी |

इलेक्ट्रॉनिक पेमेंट सिस्टम

2018-04-02T22:28:00.001-07:00

source : https://computerhindinotes.com/what-is-electroni-payment-system/

इलेक्ट्रॉनिक पेमेंट सिस्टम(Introduction to Electronic Payment System) –

ई-कॉमर्स में ख़रीदे गए goods या services के लिए पेमेंट इन्टरनेट के माध्यम से किया जाता है | इलेक्ट्रॉनिक पेमेंट एक तरह का फाइनेंशियल एक्सचेंज है जो विक्रेता तथा खरीददार के बीच में ऑनलाइन स्थापित किया जाता है | इस एक्सचेंज के कन्टेन्ट सामान्यतः डिजिटल फाइनेंशियल instrument के रूप में होते है | ये फाईनेंशियल क्रेडिट कार्ड नम्बर्स, इलेक्ट्रोनिक केश इत्यादि के रूप में होते है, पारम्परिक रूप पेमेंट प्रक्रिया में खरीददार एक मर्चेंट से goods तथा services को खरीदने का निर्णय लेने के पश्चात् मर्चेंट इन goods तथा services को खरीददार के लिए ट्रांसफर करेगा तथा खरीददार cash या पेमेंट इन्फोर्मेशन जैसे- चैक, क्रेडिट कार्ड इन्फोर्मेशन इत्यादि को मर्चेंट को ट्रांसफर करेगा | कैश ट्रांजेक्शन में कैश खरीददार के अकाउंट में मर्चेंट के अकाउंट से face to face एक्सचेंज से मूव करेगा |

खरीददार money के एक निश्चित एकाउंट को उसके एकाउंट से withdraw करता है |
वह विक्रेता को कैश ट्रांसफर करता है |
विक्रेता कैश को उसके अकाउंट में डिपोजिट करता है |

Non cash transaction में खरीददार पेमेंट इन्फोर्मेशन को मर्चेंट को ट्रांसफर करेगा | विक्रेता तथा खरीददार के उपर्युक्त एकाउंट्स को चेक या क्रेडिट कार्ड के माध्यम से समायोजित किया जाता है |

इन्टरनेट के डेवलपमेंट के साथ, यह खरीददार तथा मर्चेंट को non-cash ट्रांजेक्शन प्रोसेस के स्थान पर ऑनलाईन ट्रांजेक्शन करने की सुविधा को उपलब्ध करने की सुविधा करता है | इस टाइप के सिस्टम (जैसे-चैक, ऑनलाईन क्रेडिट कार्ड इत्यादि) में sensitive इन्फोर्मेशन को इंटरनेट के माध्यम से ऑर्डर के साथ ऑनलाईन ट्रांसफर किया जाता है | क्योकि ट्रांजेक्शन को ऑनलाईन किया जाता है अतः मर्चेंट तथा खरीददार के बीच में भिन्न-भिन्न बैंको के प्रयोग करने की सम्भावना बढ़ जाती है | इसलिए मर्चेंट तथा खरीददार के बैंको के बीच में payment clearing services को समायोजित किया जाता है | जब हम ई-कोमर्स ट्रांजेक्शन का प्रयोग करते है तो face to face इंटरेक्शन कम हो जाता है जो sensitive इन्फोर्मेशन तथा identify की सुरक्षा के बारे में कुछ समस्याए खड़ी करते है | इसके समाधान हेतु हमें एक intermediary part जैसे- paypal, google checkout इत्यादि की जरुरत होती है जो सिक्योरिटी, identification, पेमेंट सपोर्ट को उपलब्ध करता है | इस प्रक्रिया में खरीददार को अपनी sensitive इन्फोर्मेशन को मर्चेंट को ट्रांसफर करने की जरुरत नही होती है लेकिन intermediary मर्चेंट को खरीददार के identification को कनफर्म करेगा | जब खरीददार विक्रेता से goods या services खरीदता है तो वह इनकी कीमत के अनुसार विक्रेता को पेमेंट करता है |

सामान्यत: goods या services के पेमेंट करने के तरीके निम्नलिखित होते है –

Pre-paid
Pay-now
Pay-later
On-line
Off-line

Pre-paid:- इस श्रेणी में कस्टमर ट्रांजेक्शन को पूरा होने से पहले payment करता है जैसे- Electronic tokens इत्यादि |

Pay-now: – इस श्रेणी में कस्टमर के अकाउंट को चेक किया जाता है तथा ट्रांजेक्शन के समय ही पेमेंट को इस श्रेणी का उदाहरण है |

Pay-later: – इस श्रेणी के ट्रांजेक्शन के पूर्ण हो जाने के पश्चात् पेमेंट करता ही | जैसे- क्रेडिट कार्ड ट्रांजेक्शन इस श्रेणी का उदाहरण है |

On-line:- इस श्रेणी के ट्रांजेक्शन में third party (bark) सम्मिलित होती है |

Off-line:- इस श्रेणी के ट्रांजेक्शन में बैंक या फाइनेंशियल ऑर्गेनाइजेशन वास्विक रूप से सम्मलित नही होते है | हालांकि pre-paid तथा pay-now विस्तृत पेमेंट इन्फोर्मेशन को उपलब्ध नही कराते है | इसलिए हम अपनी प्रजेंटेशन के प्रारूप के आधार पर criteria को चुनते है | अतः पेमेंट को सिस्टम को समूहों में विभाजित किया गया है |

इलेक्ट्रोनिक कैश सिस्टम
क्रेडिट- डेबिट कार्ड सिस्टम

Distributed System (डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम) क्या हैं?

2018-03-27T22:28:00.001-07:00

https://computerhindinotes.com/distributed-system/

Distributed System :-

“जब अनेक Autonomous (स्वतंत्र) कंप्यूटर को जोड़कर एक सिंगल सिस्टम की तरह प्रयोग किया जाता हैं उसे डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम कहते हैं जरुरी नहीं की सारे कंप्यूटर एक ही जगह पर कनेक्ट हो वह अलग अलग जगह पर भी कनेक्ट हो सकते हैं यदि सभी कंप्यूटर एक ही जगह पर कनेक्ट हैं तो इसे LAN Distributed System कहेगें और यदि सभी कंप्यूटर अलग अलग जगह पर कनेक्ट हैं तो इसे WAN Distributed System कहा जायेगा|”

Distributed System के लिए तीन चीजो की आवश्यकता होती हैं –

Network
Distributed Application
Middle ware Service (Software)

डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम Autonomous कम्प्यूटर के कलेक्शन से मिलकर बना है। यह सिस्टम एक नेटवर्क तथा Distribution Middle ware के माध्यम से जुड़ा होता है। जो कम्प्यूटरों को इनकी गतिविधियों के साथ कोआॅर्डिनेट करने के लिऐ सक्षम करता है। तथा सिस्टम के संसाधनों को Share करता है। ताकि User System को एक Single Integrating कम्प्यूटिंग सुविधा के रूप में प्राप्त करें।
एक डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड कम्प्यूटर सिस्टम बहुत से Software components से मिलकर बना होता हैं । जो मल्टीपल कम्प्यूटर पर होते है, लेकिन एक Single System के रूप में रन होते है। जो कम्प्यूटर्स एक डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम में होते है, वो आपस में एक दूसरें से Physically Close हो सकते है, तथा एक Local Network के द्वारा Connect होते है। या फिर ये Wide area Network के द्वारा Connect होते है। एक डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम मेनफ्रेम, पर्सनल कम्प्यूटर्स वर्कस्टेशन्स इत्यादि के रूप में कई तरह के Configuration से मिलकर बने हो सकते है। Distributed Computing का लक्ष्य एक Single Computer के रूप में कार्य करने वाले Network को बनाना है।

Distributed System, Client Server Architecture प्रणाली पर आधारित होता हैं –
डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम पर सॉफ्टवेयर को रन करने का एक Comman तरीका फंक्शन्स को Clients and Servers को दो भागों में अलग-अलग करना है। एक क्लाइंट एक प्रोग्राम है जो उन सर्विस को प्रयोग करता है। जिन्हें दूसरे प्रोगामों के द्वारा उपलब्ध कराया जाता है। जो प्रोंग्राम्स सर्विस को उपलब्ध कराते है। उन्हें Servers कहते है। Client एक सर्विस के लिए रिक्वेस्ट एक सर्विस के लिए रिक्वेस्ट करता है तथा सर्वर इस रिक्वेस्ट को परॅफाॅर्म करता है।
Clients and Server System का Comman Design three tiers का प्रयोग करता है-
1. एक क्लांइट जो यूजर के साथ Interact करता है।
2. एक एप्लीकेशन सर्वर जो एप्लीकेशन के बिजनेस लाॅजिक को रखता है।
3. रिसोर्स मैनेजर जो डाटा को स्टोंर करता है।
निम्नलिखित चित्र में Three-tier Client and Server आर्किटेक्चर को स्पष्ट रूप से प्रदर्शित किया गया है-
एक डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम स्वतन्त्र कम्प्यूटर्स का एक कलेक्शन है जो एक Single टास्क के लिए सम्मिलित रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है। या एक Single Service को उपलब्ध कराता है।

Distributed System के लाभ तथा हानियाँ

Distributed System के लाभ –
1. कीमत (Cost ) –कम्प्यूटर्स Component के लिये प्रयोग किये हार्डवेयर की Performance के आधार पर कम कीमत होती है।
2.परफाॅरमेन्स (Performance) –Combined Processing तथा बहुत सारी Nodes की स्टोर क्षमता के प्रयोग के द्वारा परफाॅरमेन्स लेयर अच्छा होता है। अर्थात प्रोसेस का कलेक्शन Centralized कम्प्यूटर्स की अपेक्षा अच्छी Performance देता है।
3.भरोसेमन्द (Reliability) –हार्डवेयर के Fault पर Users इसे परिवर्तित कर सकते है। अर्थात यदि कुछ मशीने Crash हो जाती है, तो System Survive कर सकता है।
4.डिस्ट्रिब्यूशन (Distribution) –कुछ Application जैसे E-Mail तथा Web के रूप में प्राकृतिक रूप से डिस्ट्रिब्यूट कियें जाते है।
5.डाटा/रिसोर्सेस की शेयरिंग –
बहुत सारे Application में डाटा को तैयार करना आवश्यक है। जैसे बैकिंग एरिर्जवेशन सिस्टम आदि ।

Distributed System की हानियाॅ-
1. साफ्टवेयर जटिलता (Software Complexity) –
पारम्परिक Software की तुलना में डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड Software को Develop करना जटिल तथा उलझनपूर्ण होता हैं अतः इसे Develop करना अधिक खर्चीला होता है। तथा इसमें गलंतियों के बहुत सारे Chance होते हें ।
2. नेटवर्क समस्याये (Network Problems) –
Network Infrastructure के द्वारा कई समस्याये उत्पन्न होती है जिसकी वजह से Message की हानि, Overloading इत्यादि होती है।
3. सुरक्षा -Distribute System कई घटकों से मिलकर बना होता है। इन घटकों के मध्य डाटा की शेेयरिंग डाटा सुरक्षा की समस्या को जनरेट करता है।
4. Design Issue of Distributed System –
इसके प्रमुख Design Issue निम्नलिखित है, जो विशेष तौर पर Application के Distributed Nature से उत्पन्न होते है-
1. Transparency
2. Communication
3. Performance and Scalability
4. Hetrogeneity
5. Openness
6. Reliability and Fault Tolerance
7. Security
1. Transparency- इसके अंतर्गत निम्नलिखित बिन्दुओं पर विचार किया जाता है-
(a) लोकल तथा रिमोट संसाधनों को Identical Operations के प्रयोग के द्वारा एक्सेस किया जाता है।
(b) यूजर्स नहीं बता सकते हैं कि हार्डवेयर तथा साॅफ्टवेयर संसाधनों को कहां पर लोकेट किया गया ये संसाधन CPU Files Database इत्यादि होते है। संसाधन के नाम को संसाधन की लोकेशन को encode नहीं करना चाहिए। (c) संसाधनों को इनके नाम में बदलाव किये बिना एक लोकेशन से दूसरें लोकेशन पर मूव करने से स्वतंत्र होना चाहिए।
2. Communication- डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम के घटको केा Interact करने के क्रम में कम्यूनिकेट करना चाहिए। ये दो समअमसे पर सपोर्ट को इंगित करते है।
(a) नेटवर्किंग इनफ्रास्ट्कचर।
(b) उपयुक्त कम्यूनिकेशन Primitives and Modems और उसकेे इम्प्लीमेन्टेशन।
3.Performance and Scalability परफाॅरमेन्स तथा स्केलेबिलिटीज- एक डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम परॅफारमेन्स को निम्नलिखित प्रमुख थ्ंबजवते प्रभावित करते है-
(a) व्यक्तिगत वर्कस्टेंशनों की परफाॅरमेन्स ।
(b) कम्यूनिकेशन Infrastructure की स्पीड ।
4. Hetrogeneity-डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड एप्लीकेशन्स सामान्यतः निम्नलिखित बिन्दुओ पर heterogeneous होते हैं-
(a) भिन्न-भिन्न हार्डवेयर- Mainframe, Workstations, PCS, Servers etc.
(b) भिन्न-भिन्न साॅफ्वेयर – Unix, MS Windows IBM OS/2,Real ime OS etc.
5.Openness-डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्ट्म्स का एक महत्वपूर्ण फीचर Openness and Flexibility है। इसके अंतर्गत निम्नलिखित बिन्दुओं पर विचार किया जाता है-
(a) प्रत्येक सर्विस को प्रत्येक क्लाइंट के द्वारा समान रूप से एक्सेस करना चाहिए।
(b)इससे नई सेवाओं को Install and Debug और इम्प्लीमेन्ट करना आसान है।
6. Reliabillity and Fault Tolerance-डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम को बनाने का मुख्य लाभ विश्वसनीयता का सुधार करना है।
Reliabillity- यदि मशीनेें खराब हो जाती हें तो सिस्टम को परिवर्तित किए गये संसाधनों की संख्या के साथ कार्य करना चाहिए। सिस्टम पर डाटा खोना नहीं चाहिए तथा काॅपियों को विभिन्न सर्वरों पर सही रूप से Store करना चाहिऐं।
7. Security- इनफाॅरमेशन संसाधनों की Security के अन्तर्गत निम्नलिखित बिन्दु आते है-
(a) Unauthorised व्यक्ति की एक्सेस को रोकना।
(b) बदलाव तथा भ्रष्टाचार के विरूद्ध प्रोटेक्शन।

Distributed System

2018-03-27T22:22:00.001-07:00

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/18909/distributed-system

A distributed system is a network that consists of autonomous computers that are connected using a distribution middleware. They help in sharing different resources and capabilities to provide users with a single and integrated coherent network.

The key features of a distributed system are:

Components in the system are concurrent. A distributed system allows resource sharing, including software by systems connected to the network at the same time.
There can be multiple components, but they will generally be autonomous in nature.
A global clock is not required in a distributed system. The systems can be spread across different geographies.
Compared to other network models, there is greater fault tolerance in a distributed model.
Price/performance ratio is much better.

The key goals of a distributed system include:

Transparency: Achieving the image of a single system image without concealing the details of the location, access, migration, concurrency, failure, relocation, persistence and resources to the users
Openness: Making the network easier to configure and modify
Reliability: Compared to a single system, a distributed system should be highly capable of being secure, consistent and have a high capability of masking errors.
Performance: Compared to other models, distributed models are expected to give a much-wanted boost to performance.
Scalability: Distributed systems should be scalable with respect to geography, administration or size.

Challenges for distributed systems include:

Security is a big challenge in a distributed environment, especially when using public networks.
Fault tolerance could be tough when the distributed model is built based on unreliable components.
Coordination and resource sharing can be difficult if proper protocols or policies are not in place.
Process knowledge should be put in place for the administrators and users of the distributed model.

Expert System

2018-03-26T00:22:00.000-07:00

Expert System

Expert Systems Computer पर आधारित Decision Tool हैं, जो जटिल Decision Making समस्याओं को हल करने के लिये Facts तथा Heuristics दोनों का प्रयोग करता है। Expert Systems Computer Applications होते है। जो निश्चित टाइप की समस्याओं को हल करने के लिए Non-algorithmic expertise के रूप में प्रयोग किये जाते है। उदाहरण के तौर पर expert System diagnostic एप्लीकेशन में प्रयोग किए जाते हे। इनका प्रयोग व्यक्ति की विशेषता के आधार पर खेलने, वित्तीय प्लांनिग निर्णयों के लिए कम्प्यूटर्स को Configure करने के लिए Real time Systems को माॅनीटर करने के लिए भी किया जाता है।

एक Expert system एक कम्प्यूटर एप्लीकेशन है जो जटिल समस्याओं को हल करता है। ऐसा करने के लिए यह Specific Knowledge and Interface के द्वारा Human रीजनिंग प्रोसेस को पूरा करते है। Expert systems की एक विशिष्ट टाईप की इनफाॅर्मेशन सिस्टम के रूप में देखा जाना चाहिए। निम्न चित्र दर्शाता है कि कैसे एक Expert System कार्य करता हैं। Expert System इनफाॅर्मेशन सिस्टम प्रोसेस इनफाॅर्मेशन के रूप में प्राॅब्लम रिप्रजन्टेशन के एप्रोच के रूप में भिन्न-भिन्न होते हे। एक Expert System में knowledge कई स्त्रोतों से आॅर्गेनाइज की जा सकती है, जैसे-Text books, Reports, data bases, case studies, empirical data and personal experience इत्यादि। knowledge engineer सामान्यतः Expert के साथ सीधे तौर पर Interact करके knowledge को प्राप्त करता है। Expert system को कई सारे एप्लीकेशन्स एरिया में प्रयोग किया जाता है। एक्सपर्ट सिस्टम कम्पोनेन्टस और ह्यूमन इंटरॅेसिक् Expert system कई प्रमुख Components को रखता है तथा जो सिस्टम के साथ भिन्न-भिन्न Roles के रूप में Interact करते है उनके साथ व्यक्तिगत रूप से Interface करता है चित्र में Expert system के प्रमुख Components को प्रदर्शित किया गया है-

an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of artificial intelligence (AI) software.

An expert system is divided into two subsystems: the inference engine and the knowledge base. The knowledge base represents facts and rules. The inference engine applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts. Inference engines can also include explanation and debugging abilities

HistoryEdit

Expert systems were introduced by the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project led by Edward Feigenbaum, who is sometimes termed the "father of expert systems"; other key early contributors were Bruce Buchanan and Randall Davis.

The inference engine is an automated reasoning system that evaluates the current state of the knowledge-base, applies relevant rules, and then asserts new knowledge into the knowledge base. The inference engine may also include abilities for explanation, so that it can explain to a user the chain of reasoning used to arrive at a particular conclusion by tracing back over the firing of rules that resulted in the assertion.

There are mainly two modes for an inference engine: forward chaining and backward chaining. The different approaches are dictated by whether the inference engine is being driven by the antecedent (left hand side) or the consequent (right hand side) of the rule. In forward chaining an antecedent fires and asserts the consequent.

As expert systems evolved, many new techniques were incorporated into various types of inference engines.

Some of the most important of these were:

Truth maintenance. These systems record the dependencies in a knowledge-base so that when facts are altered, dependent knowledge can be altered accordingly. For example, if the system learns that Socrates is no longer known to be a man it will revoke the assertion that Socrates is mortal.
Hypothetical reasoning. In this, the knowledge base can be divided up into many possible views, a.k.a. worlds. This allows the inference engine to explore multiple possibilities in parallel. For example, the system may want to explore the consequences of both assertions, what will be true if Socrates is a Man and what will be true if he is not?
Fuzzy logic. One of the first extensions of simply using rules to represent knowledge was also to associate a probability with each rule. So, not to assert that Socrates is mortal, but to assert Socrates may be mortal with some probability value. Simple probabilities were extended in some systems with sophisticated mechanisms for uncertain reasoning and combination of probabilities.
Ontology classification. With the addition of object classes to the knowledge base, a new type of reasoning was possible. Along with reasoning simply about object values, the system could also reason about object structures. In this simple example, Man can represent an object class and R1 can be redefined as a rule that defines the class of all men. These types of special purpose inference engines are termed classifiers. Although they were not highly used in expert systems, classifiers are very powerful for unstructured volatile domains, and are a key technology for the Internet and the emerging Semantic Web

AdvantagesEdit

The goal of knowledge-based systems is to make the critical information required for the system to work explicit rather than implicit.^[31]In a traditional computer program the logic is embedded in code that can typically only be reviewed by an IT specialist. With an expert system the goal was to specify the rules in a format that was intuitive and easily understood, reviewed, and even edited by domain experts rather than IT experts. The benefits of this explicit knowledge representation were rapid development and ease of maintenance.

Ease of maintenance is the most obvious benefit. This was achieved in two ways. First, by removing the need to write conventional code, many of the normal problems that can be caused by even small changes to a system could be avoided with expert systems. Essentially, the logical flow of the program (at least at the highest level) was simply a given for the system, simply invoke the inference engine. This also was a reason for the second benefit: rapid prototyping. With an expert system shell it was possible to enter a few rules and have a prototype developed in days rather than the months or year typically associated with complex IT projects.

A claim for expert system shells that was often made was that they removed the need for trained programmers and that experts could develop systems themselves. In reality, this was seldom if ever true. While the rules for an expert system were more comprehensible than typical computer code, they still had a formal syntax where a misplaced comma or other character could cause havoc as with any other computer language. Also, as expert systems moved from prototypes in the lab to deployment in the business world, issues of integration and maintenance became far more critical. Inevitably demands to integrate with, and take advantage of, large legacy databases and systems arose. To accomplish this, integration required the same skills as any other type of system.^[32]

Multimedia Software Questions

2018-03-26T00:21:00.002-07:00

A video consists of a sequence of

Frames
Signals
Packets
Slots

If frames are displayed on screen fast enough, we get an impression of

Signals
Motions
Packets
Bits

H.323 uses G.71 or G.723.1 for

Compression
Communication
Controlling
Conferencing

To receive signal, a translator is needed to decode signal and encode it again at a

High Quality
Lower Quality
Same Quality
Bad Quality

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), is very

Independent
Flexible
Dependant
Complex

Establishing a session in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), requires a three-way

Protocols
System
Ports

Handshakek

Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is used to compress

Frames
Images
Audio
Video

A combination of an encryption algorithm and a decryption algorithm is called a

plain text
cipher
original text
shift cipher

Most common compression technique that is used to create CD-quality audio is based on perceptual encoding technique is called

Predictive Encoding
Perceptual Encoding
MPEG
JPEG

In Audio and Video Compression, each frame is divided into small grids, called picture elements or

Frame
Packets
Pixels
Mega Pixels

Streaming stored audio/video, files are compressed and stored on a

IP
Server
Domain
Internet

Live streaming is still using Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP) and multiple unicasting instead of

Unicasting
Multicasting
Layered Control
Protocol Control

Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG-2), was designed for high-quality DVD with a data rate of

3 to 6 Mbps
4 to 6 Mbps
5 to 6 Mbps
6 to 6 Mbps

http://www.mcqslearn.com/cs/computer-networks/mcq/multimedia-mcqs-test.php?page=3

www.sanfoundry.com/operating-system-question-answers-multimedia-systems/

https://www.scribd.com/document/.../Principles-Of-Multimedia-MCQs-answers

PageMaker 2

2018-03-21T00:05:00.000-07:00

Chapter 1 - Basic Information (Part 2) PageMaker

Viewing the Page:

When you create a publication, PageMaker opens a publication window, which contains an empty page centered on the pasteboard. PageMaker lets you view your pages at several preset magnifications. The Fit to Window option under the Viewmenu lets you see the entire page or page spread inside your publication window. This is the default view. It gives you an overall feel of the page layout. However, you cannot see much detail. The Actual Size option displays the elements on your page at their actual printed size. Use this option to read small type. To toggle between Fit in Window and Actual Size, press Shift and press the right mouse button. When precision is imperative, you can select Zoom To select a larger value. To find or view objects on the pasteboard, use Entire Pasteboard. To move to the next greater or lesser preset view of a page, choose View > Zoom In or View > Zoom Out.

The Zoom Tool lets you magnify or reduce the display of any area in your publication. To toggle between magnification and reduction, press the Ctrl key. Thus when Ctrl key is pressed, the Zoom tool results in reduction, otherwise it gives magnification. When the publication has reached the maximum magnification or reduction level, the center of the magnifying glass appears blank. On selecting the Zoom tool, place it at the centre of the area you want to magnify or reduce, and then click to zoom in or out. You can also double click the tool to jump to Actual Size, or Alt as you double click the tool to Fit the Window view.

To magnify a part of the page, you can drag the magnifying glass after selecting the Zoom tool. Drag to draw a marquee around the area you want to magnify. You can also zoom to magnify or reduce, even when you are using a different tool. To magnify, press Ctrl + Spacebar as you click the mouse, and to reduce, press Ctrl + Alt + Spacebar as you click.

Scrolling Within a Window:

You can use the scroll bars along the bottom and right sides of the active window to control what displays in the publication window. You can show or hide the scroll bars at any time. In addition, PageMaker lets you reposition the page quickly by dragging the mouse.

To display or hide the scroll bars, choose View > Show/Hide Scroll Bars. If the scroll bars are already visible then you would get the option Hide Scroll Bars, and if they are not currently displayed, the option available would be Show Scroll Bars.

To reposition the page by dragging, you can either have the Alt key pressed as you drag with the mouse, or alternatively, select the Hand tool in the toolbox.

Working with Palettes:

As already mentioned, PageMaker comes with several palettes. The following techniques can help you save time when you are working with palettes.

Choose the appropriate Show or Hide command from the Window menu to control the display of the palettes or group of palettes. Use the Window > Plug-in Palettes command to show or hide palettes for installed plug-ins. You can open or close most palettes using the keyboard shortcuts. You can also show or hide all palettes by pressing the Tap key (make sure that the insertion point is not selected in your text).

To hide all palettes except for the Tools Palette, press Shift + Tab. Pressing the Tab key without the Shift will hide also the Tool Palette. To rearrange, separate, or reorganize palettes, drag the palette’s tab. You can create a separate palette outside of an existing group to create a separate palette or drag it over an existing group to add the palette to that group. However, note that the Control Palette, Library Palette, Scripts Palette and Tools Palette cannot be grouped with other palettes. By default, the Colors and Style Palettes are grouped together so that they appear as panels within a larger palette; the Layers and Master Pages Palette are also grouped together in this way. To make a particular tab (say Colors) at the front of the group, click the palette’s tab. To display the palettes menu commands, click the triangle in the upper right corner of the palette (For more details click here Working With Palettes (PageMaker).

Helpful links

https://computerhindinotes.com/category/dtp-desktop-publishing/pagemaker/

http://photopagetutorial-biplab.blogspot.in/2011/06/chapter-1-basic-information-part-2.html

PageMaker Chapter 1

2018-02-23T20:37:00.000-08:00

Basic Information:

Adobe PageMaker is powerful and versatile page layout software. Professionals use PageMaker for its exceptional typographic controls, exacting page design capabilities, including layers, frames, and multiple master pages, and numerous customizing options.

PageMaker’s extensive importing and linking capabilities let you incorporate text, graphics, spreadsheets, charts, and movie frames from most popular programs. It also incorporates menu plug-ins that extend the program’s features and capabilities. It also supports advance color printing technologies, including high-fidelity inks, color management support, automatic trapping, built-in imposition tools, and complete separation capabilities for text and graphics.

Let us first understand the PageMaker Window with its various components. Fig 1 shows the important areas of the PageMaker window:

Fig1.1

Fig 1.2

You use the menu bar to give PageMaker instructions on how to set up your publication and lay out your pages. As shown in fig. 1.2, the Menu Bar contains nine different options:

File – Use this menu to manipulate your files. You can create, open, close, save, export and import files with this option. The menu also contains command for printing.

Edit – This menu contains options for cutting and pasting text and graphics.

Layout – Using this menu, you can choose to insert and delete pages. This also has the option for inserting Column Guides.

Type – The options on this menu allow you to specify the size and alignment of your text. Almost everything related to text is on the Type menu, including fonts, sizes, alignment, type styles, spacing and indentations.

Element – This menu contains options that affect graphic elements, such as lines, rectangles, and ellipses/circle, as well as imported graphics images.

Utilities – This menu is the gateway to the PageMaker plug-ins. It also contains Story Editor commands (to perform searches, replacements and spell checks) and options for creating tables of contents and indices.

View – Use this menu to view the page at different levels of magnification. For example, you can see the entire page at once with one option, or you can zoom a section of a page to twice its actual size with another. This menu also contains items that can be turned on and off, such as rulers and grides.

Window – Use this menu to control what you see in your window. For example, you can turn on and off display of the toolbox, Colors palette, control palette, and a Style palette.

Help – Use this menu to display an index of different topics on which online information is available.

In many of these menus, there are options that are unavailable at the time of selection and are dimmed. If these menu items are selected, the program just ignores them. For example, the items like Find, Find Next, etc. in fig 1.3.

Fig 1.3

Some of the menu options have a right-pointing triangle next to them. For example, on the Utilities menu, the Plug-ins have this symbol, which indicates that a cascading menu will appear when you select the option. A cascading menu shows a list of additional choices. There are other menu options which have a chechmark on the left. The check mark indicates that the given option is turned on. These options are toggles, which mean that the same command turns an option both on and off. Apart from the menus in menu bar, context sensitive popup menus are available on the click of the right mouse button.

For those who would rather not shift their hands from the keyboardto the mouse, PageMaker offers two ways to give commands from the keyboard. First, you can access the menu with the Alt Key followed by one of the underlined characters on the menu bar. This will open the said menu and you can then type the underlined letter of the desired option. A second way to give commands with the keyboard is by using keyboardshortcuts. These shortcuts usually consist of pressing the Ctrl (Control) key in conjunction with one other key. The keyboard shortcuts appear on the menu to help you memorize them.

The Toolbox, as in fig. 1.1, appears in the upper-left corner of the window, but can be moved to anywhere in the publication window. The PageMaker tools allow you to create or modify text and graphics on the page. To select a tool, just click on it. Of course, there are also keyboard shortcuts for each and every tool in the Toolbox. The table 1.1 gives the list of tools available along with the function and the icons representing each of them.

Apart from these, there is also the Control Palette as was shown in fig 1.1. In fact, there are many Palettes like Color Palette, Control Palette, Hyperlinks Palette, Master Pages Palette, Style Palette and Tools Palette. The Control Palette changes according to the tool selected in the toolbox.

Photoshop Q&A

2018-02-23T20:29:00.000-08:00

What is Adobe Photoshop?

- Adobe Photoshop is an image editing software.
- Images , logos can be created using Photoshop.
- Picture / image editing is done with photoshop.
- Photoshop allows to modify images using painting tools.
- Adjustments to the images can be done like contrast and color balancing.
- It also supports text graphics, water marks, transparent images.

How to make 3D sphere with Photoshop spin software?

- Launch Adobe Photoshop.
- Select Blur from Filter Menu item. Click on Radial Blur.
- Select Spin option in the Blur Method section. Increase or decrease the amount of spin by dragging the slider.
- Ensure the value of blurring in the range of 1 to 100.

Explain about the photoshop Work Area?

- Application Bar : It contains menu bar along with many controls to zoom, buttons for viewing extras.
- Tools Panel : It contains a set of tools for selecting, manipulating images.
- Options Bar : There are various options available.
- Document Window: It displays the current working file.
- Panel Dock : Panel dock has several panels to edit / modify the images. By default there are layer, adjustment and style panels.

Photoshop work area consists of Application Bar, Tools Panel, Options Bar, Document Window and Panel Dock. - Application Bar : It contains menu Bar along with many controls to zoom, buttons for viewing extras. - Tools Panel : It contains a set of Tools for selecting, manipulating images. - Options Bar : There are various Options available. - Document Window: It displays the current working file. - Panel Dock : Panel Dock has several panels to edit / modify the images. By default There are layer

- Photoshop work area consists of Application Bar, Tools Panel, Options Bar, Document Window and Panel Dock.

What is resizing images and size guide in Adobe Photoshop?

- At times images need to resize to suit a particular purpose of the application.

- The unit measurement of pixels is 1 cm = 28 pixels.

- The units can be adjusted by using Edit -> Preferences->Units and Rulers.

- The parameters to change the size of picture are
1. Type of picture.
2. Size of Pixels
3. Background resolution
4. Standard picture usually of size 200 x 200
5. Title Bar
6. Select Image->image size menu item.

How to crop an image in Photoshop?

- Cutting out of any portion of an image is known as cropping.

- Any part of the image can be selected by cropping.

- A preview of the cropped image is visible at the right side.

- The process to crop is:

1. Select the part of the image.
2. Select the shape of cropping tool from the menu.
3. Hold shift key and drag to select the marquee to a square or a circle.
4. Hold a marquee from its center, hold down Alt after dragging.
5. Select Image-> Crop menu item.

How do we print the grid in Adobe Photoshop?

- Place the non printing grid as per the need.

- Capture the screen using Alt + PrintScreen.

- Open a new file. Set the size as per the requirements.

- Paste the selected image.

- Crop away any unwanted part of the image.

- Place a grid on the printable image.

How to use Photoshop with a bamboo tablet?

- Graphic tablet enhances the functionality of photoshop.

- Designer’s productivity is increased by enabling the features,

- Ensure that Bamboo Tablet software is fully installed.

- Open the included software.

- Configure four hotkeys of Bamboo Tablet using the software available in the tablet.

- Open Photoshop. Create a new document.

- The pen tool control the mouse cursor.

- Select the required brush tool and choose the size and color of the brush.

How to Use the NEF Software with Photoshop?

- Nikon digital photo images can be edited using NEF software.

- Adobe CS5 has these features. Every Nikon software is compatible with Photoshop CS5.

Following are the instructions:

1. Download Nikon digital photos.
2. Turn off Nikon camera and connect USB chord to camera and the computer system.
3. Turn on Nikon camera.
4. A camera wizard will appear, when the computer system detects the Nikon camera.
5. Transfer the selected pictures.

How to install Mask Pro into Adobe Photoshop Element 7.0?

- Mask Pro is a plug-in for Photoshop that performs the task of mask creation from complicated images and reduces the time.

- The left over parts after masking the image are placed later on a different image for creating new scene.

The following are instructions to mask:

1. Navigate onONe Software website.
2. Download the installation program.
3. Double click on the installation file on the desktop.
4. Follow the onscreen wizard instructions.
5. Open Photoshop from All Programs menu.
6. Click on Window->Extensions and choose onOne from the available list of options to launch Mask Pro.

Explain about Lasso tools in Photoshop.

- Precise areas of an image can be selected with lasso tools.

- By just tracing the selection outlines, the areas are selected.

- The following are the lasso tools:

1. Simple Lasso Tool: A freehand selection tool. Hold left mouse button on the image and draw the selection.
2. Polygonal Lasso Tool: This is similar to general lasso tool. To make a selection left-click on various points with series of straight edges.
3. Magnetic Lasso Tool: This tool is very handy for selecting areas with well-defined edges. Left click the mouse at the beginning of the selection and move the mouse along with the sides.

What is a heal tool?

- Healing tools are used to correct imperfections.

- The corrections are made for troubled skin, sensor dust etc.

- Painting with sampled pixels is used for healing images.

- Healing matches the relevant shades and textures in seamless manner.

- Spot healing brush tool is used for fixing small imperfections.

- By dabbing on the area, fixing the imperfections can be done

What is swatches palette?

- Color swatches are a set of colors.

- Photoshop supports to create custom swatches.

- Some specific colors can be applied without remembering the numeric color values.

- Colors can be extracted from an available image.

- Default swatches and custom swatches can be used.

- Custom swatch collections are vigorously used

How to Unlock Background?

- Click on image.

- Select Gray Scale mode.

- Revert to Layer and double click.

- Alternatively, revert to image and select RGB color.

- Double click.

How to achieve Black/White with Color Detail?

- Lasso tool is used to select the elements.

- Feathering the selection can be done with a couple of pixels.

- Invert the selection so that the image can be selected.

- Later de-saturate the layer.

- This process changes an image with color detail.

How to create an artistic border?

- Open an image.

- Select a part of the image.

- Image part can be selected by using Rectangular Marquee Tool.

- Add a layer mask in Layer Pallet.

- Select Filter->Brush Strokes-> Sprayed Strokes menu item.

How do you select an exact color to match?

- Use the eye-dropper tool to sample the color as foreground color.

- Ensure that foreground color square is select.

- Use the brush tool / paint bucket tool / pencil tool for covering the area.

- Alternatively, use Clone Stamp Tool.

- Alt + Click where you want to pick the color from.

- Hold down the mouse button for covering up the new area.

How to modify one image from one layer to another layer?

- Open the color image that is to be modified.

- Select the image and copy the image in clip board.

- Change the color to gray scale using the mode.

- Select Yes to removing all color.

- The image will be changed into grayscale.

- Tweak the black and white part, up to the required quality.

- Return to MODE.

- Return the image to RGB mode.

- Select the Move tool and Paste.
- The file will be applied to the original color on a new layer.

Photoshop questions

2018-02-22T19:59:00.000-08:00

Photoshop interview questions

What is Adobe Photoshop

Explain about the photoshop Work Area?

What is resizing images and size guide in Adobe Photoshop?

How to crop an image in Photoshop?

How do we print the grid in Adobe Photoshop?

How to organize layers in Photoshop?

What is a Smart Object in Adobe Photoshop?

How to unlock the background?

How to modify one image from one layer to another layer?

How do you select an exact color to match?

How to create an artistic border?

How to achieve Black/White with Color Detail?

How to Unlock Background?

What is swatches palette?

What is a heal tool?

Explain about Lasso tools in Photoshop?

How to install Mask Pro into Adobe Photoshop Element 7.0?

How to Use the NEF Software with Photoshop?

How to use Photoshop with a bamboo tablet?

How to make 3D sphere with Photoshop spin software?

1. What kind of tool Photoshop is?
2. Name few open source alternatives of Photoshop.
3. What are the minimum system requirements to run Photoshop? Is it possible to run Photoshop over linux?
4. Compare photoshop with gimp.
5. List the features & capabilities of Photoshop.
6. Name the color spaces supported by photoshop.
7. Name all of the photoshop panels.
8. What do you understand by birds-eye-view?
9. What is the significance of history panel?
10. If you are given with an image which is blurred, which tools you would use in order to sharpen it up?
11. How can you reduce noise of an image?
12. What do you understand by red-eye removal?
13. Is it possible to create animations through photoshop?
14. Mention the list of file formats supported by photoshop.
15. Name the brushes you have used in photoshop.
16. What is difference between Adobe’s Photoshop & Adobe’s Photoshop Extended?
17. Which color models Photoshop uses?
18. What is the extension of a Photoshop Document?
19. What are the layers & masks in photoshop?
20. What is PSB & how it is different from PSD?
21. What is a Photoshop plug-in? Name few of them.
22. What are four main components of Photoshop workspace?
23. How many menus will you find on the menu bar? List all of them.
24. What is the shortcut to zoom back to 100%?
25. How to find out the name of the too, if you do not know?
26. What is default color for foreground & background in photoshop?
27. How can you make an image transparent?
28. Which tool you would prefer to use when you want to crop a human portrait from an image?
29. How one can resize an image in photoshop?
30. How will you pick color from an image?
31. What is a smart object?
32. What is method of making a color gradient in photoshop?
33. Which too(s) will you choose to slice up an image in Adobe Photoshop?
34. How can you create artistic borders for an image?
35. What is the quickest way to achieve artistic borders?
36. Explain about stress analysis in Adobe Photoshop?
37. How do we print grid in Photoshop?
38. What are Bezier curves? How can they be plotted in the photoshop?
39. Can you make gif animations using photoshop tool?
40. How can we align layers of an image relative to each other?
41. What all operations you can perform over a layer?
42. What is a lasso tool? For what purposes it can be used?
43. Name few cropping techniques that could be performed with photoshop.
44. How can you adjust the zoom level of the canvas?
45. How can one achieve dodging, burning & smudging effects in photoshop?
46. What is a clone tools?
47. What is a heal tool?
48. What do you mean by Gaussian Blur?
49. How can you draw fuzzy lines in photoshop? Which tool will you prefer to use?
50. Name few file formats to which a photoshop project can exported to.

2018-02-20T23:30:00.001-08:00

MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax (Mh]Vh]ih])

(DESKTOP PUBLISHING (DTP)

ifjHkk"kk % izdk’ku dk;Z dks fMtkbu vkSj izksMD’ku ftudk bLrseky oS;fDrd dEI;wVlZ esa] ys[kkfp=dyk (xzkfQDl) dh {kerk ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS] Mh]Vh]ih] ;kfu MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax dgk tkrk gSA fctul fMD’kujh ds vuqlkj oS;fDrd dEI;wVlZ dk bLrseky ;fn izkWQsluy DokfyfV ds VkbilsV MkD;wesaV~l ds fMtkbu vkSj fizUV NikbZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] rks bls MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax dgk tkrk gSA fofdisfM;k ds vuqlkj MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax] ftls Mh]Vh]ih] Hkh dgk tkrk gS] esa oS;fDrd dEI;wVj vkSj WYSWYG ist ys vkmV lkW¶Vos;j tqMs+ gksrs gS] rkfd izdk’ku ls lEcfU/kr MkWD;wesUV~l fdlh dEI;wVj ij ;k rks o`gr~ Lrj ij izdk’kukFkZ ;k y?kq Lrj ij LFkkuh; cgqdkf;Zd efYVQaD’ku isfjQsjy vkmViqV vksj fMLVªhC;q’ku ds fy, jps (;k fdz,V fd,) tkrs gSA

Mh]Vh]ih] dk bfrgkl (HISTORY OF DTP)

Mh]Vh]ih] dk izkjEHk eSd ifCy’kj ds ifjp; ds lkFk 1985 ls gqvkA igys igy WYSIWYG (;kfu rqe ogh ns[krs gks tks rqe ikrs gks) (;kfu gokV~ ;w xsV) ys vkmV izksxzke dks 12K Macintosh Computer Original ij lEiUu fd;k x;kA MsLdVkWi VkbilsfVax dsoy lhfer istesdvi lqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk lu~ 1978-89 rd rc laHko gks ldk tc Tex dks bUVªksM~;wl fd;k x;k vkSj iqu% tc bls LaTex }kjk 1980 esa foLrkfjr fd;k x;kA Mh]Vh]ih] ekdsZV esa mcky 1985 esa vk;k tc tuojh ds eghus esa Apple Laser jkbVj fizUVj dks bUVªksM~;wl fd;k x;k vkSj iqu% ckn esa tc tqykbZ ds eghus esa Aldus ls istesdj lkW¶Vos;j dks bUVªksM~;wl fd;k x;k tks cM+h rsth ls Mh]Vh]ih] m|ksx dk LVSaMMZ lkW¶Vosj cu x;kA

Mh]Vh]ih] ds fy, ist ys&vkmV lkW¶Vos;j dh fo’ks"krk,W

Ikst ys&vkmV lkW¶Vos;j esa ikbZ tkus okyh fuEufyf[kr [kkl&[kkl fo’ks"krk,W ’kkfey dh xbZ gS&

1. vykbuesUV xkbMykbUl % fdlh dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij xzkfQDl vkSj VSDLV dks lgt :Ik esa iafDrc)rk ds fy, uufizfUVax vykbuesaV ykbUl ds Iyslsl vykbuesUV xkbMykbUl dgykrs gSA

2. vkWVksesfVd FkzsfMax & vkWVksesfVd FkzsfMax lEcfU/kr VsDLV flxesUV~l ds fofo/k fgLlksa dks leLr eYVhist ifCyds’kUl dks tksM+rk gSA tSls&eSxftUl vkSj mi;qDr VsDLV ls mUgsa duSDV dj nsrk gS] tSls& “dUVhU;qM vkWu ist ,Dl” ,s.M dUVhU;qm QzkWe ist ,Dl”

3. dyj lsijslu fizfUVax & dyj vkWQlsV fizfUVax esa fjDok;MZ fMQjsaV fizfUVax IysV~l dks fizfUVax ds fy, l{ke cukrs gSA

4. QzsEl & ;g vk;rkdkj ;k o`Rrkdj ckWDl dh jpuk djrk gS ftlesa xzkfQDl ;k VsDLV dks vUrjfoZ"V (lekfgr) dj fy;k tkrk gSA

5. xzhM ykbUl & xzkfQDl ;k VsDLV ds lqlaxr fLFkfr (duflLVsUV iksft’kfuax ds fy,) Ldzhu ij eYVhiqy ckWMlZ iznf’kZr (fMLIys) djrk gSA

6. beiksft’ku & ist ys&vkmV yEcs ifCyds’ku dk;ksZ tSls cqdysV~l] cqDl] eSxftUl bR;kfn dks fizfUVax vkSj rnuUrj (;kfu rqjar blds ckn) QksfYMax ds ckn izkWij ist flDosal (flyflysokj) esa vjSat djrk gSA

7. bufMisUMsaV VsDLV vkSj xzkfQd IyslesaV & ist ys vkmV VsDlV vkSj xzkfQd vkWCtsDV~l dks ist ij dgha Hkh IyslesaV djus esa l{ke cukrk gS] tcfd VsDLV bnZ&fxnZ gq, cxSj vkSj xzkfQd ls izHkkfor gq, fcuk ;g fLFkfr cukrk gSA

8. buMsfDlax & buMsDl ;kfu vuqdzef.kdk rFkk fo"k;&oLrq dh lwph vkWVksesfVd tsujslu izksokbM djrk gSA

9. ys;lZ & VsDLV ;k xzkfQDl dks ’kh"kZ ij ,d&nwljs dks LVSd (<sj yxkus) dh {kerk izksokbM djrk gSA

10. ekLVj istst & ;g eYVhiy istst ds fy, vkWVksesfVd ysvkmV] isftus’kWu (i`"Bkadu)] gsMlZ] QwVlZ ,oa xzkfQd ,fyeUV~l dks miyC/k djkrk gSA

11. vkWCtsDV xzwfiaXl & fofo/k rjg ds xzkfQd vkSj VsDLV vkWCtsDV~l dks dECkbUM djds flaxy vkWCtsDV dh rjg vkxs f[kldus ds l{ke cukrk gSA

12. istlkbt ¶ySfDlfcfyVh & fdlh istlkbt ds okbM osjk;Vh esa MkWD;wesaV fdz,V djus dh {kerk iznku djrk gSA

13. fizUVlZ ekDlZ & O;olkf;d eqnzd tc dyj tkWc odZ dj jgs gksrs gS] rc mUgsa dzkWi ekDlZ vkSj jftLVªs’ku ekDlZ dh t:jr iM+rh gS] fizUVlZ ekDlZ dzkWi ekDlZ vkSj jftLVªs’ku ekDlZ miyC/k djkrk gSA

14. Lisflax & fdlh ist ij lQsn Lisl ds ,ekmUV dks cM+s dkS’ky ls eWfui~;qysV gVkrk gS ;k djrk gS lkFk gh yhfMax] djfuax] VªSfdax] ekftZUl buMsuVs’ku vkSj dkWye rFkk ikjkxzkQ ckWMlZ oxSjg Hkh buDyqM djrk gSA

15. Lisy psfdax & VsDLV ds fy, vkWVksesfVd Lisfyax dh psfdax Hkh lEiUu djrk gSA

16. LVkbYLk & VsDLV vkSj xzkfQDl esa mi;qDr VkbiksxzkfQdy eqnz.k vkSj ys&vkmV ,sVªhC;wVlZ xq.kk:i.k dks vkWVkseSfVdyh ,sM djrk gSA

17. VsDLV dfoZax vkSj jksVs’ku &VsDLv dks ,afxYM ;kfu dks.kh; vkSj dOMZ] Vs<+k] cukus esa l{ke cukrk gSA

18. VkbiksxzkQh & Vkbi ds gj rjg ds vkLisDV~l] ;kfu igyqvksa] dk tSls VkbiQsl] gkbV] foM~Fk] foLr`fr ;k foLrkj] dyj MªkW.M dSfiVYl oxSjg dks eWfuI;qysV] gVkrk] gSA

fMtkbu ds fl)kUr

lk/kkj.kr% fMtkbu ds lHkh fl)kUrksa dks fdlh Hkh fdz,’ku ds fy, vki vIykb dj ldrs gSA mu fl)kUrksa dk vki fdl rjg vIykb djrs gS] ;gh ckr lcls egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS vkSj ;gh /kkj.kk gekjs fMtkbu dks bQsfDVo cukus esa fu/k fu/kkZfjr Hkh gksrh gSA

1. cSyUl & ist ij ,fyeUV~l dks vjSat djus ls fotqvy cSysal vkrk gSA cSysal dk bLrseky djds dksbZ fMtkbuj tkucw>dj ;kfu bjknru fdlh ,fyesaV dks cSysal ls ckgj fudky Qaasdrk gS vkSj fdlh [kkl ewM ;k Vsa’ku dks fdz,V djrk gSA

2. izkWDlhfeVh@;wfuVh & fMtkbfuax esa izkWDlhfeVh ;k Dykstusl fdlh ist ij yksx euq";ksa vkSj ,fyeasV~l ds chp ,d rjg dk ckW.M fdz,V djrk gSA ;s ,d nwljs ls fdrus fudVLFk ;k vyx ;k nwjLFk ;k i`Fkd~ Iysl fd;s x, gSA

3. vykbuesUV & vykbuesUV fMtkbfuax dk og fl)kUr gS ftls vIykb djds ,fyesUV~l ds dsvkWl vLr O;Lrrk dks O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh ist ij Vkbi vkSj xzkfQd dks vykbu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ,slk djds fdlh ist ij ,d&nwljs ,fyesUV dks vUrZlEcfU/kr djds ys&vkmV dks ;k rks i<+us gsrq vklku ;k dfBu cuk;k tkrk gS vFkok Qsfefy;sfjfV ds fy, fodflr ;k izksRlkfgr vFkok la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA

4. fjihfV’ku@dufllVsUlh & fMtkbu ,fyesUV~l ds ckjackj iz;ksx djus Vkbi rFkk xzkfQDl LVkbYl ds fdlh MkWD;wesaV esa vkSj lqlaxr iz;ksx djus ls fdlh jhMj ikBd dks ;g n’kkZrk gS fd mls fdl rjQ tkuk gS rFk ikBd dh ;g lgk;rk dh tkrh gS fd og vius fMtkbu vkSj ys&vkmV dks lqjf{kr dgkW usfoxsV ekxZ funsZ’ku djsA

5. duVªLV & fMtkbfuax esa] cM+s vkSj NksVs ,fyesUV~l Cysd vkSj gokbV VsDLV~] LDok;lZ vkSj lfdZYl D;k ;s lc ds lc dUVªªkLV fdz,V dj ldrs gS \ njvly dUVªkLV fMQjsUV fMtkbu ,fyeUV~l dks LVS.M vkmV djus esa fMtkbuj dh enn djrk gSA

6. gokbV Lisl & fdlh ist ij cgqr T;knk VsDLV vkSj xzkfQDl dks tks fMtkbu fQy&vi djus dh dksf’k’k djrs gS] os vudeQjVscy gksrs gS vkSj igys gsrq vlaHko gks ldrs gSA gokbV Lisl vkids fMtkbUl dks blls NqVdkjk fnykrs gSA

:Yl ,.M LVS.MMZ vkWQ MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax

vkb, vc ge ns[krs gS “MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds dkSu&dkSu ls :Yl vkSj LVS.MMZ~l gS %

;|fi MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds fy, dksbZ dfBu vkSj vfuok;Z fu;e rks ugha gSa] fdUrq vPNs vH;kl gsrq vktek, x, ;FkkFkZ rjhds ist esfdax ds fy, vo’; fu/kkZfjr fd;s x, gSa] tks ist dks vjSat djus gsrq rFkk MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax dk;Z gsrq iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gS] ftuds ifj.kkeo’k vVSªfDVo istst curs gS vkSj bafxr eSlst dks dE;qfudsV ;kfu laizf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax dk;Z gsrq iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gS] ftuds ifj.kkeo’k vVªSfDVo istst curs gSa vSj bafxr eSlst dks dE;qfudsV ;kfu laizsf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds ckjg (12) :Yl rS;kj fd;s x, gSaA flyflysokj <ax ls ;s ckjg :Yl fuEufyf[kr gS%

1. fojke fpag iaDpq,’ku ds ckn flEQZ ,d Lisl dk iz;ksx fd;k djsaA

2. ikjkxzk¶l ;kfu vuqPNsnksa ds Ik’pkr~ Moy&gkMZ fjVuZ~l dk iz;ksx ugha djsaA

3. de ;kfu bus&fxus QkWUV~l dk iz;ksx djsaaA

4. ges’kk jSXM&jkbV ;k iwjh rjg ls U;k;ksfpr VsDLV mfpr rjhds ls iz;ksx djsaA

5. ges’kk lsUVMZ VsDLV dks gh Lis;fjaxyh (fdQk;r ls) iz;ksx fd;k djsaA

6. ist ij ds ykbu ySaXFk dk Vkbi lkbt ls cSysal djsaA

7. lHkh dSIl dks jkbV&QkWUV~l ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k djsaA

8. mi;qDr VkbiksxzSfQdy eqnz.k laca/kh iadpq,’ku iz;ksx djsaA

9. QzsEl] ckWfDlt vkSj ckWMlZ dk iz;ksx m)s’;ijd rjhds ls djsaA

10. fDyi vkVZ dk iz;ksx tgkW rd laHko gks de djsaA

11. T;knk gokbV Lisl iz;ksx djsaA

12. lkW¶Vos;j MkWD;wesUV fMQkYV~l =qfV;kW dks jh&lsV (iqu% lsV) djsaA

1. lsUVsUlsl ds chp ,dy Lisl dk iz;skx &

vfrfjDr Lisl vDlj jhMlZ dks fMlVªSDV (/;ku Hkax djuk) djrk gS vkSj Mh]Vh]ih] odZ vuvVªSfDVo izLrqr gksrk gSA ,sls djus ls fdlh VsDLV ds CykWd ds chp esa gksYl ;kfu fNnz ;k xM~<s ;k xSi fdz,V gksrs gS vkSj vis{kkd`r NksVs Ldsy ij lQsn Lisl VªSi gksus yxrs gSA

2. fdlh ikjkxzkQ ds ckn Mcy gkMZ fjVuZ~l iz;ksx u djsa&

iqjkus LVkbYl esa VkbijkbV ds }kjk vuqPNsnksa ikjkxzk¶l dks vyx djus ds fy, Mcy gkMZ fjVu~Zl fn;k tkrk FkkA VkbijkbVjks ds fy, ,d gh mik; Fkk f dos Vkbi ds ykbuksa ds chp Lisl budzht djus ds fy, nks ;k nks ls T;knk gkMZ fjVuZ~l ykbu ds vUr esa iz;ksx djsaA

xzkfQDl fMtkbu esa jkbV vkSj jkSax dk vfLrRo ugha gqvk djrk gS] cfYd blesa bQSfDVo vkSj uu&bQSfDVo dE;wfuds’ku laizs"k.k ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA

3. bus&fxus QkWUV~l iz;ksx djsa &

lkekU; :Ik ls Lohdk;Z izSfDVl ;g gS fd ;wtlZ dks T;knk ls T;knk rhu ls pkj rjg ds VkbiQslsl rd gh vius dks lhfer j[kuk pkfg,A bldk vfHkizk; ;g ugha yxkuk pkfg, fd vki blls T;knk rjg ds QkWUV~l iz;ksx ugha dj ldrs vki fuf’pr :Ik ls T;knk rjg ds QkWUV~l iz;ksx dj ldrs gS] ysfdu vkids ikl blds Bksl dkj.k gksus pkfg,A

QkWUV~l ds iz;ksx esa iz;ksxdrkZ dks lqlaxr gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa leuq:Ik QkWUV~l dk iz;ksx djds vius izkstsDV dks vkd"kZd vkSj izHkkoksRiknd cukuk pkfg,A izR;sd gsMykbu ds fy, vyx&vyx QkWUV~l mnkgj.k ds fy, dU¶;qftax yx ldrs gS vkSj ;s fofHkUu rjg ds iz;qDr QkWUV~l vkids fMtkbu dks vLRk&O;Lr :Ik (yqd) nsaxs tks vPNs ugha yxsaxsA

fdlh ,d ifCyds’ku odZ esa pkj ls T;knk fdLe ds QkWUV iz;ksx u djsa&

lkekU; fu;ekuqlkj tc vki fdlh ifCyds’ku dh fMtkbfuax dj jgs gS] rc pkj ls T;knk QkWUV~l iz;ksx u djsaA

4. jSXM jkbV ;k QqytfLVfQds’ku dk iz;ksx mi;qDr rjhds ls djsa&

;fn dksbZ vkidks buflLV izsfjr djsa fd iwjh rjg ls tfLVQkbM VsDLV] ys¶V vykb.M VsDLV ls T;knk csgrj izLrqr gksrs gSa] rc vki mUgsa crk ldrs gS fd mudk dulsIV lgha ugha gSA

fdlh fMtkbu ds fy, dkSu&lk odZ fdlh nwljs ys&vkmV ds fy, fcYdqy djrk gS odZihl ds m)s’; ij] /;ku nsuk vR;URk vko’;d gSA

iwjh rjg ls tfLVQkbM VsDLV ds ckjs esa %

· vDlj T;knk QkeZy VsDLV dulhMj fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj y¶V&vykb.M VsDLV ls de QSz.Myh ;kfu lgtA

· izR;sd ykbu esa T;knk dSjsDVlZ iz;ksxvyh vykÅ fd;s tkrs gS] ,d gh tSls vekmUV vkQ LisLk esa T;knk ls T;knk iSfdax gks ldrh gS] tcfd lsV fd;s x, ys¶V&vykb.M ds lse VsDLV esa ,slk ugha gks ldrk gSA

· fdlh ikfVZdqyj fMtkbu esa oM~Zl vkSj dSjsDVj Lisflax ,.M gkbQus’ku esa vfrfjDr vVSalu dh t:jr iM+ ldrh gS rkfd VsDLV esa tgkW&rgkW mHkjrs gq, gOkkbV Lisl ds vn`’; jholZ dks voksbM fd;k tk ldsA

· dqN rjg ds ifCyds’kUl esa jhMlZ ds fy, QqYyh&tfLVQkbM VsDLV T;knk Qsfefy;j lgt yd ldrs gS] tSls&cqDl vkSj Uiz;ksxisilZ bR;kfnA

· dqN yksx LokHkkfod :Ik ls VsDlV dh LoPNrkfiz; gksrs gS vkSj ;g ckr ;wtlZ dks ist ds ys¶V&jkbV vPNh rjg ls ykbu&vi djrh gSA

ys¶V&vykb.M VsDLV ds ckjs esa %

· ys¶V&vykb.M VsDLV vDlj T;knk buQkWEkZu vkSj tfLVQkbM VsDLV ls T;knk Qsz.Mfyvj le>k tkrk gSA

· jSXM jkbV ,t gokbV Lisl ds ,fyesUV esa c<+ksrjh gh djrs gsA

· cgqr T;knk jSXM gksus cnys ekftZu dks jkbV j[kus gsrq gkbQsus’ku ij vfrfjDr /;ku u[kuk iM+ ldrk gSA

· lkekU; :Ik ls ys¶V&vykb.M ds Vkbi lsV dke djus gsrq vis{kkd`r T;knk vklku gksrs gSA blesa de le; de vVSalu dh t:jr iM+rh gS vkSj bls vPNk fn[kus ds yk;d cukus gsrq fMtkbuj ls de le;] de vVsa’ku vkSj fV~ofdax (fV~ofLVax@>Vdus) dh t:jr iM+rh gSA

lsUVMZ VSDLV dk iz;ksx Lis;fjaxyh (ferO;f;rk ls) djsa %

LksUVMZ VsDLV ds lkFk fdlh Hkh rjg dk vURkfuZfgr ;k vUrHkwZr xyrh jkWx ugha gSA tgkW rd jSXM&jkbV ;k QqYyh tfLVQkbM VsDLV ,ykbuesaV dh ckr gS] tks ,fyesaV fdlh ,d fMtkbu ds fy, lVhd ;k mi;qDr gS] og iwjh rjg ls nwljs fdlh ys&vkmV ds fy, bu,sizksfiz,V gks ldrk gSA lk/kkj.k :Ik ls dqN gh flpq,s’kUl gS] tgkW lsUVMZ VsDLV vis{kkd`r ,sizksfiz,V gSA tc vki lansg dj jgs gksa] rc vki bls lsaVj u djsaA

lsUVMZ VsDLV ds ckjs esa %

· ;g ;kfu lsUVMZ VsDLV] dks QkWey vkSipkfjd ,sfivjsal iznku djrk gSa ;gh otg gS fd vDlj bldk iz;ksx QkeZy osfMax bufoVs’ku lfVZfQdsV~l vkSj Iykd ifV~Vdk ij fd;k tkrk gSA

· lkekU;r% LksUVMZ VsDLV ds efYViqy ikjkxzk¶l vkSj ykWx ykbUl dks i<+uk dfBurj gksrk gSA

· Qsvjfy’kkWV ykbUl ds fy, vkSj ,sDLVªk yhfMax (VsDLV ds ykbUl ds chp ds Lislsl) ds fy, vfr mRre gqvk djrk gSA

· ckWafM VsDLV tks fd QqYyh&tfLVQkbM gksrk gS] lsUVMZ gsMykbUl vfrmRre gqvk djrk gSA

5. ykbu ySaXFk dks Vkbi lkbt ls cSysal djsa &

;fn Vkbi ds ykbUl dkQh yEcs ;k dkQh NksVs gksa rks jhfMax vkSj dEizhgUlu dks LyksMkmu djuk pkfg,A xyr ykbu ySaXFk dks xyr Vkbi lkbt ls la;ksftr dECkkbu djus ij izkWCyse izdV eSfXuQkb gks tkrk gSA visf{krkd`r NksV ykbu ySaXFk ds QkWUV Hkh vis{kkd`r NksVs gh gksus pkfg, d;kssafd ;s ykbu esa T;knk oMZ~l xzg.k djrs gS] ykbu&ySaXFk ftrus T;knk yEcs ;k nh?kZ gksaxs] buds QkWUV Hkh mrus gh cM+s lkbt ds gksaxsA

vxj ist ysvkmV esa iz;qDr vkids euksuqdwy Vkbi lkbt vkSj ykbu ySaXFk vlaxr ;kfu csesy ijLij fojks/kh ftUgsa vki bu~deisVWfcy djrs gS] rc buesa ls fdlh dks cnyus dh t:jr jgrh gSA izrhd :Ik ls ;kfu fVfidy fleckWfydyh ;g gekjk QkWUV lkbt gS tks ,sMtLV gkus ds fy, rS;kj jgrk gSa ysfdu foLr`r ;k ladh.kZ VSDLV dkWyEl dks vdkseksMsV vius ist ysvkmV dk fj&beSyq,V djus esa rfud Hkh u MjsaA

6. VkbiksxzfQdy iadpq,’ku dk mi;qDr iz;ksx djsa &

Vius d~oksV~l m)j.k dks dqaMfyr djsa] vius MkWV~l vkSj MS’ksl dks fMdksM djsaA mfpr iadpq,s’ku ds fpUgksa ds iz;ksx ls vkids MkWD;wesaV~l dks izksQs’kuy ikWfy’k yxrh gSA lh/ks ;kfu likV dksVs’ku ekDlZ izkbEl vkSj rhu MkWV~l b&fyi~fll inyksifpUg ds LFkku ij oMZ izkslsflax] VeZ isilZ vkSj bZ&esfyax ds fy, T;knk Lohdk;Z gksrs gS] fdUrq MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds fy, ughaA

uksV % VkbilsV eSVsfj;y ds fy, VkbiksxzkQlZ ekDlZ vo’; iz;ksx djsa vkSj Lisfyax dks bl rjg ,sMtLV djsa fd os vius fotqvy ,sfivjsal esa >ydsA Vkbfiax ;k oMZ izkslsflax ds fy, tSls fd eSuqlfdzIV~l] VeZ isilZ’ besy vkSj vf/kdkf/kd VkbiksxzkfQd LVS.MMZ lkekU;r% vko’;d ugha gksrsA

7. QzsEl] ckWfDlt vkSj ckWMlZ dks mn~ns’; ijd iz;ksx djsa &

;fn fdlh ist ij izR;sd nwljk CykWd ckWDl ls iVk iM+k gS rks bl rjg ds Qse dh mi;ksfxrk fdlh VsDLV ds CykWd ij tksj ;kfu izHkko Mkyus dh viuh ,sfcfyVh [kks nsrk gSA VsDLV ds bnZ&fxnZ ds QzsEl VsDLV ds ¶yks dks ckf/kr djrs gSa] lkFk gh jhMlZ dh n`f"V dh xfr’khyrk Hkh ckf/kr gksrh gSA

QzsEl dk iz;ksx mn~ns’; ds lkFk vkSj ekWMjs’ku eaas djsa &

QzsEl vojks/k ?ksjk ;kfu cSfjvj vFkok vkWClVªD’ku QkWeZ djrs gS] vkSj ikBd jhMlZ dks fu’p; gh bUgsa dzkWl djuk pkfg,A VsDLV ds <sj lkjs ckWfDlt jhMlZ dks fMLVªSDV djrs gS] ;g fMLVªSD’ku rc rd tkjh jgrk gS] tc rd vkidh dkWih dks izkWij fjDok;MZ vVsalu ugha fey tkrk gSA vr% izR;sd Qzse ckWDl vkSj ckWMZj ftls vki iz;ksx dj jgs gSa ds ijil mn~ns’; vo’; tkusa&

· xzkfQDl ;k lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa buQkWjes’ku dks xzqi djus ds fy, QzsEl iz;ksx djsaA leLr bufMfotqvy xzkfQDl dks bl rjg lHkh dks ,d gh Qzse esa bl rjg Iysl djsa vFkok izR;sd vkbVe dks vyx] fdUrq feyrs&tqyrs Qzse esa bl rjg j[ksa f dos ;wfuQkbM fn[ksaA

· QzsEl dk iz;ksx buQkWjes’kUl dks vyx djds lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

· Fdlh VSDLV dks beQslkbt djus ds fy, Hkh Qzse iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsSA eSuqvy odZ esa dh IokbUV~l ;k gkV fVIl Qzse ds lkFk vVSUlu yk;k tkrkgSA ;g bafxr ladsr djrk gS fd veqd ;k izLrqr buQkWjes’ku egRoiw.kZ gSA

de (FkksMs) fDyivkVZ iz;ksx djsa %

fDyi vkVZ DyVj esa dVkSrh djsaA fDyi vkVZ iz;ksx djus esa vk’p;Ztud] Hkjiwj rFkk dkSrqd ls iw.kZ gksrk gSA ;g Dyk;lZ Uiz;ksxysVlZ vkSj iksLVlZ dks Likbl dj ldrk gSA fQj Hkh fdlh ist ij cgqr lkjs fiDplZ dh izLrqfr fdlh jhMlZ ds fy, dulusVªs’ku dh dfBukbZ mRiUu djrs gS fd MkWD;wesaV vkf[kj dguk D;k pkgrs gSA vr% fDyi vkVZ dk bLrseky ekWMjs’ku ds lkFk mn~ns’; djsaaA

fjM~;wl ,.M fjlkbt %

cgqr lkjs NksVs bestst ds cnys ,d ;k nks yktZ bestst dks iz;ksx djus dk fopkj djsaA

;wfuQkbZ % tgkW&rgkW fc[kjs gq, ,d&nwljs ls fcYdqy vyx bestst ds cnys mUgsa ;wfuQkbZ djsaA mu lcdks ,d lkbt esa lsV djsaA

Ikzk;ksfjVkbt % /;ku vkdf"kZr djus gsrq dkWefifVax bestst ds cjkt dh txg mUgsa izk;ksfjVkbt djsaA lkbt vkSj IyslesaV ds ek/;e ls fdlh flaxy best dks izksfeusal fof’k"Vrk nsaA ’ks"k cps bestst dks ist ds vU;= Hkkx esa iwoZof.kzr VsfDuds tfj, ;wfuQkbZ djsaA

8. T;knk gokbV Lisl iz;ksx djsa %

gokbV Lisl dqN Hkh ugha gSA ;g VsDLV dk ,sclsal gS ;kfu bestst dk ,sclsalA gokbM Lisl ,sEiVhusl gS usxsfVo Lisl gS fdUrq ge bls osLVsM Lisl le> gokbV Lisl vkW[kksa ds fy, fotqvy czsfnax :Ik izksokbM djrs gSA ;g xzkfQDl vkSj VsDLV dks czsdvi djrk gSA fdlh ist dks de dzSEIM rax ;k tfVy] de dU¶;qftax ;k de vksojgsfYeax cukus ds fy, gokbV Lisl ,sM fd;k tkrk gSA

fdlh VSDLV es fdlh ewM dks lsV djus ds fy, Hkh gokbV Lisl iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] blh rjg fdlh LisflfQd best dks duos djus gsrq Hkh gokbV Lisl dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn vki ,slk dksbZ fMtkbu pkgrs gS] ftlls osYFk] viLdsy] izsfLVft;l ;k ,fyxsUl O;Dr gksos] rc <sj lkjs gokbV Lisl iz;ksx djsaA

uksV % gokbV Lisl dk dksbZ lVhd ;k mfpr ijluVst ugha gSA ;fn dksbZ ist dzkmMsM fn[krk gS vFkok ist ij dzkmM Qhy gksrk gS] rc laHkor% ;g fu’p; gh T;knk gokbV Lisl dh t:jr eglwl djrk gSA lkekU; :Ik esa T;knk gokbV Lisl dk iz;ksx fdlh ihl dks Qhy djkrk gSA bl lEcU/k esa T;knk ;wfVfyVsfjvu MkWD;wesaV de gokbV Lisl iz;ksx djrs gSA

9. lkW¶Vos;j MkWD;wesaV fMQkWYV~l dks jh&lsV djsa &

dqN lkekU; fMQkWYV lsfVaXl ftUgsa izR;sd MkWD;wesaV ds fy, laHkkfor :Ik ls ifjofrZr djus dh t:jr gS ;k Qkbu&V~;wfuax dh t:jr gS] fuEufyf[kr gS %

Û ekftZUl Û fxzM~l@dkWyEl Û xVlZ@dkWye Lisflax

Û QkWUV~l ÛyhfMax Û VSCl@ikjkxzkQ buMsUVl

Û ikjkxzkQ Lisflax Û MªkWi dSi lsfVaXl Û VsDLV jSi vkWQlsV~l

Mh]Vh]ih] dks iz;ksx vkSj egRo % MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax lkW¶Vos;j ds vusd iz;ksx gSaA

1. xzkfQd fMtkbu& MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax dk ;g izFke iz;ksx gS vkSj bl izFke bLrseky gsrq iz;qDr VeZ esa vc rd dh vof/k esa fdrus ifjorZu gq,] ftEesokj Bgj;s tk ldrs gSA is’ksoj xzkfQd fMtkbuj Mh]Vh]ih] izksxzkEl ds vUrxZr Quark X Press, Adobe Pagemaker vkSj Adobe Photoshop iz;ksx djrs gS] rkfd os osc istst fdz,V dj ldsa vkSj Uiz;ksx isilZ ds QzUV istst cuk ldsa] lkFk gh vU; fotqvy mkWD;wesaV ds osjk;Vht rS;kj dj ldsaA

2. dWfjvkj vfllVsUl& Mh]Vh]ih] oYMZ esa oMZ izkslsflax us vius fgLls dh Hkwfedk Hkh vPNh fuHkk;h gSA ukSdjh ryk’kus okys vla[; ykxksa ds }kjk izfrfnu ekbdzkslkW¶V oMZ vkSj vksisu vkWfQl cM+s fo’okliwoZd iz;ksx fd;s tkr gSA ekbdzkslkW¶V oMZ vkSj vksisu vkWfQl izksxzke ,d lkFk ijQsDV fjT;qes] dojysVj ;k iskVZQksfy;ks j[kus dk dke djrk gSA cgqr lkjs yksx LdzSp ls MkWD;wesaV fdz,V djrs gS] tcfd dqNsd vR;Ur lqfo/kktud vkSj lgt VsEiysV~l dk ykHk mBkrs gSA

3. ,stqds’ku &f’k{kk ds {ks= esa VhplZ vkSj LVwMsUV~l vius vlkbuesUV vkSj izkstsDV~l ds fy, Mh]Vh]ih] ds osjkbfV izksxzkEl dks iz;ksx djrs gSA

4. fctusl &vkt ds fnuksa esa O;olk; ls tqM+s reke rjg ds isijodZ ds fuVku gSfUMy djus gsrq ds fy, MsLDVkWi ifCyf’kax dk izsfViz;ksx gks jgk gSA ;|fi fcuk Mh]Vh]ih] bLrseky ds Hkh vki O;olk; pyk ldrs gS] fdUrq ;g LekVsZLV fctusl fMfltu ugha le>k tk,xk fd vki orZeku <ax ds fctusl Hkh djsa vkSj Mh]Vh]ih] utj vUnkt Hkh djsaA gkykr ;g gS fd O;olk; dk okWY;we pkgs lksy ikWijkbVjf’ki dh gks ;k QkWpwZu 500 dEIkfut] Mh]Vh]ih] lkW¶Vos;j u dsoy ykbQ lsoj gS] cfYD euh lsoj Hkh gSA

,sMokUVst vkWQ Mh]Vh]ih]

Mh]Vh]ih] iSdst ds iz;ksx ds fuEufyf[kr Qk;ns &

1. ;g vR;Ur vklku gS fd vki vius }kjk fd;s x, dk;ksZ dks dHkh Hkh lso lqjf{kr dj ldrs gS vkSj iqu% dHkh Hkh vius dke dks ogkW ls vkxs c<+k ldrs gSa] tgkW vki mls rR{k.k fdlh vko’;drko’k u dj ik jgs FksA vkids }kjk fd;s x, v/kqjs dk;Z T;ksa dk R;ksa vkids bartkj esa ;Fkk fLFkfr esa cus jgsaxs vFkok ;fn dgha ls vki mlesa dqN ifjorZu Hkh djuk pkgsaxs rks og lqyHk jgsxkA

2. ;g CkkWMlZ vkSj VsEiysV~l dk dkQh foLr`r jsat vkids fy, izLrqr djrk gSA ;g [kkl djds muds fy, vR;Ur lgt gS tks bl iSdst ds fy, vHkh bl QhYM ea uksfl[kq, gSA

3. fcuk dye dkxt bLrseky fd;s Hkh vki bl iSdst esa mu leke phtksa dks vius odZ ;k izkstsDV ls vyx dj ldrs gS] ftUgsa vki ilan ugha djrs vkSj Qkbuyh vius fdz,’ku dh xyfr;ksa dks lq/kkjdj vR;Ur lqUnj vkSj [kwclwjr yqd ns ldrs gSA

4. Vkids fQfu’M rS;kj MkWD;wesUV vR;Ur izksQs’kuy fn[ksaxs vkSj utjksa esa T;knk vfifyax yxsaxs] ofuLir dye vkSj dkxt ij rS;kj fd;s x, ist ij fLdzcWy dye?khlw lsA

5. Mh]Vh]ih] iSdst dk ,d vR;Ur csgrj Qk;nk ;g Hkh gS fd vkids VsDLV vVSapesaV vkids dUVªksy esa gksrk gSA vki bls euekfQd yqd ns ldrs gSA

fMQjsaV ist QkWjesV vkSj ys&vkmV %

ifjHkk"kk & cqDl] czkW’klZ vkSj Uiz;ksx ysVlZ tSls MkWD;wesUV~l dk fdlh ist ij mlds VsDLV ;k xzkfQDl dks Iysl djus] vjSat djus vkSj fj&vjSat djus ds izkWlsl dks ist ys&vkmV dgrs gSaA

ist&ysvkmV ,sDpqvy MkWD;wesaV ist vkSj blds dEiksft’ku cukoV@jpuk dk ladsr ;k funsZ’k djrk gSA MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds fy, miyC/k izkbejh lkW¶Vos;j izksxzkEl ist ys&vkmV ,sfIyds’ku dgykrs gSA

isij lkbtst %

fofHkUu le; esa vkSj fofHkUu ns’kksa esa dbZ LVS.MMZ lkbtst ds isilZ gqvk djrs gS] fdUrq vkt nks okbMLizsM flLVEl O;ogkj esa gSa % bUVjus’kuy LVSaMMZ (A4 vkSj blds flofyaXl ;kfu blh ds vklikl lkbt ds vkSj ukFkZ vesfjdu lkbtstA

bUVjus’kuy LVS.MMZ isij lkbtsl

ISO A Paper Sizes

A-Series isij lkbtst ds ykWftdy lsV dk cuk gksrk gS tks 150216 LVSaMMZ }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gksrs gSA lcls cM+k lkbt (AO) gksrk gSa tks ,d LDok;j ehVj ds eki ds cjkcj gkrk gSA

Size	Inches		Points
AO	46.81	33.11	3370	2384
A1	33.11	23.39	2384	1684
A2	23.39	16.54	1684	1190
A3	16.54	11.69	1190	842
A4	11.69	8.27	842	595
A5	8.27	5.83	595	420
A6	5.83	4.13	420	298
A7	4.13	2.91	298	209

ISO B Paper Sizes

A-Sizes dk lse ykWfyd B-Series ds fy, vIykbZ gksrk gS] vUrj flQZ ;g gS fd ;gkW (A-Sizes) ds LVkfVZax IokbUV dk Mkbesa’ku blds fdlh ,d lkbt dk Fkk tks 1 ehVj ls ’kq: gksrk gSAB-Sizes izk;% iksLVj ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Size	Millimeters		Inches		Points
	Height	Width	Height	Width	Height	Width
BO	1414	1000	55.67	39.37	4008	2835
B1	1000	707	39.37	27.83	28.35	2004
B2	707	500	27.83	19.69.	2004	1417
B3	500	353	19.69	13.90	1417	1001
B4	353	250	13.90	9.84	1001	709
B5	250	176	9.84	6.93	709	499
B6	176	125	6.93	4.92	499	354
B7	125	88	4.92	3.46	354	249
B8	88	62	3.46	2.44	249	176
B9	62	44	2.44	1.73	176	125
B10	44	31	1.73	1.22	125	88

vesfjdu isij lkbt %

US vkSj Canada bUVjus’kuy LVS.MMZ dks iz;ksx ugha djrs gS] fcYdh blds cnys uhps fn;s x, isij lkbt ij fjykb djrs gSA

	Millimeters		Inches			Points
	Height	Width		Height	Width	Height	Width
Letter (ANSI A)	279.4	215.9		11.00	8.50	792	612
Legal	355.6	215.9		14.00	8.50	1008	612
Ladger (ANSI B)	431.8	279.4		17.00	11.00	1224	792
Tabloid (ANSI B)	279.4	431.8		11.00	17.00	792	1224
Executive	266.7	184.1		10.55	7.25	756	522
ANSI C	432	559		17.00	22.00	1224	1584
ANSI D	559	864		22	34	1584	2448
ANSI E	864	1118		34.00	44.00	2448	3168

ist vkWfjUV’ku

vU; vkbVEl ls lEcfU/kr fdlh vkbVe d sys&vkmV ;k mldh iksft’kfuax dks fMLdzkbo djus ds lEcU/k esa vkWfjUVs’ku ’kCn dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA

yS.MLdsi eksM & fizfUVax dk og lizdkj tks fdlh ist ij {kSfrt rjhds ls fdlh best dks fizUV u djds cfYd yEcor~ rjhds ls ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd fizUV djrk gS] yS.MLdsi eksM dgykrk gSA yS.MLdsi eksM dk iz;ksx lkekU; :Ik ls pkVZ~l ;k vU; bestst rFkk VsDLV oxSjg dks fizUV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks fdlh ist ij ofVZdyh yEcor~ lgh rjhds ls fQV ugha gks ikrs gSA

iksVZjsV eksM & fdlh ekWfuVj fMLIys dks of.kZr djus ds fy, iksVZ jsV eksM VeZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vFkok fdlh fiDpj iksVZjsV ds Bhd tSlk tks ofVZdy ’ksi dh rqyuk esa gksfjtUVyh T;knk okbMj gksA

ist LVkby & ist ys&vkmV esa ist LVkbYl VElZ ist MkbesUlu dh vksj bafxr ;k jsQj ugha djrk gS] cfYd MkWD;wesaV ds fdlh jfuax gsMlZ vkSj QqVlZ dks jsQj djrk gSA bu gsMlZ esa fVfidyh MkWD;wesaV VkbfVYl] pSIVj ;k lsD’ku uEclZ ;k usEl vkSj ist uEclZ oxSjg vUrfoZ"V ;k lekfo"V (contain) jgrs gSA

foaMkt ,.M vkWjQsUl

foMksa ,d cgqr gh laf{kIr ykbu gS& iwoZr% ek= ,d ’kCn gS vFkok fdlh gkbQusVsM ’kCn dk vUr gS & ;k fdlh] dkWye vFkok ikjkxzkQ ds vUr dk ’kCn gSA foaMks dks izk;% vR;URk iqvj VkbiksxzkQh le>k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g ikjkxzkQ ds chp ;k fdlh ist ds uhps cgqr lkjs gokbV Lisl mRlftZr djrk gSA

foaMks dh rjg] vkjQsu Hkh ,d flaxy ’kCn gS] fdlh ’kCn dk ,d fgLlk gS ;k cgqr gh laf{kIr ykbu gS] flok; NksM+dj@ds vfrfjDr fdlh ist ;k dkWye ds izkjaHk esa ,sfi;j gksus ij fdlh ist ;k dkWye ds ’kh"kZ ij ds gkWfjtUVy vykbuesaV dks ;g vR;Ur iwvfyZ izHkkfor djrk gSA ^vkjQsu^ ’kCn foaMks dh rjg dkeuyh iz;ksxM ugha gksrk gS fdUrq dulsIV ,d gh tSlk gS vkSj lkWY;w’ku Hkh ,d gh tSlk gS] vr% bls fQDl djsaA

vius MkWD;wesaV esa foaMkst vkSj vkWjQsUl dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, fuEUkfyf[kr LVsIl dk vuqlj.k djsa %

1. ikjkxzkQ ftlesa foaMks ;k vkWjQsu VsDLV esa ls dksbZ Hkh ,d gks] esa buljlu IokWbUV dks j[ksaA

2. ikjkxzkQ Mk;ykWx ckWDl dks fMLIYks djsaA oMZ 2007 esa jhcy ds gkseVSc dks fMLIys djrk gS vkSj ikjkxzkQ xzqi ds fcYdqy ckWVe&jkbV ds NksVs ls vkbdkWu dks fDyd djrk gSA oMZ fDyd QkWjesV ;k ikjkxzkQ ds iqjkru olZu esa

3. ykbu vkSj ist czSDl VSc dks fMLIys djrk gSA

4. lqfuf’pr djsa fd foaMks@vkWjQsu dk dUVªksy psd ckWDl lsysDVsM gSA

5. vc OK ij fDyd djsaA

csfld ist ysvkmV fizfUliYl &

1. dUVªkLV % vkids ist ys&vkmV vihfyax n`f"Vxr gksosa vkSj jhMlZ dh fnypLih cuh vkSj c<+h jgs] vkidks pkfg, fd vkids ist ys&vkmV ij dUVªkLV ds QhplZ gksus pkfg,A b list ij ds dWUVªkLV dks blds dyj vkSj QkWUV lkbt dks fu’p; gh uksfVl djsaA gsfMaXl ds fy, dUVªkfLVax Vkbi iz;ksx djsa rFkk gsfMaXl dks ckWMh Vkbi ls fcYdqy fMQjsaV js[ksaA

2. vykbuesaV % lcls igys fdlh ,d tfLVfQds’ku dks iz;ksx djsa vkSj blls vius dks lafyXu djsaA fu;er% lsUVj tfLVfQds’ku ist ys&vkmV dks QkWjey yqd nsrk gSA bls lkekU;r% osfMax bufoVs’ku vkSj QkWjey vukmUlesaV~l bR;kfn ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

3. fjfiVs’ku % viuh cqd esa Fkzw&vkmV dqNsd foyqvy ,fyesaVl ftUgsa vki ilUn djrs gksa dks ,sM djrs gq, ;wfuVh dk lsal fdz,V djsa vkSj mls viuh cqd esa Fkzw&vkmV fjihV djsaA viuh dqN QsofjV cqDl esa vki vi’; ns[ksa fd mUgksaus istst ij D;k iz;ksx fd;k gSA

4. izkWfDlfeVh % VsDLV dks ,d lkFk xzqfiax djrs gq, vius Vkbi dks izkWijyh vkWxZukbt dj ysaA bls bl rjg xzqi djsa] rkfd ,d&nwljs ls fjysVsM gks ldsA

VkbiksxzkQh & fcfxulZ ftu QkWUV Pokbl dks nks ;k rhu rd gh lhfer j[krs gS] os bl {ks= esa T;knk vPNk djsaxsA iaDpq,’ku] vykbuesaV vkSj Lisflax ds izfr dsvjQqy vVsa’ku mudh VkbiksxzkQh dks T;knk izksQs’kuy ikWfy’k nsxkA

MsfQus’ku & fMtkbu vkSj VkbiQslsl dk iz;ksx fotqvy dE;qfuds’ku ds ek/;e dh gSfl;r ls dSfyxzkQh ls vc rd ds&vksojMsoyfiax iz;ksx vkWQ fMftVy Vkbi rd VkbiksaxzkQh dk gh foLr`r iz;ksx gS] rks Hkh] VkbiksxzkQh dk vkVZ vkSj izSfDVl ewoscy Vkbi vkSj fizfUVax izsl ds bUosa’ku ds lkFk ’kq: gqvkA

xzkfQDl & t:jr ls T;knk fDyi vkVZ dk bLrseky vn{k fMtkbu ds uewus ds lcls Li"V ladsrksa esa ls ,d le>k tkrk gSA VsDLV] tSlk fd MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k] ,d Lis’ky rjg dk Qkby QkWjesV gS& ;k vla[;k QkWjesV gS& ftls dEI;wvj i<+us esa leFkZ gSA MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax esa ge vusd rjg ds xzkfQDl dk bLrseky djrs gSA

xzkfQd~l VkbIl & fVfidyh xzkfQDl fiDplZ le>s tkrs gSA os fj,fyfLVd] dkVwZfu’k ;k yksxksa ds LVkbykbTM MªkbaXl] Iyslsl ;k vkWctsDV~l gks ldrs gSA xzkfQDl fMftVy dSejk ls fy;s x, QksVksxzk¶l Hkh gks ldrs gSa ;k fizUV QksVkst ds LdSu fd;s gq, Hkh gks ldrs gSA fdlh ist ds vjkm.M ;g fMdksjsfVo ckWMj ;k fdlh vkbVe ds fyLV ds QzUV dk cqfyV fleecy Hkh gks ldrk gS ;k dksbZ vkbdkWu] ;k xzkQ ;k ,d ikbZ pkVZ gks ldrk gS& ;s lcds lc xzkfQDl gSA

xzkfQd QkWjesV~l & xzkfQd ds QkWjesV~l dksMsM buQkWjes’ku ds vjSatesUV gksrs gSA fcV~l vkSj ckbV~l tks dEI;wVj dks fMLIYks djuk fufnZ"V djrs gS vkSj xzkfQd best dks fizUV djus ds fy, funsZf’kr djrs gSA nks rjg ds izkbejh czkWM xzkfQd QkWjesV~l gksrs gS & fcVeSi xzSfQDl vkSj isDVWj xzkfQDl vkSj bu lHkh QkWjesV~l ds vUrxZr LisflfQd Qkby QkWjesV gksrk gS] ftlesa ls dqNsd lVsZu xzkfQDl lkW¶Vos;j izksxzkEl ds }kjk i<+s tkus ;ksX; gksrs gSa
fcVeSi & fdlh fxzM esa (fiDly (fiDpj ,fyesUV) ds }kjk dEIkkst fd;k x;k xzkfQd dk gh ;g ,d izdkj gSA)

• TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) •GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)

• JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)

osd~VWj & eSFkesfVdy dSydqys’ku (tSlk ;g lkm.M djrk gS] oSlk Ldsvfj Mjk gqvk ugha dk cuk gqvk vkSj bufMfotqvy vkWCtsDV ls dEIkksTM LdScy QkWjesV gS] ftls fjtksY;q’ku bufMisuMsUV dgrs gSA

• EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) • WMF (Windows Metafale Format)

fizizsl vkSj fizfUVax

fizisl og VeZ gS] ftls fizfUVax vkSj ifCyf’kax bUMLVªht esa izkWlslst ,.M izksflM~;kslZ ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tks izk;% fizUV ys&vkmV vkSj Qkbuy fizfUVax ds njE;ku ?kfVr gqvk djrk gSA fizisl izksflM~;ksj fizfUVax IysV] best dSfjvj ;k QkWeZ ds eSU;qQSDpfjax esa buDyqM djrk gS vkSj tks fdlh fizfUVax izsl ij ekmUV djus ds fy, rS;kj jgrk gS] bestst vkSj VsDLV dks ,sMtLv djrk gS ;k mPp DokfyVh ds fizUV Qkby ds fdz,’ku dks ,MtLV djrk gSA vktdy ds fiziszl ’kkWi esa] dLVej ls Msfyojh dk rjhdk iwoZor bySDVªkWfud gS] ;g ;k rks Pdf gS vFkok ,sfIyds’ku Qkby tks blh rjg ds izksxzkEl tSls Adobe Indesign or Quark Xpress ls jps ;k fdz,V fd;s x, gksrs gSA

fizizsl izkWlsl % fuEufyf[kr vkbVEl ds izR;sd ,d le; ;k vU; le; ds fy, fizizsl ds va’k@Hkkx ;k fgLls duflMj fd;s x, gSa %

1. VkbilsfVaXl & isij ;k dqN vU; ek/;e ij VsD’pqvy eSVsfjYl dks xzkfQd QkWeZ esa izLrqr djrk gSaA MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds ,sMosUV vkxeu ds iwoZ fizUVsM eSVsfj;Yl dk VkbilsfVaXl dEiksftVlZ ds }kjk fizUV ’kkWi esa izksM~;wl fd;k tkrk Fkk ;k gkFk ls gh VkbilsVlZ ;g dke fd;k djrs Fks vkSj ckn esa e’khu lsA

2. dkWih&,fMfVax & dkWih ,fMfVax og dk;Z gS] ftls dksbZ ,fMVj eSuqlfdzIV ds QkWjesfVax] LVkby vkSj ,sD;wjslh (ifj’kq)rk@fo’kq)rk) dks bEizwo djrk gSA dkWih ,fMfVax dk dk;Z izwQ jhfMax ds (izwQ jhMlZ }kjk laikfnr dk;Z) igys fd;k tkus okyk dk;Z gSA izwQ jhMlZ Qkbuy ifCyds’ku ds igys MkWD;wesaV~l dks fuiVkrs (gSf.My djrs) gSA

3. ekdZvi & ;g ,d vkfVZfQf’kvy ySafXot gS] VSDLV ds fy, iz;qDr ,suksVs’ku ;kfu (Note) ;k fVIi.k&ys[ku ds lsV~l ds :Ik esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA ;g ekdZvi VsDLV ds LVªDpj ds lEcU/k esa bULVªD’ku ds :Ik esa fn;k x;k gksrk gS vFkok bls dSls fMLIys djuk gksrk gS] ls lEcfU/kr gSA ekdZvi ySafXoftt ’krkfCn;ksa ls bLrseky esa jgk gS vkSj gky ds o"kksZ esa ;g dEI;wVj VkbilsfVax rFkk oMZ&izkslsflax flLVEl esa hkh iz;ksxM gq, gSA

4. izwfQax&izkWMD’ku jUl ds izkjaHk ds igys vkVZodZ ds ,sD;wjsV QSd~flebfy ifj’kq) izfrd`fr ;k vuqfyfi fdz,V djus ds fy, izwfQax dks vkosf"Vr bu~okWYo fd;k tkrk gSA izwfQax fizUVj vkSj buds dLVej ds chp ,d ml rjg ds ckW.M kds :Ik esa loZ djrk gS fd Qkbuy izkWMDV LVS.MMZ odZ ds fy, nksuksa i{k vkil esa ,sxzhM gSA izwQ~l lkekU; :Ik esa fizUV izksMDV ds lHkh ikVZ~l bestst] byLVªs’kUl] VDLV~l vkSj dylZ ds fy, fd;s tk ldrs gSA bl fgLls ;kfu izwfQax esa rhu rjg ds izwfQax dks pSd fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj rc fizUV vkmV ysuk pkfg,&

(i) The print ready Pdf files; (ii) The printer’s proof; and (iii) The imposition proof

5. IkzwwQ jhfMax & ijaijkxr :Ik ls fdlh VsDLV ds izwQ dkWih dh jhfMax djuk gh izwQ jhfMax le>k tkrk gS rkfd fdlh Hkh ,jlZ xyfr;ksa dks fMVSDV vkSj djSDV dj fn;k tk,A ekWMuZ izwQjhfMax esa izk;% vfyZvj LVst esa gh dkWih dks jhM fd;k tkrk gSA

6. Ldzhfuax & QksVksxzkQ~l tSls bestst ds dUVhuqvl Vksu Loj ;k /ofu dks fLdzfuax vkSj ,sMtLVesUV dh tkrh gSA

7. fofHkUu istst dks flaxy flXuspj QkWeZ esa dWEchus’ku ;k beiksft’ku dh tkrh gSA

8. fdlh dkWeu fizUV ds LisflQkbax bestst ;k VsDLV dks ftUgsa IysV ij j[kus gsrq bufMfotqvy fizfUVax ehfM;k bUd~l] okjfu’ksl bR;kfn vIykb fd;k tkrk gS] lsijs’ku dh fdz;k dgykrh gSA

9. eSU;qQSDpfjax vkWQ IysV~l & IysV~l ds fy, rjg&rjg ds eSVsfj;Yl dk ;wlst fizfUVax eSFkM dh vko’;drk dks iwjk djrk gSA iwoZ dh rjg IysV~l vkSj fQYe~l ds fy, jcj] IykfLVd vkSj vY;qfefuve cxSjg iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA tks fdlh fizfUVax IysV ij QksVks eSdsfudy vkSj ykbV&lsuflfVo beYlu dk izkWlsflax gksrk gSA IysV dh eSU;qQSDpfjax [kwc vPNs fu;ksftr rjhds ls gksuk pkfg, vkSj fcQksj gS.M Msfyoj fd;k tkuk pkfgf,A lkFk gh dkWLV ykxr Hkh dsydqysV dh tkuh pkfg,A

10. gkWbZ&DokfyVh fizUV (pdf) Qkby & dh eSU;qQSDpfjax dh tkuh pkfg,] ftls Qkbuy fizfUVax ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

11. isij flysDV & isij dk p;u Hkh fizizsl izfdz;k ds fy, vR;Ur vko’;d LVsi ekuk tkrk gSA

fizfUVax eSFkM~l

izkWtsDV fdz,V djus ds ckn vki viuk csLV vkmViqV ikuk pkgsaxs] Hkys gh vkius viuk MsLdVkWi fizUVj ;k def’kZvy fizfUVax lfoZlsl dks iz;ksx fd;k gksA fizUV djus ds vusd rjhds gS vkSj vkbfMvyh vkidks fdlh fizfUVax eSFkM ij fMtkbu izkstsDV ’kq: djus ds igys gh fMlkbM djuk gksxk fd vki fdl fof/k ls fizUV djuk pkgsaxsA fizfUVax eSFkM ds jsat vo’; fMldoj djsa vkSj lkFk gh ;g Hkh vo’; fMLdoj djsa fd fdl rjg ds fizfUVax izkWlsl ij dc vki bUgsa iz;ksx djsaxs] ;kfu fdl vkSj dgkW dk dkWulsIV egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA

fMftVy@MsLdVkWi fizfUVax & MsLdVkWi fiCyf’kax ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ MsLdVkWi fizfUVax gksrh gSA ;g izkFkfed :Ik ls nksuksa] Tpple Laser Writer, a Postscript desktop printer vkSj PageMaaker for the Mac dk bUVªksMDlu Fkk ftlus MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax fjoksY;q’ku dh vyeksLV fdd vkWQ gh dj fn;kA Inkjet vkSj Laser fizUVlZ MsLdVkWi fizUVlZ ds fy, lcls dkWeu Vkbi gS vkSj lkekU; :Ik ls oS;fDrd vkSj de okWY;we okys fizfUVax vkSj izwfQax ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA

vkWQlsV fyFkksxzkQh & isij ij MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds cYd vkmViqV ds fy, vkWQlsV fyFkksxzkQh lcls lkekU; :Ik iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk dkWef’kZ;y fizfUVax izkWlsl gSA vkQlsV fyFkksxzkQh dk iz;ksx nksuksa ’khV&QsM vkSj osc&vkWQlsV izkslsl ij gksrk gSA vkWQlsV fizfUVax vkSj MsLdVkWi fizfUVax bUdtsV vkSj ystj ds tSlk ds lEcU/k esa rhu izeq[k vUrj dze’k% bad dk dyj] isij ij bad dks Iysl djus dk rjhdk rFkk dk;Z lEiUu djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s x, e’khujh dk Vkbi gSA

¶ySDlksxzkQh & ¶ySDlksxzkQh fQzDosUV yh bu fnuksa IykfLVd] Qkby] ,flVsV fQYe] czkmu isij vkSj vU; eSVsfjvYl ftUgsa iSdsftax ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ij fizfUVax ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ¶YkSDlksxzkQh] ¶ySDlksxzkfQd fizfUVax ;k ¶ySDlks Hkh dgykrk gSA ¶ySDlksxzkQh ds fy, dqN fVfidy ,sfIyds’kUl gksrs gS] tSls]&isij vkSj IykfLVd cSXl] feYd dkVZwu~l] fMlikstscqy dIl vkSj dSuMh ckj jSilZ bR;kfn ¶ySDllsxzfQd fizfUVax buosyIl] ysoYl vkSj Uiz;ksxisilZ esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA

xzWO;qvW fizfUVax & uDdk’kh ;kfu mRdh.kZ fizfUVax dk iz;ksx yscYl vkSj iSdsftax esa lkekU; :Ik ls gksrk gSA bldk izpyu ¶ySDlksxzkQh ds fo:) gksM+ ;k izfrLi)kZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA QksVksxzWO;qvW ,d ,slk izkWlsl gS] ftls eksLVyh Qkbu vkVZ fizUV ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

ystj@fMftVy fizUVlZ & vusd O;olk; ds fy, LihM vkSj vYi vkWijs’ku ykxr us ystj fizUVlZ dks bu fnuksa T;knk vVªkfDVo cuk;k gSA lfoZl C;wjks vkSj fizUVlZ ds O;olk; esa dyj ystj lgt vuqHko fd;s tk ldrs gS rFkk ystj fizUVlZ ds bLrseky izk;% gkb&fjtksY;w’ku dyj fMftVy izwQ dks izkWM;wl djus ds fy, fd;s tkrs gSA vMksc iksLV fLdzIV tks fofHkUUk ystj fizUVlZ esa ik;s tkrs gS] mUgsa xzkfQd fMtkbuj vkSj Mh]Vh]ih] ds lkFk T;knk yksdfiz; cukrs gS] tks vDlj b]ih],l] bestst vkSj iksLV fLdzIV Qkby dk vDlj iz;ksx djrs gSA

vnj dejflvy fizfUVax izkWllsl & ;|fi MsLdVkWi fiCy’klZ cgqr foLr`r :Ik ls rks ugha] fdUrq buxzsfoax vkVZ vkt Hkh foyqIr ugha gqvk gS] lqUnj ysVjgsM esa izk;% bldk izpyu i<+us dks feyrk gSA

T;knk [kphZys izkslslj ds tfjs;s RkS;kj osfMax bufoVs’ku] fctusl dkM~Zl vkSj ysVjgsM tks jsTM fizfUVax ds lkFk gksrs gS] dh txg FkeksZxzkQh dk iz;ksx izk;% gksrk gSA

FkeZy vkWVksdzkse fizUVlZ & FkeZy vkWVksdzkse fizUVlZ fMftVy QksVksxzkQlZ ds fy, izkjafHkd :Ik ls y{; fd;s x, gSA

Mh]Vh]ih] ds fy, gkMZos;j & lkW¶Vos;j bULVkWy djus ds iwoZ vkidks MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds fy, gkMZos;j dh t:jr iM+rh gSA Mh]Vh]ih] flLVe gkMZos;j dks ,d QkLV dEI;wVj dh t:jr iM+rh gS] ftlds gkMZ fMLd dh dkQh vPNh gkbZ&dSisflVh gksuh pkfg,] LdSuj] gkbZ&fjtkWY;w’ku fizUVj] ekWMse vFkok bUVjusV ds vU; duSD’ku] jsUMe&,sDlsl eseksjh (RAM) dh dkQh vPNh ek=k (yktZ vekmUV esa) vkSj ,d fMftVy dSejs dh t:jr iM+rh gSA

MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds fy, lkW¶Vos;j

lhfj;l fQzykal MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds fy, U;wure :Ik esa MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax lkW¶Vos;j VwYl fuEufy[kr gksaxs&

1. oMZ izkslsflax lkW¶Vos;j

2. ist ysvkmV lkW¶Vos;j (;k osc fMtkbu lkW¶Vos;j)

3. xzkfQDl lkW¶Vos;j (nks rjg ds)

1. oMZ izkslsflax lkW¶Vos;j & t:jh ugha fd vkids oMZ izkslsflax lkW¶Vos;j oMZ dk uohure :ikUrj oa’kt gks ;k dksjy oMZ ijQsDV dk gh uohure~ :ikUrj gks] ysfdu mlesa Lisy psfdax vkSj Qkby QkWjesV dks bEiksVZ@,DliksVZ djus dh {kerk vo’; gks rks ist ys&vkmV lkW¶Vos;j ds dEiSfVfcy vuq:Ik ;k vuqdwy gks lkFk gh ftlesa RTF vkSj TXT Hkh vUrfoZ"V ’kkfey gksA

2. ist ys&vkmV lkW¶Vos;j & MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds fy, QuarkXPress vkSj Adobe InDesign gh bUMLVªh LVSUMM~Zl ds ,deso Pokbl miyC/k ugha gS] cfYd buds ckjs esa xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djuk pkfg,A tgkW ykxr [kpZ estj b’;w gks] ekbdzkslkW¶V ifCy’kj] lsfjQ ist Iyl vkSj ,Mksc ist esdj fjDok;MZ vko’;d QhplZ izLrqr djrs gSA fLdzCl Hkh fQz ist ys&vkmV dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vkWI’ku gSA tgkW eYVhist MkWD;wesaV dh t:jr ugha gksrh gSA

3. xzsfQDl lkW¶Vos;j & ifCyf’kax ds fy, byLVªs’ku izksxzke vkSj best ,fMVj tSls izksxzkEl ds VkbIl dh t:jr iM+rh gSA dqN xzSfQDl lkW¶Vos;j izksxzkEl nwljs fdLe ds lkW¶Vos;j ds dqNsd QhplZ dks lekfo"V ;k lfEefyr bu~dkWjiWfjV dj ldrs gSA

bylVªs’ku & blyVsª’ku ;k Mªkabx izksxzkEl osDVj xzSfQDl QkWjesV~l ds lkFk dk;Z djrk gSA osDVj csLM Mªkbax izksxzkEl vkVZodZ fdz,V djrs le; T;knk ¶YkSfDlfcfyV vykmV djrk gS] ftls fjlkbTM djuk ;k vko’;d :Ik ls efYViy ,fMV~l djuk dgrs gSA bYkLVªs’ku izksxzkEl esa mnkgj.k ds fy, lcls igys Logos fdz,V djuk pkfg,A

mnkgj.k % Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw

· QksVks@best ,fMfVax & besV ,fMVlZ ftUgsa isUV izksxzkEl Hkh dgrs gS] ;k QksVks ,fMVlZ fcVeSi bestst ds lkFk dk;Z djrs gSA fCkVeSi xzSfQDl VwYl dh t:jr QksVkst] LdSUl ;k vU; fj,fyfLVd bestst ds lkFk dk;Z djus gsrq iM+rh gSA

Mnkgj.k % Adobe Photoshop, Corel Photo-Paint, Corel Paint Shop Pro, The GIMP

1. Adobe In Design CS4 2. Quark X Press 8 3. Serif Page Plus X 3 4. Microsoft Office Publisher 2007 5. Adobe Page Maker 7.0

QkWUV~l & MsLdVkWi ifCyf’kax ds fy, QkWUV~l vfuok;Z vax ;k Hkkx gSA ;g VkbiQsl fdlh fuf’pr IokbaV lkbt vkSj LVkby esa gksrk gSA vr% VkbEl U;w jkWeu cksYM 12 IokbUV~l ,d flaxyh QkWUV gS] tcfd VkbEl U;w jkWeu 10 IokbUV~l nwljh rjg dk ,d lsijsV QkWUV gSA

PHOTOSHOP EXERCISE

2018-02-06T23:25:00.000-08:00

What Are Clipping Masks?

Clipping masks in Photoshop are a powerful way to control the visibility of a layer. In that sense, clipping masks are similar to layer masks. But while the end result may look the same, clipping masks and layer masks are very different. A layer mask uses black and white to show and hide different parts of the layer. But a clipping mask uses the content and transparency of one layer to control the visibility of another.
To create a clipping mask, we need two layers. The layer on the bottom controls the visibility of the layer above it. In other words, the bottom layer is the mask, and the layer above it is the layer that's clipped to the mask.
Where the bottom layer contains actual content (pixels, shapes, or type), the content on the layer above it is visible. But if any part of the layer on the bottom is transparent, then that same area on the layer above it will be hidden. That may sound more confusing than how a layer mask works, but clipping masks are just as easy to use. Let's create a clipping mask ourselves so we can better understand how they work.

How A Clipping Mask Works

To really make sense of clipping masks, we first need to understand the difference between content and transparency on a layer. To follow along with me, you can open any image. I'll use this photo of my little friend here who's also trying to understand, in her own way, what this clipping stuff is all about (photo from Adobe Stock):

A Mask Layer And A Clipped Layer

If we look in the Layers panel, we see the photo on the Background layer, which is currently the only layer in the document:

The Layers panel showing the photo on the Background layer.

We need two layers to create a clipping mask, one to serve as the mask and one that will be clipped to the mask, so let's add a second layer. We'll add the new layer below the image. First, unlock the Background layer. In Photoshop CC, click the lock icon to unlock it. In Photoshop CS6 or earlier, press and hold the Alt (Win) / Option (Mac) key on your keyboard and double-click on the Background layer:

Unlocking the Background layer.

This unlocks the Background layer and renames it "Layer 0":

Unlocking the Background layer lets us add a new layer below it.

Then, to add a new layer below the image, press and hold the Ctrl (Win) / Command (Mac) key on your keyboard and click the Add New Layer icon:

Adding a new layer below the image.

A new layer named "Layer 1" appears below the photo, and we now have two layers in the document. We'll turn the bottom layer into the mask, and the image above it will be clipped to the mask:

The second layer needed for the clipping mask has been added.

Understanding Clipping Masks: Content vs Transparency

Hide the original image for the moment by clicking the top layer's visibility icon:

Clicking the visibility icon to hide the photo.

With the top layer turned off, we see the layer we just added. By default, new layers in Photoshop are blank, meaning they have no content at all. A layer with no content is transparent and we see right through it. When there are no other layers below a transparent layer, Photoshop displays the transparency as a checkerboard pattern, as we see here:

The checkerboard pattern means the bottom layer is transparent.

Turn the top layer back on by clicking again on it visibility icon:

Clicking the same visibility icon.

The top layer contains actual content. In this case, it's pixel-based content because we're looking at a digital photo, but in Photoshop, content could also be a vector shape or even text. Really, anything that isn't transparency is considered content:

The top layer contains actual content.

How To Create A Clipping Mask In Photoshop

Clipping masks use the content and transparency of the layer below to control the visibility of the layer above. Let's create a clipping mask using our two layers and see what happens.

Step 1: Select The Layer That Will Be Clipped

When creating a clipping mask, we first need to select the layer that's going to be clipped to the layer below it. In this case, the top layer ("Layer 0") will be clipped to the bottom layer ("Layer 1"), so make sure the top layer is selected:

Selecting the top layer.

Step 2: Choose "Create Clipping Mask"

To create the clipping mask, go up to the Layer menu in the Menu Bar and choose Create Clipping Mask:

Go to Layer > Create Clipping Mask.

And that's all there is to it! With the layer mask created, the Layers panel now shows the top layer ("Layer 0" ) indented to the right, with a small arrow pointing down at "Layer 1" below it. This is how Photoshop tells us that the top layer is now clipped to the layer below:

The Layers panel showing the top layer clipped to the bottom layer.

But the problem is, all we've accomplished so far by creating a clipping mask is that we've hidden the image from view, and that's because our mask layer ("Layer 1") contains no content. It's completely transparent. With a clipping mask, any areas on the top layer that are sitting directly above transparent areas on the bottom layer are hidden. Since the bottom layer contains nothing but transparency, no part of the image above it is visible:

With no content on the mask layer, the image on the clipped layer is hidden.

How To Release A Clipping Mask

That wasn't very interesting, so release the clipping mask by going up to the Layer menu and choosing Release Clipping Mask:

Going to Layer > Release Clipping Mask.

In the Layers panel, the top layer is no longer indented to the right, which means it's no longer clipped to the layer below:

The layer mask has been released.

And in the document, we're back to seeing our image:

With the clipping mask released, the image returns.

Adding Content To The Clipping Mask

Let's add some content to the bottom layer. Click the top layer's visibility icon to hide the image so we can see what we're doing:

Clicking the top layer's visibility icon.

Then click on the bottom layer to make it active:

Selecting the bottom layer.

To add content, we'll draw a simple shape. Select the Elliptical Marquee Tool from the Toolbar by right-clicking (Win) / Control-clicking (Mac) on the Rectangular Marquee Tool and choosing the Elliptical Marquee Tool from the fly-out menu:

Selecting the Elliptical Marquee Tool.

Click and drag out an elliptical selection outline in the center of the document:

Drawing a selection with the Elliptical Marquee Tool.

Go up to the Edit menu in the Menu Bar and choose Fill:

Going to Edit > Fill.

In the Fill dialog box, set the Contents option to black, and then click OK:

The Fill dialog box.

Photoshop fills the selection with black. To remove the selection outline from around the shape, go up to the Select menu and choose Deselect:

Going to Select > Deselect.

And now, instead of a completely transparent layer, we have an area with some content in the center. Notice, though, that the area surrounding the content remains transparent:

The bottom layer now contains both content and transparency.

Back in the Layers panel, the preview thumbnail for the bottom layer now shows the black shape. What's important to note here is that if you compare the preview thumbnails for both layers, you'll see that some of the image on the top layer is sitting directly above the content (the shape) on the bottom layer. And, some of the photo is sitting above the transparent areas on the bottom layer:

The preview thumbnail showing the content and transparency on the bottom layer.

Creating Another Clipping Mask

Now that we've added some content to the bottom layer, let's create another clipping mask. Again, we first need to select the layer that will be clipped to the layer below, so click on the top layer to select it. Then, click the top layer's visibility icon to make the image on the layer visible:

Selecting and turning on the layer that will be clipped.

Go back up to the Layer menu and once again choose Create Clipping Mask:

Go again to Layer > Create Clipping Mask.

In the Layers panel, we see the top layer clipped to the layer below it, just like we saw last time:

The Layers panel again showing the clipping mask.

But in the document, we now see a very different result. This time, the section of the photo that's sitting directly above the shape on the layer below it remains visible! The only parts of the photo that are hidden are the areas surrounding the shape, since those areas are still sitting above transparency:

The content on the bottom layer keeps part of the top layer visible.

Moving Content Within A Clipping Mask

Of course, the result might look better if our subject was centered inside the shape. With clipping masks, it's easy to move and reposition content within them. Just select the Move Tool from the Toolbar:

Selecting the Move Tool.

Then click on the photo and drag it into position. As you move the image, only the area that moves over the shape on the layer below it remains visible. And that's the basics of how clipping masks work:

The clipping mask after centering the photo within the shape.

When To Use A Clipping Mask

While layer masks are best for blending layers with seamless transitions, clipping masks in Photoshop are perfect when your image needs to fit within a clearly-defined shape. The shape may be one you've drawn with a selection tool as we've seen. But a clipping mask can also be used to fill a vector shape with an image, or to place an image inside text. As another example of what we can do with clipping masks, let's quickly look at how a clipping mask can be used to place a photo inside a frame.

Placing A Photo In A Frame With Clipping Masks

Here I have a document containing two images, each on a separate layer. The photo on the bottom layer contains the frame:

The image on the bottom layer. Photo credit: Adobe Stock.

And if I turn the top layer on by clicking its visibility icon:

Turning on the top layer.

We see the photo I want to place inside the frame:

The image on the top layer. Photo credit: Adobe Stock.

I'll hide the top layer for the moment by once again clicking its visibility icon, and then I'll click on the Background layer to select it:

Hiding the top layer and selecting the bottom layer.

Drawing Or Selecting The Shape

I mentioned that clipping masks work best when your image needs to fit within a shape. In this case, the shape is the area inside the frame. Since the area is filled with solid black, I'll select it using Photoshop's Magic Wand Tool:

Selecting the Magic Wand Tool from the Toolbar.

I'll click with the Magic Wand Tool inside the frame, and now the area is selected:

Selecting the area that will be used for the clipping mask.

Then, I'll copy the selected area to a new layer by going up to the Layer menu in the Menu Bar, choosing New, and then choosing Layer via Copy:

Going to Layer > New > Layer via Copy.

Photoshop copies my selection to a new layer between the Background layer and the photo I'll be placing inside the frame. I now have the shape I need to create my clipping mask:

The area inside the frame appears on its own layer.

A Faster Way To Create A Clipping Mask

To create the clipping mask, I'll select the top layer, and I'll turn the layer back on by clicking its visibility icon:

Selecting and turning on the top layer.

We've seen that we can create a clipping mask by choosing Create Clipping Mask from the Layer menu. But a faster way is to press and hold the Alt (Win) / Option (Mac) key on your keyboard as you hover your mouse cursor between the two layers. Your cursor will change into a clipping mask icon:

The clipping mask icon appears.

Click on the dividing line between the two layers to create the clipping mask:

The image is now clipped to "Layer 1" below it.

With the clipping mask created, the photo now appears only inside the frame, since that's the only part of the image that's sitting above actual content on the layer below it. The rest of the photo is hidden because it's sitting above transparency:

The photo is now clipped inside the frame thanks to the clipping mask.

Resizing Content Within A Clipping Mask

Finally, we've seen that we can move content around inside a clipping mask using the Move Tool. But we can also resize content within a clipping mask just as easily using Photoshop's Free Transform command. At the moment, my photo is too big for the frame, so I'll resize it by going up to the Edit menu and choosing Free Transform:

Going to Edit > Free Transform.

Photoshop places the Free Transform box and handles around the image, including the area outside the frame that's currently hidden by the clipping mask:

The Free Transform handles appear around the entire image, including the hidden areas.

To resize it, I'll press and hold my Shift key as I click on the corner handles and drag them inward. Holding the Shift key locks the aspect ratio of the image so I don't distort it:

Resizing the photo inside the clipping mask.

To accept it, I'll press Enter (Win) / Return (Mac) on my keyboard to close out of Free Transform. And now, thanks to the power of clipping masks, the photo fits nicely within the frame:

The final clipping mask result.

DTP

2018-02-01T20:03:00.004-08:00

Desktop Publishing

Ques (1-25)

19. पैकेजिंग सामग्री को मुद्रित करने के लिए किस प्रकार की छपाई का उपयोग किया जाता है?

20. किस प्रकार की छपाई किसी भी प्रकार की प्लेट या फिल्म का उपयोग नहीं करती है?

21. मुद्रण में प्लेटों का क्या इस्तेमाल होता है?

22. ऑफसेट प्रिंटिंग के कितने प्रकार हैं?

23. ऑफसेट प्रिंटिंग तकनीक में इस्तेमाल होने वाली प्लेट्स से कौन सी धातु बनती है?

24. इनमें से कौन सी डीटीपी के तहत प्रकाशित है?

25. निम्नलिखित में से कौन छपाई प्रक्रिया का हिस्सा नहीं है?

1. Which of the following is done through DTP?
1. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सी डीटीपी के माध्यम से किया जाता है?
A) Block designing
B) Pamphlet Designing
C) Advertising Designing
D) All of the above
Correct Answer : D

2. In which of these types of printing are used the metal belt?
2. किस प्रकार के मुद्रण में धातु की बेल्ट का उपयोग किया जाता है?
A) Laser printing
B) offset printing
C) screen printing
D) None of these
Correct Answer : B

3. What is the full form of DTP?3. डीटीपी का पूरा रूप क्या है?

A) Data publishing
B) Data printing
C) Desktop printing
D) Desktop publishing
Correct Answer : D

4. Which of the following printers is using a ribbon?4. निम्नलिखित में से किन प्रिंटर एक रिबन का उपयोग कर रहे हैं?

A) Dot matrix
B) Drum printer
C) Inkjet printer
D) Laser printer
Correct Answer : A

5. How many types of Computer Graphics ?5. कंप्यूटर ग्राफिक्स के कितने प्रकार?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
Correct Answer : A

6. Which type of graphic size increases, there is no defect in quality ?6. किस प्रकार का ग्राफिक आकार बढ़ता है, गुणवत्ता में कोई दोष नहीं है?

A) Print graphic
B) Vector graphic
C) Raster graphic
D) None of these
Correct Answer : B

7. Which of the following printers is printing fastest?7. निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा प्रिंटर सबसे तेज मुद्रण कर रहा है?

A) Laser
B) Inkjet
C) Drum printer
D) Dot matrix
Correct Answer : A

8. Which of these comes under desktop publishing?8. इनमें से कौन से डेस्कटॉप प्रकाशन के अंतर्गत आता है?

A) Engineering Designing
B) Animation
C) Webpage designing
D) All of the above
Correct Answer : D

9. The hardware required for desktop publishing is-9. डेस्कटॉप प्रकाशन के लिए आवश्यक हार्डवेयर-

A) Personal computer
B) Laser printer
C) Image scanner
D) All of the above
Correct Answer : D

10. In which types of printing is used ribbon ?10. किस प्रकार के मुद्रण में रिबन का उपयोग किया जाता है?

A) Impact printer
B) Non impact printer
C) Both of the above
D) Drum printer
Correct Answer : A

11. What type of printer is the dot matrix printer?11. डॉट मैट्रिक्स प्रिंटर किस प्रकार का प्रिंटर है?

A) Impact printer
B) Non impact printer
C) Both of the above
D) None of these
Correct Answer : A

12. What type of printer are laser printers?12. लेजर प्रिंटर किस प्रकार के प्रिंटर हैं?

A) Impact printer
B) Non impact printer
C) Both of the above
D) None of these
Correct Answer : B

13. From which type of printer we can easily print graphs, charts, drawing, text and photos ?

13. किस प्रकार के प्रिंटर से हम आसानी से ग्राफ, चार्ट, ड्राइंग, टेक्स्ट और फोटो मुद्रित कर सकते हैं?

A) Inkjet
B) Drum printer
C) Laser
D) Dot matrix
Correct Answer : C

14. Which of these is not the type of laser printer ?

16. ऑफ़सेट प्रिंटिंग को भी जाना जाता है -

A) Leefocrome Laser Printer
B) Monochrome laser printer
C) Color laser printer
D) None of these
Correct Answer : A

15. Which of the following types of printing is the highest quality printing system ?

17. इन मुद्रण विधियों में से कौन सा सर्वव्यापी मुद्रण तकनीक है?

A) screen printing
B) Letterpress printing
C) Gravure printing
D) Offset printing
Correct Answer : D

16. Offset printing is also known as –
A) Offset lithography
B) Offset methography
C) Offset Flexography
D) Offset carton
Correct Answer : A

17. Which of these printing methods is ubiquitous printing technology?
A) Offset printing
B) screen printing
C) Letterpress printing
D) Gravure printing
Correct Answer : A

18. How many cylinders are used in offset printing ?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
Correct Answer : B

19. What type of printing is used to print packaging materials?
A) Flexography
B) screen printing
C) Letterpress printing
D) None of these
Correct Answer : A

20. Which type of printing does not use any type of plate or film ?
A) Flexography Printing
B) offset printing
C) Both of the above
D) None of these
Correct Answer : A

21. What is the use of plates in printing ?
A) To transfer the image on the paper
B) To create the image
C) To spread the ink
D) For all of the above
Correct Answer : A

22. How many types of offset printing are there?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
Correct Answer : A

23. Which metal is made of plates used in offset printing technology ?
A) Wood
B) Iron
C) Aluminum
D) Copper
Correct Answer : C

24. Which of these is published under DTP?
A) News letters
B) Brochures
C) The books
D) All of the above
Correct Answer : D

25. Which of the following is not part of the printing process?
A) Gravure
B) Gravure
C) Gutenberg
D) Offset
Correct Answer : C

Radio Frequency Unit 4 ITT

2017-12-22T06:18:00.000-08:00

The symbols most often used for frequency are f and the Greek letters nu (ν) and omega (ω). Nu is used more often when specifying electromagnetic waves, such as light, X-rays, and gamma rays. Omega is usually used to describe the angular frequency—that is, how much an object rotates or revolves in radians per unit time. Usually frequency is expressed in the hertz unit, named in honour of the 19th-century German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, one hertz being equal to one cycle per second, abbreviated Hz; one kilohertz (kHz) is 1,000 Hz, and one megahertz (MHz) is 1,000,000 Hz. In spectroscopy another unit of frequency, the wave number, is sometimes used.

Corel MCQS

2017-12-18T23:56:00.004-08:00

1) CorelDraw is a ____________ based drawing Application Package

A. Photo paint
B. Bitmap
C. Vector
D. Scalar

2) In a bookwork of ten pages, one of the sheets will contain the following numbering.

A. 1&2
B. 2&9
C. 1&10
D. 3&5

3)The pick tool is used in skewing and scaling objects

A. True
B. False

4) What is the default paper type/size when you open CorelDraw windows?

A. A4
B. B2
C. Postcard
D. Letter

5) The ruler bar is used for _____________

A. Setting of margin
B. Dividing your work
C. For book design
D. All of the above

6) The shortcut for making selected objects straight from the top is__________

A. Ctrl + RY
B. Ctrl + Top
C. Ctrl + B
D. T

7) When an A2 paper is divided equally from the centre, which size will you obtain?

A. A3
B. A4
C. A5
D. B3

8) Green and white has two colour separations

A. True
B. False

9) We have ____________ paper Orientation in CorelDraw.

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

10) Bitmap images are made up of ____________

A. Pixels
B. Vectors
C. Particles
D. Lines

11) When light colour texts are placed on a light colour background, it needs the following application.

A. Transparency applied to the text
B. Transparency applied to the background
C. A dull outline applied to the text
D. All of the above.

12) The shortcut key for accessing symbols and special characters is _________

A. Ctrl F10
B. Ctrl + F11
C. Alt + Ctrl F11
D. Ctrl + SC*

13) Object converted to gray-scale has three (3) colour

A. True
B. False

14) The default size for the design of complimentary card is _________

A. 2.0 by 1.5
B. 2.0 by 2.0
C. 3.0 by 2.0
D. 5.0 by 3.0

15) A graphic work with Red, Yellow, Black and White has __________ colour separation.

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 5 1/2

16) In a bookwork of ten pages, one of the sheets will contain the following numbering.

A. 1&2
B. 2&9
C. 1&10
D. 3&5

17) ______________ is used for selecting and deselecting objects.

A. Bezier tool
B. Freehand tool
C. Shape tool
D. Pick tool

18) ___________ tool is used for cropping.

A. Pick tool
B. Shape tool
C. Zoom tool
D. Knife tool

19) How many colours separation do we have in CorelDraw?

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5

20) The zoom tool is used for ___________ objects.

A. Magnifying
B. Cropping
C. Marquee selecting
D. Embedding